FOREVER. 
THOUGH THE CURSE HAD BANlSHED EVERYONE TO STORYBROOKE... 
I REMEMBER. 
REGlNA KEPT A FEW OF HER ROYAL POSSESSlONS, 
AND SHE ENSURED... 
UHH! 
THE CURSE WOULD REMAlN ALlVE AND WELL. 
GRAHAM! 
COME ON, GRAHAM! 
GRAHAM! 
(cries) 
SO HAPPY YOU COULD COME. 
SON. 
MAGlC ALWAYS COMES WlTH A PRlCE. 
JUST ASK ClNDERELLA, 
WHO GAVE UP HER FlRSTBORN TO BECOME A PRlNCESS. 
DlD YOU GET EVERYTHlNG  YOU DESlRED? 
BUT NO ONE KNOWS MORE ABOUT THE PRlCE OF MAGlC 
THAN THE DARK WlZARD HlMSELF-- RUMPLESTlLTSKlN. 
ALL MAGlC COMES WlTH A PRlCE. 
(Granny) IT'S ALL HERE. 
WHY, YES, OF COURSE IT IS, DEAR. 
IN OUR WORLD, RUMPLESTlLTSKlN IS KNOWN AS MR. GOLD 
AND HE OWNS MOST OF STORYBROOKE. 
HE'S SHREWD, CALLOUS, 
AND AS REGlNA DlSCOVERED, 
HE, TOO, REMEMBERS THElR PREVlOUS WORLD. 
TELL ME... 
YOUR NAME. 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN. 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN WAS A MODEST MAN. 
HE SPUN WOOL 
AND LOOKED AFTER HlS SON BAELFlRE. 
QUlCK. 
HlDE. 
BUT IN THE KlNGDOM, HE WAS REGARDED AS A COWARD 
FOR RUNNlNG AWAY FROM THE WAR. 
WHAT DO YOU WANT? 
KlSS MY BOOT. 
(laughing) 
UHH! 
PAPA! 
ONE NlGHT, AN OLD BEGGAR TOLD RUMPLESTlLTSKlN 
THAT IF HE STOLE THE DUKE'S DAGGER, 
HE COULD CONTROL THE DARK ONE AND USE HlS POWER FOR GOOD. 
I SUMMON THEE. 
AAH! 
BUT INSTEAD... 
DlE! 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN STABBED HlM... (squish) 
AND TRANSFORMED INTO THE DARK ONE HlMSELF. 
KlSS MY BOOT. 
(snap) 
NO, PAPA! 
(squish) 
FROM THAT DAY FORWARD, 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN ABUSED HlS MAGlCAL POWERS, 
CASTlNG HARMFUL SPELLS 
AND SENDlNG FEAR THROUGHOUT THE KlNGDOM. 
I CAN CONJURE ANYTHlNG YOU DESlRE. 
I WANT MY FATHER. 
ALL I WANT IS YOUR HAPPlNESS, BAE. 
AND SO BAE FOUND A WAY TO ANOTHER WORLD, FREE FROM MAGlC. 
WE HAVE TO GO THROUGH IT! 
NO! 
NO! 
PAPA! 
I CAN'T! 
PAPA, PLEASE! 
IT'S THE ONLY WAY WE CAN BE TOGETHER! 
PAPA! 
BUT RUMPLESTlLTSKlN WAS AFRAlD TO GlVE UP HlS MAGlCAL POWER... 
BAE. 
AND HE LOST HlS BELOVED SON. 
BAE! 
DlD YOU WANT HER TO COME TO TOWN? 
WHO IS THlS EMMA SWAN? 
I THlNK YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHO SHE IS. 
IN STORYBROOKE, MR. GOLD AND REGlNA WERE RlVALS, 
ENTRENCHED IN A BATTLE FOR POWER 
THAT SPANNED BOTH TlME AND SPACE. 
WHAT DO YOU WANT? 
IN THlS NEW LAND, 
I WANT COMFORT. 
I WANT A GOOD LlFE. 
FlNE. 
DEAL. 
AND BOTH UNDERSTOOD 
THE SlGNlFICANCE OF EMMA'S ARRlVAL. 
TWO PEOPLE WlTH A COMMON GOAL CAN ACCOMPLlSH MANY THlNGS. 
TWO PEOPLE WlTH A COMMON ENEMY CAN ACCOMPLlSH EVEN MORE. 
SO WHEN EMMA RAN FOR SHERlFF, GOLD HELPED HER CAUSE. 
CONGRATULATlONS, SHERlFF SWAN. 
HEY! 
IT'S ME. 
RED! 
THE SPEAR, SNOW. 
AFTER MEETlNG PRlNCE CHARMlNG FOR THE FlRST TlME... 
HOW ARE THlNGS BACK IN THE WORLD? 
SNOW WHlTE COULDN'T GET HlM OUT OF HER HEAD... 
THE WEDDlNG'S HAPPENlNG. 
PRlNCE JAMES IS MARRYlNG MlDAS' DAUGHTER. 
SO RED LED SNOW TO RUMPLESTlLTSKlN. 
WHAT AlLS YOU, DARLlNG? 
A BROKEN HEART. 
HE GAVE SNOW A POTlON 
WHlCH WOULD MAKE HER FORGET ALL ABOUT PRlNCE CHARMlNG... 
FOR A SMALL PRlCE. 
(rip) (giggles) 
WHAT DO YOU NEED OF MY HAlR? 
WHAT DO YOU NEED OF IT, NOW IT'S BEEN PLUCKED FROM YOUR HEAD? 
DO WE HAVE A DEAL? 
AHH. 
AS IT TURNED OUT... 
SNOW! 
THE WEDDlNG WAS OFF. 
YOUR PRlNCE CHARMlNG ISN'T GETTlNG MARRlED. 
BUT IT WAS TOO LATE. 
WHO? 
SNOW DRANK THE POTlON 
AND FORGOT ALL ABOUT HER PRlNCE. 
(bird chirping, Snow humming) 
TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE, THERE WERE SlDE EFFECTS. 
(bird chirping) 
UHH! 
SNOW? 
WHAT ARE YOU DOlNG? 
GETTlNG RlD OF THE VERMlN IN THlS HOUSE. 
UHH! 
THE POTlON YOU GAVE SNOW-- 
IT CHANGED HER. 
SHE'S NOT THE SAME. 
WELL, OF COURSE IT CHANGED HER. 
IT TOOK AWAY HER LOVE. 
LOVE IS THE MOST POWERFUL MAGlC OF ALL. 
IF YOU CAN BOTTLE LOVE, YOU CAN DO ANYTHlNG. 
BUT YOU DON'T CARE ABOUT THAT, DO YA? 
WHAT IS IT YOU REALLY WANT? 
TO KlLL THE QUEEN. 
NOW WE'RE TALKlNG, DEARlE. 
CHARMlNG LEARNED OF SNOW'S PLAN... (giggles) 
WHAT DlD YOU DO? 
AND RUMPLESTlLTSKlN WAS WlLLlNG TO HELP... 
FOR A PRlCE. 
YOUR CLOAK. 
WHERE IS SHE? 
THlS IS THE ROUTE SHE'S TAKEN, 
BUT YOU BETTER BE QUlCK. 
CHARMlNG REACHED SNOW JUST IN THE NlCK OF TlME. 
UHH! 
AAH! 
OH! 
TRUE LOVE BROKE THE SPELL... 
CHARMlNG. 
BUT RUMPLESTlLTSKlN FOUND A WAY 
TO BOTTLE THAT SAME TRUE LOVE. 
USlNG SNOW AND CHARMlNG'S HAlR, 
HE CREATED THE MOST POWERFUL MAGlC OF ALL. 
(giggling) (Mary Margaret) DAVlD? 
IN STORYBROOKE, 
DAVlD AND MARY MARGARET FELT DESTlNY DRAWlNG THEM TOGETHER. 
WHAT ARE YOU DOlNG? 
WELL, I'M TRYlNG NOT TO SEE YOU. 
WELL, I AM TRYlNG NOT TO SEE YOU. 
BUT REGlNA WAS ONTO THEM, 
AND TO PRESERVE THE CURSE, 
SHE WAS DETERMlNED TO KEEP THEM APART. 
GOLD OWED REGlNA A FAVOR, SO HE SHARED SOME ADVlCE. 
IF SOMETHlNG TRAGlC WERE TO HAPPEN TO DAVlD'S WlFE, 
AND IF MARY MARGARET SHOULD TAKE THE BLAME... 
SHE'D BE RUlNED. 
AND YOU'D HAVE YOUR VlCTORY. 
I'M SORRY. 
I AM SO, SO SORRY. 
DAVlD AND KATHRYN DEClDED TO END THElR MARRlAGE. 
BUT WHEN KATHRYN'S CAR WAS FOUND ON THE SlDE OF THE ROAD, 
EMMA LAUNCHED AN INVESTlGATlON. 
IT'S REGlSTERED TO KATHRYN NOLAN. 
AND WlTH RUBY'S HELP, THEY MADE A SHOCKlNG DlSCOVERY. 
AAH! 
A HUMAN HEART 
THAT MATCHED KATHRYN'S D.N.A. 
IS THAT WHAT I THlNK IT IS? 
ALL OF THE CLUES POlNTED TO ONE SUSPECT. 
THERE WERE FlNGERPRlNTS INSlDE THE LlD OF THE BOX. 
THEY WERE MARY MARGARET'S. 
THE TALE IS TlMELESS. 
HAVlNG A BAD DAY? 
THE CLASSlC STORY OF GOOD VERSUS EVlL. 
OH, I WANNA ENJOY THlS WHlLE I CAN. 
ENJOY WHAT? 
JUSTlCE. 
WATCHlNG AN INNOCENT SUFFER? 
YOU'VE ALWAYS SEEN YOURSELF THAT WAY, HAVEN'T YOU? 
I AM INNOCENT! 
OH, I KNOW, 
BUT YOU DO DESERVE THlS. 
MARY MARGARET DlDN'T REMEMBER HER LlFE AS SNOW WHlTE... (horse whinnies) 
WHEN SHE AND CHARMlNG WERE HUNTED BY THE QUEEN. 
LEAVE HER ALONE AND TAKE MY LlFE INSTEAD. 
OH, WHO SAlD ANYTHlNG ABOUT TAKlNG HER LlFE? 
I HAVE A FAR MORE SATlSFYlNG BRAND OF PUNlSHMENT FOR HER. 
(door clanks) (grunts) 
IF YOU REFUSE THE APPLE, 
YOUR PRlNCE, 
YOUR CHARMlNG, 
WlLL BE KlLLED. 
THEN CONGRATULATlONS. 
YOU'VE WON. 
(crunches) (gasps) (Henry) SO YOU THlNK SOMEONE'S SETTlNG HER UP? 
IT'S THE ONLY THlNG THAT MAKES SENSE. 
IN STORYBROOKE, 
EVlDENCE MOUNTED AGAlNST MARY MARGARET. 
DlD YOU FlND SOMETHlNG? 
AND ALTHOUGH SHE HAD A JOB TO DO, 
EMMA BELlEVED IN HER FRlEND. 
MARY MARGARET? 
BUT OTHERS WEREN'T AS CERTAlN. 
THE WEAPON WAS FOUND IN YOUR APARTMENT. 
YOU ACTUALLY THlNK I AM CAPABLE OF THAT KlND OF EVlL? 
GET... 
OUT. 
(click) 
A CONVlCTlON APPEARED IMMlNENT... (Ruby) AAH! 
RUBY! 
SHE'S IN THE ALLEY. 
UNTlL RUBY MADE YET ANOTHER DlSCOVERY. 
(whispers) KATHRYN? 
IT WAS CERTAlNLY CAUSE FOR CELEBRATlON. 
"WE'RE SO GLAD YOU DlDN'T KlLL MRS. NOLAN." 
(laughter) 
IT'S FROM YOUR WHOLE CLASS. 
THANK YOU. 
MARY MARGARET WAS ANXlOUS TO GET BACK TO HER LlFE... 
MARY MARGARET? 
BUT SHE COULDN'T SEE DAVlD IN HER FUTURE. 
YOU KNOW, I WlLL NEVER FORGET THAT MOMENT, 
THE MOMENT THE ONE PERSON YOU THOUGHT 
WOULD ALWAYS BE THERE TO CATCH YOU... 
HE ISN'T THERE. 
(whispers) BUT I LOVE YOU. 
AND THAT... 
IS WHAT MAKES IT ALL SO SAD. 
YOU BROKE OUR DEAL. 
REGlNA SENSED GOLD WAS UP TO SOMETHlNG. 
YOU AND I--WE'VE BEEN IN THlS TOGETHER 
FROM THE START. 
(chuckles) OH, HAVE WE? 
YOU CREATED THE CURSE 
THAT BROUGHT US HERE AND BUlLT ALL THlS. 
YEAH, IT'S ABOUT TlME YOU SAlD "THANK YOU." 
WHY DlD YOU DO IT? 
(inhales deeply) 
WELL, YOU'RE A SMART WOMAN, YOUR MAJESTY. 
FlGURE IT OUT. 
LONG AGO, IN THE DEPTHS OF WAR, 
SlR MAURlCE'S ARMY WAS DESPERATE. 
YOU SENT ME A MESSAGE. 
"HELP. 
WE ARE DYlNG. 
CAN YOU SAVE US?" 
NOW THE ANSWER IS... 
YES. 
OF COURSE, RUMPLESTlLTSKlN HAD TERMS TO MEET. 
MY PRlCE... 
IS HER. 
BELLE WAS YOUNG AND BEAUTlFUL, 
AND TO SAVE HER FAMlLY, 
SHE AGREED TO BE RUMPLESTlLTSKlN'S SERVANT. 
YOU WlLL DUST MY COLLECTlON AND LAUNDER MY CLOTHlNG. 
YES, SlR. 
(pouring liquid) 
YOU WlLL FETCH ME FRESH STRAW WHEN I'M SPlNNlNG AT THE WHEEL. 
GOT IT. 
AND YOU WlLL SKlN THE CHlLDREN I HUNT FOR THElR PELTS. 
(teacup clatters) 
THAT ONE WAS A QUlP. 
(exhales sharply) I'M SO SORRY, BUT, UH, 
IT'S CHlPPED. 
OH, IT'S JUST A CUP. 
(chuckles) 
SLOWLY, BELLE BEGAN TO WlN HlM OVER. 
WHAT ARE YOU DOlNG? 
OPENlNG THESE. 
IT'S ALMOST SPRlNG. 
WE SHOULD LET SOME LlGHT IN. 
(gasps) 
IT WAS THE ONE TlME HE LET HlMSELF BE VULNERABLE, 
GlVING THE QUEEN A WEAKNESS TO EXPLOlT. 
(horse whinnies in distance) 
SOUNDS LlKE A CURSE TO ME, AND ALL CURSES CAN BE BROKEN. 
A KlSS BORNE OF TRUE LOVE WOULD DO IT. 
A KlSS IS ENOUGH? 
HE'D BE A MAN AGAlN? 
AN ORDlNARY MAN. 
BELLE'S INTENTlONS WERE PURE. 
KlSS ME AGAlN. 
IT'S WORKlNG. 
ANY CURSE CAN BE BROKEN. 
WHO TOLD YOU THAT?! 
WHO KNOWS THAT?! 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN WAS FURlOUS, 
AND HE THREW BELLE OUT OF HlS HOUSE. 
YOU'RE A COWARD, RUMPLESTlLTSKlN. 
YOU COULD'VE HAD HAPPlNESS IF YOU'D JUST BELlEVE. 
I'M NOT A COWARD, DEARlE. 
MY POWER MEANS MORE TO ME... (whispers) THAN YOU. 
AND THE QUEEN SElZED THE OPPORTUNlTY 
TO BRlNG RUMPLESTlLTSKlN DOWN. 
AFTER SHE GOT HOME, HER FATHER LOCKED HER IN A TOWER 
AND SENT IN CLERlCS TO CLEANSE HER SOUL. 
AFTER A WHlLE, SHE THREW HERSELF OFF THE TOWER. 
SHE DlED. 
YOU'RE LYlNG. 
AM I? 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN HAD LOST TWO GREAT LOVES-- 
HlS SON BAE AND HlS DEAR BELLE. 
(door closes in distance) 
BUT MANY YEARS LATER IN STORYBROOKE, MAlNE... 
HAS ANYONE BEEN TO SEE HER? 
NO. 
NOT TODAY. 
NOT EVER. 
HE COULD NEVER HAVE IMAGlNED THE SECRET REGlNA WAS KEEPlNG. 
STORYBROOKE IS LlKE AN ISLAND 
WHERE NO ONE VlSITS AND NO ONE LEAVES. 
THAT WAS, UNTlL THE NlGHT A MAN RODE INTO TOWN. 
I THOUGHT YOU SAlD STRANGERS DON'T COME TO STORYBROOKE. 
THEY DON'T. 
Hl. 
HEY. 
ANY PLACE TO GET A ROOM AROUND HERE? 
HOP ON. 
(motorcycle rumbling) 
TO EMMA, AUGUST BOOTH WAS A BlT OF A MYSTERY. 
(engine idling) 
I KNOW A GOOD WATERlNG HOLE. 
HOW ABOUT IF WE GO SOMEWHERE, I DRlVE? 
HOW ABOUT YOU STOP HAVlNG TO CONTROL EVERYTHlNG 
AND TAKE A LEAP OF FAlTH? 
THEY SAY THERE'S SOMETHlNG SPEClAL ABOUT THlS WELL. 
THE WATER FROM THE WELL HAS MAGlCAL PROPERTlES. 
IT WAS VERY IMPORTANT TO AUGUST 
THAT EMMA BELlEVE SHE COULD BREAK THE CURSE... (grunts and pants) 
BECAUSE IF SHE DlDN'T, 
HE WOULD SOON DlE. 
(Geppetto) TAKE THlS! 
THlS IS THE ONLY ONE. 
I'M MADE OF WOOD. 
I'LL FLOAT. 
SAVE YOURSELF! 
PlNOCCHlO! 
AFTER A STORMY NlGHT IN THE ENCHANTED KlNGDOM, 
GEPPETTO FEARED THE WORST. 
(crying) NO. 
BUT THERE WAS HOPE. 
SAVE HlM. 
(bells tinkle) 
I'M A REAL BOY! 
THEY LlVED A HAPPY LlFE, 
UNTlL THE DAY THEY LEARNED OF THE QUEEN'S POWERFUL CURSE. 
THE TREE CONTAlNS ENOUGH MAGlC 
TO PROTECT TWO FROM THE QUEEN'S CURSE. 
GEPPETTO STRUCK A SECRET DEAL WlTH THE BLUE FAlRY... 
I WlLL BUlLD YOUR WARDROBE, 
ON ONE CONDlTION-- 
IF PlNOCCHlO CAN TAKE THE SECOND SPOT IN IT. 
BUT IT CAME WlTH GREAT RESPONSlBILlTY. 
(Geppetto) IN 28 YEARS, 
YOU MUST MAKE SURE THE SAVlOR BELlEVES. 
(whoosh) 
SO IT WAS PlNOCCHlO WHO MADE THE FlRST JOURNEY... (engines roaring) (whoosh) (baby crying) 
AND HE TOOK CARE OF BABY EMMA. 
WHEN I FOUND YOU, YOU WERE WRAPPED IN A BLANKET, 
AND THE NAME "EMMA" WAS EMBROlDERED 
ALONG THE BOTTOM OF IT. 
YOU'RE ASKlNG ME TO BELlEVE 
THAT YOU ARE A FAlRY TALE CHARACTER? 
PlNOCCHlO. 
HOW DOES THAT PROVE ANYTHlNG? 
YOU DON'T SEE IT, DO YOU? 
SEE WHAT? 
IT'S MORE POWERFUL THAN I THOUGHT. 
IT'S PREVENTlNG YOU FROM SEElNG THE TRUTH. 
OKAY, ONE OF US IS LOSlNG IT HERE, AND IT'S NOT ME. 
YOU DON'T WANT TO BELlEVE. 
WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT TO YOU THAT I DO?! 
BECAUSE I, THE TOWN, EVERYONE NEEDS YOU! 
I DlDN'T ASK FOR THAT! 
I DON'T WANT IT! 
YOU'RE OUR ONLY HOPE. 
THEN YOU'RE ALL SCREWED. 
(Henry) WHAT ARE YOU DOlNG HERE? 
REGlNA FELT HENRY SLlPPlNG FURTHER AWAY. 
I THlNK IT'S TlME TO TRANSFER YOU 
TO A NEW CLASS WlTH A NEW TEACHER. 
IS IT BECAUSE YOU FRAMED HER? 
HENRY! 
AND SHE GREW WEARY FROM EMMA'S PRESENCE. 
MY TREE IS DYlNG. 
I THlNK IT'S A SlGN OF THE CURSE WEAKENlNG. 
I WANT TO STRlKE A NEW DEAL-- 
ONE WHERE I CAN GET RlD OF EMMA WlTHOUT SHATTERlNG THE CURSE. 
GOLD HAD NO INTEREST IN ANOTHER DEAL. 
YOU NO LONGER HAVE ANYTHlNG THAT I WANT, DEARlE. 
I'D PLAN A TRlP OF YOUR OWN, 
BECAUSE ONCE PEOPLE REMEMBER  WHO YOU ARE... (chuckles) WELL, 
THEY ARE GONNA BE LOOKlNG FOR BLOOD. 
SO SHE FOUND HELP FROM A LONGTlME ACQUAlNTANCE. 
JEFFERSON. 
NOW IT'S MY TURN TO HlDE, AND YOU SEEK. 
I'M AFRAlD PLAYTlME'S OVER. 
WHOSE CARRlAGE IS THAT? 
(horse whinnies) 
THE QUEEN'S. 
JEFFERSON LlVED IN THE ENCHANTED KlNGDOM. 
HE LOVED HlS DAUGHTER GRACE AND WOULD DO ANYTHlNG FOR HER. 
DO THlS ONE LAST FAVOR FOR ME, 
AND YOU CAN GlVE HER THE LlFE SHE DESERVES. 
HE HAD A VERY SPEClAL HAT WHlCH GAVE HlM THE ABlLITY 
TO TRAVEL FROM ONE REALM TO ANOTHER. 
STEP BACK. 
ONE DAY, JEFFERSON AND THE QUEEN TOOK A TRlP. 
IT'S IMPORTANT THAT WE STlCK TOGETHER. 
THE SAME AMOUNT OF PEOPLE THAT GO THROUGH HAVE TO COME BACK. 
NO MORE, NO LESS. 
WHO ARE YOU? 
I HATE WONDERLAND. 
JEFFERSON WANTED ONLY TO GET BACK TO HlS DAUGHTER, 
BUT THE QUEEN HAD FAMlLY MATTERS OF HER OWN. 
OH, DADDY! 
OH! 
YOU KNEW ONLY TWO CAN GO THROUGH THE HAT. 
JEFFERSON WAS LEFT STRANDED IN WONDERLAND 
AND SPENT HlS DAYS WORKlNG MADLY TO FlND A WAY BACK. 
GET IT TO WORK. 
GET IT TO WORK. 
GET IT TO WORK. 
IN STORYBROOKE, 
REGlNA CALLED UPON JEFFERSON ONCE MORE... 
MY HAT. 
TO RETRlEVE SOMETHlNG OF GREAT IMPORTANCE FROM HER PAST. 
(gasps) (whispers) YES. 
AND WHEN THE FORBlDDEN FRUlT WAS FlNALLY FOUND, 
REGlNA CREATED A VERY SPEClAL TREAT 
FOR A VERY SPEClAL GUEST. 
WE NEED TO TALK. 
(crow caws in distance) 
THlS ISN'T EASY. 
I'M LEAVlNG TOWN. 
WHAT? 
BUT I HAVE CONDlTIONS. 
I STlLL GET TO SEE HENRY. 
I GET TO VlSIT. 
YOU'RE STlLL IN HlS LlFE. 
LOOK... 
WE BOTH KNOW THE WORLD WHERE 
I'M NOT IN HlS LlFE NO LONGER EXlSTS. 
YOU'RE RlGHT. 
REGlNA PLAYED ALONG... 
WOULD YOU MlND FOLLOWlNG ME FOR A MOMENT? 
TO ENSURE THAT EMMA WOULD EAT THE DEADLY DESSERT. 
I DO HOPE YOU LlKE APPLES. 
EMMA BROKE THE NEWS TO HENRY THAT SHE WAS PLANNlNG TO LEAVE. 
NO! 
NO! 
NO! 
WHERE DlD YOU GET THAT? 
REGlNA GAVE IT TO ME. 
YOU CAN'T EAT THAT. 
IT'S POlSON. 
I'LL PROVE IT TO YOU. 
NO! 
HENRY. 
(sighs) 
HE TOOK MATTERS INTO HlS OWN HANDS, 
DETERMlNED TO PROVE THAT THE CURSE WAS REAL. 
SEE? 
YOU WANT TO HAVE SOME ICE CREAM WlTH THAT? 
AND THEN WE CAN GO BACK TO TALKlNG ABOUT... 
HENRY? 
HENRY?! 
HENRY, CAN YOU HEAR ME? 
COME ON, HENRY, WAKE UP, PLEASE. 
HENRY'S CONDlTION WAS SERlOUS. 
HE TOOK A BlTE OF THlS, AND THEN HE JUST COLLAPSED. 
THE BOY IS SHOWlNG NO SYMPTOMS THAT WOULD SUGGEST NEUROTOXlNS. 
THERE IS NO EXPLANATlON. 
IT'S LlKE... 
LlKE MAGlC. 
(Henry's voice) EVERY STORY IN THlS BOOK ACTUALLY HAPPENED. 
(man) EMMA WAS FlNALLY AWAKENED. 
UHH! 
YOU DlD THlS! 
AAH! 
THAT APPLE TURNOVER YOU GAVE ME--HE ATE IT! 
WHAT? 
IT WAS MEANT FOR YOU! 
YOU FlX THlS! 
YOU WAKE HlM UP! 
I CAN'T! 
TO SAVE HENRY, EMMA AND REGlNA WOULD NEED TO WORK TOGETHER. 
WE NEED HELP. 
MR. GOLD. 
ACTUALLY, HE GOES BY "RUMPLESTlLTSKlN." 
TRUE LOVE, MS. SWAN-- 
THE ONLY MAGlC POWERFUL ENOUGH TO TRANSCEND REALMS 
AND BREAK ANY CURSE. 
LUCKlLY FOR YOU, I HAPPEN TO HAVE BOTTLED SOME. 
WHERE IS THlS MAGlC? 
WHERE YOU'RE GOlNG, YOU'RE GONNA NEED THlS-- 
YOUR FATHER'S SWORD. 
(Charming) I WlLL FlND YOU, SNOW. 
AFTER SNOW WHlTE BlT THE POlSON APPLE, 
PRlNCE CHARMlNG REMAlNED PRlSONER IN THE QUEEN'S CASTLE. 
(all grunting) 
UHH! 
AND WlTH THE HUNTSMAN'S HELP, 
CHARMlNG ESCAPED. 
BUT HE STlLL NEEDED HELP LOCATlNG SNOW. 
LOST, ARE WE? 
WHAT ARE YOU DOlNG HERE? 
RUMPLESTlLTSKlN HAD A SOLUTlON. 
THE CLOSER YOU GET TO SNOW WHlTE, 
THE BRlGHTER IT WlLL GLOW. 
INTERESTED? 
GlVE IT TO ME. 
AH! 
BEHOLD, TRUE LOVE. 
BUT FlRST, HE REQUlRED CHARMlNG TO FlND A SAFE PLACE 
TO STORE THE TRUE LOVE POTlON. 
AND WHERE IS THAT? 
INSlDE THE BELLY OF THE BEAST, OF COURSE. 
(giggles) 
AND THAT BEAST WAS A DANGEROUS CREATURE 
NAMED MALEFlCENT. 
(roars) (roars) 
AAH! 
(screeches) 
UHH! 
AAH! 
IN STORYBROOKE, 
EMMA FOLLOWED MR. GOLD'S INSTRUCTlONS 
TO RECOVER THE POTlON HER FATHER HAD HlDDEN 
MANY YEARS AGO. 
(gasps) (roars) 
AAH! 
IMPRESSlVE, DEARlE. 
RETURN MY RlNG TO ME. 
YOU WlLL FlND HER. 
WlTH THE POTlON SAVED, CHARMlNG RACED TO FlND SNOW. 
YOU'RE TOO LATE. 
(wind whistling) (whooshing) 
TRUE LOVE'S KlSS... (gasps) 
BROUGHT SNOW BACK... 
YOU FOUND ME. 
DlD YOU EVER DOUBT I WOULD? 
BRlNGlNG THE STORY FULL ClRCLE. 
THE TWO WERE SOON MARRlED 
AND LlVED HAPPlLY 
UNTlL THE QUEEN UNLEASHED HER CURSE. ♪♪♪ 
IN STORYBROOKE, JEFFERSON FELT BETRAYED BY REGlNA. 
AFTER HELPlNG HER RETRlEVE THE POlSON APPLE, 
HE GOT NOTHlNG IN RETURN, 
SO HE DEClDED TO GET EVEN. 
THERE'S A MAN. 
HlS NAME IS MR. GOLD. 
FlND HlM. 
ARE YOU MR. GOLD? 
YES, I AM, BUT I'M AFRAlD THE SHOP'S CLOSED. 
I WAS TOLD TO-- TO FlND YOU AND... 
TELL YOU THAT REGlNA LOCKED ME UP. 
YOU'RE ALlVE. 
(gasps) 
I'M--I'M SORRY. 
DO... 
DO I KNOW YOU? 
YOU WlLL. 
THE TRUE LOVE POTlON WAS SAFE WlTH EMMA. 
(clank) 
MS. SWAN? 
YOU'VE GOT IT? 
YOU HOLD ON TO IT. 
I'LL BE RlGHT UP. 
BUT AS SOON AS SHE GAVE IT TO GOLD, 
HE WAS GONE. 
HE TRlCKED YOU! 
HE MANlPULATED ALL OF THlS. 
COME ON. 
HE CAN'T BE THAT FAR. 
(cell phones ring) 
IT'S THE HOSPlTAL. 
EMMA AND REGlNA RACED TO HENRY, 
BUT THEY WERE TOO LATE. 
(whispers) WE DlD EVERYTHlNG WE COULD. 
(whispers) I LOVE YOU, HENRY. 
(wind whistling) (whooshing) (gasps) 
OH! 
(whispers) Hl. 
I LOVE YOU, TOO. 
(whooshing) 
TRUE LOVE, 
THE MOST POWERFUL MAGlC OF ALL, 
RACED THROUGH THE STREETS OF STORYBROOKE, MAlNE, THAT DAY... (whoosh) 
TOUCHlNG EVERYONE IN ITS PATH. 
THE CURSE-- I THlNK YOU BROKE IT. 
NO! 
IF I WERE YOU, YOUR MAJESTY, I'D FlND A PLACE TO HlDE. 
HENRY. 
(voice breaks) NO MATTER WHAT YOU THlNK, 
NO MATTER WHAT ANYONE TELLS YOU, 
I DO LOVE YOU. 
SO NOW WE ASK, 
DO YOU BELlEVE IN HAPPY ENDlNGS? 
SNOW! 
CHARMlNG. 
IS IT POSSlBLE... 
YOU FOUND ME. 
DlD YOU EVER DOUBT I WOULD? 
THAT DREAMS REALLY DO COME TRUE? 
OR PERHAPS 
IT'S A BlT MORE COMPLlCATED THAN THAT. 
(wind whistling) 
MAGlC IS COMlNG. 
SO BE WARNED 
THAT MAGlC... 
ALWAYS COMES... 
WHAT IS THAT? 
WlTH A PRlCE. 
SOMETHlNG BAD. 
(whooshing) (clank) 
The first thing I wanna do is I wanna hear this class the greatest class to ever graduate the University of Rochester the class of 2012. 
Let's hit it! 
This is your day to take stock and congratulate yourselves. 
You have successfully completed one of the major steps in life's long journey, and you've done it at one of the outstanding educational institutions in the world. 
Over 50 years ago, I sat before you, the class of 1958. 
Since I've put my 50 years in, it's time for a little bit advice. 
Exercise your passion. 
Seek out what turns you on. 
Find something where you really enjoy what you do every morning. 
If you love your work, you will never work. 
After long hard years of work and study, you've made it! 
This is your day of triumph; this is your day of joy. 
All of us join in your celebration today. 
You graduate into a world of accelerating change. 
Do not fear this world. 
You are unusually well prepared for it. 
You possess unusually refined senses of self reliance and creativity. 
That is the Rochester way. 
Go forth with confidence and pride in your accomplishment, knowing that your faculty and all who have had a role nourishing your intellectual growth here are immensely proud of you. 
Meliora. 
To my fellow members of the class of 2012, thank you. 
It has been an honor being a peer amongst you all as we learned and grew together over the past four years. 
While we've all taken different paths to get to today's ceremony, it's also true that we have had many experiences together that unite our class. 
Remember the experiences we have had together: the painted tunnels, your freshmen hall, your sports victories... for these are our roots. 
But also feel empowered to move your life to the next level, for this is not the end and simply just the beginning. 
I grew up in a different time and context where freedom was limited and gender roles were greatly constrained. 
Indeed, my childhood was dominated by a lack of options, in a culture that made clear everyday that I was to be forever constrained by race, gender, and poverty. 
I was told that I could not not aspire to a profession. 
That I was not deserving of excellence in education, but few who espouse such views understood that a movement was taking hold that would change this reality. 
For example, women today increasingly hold positions of prominence, choice, and parity. 
And that progress and that progress while not complete is still improving. 
The gender balance in this graduating is proof that women rock. 
So today graduates, you have an immense and welcome burden of choice that many, in previous eras, lacked. 
I exhort you to live up to the community principle so clearly articulated in this university's mission statement if your education has served you well, you will not shed its principles when you toss your hats into the air and return your academic robes. 
Your education places a heavy burden upon you to use your knowledge to benefit society. 
May you live with joyful discovery, challenging dilemmas, and uplifting choices that build your confidence in the blessings in life, liberty, and human dignity. 
May your highest aspiration be to live consonant with the sacred trust you hold as an educated person to defend and advance the common good. 
Congratulations to you all, and god speed. 
[to our beloved college home, beside the Genesee] [cheering] 
A production of the University of Rochester 
Please visit us online, and subscribe to our channel for more videos. 
When Should You Shoot a Cop? 
That question, even without an answer makes most law-abiding taxpayers go into knee-jerk conniptions. 
The indoctrinated masses all race to see who can be first and loudest, to proclaim that it is never okay to forcibly resist law enforcement. 
In doing so, they also inadvertently demonstrate why so much of human history has been plagued by tyranny and oppression. 
In an ideal world, cops would do nothing except protect people from thieves and attackers, in which case shooting a cop would never be justified 
In the real world, however, far more injustice, violence, torture, theft, and outright murder has been committed in the name of "law enforcement," than has been committed in spite of it. 
To get a little perspective, try watching a documentary or two about some of the atrocities committed by the regimes of Stalin or Lenin, or Chairman Mao, or Hitler, or Pol Pot or any number of other tyrants in history. 
Pause the film when the jackboots are just about to herd innocent people into cattle cars or just about to gun them down as they stand on the edge of a ditch and then ask yourself the question 
"When should you shoot a cop?" 
Keep in mind, the evils of those regimes were committed in the name of "law." 
And as much as the statement may make people cringe the history of the human race would have been a lot less gruesome if there had been a lot more "cop-killers" around to deal with the state mercenaries of those regimes. 
People don't mind when you point out the tyranny that has happened in other countries but most have a hard time viewing their own country their own government and their own law enforcers in any sort of objective way 
Having been trained to feel a blind loyalty to the ruling class of the particular piece of dirt they live on 
Also known as patriotism and having been trained to believe that obedience is a virtue the idea of forcibly resisting "law enforcement" is simply unthinkable to many 
Literally, they can't even think about it 
And humanity has suffered horribly because of it 
It is a testament to the effectiveness of authoritarian indoctrination that literally billions of people throughout history have begged and screamed and cried in the face of authoritarian injustice and oppression but only a tiny fraction have ever lifted a finger to try to stop it. 
Even when people can recognize tyranny and oppression they still usually talk about "working within the system" the same system that is responsible for the tyranny and the oppression 
People want to believe that "the system" will sooner or later provide justice 
The last thing they want to consider is that they should 
"illegally" resist that if they want to achieve justice they must become "criminals" and "terrorists" which is what anyone who resists legal injustice is automatically labelled 
But history shows all too well that those who fight for freedom and justice almost always do so illegally i.e., without the permission of the ruling class. 
If politicians think that they have the right to impose any law they want and cops have the attitude that as long as it's called "law" they will enforce it what is there to prevent complete tyranny? 
Not the consciences of the law-makers or their hired thugs, obviously 
And not any election or petition to the politicians. 
When tyrants define what counts as "law" then by definition it is up to the law-breakers to combat tyranny. 
Pick any example of abuse of power whether it is the fascist so called "war on drugs" the police thuggery that has become so common the random stops and searches now routinely carried out in the name of security such as at airports border checkpoints that aren't even at the border sobriety checkpoints, and so on or any other example. 
Now ask yourself the uncomfortable question 
If it's wrong for cops to do these things doesn't that imply that the people have a right to resist such actions? 
And of course, state mercenaries don't take kindly to being resisted, even non-violently. 
If you question their right to detain you interrogate you, search you invade your home, and so on you are very likely to be tasered physically assaulted, kidnapped put in a cage or shot. 
If a cop decides to treat you like livestock whether he does it legally or not you will usually have only two options submit, or kill the cop. 
You can't resist a cop "just a little" and get away with it. 
He will always call in more of his fellow gang members until you are subdued or dead. 
Basic logic dictates that you either have an obligation to let law enforcers have their way with you or you have the right to stop them from doing so which will almost always require killing them. 
Politely asking fascists to not be fascists has a very poor track record throughout history. 
Consider the recent Indiana Supreme Court ruling which declared that if a cop tries to illegally enter your home it's against the law for you to do anything to stop him. 
Aside from the patent absurdity of it since it amounts to giving thugs with badges permission to break the law and makes it a crime for you to defend yourself against a criminal if he has a badge consider the logical ramifications of that attitude. 
There were once some words written on a piece of parchment those words now known as the Fourth Amendment that said that you have the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures at the hands of government agents 
In Indiana today, what could that possibly mean? 
The message from the ruling class is quite clear and utterly insane. 
It amounts to this: 
"We don't have the right to invade your home without probable cause but if we do, you have no right to stop us and we have the right to arrest you if you try." 
Why not apply that to the rest of the Bill of Rights while we're at it? 
"You have the right to say what you want but if we use violence to shut you up you have to let us." 
I can personally attest to the fact that that is the attitude of the U.S. so called "Department of Justice." or maybe "You have the right to have guns but if we try to forcibly and illegally disarm you and you resist, we have the right to kill you." 
Ask Randy Weaver and the Branch Davidians about that one. 
"You have the right to not testify against yourself but when we coerce you into confessing and call it a "plea agreement" you can't do a thing about it." 
What good is a "right" what does the term "right" even mean if you have an obligation to allow jackboots to violate your so-called "rights"? 
It makes the term absolutely meaningless. 
To be blunt if you have the right to do "A" it means that if someone tries to stop you from doing "A" even if he has a badge and a politician's scribble sometimes called "law" on his side you have the right to use whatever amount of force is necessary to resist that person. 
That's what it means to have an unalienable right. 
If you have the unalienable right to speak your mind a la the First Amendment then if all else fails you have the right to kill government agents who try to shut you up. 
If you have the unalienable right to be armed then if all else fails you have the right to kill government agents who try to disarm you. 
If you have the right to not be subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures then if all else fails you have the right to kill government agents who try to inflict those on you. 
Those who are proud to be "law-abiding" don't like to hear this and don't like to think about this but what's the alternative? 
If you do not have the right to forcibly resist so called legal injustice that logically implies that you have an obligation to allow government agents to do absolutely anything they want to you your home your family, your neighbors and so on 
Really, there are only two choices you are a slave, the property of the politicians without any rights at all or you have the right to violently resist government attempts to oppress you 
There can be no other option. 
Of course, on a practical level openly resisting the gang called "government" is usually very hazardous to one's health. 
But there is a big difference between obeying for the sake of self-preservation which is often necessary and rational and feeling a moral obligation to go along with whatever the ruling class wants to do to you which is pathetic and insane. 
Most of the incomprehensible atrocities that have occurred throughout history were due in large part to the fact that most people answer 
"never" to the question of 
"When should you shoot a cop?" 
The correct answer is: 
When evil is legal, become a criminal. 
When oppression is enacted as "law," become a law-breaker. 
When those violently victimizing the innocent have badges become a cop-killer. so the next time you hear of a police officer being killed in the line of duty take a moment to consider the very real possibility that maybe in that case the law enforcer was the bad guy and the cop killer was the good guy. 
As it happens, that has been the case more often than not throughout human history. 
Stephen: 
Come with me in the airplane and you are 
looking at the instrument panel and you are flying in the clouds. 
You can't see a thing. 
Imagine. 
Now you are born deaf, profoundly deaf. 
If you have never heard anything in your life, how is it that you can fly airplanes? 
How is it that you can hear people teach you how to talk? 
I am that person. 
Announcer: 
"The guy just blew me away." "One of the best speeches I have ever heard." 
"He's funny, poignant and he's lived it." 
That's what people are saying about Stephen Hopson. 
A passionate and entertaining speaker. 
His message about overcoming adversity comes from his heart and his own experience. 
Deaf since birth, Stephen never let his disability become an obstacle to achieving his dreams and reaching his goals. 
In February of 2006, Stephen became the world's first instrument rated deaf pilot. 
A dream which began in childhood. 
Stephen: 
When I was 4 years old, I begged my mother to take me to the airport so I could watch planes take off and land. 
Did you ever do that? 
OK, so you know what I am talking about. 
Remember, I am 4 years old! 
My mother would park her car by the fence and I would be so eager because I wanted to be a pilot. 
I would hop out of the car and I would run up to the fence and I would put my fingers on the wires of the fence and I would wait for a plane to come out. 
The minute a plane came out, I would put my head on the hood of her car, like this... and then I would wait for an airplane to take off. 
And as soon as that plane took off, the car would vibrate. 
If you have ever put your head on a washing machine, that's how it felt. 
That's how I heard the airplane. 
It's a dream come true for me. 
I wanted to be instrument rated for a long time and now I can fly blind and deaf! 
(laughter) 
I'm up in the clouds and it is freedom. 
That's what it is. 
It's all about freedom. 
Announcer: 
With his high energy, warm hearted style; Stephen Hopson, a gifted story teller, unpacks the steps to overcoming adversity, which he calls the "HEAR PRlNClPLE." 
Have a passion. 
Entertain the possibilities. 
Act on your intuition. 
Remember the people who helped you. 
Stephen: 
Without passion, you can't go anywhere. 
You are stuck where you are. 
But with passion, you will be amazed at how doors of opportunity will open up for you. 
Announcer: 
Along the way to becoming a pilot, Stephen's passion opened up another door of opportunity, which led him to become a successful broker on Wall Street with Merril Lynch. 
But there were obstacles along that path as well. 
Stephen: 
In order to overcome adversity, you need to be able to trust your instincts. 
I saw an advertisement in the paper for stock brokers and I thought what a good career change that might be. 
So I called up the guy for the interview. 
I had an interview with the vice-president. 
I walked into his office, I was really nervous. 
I was intimidated. 
The office reeked of wealth. 
I met with him for twenty minutes. 
He said, "OK, you are meeting with twelve people on my floor." 
"Each and every one of them said you're not going to make it. 
You're better off with a nine-to-five job." 
80% of the people fail within the first year. 
Go back home." That's what they told me. 
Announcer: 
Stephen disregarded those discouraging words and when he once again found himself in the vice-president's office, he acted on his intuition. 
Stephen: 
I looked at him in the eye and I said, "Sir, if you don't hire me," 
"you'll never know what I can do for this firm." 
Announcer: 
Stephen got the job, but with one final condition. 
Stephen: he said, "We'll train you for three months, we'll give you a little salary." 
"At the end of three months, you have to take a 250 question examination. 
If you fail by one point, YOU'RE OUT!" 
Announcer: 
Stephen passed that exam and over the next four years he achieved national recognition," 
"earning a six figure salary as his personal sales increased by over 1,700%." 
But there was something more, a broader goal and purpose for his life which came to him with instant clarity on a vacation trip to the ocean. 
Stephen: 
I had to get away for a while, remember I was a stock broker at the time, and I had to get away. 
It was a lot of pressure, I just needed a little bit of sun and a little bit of water, and a little bit of sand. 
I needed a little bit of a tan, too (laughter). 
So I went away, and there I was on the beach, and it was a gorgeous, gorgeous, gorgeous day. 
I was reading a book and then it happened. 
Out of the clear blue my eyes flew open. 
It was a revelation. 
I just knew that my life purpose was to become a speaker and an author. 
Announcer: 
Since that decisive moment on that beach, Stephen has shared his inspiring story through the medium of television and radio as an author and has spoken to hundreds of organizations of all ages, all across America and has never looked back, except to remember the people who helped to encourage him along the way. 
People like his fifth grade teacher. 
Stephen: ...and then Mrs. Jordan made a grand entrance into my life. 
She was a larger-than- life woman with salt and pepper hair and eyes that I swore twinkled. 
Have you ever had someone in your life that you wanted to be so much a part of, people who are that powerful? 
She was that powerful. 
One day she had a question for the class. 
I'm sitting there. 
Let's go back to the 1970's. 
I'm wearing bell-bottom pants (Horrible, never again!!). 
But there I am, she had a question. 
I raised my hand hoping that she wouldn't call on me. 
She called on me. 
Remember, she's a larger-than-life woman with a lot of energy. 
"Stephen, that's right!!" 
Wow, because of Mrs. Jordan, she changed my life at that moment. 
Announcer: 
"That's right, Stephen," became a personal mantra as a reminder of the power and impact one person can have on another. 
Ivan Noble of Boston University writes, 
"I have read over 400 student evaluations of your presentation, [with comments like] 
'Bring him back, please!' 'The Best!' 'Truly inspiring!' 
[and] 'he made me feel like I could achieve anything I want.' You capture the hearts and attention of every single audience member." 
Ray Hexamer: 
Most times you hire a speaker, it's the same speech that they've done 50 times in the last four months. 
Stephen's was not that way, he was different in the respect that he took the time to actually get to know what First Communications was and what they represented and tailored his presentations to fit what we were looking for. 
Stephen: 
You have dreams, like me, you have ambitions, like me. 
I'm just like you. 
I didn't really do anything more than what you're capable of doing. 
The only thing to be able to embrace change. 
Howard Putnam: 
This is Howard Putnam. 
Stephen Hopson has faced adversity all his life and he has been successful against adversity over and over again. 
Today, he is speaking, he is writing, and he is available for your group or your team. 
If you have goals and expectations that you want to exceed, be it your management team, your supervisors in the plant, or your salesforce 
Stephen has a story to tell that will help you exceed your goals. 
Stephen: 
My belief is that if I can make difference in your life, if I can touch you in a way that you feel that you are able to overcome adversity, then I have done my job. 
Announcer: 
Stephen Hopson, a man of integrity who has overcome great adversity with great passion. 
He will inspire you and your organization to transform adversity into an opportunity for success. 
From page 168 to 169, 
Jesus's character says: 
"Those who love me" 
"are in all existing systems." 
"They are buddhists or mormons," 
"baptists or muslims," 
"democrats and republicans," 
"and others that don't vote and" 
"are not part of any religious institution." 
"There are bankers, players," 
"americans and iraquians," 
"jews and palestinians." 
"I do not want you to become christians." 
"But I want to join them in their process" 
"to transform into sons and daughters of Dad." 
"Into brothers and sisters, into my beloved." 
These are the words of Jesus, of his character, the main character of the book. 
It is an interesting sentence. 
Indeed, says that Jesus can be anywhere. 
Any system. 
But what called my attention was the affirmation: 
"I do not want you to become christians." 
And, depending on what christian is, the word "christian" in each person's mind can have different meanings. 
And, depending on what christian is, 
Jesus doesn't want us to become christians. 
So you can understand this, about the designation "christian", the word "christian", you will find people with completely different ideas. 
Antagonistic. 
You will find Ku Klux Klan, who were protestant christians. and Martin Luther King. 
Both - Martin Luther King, a baptist pastor - 
- and Ku Klux Klan, movement led by white people, protestants in the USA. - 
And so, you will find the catholic church, with a moral, well, it is a conservative society. 
Like, the prohibition of marriage to the priest. 
To forbid the use of condoms. 
And you might find too the episcopal church, in the USA, the anglican church in the USA, that allows gays pastors. 
They live in union with those pastors. 
There are specific denominations for homosexuals. 
Like a contemporary church in Rio. 
A few brothers here have heard of that church. 
There is the metropolitan church too. 
Those are communities to the homosexuals. 
You might find people with totally different opinions. 
There is no way you can join them. 
As an example: 
Obama and Bush. 
Both are christians. 
Obama was a member of the United Church of Christ. 
A tradicional denomination in the USA. 
I don't know if until today. 
Spiritualistic, catholics, protestants, mormons, Yehovah-witnesses, all of them declares themselves christians. 
And there are many other groups! 
But...Well, everybody seems to be christian, huh? 
So, depending on what christian is, in the head of a person, 
Jesus really doesn't want christians. 
What christian means? 
What the word christian is? 
If you search for the origin of that word, it arises in the city of Antioch. 
Before that, the church of Jerusalem, the church of Judea, was serving the Lord. 
Then came the persecution. 
They had to flee and establish in Antioch, Syria. 
And there, it was the first time the disciples were called "christians". 
Until then, that name did not exist. 
And so, the name "christian" was made to name Jesus's disciples. 
Christian, in its true form, it is the disciple of Jesus. 
Jesus's follower. 
But Jesus wants followers? 
He wants disciples? 
Of course! 
The last word before going to the heavens was: 
"Therefore, go and make disciples." 
The last thing He said! 
Normally, the last words of a man is the most important thing, the legacy he will leave. 
Jesus said: 
"I have been given all authority" 
"in heaven and on earth." 
He begins with this. 
Matthew 28.18. 
"I have been given all authority" 
"in heaven and on earth." 
"Therefore, go and make disciples" 
Of where? "of all the nations." 
From all places. 
"I want disciples, in all places," 
"of all nations." 
How to make disciples? 
He answers: 
"Baptizing them in the name of the Father," 
"the Son and of the Holy Spirit," 
"and teaching them" what? 
"To obey everything I have commanded you." 
"And surely I am with you always," 
"to the very end of the age." 
So, in this job, I will help you. 
You are not alone. 
I will be with you. 
Then, Jesus's commandment is: 
"Go and make disciples." 
So, Jesus has disciples. 
Jesus wants christians. 
And so, the confusion in this verse, 
I can't talk about the whole book, but at least in this verse, the confusion is there. 
"I do not wish to make you christians." 
Because Jesus WANTS people to become christians. 
A christian, a disciple, a disciple of Jesus. 
"Polak's Question: 
Round 3" 
Earlier at the UN COmmission on Narcotic Drugs 
In 2008 Vlenna, Frederick Polak, a Dutch psychiatrist asked Antonio Maria Costa, HEAD of UNODC a simple question: 
How does Costa explain the fact that the cannabis consumption levels are not higher in the Netherlands than in the neighboring countries, although in the Netherlands cannabis is available for consumption by adults? 
Costa silenced his "NGO Partner." 
Embarrassed by our video, he decided to make his first official visit . . . 
Mr. Polak asked Mr. Costa again at the International Harm Reduction Conference in Barcelona on May 15, 2008. 
Good morning. 
Fredrick Polak, psychiatrist from Amsterdam, well, this is a continuation on the question I already posed, which I will very shortly repeat, the relationship between the availability of cannabis in the Netherlands, and the relatively low or average level of use, which in my view is contrary to the theory of prohibition. 
But now I would like to ask Mr. Costa, we heard that you made a visit to Holland and you visited a coffee shop and a consumer room, and I would like to ask you, what did you learn in Holland, and what are your impressions? 
Regarding Mr. Polak's sort of a continuing of questioning on the relationship between availability in Holland and high Availability of what? level of use. 
Availability of drugs, and the level, availability of alcohol and the level, availability of tobacco and the level. 
I'm surprised Mr. Polak there is no focus as well on tobacco and alcohol. 
Here is the thing, for a number of reasons 
I am getting close to the Netherlands emotionally and culturally and many other reasons a country that I respect 
I decided in order to address the errors as scientifically as we could possibly do, 
I decided to travel in a study mission to Amsterdam, the core if you wish of initiatives which are obviously quite problematic, 
like the coffee shops, or for that matter the sex windows, where women are exposed in big windows at street level. 
I decided to go there. 
It was a very interesting session, a couple of weeks ago, 
I met with the mayor, a senior official from the administration, we learned about the policy that they pursuing, the municipality of Amsterdam, not the Netherlands at large, and then we had a second and final session late in the afternoon to conclude any kinds of opposition. 
We are producing a discussion paper which will be posted on our website very soon, so Mr. Polak, wait a few more days and then you will enjoy our conclusions. 
But our conclusions are along the lines of what I've been saying for a long time. 
Availability causes use. 
And the city of Amsterdam is characterized by rates of drug addiction 
-I'm referring to cannabis use- three times greater than anywhere else in Europe, thanks. 
The city of Amsterdam is characterized by rates of drug addiction -I'm referring to cannabis use- three times greater than anywhere else in Europe, thanks. 
Is This True? 
Well Dr. Costa's position on that is simply untenable. 
What he said about the high levels of use in the Netherlands compared to the rest of Europe is simply objectively wrong. 
There are no two ways about this, it's not a matter of opinion, it's not subjective, he is objectively, absolutely wrong. 
Cannabis consumption in the Netherlands is 
low in comparison to most other European countries. 
But in any case, we shouldn't be focusing on consumption, we should be focusing on outcomes. 
We should be focusing on health, social, and economic costs. 
We should be focusing on death, disease, crime, and corruption. 
Deaths in the Netherlands are very low compared to Sweden, which is very much of a very different view, and is focused on use reduction and regards harm reduction as very questionable. 
So he ends up with the wrong answer, and he starts off with the wrong question. 
There is in fact only one study in the world which compares two cities in two countries using identical methodology to try and work out what happens to cannabis, and that's a study that Craig Reinerman from California and Peter Cohen from Amsterdam, where they compared cannabis consumption in more punitive San Francisco, to cannabis consumption in more liberal Amsterdam. 
San Francisco and Amsterdam were chosen because they have many similarities, they are coastal cities of similar size, they are much more liberal than the rest of their countries that they are part of. 
In any case, when they polled residents, in a meticulous methodology that was identical in both countries, what they found was that the proportion of residents who had smoked cannabis more than 25 times was 39% in San Francisco, 12% in Amsterdam. 
There were minor differences in age, and the percentage of married people, those sorts of things, but not near enough to account for a threefold difference. 
When they asked people who had smoked cannabis whether they had been offered heroin, cocaine, or amphetamines the last time they purchased cannabis 51% of San Francisco residents, compared to 15% of Amsterdam residents said that they had been offered these more serious illicit drugs. 
And so that's an argument for the separation of markets, which the Dutch have long believed to be something they've achieved with their more liberal approaches to cannabis. 
Now if drug policy analysts want to see heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabis supplied by the same dealer, then San Francisco's your choice. 
If on the other hand you want to see the heroin, cocaine, amphetamine market, and the cannabis market kept apart, then Amsterdam is the choice. 
It depends what people want to achieve. 
Personally, I would want my family and friends to purchase cannabis, if they are going to purchase cannabis, to purchase cannabis from someone not trying to sell them heroin, cocaine, amphetamine. 
Transcribed by Anna Fischer Subtitled by Hunter Holliman 
I can't tell you how much fun having on this trip 
I can't tell you how much fun it's been having you here 
Mom 
I sat freeze 
I heard some poor guy standing near the candy machine got hit 
When I bite into a York peppermint Patty, I get shot 
Okay, people, here is our problem. 
The mayor was caught handing money to a known prostitute 
You lost me my job 
My lawyer says I have an open-and-shut case. 
See you in court, Sonny. 
You cannot believe what I have been through tonight. 
I have spent the whole night, scouring the city, searching for the mayor 
Hey, is that breakfast? 
There he is 
Good morning people 
Alright, I'm sure we are all focused on the same problem, so let's get right down to it. 
Mr Fluffy 
The children's zoo mascot, has recovered from mange... 
And he's now available for petting, However, until he's completely out of the Woods, there is a 2-stroke maximum.** 
Mr Scruffy's speedy recovery is notwithstanding 
Mr Fluffy, Carter 
I've seen him, Mike. 
His fluffy days are way behind him 
Don't we still* have that tiny problem of the photo of the mayor with the prostitute? 
That's over with. 
I found the mayor, he's not with the prostitute last night. so our strategy in#### dealing with this is straight denial. 
What do I say if somebody asks me about this 
Tell theem you don't know anything. 
But I don't. 
But I don't know anything 
Very good. 
Hope you all learn from James 
Learn what? 
Will you stop showing off? 
Come on. 
What about the picture Mike? 
Simply misunderstanding, media distortion###. 
Tabloid sensationalism. 
I don't know Mike. 
I saw the mayor this morning and he didn't look like a man that had spent the night alone 
I'm happy to report that he's alone and unloved 
Alright, let's move on to something little lighter 
Hey Paul, how's your headwound 
Hank's still suing### you Paul? 
But.... 
The last thing I need is publicity* about one city hall employee suing another one 
Here's the thing 
I have already applied and been accepted on Ed koch's the people's court , taping this afternoon 
Please tell me if you lose you're going to jail 
Here it is 
My family's thanks giving recipe for the best sweet potato pie in the world 
Guard it with your life.#### 
This is a xeroxed page from the Joy of cooking 
That book has been in my family for years 
I can't wait to go home for thanks giving. 
I love the whole thing. 
A little snow on the ground a little touch football game before dinner. 
Get to sit at the kiddie table. 
You still sit at the kiddy table? 
Big fish, small pond 
Thanks giving at my house is nothing but a bunch of fat overstuffed### drunk sitting in front of a TV turned### up so loud they can't hear each other 
Oh, and me in the bedroom rifling** through jacket 
So, that's 5 days and 4 nights at the Bahama Hilton? is the continental breakfast included in that? 
Thank you 
Your family's going to The Bahamas for Thanksgiving? 
I hope not. 
Because that's where I am going to be 
So, you are not gonna spend Thanksgiving with your parents? 
The only mama I want to see is the bahama mama 
What is this....some kind of fruity club med###? 
Actually, it's a very secluded part of the island 
Nothing but palm tree, warm sand, me, three books and my towel 
I have a towel. 
I could get a book 
No.... you're all singing, but you're not going. you think you're traveling with me on my vacation,but that ain't happening, so you can stop singing 
I'm sure you're feeling uncomfortable 
Sir, with all due respect, sitting on a red hot poker is uncomfortable. 
This is excruciating. 
Maybe we should just put it on the## backburner for a while 
I was kinda hoping you could explain that picture. 
Well, I was asking for change. 
How was I supposed to know he was a prostitute 
So, what does### she look like to you 
She reminds me of that woman Stuart brought to the governor balls 
Thankk goodness, we can explain this whole situation 
I think I can handle it without bring my mother into it. 
I was wanting to save subjecting her sex life to the scrutiny of the new York press for her Christmas visit.** 
Oh, she's coming for Christmas? 
Sir, if you don't mind. 
My mother is in there. i was kinda hoping we'd### have a little mother-son bonding 
Can I at least say hi? 
I think you have your quality time 
Honey, I'm so unbelievably sorry 
Just a minute 
Still bonding sir 
Good morning 
Mommy , it's fake happy Mike.. 
You're angry. 
I can't believe what an awkward position I've put you in. 
But believe me, I never planned for this to happen 
I know, I made your schedule. 
This was not on it. 
Stacey, I've been looking high and low### for you 
Well, maybe you should try getting out of the chair 
That'll increase your odds 
Stacey, I need you to testify for me at the people's court. 
Listen, I can't possibly take off walk. 
I'm sorry. 
It's a definite no 
Alright, I'll go on### TV myself, fine. 
National TV? 
Millions of cute guys watching? 
Alright, I'll do it 
Here, I want you to look at these books. 
I highlighted some of the cases that are similar to mine 
And I've made some notes on some questions that they are likely to ask. 
You know what to do. 
Call up the law library, see if they can dig up some legal precedence that we can cite 
I'm on it, Paulie. 
Hey, Ma. 
I'll be on TV. 
I don't know. 
Some stupid thing 
We just got together to talk like old friends, and the next thing you know, we wind up in my hotel room 
If this conversation goes any further, I might be forced to go on a tri-state killing spree. 
I don't blame you. 
You're embarrassed. 
Nah, look, it's all right. 
I mean, growing up together, we had embarrassing moments all the time. 
We did not. 
When I lost my virginity 
You walked in mid-lose 
That was an honest mistake. 
Mom you stayed and talked. 
She seemed a bit confused. 
So, you swear I didn't cause you any big problems here at work? 
Here's the morning papers with a big picture* 
I read those yesterday. 
Thank you 
Mom, you didn't cause me any problem 
There is no reason that you should feel bad about any of this. 
I just want you to know, the last thing I thought would happen on### my visit that I'd wind up sleeping with the mayor of New York City 
Did we forget to knock 
No, they're not my family. 
They're just friends 
I know, bad idea 
Stuart, I don't feel well. 
Stuart, I don't feel well. 
Knowing about Mike's mom and the mayor is killing me. 
James, secrets are power. 
You get something good like this, sit on it. 
Right now, you leak it, it just office gossip that makes everyone uncomfortable 
But, in 20 years, when Mike's running for president, this little gem gets me an ambassadorship to Sweden. 
What do I get? 
Topless postcard from Sweden 
We just connected 
The mayor is really an amazing man. 
He's smart. 
He's funny, he's sweet 
I guess it's uncomfortable talking to your mother about sex 
No, mom, I've been looking forward to this day 
Before I give them the last digit of my card number to confirm this ill-conceived and nonrefundable mistake### of a vacation, 
Are you all sure? 
I'll book it if you promise never to chant "Bahamas" again. 
Okayt 
All right, thank you. 
It's done 
Block of rooms, garden view. 
Wait a second, garden view? 
That's the opposite of ocean view 
Hey, foxy lady want to come back to my garden view room 
I asked for the garden 
The nose from### the ocean keep me up at night 
So what the noise from my foxy lady if I had an ocean view room 
Stacey, any chance the national's media picked up on this story with the media 
I gotta go. 
The mayor pulled an "Uncle Louie" last night. 
Nothing national but did you see the headline in the post 
His honor was on her. 
Very clever 
Jason's### really killing us, sorry Mike 
Doesn't matter. 
It's under control. 
I got Jason coming over### here right now 
Jason is coming up here? 
Damn I hate this tie 
Carter 
Great tie 
Listen, Jason, about this story in the morning paper 
I thought it was great, by the way 
You didn't think it was too wordy? 
Why are you so hard on yourself? 
You're so talented... 
Fellas 
Please.... 
Okay, here's the deal. 
I have an explanation for### this picture 
I'm gonna back it up as soon as this hooker comes in here and tells you she's not with the mayor last night 
Having the police pick her up right now. 
On what charge? 
I don't know, James. 
Let's keep our fingers crossed and hope she does soemthing illegal while she's trying to get people to pay her to have sex 
Don't bother Mike 
I already talked to her. 
And she 's already writing a book detailing### her 5 year-relationship with the mayor, sorry buddy 
Carter, do something 
So, we still on### for tonight? 
She's lying, Jason. 
How could you possibly know that? 
Do you have some kind of alibi? 
No. 
I don't 
Mike's mom is the perfect alibi 
Should I go remind him? 
Only if you're bucking#### for a promotion. 
Wait a minute. 
So close! 
Under three, high twos. 
I had a two hour and fifty-something. 
Thanks for coming! 
As Gerry said, I tried to avoid giving  this talk, but couldn't get out of it. 
I came here to tell you that  I organize TEDx events. 
I have three under my belt and  a fourth is due in a couple of months. 
And I do it because my Mom  inspired me to do so as her father inspired her,  to do things wholeheartedly. 
Well, it turns out that it's been  a year since she passed away. 
She had been struggling  with cancer for two years and she had a stroke three days  before my last event, which left her quadriplegic  and unable to speak or move. 
And died a week after,  because of a respiratory arrest. 
You can imagine that  the TEDx event, last year, was like a limbo to me. 
I went on autopilot. 
I have mental images of that day, but actually I have no emotional  recollection of what happened. 
There was one person in charge of filming  everything that went on that day and creating a video with  the highlights of the event. 
For some reason, it took him a whole  year to deliver this video and... as we were getting close  to the first anniversary my idea was to dedicate  this video to my Mom. 
But the video was no good. 
It did not convey any message. 
It had been done in a hurry -- it felt like a mere mix  of random scenes from that day, and -- did nothing to communicate what  the event was really all about. 
It wasn't that the person who did it  lacked the talent, 
-- he had plenty --  The thing was that he didn't put enough effort  in the making. 
It hadn't been done the way 
I like things to be done,  wholeheartedly. 
And so, I could not dedicate  the video to my Mom. 
And what really caught  my attention from all this, was that the editor  took offense for my remarks. 
Which got me thinking: 
What is to get offended if not a way to hide from  our own vulnerabilities, to avoid what we  don't want to hear? 
And do so to avoid what  we do not want to hear and to find excuses not to do  things the way we should. 
So that's why I'm here  today talking to you: 
Because I could not dedicate  that video to her. 
And I decided to dedicate  this talk to her. 
But it' turns out that this talk  was close to never happen. 
Three weeks ago, an oil spill in General Paz Avenue, almost got me to meet  my Mom right away -- (Laughter) 
But thanks to a guardrail  that decided not to give in and spared me a twenty meter fall y a que por una enorme casualidad en la General Paz and the unlikely miracle  of finding no other car in 100 meter radius [330 feet], at the time of the crash, is that I'm now standing  here with you. 
This talk that might have been about a great idea of a project I intended  to develop in Rosario became what it is right now. 
Because I realized that I could've left  this world with a lot of unsaid stuff. 
For instance,  I wanted to tell that this year I was visited  by three women. 
Firstly, to remind me  that everything I do has to be done wholeheartedly. 
Secondly, to show me  the importance of being vulnerable  in front of other people, and the intimate relation  between vulnerability and doing things wholeheartedly. 
The third person, who apart  from all of you now, was the only one on Earth  who had heard me speak about my feelings, taught me that in order to do things right  I must learn to trust. 
Trust in my own sensitivity. 
Trust others, who are dealing  with issues and fears of their own. 
And to trust that even though  sometimes circumstances seem to conspire against us for things not to happen  the way we want to, in fact they actually are  a result of how much effort we put in pursuing our passions, and how we use our  sensitivity to understand other people and to  support each other. 
After all, what is "to trust"? 
To trust is to not get offended. 
Trust is when you are able to... 
Trust is to not get offended, and  allow yourself to give your best, because that is the only way  of having no regrets, so that when your time finally comes,  you will be able to leave this world a much better place  than when you arrived in it. 
Thank you! 
(Applause) 
So, this is my grandfather, 
Salman Schocken, who was born into a poor and uneducated family with six children to feed, and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table. 
He never went back to school. 
Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire of department stores. 
Salman was the consummate perfectionist, and every one of his stores was a jewel of Bauhaus architecture. 
He was also the ultimate self-learner, and like everything else, he did it in grand style. 
He surrounded himself with an entourage of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka, and he paid each one of them a monthly salary so that they could write in peace. 
And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming. 
He fled Germany, together with his family, 
leaving everything else behind. 
His department stores confiscated, he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit of art and culture. 
This high school dropout died at the age of 82, a formidable intellectual, cofounder and first CEO of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and founder of Schocken Books, an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired by Random House. 
Such is the power of self-study. 
And these are my parents. 
They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education. 
They were too busy building a family and a country. 
And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong, tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked with thousands of books, records and artwork. 
I remember quite vividly my father telling me that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set, then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. 
(Laughter) 
And that's me, 
I was going to say holding my first abacus, but actually holding what my father would consider an ample substitute to an iPad. 
(Laughter) 
So one thing that I took from home is this notion that educators don't necessarily have to teach. 
Instead, they can provide an environment and resources that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own. 
Self-study, self-exploration, self-empowerment: these are the virtues of a great education. 
So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study, self-empowering computer science course that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan. 
As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I had an early fascination with first principles, and over the years, as our knowledge of science and technology became more sophisticated, this early awe with the basics has only intensified. 
So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when 
Noam and I were already computer science professors, we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon. 
As computers became increasingly more complex, our students were losing the forest for the trees, and indeed, it is impossible to connect with the soul of the machine if you interact with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software. 
So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students to understand how computers work, and understand it in the marrow of their bones, then perhaps the best way to go about it is to have them build a complete, working, general-purpose, useful computer, hardware and software, from the ground up, from first principles. 
Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I decided to base our cathedral, so to speak, on the simplest possible building block, which is something called NAND. 
It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate with four input-output states. 
So we now start this journey by telling our students that God gave us NAND — (Laughter) — and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how, 
God said, "One step at a time." 
And then, following this advice, we start with this lowly, humble NAND gate, and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence of projects in which they gradually build a chip set, a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine, a basic operating system and a compiler for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK." 
The students celebrate the end of this tour de force by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games 
like Pong, Snake and Tetris. 
You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK and then compiled into machine language in a compiler that you wrote also, and then seeing the result running on a machine that you built starting with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates. 
It's a tremendous personal triumph of going from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex and useful system. 
Noam and I worked five years to facilitate this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure that will enable students to build it in one semester. 
And this is the great team that helped us make it happen. 
The trick was to decompose the computer's construction into numerous stand-alone modules, each of which could be individually specified, built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project. 
And from day one, Noam and I decided to put all these building blocks freely available in open source on the Web. 
So chip specifications, APls, project descriptions, software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators, stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures -- we laid out everything on the Web and invited the world to come over, take whatever they need, and do whatever they want with it. 
And then something fascinating happened. 
The world came. 
And in short order, thousands of people were building our machine. 
And NAND2Tetris became one of the first massive, open, online courses, although seven years ago we had no idea that what we were doing is called MOOCs. 
We just observed how self-organized courses were kind of spontaneously spawning out of our materials. 
For example, Pramode C.E., an engineer from Kerala, India, has organized groups of self-learners who build our computer under his good guidance. 
And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai, has unbundled our projects into smaller, more manageable bites that he now serves in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program. 
The people who are attracted to these courses typically have a hacker mentality. 
They want to figure out how things work, and they want to do it in groups, 
like this hackers club in Washington, D.C., that uses our materials to offer community courses. 
And because these materials are widely available and open-source, different people take them to very different and unpredictable directions. 
For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou, has used FPGA technology to build our computer and show others how to do the same using a video clip, and Ben Craddock developed a very nice computer game that unfolds inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex 3D maze that Ben developed using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine. 
The Minecraft community went bananas over this project, and Ben became an instant media celebrity. 
And indeed, for quite a few people, taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, if you will, has turned into a life-changing experience. 
For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music and math major from East Lansing, Michigan. 
A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post on our website, and I'd like to read it to you. 
So here's what Dan said. 
"I did the coursework because understanding computers is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy, and I made it through. 
I never worked harder on anything, never been challenged to this degree. 
But given what I now feel capable of doing, 
I would certainly do it again. 
To anyone considering NAND2Tetris, it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed." 
So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners who take this course off the Web, on their own traction, on their own initiative, and it's quite amazing because these people cannot care less about grades. 
They are doing it because of one motivation only. 
They have a tremendous passion to learn. 
And with that in mind, 
I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading. 
I'm sick of it. 
We are obsessed with grades because we are obsessed with data, and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing, and a huge part of education is about failing. 
Courage, according to Churchill, is the ability to go from one defeat to another without losing enthusiasm. 
(Laughter) 
And [Joyce] said that mistakes are the portals of discovery. 
And yet we don't tolerate mistakes, and we worship grades. 
So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4, which is stamped on your forehead and sums up who you are. 
Well, in my opinion, we went too far with this nonsense, and grading became degrading. 
So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading, and share with you a glimpse from my current project, which is different from the previous one, but it shares exactly the same characteristics of self-learning, learning by doing, self-exploration and community-building, and this project deals with K-12 math education, beginning with early age math, and we do it on tablets because we believe that math, like anything else, should be taught hands on. 
So here's what we do. 
Basically, we developed numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining a particular concept in math. 
So for example, let's take area. 
When you deal with a concept like area -- well, we also provide a set of tools that the child is invited to experiment with in order to learn. 
So if area is what interests us, then one thing which is natural to do is to tile the area of this particular shape and simply count how many tiles it takes to cover it completely. 
And this little exercise here gives you a first good insight of the notion of area. 
Moving along, what about the area of this figure? 
Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it. 
So instead, you can experiment with these different tools here by some process of guided trial and error, and at some point you will discover that one thing that you can do among several legitimate transformations is the following one. 
You can cut the figure, you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them and then proceed to tile just like we did before. 
(Applause) 
Now this particular transformation did not change the area of the original figure, so a six-year-old who plays with this has just discovered a clever algorithm to compute the area of any given parallelogram. 
We don't replace teachers, by the way. 
We believe that teachers should be empowered, not replaced. 
Moving along, what about the area of a triangle? 
So after some guided trial and error, the child will discover, with or without help, that he or she can duplicate the original figure and then take the result, transpose it, glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before: cut, rearrange, paste — oops— paste and glue, and tile. 
Now this transformation has doubled the area of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle divided by two. 
But we discovered it by self-exploration. 
So, in addition to learning some useful geometry, the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated science strategies, like reduction, which is the art of transforming a complex problem into a simple one, or generalization, which is at the heart of any scientific discipline, or the fact that some properties are invariant under some transformations. 
And all this is something that a very young child can pick up using such mobile apps. 
So presently, we are doing the following: 
First of all, we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum into numerous such apps. 
And because we cannot do it on our own, we've developed a very fancy authoring tool that any author, any parent or actually anyone who has an interest in math education, can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps on tablets without programming. 
And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem that will match different learners with different apps according to their evolving learning style. 
The driving force behind this project is my colleague Shmulik London, and, you see, just like 
Salman did about 90 years ago, the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people, because at the end, it's all about people. 
And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv and I saw this graffiti on a wall, and I found it so compelling that by now I preach it to my students, and I'd like to try to preach it to you. 
Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar with the term "mensch." 
It basically means to be human and to do the right thing. 
And with that, what this graffiti says is, 
"High-tech schmigh-tech. 
The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter) 
Thank you. 
(Applause) (Applause) 
Normal first and second heart sounds. 
Listen to the following example. 
Normal first and second sounds can be heard. 
Each pair of sounds, 
lub dub, lub dub will begin with the first sound and end with the second. 
Listen to these sounds and keep in mind the systolic and diastolic periods in the cardiac cycle. 
Normally, the first sound is slightly lower in pitch in comparison with the second sound. 
[normal first and second heart sounds, S1 and S2] 
Thank you. 
Good morning. 
We came here to do a presentation a bit more academic than the other two. 
Lorenzo Escot and I teach at the Complutense University of Madrid, and we have a research group that has spent years analyzing matters of gender equality, mostly in the labor market. 
Our presentation is called: 
"Few women are directors because few men are caretakers". 
Saying this, what we want is somehow, to address the question of why there is a presence so scarce of women, disappointingly, in the higher directive positions. 
After so many years, or so many decades of women having access to the labor market. 
For example, in companies listed in stock market, the IBEX-35, women in advising positions make up 8%. 
Their presence is still very low, and there are issues of permanence. 
We wanted to address this type of issue but in a slightly different way. 
What we do is somehow go to the other side, why are there so few men who are caretakers. 
That is, men who have unpaid jobs, who work at home, taking care of kids, relatives, etc. 
Because we feel like, and the literature available proves it, that there is a high correlation. 
On the other hand, as we have been doing in our other two presentations, when we speak about gender matters, we're not speaking of women alone, we're talking about both women and men. 
And they're interconnected. 
So the first point I'd like to deal with is, very briefly, what are the theories that explain why there still is a small presence of women in high positions in organizations. 
One of the popular ones is the glass ceiling theory. 
"Glass ceiling" refers to barriers, invisible barriers that limit the access of women to those higher positions within organizations. 
I would also say that such barriers are external to women. 
And it has to do with matters such as, for example, not belonging to the networks or having the contacts that are necessary in order to plot. 
One must plot to make it to the higher positions in an organization. 
Maybe you need to play golf. 
And women need to do certain things that they still do not normally do nowadays. 
For example, it also has to do with the lack of role models. 
This will disappear as time passes, but it's hard. 
It's also related to stereotypes. 
What are women good at? 
What are men good at? 
These are stereotypes related to social gender roles which have a great influence. 
However, Lorenzo and I like to focus on this. 
We call it the 'concrete ceiling,' and it's visible: you have to be at home, you have to perform all the domestic duties. 
In this case, we talk about professional self-limitation, about personal barriers that women set for themselves some times, but few working men do. 
And it has to do with the limitation which arises from having to compromise, especially when having children. 
This happens to some professional women on a daily basis but very few men. 
There is an element of inequality that we think explains better the final uneven result in salary, in access to managing positions and others, than the first theory. 
And especially, that this can start diminishing as more women have more managing positions. 
And this one is somehow more persistent. 
It's also very related to the gender slots that our culture imposes on us from childhood, right off the bat. 
I've also brought up here education. 
Then, if we think the concrete ceiling is more important than the other one, how do we support this idea? 
I will talk now about the next idea that is the gap hypothesis. 
Women have been in the labor market for decades. 
It's a mature process, it has been going on for years, it's not new. 
However, it has not be accompanied by a parallel process of men accessing the care taking activities, to family responsibility in the same conditions as women had since the beginning of history. 
This is an emerging process right now. 
And therefore, there is an imbalance, a gap that creates instability. 
A very clear shortcoming is the stress that is experienced some of the women that try to combine work and family, but being the only ones responsible for those tasks. 
This is also called sometimes the double shift or burden, and a lot of women face it, but not so many men. 
In addition, this isn't simply an empirical phenomenon. 
I think any of us can look around and we basically see it. 
This is also very likely, the root of discrimination in the labor market. 
What is discrimination in the labor market? 
When it comes to hiring, to promote someone professionally, when you have candidates with similar profiles, some get chosen in terms of the social group they belong to: ethnic, cultural, and in this case, gender. 
As we say, this could explain this discrimination in a somewhat relevant manner. 
We identify two types of discrimination, which is the most important. 
Firstly, I want to talk about the theory of Gary Becker, a great economist, Nobel Prize winner 
- we're also economists, and our point of view is one focused on economy - whose theory of discrimination is also called the theory of taste, or of the preference for discrimination because it assumes that the employer has prejudices. 
In this case, if the discrimination is based on gender, then they're a misogynist, they don't like working with women. 
They don't hire women, or they don't promote them. 
This type of discrimination, as Becker puts it, tends to disappear with competition. 
If markets introduce more competition, an incompetent worker, as the employer of this example, will tend to be displaced by competition. 
If you don't take advantage of the talent, you're inefficient. 
If there is a lot of competition, you'll get displaced. 
However, there's a second type of discrimination: statistics. 
And this is one is much more persistent. 
I'd say this one is recognized by those of you who work in human resources and it has a lot to do with the gap hypothesis. 
Think about the employer of the previous example who must decide who to promote. 
Both candidates are 30 and have no children. 
It's about a promotion to a high managing position. 
Both have a very good CV. 
Who will you promote? 
Statistically, we observe that for people who are 30 and have no kids, the probability of having children in the near future is quite high. 
Also statistically, empiric evidence shows, there is a quite high percentage of women that slow their career when they have kids, but very few men do that. 
For example, taking up part-time, or reduce the working shift when they have kids. 
From a human resources point of view, if we think about maximizing the company's profit, with incomplete information and uncertainty, and based on statistics, because they don't know the candidates personally, maybe they will choose to promote him and not her. 
Because that was their only difference, one was a woman and the other a man. 
In that case discrimination happens. 
But it's not based on prejudices or misogyny 
like with the previous example. 
It is much more rational. 
It's a rational managing of an organization that we want to make profit. 
It may be unpleasant, but it is not based on the wrong values, because it is only financial managing. 
This is much more subtle, and, therefore, as I pointed out, it is much harder to get rid off. 
Competition is not going to displaced it, 
It is based on what we just mentioned in the gap hypothesis or concrete ceiling. that we just mentioned. 
If we believe the explanation of discrimination based on gender in the labor market is mainly here, 
- because Gary Becker's theory, in my opinion, is very useful in order to explain discrimination against other type of minorities, for example, ethnic minorities, 
like religious, cultural differences, etc. 
There it is true that sometimes there is xenophobia, pure prejudice. 
"I don't like to work," says the employer, for example, "with Latin Americans," or something like that. 
That is a person with a certain ideology 
that will end up being inefficient because they don't make the most of it. 
But this other is different. 
Statistics is different. 
It is much more clear how gender matters get involve. 
If we come to the conclusion that discrimination based on statistics is the one that is relevant in this case. 
We would continue by thinking what we can do so that we grant men access to care taking activities under the same conditions, family, children, basic domestic responsibilities. 
We must assume that most men would be ready to take it up, and many are already doing it. 
Not focusing on a gender war or something alike, but accepting that is a tendency that is also there. 
What could we do to speed it up? 
From an economic policy point of view, what could be done? 
And here we have a list of suggestions. 
For us, the first of them is absolutely compulsory. 
That is, to equal the duration of maternity and paternity leaves, something that they're doing already in some other countries, 
like in Nordic countries, Germany, even in Portugal! 
Here it's starting, but we have a long road to go. 
We may take as an example the law, that some times sets an example. 
Sometimes, what laws say end up having an influence on our values. 
In this case, what does the law say in relation to parental leave? 
It says that when we have a child mothers have 16 weeks to take care of the children and fathers have only 2. 
The law makes the father role look less important. 
In such an important moment as that. 
Because many men find out what is taking care and what are egalitarian attitudes at that very same moment, when they really start getting involved, when they take care of their own children. 
It is a key moment, but here the law says no that this is mainly a woman's thing. 
Plus, it is the only legal discrimination based on gender that is left in Spanish law. 
We believe that if we don't change this, no matter what deadline we set. 
We should change it to a month. 
We were supposed to pass this law in January, but it has been postponed due to budget deficit. 
This is a key point for us. 
The next one is the elimination of the gender bias in the reconciliation of work and family life. 
Sorry, did I go overtime? 
(Audience) No. 
The gender bias or feminine bias, regarding reconciliation in companies. 
This is also very interesting for us. 
Through studies about reconciliation of work and family life we have observed that sometimes, human resources departments in companies only think of it as a need of their women workers. 
They admit that is important, but even in companies that are responsible in family matters, they just think of it as a need of their female employees. 
If you pay attention, the fact that this happens is a barrier for male employees that may want to reconciliate. 
As we talked about the glass ceiling that prevented women from reaching top positions, there is also a kind of glass ceiling for men who would like to take advantage of the reconciliation programs of the company, but who don't. 
They don't do it because they don't think that's for them, that their boss, colleagues, subordinates are going to make fun of them. 
So we think that a very important economic policy strategy would be to convince human resources departments in companies that reconciliation doesn't have gender. 
Even though most of the people that use them nowadays are women but they should be completely open both to women and men. 
This is a key point for us. 
These ones are other aspects that influence men. 
On the other hand, we must say that anything that makes it easier to reconciliate work and family will make it also easier for men that just started in this. 
More reasonable schedules, more flexible companies, a greater reconciliation culture, all this is compulsory. 
As it is a more egalitarian education. 
Recently, we met with the director of the Women Institute, and she said they were focusing mainly on education. 
We normally think we're done, but there is still a lot to be done, for example, with egalitarian values. 
I will finish by mentioning something that came about thanks to the contact with sociologists, and that is the idea of whether there is a new masculinity. 
I am referring to the fact that we can observe more egalitarian values and attitudes among men, specially in the new generations, compared with the past. 
And also a development of certain personality traits that now get more attention than in the past, and that they are more prone to get involved at home and in care taking activities. 
We think that if this is happening, we don't know how big this change is, but if it is taking place, this seems key for men themselves, it is positive for them. 
We think that not being a tough guy all day long and developing other parts of our personality is enriching. 
It is very positive. 
It is good for both daughters and sons to spend more time with their parents. 
It is definitive for their development and we think it is also essential for women's professional careers. 
As long as the situation we mentioned before stays, that gap and that concrete ceiling. 
I'll leave it here, 
Lorenzo and I thank you a lot. 
(Applause) 
Through the magic of the technicolor camera, this romantic setting becomes the luxurious locale of a lavish musical comedy extravaganza 
Moon Over Miami 
A sparkling story of two smart girls 
looking like a million and 
looking FOR a million as they turn society's favorite playground into a romantic merry-go-round with Don Ameche in his most hilarious comedy role 
Betty Grable, lovelier than ever, as she sings and dances and romances 
Robert Cummings, handsome and wealthy object of the girls' affections 
Charlotte Greenwood, also all together than with Jack Haley, frozen faced comedian of stage and screen, and charming Cobina Wright, Jr. 
Barbara! 
Barbara, you still wanna go through with it, don't you? 
I don't know, I just don't see how I could marry a man without loving him. 
Oh but darling listen 
How long does love last? 
And besides it's just as easy to fall in love with a millionaire as it is with a truck driver 
From what you say you must be very attractive to some women 
Wait a minute, I didn't want to give you any kind of good impression about me 
After all the McNeill Steel Works, you know? 
Some girls will put up with an awful lot if a fella's got money. 
Yes, is it awful? 
I could never understand. 
We're going to have a wonderful life together. 
Where will we live, darling? 
Where would you like to live? 
Oh, anywhere. 
Cozy little hut is good enough for me. 
Oh me, oh mi-ami 
Guys will serve me a portion of 
You'll celebrate a brand of love 
I go round in a trance 
You got folks in your glance 
We got ants in our plants 
You started something 
Yes you did, but you didn't know what I knew 
I knew right away that you were my new romance 
Come Venus and love 
How lovely the world will be 
Now that you're in love with me 
Well, the first seven questions on Assignment [unknown], all focus on the precise use of language. 
So, I'll let you discuss those with the other students. 
I'm on the, on the, on the course forums or in whatever social media hangouts you're using. 
And, if you haven't joined a group yet to work with and discuss the questions with, 
I strongly advise you to do that. 
The only one I want to look up from 
Assignment one is question eight because this one has a little bit of mathematics in it. 
It relates to that proof that there are infinitely many prime numbers. 
And you'll recall from a lecture that a key part of that was taking this number N that you get by multiplying the first 
little n primes together and adding one. 
And at the time, I actually mentioned that this number is not always prime, well, how do you prove that? 
Well, you prove it by exhibiting a sequence of prime numbers for which it's not prime. 
So, you start by looking at the primes and you sort of say, well, two x three + one, in that case, you get seven. 
Then seven is a prime. 
So, let's go one more, two x three x five + one, you get 31. 
That's also a prime. 
Well, let's do another one, two x three x5 x seven + one, that's 211. 
That's also a prime. 
Well, at this point, you might beginning to lose heart, but if you keep going just a couple more until you get two x three x five x seven x eleven x thirteen + one, then in that case you get 30,031, which is equal to 59 x 509, which is not prime. 
And so now, we've exhibited a number of this form. 
Let me put parenthesis in here. 
Just to separate things out. 
Oops. 
You don't actually need them, because of the conventions that multiplication dominates over addition. 
But let's put them in anyway. 
And in this case you check one, two, three, four, five, the first six primes, add one, you get a composite number. 
That shows that this number is not always prime, okay? 
And that takes care of assignment one. 

First we'll deal with the controversial bit. 
This car belongs to Ferrari. 
And I'm probably not supposed to be driving it. 
But I'm not going to dwell on that. 
Someone kind of subcontracted it to me, let's say. 
And if I'm offered to drive in a 
Ferrari I don't ask questions. 
I just drive it. 
The problem with this situation is that I'm now at 
least a year late to reviewing the Spider. 
You've all read about it and watched the video so you need to see something different. 
Now I've searched YouTube and there are lots of beautiful shoots and factual films, but there isn't much bad behavior. 
I've, therefore, decided in the interest of original programming that I'm going to drive this car 
like a complete idiot. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
[TlRES SQUEALlNG] 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
[TlRES SQUEALlNG] 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
Well, I have to say, it's dead impressive for a car with a conventional construction that's got no roof. 
570 horsepower, at about 1550 kilograms, at 
little bit less, actually. 
It's just as fast as you ever wanted a car to be. 
Very direct steering. 
I've got the suspension in full firm at the moment. 
But I might just try and soften it off a bit and see what it does. 
[TlRES SQUEALlNG] 
It might make the car a bit lazier. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
I hope you can get some of this noise. 
Because it's-- 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
That's the defining aspect of the 458. 
It's normally aspirated. 
It makes a noise that the McLaren just can't hope to match. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
The problem with these flippin' Spiders these days is they kind of undo my argument that you have to have a hard top on the driving front. 
I mean, I don't have any doubt that the Coupe is a little bit better. 
But the difference is not night and day. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
This car is barely a convertible. 
The roof aperture is so small it's more of a targa really. 
And it's quite a fussy shape from some angels. 
Those rear buttresses rise unexpectedly high. 
And those ultra-low profile tires leave annoying amounts of vacant space in the wheel arches. 
And this particular example has 63,000 pounds of extras on top of the 200 grand list price. 
The titanium wheel bolts are 1,900 pounds. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
But it's just, it's a very, very exciting car. 
It's very obedient, the steering's fast. 
The controls lack quite a lot of feedback. 
But it's really interesting how quickly you can kind of adjust your inputs to the speed that they require. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
Ha, ha, ha! 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
Now I have to apologize, because I haven't talked about the clever folding hard top or the neat gear shifts in auto mode. 
I didn't have the time. 
Because remember, I was too busy driving the 458 Spider 
like I was in some sort of computer game. 
But in doing so, I can now tell you that it's an absurdly good car to drive. 
You can chuck it around like a cheap rally car, and that shouldn't really be possible. 
Of course I could never buy a convertible Ferrari for all the obvious reasons. 
But I could just about forgive anyone who bought one of these. 
[CAR ENGlNE] 
>> VOlCE: 
Oh, I know her. >> VOlCE: 
Woa, Conan's on Twitter? >> VOlCE: 
Yep, it's all here.. 
The funny and famous. 
Updates from your favorite restaurants. 
Your friends, tweeting to each other. 
Posting picts. 
Showing videos. 
It's causes that you care about. 
Businesses that care about you. 
Reporters and your neighbors--breaking news. ..just a small sampling of people on Twitter. 
Who would you like to see? 
Let's go find them and follow them. 
In this video, you'll get a quick overview of some easy, effective people-finding tools. 
You'll search for people with their names. 
Find your friends by importing email contacts. 
Browse through suggestions and search for keywords and topics to see who you'll find. 
Our friend Charles, who works at Twitter will help us out. 
Let's start with the Find People feature 
located at the top of Charles's Home page on twitter.com. 
The Find On Twitter section allows you to search with Usernames or real names. 
Enter the name. 
Hit the Search button. 
With the results, click a Username. 
From their Profile, select the Follow button to start following. 
When that person posts a Tweet, anyone who follows them will see a new Tweet in their Home page Timeline. 
Name searches work well when you're looking for someone specific to follow. 
But maybe you know tons of people and want this to go faster. 
Let's go back to the Find People section and then to the Find Friends tab. 
From here, we'll permit Twitter to scan through Charles's contacts and show us his friends who are already using Twitter. 
Here's how to do this. 
Select the service provider and log in to your email. 
Click the Find Friends button. 
From here, 
Twitter will connect to your account, 
Scouring it for your friends on the Twitter network. 
The results might surprise you. 
See someone that you'd like to connect with? 
Click the Follow button to start getting their updates, their Tweets. 
Or send a request to let them know you found them via email and want to follow them. in case you're wondering, 
Twitter does not store login information and your password is transferred securely. 
Also, Twitter will not email any of your contacts unless you follow them or send a request to follow. 
If you want some ideas about who to look for, Browse Suggestions. 
These are lists of popular accounts on Twitter in a wide variety of topics. 
Follow anyone of interest by selecting the Follow button. 
This is a good way to quickly personalize or "curate" the information network that you're creating. 
Next up, Charles will show us another way to find people. >> CHARLES: 
Now that I'm following a few people on Twitter, 
I have a personalized recommendation engine that makes it very easy for me to find and discover new people to follow. 
Let me show you how it works. 
Here are all the Tweets from everyone that I follow. 
It looks like my friend Maggie just posted a Tweet about the Cove. 
Let me see what else she's talking about. 
Oh wow! 
It looks like she just posted a reply to my friend Ed. 
I didn't know he was on Twitter! 
I think i'll go ahead and follow him. 
I'm going to check out who else she's following 'cause there might be some interesting people in there. 
It doesn't appear that I know most of these people. 
Oh, but look at this: 
EmergencyInSF. 
I think I'll follow them. 
Now that you know how to find people through browsing, we'll teach you how to find even more people to follow by searching through topics and keywords. >> VOlCE: 
From your Home page, use the Search box to input desired keywords. 
We'll try "Twitter HQ," our headquarters. 
Hit Enter. 
Browse the results and follow anyone you like. 
There are many ways to find people on Twitter. 
Just keep exploring. 
We think you'll be pleasantly surprised by who you'll find and who you can follow. 
Woman: 
Nick? 
Is it really you? 
It is. 
Oh... ( chuckling ) 
Oh, my dear, lost love! 
I'm paralyzed with happiness. 
Jordan, this is my second cousin once removed, nick carraway. 
Does that mean we kiss when we greet, or no? 
I hope it means we do. 
Tom says you've just come from chicago. 
Tell me everything. 
Do they miss me? 
The whole town is desolate. 
Oh, how gorgeous. 
All the cars have their left rear wheel 
Painted black as a mourning wreath, 
And there's a persistent wail all night. 
Let's go back tomorrow, tom. 
I love a persistent wail. 
Well, I love a drink. 
Come on, let's all have a drink. 
( sighs ) 
I've been lying on that sofa for as long as I can remember. 
You live across the sound in west egg. 
I know somebody there. 
I don't know a single person. 
You must know gatsby. 
Oh, he's my neighbor. 
Gatsby?! 
What gatsby? 
Tom: 
Come on, daisy. 
Why candles? 
In two weeks, it'll be the longest day in the year. 
Do you always watch 
For the longest day in the year and then miss it? 
I do. 
We ought to plan something. 
All right. 
What'll we plan? 
What do people plan? 
Look at that. 
My little finger, it's all black and blue. 
You did that, tom. 
I know you didn't mean to, 
But that's what I get for marrying a brute of a man. 
A great big hulking brute of a man. 
Oh, daisy, I hate that word, "hulking." 
Even in kidding. 
Hulking. 
How do you know which measure of center best describes the data? 
Let's see. 
We have the mean, the median, and the mode. 
But how do you choose? 
In this lesson you will learn how to summarize the center of data with a single number  by examining the mean, median, and mode. 
Let's start by remembering how to find the mode and median. 
Here's the graph about how many books sixth graders  at Taylor Middle School read this summer. 
The mode is the number that appears most often. 
So, in this data set, the mode is two. 
To find the median, or middle, begin by crossing out the least and the greatest  numbers in the set until you reach the middle. 
The median of this data set is three. 
Now let's review finding the mean. 
Here's the same graph again. 
To find the mean, we need to add each of the values together and divide by how many numbers are in the set. 
The numbers total seventy, and we divide by fifteen because there are fifteen data points. 
So, the mean is approximately four and seven-tenths. 
That squiggly equal sign means approximately. 
A common mistake that students make  is confusing the mean, median, and mode because they all begin with the letter "M" and they do sound a lot alike. 
One way to remember is that the median is the middle,  like the median of a highway. 
The mode is the most,  they sound alike. 
And mean, or average, is the meanest because it requires the most calculation. 
Let's look at this graph again. 
We decided earlier that the mode was two, so let's put a line here. 
We decided the median was three; we'll put a line here. 
And the mean was approximately four and seven-tenths. 
These three lines show where the three measures lie within the data. 
Which of these looks like the best way to describe the data? 
In this case we have an outlier, or a number that is much less or much greater  than most of the other responses. 
One student read twenty one books, and that's great, but it makes our mean much higher than it would be otherwise. 
The mean is probably not the best measure here because only four students read more books than the mean of four and seven-tenths, while eleven students read fewer. 
On the other hand, the mode of two was the most common answer but does it reflect the data set as a whole? 
Probably the median would be the best measure here. 
Let's look at another data set. 
Students were asked their favorite number from one to ten. 
There were four different answers that all got two votes. 
So, the mode is one, four, five, and nine. 
In any data set there can be a single mode,  many modes (like there are here), or even no mode. 
This is why the mode is not used very often to describe data sets. 
When we find and measure a center, we want to use a single number to describe the data. 
So, the mode here is not good. 
Let's find the median by crossing out the least  and the greatest until we find the middle. 
The median here is five. 
Now, we'll add the numbers together and divide by the number of data points to get a mean of approximately five and three-tenths. 
In this case both the median and the mean are good descriptors of the data. 
We could also find the mean, median,  and mode from tables of data. 
Here, a boy asked his five best friends how far they live from school, and they all gave their answers in blocks. 
One friend must live right across the street, but most friends live much further away. 
All of the distances got the same number of responses, and when every number could be the mode,  we say instead that there is no mode, and we use the word null. 
The mode here is null. 
The median is easy to find with so few numbers, and it is seventeen. 
When we add and divide to find the mean; we add them all up and get seventy. there are five responses so they have an average of fourteen. 
Once again, we have an outlier because the one  is so much less than any of the other data points. 
An outlier affects the mean, and here the mean of fourteen is less than the distance of four out of the five friends. 
In this case the median is probably the best measure because it's closest to most of the responses. 
When an outlier is involved,  the median is often the best measure. 
In this lesson you have learned how to summarize the center of data with a single number by examining the mean, median, and mode. 
This is a good time to pause and summarize what we've learned so far. 
We've learned some theory and some practice. 
In theory, we've learned about patterns, which are grammars which describe languages, where a language is a set of strings. 
We've learned about interpreters over those languages, and about compilers, which can do the same thing only faster. 
In terms of practice, we've learned that regular expressions are useful for all sorts of things, and they're a concise language for getting work done. 
We've learned that interpreters, including compilers, can be valuable tools, and that they can be more expressive and more natural to describe a problem in terms of a native language that makes sense for the problem rather than in terms of Python code that doesn't necessarily make sense. 
We learned functions are more composable than other things in Python. 
For example, in Python we have expressions, and we have statements. 
They can only be composed by the Python programmer whereas functions can be composed dynamically. 
We can take 2 functions and put them together. 
We can take f and call g with that and then apply that to some x. 
We can do that for any value of f and g. 
We can pass those into a function and manipulate them and have different ones applying to x. 
We can't do that with expressions and statements. 
We can do it with the values of expressions, but we can't do it with expressions themselves. 
Functions provide a composability that we don't get elsewhere. 
Functions also provide control over time, so we can divide up the work that we want to do into do some now and do some later. 
A function allows us to do that. 
Expressions and statements don't do that because they just get done at 1 time when they're executed. 
Functions allow us to package up computation that we want to do later. 
Hi,Lee 
Sup,Vovan 
Lee ,you're one eyed Pterodactyl 
And I was riding on you 
And you're an goat 
So, what do you want from me 
I ... 
I insulted you 
And you should be upset 
And I beat you! 
LOL 
I'm bad! 
I came to one simple conclusion 
Insults are only hints who is the offender and not much more 
Well, suppose if you analyze what Volodya said about me 
First. 
I'm one eyed Pterodactyl... 
First of all.It's a obvious lie,and inconsistencies 
And as a our friend suggests us 
I have two eyes and I'm a human 
Second of all,my system of values does not see anything wrong with one eyed Pterodactyls and even if it saw something wrong with it 
I I know anyway that I'm not a Pterodactyl 
I think 
It also refers to Volodya allegedly riding on me 
Did not happen and that I'm am an goat 
I'm not a goat ,and there nothing wrong with goats 
Put in Volodya sentence harsher words, witch you will not hear on our show 
But you can hear everyday in the neighborhood and nothing will change 
Insults are fantasy, fears and complexes of the offender all and nothing more 
Here is another example 
For example they want to insult you and calling you gay 
Most probably you will be called gay in a rude manner 
Now then, You know you're not gay 
So it's not true 
Second, if in your value system there is nothing wrong with being Gay 
So there is no insult 
If however gay, is evil for you 
So you see only the first point. 
You're not gay.... 
So who ever is insulting is lying 
Now take the stormtrooper Come over here 
Yes, my dear 
As you accidentally have learned from the episode "vulgarization of the senses" 
Stormtrooper is gay 
And now try to insult him 
Hey glasseyes, you Gay! 
Hope I've insulted 
Want to hurt me? 
Call me Natural 
From this we reach the conclusion 
The offender in this case is quite homophobic 
And he will not name the Stormtrooper,Natural 
Because in his value system it is normal 
When insulting,the offender just telling us from what he afraid of... 
Whomever he would not want to be 
And He simply LYlNG.LYlNG and LYlNG 
Only projecting his complex on us 
Ideally,in order not to disclose information about yourself 
Should insult so 
Hi Kostya,All II want is for yout to feel bad. 
LOL I'm so evil ... 
Insults are always a sign of inability 
Happens a lot, For example when a guy tries to get the girl 
Nothing happens, so he tries to insult her 
Hi baby. 
Let's Dance 
Sorry, no ... 
Sl*t 
Insults are really just empty air, We should not pay attention to them.... 
Completely! 
Who understands it, it's mpossible to hurt him 
But there are those who take the harsh words in their direction 
For them, it is better to understand thay insults are lies and complex of the offender or the meanness of offending 
Indeed, how low you need to go if you insult someone weak 
So you're rose above him. 
Laughed and forgot 
But he remembered and stepped out the window 
Maybe I'm exaggerating,But the essence is clear 
By the way, is often not only an insult. 
And by praise you can understand human values 
Someone praises a rich businessman. 
And translation: 
Yeah cool I also aspire to be like this 
Someone praises a monk, sitting in a monastery And a similar translation: 
I aspire to be like that 
But when one praises the monk but reproaches the one that praises the businessman 
It's only a clash of values.Full stop 
Therefore such criticisms should pass by you 
Because this is for you. 
That it for him. 
Different issues 
Better still, to heal each other with words. 
Simply and bluntly 
Do not remain silent, and play it cold cynic when the mate is in sorrow 
But cheer him up 
What can I say to him? 
Anyway he knows the banality 
What is this nonsense? 
What in this pursuit for the new and not the this basicl? 
He does not need anything new!He just needs attention.See that he not left alone with his own sorrow 
That's all! 
I can be your friend, buddy. 
Why are you so nervous 
Ok,let's make YouTube comments under in this video, the happiest place online. 
Put in them the rainbows and the respect for each other 
Write something like: 
For boys, that the girl no longer with them I suggest this and that 
Or someone who reads the response, you'll have only good ... something like this ... 
We have fun and heal with words 
(hydra roars furiously) Twilight: 
I think we're gonna make it! 
(theremin music, Pinkie shudders violently) 
Pinkie Pie: 
Oh, lookie there. 
It stopped. 
(voice trembling) O-o-h-h, th-e-e-re it is aga-a-a-in! 
(ponies gasp) (thunderous thud) (ponies gasp) (loud thuds) 
Twilight: 
(gasps) He'll be up here in no time! 
Quick! 
One at a time, CROSS! 
(Spike yelps) 
Spike: 
Uh, do you know any spells for turning a hydra into a mouse? 
Twilight: 
No. 
Spike: 
How 'bout a squirrel? 
Twilight: 
No! 
Spike: 
How 'bout- 
Twilight: 
NO SMALL RODENTS OF ANY KlND! 
Spike: 
That's too bad. 
Fluttershy: 
A hop, skip, and a...JUMP! 
(Spike screams) 
Pinkie Ple: 
(voice trembling) Wh-o-o-o-o-o-a! 
(Applejack grunts) (hydra growls) Twilight: 
He's too close! 
I'll distract him! 
You two go! 
NOW! 
(Applejack grunts) Oh...what would a brave pony like Rainbow Dash do...? 
CHAAAAARGE! 
(hydra growls) (hydra snarls) 
(hydra roars) 
(hydra snarls) (thud) 
Pinkie Pie: 
(quivering) T-T-Twilight! 
(hydra snarls) (hydra snarls, slams into rock face) 
(rocks crumble and slam into ground) (ponies gasp) (Twilight gasps) (hydra whimpers, roars) 
Pinkie Pie: 
T-T-Twilight! 
You have to jump! 
Twilight: 
I'll never make it! 
Pinkie Pie: 
You'll be fine! 
Twilight: 
I will not! 
(hydra roars) 
Pinkie Pie: 
I-i-i-t's your only ho-o-o-o-pe! 
(hydra snarls) Pinkie Pie: 
You have to take a leap of faith! 
(Twilight gulps) 
(hydra snarls) 
(crash) (Twilight yelps) 
No! 
Oh no! 
NOOOOOO! 
(bubble pops) (Twilight screams) (Twilight grunts repeatedly) 
(Twilight shakes off confusion) (ponies cheer) Pinkie Pie: 
I knew you could do it, Twilight! 
Twilight: 
I don't know how it happened; coincidence, dumb luck, or what, but you said there'd be a doozy here at Froggy Bottom Bog, and  I'd say we just had ourselves one heck of a doozy. 
I mean, that hydra- (theremin music, Pinkie Pie shudders) 
Twilight: 
Pinkie? 
Pinkie Pie: 
That wasn't it. 
Twilight: 
Huh? 
Spike: 
What wasn't what? 
Applejack: 
What are you talkin' about, Pink? 
Pinkie Pie: 
The hydra wasn't the doozy. 
(hydra blows raspberry) 
I'm still gettin' the shudders! 
(Pinkie Pie's voice trembles) 
You see?! 
There it is again! 
Whatever the doozy was at Froggy Bottom Bog, my Pinkie Sense says it still hasn't happened. 
Twilight: 
Huh? 
But I...WHAT?! 
(seething) The HYDRA wasn't the doozy?! 
How could it not be THE DOOZY?! 
What could be DOOZlER than THAT?! 
Pinkie Pie: 
Dunno, but if this wasn't it... (Twilight grumbles) (Twilight growls) 
Twilight: 
(resigned) Oh, I give up. 
Spike: 
Give what up, Twi? 
Twilight: 
The fight. 
I can't fight it anymore. 
I don't understand how, why, or what, but Pinkie Sense somehow... makes sense. 
I don't see how it does, but it just does. 
Just because I don't understand doesn't mean its not true. 
Pinkie Pie: 
Y-y-y-you m-m-mean you b-b-b-believe? 
Twilight: 
Yup, I guess I do. 
(Pinkie shudders violently and emits a series of wacky noises) 
Pinkie Pie: 
(gasps) That was it! 
THAT'S the doozy. 
(Spike shakes head) 
Twilight: 
What? 
What is? 
Pinkie Pie: 
You. 
Believing. 
I never expected THAT to happen! 
THAT was the doozy, oh and, oh what  a doozy of a doozy it was! 
(Pinkie Pie sings happily) 
(Pinkie Pie and Twilight giggling, Spike opens door) 
Twilight: 
Oh, good, Spike. 
You're here. 
Take a letter. 
Spike: 
With pleasure, Twilight. 
Twilight: 
"Dear Princess Celestia, I'm happy to report that-" 
Spike, what have I been saying about focus? 
Spike: 
I know, but I... 
Well... 
Twilight: 
What's wrong Spike, never thought you'd see me with an umbrella hat on? 
Spike: 
Not really, no. 
Twilight: 
Pinkie's tail is twitchin'. 
What else can I do? 
(all laugh) 
Twilight: 
"I am happy to report that I now realize there  are wonderful things in this world you just can't explain, but that doesn't necessarily make them any less true. 
It just means you have to choose to believe in them, and sometimes it takes a friend to show you the way." 
Pinkie Pie: 
HONK! 
Spike: 
(still writing) "Honk..." Twilight: 
"Always your faithful student, Twilight Sparkle." 
(door opens) 
(tail twitches) Pinkie Pie: 
There it goes again! 
Twilight: 
I wonder what's gonna drop outta the sky THlS time. 
Pinkie Pie: 
You never know. 
(window opens, Spike inhales) (approaching jet, Celestia thuds onto balcony) 
Spike: 
Twitchy tail? 
(Celestia's wings flap) Holy guacamole! 
(ending theme begins) My Little Pony 
My Little Pony 
(instrumental) 
My Little Pony, friends 
Episode 12 
Which way do I go? <i>If you go in that direction, you will die.</i> <i>You shouldn't go there!</i> 
In that case... 
What if I go the other way? 
If I go here, will I live? 
I... 
I won't lose someone again. <i>Young Master!</i> 
Did you lose something? 
What are you looking for? 
I thought I lost you! 
Young Master! 
What's wrong with you? 
I... 
I don't want to lose you. 
Have you eliminated all of Choi Chul Joo's men? 
Yes. 
When the prince said that he was going to the harbor, 
I thought he was going to attack the people holding the ship to let it sail. 
But this is what happened. 
Now we have no way to obtain explosives. 
The prince eliminated Choi Chul Joo so that we would not be implicated. 
The police have finally reached the harbor. 
Now we must give the Interior Minister a sufficient explanation for this. 
Choi Chul Joo used explosives to set sail, but the ship's owner Yongmun eliminated him. 
In the ensuing fight, all of his men were killed. 
All of the men involved directly are now dead. 
It is now impossible to identify the origin of the explosives. 
Why did Yongmun kill the men with the explosives? 
We were investigating explosives traders as you instructed us. 
As a result, we found Choi Chul Joo. 
He had borrowed a ship from us to go to China. 
Everyone is dead! 
We cannot find out the source of the explosives! 
We had no choice. 
They had used explosives from our ship. 
If they had escaped to China, would you not have suspected us instead? 
In addition, we did it to save lives. 
We risked our lives to save the poor girls who were going to be sold in China. 
Didn't the government ignore this fact even though reports were made? 
We have suffered great losses in this as well. 
We did this under your instructions as well as for the good of the people. 
Please overlook our involvement in Choi Chul Joo's death. 
Then I will ask you one question. 
Some people were blocking the arrival of the police. 
Do you know who they were? 
- Did such a thing happen? 
- Were they involved with Yongmun? 
Why would we block the police's arrival? 
We sacrificed a great deal because the police arrived too late! 
He can't be caught! 
He'll be killed! 
- I feel like I'm going to die with worry! 
- How will we find him on a day like this? 
Young Miss! 
Young Miss! 
Gomi! 
It's me. 
Let's go! 
Gomi, come to your senses! 
Gomi is acting strange again? 
Gomi! 
Gomi! 
The police are headed this way. 
We should get out of here. 
I'll head them off. 
You take care of Gomi. 
- Follow him! 
Run! 
- Yes, Sir! 
First explosives, and now strange fellows. 
I should stay out of danger. 
Run! 
Who are you? 
I am a lieutenant of the police! 
If you fear this sword, then move aside! 
I mean, I'll attack you! 
Halt! 
What's this? 
Why are you here? 
I was worried you'd be in danger! 
That you'd be caught! 
You'll be in danger if you're with me. 
So go back! 
What about you? 
The police are everywhere! 
What if they see a lady from a noble house involved with thieves? 
I don't care. 
Then do what you want. 
I don't care. 
Who hit me? 
Damn it. 
What do I do with you? 
It's better for you to be a hostage than a thief. 
- Move aside! 
- Stand your ground! 
Move aside. 
If she gets hurt, we'll all be in trouble. 
Miss Eun Hye...? 
- Follow him! 
- Yes, Sir! 
Miss Eun Hye...! 
Miss Eun Hye! 
No! 
Are you alright? 
That fellow has taken a hostage! 
We have to get him. 
Go! 
Seize him! 
So you mean... my Eun Hye... ...disappeared while looking for the dead Hong Gil Dong? 
She ran out to help Hong Gil Dong. 
But she disappeared. 
What will we do if she gets hurt while she's with him? 
What if she gets caught with him? 
I will find her myself. <i>Your Excellency!</i> 
Miss Eun Hye has been taken hostage by thugs! 
What? 
They're dangerous! 
Please send for more men! 
They must not be caught! 
Eun Hye...! 
It's alright now. 
Just stay here and then go home. 
Let's see. 
I must have stepped on a broken piece of pottery. 
You got cut. 
How did you run in this state? 
Because I had to run fast to get you out of danger. 
Young Master, are you alright now? 
Yes. 
Why were you so agitated just now? 
And what was that about not losing me? 
- That was... 
- Were you troubled because I was angry at you? 
Yes. 
That was because I felt like you were doing the wrong thing, not because I hated you. 
We're friends, that's why I... 
I took care of Choi Chul Joo. 
The girls have all been returned to their parents. 
And Choi Chul Joo... paid for his crimes. 
Did you do it? 
That's great! 
Well done, Young Master! 
I always knew you were a good person! 
You're smiling! 
Look at that! 
If you do good, you'll smile automatically! 
Look at how nice you look when you smile! 
That's enough. 
Fine. 
You're so stiff. 
Why did you hug me like that just now? 
Young Master, do you...? 
Did any suspicious men come for you? 
How did you know that? 
- Then what happened? 
- Suspicious men did come for me. 
Who are you? 
Are you Heo Yi Nok? 
That's right. <i>Yi Nok, what are you doing?</i> 
Send him away! 
I... 
I'm so full that I've laid down. 
How did they...? 
My granddaughter has never been full in her life, you fools! 
That's fortunate. 
I'm really lucky. 
Choi Chul Joo tried to harm me, but there was always you, and grandfather, and... ... 
Sir Moonlight Black Hat! 
What? 
There's this tall man who wears this black hat. 
When you struck Choi Chul Joo, didn't you meet him? 
The man who helped the women's parents stop the boat from leaving! 
- That man rescued me! 
- Did you meet him? 
So you do know him! 
Don't you know who he is? 
He said he couldn't reveal his identity, so I didn't see his face. 
Did you see it? 
Do you know who he is? 
He hid his identity from me. 
It is not up to me to reveal it. 
But I still want to see his face. 
I'm really good-looking, aren't I? 
You shouldn't look at me too often. 
You'll only spoil yourself for other men. 
I wasn't looking at you. 
So you know how to be shy too? 
What was that? 
Why do you carry such a dirty thing with you? 
It's a pouch. 
That thing? 
It's embroidered too! 
Where is that thieves' mountain retreat? 
Young Miss always blindfolds me when we go, so I don't know. 
But if he's the one that took her, she should be safe. 
She was taken by force, I'm worried. 
If she went voluntarily, then I'm more worried! 
Is there no way to find her without causing too much commotion? 
Madam Noh, please help me. 
Please help me find my daughter quietly. 
Do you know who took your daughter? 
That... 
You should know him as well. 
The one who was killed as an insurgent. 
The illegitimate son of the Interior Minister! 
Hong Gil Dong! 
Is he still alive? 
You must find her quietly for me. 
She is the only daughter of the core of all power! 
No one must ever know she is with him. 
And everyone that is found with her... 
Silence them forever. 
Do you understand? 
So the one who blocked the police was Hong Gil Dong? 
Did the prince know this? 
He told us that someone would block the police so that we can attack Choi Chul Joo. 
I am sure he knew. 
So the reason he gave up the explosives and stopped the ship was... ... because of Hong Gil Dong! 
He has interfered with our plans yet again. 
- Go and find the Councilor's daughter. 
- Yes, Madam! 
The illegitimate son of the Interior Minister and the only daughter of the Second State Councilor...? 
We may have found a better weapon than the explosives. 
- Search the area carefully! 
- Yes, Sir. 
- Search the empty houses too! 
- Yes, Sir. 
Hurry! 
Miss Eun Hye! 
For you, I will lay down my life! 
- Find her quickly! 
- Yes, Sir! 
Try and stand up. 
You should act more like a lady. 
You got hurt because you involved yourself with thieves. 
But it's fun. 
You must think this is fun because you've never been hurt before. 
But it's not fun if you're really hurt. 
Yes, I've never been hurt before. 
Because I never got involved in anything. 
Now you know that you can get hurt if you get involved in things you don't know about. 
Just live like you normally live. 
I let you do all this because I thought you knew where your boundaries were. 
But you crossed that boundary today. 
But I was worried about you. 
That's crossing the boundary. 
You can't come any closer. 
Go back behind your boundary. 
You're smart so you should understand. 
Yes. 
I understand very well. 
Then go home. 
Hong Gil Dong! 
Because of you, I hurt myself for the first time. 
But I don't mind being hurt for you. 
That's because you've never been badly hurt before. 
I'm scared of the pain. 
But if I'm that scared, then perhaps I should stop. 
- Don't come to the mountain again. 
- Then come here in two weeks. 
I'll wait for you. 
For the last time. 
If I'm to know my boundaries again, I need to have a last time. 
I'm not a fool. 
I'll go back behind my boundaries after that. 
Young Master, why are you following me? 
I'm not following you. 
I'm just walking. 
But Yongmun is all the way over there! 
I don't want to go there right now. 
Have you run away? 
Or are you in trouble with Madam Noh? 
Well, you're higher up than her, so I guess you won't get in trouble. 
Did you have an argument with her? 
Madam Noh cannot argue with me. 
You know, I was always curious, but how come you're higher than Madam Noh? 
You're younger and don't do much. 
Why do you order her around like that? 
What is the relationship between you and Madam Noh? 
Madam Noh is like a mother to me. 
Who are you anyway, Young Master? 
I've known you for over a year. 
But I don't know what you do. 
I don't even know your name. 
Like you said, I've run away. 
But I have nowhere to go. 
I don't do much, so I won't be missed. 
Why don't you teach me how I should spend the day? 
If so, I'll tell you my name. 
First, my surname is Yi. 
Young Master Yi? 
I'm hungry. 
Shall we go eat something? 
Great idea, Young Master Yi! 
Your bun has so much red bean paste! 
Just give me one bite. 
At least give me some red bean paste! 
Choose the cup, choose the cup! 
Double your money! 
Double your money! 
Choose the right cup! 
One bet! 
It's this one. 
- How did you know? 
- I have quick eyes. 
- Well done! 
Good job! 
- That's enough. 
Don't I look funny? 
Funny! 
Funny! 
This one must have married this one, and given birth to this one! 
Look at how plump they are! 
The police has to know I'm alright so that they'll stop chasing him. 
- Who are you? 
- Your father has asked us to find you. 
The Councilor will soon be here to fetch you. 
Tell the police to stop chasing the thieves as I am alright. 
You were kidnapped by the thugs that attacked the police. 
Are you sure you're alright? 
Don't you understand that my father wanted you to find me before the police so that there would be no rumors spread? 
If you tell Eun Hye that I know about Hong Gil Dong, you will not go unpunished! 
Eun Hye! 
- Father! 
- Are you alright? 
- I'm alright. 
- I'm glad you're safe. 
Have you been hurt? 
That evil bastard! 
- How dare he hurt my daughter! 
- It wasn't his fault I was hurt. 
It was my own fault. 
I'm afraid that bad rumors may start. 
Now that I am safe, please inform the police to stop searching for me. 
Alright, fine. 
- Granny, take Eun Hye outside. 
- Yes, Sir. 
Did you meet him? 
I hope he's safe. 
Seeing how the young miss is protecting him, it seems that she has already fallen for him. 
I thought you were discussing marriage between the eldest son of the Interior Minister. 
Isn't Hong Gil Dong his illegitimate son? 
If the marriage negotiations break down because of this... 
If they break down, the Interior Minister's relationship with me ends too! 
We must proceed with the wedding! 
If we have Eun Hye followed, we should be able to catch Hong Gil Dong. 
Find him for me and get rid of him! 
If it concerns you and the Interior Minister, then of course we should help you. 
Was it really him that I saw? 
No, that's impossible! 
I must have been mistaken. 
I came on behalf of everyone because too many people would cause trouble. 
Thank you so much. 
If people find out about us, it'll be trouble. 
Since people think that Yongmun solved this problem, let them. 
- Don't spread other rumors. 
- We know. 
What did Yongmun do anyway? 
We did all the work! 
Older Brother... 
Thank you for protecting us, Older Brother. 
Thank you for calling me like that. 
Will you be... ... happy on behalf of my Hyun? 
You're really weepy these days now that you're only half a man. 
- Half a man? 
- He's missing half of his balls, isn't he? 
What's life anyway? 
Su Keon, you'll be fine with just half. 
Please take care of yourselves, Hwal Bin Dang. 
- What Dang? 
- We decided to call you that. 
Because you helped us who were poor and powerless. 
Hwal Bin Dang? 
Is that our name now? 
That's so cool, isn't it? 
- It doesn't sound too bad. 
- Let's make a flag with our new name! 
Whatever... 
Hwal Bin Dang? 
How burdensome! 
- But that's what people are calling us. 
- Who cares what people say? 
- We're just thieves, that's all. 
- But doesn't it feel good to have a name? 
It does have a nice ring to it. 
Now that we have a name, let's go have a party! 
We have to get home safely first. 
The police are still everywhere. 
When it gets dark, we'll scatter and leave the city. 
We'll reconvene again in the mountain retreat. 
Leave no one behind. 
All of us. 
Do you feel better now? 
Did I seem like I wasn't good before? 
Did something happen with you and Madam Noh? 
You looked so fierce just now when you were talking about her! 
I've never seen you like that. 
You looked like a stranger! 
Something became very precious to me without me realizing it. 
But I thought I had lost it. 
So did you lose it? 
No. 
Fortunately, I didn't lose it. 
That's good. 
Then you should reconcile with Madam Noh. 
You said she was like a mother to you. 
In my opinion, she cares very much for you. 
Yes. 
I should go. 
You should go now. 
I should keep my promise. 
Oh, your name! 
What's your name? 
My name is Chang Hui. 
Chang Hui? 
You can't say it out loud. 
You can't say it in front of anyone. 
And you can't call me in public. 
Can you promise me this? 
Then why did you tell me? 
Because I wanted you to know what it was. 
If I know that you know my name... ... 
I think I can be a better man. 
Young Master, have you fallen in love with me? 
Well, I mean... 
You did all this today, ... and I'm a bit dumb about stuff like that. 
Really? 
If you've realized that you're too dumb to realize something like this, 
I must have... 
Think about it carefully. 
So am I too dumb to realize it or not? 
What did he mean by that? 
Chang Hui. 
So his name was Chang Hui! 
She may not be worthy enough to marry into Yongmun. 
Lady! 
Lady! 
My Yi Nok... my Yi Nok...! 
She must have been a noblewoman from a great family. 
I hid the truth because I worried about the danger, but now I think I should find her real name. 
If I find her real name, will we find her enemy as well? 
We found an explosives dealer, but he died before he could be questioned. 
A noble prince of royal blood, and a criminal who sells women to China... 
How could they make a deal together? 
If he wants to do something in secret, he will have no choice but to deal with men like him. 
He is spraying filthy blood in order to dethrone me! 
The child of a queen of noble blood, ...or a child of a filthy palace maid... 
We both act exactly the same! 
Your Majesty, you must listen to the woes of the people before the prince appears. 
You must bring them to your side! 
If you continue to neglect your duties and dally in women and alcohol, the people's anger towards you will turn into a welcome for the prince. 
People can be so stupid! 
The prince is a monster just like me! 
Why do they want him? 
But I'm still curious. 
Chang Hui that boy... 
I wonder how he will look when he shows up. 
I was afraid of how you were wavering when you were with her. 
Attendant Noh. 
I am not wavering. 
I am searching for the right path. 
Your Highness! 
If I don't do that now, I will lose my way forever if I am lost later in the future. 
Right now, I want to look within myself rather than move forward. 
When I look at myself through Yi Nok's eyes, I can see the things I've been hiding. 
And Hong Gil Dong gave me some advice as well. 
He told me to protect the people if I wanted to be king. 
Realize it? 
Yi Nok! 
- Try this on. 
- What is this? 
I borrowed this from Mae Hyang. 
You should wear this next time you go to Yongmun. 
How can I wear something like this? 
You should learn to wear skirts now. 
You should dress like noble ladies do, and act like them. 
What's wrong with you, old man? 
I'm a medicine peddler, Heo Yi Nok! 
The Moonlight Warrior can't wear a skirt! 
And besides, does this look noble to you? 
Well, I suppose it is a bit sexy for a noble lady to wear. 
I'll go bring something more conservative. 
How am I supposed to wear this? 
How embarrassing! 
My colored glasses...! 
We crushed the glass and used it to cut our binds. 
- Is that so? 
- I'm sorry. 
It must have been precious to you. 
No, it's alright. 
It was used to save lives, so I'm sure its owner would have been glad too. 
But the frame should still be there. 
I should go find it. 
At this hour? 
You should go when it's light. 
That's alright. 
I'll be going now. 
You're really as impetuous as he said you were. 
He? 
Do I know that person? 
Everyone's gone now. 
We should go too. 
Gil Dong, do you want to wear this and go to the brothel for a while? 
- Shall we? 
- No one will recognize us if we wear this! 
You're right. 
I haven't been to the brothel in a long time! 
I am filled with past memories! 
- Then I'll wear the black. 
- Go ahead. 
I look great, don't I? 
Are you sure you'll be alright, half-balls? 
You may be ready for the brothel yet. 
Let's just go back. 
How do I look? 
Let's just wear this to scare the kids. 
- You handsome fellow! 
- Hey, Sir Moonlight Black Hat! 
Did you think I wouldn't know? 
Did you think I was that stupid? 
I knew you looked familiar! 
I should have known then! 
I knew that you knew me! 
I'm really stupid. 
Sir Moonlight Black Hat! 
Was it you, Chief? 
Don't try to trick me again! 
I know everything! 
Long time no see, Doe Eyes. 
So it was you! 
Have you become a bandit for the people? 
- I guess you can say that. 
- I'm so glad to see you! 
You're amazing! 
We should rush your marriage to In Hyung. 
I'm not interested in it. 
You do what you have to. 
This marriage was never what I wanted anyway. 
Alright then. 
Go and rest. 
How do I get rid of that little...! 
- But you're hurt. 
- I'm alright. 
It's alright if it hurts. 
Miss Eun Hye! 
I heard you were safe, but I still had to come. 
- Are you hurt? 
- Go back. 
I will do everything in my power to catch the man who did this to you! 
How? 
You have neither fighting skill nor wisdom. 
You don't even have courage to fight. 
Just go and hide yourself like you normally do. 
Granny! 
Show me how to make a pouch. 
- I'll make one for you. 
- No. 
I want to make it myself. 
I want to embroider something on it too. 
What will be good? 
A flower? 
A bird would be better. 
I should be able to make it in two weeks? 
- Did you arrange to meet him then? 
- Yes. 
I think it'll be the last time. 
If I make a pouch for him, will he cherish it? 
I suppose this is crossing the boundary too. 
It's really been a while! 
Here, have another drink. 
I really respect you! 
I will accept that opinion! 
I should have recognized you when you called me Doe Eyes the first time! 
But you tricked me by saying Goggle Eyes instead! 
So you were fooled by that, right? 
I was a bit surprised at my quick wit too. 
Farewell, Doe Eyes! 
Farewell, Goggle Eyes! 
It's similar! 
You're really smart! 
At least you understand me, Doe Eyes! 
I really respect you! 
You're really smart? 
Are all those people with you well? 
Of course! 
I didn't even get a chance to greet them properly. 
Yes, we were preoccupied too because of Gil Dong...! 
Damn it! 
I know Gil Dong is dead. 
Yes, we heard the news too. 
- Were you alright when you heard? 
- Of course. 
The living must keep on living. 
That's good, Doe Eyes. 
You've forgotten him already. 
What are you doing? 
Still peddling medicine? 
No, my grandfather sells the medicine. 
I work for Yongmun. 
Yongmun? 
I'm really close to the Young Master, and somehow I ended up working for them. 
By Young Master, you mean that fellow that is slightly better-looking than me? 
That's right, the good-looking Young Master. 
He must be really nice to you. 
I'm not that dumb, you know. 
But I think the Young Master is in love with me. 
He must have bought her another chamber pot. 
The other day, he embraced me! 
- So how did you feel? 
- Me? 
I... 
I just... 
Why are you asking me that? 
Just drink. 
You're in love with him too, Doe Eyes! 
Just drink. 
Please forgive me for not accompanying you today. 
I ran away. 
So you shouldn't have come with me anyway. 
Can you guess where the tea leaves are? 
Here. 
I was watching the whole time. 
- It's no fun playing with you. 
- Let me do it again. 
I've become a bit strange, haven't I? 
But I feel really at ease. 
You're drinking too much, aren't you? 
You should only be drinking from crystal clear streams. 
It's because I'm so happy to see you! 
Now that we've spent some time, we should take our leave. 
Just stay a while longer. 
It feels like olden days when I'm with you. 
It feels like Gil Dong is with us like olden days! 
When I'm with you, I'm so happy because 
I can talk about Gil Dong with you. 
I thought you'd forgotten about him, but it seems you haven't. 
I shouldn't think of Gil Dong. 
I forgot again. 
Stupid! 
Even though Gil Dong is dead, we should still remember him from time to time. 
But I shouldn't think about him at all. 
Because... then I can't go on. 
I couldn't sleep. 
I couldn't eat. 
I couldn't stop crying. 
I saw Gil Dong everywhere like it was a dream. <i>I kept calling him to go with him.</i> <i>But he would just vanish.</i> 
Then I would wake up and cry again. 
I really couldn't go on. 
I swore to forget about Gil Dong, so that I could live. 
What could I do? <i>It's not like he went somewhere I could follow.</i> 
I found myself being able to live each day. 
Then someday I wouldn't even think about Gil Dong at all. 
That's how I lived. 
But you know... 
I'm so dumb. 
I forget sometimes that I'm not supposed to think about him. 
When that happens, my heart hurts really badly. 
I can't go on! 
I wish I'd just become really stupid. 
I can't see you like this anymore. 
Do you remember any big event twenty years ago in the fall? 
For example, a rich noblewomen running away with a daughter? 
- Twenty years ago? 
- Yes, the year the late king passed away. 
How can we remember something that long ago? 
This...! 
This is Chunmyungdan. 
Try it. 
Doctor Heo, please help us. 
He's the son of the Interior Minister. 
Please take him home for us. 
We're short on staff. 
Please? 
The son of the Interior Minister? 
He must be Gil Dong's older brother. 
- I just want one more drink. 
- Please be careful. 
In Hyung! 
Why did you drink so much? 
Come to your senses! 
Good job. 
Go on your way. 
Aren't you going to give me some...? 
- Give him something and send him away. 
- Yes. 
Come to your senses! 
In Hyung! 
In Hyung! 
Your Excellency, you're home. 
He must have had an event at work. 
These events are important to one's career. 
The police have been busy all day due to the explosions at the harbor. 
- Father, you're home! 
- In Hyung! <i>Father!</i> 
- Take him to his room. 
- Yes, Sir. <i>In Hyung, wake up!</i> 
Take care of the body. 
It was him that night! 
Gil Dong...! 
Let me go with you. 
I didn't tell Yi Nok about him. 
I said that it was not my duty to reveal to her what he himself hid. 
But that was just an excuse. 
But the truth is that I know that if she sees him, I will lose her. 
That's why I couldn't tell her. 
I must have fallen asleep. 
Did the chief leave already? 
I must have dreamt about Gil Dong again. 
He was sitting right here. 
It's still warm. 
Was someone sitting here? 
Was it not a dream? 
It wasn't a dream! 
Gil... 
Gil Dong! 
Gil Dong! 
It wasn't a dream. 
It's you, isn't it? 
It's really Gil Dong, isn't it? 
It really... is you! 
This isn't a dream... 
Or is it? 
It's not a dream. 
Then... are you a ghost? 
I'm not a ghost either. 
Then... is it really you, Gil Dong? 
Stupid girl. 
Gil Dong! 
Brought to you by WlTH S2 Written In The Heavens Subbing Squad 
Main Translator & Timer: 
MrsKorea 
Editor/QC: 
Suz07 
Coordinators: mily2, ay_link 
Please do NOT hardsub and/or stream this episode using our English subtitles. <i>Rather than letting her cry about your death, it's better to show her you're alive.</i> 
It's too late. 
If we all get caught, we're finished! 
But you're not alright. 
What do I do? 
This is a FREE fansub. 
NOT for SALE!!! 
Get it for FREE @ d-addicts.com 
So in the last quiz, you have seen that it's not very likely that we can find a randomized algorithm for an NP complete problem that, in polynomial time, will deliver us the right answer with a fixed probability. 
To be honest, we currently don't know if such an algorithm is possible or impossible but many believe that it is highly unlikely, and so far, no such algorithm has been discovered. 
It seems that we can sometimes, however, if we either crossed this one here of our list or crossed this one here of our list, and you'll soon see that- actually it doesn't really matter what we crossed of our list. 
But if we kind of reduced the number of wishes that we have, it seems that sometimes we can use randomness to at least improve the running time of exponential time algorithms. 
So just as you've seen when we optimized such this, it sometimes also possible to improve the running time of exponential time algorithms or the base of the exponent using randomness. 
Now, the question of course is could we use randomness to help Alice solve vertex cover or help Bob solve this clique problem or Carol her independent set problem or Davis' shortest tour problem at least when we say that we don't have this requirement here. 
And the answer unfortunately is we don't know. 
We don't know if there are good randomized algorithms to solve vertex cover or clique or independent set or shortest tour at least not if we are demanding guarantees. 
So, of course, there are randomized algorithms that will look through a random number of solutions, and these are also used in practice, but again, they don't offer any guarantees. 
There is one problem, however, that is NP complete where I can give you a randomized algorithm that at least is better than the best known deterministic algorithm and that problem is 3-SAT. 
As I hope you will remember, the 3-SAT problem had as an input, a Boolean formula with n variables. 
And the Boolean formula had a special property because it's 3-SAT. 
Each clause in the Boolean formula has exactly three variables. 
And the output that I'm looking for is again an answered to the question if this Boolean formula here has a satisfying assignment. 
So how can you use randomness to solve this problem? 
Well, there is a very simple and, in my mind, very elegant algorithm that in 1999 was proposed by Uwe Schöning to solve a 3-SAT instance with n variables and this here is the algorithm so the algorithm will start out by picking a random zero, one assignment for the the variables. 
Zero meaning false and one meaning true and then it will repeat 3*n the following loop. 
If all clauses are already satisfied that it has found a satisfying assignment then it would actually stop and then it will randomly flip one of the variables of that clause, and by randomly flipping, I mean the following. 
So it will take this clause, which has three variables, and the clause is not satisfied. 
It will pick one of the variables, and if that variable is true, then it will set it to false, and if it's false, it will set it to true. 
Now, notice that this will automatically satisfy this clause, because the clause is not satisfied. 
So this variable here is a variable or the variable with a knot will evaluate to false. 
This part here will evaluate to false and this one here. 
So if I flipped any of those variables then the clause becomes satisfied. 
Now, if we run this algorithm here once, what are the chances that it will succeed and find a satisfying assignment provided that the initial Boolean formula does indeed have a satisfying assignment? 
If it doesn't have one, the algorithm can't find but, but let's assume it has one. 
Then the success of this algorithm depends on two things. 
One is how far of this initial solution here is from a satisfying assignment. 
And the second one is, of course, are these random choices that we make down here flipping variable successful. 
So, if we are somewhere near a satisfying assignment, and of course, by chance the algorithm makes the right choices here then we would find a satisfying assignment provided that the original Boolean formula actually has such an assignment. 
So let's look at these two success factors here a bit more closely. 
The answer is it requires me to completely trust Coleen. 
Coleen knows that I'm giving a message to her, and she can open that message and know that it goes to Alice. 
It doesn't require the first one. 
If Bob see me talking with Coleen, presumably that's not a problem. 
It doesn't require the second if Bob sees Coleen talking with Alice. 
That's also not a problem. 
If Bob sees both of those and sees them in quick succession, especially if he sees the envelopes being handed on, then he's got a good reason to suspect that I'm talking with Alice. 
So we need both of these properties. 
We need to know that Coleen can be trusted, and we need to know that Bob can't see both of these transactions. 
Those are pretty high security assumptions. 
We don't want to have to trust Coleen completely, and we don't want to rely on the fact that Bob can't see these two conversations. 
The way to make it more secure is to add a third person-- 
let's say we know Edgar as well. 
Now instead of giving the message directly to Coleen, what I'm going to do is take the envelope for Coleen, put that inside an envelope for Edgar. 
We need to fold things a little to make them fit. 
Now I'm going to seal this envelope with a very secure seal that only Edgar can open. 
Now I'll give this to envelope to Edgar. 
Edgar will open it, see that it has an message for Coleen. 
Edgar will give the message to Coleen. 
Coleen will open that, see that it has a message for Alice, give the message to Alice. 
Alice will open the message and see that she shouldn't eat the onion. 
This has more protection. 
Now Coleen doesn't know that I'm communicating with Alice. 
Because the message is going like this: 
It's going first to Edgar, then to Coleen, then to Alice. 
Neither Edgar, nor Coleen knows that I'm communicating with Alice. 
Edgar knows that I'm sending a message through him that goes to Coleen. 
Coleen knows that she's receiving a message from Edgar, and it's going to Alice. 
Neither one knows both endpoints. 
If we add enough hops, this can start to be quite secure. 
This is actually called onion routing. 
That's why the message is to not eat the onion. 
The name comes from the idea that an onion has all these layers. 
As you peel off the layers, you get deeper into the onion. 
Doing this with envelopes would be pretty painful. 
We want to do this with math. 
How do we do this with cryptography. 
Hi, nut 
What, I don't even know you. 
Yeah, happy birthday 
You gave me a curse uniform 
It's not cursed. 
Its simple psychology. 
I chose Robin's-Egg## blue because it has a calming effect on people and I knew it would be the thorn in your paw###. 
Other colors evoke different reactions for example, bright orange has been found to provoke hostility* 
Dr Kelso, I wanna thank you again for the tie 
Fist flve 
It's the third time today please don't make me go to this banquet tonight. 
Jordan, this award came from my interns, so I think the least you can do is show up and support me. 
And just like that it was time for the moment of truth... 
What's up JD 
The silent treatment 
Be gracious 
I got 3 words for you, sucks to be adding a forth, you 
After sharing a quick victory dance with Roland, the heavy set orderly who coincidentally, was my victory dance coach.. 
Pop the hips, pop the hips J.D. 
Thanks Roland, one day I'll get it 
I doubt it 
I got to thinking about relationships, about how people fall in love... 
Have kids 
Grow old together 
And say goodbye 
And then for some reason I thought about the circus but then I was back on relationships... 
Back to your room Mr. Johnson, you've got one ventricle! 
And I couldn't help thinking that maybe it wasn't luck that made relationships last, maybe it was just a matter who takes fewer hits 
You don't have to talk to me, just wave if you are gonna give me a ride home? 
And I realized I should be the one to take that hit, not Carla 
Hey, Lindsay, don't worry, he is not allowed to talk 
Is that true 
You may nod* 
You know, when I was 15, I cut my own bangs** 
Oh that's right, Percival, it's a highschool hair story 
Anyway, Judy Keenan told me that she would also cut her hair off, it was like a suicide pact, only with bangs 
I cut off my hair, and of course, she backed out, but even though my bangs looked horrible 
I kept them that way, mostly because those stupid bangs were the only thing in my life that I felt I had control over 
I'm so tired of everyone telling me what to do, when to be home##, what to wear, when to take my medication 
I mean, I'm the one who's sick, right. 
I can handle my own life 
How about if I tell your parents from now on, prescriptions for your medicine will be given directly to you, you'll be in charge of getting your Dilantin taking it. 
Thank you. 
Great 
I don't have a ring, but you can kiss my ass 
Feared in grey? 
Beautiful in blue? 
Feared in grey? 
Beautiful in blue? 
I'm gonna grab a fry, some ketchup. 
Ah, it's cold 
This is 
I'm back 
That was weird 
No, that was weird 
What were you doing 
That's all it was, and if you still need someone to blame, why don't you try blaming yourself 
You're absolutely right. 
It's my fault you kissed my wife. 
Oh man, I'm going home 
What do you think you're talking to, you think you've been the world greatest husband 
Please, I was there when you were flirting with exgirlfriend, and neglected to tell her you were married. 
I was there when you were trying to hook up with that waitress the day before you got engaged. 
And I was definitely there when you were hooking with that nasty ass stripper at "Boobies, Boobies, Boobies". 
That wasn't me that was you! 
Yeah, I know, but I told her my name was Turk 
The point is, think of the millions of times you chose to not to hang out with your wife,'cause you were trying to hang out with me 
You know, maybe it's time you start acting like a real husband 
Stop acting like some sort of crazy cowboy 
A cowboy? 
I don't know, it just came to me 
You know I'm right, Turk 
When your pride 's at stake* you can't help but have questions 
Just tell me how did you know what was bothering her? 
Tell me now, so we don't have to talk anymore, never. 
How is it that no man understands that every woman, whether she's 16 or 60, still has that awkward, insecure, self-conscious teenage girl inside of her? 
A lot of time, the answer is about sacrifice 
I was thinking, you'd rather just stay in tonight. 
You know have some pizza watch, watch some movies, what do you say? 
You are trying to smile? 
You're so damned cute. 
Sometimes, sacrifice is only wearing a new uni when you are not at work 
Okay, how about this one,Three blue-jays fly into a bar & they say, "we just want to wet out beaks* 
No, sorry Dan, you tell one 
Other times, it's about swallowing that damn pride... 
JD, could you hand me the wine, please? 
Turk is not talking to me 
But ulitmately, big or small, sacrifices is about doing something you really don't want to do 
Hey guys, I know we talked about this before , but I'm moving out 
Really 
I mean, you guys need your space 
Thanks man 
You gotta miss me though 
Let's turn his room into a gym 
We ain't putting no gym in my media room. 
Who's media room? 
Our media room 
Okay, US health care cost. 
In 2010 which is the last year for which we have reliable data, we're two years behind on these data. 
We spent, the United States spent 2.6 trillion dollars on health care. 
Now, I have gone through lots and lots and 
lots and lots of places and talked about this spending and one of the things I have noticed is no matter where. 
I go. 
People have a very poor grasp of the word trillion. 
And how big this number is. 
So we have a few mechanisms to put this in context for you. 
It's great for cocktail parties or frat parties or any place else you need to talk to someone and raise irrelevant topics and just show how smart you are so here is the first question for your audience response thing. 
If you convert health care spending, that 2.6 trillion dollars, how many years ago is 2.6 trillion seconds. 
40 percent said 80,000. 
Twenty, 100,000, 28%, you guys got it right. 
It's 80,000 years ago, 2.6 trillion. 
Do you know how long ago that is? 
When was the first human that left the African continent, modern human that left the African continent to explore the rest of the world? 
They didn't go out to explore, they went out looking for food that was 60,000 years ago. 
This is before human being migrated out of the African continent and we're measuring this in seconds. 
So, how big is a trillion. 
Well, a million seconds [inaudible] actually it's about twelve days ago. 
One billion seconds is the year I graduated college, you guys can figure that out for yourself, okay? >> And it, there you go. >> [laugh]. >> I got to fix that slide. 
A trillion in seconds is 30,000 PC, 2.6 is around 80,000, alright? 
Just a huge number. 
Now, I know seconds is not what you think about and 80,000 years ago is a little too much at some ways. 
So, we're going to the moon. 
Single dollar bills, nice, crisp bills gotten right after the federal reserve and printed them, stacked up. 
You can see a 100 million crisp bills is pretty [inaudible], 6.8 miles. $One bills, right? 
100 billion 68 thousand miles. 
2.6 trillion, two-thirds of the way to the moon. 
Spendin g that every year on your health care. 
Just an outstanding amount of money and here's my last comparison. 
If you look at our health care spending in the context of the world GDPs, France is the fifth largest GDP in the world after the United States, China, Japan, Germany, 
France, okay? 
They've got 66 million people. 
This is their spending on everything. 
Vacations, education, the good French food, housing. 
Defense, cars. 
They spend roughly what we spend at everything for 66 million people what we spent for 300 million people just on healthcare. 
In other words, if the US Healthcare System, with world economy, it's the fifth largest economy in the world, the sixth largest world economy. 
Just an amazing amount. 
If you look at China. 
You know we're spending about 40 percent of the Chinese GDP. 
Just on health care. 
We're worried about them taking us over. 
You know, we should be worried about our healthcare system. 
Now, it's not just the level we need to worry about. 
That's very high but if it weren't moving. 
We can handle it. 
It's also how fast it's growing. 
So, get your audience response clickers out. 
If health care inflation continues at the current rate which is the rate that's been going for about 30 years, when will one-third of the 
GDP, that's one out of $three in your wallet go to health care? 
We need music, we got to do the music. 
The answer is. 
Twenty to 30 or you guys are even more pessimistic than reality. 
Alright. 
It's twenty, 40 round about. 
It's actually twenty, 37 and it obviously depends upon healthcare inflation but that's an outstanding number. 
One of every $three. 
So, if you look at this graph. 
This is how much health care is growing projected based upon the growth in the past and you can see sixteen percent in 27 going up in nearly 50 percent in 75 years. 
Now we're not going to get the 50%. 
We have a major crisis before we got there but you can see what impact the growth of Medicare and Medicaid are having. 
Medicaid roughly and this is before healthcare reform. 
But Medicare huge increase over that time and will get a wide that it is shortly 2009 and 2010. 
Just one year. 
That's the year, the year for which we have the latest data that arise 300 billion, 200 billion, 100 billion, 50, billion, 25 billion. 
Now this is all health care spending, not just government. 
So, we got a tag 200 billion, 200 billion. 
You guys are a little more pessimistic, I already, I must have scared you, it's a 100 billion. 
A 100 billion dollars change in one year. 
Now again, you are not used to thinking about billions of dollars, hundreds of billions of dollars but a 100 billion dollars, that's how much it's costing us to expand health care to everyone. 
Per year. 
So, if we could hold health, healthcare inflation and zero for one year, we could pay for the expansion in the healthcare system. 
Think about $100 billion in almost any other context that you know of. 
Right? 
It's a huge amount of money. 
It's $300 for every woman, man, woman, and child in the United States. 
We're talking about the payroll tax and all of that. 
That's less than this level of inflation. 
Benefit to a family of four of changing that payroll tax is less than just one year increased in health care cost. 
Here, you have from 1960, 147 this is for the per cap of spending so it's controlled for the growth and the population. 
1968 was spending $147. 
Now it is true this is nominal so. 
Up to, in 2009, $8000 per person. 
Again, a phenomenal and then if you look over the decade of the 2000s, you can see going from 5200 to 8000. 
60 percent increase in spending. 
This is the change in. 
Each decade comparing in the green bar, the growth in the GDP and the growth in the health care, NHE stands for National Health Expenditures, right? 
First thing you can see is every year, every decade. 
Healthcare expenditures exceed the growth and GDP. 
There's an not a decade long period. 
Where you have health care expenditures less than the growth in GDP or equal to the growth in GDP. 
And you can see in almost every year, here it's almost two%. 
Here it's almost three%, it is three percent 1990s last and we'll talk about this in a second. 
An d you can see in this period 2-1/2%. 
Overall, 2.4 percent for 40 years.You're on, you're on, those of who have understood the idea of compound interest. 
That makes a grow, grow, grow. 
But I do wanted, draw your attention. 
There is one year there, one year, one decade, the 1990s where it only grew 1.3 percent above GDP. 
What was happening do you think in the 1990s that did that? 
Could, empower, that's right. 
So 1993 he takes office in January. 
He attends to introduce health care reform and get 
National Health Coverage and what happens? 
It was defeated, that's right. 
Lots of reasons why it was defeated and we'll talk about that on the first session of the ACA why, what some of the differences are but it was defeated. 
One of the reasons it was defeated was. 
The passed Congress. 
Yes, that's correct. 
But that means it wasn't a coalition. 
Who pulled out of the coalition? 
Businesses. 
And they pulled out because they thought they could get a better deal somewhere else and the thought was the manage care companies came to them and said we can hold your cost down. 
You don't need the government. 
And the way they were going to do it was with manage care and then what happened. 
So one thing that happened is that reduce choice and 
Americans rebelled because at that time the main mechanism that manage can control the cost was to reduce what they paid doctors but also restrict choices of the population. 
There was a line going around in the 1990s, one 800 just say no. 
That's what happened. 
Men's care company gave you an 800 number if you didn't like their decisions and all that happened at the other 800 number just say no. 
And the consequence was. 
Manage care was able to control cost for a short period of time and we'll see about five years but then towards the end of the 90s cost went up. 
And you can see that in 2000s that 1.3 percent or yeah, 1.3 percent gap basically doubled to 2.5 percent gap in the next decade. 
Health care cost mushroomed. 
Now, this is a somewhat complicated slide but I just talked to you about the fact that o ver four decades, we've have this big growth. 
Basically 2.4 percent above the growth in the GDP in health care. 
Taking more and more and more of the GDP into health care arena. 
This is projected by the Congressional Budget Office into the future. 
It's not all health care spending. 
It's just federal health care spending which is predominantly what? 
Medicare but also have a big portion of Medicaid. 
And this is to see what happens if there is no excess cost quote. 
That means, if healthcare cost which I haven't done in 40 years equal GDP. 
That solid line here is what happens over basically the next 25 years if health care cost do not rise any faster than the growth of GDP and what do you see? 
Just interpret the graph. 
What do you see? 
It's still growing right? 
This is a percentage GDP, Medicare and the Federal portion here is about five percent and you can see, it goes over eight%, 8-1/25 in 25 years. 
This in the GDP, if it doesn't exceed GDP. 
If it exceed GDP by two percent which is slightly less and what has been doing in the last 40 years, you can see it balloons past ten, eleven%. 
And if it has slowing growth down to 1.7 percent points, okay? 
You can see that it still goes over ten%. 
So, the federal budget contribution to health care is extremely. 
Dependent on how much healthcare grows above GDP but even if it doesn't grow above GDP, it's going to be bigger and bigger drag on the federal budget, okay? 
This is one reason people who are budget [inaudible], who worry about the healthcare, worry about the federal budget. 
The predominant worry is not social security but healthcare. 
We're going to do a few international comparisons so that you could get a feel for how our healthcare spending compares to the rest and well, as [inaudible] percent, how mush more does the US spend on healthcare than the number two country in the world? 
32%, say 30 percent were third higher. 
32%, say, 50 percent of quarter, say, 40%. 
Before we get there, who is the next highest country in the world? 
It's Norway, that's right. 
They are number two. 
And they spent we spent rough, they, we're at 50 percent higher than what they spend. 
Look at this graph. 
I think this graph is the most important graph in all of health policy and I'm not lying or exaggerating, okay. 
There are at least two important lessons to be drawn from this graph, three important lessons. 
So the three points of this is we're on another planet when it comes to health care spending. 
This is, the characteristic of a 
luxury good not in necessity and we could get down a considerable amount without the necessity for rationing. 
That's why I think this graph is. 
The most important graph in health care policy. 
I would also say for those of you who are a real nerds, 
look at these hours squares. 
You don't get this kind of correlation. 
In any other social science. 
You just don't. 
You barely got this in the biological sciences and you really have to go to Physics to get these kind of co-relations. 
A perfect correlation is 1.0. 
We're spending $7,300 per person in 2007, corrected the next highest country as I mention, Norway. 
Switzerland is number three, $4,763. 
Okay? 
So, compared to that, over 50 percent higher than they're spending. 
Now, some people and I won't get in this today will say, well, a large part of that is prices. 
We pay more so our MRls cost more. 
Our doctors have turns out have higher salaries than doctors in Europe. 
Our nurses get paid more. 
A day in the hospital in the United States is more expensive than a day in France. 
All true, doesn't eliminate this gap, okay. 
Might reduce it by half, doesn't eliminate it. 
Plenty of rich otherwise healthy countries are down below the average. 
New Zealand, right? 
Korea, South Korea, okay? 
So, you don't have to, you know, even Finland is just [inaudible]. 
You could be a perfectly fine country and spend a lot less than you're spending. 
I mean, these are countries spending a third of what we're 
- I am need dropped dock tonight, respecting any ships and a boats. 
But boss, where am I gonna put all this stuff? 
I mean, a storage room is almost full, I can't even walk in there. 
The next topic I want to address is called "Segmentation." 
This is the problem of given a sequence of language, figure out how to break it up into words. 
Now, in Chinese we don't have spaces between the words, and so in order to understand if the first word of this message corresponds to a single character or two characters or what, we have to be able to do the process of segmentation and figure out where they are. 
In English, we don't have that. 
Words have spaces between them. 
So we don't have the segmentation problem, but we certainly have it in speech recognition in languages like English, because this speech sounds are sometimes run together without pauses in between them, and there are places where we do have a language without segmentation. 
For example, in the language of URLs you could have a URL like "choosespain.com", which is the travel site that tries to encourage you to choose Spain as your travel destination, but if you segment it wrong, you'd come up with "chooses pain," which would not be the intended expression for that particular URL. 
So segmentation is an important problem. 
Let's talk about how to do it. 
So welcome. 
In this next module, I'm going to be talking with Dr. Gary Friedman. 
I'm thrilled to have him here today. 
I've mentioned his name a few times in this course. 
He provided a number of the, examples that 
I've shared with you. 
And he's been a long-time champion of good writing in the medical literature. 
So, it's great to have him here today. 
He was, he has been an editor at the American Journal of Epidemiology for over two decades, and was the Director of the Division of Research at Kaiser Permanente in Northern California for almost a decade, and also is on the editorial board of a number of other journals and currently a consulting professor at 
Stanford. 
So I really appreciate you being here today, Gary. 
Oh, thank you. 
It's a pleasure. 
So I'm just gonna start by asking obviously, we need to do good science. 
But besides good science, what are those, some of the key elements that journal editors are looking for when they get a paper. 
Well, one is novelty. 
Mm-hm. 
That's we will often reject a paper without even sending it out for peer review, if it's just a repeat of findings that are already well know. 
I mean, if you're writing the thirtieth paper on alcohol and how alcohol is related. 
It to high blood pressure, or obesity is related to mortality. 
Don't expect people to be very enthusiastic [laugh], about it. 
So we will often reject a paper. 
Right away. 
And now let me just tell you the process that we go through at the American Journal of Epidemiology. 
At first, it's looked at by the editor-in-chief and then he assigns it to one of the other editors, who really makes the final decision and I happen to play that role, as a general epidemiology editor. 
There are other more specialized editors that work just in cancer, or just in cardiovascular disease or just in infectious diseases, but I tend to be more general. 
And so. 
If the two of us think that the paper is not going to be of sufficient priority to be accepted, even if it's good science and well-reviewed, then as a favor to the authors, we won't delay a rejection of it. 
Another, beside novelty, another criterion we look at is interest to the readers of this particular journal. 
For example, sometimes we'll get a paper that really is not so much an epidemiological study, but a way to improve public health, and we will decide, you know, this is really. 
More suitable to a, to a public health journal then to the American Journal Of 
Epidemiology. 
We, also look for good writing, and this can be especially a be a problem, with a non-english speaking author. 
Usually when a paper comes from a foreign country, often the english is, really, bad and we know it's gonna need a lot of work, and we think it's a good study, we will often, send it back and say please have a, someone, a native english speaker go through this and edit it. 
And occasionally this comes, when a foreign, person who is, who's english who's, lang, need of languages not english. 
It works in an American institution and submits a paper. 
So you know usually that is not a problem. 
But it can be. 
Mm-hm. 
Another Fact. 
Factors that you know, don't make the paper too long. 
Don't put in too much excess material that's not needed. 
And another important problem is what we call slicing the salami too thin. 
Yes, yeah that would be great for you to say a bit about it. 
You know, if you, [laugh], I have a study that involves both men and women and want to try to get two papers out of it say here's what that risk factor, here's the effect of this risk factor in men. 
And then another paper here's the effect of this risk factor in women that is really frowned upon by journals. 
And my own personal experience is that I was I had to deal with this as an author. 
A colleague and I, each wrote a paper about health effects of cigar smoking. 
This was at Kaiser Permanente. 
His was on cardiovascular disease. 
Mine was on cancer. 
I submitted I, mine to the, Annals of Epidemiology and was accepted. 
He submitted his to the New England Journal. 
It was accepted, but they, they said, you know, do you have something on cancer? 
[laugh] 
So, naturally, he was younger and needed publications more than I did. 
So I, I sort of fell on my sword. 
[laugh]. 
Withdrew my paper from the Annals of Epidemiology and, and combined it with his and the New England Journal took it. 
Wow, yeah. 
So even I was faced with a salami problem as an author. 
So those our the, the things Yeah, sorting those things out Yes Early can be very helpful. 
And what do you think is if you have to point to one thing that number one mistake that scientist make when submitting their paper for publication? 
I think it's overconfidence in how important. 
And how good there study is. 
[laugh]. 
You know, you've worked on it really hard. 
Yeah. 
And done your best to write it up. 
And this was an important topic or question that was really important to you. 
And you think, oh gosh, this is really an important finding, but others may not value it so I. [laugh]. 
So if it gets rejected I would do this, some factor like that. 
I would persist, I think it's important to persist and submit it elsewhere. 
Fix it and submit it elsewhere. 
Yeah, finding the right journal for it might be the. 
Might be the key, yeah. 
Right but you know just because you've devoted a year or two to this project you think its really important don't assume that other people will place it as high priority as you do. 
Yeah, yeah that's a good point and I have to profess you go give some advice to authors about writing style because you've written a number of editorials in American Journal of Epidemiology dealing with writing. 
Mm-hm. 
Right. 
So what advice do you have to the writing? 
Well, I guess clarity and conciseness are what I would put as the highest priority. 
Characteristics of writing avoid repetition. 
Sometimes people will say something in the introduction and then repeat it in the discussion. 
Avoid that or they'll say something in the method section, which gets repeated in results. 
So, avoid repetition, avoid excess verbiage. 
And ... 
Yes, I've used it. ... 
I've written [laugh] editorials about that which I think you've used it. 
I've used. 
Yes [laugh]. 
And Avoid, you know, sometimes people will write a rather long discussion in the introduction of the paper, where it's, really, the introduction should be. 
Brief, and say why you did this study and what you, basically what you what you tried to accomplish. 
But leave all the discussion the review of the literature for the discussion section. 
Don't try to, to put too much in the introduction. 
Some things are certainly you need some background. 
As to why you did this study. 
Which may involve citing some previous 
literature, but don't go into detail. 
At that's, in the introduction. 
And . 
Don't repeat numerical data in the text. 
You know, you'll have a table which has nice, numerical data with odds ratios and so on, and then there's, in the results, saying table one shows the blah, blah, blah and the odds ratio was this and that and, so avoid repeating that. 
We will often ask authors, you know, just describe. 
The finding of the table in words. 
And they can see. 
The reader can see the numerical examples. 
Good, yeah. 
So those are my main suggestions. 
Those are good tips. 
Yeah, and you know, one of the, the fears I think that comes up often when I'm teaching a course like this. 
And it's already come up in this class is, a lot of scientists will say to me well I, you know, you know, I've been teaching them to write in simple and concise language. 
And they'll say well if I simplify it to much I'm gonna dumb down the science. 
It's gonna lose precision. 
Mm-mm. 
And. 
So there's this kind of fear that a lot of scientists have. 
So I, I was hoping you could comment on that. 
[laugh]. 
Well I. I, I don't think you'll necessarily dumb down the science. 
And, of course you do want precision and clarity. 
But, I think you should avoid jargon and things that are really hard to understand. 
George Comstock, who's no longer alive but he was used to be the Editor in Chief of the American Journal of Epidemiology, used to say that, papers should be understandable by someone with a good college education or someone who reads the Scientific American. 
It does not have to be full of jargon that's only understood by your, your peers and your particular specialty. 
Yeah. 
So I would. 
You know we welcome things that are very readable and easy to read. 
I don't, I, I, I would not have that fear at all. 
Yeah and. 
In terms of getting published when you get two papers in and say they were the same science and one was very jargony and you know, sounds sort of the way, scientists think they have to write and you have one that's clear, can you comment on your chances of publication. 
Well you know, if both of them get peer reviewed and, and very highly rated and they seem like, they seem important to the editors we might ask. 
You know, to please explain what you mean by this, word or by this sentence? 
Yeah, yeah. 
So it will take an extra step if it's really hard to understand and not clear to most readers. 
Yeah, yeah. 
And what advice can you give specifically to first time authors? 
I imagine a lot of, the students in this course are, you know, early in their career. 
And haven't had a chance to get published yet or, or, in the process of submitting their first papers? 
What bothers me most, is when I get a paper, you know, often be from a really good institution and the senior author at the end of the list is someone who's well known, but it's clear its been written by a student, [laugh], and, if it sounds like a thesis, it sounds like a Phd thesis, or masters thesis, Which, and it contains every conceivable strength of the study, every conceivable weakness, [laugh], so that, to prove, in writing the thesis they learned what they were supposed to learn in a school public. 
Author in their graduate program. 
So, Right is if you were more established senior scientist who knows what other scientists understand. 
And, you don't have to explainuh, something to everything. 
I just happened to see a paper this morning in the latest journal of the American Journal of Epidemi-, the latest issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology that was going over the strength and limitations of there study. 
And, it was a study about mortality and, in whites and African Americans and related to a certain. 
Factor, and I was saying, one of the strength of our study is that we had a 
large African American. 
Population as part of this study group. 
Well, that's sort of obvious or you wouldn't. 
Right, right, [laugh]. 
You wouldn't be writing about mortality. 
And then so. 
Right. 
You don't have to say that. 
I mean, things that are sort of obvious, don't say it. 
Just say the important limitations of your study, the important strengths. 
And, you don't have to label them as strengths and limit. 
It's sort of a jargon now, every epidemiologic paper, you have to find the word limitation. 
[laugh]. 
Yes, yes. 
Or, you know, just, state what they are. 
Yeah, yeah, good. 
So, I guess, You, you know, I guess just avoid making your paper seem like a, a thesis. 
Yeah I've encountered that as well. 
I'm reviewing papers. 
Yeah. 
Where you can tell that a. 
Somebody had taken the thesis. 
Yeah. 
And just tried to turn it into a paper. 
It's a very different product. 
Right. 
So paying attention to the, the actually writing like a paper. 
Right. 
He says it's a great tip. 
Mm-hm. 
And lets talk a little bit about resubmission. 
So lets say that you're offered the opportunity. 
The, the paper's rejected but. 
Mm-hm. 
You're offered the opportunity to resubmit it with a lot of comments from reviewers. 
Mm-hm. 
What kind of. 
What are some tips can you give people who are in that stage of the publication process? 
Well first of all although acceptance of the revision is not, is not guaranteed that we will see so in the letter. 
Yeah. 
I think he should take that as, as encouraging. 
Yeah. 
In fact that had got has that first reviewing stage is really a good sign and you should work hard to. 
Improve the paper so it will get accepted. 
Yeah. 
And The First of all, either whatever the you know, first of all, list each comment that the reviewers make, and respond to that. 
It makes it much easier as an editor to, to, to be able to see that the author took into account every comment that e, that, that both reviewers, or as many reviewers were involved, made. 
And the editor will often make comments too, and list them, and respond to each one separately. 
And Either, whatever the comment says. 
Either fix it, fix what the problem is. 
Or explain why you, you don't think that, that criticism is, is valid or important. 
Explain why you don't want to fix it. 
And make, you know, give a good argument for that. 
Show And also please show the editor where you made the changes in the manuscript. 
They'll. 
You know if someone says I just change th-, the method section to reflect this. 
That's sort of hard for us to find wh-, what exactly you did, so, either highlight the change, list the changes in, when you respond to the comments, either highlight them in the manuscript and say, you know, say where they occur, highlight them, or use track changes supply in addition to the, The version where you get rid of the track changes also provide the version that has track changes, so that the editor can see exactly what you did. 
Yeah. 
Or sometimes, sometimes a paper will be sent out for further, review, further peer review. 
Sometimes the peer reviewers have really strong concerns, and I as an editor will say, will send it back to them and say did, did the author really satisfy your concerns about this? 
And be polite. 
[laugh]. 
Yeah, don't like he just said that. 
You know, that, that, oh, this, this reviewers stupid. 
You know. 
[laugh]. 
But he didn't really. 
We just say, oh, we thank the reviewers for their constructive criticisms. 
They, I'm sure you know, their paper has improved as a result of this. 
Right, right. 
So you know, that, that does not hurt. 
It's everybody's instinct, I think to at first be a little defensive when you get your review back. 
Yeah. 
Because you have to go back and. 
Yeah. 
Tweak the language a little bit. 
Right, right. 
To make sure your, you know polite. 
That's a good tip, yeah. 
And can you give us some words of encouragement for young scientists who might have submitted their first paper and actually got an outright rejection? 
Can you, what are some words of encouragement? 
Well, I would just say, fix it and if it's totally rejected by that journal, their not asking for resubmission, fix it. 
Try to respond to the reviewers comments that you feel are justified, and submit it elsewhere, and persist. 
I've had my, as an author, I've had to submit papers to as many as four journals til the, finally got accepted. 
So I think persistence is important. 
Don't take the rejection personally. 
It's hard not to, and I sometimes do, but you realize that some reviewers may not be very competent, may not really understand what you're doing. 
This will often happen if you've submit[ted]. 
Epidemiologic paper and it gets reviewed by a clinician who does not really understand. 
Um-hm. 
Principles of epidemiology. 
They'll feel that if you write a paper about stroke if, if every case was not reviewed by a neurologist then it's not a valid paper. 
Right. 
So or, or maybe they're competent but just had a bad day and, and didn't really pay close attention to what you wrote and miss some passages that really would have answered their questions. 
So just realize that reviewers are human, just like you just like authors and, And. 
That's just the way the system works. 
Yeah, yeah. 
It's not perfect. 
And then talking about the system a little bit. 
You know, what changes do you anticipate are gonna occur in the publication process? 
There's a kind of a lot going on now with the online and open access. 
Right. 
Can you say a little bit about what's gonna happen for in the future. 
[laugh]. 
But you described, [laugh]. 
You know, more, less paper, more electronic, [laugh]. 
Publications. 
It'll appear faster. 
Yeah. 
You know, like e-Pub before, before it appears. 
Right. 
In the paper version. 
There'll be more new journal. 
I keep getting emails from journals that just started up, you know, and they'll make it sound like it's your field. 
And there's probably not such great peer review with them. 
They wanna. 
This time they might get some known authors and publish but the, I have had a paper. 
You know which was submitted to a journal that's supposed to be peer reviewed and, and the acceptance came back in about five days. 
[laugh] 
Right. 
You know? 
So I don't think it was really peer reviewed I, of course you know I'm biased but I thought it was a decent paper and, but I don't think it got the kind of peer review that papers normally get from good journals. 
Do you think peer reviews going to be, gonna change somewhat in the future because of this proliferation of online journals? 
Say that again. 
Do you think that the peer review process itself is going to change them like, because of the proliferation of online journals? 
Well, it shouldn't, but it, it might. 
I'm not sure how. 
Yeah. 
You know, if they're really in a hurry to publish, they might say, you know, get your review back in a week or, you know. 
Yeah. 
A lot of people just can't do that. 
That fast, yeah. 
There, was another point that I wanted to make that now, Nih has a policy that if your paper is supported by them as part of a grant or contract The finished man even if the journal wants to charge money for downloading the paper, wha. 
After a year, NlH will put it on PubMed as a finished manuscript which may not have had the kind of copy editing that will finally. 
Hm. 
Appear in the journal. 
But it'll at least be your final version of the manuscript. 
And so you'll be able to, to read papers that have been out for a year, even if, for no cost, even if the journal is the kind that wants to charge money for it. 
That is great, yeah. 
And if you could change one thing about the publication process, what would you change? 
Well I had, when you asked me that question before, I got two things. 
First of all, I think there should be greater evaluation of negative findings, by both researchers and by The journals. 
You know a, you're gonn, when you do studies, you're gonna have this great idea that you think something is a cause or prevention of, of some disease. 
And you're gonna do a study and it's not gonna pan out. 
That is the, that is the most common experience that we epidemiologists have. 
In fact and a graduate student here, who is doing a study of Metformin and in relation to risk of breast cancer because. 
It was some thought that this might be preventive, Agent for, you know for reducing the risk of certain kinds of breast cancer. 
And This is being done at, at Kaiser Permanete in our division of research. 
But It's looking like, and, and this is not final result. 
But it's looking like that's probably not gonna turn up. 
What was hoped for or what was expected and naturally, the researcher is very disappointed in that, but you know, I say, you know, this is important to know too, that there's a negative finding. 
So don't be Discouraged if you have a negative finding. 
It's important that, that get published and it's imp-, and, I wish journals would be more interested in, in publishing these, and, sometimes it, it, you know, a negative finding, if you want to get it out there, could be written in the form of a brief report which will take less journal space, it'll get higher priority so, I think that's, that is my main... 
Answer to your question. 
I, I also wish that there was greater ease in getting peer reviewers to review a paper. 
Sometimes we have a list at the American Journal of Epidemiology and I sent a particular paper out to people who said this was their specialty or special interest and out of ten people who we sent it to only one agreed to review. 
Oh wow. 
And we tried to get two and I was asked, you know, can you make a decision on just the one review because we can't just keep. 
Trying to get, with your. 
So, as, as a scientist and an author. 
Please accept the responsibility of being a reviewer, as well as a As an author, we've had some cases where. 
You know we've published papers by a certain author, and this author consistently refused to review papers. 
And naturally they're not well regarded by the. 
Mm. 
Editorial staff. 
So those would, those would be my two concerns. 
Yeah. 
That's a good a good point a good tip. 
And the opportunity to review is a good way to learn also. 
Absolute. 
As an author. 
Absolutely. 
So Yeah. 
Yeah so. 
Great. 
Is there any parting thoughts or tips that you want to offer to the class? 
No, I think we've covered [laugh] 
Great. 
You're questions are so, you're questions are so good that you've covered everything that I might want to say. 
Thank you so much for, for taking the time to speak with us Gary. 
You're very welcome. 
The preceding program is copyrighted by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. 
Please visit us at med.stanford.edu. 
Damn, I think I'll move to Radom. 
What they do NOT say: 
POLES 
Look at Nowak's car! 
I told you, honest work pays off! 
I can't wait til Złotopolscy (boring soap opera)  comes back. 
Or Big Brother. 
In the morning I'd like to see  more people in public transport. 
I understand that you have  different political views. 
I respect that. 
There should be more billboards  in the city centre. 
Wow! 
Those roads are great! 
I don't feel I'm driving. 
I can't wait til next family gathering. 
Friday, 5pm., I'm sure  I'll get there on time. 
Especially wishes. 
Wow, a good driver... 
I bet it's a woman. 
Damn, we spend so much  money on legal music and software. 
If I was a driving examiner  I'd also give him a driving licence. 
He's driving really well. 
I can't wait til I can use toilet in the train. 
30 MPH on the fast lane? 
Great! 
I can't keep up with those  new faces in politics. 
Easy, elderly lady can go. 
I'm not in a hurry. 
Damn, my train is too early again! 
Cart is full but I still have  so much money in my wallet! 
Vodka? 
Not today. 
I have to clean after my dog. 
I'm driving. 
You know, I love my boss. 
Are you crazy? 
I'm working tomorrow. 
Good that I finish full-time studies. 
At least I have a job guaranteed. 
I don't remember when  I last ate pork chops. 
I'm sick of this sun! 
I've always been interested in  tennis and cross-country. 
Even when we weren't successful. 
I'm sure that everything I study  will be useful on labor market 
Socks and sandals? 
Not the best idea. 
Have you heard? 
No! 
Our neighbour got promoted! 
Cigarettes from street market? 
But it's dangerous! 
Alcohol from street market? 
It's dangerous. 
Don't destroy! 
It's for all of us! 
I love segregating waste. 
It's cool that I give a bigger part of  my salary to Social Insurance 
I'll take this more expensive. 
Quality is important! 
It's time to change Golf ill  for something newer. 
Russians! 
Zdrastvujte! 
I made an appointment  at the public eye doctor and my visit is tomorrow! 
Germans! 
Guten morgen! 
Slowly, darling, we'll all be on time. 
MUSlC 
Welcome to the latest edition of Inside CBA. 
So many great things have been happening here in the College of Business Administration that I though the best way to convey them is through video so you can literally see for yourself. 
In September, the Nebraska Board of Regents approved plans for our new 240,000 square foot building. 
This 84 million dollar project will be privately funded. 
In 2016 when the building's completed, we'll have a facility that will allow us to attract students and faculty from around the world and help us with our growing enrollments. 
This fall our freshmen enrollments exploded by a 25.4 percent increase over last year. 
And our first time transfer students were up by almost 16 percent. 
Our goal as a college is to hit $5,000 students in accordance with the chancellors charge that UNL's total enrollment should reach 30,000 by 2017. 
Size matters. 
For our undergraduate program, enhancing the size of the student body and the faculty provide greater opportunities to find their niche, to locate a mentor who can direct them to their passion, to explore a wider set of opportunities than they can imagine when they graduate from high school. 
Enhancing the size of the student body means we need more faculty to teach them. 
We hired five new faculty last year, eleven new faculty joined us this year, and we're out recruiting for even more faculty to join us next year. 
These new faculty add to our expertise and they add an energy that's revitalizing the College of Business Administration. 
We believe that we are shaping and molding the next set of ethical leaders for Nebraska and the world. 
As our enrollments increase, we are taking steps to keep all these new students highly engaged. 
For example, all freshmen now take a course that's designed to introduce them to the rigors of college work, introduce them to the various majors in business, to leadership, and to help connect them to fellow students so they have a sense of community here in the College of Business Administration. 
Many people say we're a large college that feels small. 
And I like that. 
Hi I'm Clark Cunningham, are you from Germany. 
I think it was a fantastic way for me personally, I'm from out of state so it's kind of hard for me to get to know people. 
It was a really great way for me to experience new cultures, get to meet people. 
We're all doing something that's new to us, we're all in this new environment and I thought it was fantastic. 
The University of Nebraska is a city within a city. 
Get to know as many people as you possibly can. 
Speakers like alumnus Aaron Davis and Husker legend Dr. Tom Osborne speak to our freshman class. 
They stress the importance of meeting new people and both are examples of the rich traditions of this university. 
This fall we rolled out a new major in supply chain management. 
We also revised our management major to include a new track in entrepreneurship. 
Finally, we started a new minor in business designed especially for non-business majors from all the other colleges around the campus. 
And it's been very well received. 
This summer, I attended the CBA Nebraska at Oxford Program along with 71 students from the University of Nebraska. 
The program, held at one of the most prestigious schools in the world, is the largest study abroad program at the university and has flourished over the last 24 years. 
All these great things happening here in the College of Business Administration would not be possible without the support of you, our friends, our alums, and our business partners. 
In fact, we've just wrapped up our annual CBA partnership summit and advisory board meetings. 
More than 170 individuals from all over the nation give of their time and talents serving on our 12 advisory boards. 
We're fortunate to have such loyal volunteers who take an active interest in CBA. 
As you can see, it's a great time to be part of the College of Business Administration. 
Thank you for your interest and support and I encourage you to continue to engage in our CBA community. 
CBA's the place to be. 
You'll be hearing more from me soon. 
MUSlC 
When you quit smoking, it's like there's a good self on one side saying, 
"You're doing so great! 
Keep going!" ... and a bad self on the other side saying, "Aw, come on ... just one won't hurt." 
And sometimes ... in a moment of weakness ... the bad self wins. 
Having a slip-up can make you feel guilty and disappointed in yourself ... but that's not helpful. 
In fact, those bad feelings could set you up for another lapse. 
The truth is, slip-ups happen ... and they happen to almost everyone who quits smoking. 
So forget the guilt and disappointment. 
What's important now is to 
learn from your mistake so a lapse doesn't turn into a relapse. 
Chances are, you slipped because of one of three things: your environment ... your cravings ... or your social support system. 
So let's take a good look at each one. 
First ... your environment. 
Think about the slip-up. 
When did it happen? 
What were you doing? 
Who were you with? 
Maybe you're used to smoking when you drink coffee or alcohol ... when you go to certain places ... or when you're around people who stress you out. 
Keep track of the things that trigger you to smoke. 
It can help you see patterns, which can help you plan how to deal with your triggers ... or avoid them ... so you can stay strong. 
Next, if your cravings got you to light up again, think about nicotine replacement. 
Using medicine can more than double your chances of quitting. 
Never tried it? 
Consider an over-the-counter product like the patch, inhaler, 
lozenges, or gum. 
If you're already using nicotine replacement, keep using it ... even if you slipped up ... and ask your doctor if there are other medicines that might help you. 
Finally, how's your support system? 
It's harder to quit if you're around people who aren't ready to quit with you. 
So when you're with people who aren't ready to quit, ask them not to smoke around you ... and spend more time with people who want you to succeed. 
If you could use more people on your side, join a support group ... find an online quit program ... or call a quitline. 
If you have a smart phone, quit-smoking applications are another way to get encouragement. 
Some let you record video messages from loved ones that you can watch when you're tempted to smoke. 
Other apps can connect you with friends on social networking sites so they can cheer you on. 
A lapse can lead to a relapse ... but it doesn't have to. 
Use what you learned from your slip-up to fine-tune your quit plan and commit again to being smoke-free. 
Remember why you quit, and keep on quitting. 
Gorillaz and the Boss Dogg Planet of the apes 
The revolution will be televised And the pollution from the ocean Now with devotion Push peace and keep it in motion Kids, gather around, yeah, I need your focus I know it seems like the world is so hopeless It's like Wonderland Now fascinate me Picture and animate me Cause I'm rollin', deep holein' Click clacking, crack-a-lacking Full packing (Hey!), mo' stacking Acting a fool when I teach Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach, yeah Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach Mirror mirror on the wall Boss Dogg, give it to 'em, get involved Turn it up, speed it up Slow it up, underground where the under us undercut Shipped up, shipped out, swimmin' with the sharks put my gills up Turn the wheels up real tough Drinkin' lemonade in the shade Getting blazed with a gang of pilgrims Yeah, just like that Belly floppin' lockin' while I'm rockin' in the bubble bath And I'm just like math Fozo's added up that get you more cash So quick, so fast All the kids say they love it when I make 'em laugh Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach, yeah Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach, yeah Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach Welcome to the world of the Plastic Beach 
>> 
WARREN: 
Hi, I'm Charles Warren. 
I'm a User Experience Designer on mobile and welcome. 
Thanks for coming. 
I want to introduce Laura Allen, who for many years has been a champion of Greywater out of Oakland. 
She was the founder of Greywater Guerillas. 
You may be aware that it used to not be strictly legal to use Greywater for irrigations, so she led a lot of the work to cut those policy changes and things done. 
We're very happy to have her. 
And Greg Bullock is a contractor and installer who build these systems. 
He's going to talk about some of the ways you can go about and thinking through whether a Greywater system makes sense for you. 
And I think they've got us--they're going to lay down the gauntlet for us Googlers. 
So, without further ado, take it away Laura and Greg and thank you so much for being here. >> BULLOCK: 
Thank you. >> ALLEN: 
Thanks for having me. 
I'm Laura. 
I'm a co-founder of Greywater Guerilla's, now known as Greywater Action. 
Before we start talking about Greywater, I want to think about--first thing, think about water for a sec. 
So I have a couple of cups of water over here and I want you to--so the first one represents a country. 
It's totally full; it's got 156 gallons of water in it. 
Anyone want to guess what country what might use this amount per day, as per capita use? >> The U.S.? >> ALLEN: 
Yeah, the United States. 
This other cup, this represents a continent now and this is representing about 88 gallons per person per day. 
So it's just residential use: cooking, drinking, watering their landscape, not agriculture, not industry. 
Anyone want to guess what continent might use this much? >> Europe. >> ALLEN: 
Yep. 
Europe. 
Europe on average uses 
about half as much as Americans use and England is a really low water user. 
They use about 40 gallons per person per day. 
So, now this cup, this is another continent. 
It's representing 22 gallons per person per day. 
Any guesses? >> Asia. >> ALLEN: 
Yeah. 
Asia. 
Yup. 
Now, we have another continent. 
This is 12 gallons per person per 
day. 
Any guesses? 
It's Africa. 
And the last one, this is one of the lowest water-using 
countries in the entire world. 
It's representing 1.3 gallons of water per person per day. 
Any guesses? >> A country? >> ALLEN: 
It's a country. 
Yeah. >> Rome. >> ALLEN: 
You're close. 
Yes. 
It's Gambia. 
So it's one of the lowest water users in the world. 
So, we just wanted to start with, you know, how much water we do use. 
In the United States, we have a lot--we have a lot of water and we use a lot and so we're excited to talk about some better ways to use that water. >> BULLOCK: 
Thanks, Laura. 
OK. 
So just picking-up off that theme, a few more questions for you. 
Anybody want to have a guess at what the recommended amount of water per person is recommended for basic sanitation and health needs, per person? 
Charles, you should know this one. >> WARREN: 
Yeah. >> BULLOCK: 
13 gallons. 
How many people worldwide have no access to any water within a 15 minute 
radius of their homes? 
One billion people. 
And how many gallons of raw or partially treated 
sewage flows into U.S. waterways per year? 
Oh, exactly. 
Okay. 
And final quiz and then 
we'll get on to some more content. >> [INDlSTlNCT] >> That's everything, yeah. 
That's the whole management system across the country, yeah. 
Final quiz. 
Who said, "Whisky is for drinking and water is for fighting over, fighting for? 
Any guesses? 
Mark Twain said that. 
Okay. 
Back to you Laura. 
>> ALLEN: 
So to start talking about Greywater, there was a really excellent report that came out last year looking at the--can Greywater can really meet our needs and it's a non-potable source of water. 
So if we look at how it can meet our irrigations needs, we can find that it actually matches up really well. 
So there's two charts. 
If you just look at shower and 
laundry water, these are--have average per capita use in California. 
And then you look at the outdoor use for landscaping, there's a really good match. 
So we can just take all that water instead off sending it to the sewer plant which often, you know, doesn't treat it properly, often it does, but not always. 
We can use that to irrigate outside, things that don't need potable water. 
And another thing to of note is, you know, how much water is this? 
Like, you know, each household Greywater system like does it really--will it really impact California water? 
And if we look at--this is millions of gallons per day of savings. 
If people take that water and irrigate outside, you can look at just from washing machines, how many millions of gallons you'd save, showers and washers and then all Greywater. 
And I wanted to point you to one number that 10% column. 
If just 10% of people--and this is just Southern California--re-use their Greywater to irrigate plants outside, that would off-set the need for a medium sized desalinization plant. 
So, instead of, you know, looking for new sources of water, we can look for this source we already have. 
So getting into Greywater, one of the first questions is, is this legal? 
Like can I do this legally? 
And the regulations around Greywater have been changing over the last couple of decades. 
Greywater used to be viewed as sewage. 
It was part of just the whole water stream going down out of the house, considered sewage, dangerous, you can't reuse it. 
And certainly over time it's been shifted to be seen as a resource to be able to be used for non-potable sources. 
So in California, we were the first State to have a code. 
It was written in 1992. 
And it was a code, it's a plumbing code designed to allow people to reuse Greywater. 
But the way it was written, it really was more of a disposable code and so people weren't able to do that--to use 
--actually reuse it. 
They were kind of asked to dispose of it deep under the ground. 
And so, between 1992 and 2009, pretty much all Greywater Systems were done without a permit, which were--they were technically illegal because the code really wasn't in line with why people want to use it, how it was practical to use. 
And so, there's millions of un-permitted systems. 
And last year, a bit--a lot of--there was drought, there was a lot pressure of reducing water. 
And so, there was a big push to rewrite the code and make it actually fit with Greywater being a resource. 
And so, the Department of Housing and Community Development wrote a new code. 
And a lot of people were involved in that to really make it so we could use 
Greywater as a resource. 
And so, from last year and onward to the future, Greywater is seen as a resource. 
And we're going to show you some simple and legal ways that you can reuse it. >> Better safe than sorry. >> ALLEN: 
Yeah. >> What's the legal way [INDlSTlNCT] >> ALLEN: 
We'll get to that in one second. 
Yeah. 
Good. 
It's actually right here. 
So, 
Greywater--who has heard of Greywater? 
All of you. 
So, anyone have a Greywater System? >> Not yet. >> ALLEN: 
Not yet? 
Anyone interested? 
Couple of you? 
Yeah. 
So, Greywater, it's from sinks, showers and washing machines. 
So its water that's a little bit dirty but it's not too dirty to other plants. 
It's never from toilets and it's not from washing diapers, so it doesn't have thicker matter in it. 
It's not like the toilets, which would be not safe to reuse. 
Kitchen sinks, it depends on what state you 
live in if it's considered Greywater or not. 
In California, kitchen sinks are not allowed to be--we're not allowed to reuse that water legally. 
So I want to break Greywater into three ways. 
The first one is for outdoor use. 
This is just taking the Greywater, sending it outside. 
You're taking a shower, it's going out just directly and irrigating your plants. 
So that's the simplest way to use it. 
It's low tech. 
We try not to have pumps or filters or things that require maintenance and mechanical devices. 
The second way is also for outdoor use, but this is a little different. 
It's taking Greywater and sending it through a drip irrigation system, which is a lot more complicated because Greywater has hair in it, has lint, it has little, you know, chunks of things. 
It's a little gunky. 
And so, if you want to send that to drip irrigation, you're going have to really filter it and get all the particles out. 
And so, then you just have a much more complex system. 
So it's a really different way to use the water. 
And then the third way is indoor use. 
And so that's for non-potable uses, such as toilet flushing, and possibly laundry washing. 
And it's also a lot more complicated to get greywater back inside because it has to be filtered and disinfected and it's pumped and it's connected to the domestic water supply. 
And it's really just a whole other level of system. 
It's also not really allowed under the new code in any practical way and so it's definitely a good resource for bigger scale projects like commercial buildings. 
For residential, it's usually not very appropriate. 
And so, when you're thinking about any type of Greywater System, the soaps and the products you use really matter because now that water is going to your plants. 
So there's a couple of things you want to avoid. 
You want to avoid any salt compound. 
Salts, you know, sodium, all of that will damage the soil and damage your plants. 
You want to avoid boron or borate, that's also going to damage your plants. 
And chlorine bleaches obviously, you know, kills things; you don't want to send it outside. 
The next thing to kind of just get a little more informed is there's a lot of chemicals in our personal care products that are really just not good for us. 
And it's not really a plant issue or a Greywater issue, but it's often a good time when people are going to reuse their water, they want to think about well, what's in this stuff I'm using? 
And so, if you're interested in doing a little more researches to database, it's called cosmeticdatabase.org. 
And you can enter any product and they'll tell you what's in it. 
You know things are, oftentimes, it's kind of shocking to do this. 
Any of you guys tried this? 
Not yet? >> No. >> ALLEN: 
I think it's frightening, so be ready if you want to go down that route. 
But it's definitely informative. 
You can find out all sorts of things about the products. 
And then the other thing is there's products that are recommended. 
So if you don't want to do lots of research, you know, we can tell you what products that we've researched and found to have no salt, no boron and not a lot of other carcinogenic things that are in a lot of products. 
So here are just a few examples like Oasis, Biopac, Ecos, Aubrey 
Organics, there's more too. 
So, I'm going to talk about kind of some basic things with 
Greywater and this is just for the first way that outdoor simple systems. 
And a lot of times, it's really--Greywater is this unique source of irrigation. 
So that's kind of common sense knowledge with other types of irrigation don't really fit with Greywater. 
So it's important to kind of understand it and see the different kind of do's and don'ts of Greywater irrigation. 
So the do's, the things you want to do is mulch. 
It's a really important component of a system. 
You guys know what mulch is? 
Yeah, it's just like woodchips, you know, things covering up your landscapes so it's covering the soil. 
Mulch is really important for Greywater. 
You also--you always want to have a way to go back to the sewer. 
It's called a three-way valve, and Greg's going to show you one example in a sec. 
You want to use plant-friendly products because it's going outside. 
And then you want to use--I put a proven designing clothes because there's, you know, so many different ways you could get your water outside. 
And there's lots of ways people can tinker and, you know, get it to go out there. 
But if you use a design that other people have tried and you can just get some recommendations, it tends to work better and have less problems. 
So now, we have the don'ts. 
The first don't is, they're very common error, don't store Greywater. 
If you store it, it has nutrients in it, it has, you know, little pieces of gunk and stuff, it will start to break down and it'll basically start to smell very bad. 
So you don't ever want to have it in a container and store it for later. 
You also use--make Greywater everyday, so there's no reason, practical reason to store it. 
You don't want to have a filter that you have to actually manually clean because that's just a point of failure, people forget to clean things if you need to have regular maintenance, so that's a not a good idea. 
You don't want to use it if you're near a creek or a river. 
It has nutrients in it and those nutrients can actually pollute. 
It's like a fertilizer. 
So if that gets into the water, it will cause algae to grow and rob the creek or river of oxygen. 
So some sites are just not appropriate for Greywater. 
And you also don't want to use it if you don't have very good drainage on your site because you never want to have pooling of Greywater or running off. 
You need to make sure it can soak properly into the ground to irrigate plants. 
And so the next thing: mulch basin. 
Who's heard of a mulch basin? 
Got one person? 
Yeah, this is kind of a common-ish landscaping technique to be water-conserving. 
It's making, putting mulch around trees. 
It lets--so what you do with the mulch basin is you go to the drip line of the tree and you remove some soil kind of like a doughnut ring of soil removed and you fill it up with woodchips instead. 
And this allows--with Greywater when you are going to irrigate with Greywater, it goes into that mulch basin. 
It can spread out through all those woodchips. 
It gets actually kind of filtered in the woodchips naturally and it soaks down into the ground and you never see it into some pool or run off. 
It's just going underground and irrigating. 
So it's probably the most important piece of a Greywater 
System. 
And it's not often spoken of because it's, you know, out in the landscape. 
It's not a pipe; it's not a plumbing part; it's something you do to your landscape. 
But it's really important to have a well-functioning Greywater System. 
And so, as that Greywater goes into the landscape, the other really critical thing is something that you don't really see. 
It's the billions of microscopic soil bacteria that are in the soil. 
They're consuming nutrients; they're taking any kind of gunky, dirty whatever is in your Greywater and turning it into plant nutrients. 
So they're really critical for a Greywater System. 
And you don't actually have to do anything; you just need to have healthy soil. 
And I just want to show you my favorite one. 
This is, you know, sort of not an exactly realistic picture. 
So microscopic organism; this one is called the Tardigrade. 
Any of you heard of the Tardigrade? 
Now, this little bitty microscopic organism went into space and it survived space and it formed, turns itself into a cyst and can survive pretty much anything. 
It came back to earth and reproduced. 
So these things are--you know, in the soil, there's really strong organisms that can do just about anything like survive space. 
So we don't--if we get our Greywater going into healthy soil, we don't have to worry so much about the nutrients in it and the gunky stuff. >> BULLOCK: 
Thanks. 
So, the Tardigrades are going to save us. 
Okay, we're going to take a little bit of a deeper dive now and focus on one particular system, the laundry to landscape system. 
And I think the value of taking a focus on this one is this is considered like the low-hanging fruit of Greywater Systems. 
It's a great place to start. 
And I'll just run you through at a very high level here how it's done. 
Firstly, obviously, as Laura had mentioned, we have to be careful about what detergents or soaps we use in the first place. 
We have to use non-toxic ingredients. 
And then we can re-use that water that's coming out of the washing machine, divert it--and 
I'll show you some parts here in a minute--out to the landscape and grow food with it or shelter or a beautiful backyard oasis. 
Really, whatever we desire in terms of our backyard spaces or front yard landscapes, for that matter. 
Here's a little deeper dive; oops, excuse me. 
This is a schematic of a laundry to landscape system. 
It shows you how the plan would work in effect. 
Obviously, it's showing the collection plumbing here that distributes out to the landscape--thank you--out to the landscape and actually, emits the water directly into the soil. 
And that connects with the mulch basins that we just heard Laura talk to. 
So, the beauty of this system is that, well, for one, it has a built-in pump. 
It uses the pump of the washing machine. 
So if there are any distributions challenges, maybe you have a slight incline. 
There are some ways to overcome those challenges because you have this built-in pump. 
Apart from that, no additional gadgetry is required. 
No filters to break down, which is wonderful. 
I'm asking you to leave. 
Please. 
You got the newspapers? 
What does it write about us? 
Look, I'm asking you, please, don't open your mouth no matter what they ask you. 
Okay, Kadir Bey. 
Don't you worry. 
- And Kerim has just went out. 
- Yeah, I saw. 
- "They admitted they money"  - Fatmagül better not see this. 
Good morning. 
- Fatmagül, don't read it. 
- I agree. 
This is sweet. 
This will reduce all  the cheering to nil. 
- You see how the tide has turned. 
- That's right. 
Just you wait... 
Let's go to the hospital and visit my yenge then. 
That's what we're doing right now. 
- You're gonna talk to her today? 
- Nope. 
I won't... until she comes and apologizes to me. 
You're the man! 
- What are you doing here? 
- Can we ask you a few questions? 
- No, you can't. 
- Just a few. 
Look, we said it all at court. 
You are helping them by doing this. 
But you took the money and  set up a business with it, didn't you? 
No, no. 
Look, there's a crime here and the guilty ones will get their punishment. 
- And you? 
- I said "anyone guilty". 
We told everything to a friend of yours. 
All right? 
Kerim Bey, what did you do with the money? 
Bought this car? 
I'm wasting my breath with you. 
You're a waste of time! 
Kerim Bey, please! 
I'm sorry, Usta. 
They are in front of our house as well. 
- They are everywhere now. 
- But that's a bit over the top. 
What did I tell you before? 
All I care about is my business. 
- I don't want this in front of my shop. 
- You're right. 
You're right, but it's not like  I'm calling them to come here. 
What the hell, man? 
- Damn it. 
- Kerim... 
This won't go on. 
It's so troublesome to have you here. 
I promised your dad, but... ... 
I can't continue with you any more. 
What did you promise to my dad? 
- Don't go and tell the man now. 
- No, I just want to now. 
Did my father tell you to give me the job? 
I'm sorry... 
I have a daughter who is to be married. 
And her fiancé isn't  happy with this at all. 
His mother is being a bitch about it as well. 
- I'm really sorry about it. 
- It's okay, thank you. 
- Thank you, usta. 
- Take your share and let us part ways. 
- Thank you for everything. 
- You're welcome. 
Don't let anyone inside, son. 
How can I not, abla? 
They say they are customers. 
- They're camping outside. 
- Don't answer their questions. 
- Come let's wash your face. 
- I tell them I don't know anything... ... and I don't even know you. 
It makes the other shops uneasy, too. 
I understand. 
We'll talk to Kadir Bey first and then see what we can do about it. 
You close to door. 
And tell anyone who comes, we're closed today. 
Okay, abla. 
- The shop is swarmed with the reporters. 
- What do we do? 
It's a public restaurant. 
You can't say "the reporters can't come in". 
- But they have no rights to bother you, of course. 
- But that's what they exactly do. 
- They are getting to our nerves, aren't they? 
- I'm most concerned about the Yaşarans. 
I fear that they'll send someone to make a scene... ... in front of the cameras and we won't be able to prevent that. 
Abla, can you answer it please. 
Hello, Sinem. 
Fatmagül doesn't want to talk to anybody today. 
Not even you. 
Of course, that's what we thought as well. 
Thank you very much. 
Good bye sweetie. 
She said you shouldn't leave home for a while. 
It's bad if she says that too. 
I don't get it though. 
This was supposed to be a private case. 
Yet, everybody is talking about it. 
You are right. 
They are doing a great job twisting the facts and informing the media. 
I'll go to the prosecution office and see what they can do about this. 
Also, I'll gave them a petition about what happened last night. 
But it's not going to happen over night. 
This'll take a while. 
I just want to live my normal life. 
This is only the beginning, girl. 
You can't go outside for a while. 
You can't. 
But what about Kerim? 
And what about your job? 
Your appointment with the doctor and all? 
- That's enough. 
- The moment you go outside... ... you'll have all those microphones in your face. 
- Will you stop doing that? 
- I wish... ... 
I wish they could go somewhere far away, for a few days. 
But where. 
That would be great actually. 
What would be great? 
- Hey, abi. 
- Kerim, are you at work? 
No, abi... 
I've quit the job. 
What's up? 
Oh, why? 
Anyways, maybe this is the best for us. 
- Listen to me now... 
- What's wrong, abi? 
Come home now... 
Or don't... 
As there are still many reporters here. 
It's better you park your car in the auto-park near the shore. 
Then walk over here and call me when you're two streets away from us. 
But don't let anyone see you. 
- I don't get what this is about. 
- I'll take you away from here for a few days. 
It was five of six years ago. 
Your dad made me buy this house. 
This land is valuable. 
You can do anything you want here. 
You can change it completely, if you want. 
Why would I change it. 
What is it to me. 
This land and this house is yours, Kerim. 
No, abi. 
We're just guests here. 
Besides, I don't want a house or anything. 
We'll just spend a few days here, that's all. 
- Thank you. 
- Anyway... ... 
It's too early to talk about all this. 
There it is. 
You go ahead. 
I'll bring your baggage. 
It's okay, abi. 
I got it. 
- Give me one of them, if you want. 
- It's okay, you go ahead. 
The fridge is full of food. 
And I had the house cleaned yesterday. 
Have a nice time in there. 
- Thank you. 
- Thanks. 
No one can bother you here. 
Good bye. 
Call me, if you need anything. 
And I bring it to you. 
- Bye bye. 
- All right. 
So... ... guess this'll be our home for a while. 
Just ours. 
[Music] 
I miss her smile. 
She had an amazing smile. 
One time, I remember she had just gotten her braces off, and she thought she was for sure that she was going to go work for a toothpaste company, and be one of those people that had their smile on the toothpaste box. 
[Music] 
The morning of November the 10th was just a regular day. 
Alex didn't have to be at school till 9:30 because of her college classes that she was taking in high school. 
So, Katrina and I went on to school. 
When I left, I just called her name and said, "I'm leaving!" 
And she went, "Wait a minute!" 
And she came running out of her room, and she came up there, and gave me a hug, and pushed her hair back 
like she did every day, and I kissed her on the forehead, and said "Be good today." 
And I left. 
You know, just a normal day. 
About 9:30, the aide came in from the college class and said that Alex had not made it to school and wanted to know if she was supposed to be there that day. 
Of course, she was. 
She would just never answer her phone, so I went and told the office that I needed to go find her. 
But, I knew where she was, and I knew what had happened. 
Just in my heart, I knew. 
She had taken a back road to school that morning. 
She wasn't supposed to take it, because it was a dangerous road. 
And that's where I found her truck, out in the field. 
[Music] 
The doctors had come in the second time and told us that they didn't think Alex would make it - that they'd lost her several times, and they needed to know what we wanted to do. 
And my husband and I had to make the decision to let her go. 
We were out in the hall waiting for them to get her cleaned up so we could go see her one last time. 
[Music] 
I think everything about my life changed. 
For a long time, it was hard to laugh, to really be joyfully happy. 
There are times when Katrina and I would be out doing stuff, and I would feel like I needed to text Alex and tell her what was going on, because I knew she would like it. 
And then I would remember I couldn't tell her. 
I was supposed to be able to go visit her at college right now. 
You know, and embarrass her on campus in front of all of her friends. 
I can't do that. 
It's just a whole part of my life that's gone now. 
[Music] 
She left me a note, oh, probably six or eight months before she had her wreck. 
Just "Alex hearts you," you know, on my windshield with a dry erase marker. 
It's still there. 
You know, I can't bring myself to wipe it off. 
I look at it every day. 
[Music] 
After Alex died, and we went home, I got on the internet to check her phone records. 
And my husband came up and he goes, "What are you doing?" 
And I said, "I want to know if she was texting and driving." 
And he said she was. 
[Music] 
With kids that age, I think it's more of an addiction, you know, they have to get that text, they have to be talking to somebody all the time. 
She believed me in so many things, and she did what I told her to do the whole time she was growing up, but this one thing we couldn't get her to quit. 
I told her, I said, "You've got to stop this. 
You're going to have a wreck if you continue to do this." 
But, her mentality was it wasn't gonna happen to her, because she looked me right in the eye and said, "Dad, no I'm not." 
Cause that happens to other people. 
[Music] 
Distracted driving kills. 
Safe driving starts with you. 
Have you ever felt like you have walked into the middle of a movie? 
What if this movie was the story of your life? 
An experience that made you sick to your stomach. 
And you could fix any little detail out of it? 
Would it make a difference? 
(Music Playing) 
The best time to cry is at night when the lights are out and someone is being beaten up and screaming for help, 
Hello, everyone. 
I'm Amanda D'Annucci and I'm going  to be talking to you about storytelling, conflict resolution,  psychology and neuroscience. 
Did you know that  by telling someone a story, instead of spewing out  a mouthful of data, that you can engage a much larger  portion of their brain? 
The art of storytelling has psychological  and neurological basis that scientifically explains the natural human predilection for narrative. 
A vast portion of a person's brain is activated during the listening to, and telling of a story 
For instance, the amygdala hippocampus system, which is responsible  for preliminary encoding of episodic and autobiographic memories is engaged; the left perisylvian region where language is created is engaged; and also, it has been proven  that the same sections of the brain lights up when the storyteller or the respective listener interacts. 
Quite simply, narrative engages the entire human brain, the entire human experience. 
If a string of word can affect a person in such a profound way, how powerful can the art of story be? 
Stories can heal, stories can teach, stories can inspire, stories can enlighten stories can resolve. 
For my master thesis here at Gallatin, 
I'm exploring the power of story and relation to conflict resolution  and peace making. 
Story is an influential tool which  can mold the most obstinate of minds by means of appealing  to an individual's pathos. 
By using story as a communication tool, a pessimist understanding can be  made into a relatable situation. 
There's an ample evidence of storytelling  in a multitude of cultures around mankind. 
Individuals and societies of all sorts  intertwine narratives from oral folklore  and hunter-gatherer tribes to the numerous story writers  here in New York City, typing away their stories to become  movies, Broadway plays, television shows... 
According to Shephren, the stories that  we tell about our own and other's lives are a pervasive form of text, that which  we construct, interpret and share experience. 
We dream in narrative,  day dream in narrative anticipate hope, remember, despair gossip, learn, hate, and love, by narrative. 
We do all of these things through narrative. 
Storytelling has been used  to foster peace in a number of conflict-ridden areas around the globe. 
So, why are stories  so fantastically successful in helping reduce conflict? 
Stories relate how a series of events occur, whether fictitious or not. 
Additionally, a story does not only lift this series of events, but it illustrates how these events interact. 
According to Van der Rohe, the goal of narrative comprehension is to construct a memory representation which the various individual parts  of the narrative are connected in meaningful ways. 
So believe it or not, there's a researcher named Michael Jackson,  at the university of Copenhagen, and he argues that storytelling offers insight into the way people evaluate, discuss, and negotiate social  and ethical strategies for making communal life viable  in war as well as in peace. 
Specifically in Sierra Leone  where conflict is high. 
The study Jackson performed focuses on storytelling with the Coronco people in Sierra Leone. 
Throughout his storytelling sessions, the stories told of great political and  social significance of the people involved. 
And during some of the stories, the storyteller sometimes give the listeners a chance  to participate in their story. 
This participatory aspect of this approach gives the listeners a chance to truly understand  the ethical implications of the politically charged story. 
Jackson proclaims that storytelling does not always work toward  a unified opinion of a situation. 
However, simply by its being  a shared accent of singing together, sitting together, speaking,  sharing various viewpoints, that makes possible the momentary semblance of a fusion of desperate and often  undisclosed private experience. 
The study concludes that the mutual sharing of stories  make the participatants feel more inclined to be committed to their community. 
In addition, the very active participating in a shared event and referring separate experiences  to a common source, promotes not necessarily a unified opinion but a strong bond within community ties. 
Storytelling promotes the concept  of civil society, free people discussing their common issues, and it provides individuals  the opportunities for individual expression in a group setting. 
A similar technique has been used  in studying a case of conflict between Israeli and  Palestinian Israeli students. 
Baron discusses the conflict  as very much rooted in how each side sees the other as perpetrator  and themselves as the victim. 
For the first few sessions, the meeting of the groups spend significant amount of time fighting over which side was  or had been more victimized by the other. 
The storytelling approach used  in this workshop made it possible for the two groups to acknowledge aspects of other stories that up until the workshop  had been unknown to them or difficult for them  to understand or accept. 
In her journal,  a Palestinian female student wrote: 
"When Israeli spoke about her father's feelings of not being at home in Israel, 
I could identify with that feeling, for the first time I thought that the Israelis are not only enemies, but have similar feelings to those I have." 
The stories that they told helped the group move beyond  this victim/perpetrator dynamic and into an arena of acceptance. 
Stories provide a pathway of connection for an individual or a community's values,  principals, hopes, fears and dreams that induces respect  and acceptance in the listener. 
Stories are vehicles that navigate intellectual understanding but additionally the heart and  soul of the reader, the listener, the inner mind's eye. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Let's pour some drops of methylated spirit in a bottle and spread them on the inside wall so that the methylated spirit well vaporise. 
Blow a lot of cigarette smoke into the bottle by using a straw, until the content becomes opaque. 
Light a match, and throw it in the bottle containing smoke and alcohol vapours. 
Alcohol vapours burn instantly. 
Right after, there's no more smoke inside the bottle. 
Alcohol combustion produces very hot gases which expand and escape through the bottle opening. 
Smoke particles are carried away by gases that escape. 
Smoke disappears instantly from the bottle. 
Production: 
University of Lille 1 - Sciences and technologies 
SEMM Multimedia Service - University of Lille 1. 
The Online Thematic University for Sciences 
Teachers Researchers: 
Jean-Marie Blondeau; Bernard Bonnel 
Project coordinator (shooting and editing): 
Bernard Mikolajczyk 
Technician: 
Gérard Destrun 
Voice over: 
Alain Nempont 
Contact: semm@univ-lille1.fr 
TV FROM ANOTHER PLANET 
TV FROM ANOTHER PLANET-OLEFOGH KRlKEBY-PHlLOSOPHY 
Welcome to "TV from another planet". 
My name is Martin Spang Olsen and yes, I'm from another planet. 
I am an alien sent on a "mission impossible". 
I have in fact until 21.12 2012 to awaken the slumbering inhabitants of the earth and get them to take care of their self-made crises. 
21.12 2012 is, as you know expectence of the transition to the big change, the change of paradigm, in knowledge vision, as the ancient Mayan Indians talking about and it may well be the beginning of a new era, scary and a little exciting, especially for you perhaps, and I will therefore every week until 21.12 get visits by an expert in earth and space, and together we must try to identify and solve the world crises and today's crisis in the studio is philosophy. 
Wisdom was a very popular concept in ancient greece. 
It was so popular that a man named Pythagoras said that he was "Filosofía" infact that he loved the goddess of wisdom, Sophia. 
So the philosophy was born and it was the beginning of a large number of schools from which all science stems from, but in time science was parted from philosophy and then personal development and spirituallity was parted from philosophy, and final death blow the philosophy got in the present which means we know all philosophers by heart but completely we forget to think for ourselves. 
People forgot that philosophy means "love of wisdom" and not just knowledge itself. 
Man has forgotten to love the world and all it contains and curiously is striving to understand it all. 
The countless henchmen who call themselves philosophers today, have never met sophia. 
They are sealed around their own circles and do not know what wisdom is but who must solve the crisis if not the philosophers? 
Who must innovate if not the philosophers? 
However, thats how I look at it! 
But then again I was amongst those who introduced Pythagoras for Sophia, back then so I may be a little biased.. 
Let us instead ask our expert of today, Ole Fogh Kirkeby philosophy, master's in human and professor of management philosophy at Copenhagen business school. and director of the "Centre for Art and management". 
What do you say Ole, I'm biased or we have a crisis in philosophy? 
Ole: 
No, you are 100% right when you say we have a crisis in philosophy. but it is also a science crisis but funny that you should talk about "the wisdom", of it's become a fashionable word, a New Age phenomenon but it is very interesting because if you go back and look at one of socretas contemporary philosopher named Antístenes. 
He was a cynic and lived very old-fashioned, very poor, very simple 
He was asked what wisdom was and replied that it was about being as good as possible to unlearn everything you have learned. 
Martin: 
It is quite Taoist.. 
Ole: 
It is quite Taoist, yes and I have through out the summer been reading Chinese philosophy which puts you in a bad mood because this is where Greek philosophers got it from but trade routes were as such back then. 
They had a different way of thinking.. 
Martin: 
So it was not just spices and gold it was also philosophy from east to west? 
Ole: 
It is quite clear there has been a huge exchange and if you start to think about life, you will reach to some of the same thoughts except of course that the Greek community is a fabulous community because it invents democracy and is so dynamic. 
That you will not find in the Chinese feudal society. 
Martin: 
No, China in the thirteen century, somehow turned the key as they burned their fleet and dissolved their academies and it is also true Islam, and at the time it was thought that "now we know enough" and that's about where we are now.. somehow people keep studying but they keep running around the same circles and what should be the recognition process where you say "How do we improve the way of life" is somehow removed, is not it? 
Ole: 
I 100% agree and therefore when I give lectures which I do a lot about a phenomenon that I've taken up from the Greeks, and then developed myself called Probtrektik, which means to turn its essence to essence in your life, to strengthen a person to think about why it lives and what it wants with his life. 
When I give presentations on "Probtrektik" 
I always start by saying that I follow the philosopher named Epicurus who was famous for letting the desire be in the right center but the good thing Epicurus said, was that "the philosophy which does not relieve any suffering is false" and I like it because suddenly you get philosophy "into life" 
Martin: 
Let's just highlight this .. 
The philosophy which does not... so that means that philosophy is a human healing project? 
Ole: 
You must be able to use it in your own life to be better to live, also to get closer to yourself and other people. 
Martin: 
And on a scale of 1 to 10, how far are modern philosophy from doing exactly that? 
Ole: 
Um, unfortunately it is very far from it. 
There was the existentialist group which, according to its name tried to do these things. 
But the Anglo-Saxon tradition which has been very tied to a science ideal.... have tried to think philosophy little as one thinks of science and that is thinking philosophy out of life. 
I've spent most of my time to philosophise about the event and the body, but most of the event and the event is the center of our lives so I have been forced to make a personal philosophy. 
Martin: 
And ofcause you have been bullied for doing that? 
Ole: 
I was bullied for it, yes and I was bullied for that I have allowed myself to do it and not just have sat and interpret other thinkers, as many prefer to do especially when you are Dane .. 
A Dane may not have his/hers own project then you must be dead like "Løgstrup" simply more or less people start to accredited that you have your own project. . Martin: and that is when you have read all the philosophers and know them by heart, but it takes some years.. 
Ole: 
It takes some years and you will not always learn from it I would say 
Martin: 
And you can end up becomming very tired.. but now philosophy be the foundation of all knowledge, so if philosophy is a crisis, then, many things are in crisis, or does it reflect the fact that many things are in crisis? 
Ole: 
I think that it does, in the sense that we, in an absurd way is starting to find out that we have a social nuisance and that we are not some evolutionary war machines 
We are nice and friendly and is tuned to be close to each other, but in spite of it you become the more and more confused about what man is, the more expertise you get.. and as you become more and more confused about the universe,, now is all rags is the pulled away beneath physics because the particles turns out to be a little bit faster than they are allowed to be ... 
Martin: they should preferably not be faster than light .. 
Ole: 
No, and it's been confirmed once again, which isn't a good thing, is it.. 
That's what Giordano Bruno (Filippo Bruno) was burned at the stake for saying (Feb. 
17) in 1600, he said there were many universes, and ofcause there are many universes .. 
There are some galaxies that are very busy at the edge of our universe and why are they suddenly very busy out there, well it's probably because there is something that pulls them further out.. it is something you can measure.. 
Martin: 
Yes, and one could say that I am one step ahead 
Of course I can not reveal all my knowledge to the earthlings for what we are doing is an education project or a maturation project for Earthlings and that is also why this the transition to the big change is as it is.. 
This maturation change man must go through because it will benefit the rest of the universe and that is why, some of us must push a little onwards, because otherwise it just wont work but you're one of those who are pushing onwards what sort of imbalances is it you are pushing? 
What is it you philosophically believe to successfully push today? 
Ole: 
I think first and foremost that you can explain to people the only thing that counts in life is to develop yourself in the good sence, being a good person ... and then learn that being with other people also means imply giving up things 
We owe it to others to take care of them, and it is a very but that is very difficult for people to learn even if it, in fact is pure logic 
Martin: 
But isn't that very greek? 
Ole: 
It is very Greek and very Christian, and the Christianity is good 
Martin: 
Then it is very Greek beeing so very good .. 
Ole: 
You could say so, yes ... and not only Greek / Catholic 
We must help to build a society that is not just about claiming a lot of stuff for ourselves but a society where we help and support others and not because we thereby help and support ourselves 
One becomes wiser beeing a decent person 
I try as good as I can to explain that to people although I wonder why it should be necessary 
One also have to try to take your own medicine which is the worst of it all, but I'm working on it 
Martin: 
But perhaps the paradox of this project is that if you have to be really really good to yourself, there is some who interprets it as "not caring about others" 
Ole: 
No, I do not think that, that is the way to take care of yourself... 
The Greeks had a slogan saying 
"εαυτό τους" meaning "look after themselves" 
In latin it is "cura de se".. um.. but does not involve any form of selfishness 
Martin: 
But there ought not be a difference in taking care of yourself and take care of other 
It should be able to go well together 
Ole: 
It should be, because we are the others hostage and we only exist because the others have been there to begin with 
Martin: 
But then, why does it not work? 
Ole: 
I think this has much to do with not prioritizing the right way in our upbringing and our education 
Take private schools.. 
Earlyer they were there for those students who didn't do so well in the public schools 
Now they have become elite schools, and then the children who can not cope are being kicked on to the public schools but the problem is that parents today are investing in their children, in the same manner as investing in a porche making them status symbols and that does not teach the kids that they should think of others rather then themselves 
Martin: 
But if we just listen a little to the Greeks again, they had something called "Hepaidea" which was a formed upbringing which involved lots of music and poetry and dance and resitation and sports and so on, and then they knew that they were making good people and it is still a good thing today, having a komponitation of art and body then the intellectual project is pretty easy plus you get a good person out of it.. 
Ole: 
But in Paydaya was the also the piety thay you cherish to the community, then you are ready to sacrifice yourself for the community 
Martin: 
It's also much easier when you know yourself.. 
Ole: 
The funny thing is that Cicero translated Padaya to humanitas and he had two concepts, two aspects of humanitas one is what we today call "humaniore" meaning formation, that we could eat with knife and fork and able to defend himself with a sword where previously defended himself with ku law, history and philosophy and could speak out in public, and take political action cause the social and political was the key and the second aspect, generosity not to use your power to those who are subject to your power 
Martin: 
But according to the school of aliens which I belong there is already talk about a degeneration of the Roman interpretation of the Greeks but it is a matter of taste. 
You can at any rate say that we have a lot of it in the Roman version 
Isn't it what have helped to raw things a little too? 
Ole: 
Unfortunately you a right. 
A very good example is how Sisoru translator Aistoteles concept "hexis" the habitus and the habitus is what in the English language becomes "Habit" but in the concept of habitus the positive spiral actually disappears from "Hexis" pulling yourself up by the hair and become better.. 
So, in order to be a properly human, you need to know what the good is, but to know what the good is you must have tried to do it, isn't it .. and the concept must be repeated of course there is also a lot of their political institutions which are destroyed the relationship between the Greeks and the Romans, but the interesting thing is the Greeks thought always are political they think every thing in a political way because they think everything in the matter of "Community" .. therefore, the Greeks did not have a concept of "free will" eighter 
Martin: 
But now I know, because I have seen human history over long periods of time that the Greeks have it elsewhere too ... people think they have it from egypt which is true enough, but they have it in their subconscious from 
"Altantis" and "Altantis" is a copy of "Venus" but it is several billion years ago there was culture on Venus .. so it's thoughts and some pre-position abilities that that is tempered with from the collective consciousness that was manifested in the clear sence in greece and that now is manifested again 
It is the change of paradigm we need to reach as painless as possible and that is where you get in the picture as a philosopher and in fact one of those that is thinking wisdom we have to handle this change of paradigm so everyone gets a soft landing and not a hard landing on the stomach, as every indication points at that we get 
Where do you see the problems in this change of paradigm? . or do you think we get a change of paradigm, at all? 
Ole: 
Yes, In a way I think we will 
I'm glad you say so, you having a much better knowledge of "the other side" of reality than I 
Martin: 
However it isn't everything that I can tell 
Ole: 
No you can not, for example, you can not tell whether you know that we have eternal life then we would all jump over the edge, right? 
We wouldn't bother to traipse around this planet, if we knew we would live on.. 
Martin: 
Yes, but the question is ... 
This I can tell you about ... 
I asked thequestion the wrong way.. 
We have a consciousness that is beyond time and space that can't die, as it hasn't been born yet and it's also the one we feel when we dream and the one we get all our ideas and thoughts from at a deeper level and it's the one manifesting itself in the individual structures 
These individual structure will die ... or dissolves and become new individual structures .. and it is as such not a talk about death in it... but in the individual structures time and space is designed because it is used to measure the experience and when you have measured the level of experience as the individual structures is to be used for it will dissolve and go back in the common consciousness again so yes, there is an eternal life if you can talk about life beond time and space and such things I am allowed to explain because it is something that penetrates the collective consciousness somewhere in the individual structure, anyway. 
Ole: 
Konfutse and Thao also thought also had such a formulation and actually the Greeks too cause thay didn't believe in an individual god most of them they thought we were sucked into the collective ... the common soul 
I'm glad you use the word "collective consciousness" and that you know what you are talking about when you use it cause I am actually one of those who believe that we have a collective consciousness and I can feel it .... 
I think that if you write and think as you use those skills as long as you use it cleverly ... or you have to just go a layer deeper than where it is deformed... just that bit further down... and thas is what it's all about, so when you ask whether there will be a paradigm change then the issue is of the layer below it and the superficial collective consciousness as the Latins called "Sensus communis" and the Greeks called "Koiné aisthêsis" the common perception a precise common thought, historians called it if we just get underneath there and things begins to happen because we know, of course, much more than we know we know and I am glad that you confirm the idea with me and since I am only an ordinary person and not an alien 
I only get that feeling now and then, but sometimes I feel that there is a completely different dimensions of knowledge that we can get in touch with 
Martin: 
Now, I just add that roughly there are three ways to be alien here at eath 
That you reincarnate you that you incarnate you as someone who does not belong to earth but still grow up as a normal human being even if you feel that you do not belong and then you can be engineered as a very young so your genetic material is a mixture of the two and it can also be combined with the first so you are incarnated and manipulated and the last is where we need to be a little careful because it is decidedly aliens who disguise themselves as humans to achieve and affect the power structure 
I do not belong to the last group but you could easily belong to one of the first groups so it is not certain you are human .. it's just a matter of whether you have stepped into character with the part of you that is alien and that I could easily sense that you might want to one day cause you probably have the alien quality, you going around getting all the thoughts that you do 
Ole: 
That would in any case explain a lot of things that I have difficultys understanding regarding myself 
Martin: 
You would feel at peace with yourself? 
Ole: 
I would have come home, in a way 
Martin: 
I belive you would.. 
I would like to ask you about another word 
You mentioned "νίκη", "to win" or "Trepo", but there is also another Greek word which means "to win" named "Strepho" and that is what we have in "catastrophe" .. do you see catastrophe option? 
Ole: 
No, because we see it somewhere else ... in John's Gospel in one of the last chapters 
Maria goes down to the grave and sees that the cave is empty the stone has fallen and then she cries she think there has been graverobbers even though there is nothing to rob... and the guy is gone and as she stands there and cries in the garden, she hear someone behind her and think it's the gardener, but it is not the gardener and in the Greek text it says... the word used when she turns and sees him and her soul and body are turned around that is "Strepho".."EpiStrepho".. 
"Epi" is an amplification and this "Augustin" translates into "conventio" "to convert" and in that moment her whole mind design changed.. her whole mental structure 
So it's the positive side of the word "strophe" in "catastrophe" 
Martin: 
It's perfect that you mentions this, because it might just be that what looks like a catastrophe scenario ... gets turned into something divine 
Ole: 
It could well be .. 
Martin: 
How do you look at the whole scenario we are moving into now? 
Ole: 
Now I also work a lot with economy, beeing employed at a business school and have done so for many years when I was young I was very interested in Marxist ideas and economic theories so as I see it unfortunately we are heading into some very horrible scenarios and it applies to both the economy as a whole and our relationship with nature and the terrible thing is that we only do something about it when it's too late 
It might as well lead to a cultural revival and it's actually from there I think it would arrive 
Martin: 
A cultural revival? 
Ole: 
Yes, a cultural revival ... a spiritual awakening is perhaps a better word a spiritual awakening where you understand that you have to saddle completely and radically over again but the cost will be very high before this consciousness change occurs 
Now they register 40,000 cars a day, in China and that just can't go on.. 
Thank God the Chinese don't use toilet paper, cause if they did, we wouldn't have any forests left and presumably, no oxygen 
Martin: 
No, but there would be a better smell in China anyway you see there is a catastrophe scenario, but you hope there will be a kultural revival? 
Ole: 
In disaster scenarios there are always cultural revivals 
Martin: 
Well, you see those things? 
What are the symptoms of those things? 
Ole: 
I like many of the things going on in the culture where people start to deal with what is called "the spiritual" but it is a very complex concept and there is so much "Boss word" about it but I sense a much greater need for spirituality and the answers to problems in terms of being mortal and having a soul in a body .. 
"Soma Sema" as Plato said, "The body is the requirements of the soul" 
One tends to focus more on that and although the solutions are confusing and weird and often commercially mediated and very distant from those that religion gave because it was institutionalized yet I see an awareness of our spiritual sides that also appear in the way we discuss how to help each other so in that way it's not a bad society we have 
Martin: 
You have insider information from CBS .. it is also something that the future leaders are thinking of? ole: 
Yes very much ... you are even judged on whether you do so by your employees so you can not do it differently 
Martin: 
So, there's only been a short time from these rabbit killer courses where you have to develop a kind of cynicism and the way people lived in the 80s to what we see now? 
Ole: 
Yes that's completely "out", what we are trying to do now is to set the values ​​in the center and make leaders to people who relate to their own humanity to the community and to their own human edification, to tell the truth, and I really like that. 
Martin: 
And there is something about it that you associate it with art, right? 
Ole: 
Yes, art is a great source of inspiration for a lot of other areas such as leadership for one discovers's what artists can ... see, I called it in my dissertation titled "Events and body shells".. 
I called it "translokutionaritet" which means "I know only what I mean, when I hear what I say" it can be compared with .. now, you're a artist painter, right? 
And when you start to paint, take the picture takes over, right? and paints for you ... that's also "translokutionaritet", right? but the importance of companies and processes ... when you get something going, you'll be able to learn from it and be able to change course and think "What the hell is that I've got going on here" and "Hey, this can become something better and much different and stronger and bigger" and all that experience has 
Martin: 
But I also think about.. ehrm ... if you believe that this artistic process, in which one is has the need to open a lot more for the deap values ​​in oneself can help managers to take some more humane decisions? 
Ole: 
Well, I think it is important for two reasons.. 
Firstly, because the leaders are forced to make innovation not just make new products and services but also change the organization in a certain way and also do so in a humanist way, right? so therefore in every way in a world where art really is commercialized and remooved from the ideal of the work as something substantial and as a messenger from the other side then yet it is as if the positivity of art is foaming and flowing on to other worlds while parts of the art just becomes "installation art" or Damien Hirst over again. 
A laugh, right? 
So speculative art.. and yet, the hole artistic way to be which throughout history has been characterized by that in art, the human values is realized as well as the existential problems, right 
Thats what the artists expresses and it also starts a need to express both the existential and the valuational flowing on to almost, one might say, the banal sphere of the economy, in technology 
look at the design, look at ... in general ... we become much more artistic because we become much more spiritual 
I think so, I see it! 
Martin: 
I sometimes think about the invention of conceptual artists which of course doesn't really have a piece it is a sign that the idea of ​​a work piece, at a very high level of professionalism and craftsmanship, are disappearing in benefit that some of the things might leak out among us? 
Because you can say, if we had the artistic way of expressing ourselves at the moment and with each other, we wouldn't need so many works of art.. 
Ole: 
And that was what I tried to say.. to dealing with other people ... both in communication and in private life, by all means but also, from managers to employees and back again ... can be an art the arts also means that you master and that you can 
Martin: and it is very exciting, I think. 
Ole: 
So what I tryed to say was, I don't think the dream of arts ever dies because the works'll retain there power and force if those that redeems it is good enough it'll launch itself.. but there will not be as many of them as they are more spread out in the sence you said it, and I really like that. 
Holes are made in the art into real life, right? which leaks out a warmth and a force to become a much more artistic expression 
Martin: 
And I know this is something you use together with Peter Hanke, the conductor 
Ole: 
I have, yes. and a conductor's also a leader, right? 
Does it have anything to do with that? 
Ole: 
Yes oh yes, to put it mildly. 
Martin: 
So I wonder .. 
Are there any others that does that around the world, since you have so much faith in a cultural awakening? 
Ole: 
That which we started about a decade ago, has begun at all business schools connecting art and economy and it is becoming more and more common, which is logical because where the hell would you draw the resources to be innovative from when you need to be innivativ all the time? 
With violence and power there is almost only art left .. and as you begun with .. philosophy, right? 
Martin: 
Both have done badly for some years 
Ole: 
They have but begins to turn back strongly 
Martin: 
Well, you have some power now ... if I could pull some strings so you had A LOT of power in all parts of the world.. what would you do structurally, to face some of these crises? 
Ole: 
I would make a society which is based on a lot smaller units 
The Danish society I would base on a community with semi large municipalities 
That would run their own training concept, that would run their hospitals and would take responsibility for their young and old and completely developed their own alternative form of production 
Martin: 
So the opposite of what we do today? 
Ole: 
Exactly the opposite of what we are doing today! 
And then I would try in some way to stop tourism because it is the most CO2 consuming and time-wasting in the world but we can't do that because that would be totalitarianism and who should have the right to travel and what would a valid ticket be? 
I myself am a delicate pensioner.. 
No, I won't dwell on traveling 
But then I would... 
And I don't know how the hell I should solve it... but I would try to make the developing countries, such as Africa, proud of their culture so they with violence and force wouldn't try to take over our countries 
like China and India are trying to... it creates an immense amount of problems on this globe in terms of resources and economic structuring and so on, right? 
Why the hell don't they hold on to their own way of life? 
Ole: 
But if I had real power,,,, 
Martin: 
You will have, if you want... 
Ole: 
Then would I influence them through their upbringing and their education to believe that what they stand for is really something that is worth a lot and that they should not take over our way of life 
Martin: 
But perhaps it has also something to do with food ... 
On this couch we have had talkes about the importance of planting the world's deserts and there's a lot of desert in Africa, about 9 million square kilometers of desert infact 
Now ... if they were green, perhaps there wasn't a great need to go up here in order to take over our values then perhaps it was... 
Well, I think of the fact that you want to make small units strong and if that was to be spread all over the world .. then it also has something to do with the simple infrastructure and where to get food from 
Ole: 
Yes, but it's easy enough to turn desert development for the're made ​​of things we have done ourselves, right? and at the same time we have to look at the fact that the entire world population could be fed by an arial equivalent to france so we're not really that bad of yet.. 
Martin: 
But in the middle of the Sahara, they are.. 
They are, and therefore we must make Sahara fertile it would be a great picture and we can easily do that 
Martin: 
And you would be willing to spread the Danish society, perhaps not as it is now, but in some ideal version, places around the world? 
Ole: 
At some point, I would say that the Danish ... and Scandinavian ... not only the Danish .. came closest to an ideal society that has existed such a relatively stable society seen in world history partly because, after second World War the right and the left wing, stood together deciding that people who could not support themselves was in their right to recieve govermental support 
It was not a charity, it's about to change into now, right. 
In the Baroque period they started to give civil rights .. 
The "soras theorists" fought for that.. you get political rights in the 1800 century and in the 1900 century, voting and so on and finally after the second World War Il, you get the social rights 
Martin: 
But there are some fundamental problems that we also need to look into today, in order to resolve them 
One is technological unemployment which means the more machines we get the less work there is !! 
The second is the combination of democracy and market as democracy hasn't been standing alone since ancient greece 
It is the combination of free market forces that does that you have advertising that manipulates around with people you have messages that are becoming more and more superficial for everyone to understand them and you have journalists and spin doctors who sit in all the management positions and you have the media talking down to people 
This issue we probably also need to be addresseing too? 
What do you say? 
Ole: 
Yes, we have a terrible problem in the fact that we don't even own our country 
If I had that much power, we should also be able to impose the small units but these small units would of course also be knowledge, culture and information-units and ie. on those that type of advertising would rebound because it did not fit their reality but again one must be careful that it doesn't accomplish a totalitarianism 
Martin: 
But you have only until 21.12 so I guess it can not avoid becoming a totalitarianism? 
Ole: 
No, it is very totalitarian... 
Martin: 
Norway, for example, already has these units cause they have their little villages and has a right to theater, public swimming baths and other things 
Great things happens, especially culturally out in those small communities 
While in Denmark and also to some extent Sweden, we draw all the people to the cities and closing small schools, and then "you wonder" why people move away from the local areas.. 
Could we learn from Norway? 
Ole: 
Ehrm .. 
I've actually been working together with Norway. 
Seen cultural cooperation with.. 
"Nord Trøndelag" it's called where they have jazz festivals and where they work with art and business certainly, but also the schools that are around in the villages totally worn out 
Norway don't always use there oil money in the right way, I would say .. but some things we can learn from Norway 
In particular, we could learn modesty of Norwegians 
Norway has the largest number of middle managers who do not want to be leaders but I like the Norwegians because they remain committed to their values 
I have stayed in a folk dance farm up in Norway which was organic awarded in Norway very special.. 
They made the costumes and danced under the midnight sun 
It was very cozy. 
I also have a stringed instrument 
Martin: 
Yes you play the violin and viola.. 
Ole: 
Yes! 
This gives rise to ... and that's a leading question .. 
Is it something that gives perspective to all this philosophy? 
Ole: 
Well, first it's a good way to get thinking as music affects your mentality 
Martin: 
Sherlock Holmes also enjoyd it 
Ole: 
Yes, but it's proven with children and so on that in music, at least, classical music because of its mathematical structure you become more gifted by playing and wierd enough .. 
If you have thought a lot in a period you will also be better at playing but generally yes, music is incredible 
Especially classical music for ... especially Bach who is fabulous but the entire Danish culture is far down the road built on societies and associations and in music clubs, it was the amateur music which has been an excellent element in creating precisely those things that you're talking about because of democracy, in spite of lack of skills and abilities you have been allowed join in anyway 
Martin: 
But then we're back to Peideia, the bourgeois formation included music, cause it was good in developing people into good people 
I also think it has something to do with the nobility. 
They had so much time and could do what they thought was fun and what gave them the most and it was to ride and fencing and paint watercolors speak French and of course play music and they would not go down as modern nobility does today with drugs and self-pity because the transcendental activities built them up as human beings rather than take them down 
Ole: 
I think thats true and in many ways thay actually realized an ideal life in relation to the cultural and there have been lots of them who have been talented musicians, I can promise you and painters ... christ what is this all about, right? and they didn't have to be professional cause to be proffesional's a compulsion right? 
If you have enough money, you can always grow it as an amateur, in German called "Lieb haber" someone who does something because he enjoys it 
Martin: 
"Amo" does mean "I love" 
Ole: 
Yes thats true 
Martin: 
So if I have to pick up on your totalitarian leadership of the world, if we are to achieve it all before the crisis ... 
We need small units and within the small units we could make a cultural revival we could institutionalize one in any case and then hope that rises a culture in light of the disaster which might also be repentance and then the music very well could play a larger role in the formation project but also as quality of life 
Ole: 
Yes, Community Project 
Martin: 
Community Project yes. 
What else could be included? 
Ole: 
Also painting, I think. 
Children are phenomenal painters .. many of them have a sense of color that is ever so good 
Arts's a way where people generally don't have to harm each other when unfolding 
And I think limited sports can be too when it doesn't mean that you have to be wonderful 
Martin: 
There's also some sports that potentially could be artistic but thats still about who can make the most twists in the air and jump highest and things like that, right? 
So that has also been taken out of the artistic of those who potentially had it, perhaps? 
Ole: 
I remember that long ago I read, that in Brazil were a tribe they played out on the criterion that it was important to get the other team to win 
It can of course be a good sport but I like that way of thinking 
Martin: 
So the competition culture does not benefit anything at the moment? 
Ole: 
No, I do not think it has benefited anyone anything ever 
Martin: 
But you could say that this Greek way of compeeding to the arts might have helped them become so good? or helped them become so good in so little time.. thats what some thinks.. 
Ole: 
It could of course be true 
Martin: 
But it is also different to compete in the artistic substance than just compete in who can jump highest; ... and run the fastest... is there a difference in these things? 
Ole: 
Yes but unfortunately they did that too but they had competitions in oratory and theater and so on, as you mention but it is a competition where you will be honored by the community as well as there's competitions in the immediate self sacrifice for the community that isthe greatest honor that can happen to you 
Whoever wins this contest winner on behalf of the community and it's not how competition works in our culture but it may well be that competition as a phenomenon has paid off just like the life struggle has done because if people had not been forced to work for a living, perhaps they had not created ​​the things they have 
Martin: 
So it's a side effect we are talking about and not competition in general? 
Ole: 
No, it's very complicated. 
Martin: 
But then you're now touching the whole basis of the free market 
Ole: 
What it has led to're highly problematic and where they have attempted to tie them through government controls have indeed created some absolutely terrible results 
Martin: 
So it could have been done otherwise? 
Ole: 
Then it really should be done otherwise! 
You have to prevent a concentration of power and one can only imagine the slow transitions 
Martin: but we havn't got the time.. 
Ole: 
No, we havn't got the time if we are to achieve it within your prediction horizon 
Martin: 
What would you do first if you were to start a positive process now? 
Ole: 
Then we should start tomorrow already by going out in town and tell every person you meet no matter if you know the them or not, something nice about them ...and then see what happens.. 
It's actually not that easy.. 
Martin: 
It's probably not so easy, no... and if everyone did it at once.. it would be a great day for everyone.. 
Ole: 
A fantastic day, right.. 
Martin: 
The sun would shine 
Can we act in a group, can we pull together? 
Ole: 
Yes, if we don't lift as a mass but as a Community 
How do you see these "occupied movement"? 
Is that community or is that mass? 
Ole: 
Uhhhmmm .... they have a characteristic of the mass .. spontaneity, right? they are not organized .. but at the same time they are... directed at a goal and driven by an idealism and it moves them out of the mass concept 
Martin: 
And as you see it, the ideal and the goal is what? 
Ole: 
To prevent that resources are wasted and that human selfishness will shape government policies and in any way, the whole human living conditions 
The mass never act normative, if it does, it is directed 
Martin: 
It will be overruled? 
Ole: 
Yes, as Hitler led the masses.. 
Old: 
But if the mass really follow standards that are freely chosen by the individual it's no longer a mass.. but something different.. movement 
Martin: 
But don't you see it as a movement? 
Ole: 
Yes I do, also because they recruit to many different groups in society, right and to many age groups which is also extremely interesting 
Martin: 
Yes, but now as a global Prime Minister, you can do what you want, but 
You're also allowed to put some of these philosophical considerations on the line 
Anything we could do in there? 
I had another guest who suggested that we should teach philosophy right from the early grades 
Ole: 
Well, I would say that it is well worthwhile to ask the question .. "who am I"? 
Martin: 
Already in the early grades? 
Ole: 
Yes, and then let the individual find out for themselves how to formulate the problem and how to answer it 
Martin: 
So a careful introduction to existentialism? 
Ole: and identity politics,yes that wouldn't be so bad and then as the next exercise "Who are you"? that one's not that easy, is it? we live a life with each other based on qualified guesses, right? which in a sense is tragic, right?.. but on the other hand it's very good that we can't look into each other's consciousness 
Martin: 
So the "Who are you" project, might start a dialogue and that wouldn't be so bad? 
No, and dialogue has also been found in Norwegian experiments at different grade levels that dialogue Capacity and the development of it, it promotes a huge amount of skills in other subjects 
It's like music .. music is a dialogue, right? 
Ole: it's just on another level. 
Martin: 
Music is the best.. 
Martin: 
I have an old plan to combine singing, dancing and fighting because it is the oldest culture all expressions and there must be a formation of dealing with that in some abstract synthesis 
But we can not really get around culture, can we? 
Foundation of culture if we are to be humans. 
Ole: 
We can not! 
Martin: 
And if you look at how the media is today as the cultural subjekts is starved, right? 
To some extend. 
Ole: 
Yes it is.. 
Martin: 
If you look away from it completely popped 
Ole: 
Yes yes and the unified but culture is the participation so that requires the interaction it is not a spectator role that's why I enjoy amateur music and dance so much and in fact also the fight, right because it is integration, integration you have to take part, you should not be excluded, you shouldn't just sit and stare 
You must have all the senses involved and all the bodily 
I also made another word in my doctoral thesis which I called "Synkinestesi" 
See, in neurobiologists the senses deputize each other, not. 
"I can taste how you look" or "I can hear how the tree is" but forKinesis you get movement with in and movement embraces everything in psychology it is called proprioception which is the sense of your own body and it is the feeling that, as in a probe moves you through the world and then it's the movement that brings together all your senses and the movement expressed in dance, in battle and in the music, right 
Martin: 
Yes, it's also one of the things we are allowed to tell you people, that you may well start thinking about everything as in movement because everything is basically motion and the more one goes into the movement, the easier life you get it is no more than a few years ago it dawned on me that our beloved Greeks didnt have a word for music 
What is called "musica" is a blend of all the musical expression, so 
If one started playing, there was of course one that began to dance, another who sang and everyone attended there was no real audience until far into antiquity 
I think we could learn something from that, and it's also what you say that the movement becomes a part of it 
I'm sorry to say so but if you want to continue the illusion as a earthling please do, but I would love to help you so if I may, in the other dimensions, you let me know in any case, I think we should all lean at Ole Fogh Kirkeby's wise words 
A true philosopher, I hope it plants seeds out there in small ponds 
And so I thank you for your participation, Kirkeby's one of the good guys in philosophy master's in human and Dr. Phil of management philosophy at Copenhagen business school. and director of the "Centre for Art and management". 
Did I say that the right way? 
Ole: 
Yes 
That is very much in one person 
Thank you for joining and send me a letter at: 
Martin@tvfraenandenplanet.dk and if you sit at home and think "wish it was me who was alien" then you may very well be 
Look into my eyes and be inspired, then perhaps we'll meet in a dimention 
Thank's for now 
So that's, you know, coming along. 
I'm working with a vocal coach. 
Strengthening the... 
Lot of guys ignore the laugh and that's about standards. 
I mean.... 
If you want to get into the evil league of evil, you have to have a memorable laugh. 
What? 
Did you think Bad Horse didn't work on his weenie? 
His terrible death weenie. 
No response BTW from the league yet. 
But my application is strong this year. 
A letter of condamnation from the deputy mayor. 
That's gotta have some weight so... 
Fingers crossed! 
E-mails! 
Too-sly-for-you writes "hey, genius!" 
Whoa! 
Sarcasm, that's original! 
"Where are the gold bars you were supposed to pull out of that bank vault with your transmatter ray?" 
"Obviously it failed or it would be in the papers." 
Well, no, they're not gonna say anything in the press but... 
Behold! 
Transported from there to here! 
The molecules tend to shift during the... 
Transmatter.... uh... events. 
But they were transported in bar form. 
And they clearly were... 
And by the way it's not about making money, it's about taking money. 
Destroying the status quo because the status is not quo. 
The world is a mess and I just... 
Need to rule it. 
I'm gonna... 
Smells like cuman. 
So transmatter is 75%. 
And more importantly the freeze ray is almost up. 
This is the one. 
Stops time. 
Freeze ray. 
Tell your friends. 
We have... 
Oh, here's one from our good friend Johnny Snow. 
"Dr. Horrible, I see you are once again afraid to do battle with your nemesis. 
I waited at Dully Park for 45 minutes." Okay, dude. 
You're not ... my nemesis. 
My nemesis... is Captain Hammer 
Captain Hammer corporate tool. 
He dislocated my shoulder. 
Again. 
Last week. 
Look, I'm just trying to change the world, okay? 
I don't have time for a grudge match with every poser in a parka'. 
Besides there's kids in that park so... 
Here's one from dead-not-sleeping. 
Long time watcher, first time writing. 
Blah blah blah blah. 
"You always say in your blog that you will show her the way," show her you're a true villain. 
Who is her? 
And does she even know that you're... 
Laundry day... 
See you there. 
Under things... tumbelling. 
Wanna say... 
"Love your hair" 
Here I go... mumbling. 
With my freeze ray I will stop... 
The world. 
With my freeze ray I will find the time to find the words to... 
Tell you how... 
How you make... make me feel. 
What's the phrase? 
Like a fool. 
Kinda sick. 
Special needs. 
Anyways... with my freeze ray I will stop... 
The pain. 
It's not a death ray or an ice beam, that's so Johnny Snow. 
I just think you need time to know that I'm the guy to make it real. 
The feelings you don't dare to feel. 
I'll bend the world to our will. 
And we'll make time stand still. 
That's the plan. 
Rule the world. 
You and me. 
Any day. 
- Love your hair. 
- What? 
No, I love the air. 
Anyway, with my freeze ray I will stop... 
- Hey, doc. 
- Moist, my evil, moisture buddy, what's going on? 
Life of crime. 
Got your mail. 
Hey, didn't you go on a date last night? 
Conflict Diamond told me you were doubling with Bait And Switch. 
Yeah. 
Yeah? 
It was alright. 
I kinda thought I was supposed to end up with Bait but... 
I hear you. 
I saw Penny today. 
You talked to her? 
So close. 
Just a few weeks from a real audible connection. 
I'm gonna ask... 
Oh my God! 
Is that from the league? 
It's from him, that's his seal, isn't it? 
The leader? 
Oh my God! 
I got a letter from Bad Horse! 
That's so hardcore. 
Bad Horse is legend, he rules the league with an iron hoof. 
Are you sure you want....... 
Bad Horse! 
Bad Horse! 
Bad Horse! 
Bad Horse! 
He rides across the nation the thorough bread of sin. 
He got the application that you just sent in. 
It needs evaluation so let the games begin. 
A heinous crime to show of course. 
A murder would be nice of course. 
Bad Horse! 
Bad Horse! 
Bad Horse! 
He's bad! 
The evil league of evil is watching so beware! 
The grade that you receive will be your last, we swear. 
So make the Bad Horse prideful or he'll make you his mare. 
You saddled up, there's no recourse. 
It high ho silver, signed Bad Horse. 
- I don't know. 
- Are you kidding? 
This is great! 
I'm about to pull a major heist! 
You know, the Wonderflonium that I need for the freeze ray? 
It's being transported tomorrow! 
Armored car? 
Courrier van. 
Candy for a baby. 
Do you need anything dampened or made soggy? 
Thanks but... the league is watching. 
I gotta do this alone. 
Will you lend a caring hand to shelter those who need it? 
You only have to sign your name. 
Don't even have to read it. 
Would you help... 
No? 
How about you? 
- Will you lend a caring hand... - Ah! 
What? 
I was wondering if I could just... 
Hey! 
I know you. 
Hello. 
You know me. 
Cool! 
I mean... yeah, you do. 
Do you? 
From the laundromat. 
Wednesdays and Saturdays except twice last month you skipped a weekend. 
Or... if that was you. 
Could have been someone else. 
I mean, I've seen you. 
Billy is my name. 
I'm Penny. 
What are you doing? 
Hmmm... texting. 
Very important or I would stop. 
What are you doing? 
Actually, I'm out here volunteering for the Caring Hands homeless shelter. 
Can you spare a minute? 
Hum... 
Okay, go. 
We're hoping to open a new location soon. 
Expand our efforts. 
There's this great building nearby that the city is just gonna demolish and turn into a parking lot. 
- But if we get enough signatures... - Signatures? 
Yeah. 
I'm sorry. 
Go on. 
I was saying... 
Maybe we could get the city to donate the building to our cause. 
We would be able to pry 250 new beds, get people off the streets and into job training so they could buy rocket packs and go to the Moon and become florists. 
You're not really interested in the homeless, are you? 
No, I am. 
But they're a symptom. 
You're treating a symptom and the disease rages on, consumes the human race. 
The fish rots from the head as they say. 
So my thinking is why not cut off the head. 
Of the human race? 
It's not a perfect metaphor but I'm talking about an overhaul of the system. 
Putting the power in different hands. 
I'm all for that! 
- This petition is about the building. 
- I'd love to sign it. 
Thank you! 
Sorry, I come on strong. 
But you signed! 
I don't wanna turn my back on a fellow laundering person. 
Well, if we can't stick together, I don't... 
I'll probably see you there. 
No, I will. 
I... 
She talked to me. 
Why did she talk to me now? 
Maybe I should... 
A man's gotta do what a man's gotta do. 
Don't plan the plan if you can't follow through. 
All that matters is taking matters into your own hands. 
Soon I'll control everything. 
Hey! 
Hey! 
My wish is your command! 
Stand back everyone! 
Nothing here to see! 
The rest are for you Okay? 
Damn you! 
Landal， what are you doing? 
He said... 
No， he taught me to play the piano， but I failed 
I'll take my leave 
Lisa， he... 
I forgot to say goodbye to you 
Thank you. 
Come and drink soup some other day 
Outrageous! 
I'll win her over for sure 
Landal， what are you doing the whole night? 
Go and see a doctor tomorrow 
What're you doing? 
I told you to my underpants but you're watching the landscape 
Appear before me when I count up to three 1， 2， 3 
Sister wants you to go down to have dinner 
Your potbelly is protruding 
Let me take you somewhere to reduce weight 
I'm hefty 
What's wrong? 
Sister, you've been beaten out of shape. 
Go now 
Brother, we've won these 
Any ladies present care to challenge our big sister? 
You may all get prizes 
There are two types. 
You get $1，000 if you lose 
You get $5，000 if you won't concede defeat 
lf you beat her by chance you can take away her gold belt plus a silver cup courtesy of Uncle Chow 
Anyone interested may enrol 
Three minutes' interval 
Go now 
Let's watch a little longer. 
See who's the challenger 
Wait， let me talk to my friend 
Okay 
My girlfriend wants to fight 
Who's it? 
Mini， come here 
What kind of a fight? 
Fight to the last. 
Pay now 
Tell her to come over 
Come here 
Please make way 
Robert 
Sit down 
Let me take care of her 
I'll go and buy soft drinks. 
Wait here 
Miss， you're burly 
The competition begins 
What's it? 
Your boyfriend volunteered you. 
The money has been paid 
When did I say that? 
Go now I won't fight， I didn't say I would 
She's really got the nerve. 
She's special 
She'll crush you to death! 
Miss， I give up. 
I give up 
I give up 
Beat her 
Don't! 
Open up 
Help， help! 
I hate being hit on the chest， you bitch! 
Landal， what are you doing inside? 
Why so noisy? 
Nothing. 
I'm composing 
Does it sound pleasant? 
So-so 
What happened? 
My brother's still not back. 
What about your sister? 
Mimi hasn't returned either 
You alone? 
And me. 
What do you want? 
I feel a bit lonely 
Shall I keep you company? 
No. 
Good night 
Good night 
Landal， go to bed early 
Okay 
Lonely? 
Why not call a girl? 
Tina， on call? 
Tina's here. 
For taking out? 
Yes 
Where? 
23 La Salle road， 2nd floor. 
2nd floor, get it? 
Yes， 15 minutes 
Good 
You want to take away my girl? 
Never 
What's going on at this hour? 
You're lonely， I've come to keep you company 
Please come in and sit down Yes 
Come， come 
Come， come 
Look 
Good. 
See how you'll end up 
You really are wicked 
What's going on at this hour? 
You're lonely， I've come to keep you company 
Come in and sit down 
Why don't you turn round? 
Go and sit down 
Remember, when Tina comes， tell her to take off everything 
Then you take off everything to go to bed with her 
lf any girls come， tell her to go home. 
Understand? 
Yes 
Boss， here you are 
Not me， he's inside 
Boss， Tina's here. 
What do you want? 
Take off everything 
Okay 
Then you take off everything to go to bed 
You really are impatient 
I'll go down and get Lisa to have a look 
Her sister's back 
I win， I win 
What has become of you? 
Where's your brother? 
Not yet back 
The car's outside and you said he' not back 
Bastard! 
Robert 
Brother-in-law， you... 
Go back and eat shit! 
And you eat papayas? 
You're special 
You really are macho 
Sure， get busy 
Sister, hurry up 
You can't do it asleep 
Don't waste it 
Sister, hurry up 
Hurry up 
Open up 
Brother-in-law， I know you're inside. 
Open up 
Sister, you keep watch. 
See where you're hiding 
Sister, come in and help me find him 
Learn it now 
Have you seen my brother-in-law going out? 
No 
ln the toilet. 
Go and find him 
Open up， open up quickly 
Come out quickly to get punished 
Open up. 
Come out and you'll see it 
Open up. 
Open up quickly 
What's wrong 
Open up 
Open up quickly 
There's no one inside 
Why's it locked inside if there's no one in? 
Right， explain it 
Maybe， there are thieves! 
You bastard! 
Make way. 
Let me kick the door open 
The laundry not having been cleaned for days 
You can kill any human trampling this way 
Maybe you're seeing things. 
Don't disturb them. 
Go now 
lmpossible， I clearly saw it 
Don't! 
I'm drowning 
Go now. 
It'd be bad if they returned 
Please 
I'll cope with you some other day 
I don't know what you're up to. 
Anyway， you must pay 
How much? $200，000? 
No， make it $20，000 
Thank you， boss 
Where's he? 
Landal， where have you been? 
The Seven-Eleven， to buy shampoo 
Why are you wet through? 
I was pouring at Seven-Eleven 
Why's your head covered with suds? 
I had a shampoo because it's wet 
This is the detergent， not the shampoo 
I took the wrong thing. 
I must go back and change it 
Who are you looking for? 
She's coming up 
Miss， it's late. 
Come some other day 
You've put on my underpants 
You must be crazy 
Now I've got the proof 
Take them off now 
Okay 
These are yours. 
Take them back 
ln fact， it was my fault 
I shouldn't have lent the room to... 
Excuse me 
Lisa， David's a ghost 
A ghost? 
You're a womanizing ghost 
Go now. 
I won't see you any more 
Lisa， open up 
Lisa， open up 
Outrageous. 
Let me get someone to cope with you 
Hsiu， why don't you seek the help of Master Chao? 
Forget it. 
He got chopped to death when trying to catch a cherry ghost 2 days ago 
lsn't it dangerous to catch him? 
It's all right if we don't go out in the street 
Go in 
What are you doing? 
What are you doing? 
Sister 
Landal， what are you doing? 
Molestation! 
Lisa， I can't convince you with what I say 
I can only prove it to you 
He's here. 
Open the window 
Help， help! 
I've to go out 
Don't go out! 
Keep calm 
Shut up 
The sun's so strong he can't go out 
Burn the sulphur powder to smother him 
Let me 
You come in through the balcony 
What do you want? 
To take you for barbecuing 
Get hold of him 
Trying to run? 
Kill him 
Take him out and shine him to death 
Take him out quickly 
lnvisible. 
Over there. 
Trying to run 
Trying to run? 
Run? 
Missing 
Spray black dog mild to make him visible 
Spray lime on his face so he can't get away 
Over here 
Spray lime 
Get hold of him 
Break open the door 
Harder 
It's scalding 
Let's all pass water to drown him 
Don't! 
Higher 
Okay 
Don't! 
You're terrific 
Use the vacuum cleaner to suck him 
Why's he missing? 
lnside 
Blow him out 
Okay 
What happened? 
Kill him 
Hit him 
Come out or I'll smother you to death 
There's a hole 
Bad， he's collapsed. 
Resuscitate him 
Don't be afraid. 
Let me 
You scare me 
Trying to murder? 
We're trying to help only 
Come out quickly 
No 
Good 
I'll kill you with these 
Damn you! 
Have patience. 
Tell the sisters to come up 
Let me use this to stab him dead 
Don't! 
I may get killed before he does 
I have a way out 
Trying to run? 
Use the coat hanger to hook him out 
Come on， open his mouth 
How's it going? 
How's it going? 
He's got hooked 
I'll let go when I count to 3 and you hook him out 1， 2， 3 
Get hold of him 
Wait. 
Why are you still staying here? 
I want to get your first time 
lf I can't break your virginity before midnight 
I'll never get reincarnated 
Where's Robert? 
I'm Robert. 
Robert is me 
Lisa， please help me so I may get reincarnated 
Never 
Let me help you if sister won't do it 
Don't! lf you touch me I may be sent down to hell 
What? 
Sorry， I can't help you 
I'll find someone else then. 
Bye 
Never. 
Get hold of him 
Get hold of him 
Get hold of him. 
Don't let him get away 
Follow him 
Landal， are you all right? 
It's all because of you 
Had you yielded to me， he wouldn't have got you involved 
I.... 
Shut up! 
I may say it now even when I'm not drunk 
We've been dating for 7 years. 
We kissed and caressed 
Why can't we do that? 
Speak up 
Can't we not hear it? 
No， she must tell me why 
My mammy said a man getting intimate with a girl before marriage may desert her some day 
Did your mammy tell you that? 
I was not in， sister, right? 
My daddy told me I must try it by any means 
Otherwise， she may become secondhand like her 
Right What? 
My mammy told me like that 
My daddy told me like that 
What now? 
Well， your daddy's right， and so's your mammy 
But that bloody ghost won't give up so easily 
What now? 
Go down for the wedding night 
Okay 
Go now 
Sister, now the 1st thing is to take a bath 
Hurry up 
Why are you wearing a hat? 
Higher 
Open up， Mimi， the groom's here 
Take care 
Lucky money for opening the door 
How much? $99，999.90 
So expensive， I give up 
Name your pricer 
Make it cheape 
I'll pay you $9.90. 
Give me 10 $ change 
So little? 
Go in 
Great 
You can't do it drunk like that 
Let me do it for him 
Go out of the window， just in case 
You two keep the door 
You go and get a hot towel 
Landal， Landal 
Landal 
What are you so surreptitious? 
Nothing， sir 
You must go down tonight 
I know. 
Let me have more chat before the time's up 
I'll come back to pick you up 
Don't go away 
Take care 
Time's running out. 
I'll have the make-or-break try 
Keep away， bloody ghost 
Wake up 
A cup of ginseng tea to sober him 
What，s up? 
Nothing. 
It's scalding 
It's scalding 
I want to drink wine 
You'll wake up soon after drinking 
You're nice. 
Mimi， you give me wine 
Drink， drink it quickly 
Be nice and drink it 
He's coming to. 
You go out now 
Since when have you put on eyeglasses? 
It's nice 
Where's Mimi? 
Where's she? 
ln the kitchen 
Help her up Quickly 
Wish that lousy ghost won't play Landal 
Landal? 
Where's Landal? 
He's sleeping in the room 
Drink more， drink 
You... 
Endure... 
Landal， don't drink any more 
Don't drink any more 
One more gulp 
Still want to drink? 
Yes， yes 
Fine. 
I'll bring you something good 
Drink 
Anything good to drink in the toilet? 
What's this? 
Hot beer 
Help him 
Can be drunk now 
It's a bit salty and sweet. 
What's this? 
Cindy， drink it 
Make him drink 
Drink 
He'll come to when he vomits it 
Play me? 
You're and impostor 
I'm genuine， you're an impostor 
I have bad odor. 
Come and smell it 
It's strong 
He's an impostor. 
Go and get hold of him 
You haven't smelt me yet 
Paul， you smell it 
Well， no smell? 
Lisa， you know my secret. 
Say it 
Right， you say it 
Landal's hair is a wig 
Right 
You're great 
Lisa， what secret has he got? 
No， this is all I know 
Lisa， I didn't want to tell you 
When I was a child. 
I saw a bitch die， survived by a puppy 
I pitied him and lifted him up 
He was so hungry he bit off my teat abruptly 
The left one is artificial 
And you? 
The right one， not the left 
Wrong， the left side 
Right side 
Left side 
Right side 
Left side 
Right side 
Left side 
It's a waste of time arguing with you 
Lisa， this is artificial， but my heart is true 
Bring a knife 
Two Landals. 
Don't! 
I'll prove it with death 
Me， too 
Bad! 
Damned ghost! 
Landal 
Transfigured one after another. 
Follow me 
I'll go and get bandages 
Landal， you're great 
It's nothing 
Bandage 
Lisa， would you reject me for my defects? 
No， if only you're true 
Take it away. 
See if you can transform any more 
All moved away 
Dot， take it out 
You two go to bed 
Go now 
Go to bed Tsung， keep watching 
No problem 
As of now， we'll stick together 
He can't change without a blanket or fan 
He can hid inside the thick mattress 
Move it away 
Let's watch inside. 
You do it 
Do it 
Yes， do it 
I can't with so many eyes looking at us 
Ok， let's push up the bed 1， 2， 3 
Act fast， but not too hard， or we can't hold it 
It works 
Darling， can such a wedding night be recorded in the Book of Guinness? 
Landal How come? 
What happened? 
She's kicking me 
I didn't 
No? 
This bed? 
Why's everything missing? 
Why? 
I beg you， or I can't get reincarnated 
You're crafty， you've changed into a bedsheet 
Take it out and burn it 
Don't! 
Tsung， bring gasoline 
Let's go out first 
Keep and eye on him 
Don't burn me 
Don't let him go 
Come on， sprinkle it on him 
Keep away， let me 
You're taking away my girlfriend? 
We've overpowered him at last 
Going away? 
Bad， what now? 
Finished! 
Thank you all 
The night is precious! 
We won't be in your way 
Go and drink beer 
Let's go and drink bee Go now 
Let's retire early 
I must go to the toilet 
Lisa， did you scream? 
This stool is so cute 
What? 
It's all right 
Go out then 
I've broken a virgin at last 
Go now 
Since when has your head turned black? 
Just now 
Did you do it by force? 
No， she sat down into me herself 
What? 
You're in trouble 
He's reappeared. 
Get him 
Take him out quickly 
You've gone too far 
Lisa， we've been a couple but once. 
Forget it 
Stop dreaming 
Well， give me something 
Okay， anything you want 
Lisa， use this sharp one 
Don't! 
Don't move 
Get hold of his legs 
Cut it down and fry it with oil and it won't get stale 
Don't， don't! 
Freedom of thought. 
Let us start reposessing our human rights, cause we are born free and equal and enjoy the same light we have a conscience we have reason and have dignity now let us act towards each other like we're family 
It should not matter what's your color, nor what gender you are 
What you believe, what you think, if you're from near or far 
Your position and your status, what country you are from 
All this does not matter cause we all belong 
We all share the right to live, and to be free and enjoy real security, in a shared humanity 
let there be no more degrading or slavery 
let us all stop the torture and the cruelty 
It is our duty to develop our personality, to live a happy life, responsibly and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public order for the welfare of society 
All mothers and children are entitled to special care and our protection 
Everyone has the right to access and the duty to at least some education. 
It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among nations, racial and religious groups for the maintenance of peaceful relations. 
Use your right for defence, you are not guilty until proven 
No penalty should be given unless it is appropriate 
No one should interfere with your correspondence home or family 
No one should be subject to attack on their reputation or their privacy. 
It is our duty to develop our personality, to live a happy life, responsibly and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public order for the welfare of society 
We are free to enjoy the benefits of art and science and take part in our culture and community 
All of the above must be upheld by us individually as well as internationally. 
We have the freedom of thought conscience and religion in privacy and publicly 
We can express our opinions freely and have the right to get together peacefully 
As members of society we are entitled to social security and the free development of our personality. 
Everyone has the right to work in just and fair conditions 
And to earn equal pay for a dignified humane existence. 
It is our duty to develop our personality, to live a happy life, responsibly and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public order for the welfare of society 
We are free to enjoy the benefits of art and science and take part in our culture and community 
All of the above must be upheld by us individually as well as internationally. 
It is our duty to develop our personality, to live a happy life, responsibly and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public order for the welfare of society 
We are free to enjoy the benefits of art and science and take part in our culture and community 
All of the above must be upheld by us individually as well as internationally. 
It is our duty to develop our personality, to live a happy life, responsibly and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public order for the welfare of society 
We are free to enjoy the benefits of art and science and take part in our culture and community 
All of the above must be upheld by us individually as well as internationally. 
And the pursuit of happiness 
IT IS OUR DUTY TO DEVELOP OUR PERSON.. debeluh ba ba bluh bl blubb ... and obey each others rights and freedoms with morality and public wel .. (off camera laughter) (whisper) ... one more.... ??? 
It is our duty to develop our personality and live ..?.. responsibly? 
[ Sneezes ] 
GlRL: 
You know how frustrating it is trying to help your kids when they're sick. 
I don't feel so good. 
GlRL: 
A visit to the doctor's office can be a challenge. 
[ Blows nose ] 
No, I don't want you to take my temperature. 
No! 
I wish it would feel better -- my ear. 
GlRL: 
Snort, sniffle, sneeze -- no antibiotics, please! 
As a parent, you want to help make your child feel better as fast as possible. 
It's tempting to think that antibiotics are the answer when your child is sick. 
But that may not always be the case. 
You don't look so good. 
A lot of illnesses can be caused by viruses, and antibiotics don't work on viruses. 
In fact, antibiotics are strong medicines that can have serious side effects. 
DR. WHlTNEY: 
I'm a doctor, but also the mother of two kids. 
So I've seen my share of waiting rooms like this. 
She's right. 
If antibiotics are used too often for things they can't treat, 
like colds, flu, or other viral infections, they can stop working effectively against bacteria when you really need them. 
Antibiotic resistance, when antibiotics can no longer cure bacterial infections, has been a concern for years. 
Everyday problems can become much worse if we can't use our first line of defense. 
Children can need hospitalization for superbugs that don't respond to common antibiotics. 
As a parent, you can do something. 
For example, understand that many ear infections and sore throats may not need antibiotics. 
Work with your doctor to understand the difference between infections that are viral and don't respond to antibiotics, 
like the cold or the flu, and infections that are bacterial and do respond to antibiotics, like strep throat. 
Always follow the directions on any antibiotic prescription. 
This means taking the prescribed amount of medicine, even if feeling better, and not sharing or saving antibiotics, not even for other family members. 
Antibiotics are a powerful tool. 
But you wouldn't slice a tomato with a chain saw, right? 
Antibiotics may not always be the answer. 
Learn more by working with your doctor or other healthcare provider to make sure your children always get the best treatment that's exactly right for them. 
Let's see how our other doctor is doing with her patients and find out what treatments might help. 
GlRL: 
Soothe a sore throat with ice chips, sore-throat spray, or lozenges, but don't give lozenges to young children. 
Use a decongestant or saline nasal spray to help relieve nasal symptoms. 
Put a warm, moist cloth over an ear that hurts. 
To help relieve a cough, use a clean humidifier or cool mist vaporizer or try breathing in steam from a bowl of hot water or a shower. 
You might need some pain reliever for that ache or fever. 
DR. WHlTNEY: 
It looks like her patients are in good hands. 
But remember, not all over-the-counter products are recommended for kids of certain ages. 
Your pharmacist can help you make the right choice. 
Learn more by visiting our website. 
We can all get smart about antibiotics. 
BOTH: 
I guess moms and doctors can work together. 
For some of you it may seem strange to talk about soil in a conference about food. 
And the reason for that is because food for most of us - we've created a food culture that essentially sees food as a commodity. 
For many of us, we don't even know why it has anything to do with food. 
And I want you to know, I'm not a soil scientist; as you've heard, I'm a farmer. 
But I have the privilege and the honor of having an association of colleagues and friends who have helped a lot with this, and so I want you to recognize the credits that I want to give for all the people that have helped in helping me talk about both soil and food. 
In this food culture in which food is essentially a commodity, most of us, I think, in our culture today, simply think about soil as dirt. 
It's simply that black stuff that's out there. 
And even some of our soil scientists have occasionally talked about soil as simply a material to hold a plant in place, and the way we grow food is everything else that we do - all the synthetic fertilizers that we put in, the pesticides that we use, that's what we use to raise food, and soil is just sort of there. 
But in point of fact, soil is critical. 
And what I want to do this afternoon is to help you understand some of that. 
And in the first place, the first thing to understand, is that soil is not dirt. 
Soil is, in fact, a very vibrant, living community. 
In fact, soil scientists, some of the things they tell us now, is there are more living organisms beneath the surface of the soil than there are above the surface of the soil. 
And it isn't just all of the things that we can see, the earthworms and the beetles and the ants, but it is those microorganisms which dominate all of our soil culture. 
In fact, as near as I can tell, soil scientists can't even come to an agreement about how many microorganisms there are in soil. 
I've seen some soil scientists refer to that as 50 million microorganisms in a single teaspoonful of soil, and others have said it could be as much as two and four billion. 
So this is a community of life, and if we're going to have not only good food but any food at all, we have to sustain that community of life in the soil. 
So this is one of the things that I want to help us understand today, 
And so, if it wasn't for that community of life, we wouldn't have any food, we wouldn't have any water, we wouldn't have any of us. 
And so I love the way Wes Jackson puts this because not only are we so dependent on all of that life for our life, but as we all know, eventually, we return to soil, right? 
So the way Wes has put this is that we are simply stopovers between soil and soil. 
(Laughter) 
And I think it's important for us to try to appreciate that as we try to come to understand changing the way we eat because we're not going to change the way we eat unless we recognize what we have to do in supporting our soil. 
Now, there are a couple of problems with this, and one of those problems is that currently, in the way in which we are producing our food, we are losing our soil at unprecedented rates. 
Just in the last half century, we've lost about half of our topsoil in this country. 
And not only have we lost it, but we also have degraded it. 
A recent study just came out by the United Nations which has indicated that 25% of the remaining soil on our planet is now degraded. 
In other words, it no longer has the vitality to produce the kind of food that we've all heard today that we need. 
The other thing is that soil is essentially not a renewable material, it's not a renewable resource, because it has taken the earth millions of years to accumulate this soil. 
So unless you want to hang around for a million years, it's going to be very difficult to see this soil that we've lost and are losing, restored. 
So I want to share with you just about a minute and a half from a wonderful documentary which Deborah Koons Garcia has spent the last four years putting together, and it's going to be released to the public in March of this year called "Symphonies of Soil," and I hope all of you get a chance to see it when it comes out, but John Reganold who is a soil scientist at Washington State University, in the beginning of this film, tells us how nature developed and accumulated this soil in the various landscapes. 
Well, let's take just a moment and listen to John tell his story. 
(Video) John Reganold: 
Soils have parents, just like we have parents, so they came from somewhere. 
And soils form from some material that's in a particular location. 
So in this location, we had wind-blown sediments that came in, and you have these loose sediments that are mostly silt-sized particles called loess - L-O-E-S-S, with some clay and some sand, and then soil formed. 
That kind of material is transported. 
It's transported parent material because it came in by the wind. 
Other types of parent material can come in by the water. 
You can have rivers that overflow, like along the Mississippi, they deposit alluvium. 
Water rushes out of a mountain range, it might drop a lot of material, 
like an alluvial fan. 
When they deposit that material, new soils form in that material. 
And then we also have glacially-transported material - soils that formed in glacial sediment. 
When those glaciers melt, they drop the material. 
We also have soils that are not transported. 
We have soils that form in place. 
Right where we're standing now, we're on a butte, kind of an old mountain range. 
This particular mountain, the soils formed from rock in place. 
It was exposed; after probably a million years, we had a soil that actually formed in that rock. 
So transported soils - rough to say, 
I'm guessing 70-75% of our soils formed in transported parent material. 
Then another 25% formed in soils that are in place. 
A lot of those are up in the mountains. 
Fred Kirschenmann: 
OK, so it's taken millions of years for nature to accumulate this soil. 
Now, there's another problem: that is, that we're losing soil now at even faster rates, primarily because as climate change is coming into the picture, we have more severe weather events. 
So this was what a lot of the landscape looked like in the heartland where we have some of the richest soil in the spring of 2008 when we had two weeks of incredibly heavy rainfalls, and this is what we saw on the landscape out there, so we've been losing that soil now, and it's threatened at a much, much faster rate even than we have in the past. 
So now it's easy to simply blame the farmers, and say, 
"Well, look, the farmers ought to be better stewards, they ought to take better care of this," but the point is that we have all been part of creating a food system that puts farmers in the position where they have to do simply one thing, and that is, produce as much of the food as cheaply as possible. 
And so what they do now, what they have been put into a position to do, is to concentrate the animals in one place as we've heard about earlier today, because that is presumably a more efficient way to produce meat, and, our crops are now produced in these huge monocultures, because again, it's a more efficient way to produce food in as cheap a way as possible, so the landscape now looks like this. 
So we don't have any of that diversity that's a part of a necessity of creating that biologically healthy soil that actually feeds all of that living community beneath the surface of the soil. 
Now fortunately - you could be tired of hearing me talk about all the problems - there is some good news, because we do know that there are alternatives. 
A friend of mine, Matt Liebman, who is an agronomist at Iowa State University, has now done eight years of research in which he has simply looked in these research plots as a simple thing. 
Suppose that instead of having this two-year rotation, that specialize in just corn and beans, we had a three-year rotation, where you have the corn and beans, and then you have a small grain with clover interseeded, and then the clover, of course, is a legume, so it fixes nitrogen in the soil, and then you incorporate that rich, green plant material as a green manure into the soil - all of that begins to feed that living community in the soil that it needs. 
Or, compare it with a four-rotation where you have corn and beans, and then the small grain with alfalfa, and then another year of alfalfa. 
What Matt has discovered if you do that, we could reduce our pesticide use by 97%, we could [reduce our synthetic] fertilizers by a little over 90%, and the return to land and labor for farmers could actually be somewhat higher than it is in this specialized corn and soybean rotation. 
And a farmer by the name of Dick Thompson in Iowa has in fact adopted some of this kind of diversified farming. 
And what soil scientists have discovered, instead of having 18,000 earthworms per acre in his fields which are fairly typical; that may sound like a lot to you, but on Dick's farms there are 1.3 million earthworms. 
And the organic matter, instead of being a little over 2% organic matter, is now 6.5% on his farm. 
So we do know some of the things that we need to do. 
Here's what the difference is in what the soil looks like in that two-year rotation and the three- and four-year rotation - it's more porous, it has more organic matter, it's that community, that habitat that's needed in order to produce the kind of food that we need. 
And then at the Land Institute in Salina Kansas where geneticists have now been developing a perennial variety of grain like wheat and sorghum, etc., instead of an annual, if you look on the left-hand side, that's the root system from a perennial crop; on the right-hand side, from an annual crop. 
It's a much more dense root system, goes into the soil 15-18 [inches], makes the plant more drought resistant, and of course, again, does exactly what needs to be done in that soil habitat for all of that living community in the soil. 
And again, here's the living evidence: the hand on your right-hand side - this is, incidentally, all from the same field, it's just that on the right-hand side is where the perennial crop is being grown, on the left-hand side is where the annual crop is being grown. 
And again, that's the community, on the right-hand side, that a living community needs. 
And then we have both researchers and farmers who are now working with winter cover crops. 
In other words, when you simply use soil to grow food, then you have living plant materials on there probably four or five months out of the year. 
The rest of the time the soil lays idle; it's not an ideal condition for all of that living community in the soil. 
If you put a winter cover crop on there, you have all kinds of benefits. 
The cover crops take up a lot of the nitrogen and other nutrients in the soil, and they hold it in the plant over the winter months so it doesn't leach off into streams into ground water, and off into the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, but it stays there on the surface of the soil. 
And then when you go back to planting food crop again, you incorporate that into the soil and put those nutrients back into the soil. 
And then again, together with some compost, here's what you see, what the soil looks like when you use these winter cover crops. 
And again, provides that community for all of those living organisms in the soil. 
And then we have another approach, which is using what's called permaculture. in which, especially young farmers, are now finding ways to regard the farm, really like an organism, where all of the plants and the animals in the system support each other and provide the goods and services for each other, which again, enables this healthy soil to emerge, and animals can perform all kinds of services. 
Here, for example, turkeys are out there in a squash field eating the insects, so it takes care of that so you don't have to have an insecticide. 
All of these benefits. 
And then, of course, compost is absolutely critical in all of these different kinds of approaches. 
Adding compost and using all of this- you know, roughly 80% of the material that we put out on our curb to have the garbage collectors pick up and goes into landfills could be composted, and could be used to restore the soil in our own communities. 
And again, this is what the soil looks like when you add that. 
Now, how are we going to bring about these changes? 
Well, part of it is the changes are going to come because all of the resources that we use to maintain our current system without paying attention to the soil, 
like oil, like phosphorus, like rock phosphate, all of these materials, we're drawing down, and as we do, they become more expensive. 
And as this recent study at the United Nations points out, every time that the cost of that energy that we need to produce that food goes up, the cost of food goes up. 
So at some point it's simply going to become unaffordable. 
Now that's the dark side of what's going to bring about the changes. 
You probably wouldn't have expected a photograph of chefs in a story about soil. 
But we now have a new school of chefs that we call the farm-to-table chefs, and they have discovered that the easiest way, the most effective way to get the kind of taste that they want in the food that they want to serve their customers, is by having the food grown in this kind of rich soil. 
They are now rewarding farmers, working with farmers, to manage the soil this way, to produce the food this way, and to serve it in their restaurants. 
And then we have a new generation of young people all across this country who want to do this. 
They want to learn how to manage the soil this way; they want to learn how to produce food this way, and to produce the food for those chefs, and for farmers markets and for CSAs so that all of us can acquire it. 
Then there's that next generation behind this generation, and that's the children. 
All across this country now we're starting to have [little] gardens; we are starting to have children coming out to places like the Stone Barn Center where I'm connected. 
We have 10,000 children now that come to learn about how to care for soil and how to grow food, and they're going to become the next generation enabling us to do this. 
And then there's something that anyone of you can do and individuals are doing, and that is that you can either buy or even make your own compost bin for your own backyard. 
And all of those food wastes in your kitchen and leaves in your yard can be turned into compost and put into your own garden, put on your own lawn. 
And this is one of the most important things that all of us can do and need to do because the most important inheritance that we can leave for our children is biologically healthy soil. 
It is our lifeline to the future and every one of us can help make that happen. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
(This film has been recognized by the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve) 
All of the occupation of land along the coast, throughout our history, 
Along its history, the Earth has endured several cooling periods, 
Along the Brazilian coastline, it is determined by humidity 
Among world's most biodiverse areas, 
And 19 million trees fall each day. 
Atlantic Forest 
Between the Amazon Forest and what is left of the Atlantic Forest, more than half the world's total 
Brazil has the longest tropical coast, and the longest stretch of sandy beaches in the world. 
But a very important side of the story is that the Atlantic Forest 
During these periods, the amount of ice on the poles increases. 
From algae through the nearest coastal vegetation, following the humidity, 
From its meeting with the ocean, the Atlantic Forest mimics the story of life. 
In Brazil, what is left of the Atlantic Forest takes up 1% of the country, 
In Scarpa itself, the physiographic and ecological history has been extraordinary. 
In the Atlantic Forest that is quite noticeable, although not so widely known. 
It is important to know that a forest has great financial potential for exploration. 
It resulted in the total area, which used to be as large as one million square kilometers, 
It took about 150 million years for the distance between to continents to come to what it is today. 
It's a story that began when Africa and the Americas were still joined together 
It's impossible to explain, to think or even to redirect the country's history 
Obviously many species had already existed before, but the diversity has been 
One cannot thrive without the other. 
So I think this point is crucial. 
So the relationship between the water and the forest is a very close dependency. 
Starting about 150 million years ago, the two continents started separating 
The Atlantic Forest is one of the world's rain forests. 
The forests were entered, worked on, 
The measurements that have been made in recent years indicate that 
The numbers are overwhelming. 
The ocean waters recede from the coasts. 
The principal conditioning factor in the Atlantic Forest is climate. 
The story of the Atlantic Forest is a very old story 
There was rain and heat arriving at the Scarpas, 
These forests have a long biological history. 
They live in traditional communities that know how to manage the Forest's resources 
They occur mainly in between the tropics, 
They show that we won't see even 30 more years of forest coverage. 
They were long-term cycles that set new conditions for life on the planet. 
This destruction didn't end with the economic cycles of the past. 
Through plains, dunes and valleys, 
Two of these areas are in Brazil: the cerrado and the Atlantic Forest. 
Waterfalls, springs, groundwater... 
All this right in the middle of the jungle. 
We need to consider not only their culture, but also how to return these benefits 
We soon realize the importance of this rain forest, 
Weather becomes drier and cooler. 
You don't find such abundant water in a place without a lot of vegetation. all the way to the top of the mountains. all these are bits of our history that have seized upon the Atlantic Forest. and irrigate Brazil's Southeast Region. and it still has not stopped increasing. and so many benefits are being taken from the Atlantic Forest. and that water is a constant sight here. being reduced to practically 80 thousand square kilometers, but hosts the highest plant diversity index on the planet. coming from the Atlantic Ocean, which causes rain along the entire coastline. decomposing the rock that was forming, allowing vegetation to grow improved by a series of climate changes. in areas that see more than 1800mm of yearly rainfall. is home to a very large traditional population, known as glaciations. 
largely eliminated by social and economic processes. mangroves and bushes spread only about 8% of its pre-colonization size. particularly at this time when there is so much debate over biotech and patents, rain forest area is located inside Brazil. spawning the environment where today there lies the Atlantic Forest sustainably, i.e. there is a traditional science to the handling of the Atlantic Forest, the clearing of forests for coffee plantation, sugar cane taking over the Northeast, the forest roams. those who have lost at least 70% of their original vegetation are known as "hot spots". to these traditional communities. we've lost about the size of a football field every four minutes. which we need to understand, rescue and value, whose culture is connected to the Atlantic Forest. without going through the Atlantic Forest as a starting point. 
The final for the outdoor cooking class is a practicum. 
It's where they combine all of the things that they've learned through this class and doing it for a large cooking group. 
At first they're scared, but generally by the end, and it's all done they're really happy with their results. 
They felt like they've made a good product, they've pleased the people that they have been producing their meal for and they've had fun. 
I liked it where it combined everything that they could do in their class and give them some practical experience in what they've learned. 
Britney Spears' chilean impersonator Rehearsal room, Santiago April 2012 JL. 
Torres Leiva 
How to Study for an Online Course 
To be successful in any course, you will need to develop good study habits. 
Much like face-to-face courses, one aspect related to studying for an online course is your study environment. 
As you discovered earlier in the module each person has their own learning style. 
Your learning style should be taken into consideration when selecting your study environment. 
Some individuals need a very quiet place to study to be able to concentrate; others need music, or other sound, in the background. 
Contrary to some people's belief, studying with the TV on is not usually effective. 
Also, your learning style will help you decide if you should study by yourself or in a study group. 
Choose the location where you study carefully, taking into mind that it needs to have good lighting, be at a comfortable temperature, and be free from distractions. 
To study successfully, you must manage your time effectively. 
Make sure to schedule adequate time over the course of the week to watch lecture videos, read course materials, work o 
Good afternoon! 
I am the only ex 87 detainee speaking speaking and as most of the speakers have spoken in English and will be in English, I would like to speak in Mandarin. 
Ok! 
Dear citizens, dear friends, it has been 25 years! 
I was asked why the sudden hype this year when you guys had all along been keeping a low profile. 
Not so! we had on several occasions in the past, marked the event in different ways. 
This year is a special year, we are very happy to see so many of you attending. 
It's 25 years passed. 
In 1987, 16 citizens were arrested under the Internal Security Act (ISA) in the first round with 6 more in the second. 
Two more were added in the following year, which makes the total 24, of whom many are still nursing the wounds or have not been able to forget that sudden twist of fate. 
Those arrested had different encounters. 
"Beyond the Blue Gate", a book written by lawyer Teo Soh Lung, has given a more detailed accounts of life in prison. 
Her account was interspersed with sometimes high-handed treatment, sometimes hilarious moments. 
Other detainees have also reminisced about their prison ordeals. 
As far as I am concerned, I started off not knowing what the ISD (Internal Security Department) officers wanted from me. 
When I was studying in London, I took part in Malaysian and Singapore student organizations, and I dare say a couple of them were pretty radical. 
I thought they wanted to know my activities in London, for which I was mentally prepared. 
However, I began to feel disoriented after their repeated questions. 
They kept wanting to know what instructions Tan Wah Piao had given me and what he had told me to do before I left London for home. 
I was puzzled to say the least. 
I knew not their target was Tan Wah Piow. 
I did not know that there were so many people who had been hauled up. 
Let me share with you this anecdote. 
I remember in the first few days of detention, our breakfast consisted of a boiled egg, two pieces of bread and a glass of tea with milk. 
Almost the same everyday. 
It could be the second day when I was one of the first to be served with breakfast. 
I was jolted when I saw there were more than a dozen eggs in the bag the Gurkha adjutant was carrying. 
I was stunned. 
Prior to this, I knew that one of my friends had also been taken in. 
But I never thought there were so many people involved. 
One of the detainees asked to see her lawyer. 
The cold reply she got was: 
"Your lawyer has also been invited to "have tea" with us." 
It shows how unprepared we were mentally, really! 
It was strange that when I came to know they were spinning the yarn of a "Marxist Conspiracy", 
I kind of sighed a heave of relief. 
I surmised it must be another of those stories in Arabian Nights. 
That same old story! 
Why the ISD bigwigs decided to pick Tan Wah Piao as the vortex to get all of us sucked in. 
I have yet to find a satisfactory answer! 
I told one of the senior officers in ISD that I didn't know many of those arrested. 
The answer given was: 
In a conspiracy, you needn't know all of the members involved! 
We may giggle at the reply given. 
But the stark reality is that the 1987 incident did act as a dreadful deterrent to more than a generation of Singaporeans, particularly the youth. 
For over 20 years, people were so wary of politics that they exercised all-round self-censorship. 
Even now, people still recall events in those years with considerable trepidation. 
Under the threat of ISA, the powers-that-be had a free hand to do whatever they chose to do. 
They consolidated their power, . ensured trusted personnel running important government departments, adjusted their emoluments, and further entrenched the meritocratic system. 
The result is the widening gap between the elite and the vast majority of the people. 
The resentment which had been accumulated for years morphed into a mini tsunami in the last general election. 
Why is the ISA outdated? 
Why should the ISA be abolished? 
The precursors of the ISA were the Emergency Regulations and the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance (PPSO), the latter was promulgated under British colonialism. 
How many people were arrested and detained under these three legislations respectively, and for how long were they detained? 
Even though we do not have the exact figures, we can certainly state that interrogation methods and detention measures which were deemed too uncivilized by the British were summarily ignored by the ISA. 
The methods used by Singapore government were more high-handed; 
The above three legislations were the products of Cold War following the ending of the WWIl. 
One of the "crimes" we were alleged to have committed was "to advance the communist united front". 
That was in 1987. 
Two years later, the 1989 Hatyai Peace Accord was signed by the three parties involved, three years later, in 1990, Singapore and the PRC established formal diplomatic relations. 
What is interesting is the resurrection of the communist bogey in 1987, whereas we now know that the Malayan Communist Party had by them been working to seek a peaceful solution to the years of conflict between MCP and the Malaysian government. 
Was the allegation of "advancing the communist united front" an excuse? 
Was it a kind of political manoeuvre? 
Or was the allegation doomed to fall apart even before it was challenged? 
Moreover, is the subsequent close relationship between Singapore and the PRC a bid to set up the so-called "communist united front"? 
Most of the state leaders in the PRC are members of the Communist Party of China, aren't they? 
Singapore needs the ISA to deal with terrorists, this is the currently prevalent view. 
I guess very few people would deny the existence of terrorism. 
Our contention is that there are enough laws to counter terrorism in the context of Singapore. 
Historically, the ISA has been exploited as a tool to suppress and persecute political dissidents and opponents. 
It has been a monster who would keep people under detention without trial for over 30 years without blinking an eye. 
It should be relegated to the rubbish heap of history. 
Imagine this scenario in a family. 
Regardless of how mischievous their children are, if parents act to have them locked up without giving them the right to defend themselves or state their case, how can they profess to be promoting a graceful family? 
How can they profess to be advancing an inclusive society? 
The government should sever ties with the ISA if they are serious about building a society which puts the interests of its citizens paramount. 
Of the 24 people who were arrested in 1987 and 1988, they are those who have emigrated and lived in exile, and they are those who would not like to be reminded of the painful past. 
But there are also not a few who have not forgotten how they were dealt with. 
What is this conspiracy? 
What is the truth? 
There must be a fair account of it. 
It is a stultifying policy if politics is only defined by the powers-that-be, if history is interpreted with only one side of the story given. 
Justice must be upheld and the dignity of citizens must be defended. 
This is also the basis on which Function 8 was formed. 
Among the founders of F8, a few are ex-detainees of the 87 "Operation Spectrum". 
Needless to say, we too would like to close the chapter as far as the 87 incident is concerned. 
However, the one who created the problem should be the one to solve it. 
We might have been treated unfairly, but we are fully aware that we are not the only ones who have become victims of the ISA. 
There have been different magnitudes of arrest involving hundreds of people ever since the notorious "Operation Cold Store" in 1963. 
The torture and humiliation suffered by those detainees were even more unbearable compared to those endured by us. 
Many of them were kept away for decades for defending justice and defying violence unleashed on them. 
But they continued to stand their ground and contribute to society in the way they see fit. 
These are the citizens deserving our respect and admiration. 
The year 2013 marks the 50th anniversary of "Operation Cold Store". 
We ought to remember those who symbolize our social conscience and those who live in exile not of their own accord. 
We look forward to the day when they can come back to their homeland without any fear or recrimination. 
Singapore will be for the richer in terms of vigour and wealth if that happens! 
Thank you! 
Thank you very much! and most of the speakers have spoken in English and will be in English, I would like 
Now that we've laid out the possible role for government as viewed by economists, it's worth looking at some policies that people have thought about and some of which have been tried particularly for adults when it comes to affecting behaviors that are related to obesity. 
And as a brief outline, we're going to talk about policies aimed at adults, We're going to mention policies aimed at children, and then we're going to conclude this lecture talking about some private sector initiatives that also might be influencing the behavior of individuals with respect to food choices and obesity. 
So here's a list of different policies that we've thought about and that have been aimed at adults. 
A change in the farm subsidy policy. 
Obviously that wouldn't be just adults, that effects everybody who consumes food in the United States. 
Food stamps. 
Clearly that would also affect children because there are many families that are on food stamps, not just adults. 
Medicare, that seemed largely in older adults, things about neighborhoods, 
That would effect children as well potentially, labeling, 
That's going to affect children as much as their behavior is shaped by what their parents choose. 
And fat tax issues again, might affect, 
Children as well as adults. 
But in terms of thinking about how 
labeling and fat tax play out in the market, it will largely play out because of choices that are made by adults. 
And then one other issue in terms of sort of, Not a policy, but something that's come up with respect to obesity, is the issue of McLawsuits, who is to blame from a legal perspective for the fact that individuals are obese. 
So let's talk about farm subsidies to start with. 
Farm subsidies, as we had mentioned earlier, in many ways can shape what, what foods are produced. 
Because they provide different economic incentives to the farmers to raise crops that they might not otherwise choose to based on what signals they're getting from the private market. 
Once the farmers have made the decisions, these subsidies then have the indirect effect of affecting the relative prices of foods and making more processed foods cheaper. 
So one suggestion that almost all economists agree on is revisiting the farm subsidy policy. 
Which is interesting cuz as I've commented economists are usually a little skeptical of the government doing things. 
But if you think about what this suggestion says, it actually says the government should be doing less than it's doing now. 
Because revisiting farm subsidy policy could mean just withdrawing all subsidies. 
That would be one way for the government to do a lot less than what it's doing right now with respect to farm policy. 
It could also mean changing what it subsidizes. 
But the key is, this isn't adding more government intervention, this is either changing or reducing government intervention. 
So, it shouldn't surprise us that economists might be in favor of this particular policy. 
Next, we can talk about food stamps. 
Originally, food stamps were created based on equity concerns. 
The individuals with limited income in the United States weren't able to get the foods that they needed in order to stay healthy. 
So if we think about what type of debate there's been with respect to food stamps, and how it could change things to make individuals purchase healthier foods, or foods that would be less likely to contribute to overweight and obesity. 
One thing that could be done is limiting benefits, unfortunately since we have this issue with the healthier foods being relatively more expensive compared to when the food stamp program was initiated, that would probably put healthier foods even further out of reach. 
So maybe they couldn't buy as many calories but the calories they're going to be buying are probably even less healthy if you were to limit benefits in general. 
You could allow cash instead of food stamps. 
And then people could make their own decisions about what foods to buy, cuz economists like people to be able to make their own decisions, as you probably caught on to by now. 
However, there's absolutely no guarantee that giving people cash where they can make their own decisions of exactly what they want to do with their cash, would 
lead to any healthier choices. 
You can limit the ability of individuals to use food stamps for unhealthy foods. 
This gets into a tricky question, how do we define what's unhealthy and are there certain things that might be unhealthy for some people that other people can consume as much as they want and not have any particularly negative effects? 
There's an interesting question, there's no easy answer to that one and when you have a definition of something like unhealthy, economists always start to worry if we impose a regulation on unhealthy foods and we start trying to define unhealthy, are we starting down a slippery slope of regulating things that might be somewhat healthy and really intervening in people's lives in some heavy handed ways rather than just saying here's a list of absolutely unhealthy foods and we're done with it. 
And to a degree, food stamps already do that. 
There are certain things you're not allowed to buy with food stamps. 
But, the question is, should there be a tighter regulation and a more limited ability to purchase foods that are deemed unhealthy. 
You could provide incentives, perhaps, to purchase healthy foods, so maybe food stamps would go further if you purchase healthy foods, so that would be playing with the relatively expensive prices of the healthier foods compared to less healthy ones. 
Again, you come up with this issue of how to define the two groups, but if you could define the two groups, economists might be a little more satisfied with still allowing consumer choice, but directing them towards something, rather than not allowing as much choice as is allowed now. 
Another alternative might be simply to provide more nutrition education to food stamp recipients. 
Economists might like this one even more, because here the intervention is to make more information available, but you're still allowing the consumer to make their own decisions when all is said and done. 
So, different choices, no one has universal agreement that it would be a good choice or the best choice, but now, you can look at these and start to think hm. 
How would it change incentives, which ones are more heavy handed, which ones are a little more laissez faire and how can we get people to adopt this decisons to purchase healthier foods while being as close to laissez faire as possible, if you want to think like an economist. 
You've forced to think like an economist except for this course, but that's the economic logic behind things, getting people to make better decisions but being as laissez fair as possible. 
Medicare. 
Should medicare charge higher premiums to people of a less healthy weight. 
Here's another thing where it might seem like, we have an obvious answer. 
Let's give people an economic incentive to control their weight. 
We can talk about this with medicare, we can talk about this with private players as well and certainly if you think about life insurance we are willing to do this for life insurance. 
If you are not healthy individual and you want to buy life insurance, you're going to pay a higher premium than somebody who is a 35 year old absolutely trim marathon runner. 
Why are we willing to do this with life insurance but not health insurance? 
I don't have the answer to that, but you need to ponder that when we think about this. 
And even Finkelstein is an economist who might otherwise say, well, give people incentives to behave right, again starts to ask questions like, how far down this slope are we willing to go? 
Starvation! 
So there is nothing new there. 
But that is only according to your opinion. 
In our opinion, our new era will not bear any of those sufferings, none of this silly talk. 
We will witness a new found freedom, welfare and well-being in the upcoming era. 
I pray to Allah to strengthen those fighters in Tripoli, spare their blood, and grant His mercy upon the martyrs. 
I pray to Allah to accept those who have fallen dead in all of the Libyan cities as martyrs. 
God willing we will continue in our task of establishing contacts with others in the Libyan cities and will head on towards Tripoli to assist them whether in order to outnumber the opposite side or to donate blood. 
There are people marching, even from the far east of Libya, to assist our brothers and dear ones in the west, in Tripoli. 
May Allah grant us the victory and May He help us getting over with this. 
May Peace of Allah and His Blessings be upon you. 
>>Ok. 
We're going to practice administering intramuscular injections at this station. 
And for our intramuscular injection, of course we need our medication that's appropriate, and we would have needed the appropriate gauge and length needle, and the appropriate size syringe based on the amount of medication that we're going to draw up. 
Prior to administering our medications we should go and wash our hands, alright? 
Wash our hands and then we're going to prepare our medications. 
Standard adult size is going to be a 22 gauge, 1 to 1 and a 1/2 inch length, 22-23 gauge for intramuscular. 
It's going to be a smaller gauge and a shorter length for small children. 
You might have a 3/8 inch for an infant perhaps instead of 1/2 inch. 
I have a very small set of 1 inch or 1 and a 1/2, its going to be very short; 1/2 inch, 3/8, something like that. 
Ok so select the appropriate size needle and syringe. 
[ Pause ] 
I'm going to clean the top of my medication bottle. 
I've done my 5 rights, I've done my 3 label checks to make sure I have the right medication. 
[ Pause ] 
I'm going to put the amount of air that I need to pull back the same amount of volume of medication to displace my volume and my... [ Pause ] 
...ampule; my vial. 
Get rid of the bubbles. 
[ Pause ] 
Drop your medication. 
Again, this is sterile. 
I'm going to need to carefully recap it. 
Alright so now I go into my patient's room and I position my patient in the appropriate spot so that I can administer the injection. 
For this particular medication, I want to use the ventrogluteal muscle. 
Remember that's the most recommended in the literature to use for your injections. 
So our anatomical landmarks with the heel of your hand. 
I'm using my opposite hand to the patient's hip so this is their right hip and my left hand. 
I find the head of the femur and then with my index finger, 
I find the anterior superior spine. 
I move my middle finger along the crest to open it. 
Open my hand. 
Alright. 
This is the pelvis here and this is bone. 
This is a little tight as I walk my finger down, I can see that it has a lot of give there and this would be the sweet spot of the muscle; the give of the muscle. 
I'm going to use my new alcohol. 
Make a nice big circular cleaning out. 
Ok. 
Now I have to keep my hand on the anatomical landmarks because it's a very small injection site so I can't take my hand away. 
But that's going to be ok because I'm not going to be a moving target. 
I'm going to rest my hand on top of my hand to go into my patient. 
So that's ok, there's no way I'm going to stick myself here. 
I'm not moving toward my hand. 
So with a 90 degree angle, a nice smooth motion I'm going to inject the medicine the length of the needle into the patient's muscle. 
Move my nondominant hand to hold the barrel of the syringe. 
Aspirate by pulling back up on the plunger. 
Check for blood return. 
No blood return. 
Administer my medication slowly. 
I draw my needle and I can message it a little bit here, ok? 
This needle is now dirty; it is not recapped. 
Toss it in your patient's sharps box. 
Ok. 
So then I would reposition my patient and do my documentation. 
>> In this module we're going to introduce Martingales. 
Martingales play a very important role in finance. 
They won't play a hugely important role in this course, but they will crop up now and again and it's worthwhile understanding what they are and seeing one or two examples of Martingales. 
We're going to have the following definition of a Martingale, a random process, Xn is a martingale, with respect to the information filtration Fn and probability distribution P, if these two conditions are satisfied. 
The first condition is just a technical integrability condition which states that the expected value of the absolute value of Xn must be finite for all n. 
The really important condition, is condition two here, which states that the expected value of Xn plus m, given Fn, is equal to Xn for all nm greater than or equal to 0. 
A quick comment on what I mean by information filtration. 
So the information filtration, Fn, is just a complicated way of recognizing the information we have at time n. 
So Fn will denote all of the information in our model that we know at time n. 
So usually, you will actually, it'd be the case that Fn is equal to the information given to you by X1 up to Xn. 
So basically, it's just recognizing that at time n, we've already seen the values 
X1 up to Xn. 
Returning to condition two here, we see that what this is really saying, is that the expected value of X, at any time in the future, is equal to its current value today. 
And so, Martingales have often been used to, to model what are called fair games, they've got a rich history in gambling, for example. 
Because this condition here, models the idea of a fair game, so your future pay-off, or your expected future pay-off, is equal to your current wealth today, Xm. 
We define a sub martingale, by replacing condition two with a greater than or equal to sign, And we define a super martingale by replacing condition two with a less than or equal to sign. 
A martingale then is both a sub martingale and a super martingale. 
Here's our first example of a martingale. 
We can construct one from a random walk. 
Let Sn be equal to the sum of the Xi's from i equals 1 to N, where the Xi's are IlD with mean mu, then we can set Mn equal to Sn minus n times mu, and in that case, Mn is a martingale. 
We can see this because of the following, the expected value of Mn plus n, conditional time n information, is equal to, what we have over here on the right-hand side. 
So recall, Mn plus n will be equal to Sn plus m, minus n, plus m times mu. 
So this here is Sn, and here's our m plus m times is mu. 
Well were taking this expectation conditional on time n information, so in that case, what we can do is, we can take out the first nxi's, because they're known to us as a time end, so we can take them outside the expectation. 
And what we're left is the expectation of time n, of the sum of the xi's from i equals n plus 1 up to n plus m. 
Well, the xi's are IlD, so knowing the value of the first nxi's tells us nothing about these. 
We also know that they've got mean mu, so therefore the expected value of this sum here, is equal to m times mu. 
We also have the n plus m mu over here. 
Now when we simplify all of this, this m-mu will cancel with this m-mu, we're left with the sum of the xi's and i equals 1 minus n times mu, and of course, we see that this is equal to Mn. 
So in fact, we have shown that the expected value of m, subscript m plus n, conditional on time n information is equal to Mn, and so it's a Martingale. 
In this example, we're going to consider what we will call a Martingale betting strategy. 
Let x1 x2 and so on be IlD random variables, where xi can take on two possible values, it can take on 1 or minus 1, in each case it takes on that value with probability 1/2. 
So you can imagine xi representing the result of a coin-flipping game, you win $1 if coin comes up heads, and you lose $1 if coin comes up tails, that assumes that you bet, $1 on the game. 
What we're going to do now is to consider a doubling strategy, where we keep doubling the bet until we eventually win, once we win, we stop and our initial bet is $1. 
So the first thing to note, is that the size of the bet on the nth play is 2 to the n minus 1, and that's because of the following, so on the first play, we bet $1 which is equal to 2 to the 0. 
On the second play we bet $2, because we're doubling our bet, and this is equal to 2 to the power of 1. 
On the third play of the game we would double our bet again, so we would bet 4, and that's equal to 2 squared, and so on. 
So we can see that every time you played the game, we've doubled our bet and so the play, the size of the bet on the nth play is 2 to the n minus 1. 
That of course assumes we're still playing at time n, because we will only be playing at time n if we haven't yet won the game up until this point. 
Let Wn denote the total winnings after m coin tosses, And assume we start off with W0 equals 0. 
What we're going to show, then, is that Wn is a Martingale. 
To see this, first note that Wn can only take on two possible values, it can only take on the value 1, or it will take on the value minus 2 to the n plus 1, and that is true for all n. 
Why is this the case? 
Well, consider the following two situations. 
The first situation is as follows, suppose we win for the first time on the nth bet. 
Well in that case, Wn is equal to minus this sum here. 
Where does this sum come from? 
Well, we've lost $1 on the first bet, $2 on the second bet, and so on, up to 2 to the n minus $2, on the n minus first bet. 
Then on the nth bet we win and we win 2 to the power of n minus 1. 
Remember 2 to the power of n minus 1 is the size of the bet on the nth game, so therefor these are our winnings at time n, if we win for the first time on the nth bet. 
If you actually compute this sum, just using the, the formula for summing a geometric series, remember it's a to the 1 minus r to the power of n, all over 1 minus r, that's the general formula. 
In this case, this translates to 1 times 1 minus 2 to the power of n minus 1 divided by 1 minus 2, and that is equal to 2 to the power of n minus 1 minus 1, which is what we have here. 
So W n, if we win for the first time on the nth bet, is equal to minus 2 to the n minus 1 minus 1, plus 2 to the n minus 1, this term cancels with this term and we're left With 1. 
Thereafter of course, we're always left with 1 because we stop playing the game as soon as we win. 
So the other situation that can arise, is that we have not yet won after n bets, in that case, the winnings, Wn is equal to minus 1 plus 2 and so on up to 2 to the n minus 1. 
It's 2 to the n minus 1 because we also lost the nth bet, so in fact this is a minus, this becomes a minus down here, and we get this quantity here, we sum it up and we get a sum of minus 2 to the n plus 1. 
So therefore these are the two possible values of Wn, 1 and minus 2 to the power of n plus 1. 
To show Wn as a martingale, we only need to show the following, that the expected value of Wn plus 1, given Wn, is equal to 
Wn. 
And this follows by an iterated expectations argument. 
And the reason is as follows, suppose we want to calculate the expected value of Wn plus 2 given Wn. 
Well in that case, we can write this as the following, the expected value of the expected value of Wn plus 2, given Wn plus 1, all given Wn. 
Now this term inside here, is equal to Wn plus 1 by this result here. 
So by star, with n equals m plus 1, so by evaluating star but not taking n equals m plus 1 we get that this inner expectation here equals Wn plus 1. 
So therefore, this is equal to the expected value of Wn plus 1, given wn and of course, this is equal to Wn again by star. 
So in fact, for any value of little n, we can show that this result holds, just using this iterated expectations argument we did here. 
So all we need to do to show that Wn is martingale, is to establish star, and that's what we'll do now. 
There are two cases to consider. 
The first case is where Wn equals 1. 
Recall, we have shown that Wn can only take on two values, the first value is 1. 
So if Wn equals 1, then actually we stop playing the game, because it means we've already won at some point, we've stopped playing the game and therefore, Wn is always equal to 1 in every period after we have first won. 
So in this case, the probability that Wn plus 1 equals 1, given Wn equals 1, is indeed equal to 1. 
Which means, the expected value of Wn plus 1, given Wn equals 1 well it must be equal to 1 because that's the only value it can take. 
It takes on this value 1 with probability 1, so the, this expected value equals 1, which is equal to Wn. 
The other situation that can occur, is that Wn equals minus 2 to the power of n plus 1. 
If that's the case, then we will bet 2 to the power of n, on the n plus first toss. 
So in that case, Wn plus 1 will be either 1, if we win the n plus first toss, or it will be minus 2 to the power of n plus 1 plus 1, and this follows from our arguments on the previous slides. 
Wn plus 1 will take on this value with probability a half and it'll take on this value with probability half, and that follows because it's a fair coin, we win with probability a half and we lose with probability half. 
So therefore, we have these two expressions here, from which it immediately follows that the expected value of Wn plus 1, given Wn equals minus 2 to the power of n plus 1, it is equal to 1, with prob-, with probability a half and is equal to minus 2 to the n plus 1, plus 1 of probability a half. 
If we sum these two together, we get minus 2 to the n plus 1, and that of course is equal to Wn. 
So in both possible cases, case 1 and case 2, we have shown that the expected value of Wn plus 1, given Wn, is equal to Wn. 
And so we have shown that Wn is a 
Matingale. 
Now let me mention this example is quite complicated, but it was worthwhile introducing because it is easy to generalize this example to the case where you allow random bets on each play of the game, as long as those bets only depend on what you've seen up to that point, you will actually still get a Martingale. 
For a final example, we look at something called Polya's Urn, we won't go through all the details, in fact, you can complete the details yourself. 
Considering urn, which contains red balls and green balls, so we've got some urns like this, there are red balls in there and there are green balls inside this urn. 
And at each time step a ball is chosen randomly from the urn, if the ball is red, then it's returned to the urn with an additional red ball. 
If the ball is green, then it is returned to the urn with an additional green ball. 
So what we're going to do is we're going to see that there are n plus 2 balls in the urn, at time n. 
And this follows, because we begin with two balls, and after every play of the game we add an additional ball, either an additional red ball, or an additional green ball. 
So we have n plus 2 balls in the urn, after time n. 
Let Xn denote the number of red balls in the urn after n draws. 
Then, if Xn is equal to k, Xn plus 1 can only take on two possible values, it will take on the value k plus 1, or the value k. 
It will take on the value k plus 1, if the ball withdraw on the nth plus 1 play is a red ball and that will occur with probability k over n plus 2, k because there are k balls-, k red balls in the urn and n plus 2 because n plus 2 is the total number of balls in the urn. 
Likewise Xn plus 1 would be equal to k given Xn equals k, if we draw a green ball, because if we draw a green ball we will not be adding an additional red ball. 
So Xn plus 1 equals k, given Xn equals k that occurs with probability n plus 2 minus k divided by n plus 2. 
And now, what we claim and what you can easily check, is that Mn, which is equal to Xn divided by n plus 2, is a 
Martingale. 
Prof: 
Now I want to turn to the lecture, and I'm going to start the lecture with my true confession of the day. 
Okay. 
I did something a little insane and I'm not entirely sure how this is going to work out. 
I did it for you. 
I--Basically, on the syilabus it says that the title of this lecture is "Citizenship and 
Leadership" or "Leadership and 
Citizenship." 
I don't even remember which one I put first. 
And initially, my idea had been when I wrote the syilabus for this course before the semester even started-- well, this is going to be a 
lecture that has something to do with new ways of-- how the Revolution changed people's sense of themselves as citizens, how people were behaving differently because of the approach of Revolution and then because of the fighting of Revolution. 
And I was going to talk a little bit about crowd actions and about how the Revolution itself wouldn't really have been possible without crowd actions. 
I talked, I know, a little bit about mob actions and we've seen some in action. 
So I was basically going to talk about how the Revolution politicized people, how it--on a mass scale for many different kinds of Americans-- brought them in to the public sphere, made them think and act politically in a way that perhaps they hadn't before. 
And then I was going to accompany that with a brief discussion about the elite in this environment being on the one hand appreciative of the sort of mass popular involvement because there would be no Revolution without it-- that is the Revolution--but on the other hand they're elite folk so they're all-- some of them at least are a 
little nervous about all of this sort of popular sentiment and crowd action. 
And I even had--let me find my favorite arrogant aristocratic quote. 
Okay. 
So I even found random arrogant elite guy quote in 1774 who observed with true disdain: 
"The mob begin to think and reason." 
This is Gouverneur Morris, who actually has a really great sense of humor but also he's really kind of aristocratically disdainful. 
And he says he believes "with fear and trembling that if the disputes with Britain continue, we shall be under the worst of all possible dominions. 
We shall be under the domination of a riotous mob." 
Okay. 
So Gouverneur Morris is an extreme example of some sort of elite concern about what the Revolution means, what does it mean that people are rising up. 
So that was going to be today's lecture. 
That was my plan. 
But when I started thinking about the lecture and thinking about just preparing it and tweaking it, and again I had last thought about it back in December-- and you know, when you make a syilabus for a course you think about the course, you outline it, you think it's all going to go well, and then you get halfway through the course and sometimes different things seem exciting to you or you suddenly get a gut feeling that: 'wow, I was going to have a really abstract discussion today, and I don't want to have an abstract discussion. 
[laughs] 
I want us to be grounded in the actual Revolution.' 
All of those things happened to me when I was thinking about today's lecture, and I decided at the absolute 
last minute I wasn't going to give that lecture-- at literally the absolute last minute. 
Today--This morning for me was like a reality show called 
"The Lecture" and I was like: 
'Freeman, three hours--research and write a new lecture.' 
So I was sort of frantically at my desk. 
So not only did I research and write a new lecture, but it's based entirely on primary research. 
So I mean--I really researched, you'll hear, and I'm going to explain in a moment what I'm actually going to be lecturing on, which is related to what I'm supposed to be lecturing on. 
But basically I just came up with something that to me felt more interesting, more immediate, that's going to show some of the same things I would have been talking about in my big, broad, general way with my 
leadership and citizenship lecture, but instead I'm actually going to base it on real people in a real place, sort of really showing you as the Revolution's unfolding what happens to people in this place and how do events and ideas affect them. 
So when I said I hope I have a minute or two at the end-- given that I literally was printing this out as I was grabbing my coat to run here, hopefully this is all going to work and the lecture will go swimmingly. 
This is true confessions. 
Right? 
I should never get up in front of you and say, 
"Maybe my lecture will die." 
[laughter] 
Okay. 
Hopefully, it won't die, but I'm going to aim for a grand slam, and we'll try. 
But one way or another, what I am going to do today is get across some of the ideas in a concrete way that I had been thinking I was going to approach in an abstract way and that just didn't get me excited this morning, so it's a little experiment for me. 
And what I'm going to do, my little experimental thing, is I'm actually going to be talking about citizenship and 
leadership and the American Revolution by focusing on Yale and New Haven. 
This was my brilliant thought for the morning. 
Ah ha, I could focus right here. 
I could talk about us here now, and look at-- throughout the 1770s--some of the ways in which people were actually experiencing the Revolution, some of the ways in which the Revolution was getting them to take action, what it is they were doing, why they were doing it, who was doing it, who was taking action. 
So again we're not just going to be looking at three elite guys in a room sort of writing proclamations but we're actually going to be talking about students and the people of New 
Haven. 
So that's my experimental lecture for this morning and, as you're going to see, average New Haven residents took strong action at an early point in the growing conflict between the colonies and Great Britain. 
So really, in a main and a sort of major way what we're going to be looking at is their story today, the story of average people in New Haven. 
Students are kind of above average because they would have been from more elevated families. 
We're going to be looking at students too, but we're going to be looking at a lot of what's happening just in the town of New Haven, which in a way is the best way to look at the Revolution, which is really how it's unfolding on the ground. 
Plus this means I get to talk about the British invasion of 
New Haven, which--I've been waiting for my moment. 
I've never actually talked about it in this class before. 
I discovered it when I was writing the introductory lecture and then having discovered it it was like: 'okay, well, now I have to find a way to talk about the invasion of 
New Haven.' 
So after I had my brilliant idea I realized ha, 
[laughs] this means I get to talk about the attack on New Haven in today's lecture-- so that will be there today too. 
Okay. 
So let's actually turn now to Yale and New Haven at the opening of the Revolution. 
And most of the lecture today is going to focus on the 1770s, but I will mention in starting that Yale students were certainly caught up in all of the fervor that I've been talking about in past lectures. 
And I know I mentioned once before that Yale students decided in protest at one point to give up importing fine wines, 
[laughs]--the sacrifice--on the part of Yale students. 
In the 1760s, Yale students, 
like many other people throughout the colonies, were engaged in acts of sort of personal protest like that, giving something up. 
Okay. 
Maybe on the part of Yale students it was just fine wines, but still-- Or on another occasion in 1769 in response to the Townshend Acts and then the idea of non-importation, the senior class of Yale came up with the following proclamation, which they made publicly: 
"The Senior Class of Yale 
College have unanimously agreed to make their Appearance at the next public Commencement, when they are to take their first Degree, wholly dressed in the 
Manufacturers of our own Country: 
And desire this public 
Notice may be given of their Resolution, so their Parents and Friends may have sufficient Time to be providing Homespun Cloaths for them." 
[laughter] 
It was like: 'we are making a proclamation. 
Mom, send me some clothes.' 
[laughter] 
That was like--okay. 
[laughs] 
But the feeling was there. 
[laughs] 
And even better, they want their parents to provide homespun clothes, 
"that none of them may be obliged to the hard Necessity of unfashionable Singularity, by wearing imported Cloth." 
Okay. 
'Mom, if you don't send me clothes, 
I'm going to have to wear imported clothes and I'm going to be really unpopular'-- so--[laughter] guilting the parents. 
Okay, but anyway that's--Yale students of the 1760s actually making acts of protest, organizing themselves into active protest. 
Now Yale isn't unique in this way, actually. 
Throughout the--this period, colonial colleges in a variety of different places were places that tended to brew sentiment-- political sentiment that was rebellious or outraged at some of the acts being imposed by the British government. 
Actually, Yale and Harvard and the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton, tended to be particularly well-known as sort of seedbeds of unrest-- particularly angry students who had strong political feelings, but there were other colleges as well where the students really were provoked to acts of protest in a variety of different ways. 
And I--this morning in researching for this lecture, 
I found a bunch of Princeton/College of New Jersey students who decided that no one in Princeton should be drinking tea. 
So they went out into the town and just personally forced their way in to people's houses and when they found tea they burned it. 
That would be really popular--right?--and then one of them said something like, "That was a real frolic." 
[laughter] 
Okay. 
[laughs] 
The town must have been very pleased. 
I think in another college the commencement exercises, the speeches that the students gave at a commencement exercise, at a pretty early point actually, they debated, one for, one and against the possibility of independence. 
I think that was in 1769. 
You had students at one college who decided that would be what would be happening at their commencement ceremony is they would have that debate. 
It's a really early point and again, pretty radical. 
So we're kind of looking at a long-standing pattern of college students being bold and radical during times of political controversy and political unrest, and this is happening throughout the colonies in this period. 
And it kind of makes sense. 
You have a cluster of people together and you have a variety of different avenues, ways for students to make their thoughts known, so colleges and, as I said, particularly Yale became known as the sort of seedbed of sedition. 
As one Loyalist said of Yale in the 1770s, 
The college is no longer remarkable for its scholarship but instead for "its persecuting spirit, its republican principles, its intolerance in religion"-- but this is a person of 
Loyalist sympathies, who says, 'Yale used to be great. 
It's all downhill now. 
They have those crazy, wild, radical students.' 
Or, as a British officer put it in 1779-- he happens to be the British officer who invaded New Haven-- quote, "That place (New Haven) is a spacious and very considerable town; it has the largest university in America, and might with propriety be styled the parent and nurse of rebellion." 
Okay. 
We are the parent and nurse of rebellion--'Yale, hate Yale.' 
Okay, but this is not to say that colleges in this period are 
little isolated seedbeds of rebellion and everybody else is sort of sitting around whittling pieces of wood, thinking, 'oh, I wonder what the British are doing today.' 
Right? 
It's not as though the colleges are isolated from the communities or that the colleges only notice the communities when they're going to go out and burn random citizens' tea as they did in New Jersey. 
There were obviously, there were connections between whatever was going on in these colleges and whatever was going on in these towns, and we're going to see that play out a couple of times in this lecture today. 
Sometimes things that went on in the town spread their way onto the Yale campus. 
An example of this is in the late 1760s when there was a rally on the New Haven town green against British policy, and the Yale students apparently attended that rally and got very stirred up by the rally and decided to continue it on the Yale campus, at which point a big group of students decided it would be a really great idea to declare their political sentiments by toasting English radical John 
Wilkes. 
And they decided not--And I don't know where this number came from, because I didn't have time to research where the number came from, but you'll hear why I questioned it. 
They decided that they would toast John Wilkes forty-five times. 
[laughter] 
Okay. 
That's forty-five drinks. 
[laughs] 
So one observer, who I gather from my research this morning had Loyalist sympathies, said that "instead of drinking 45 glasses in honor of Wilkes and Liberty," the Yale students "drank themselves 45 degrees in extremo 
DRUNK." 
[laughter] 
So we've got plastered Yale students like: 'yeah, liberty'--[laughter] but that's the town spreading into the realm of the gown. 
Now, in the 1660s we're seeing these sort of public demonstrations-- New Haven, Yale campus protesting policies-- but not anything that dramatic happening. 
But things become worse as relations between England and its colonies became worse and as actions became more aggressive on both sides. 
People in New Haven, as in a lot of other places, became more aggressive in their politics and became stronger in their actions. 
They made bolder decisions, and a great example of that is again here in New Haven, 1774. 
A group of about sixty men from New Haven, normal townspeople--I'm going to talk about them in a moment-- decided that they were going to hire someone to teach them military exercises so that hopefully they would learn something and that somewhere down the road if they had to be they could organize themselves into a military unit and protect the town of New Haven. 
Okay. 
So here's sixty random people in New Haven who hire someone-- 
I think they paid him three dollars a lesson or something-- to teach them how to drill, and what to do with guns, and how to walk in formation, and basic military things so that they would know what to do, in case they ever actually had to fight. 
Again that's kind of a dramatic action. 
That's a big step to take. 
'Okay. 
Now I need to be militarily drilling in case I need to defend my family, my property, and my town.' 
So that certainly gives you a sense of what it felt like, what was sort of floating in the air at this time for people in New Haven to take that kind of an action. 
In early 1775, they met as a group and they decided that they would really organize themselves into a real military unit, as opposed to guys taking 
lessons on how to drill. 
So they met, they voted on uniforms, they figured out the best way to obtain arms so that they'd know where they'd be getting them from, and then not long after that they actually wrote to the 
Connecticut State Assembly and said that they, quote, "Anxious for the safety of our country and desirous of contributing all in their power to the support of our just rights and liberties, have formed themselves into a military company"-- and then added that they wanted the Connecticut State Assembly to officially make them a sort of district military unit. 
So they wanted official recognition from the Connecticut 
State Assembly. 
Again, really interesting--random sixty guys: 'maybe we better know something military.' 
Then after that they decide: 'oh, okay, well, maybe we actually had better--we could organize ourselves so that this will actually be real. 
Hey, now that we've organized ourselves, we can actually get state recognition so that we'll be on call and armed and ready in case something bad happens.' 
Again kind of an interesting chain of events, series of personal decisions on the part of those random sixty men. 
Now let's look for a minute at who they are. 
One of them apparently owned a hat store on Chapel Street. 
One of them was a barber who was described, quote, as "a rather eccentric person." 
I don't know what that means, although I was dying to have the time to figure out why the barber was rather eccentric, but we have an eccentric barber who's one of the sixty, a chair maker, a few sailors, someone who was just described as a man of leisure-- 
[laughter]--it's interesting to ponder what that means-- a lawyer, a few grocers. 
There was a grocer who lived on State Street and a grocer who 
lived on the corner of Chapel and Church-- and of course for me researching this this morning, it's really fascinating to be finding people living in places that, of course, we all know. 
That's always--Because you can exactly picture: oh, the corner of Chapel and Church. 
I know exactly where that person lived. 
One person worked in the New Haven bank, and decided that he wasn't really very skilled at horsemanship; in case that they were going to fight, he probably would need to know how to be really good on horseback. 
So apparently he regularly took his horse into his yard and practiced on the horse in private. 
He took it into his yard so no one would see that he was the guy who had to practice horsemanship, but he was sort of there doing his own little private drilling so that he'd be prepared in case there was actual fighting. 
Okay. 
So there you see a group of people, all different levels of society--lawyers, man of leisure, eccentric barbers, chair makers, grocers--all different levels of society who have all come together for this one purpose and have gone over a series of months here to increasingly become more and more serious about what it is that they're doing. 
So it certainly tells you something about the mindset in 
New Haven in early 1775, and not only in New Haven, as we've already heard in the course. 
Things became more dramatic on April 21,1775, when news of the Battle of Lexington arrived in New Haven. 
And what was interesting to me this morning was when I was reading accounts of people in New Haven reporting when they heard this news, several of them literally stated the precise time of day, like: 'at noon on the 21^(st) someone told me.' 
They actually had it down to the hour and the minute when they heard about the events at Lexington, which to me was really telling, because it's what you do-- afterwards--when something really momentous or tragic or notable or historic happens, you think: where was I when that happened? 
Where was I when the Challenger blew up? 
I was a receptionist at an advertising agency sitting at my desk, but I remember that, because I remember everyone around me getting upset and it was a big deal. 
And so here are these people kind of doing the same thing, remembering after the fact: 
'I remember where I was. 
It was noon on the 21^(st) when we heard in New Haven that the 
British had actually fired on colonists in Lexington.' 
In New Haven, a Yale student wrote in his diary: 
"Today tidings of the Battle of Lexington, which is the first engagement with the British troops, arrived at New Haven. 
This filled the country with alarm and rendered it impossible for us to pursue our studies to any profit." 
And this is the moment I mentioned in Tuesday's lecture when Benedict Arnold-- who is one of the men in that group of sixty guys who decide they'd better arm and drill; he's one of those men--when he decides that they need arms and they're going to march to Massachusetts, and he sort of fights the New Haven town committee to get the key so that he can grab arms and go march with his men up to 
Massachusetts. 
So I'm linking today's lecture with Tuesday's lecture, so I'm very proud. 
And actually, he and his men, as they were preparing to leave town and sort of go off to fight, they drew up an agreement which they all signed, a sort of pledge to each other, and a public statement as to what they were doing and why they were doing it, which is worth quoting because you'll hear in the middle of it something you might not expect to see in a statement being drawn up by a bunch of guys who just-- by force--armed themselves and they're going to go march to Massachusetts to fight the 
British. 
So this is the beginning of their statement: 
"Be it known that we, the subscribers, having taken up arms for the relief of our brethren and defense of their, as well as our, just rights and privileges, declare to the world that we from our hearts disavow every thought of rebellion to His 
Majesty, as supreme head of the British 
Empire." 
Okay. 
They've taken up arms, they're marching to fight the 
British, and the first thing they say in the first sentence of their proclamation is we're not rebelling against the King. 
That--When I read this I thought, wow, that's--And I've been saying over and over again in class it's--that all of these things are mixed in together. 
People are upset, they're angry at what's going on, they're angry at British policy, and they're loyal to the King, and they're thinking about independence, but they're unsure about independence, and they're still linked to England. 
And in a way, that statement is a great example of that; guys who are holding guns and about to march to fight, are being sure to state that they are not rebelling against His Majesty as supreme head of the British empire-- or, they don't want to be accused of "opposition to his legal authority, and shall on every occasion manifest to the world by our conduct this to be our fixed principle." 
So they're not rebelling against the King. 
Instead they said that they were, quote, 
"Driven to the last necessity, and obliged to have recourse to arms in defense of our lives and 
liberties." 
So they're saying, 'We're not rebels who are out to rebel against the King. 
We're actually--We've been driven to this by what's going on in Massachusetts and we're protecting ourselves, but this is a defensive act and not an aggressive act.' 
And then when you read a little further on in the statement, after all of this sort of noble, lofty sentiment, they then promise each other they're not going to get drunk or gamble or swear. 
[laughs] 
It's down to practicalities. 
Now that we've declared our purpose to the world, no heavy drinking. 
Okay. 
The next day, April 22,1775, classes at Yale were suspended and a lot of students went home. 
Some, a few, actually, went off to fight. 
So you can kind of see the way that the wind is blowing in New 
Haven. 
You can imagine, given these sorts of events potentially how much fun it would have been to be a college student with Loyalist leanings at this particular moment. 
It would not have been very fun--and sure enough in 1775 there was that student. 
I discovered that student this morning. 
There was a--I don't know if he's the only one, but he's the guy who got in trouble. 
There was one college student here at Yale who was a declared 
Loyalist, 1775. 
He did not make other Yale students very happy. 
He must have been loud about being a Loyalist. 
Otherwise don't know how it would have been so obvious to everyone that he was a Loyalist, but the--a large chunk of the 
Yale student body decided to have a meeting to debate what should be done about this student. 
Okay. 
Obviously, things are not going to go well for the student. 
'What should we do about this student?' 
They decide that they are going to formally denounce him as-- publicly, as, quote, "an enemy to his country"-- and that no one will be allowed to socialize with this student ever again. 
Okay. 
They've just ostracized this--Can you imagine? 
Sorry. 
'You've just been entirely ostracized from every other person at Yale University [laughs] because we don't like your politics.' 
So when I first found this this morning, I was like: oh, poor guy, and I couldn't figure out what happened next and I just felt sorry for him. 
Then I found a little bit more about him and I felt a little 
less sorry for him because he took action. 
Apparently, he was from New Haven, this particular Loyalist student, so learning that he had been ostracized by all of the Yale student body, he went home and got some of his townie friends to go back to 
Yale and beat up some Yale students [laughter]-- which they did. 
And then the Yale students got really mad at this apparently, and armed themselves with clubs and were going to go attack these townies when the Yale president, 
Naphtali Daggett, intervened. 
It was like: 'okay, we're done with the war now'--[laughter] like, 'nice idea, done with the war.' 
So the fighting stopped and eventually--I don't know when--the Loyalist withdrew from Yale--so, you can't blame him at this point. 
Okay. 
So we have people in New Haven forming military units and marching off to fight. 
We have students ostracizing that one lone Loyalist student. 
Not long after this, Yale students organized their own military company and actually began training, and not long after that the New Haven town meeting voted, and here's what they declared: 
Quote, 
"That the Governor be desired to permit one hundred stands of arms to be lodged in the library for the use of a company in Yale College ... 
That should a company in college be formed and accoutred, they draw half a pound of powder to each man." 
Okay. 
Yale students have just started militarily drilling and the New 
Haven town meeting has voted to store arms in the Yale library; in case the students actually get it together and form an organized unit, they'll have arms stored in the 
Yale library ready in case fighting has to happen. 
Which again is a really dramatic kind of a decision to make. 
It's stated in a very plain way in the document that I found, but that's a dramatic kind of a decision. 
So again, you can see even just in that example how some of these really general ideas I've been talking about over the course of many, many lectures--building resentments, shared fears, continued loyalty to the King-- are playing out here on a small scale in New Haven in real life. 
Now the Yale military unit apparently had its main moment of glory that same year in 1775, when George Washington, who was now the newly named Commander-in-Chief of the 
Continental Army, actually passed through New 
Haven on his way to join the Continental Army outside of 
Boston. 
And I'll be talking about George Washington in the next 
lecture so I'm feeling very fancy once again that I have magically somehow seemed as though this lecture was really planned all along. 
But apparently, Connecticut newspapers noted that people from New Haven went out; they wanted to see Washington; they wanted to see what was going on; they wanted to watch the Yale students do a drill, which they did apparently--a formal drill in front of Washington and his escort. 
Noah Webster, dictionary Webster, was a Yale freshman that year, and in later years he told people that he remembered that event; he remembered Washington watching the drilling students; he remembered that the body of the--the military body of students, escorted Washington out of town. 
And Webster said that he himself played some kind of music to accompany the marching of the Yale students with 
Washington out of town-- but he remembered that a long time later as sort of a memorable moment from the war. 
Now in the interest of time, I'm going to leap to 1777, because in 1777 warfare now is unfolding throughout the northern states and some people then began to conclude that actually staying in New Haven and studying at Yale might be just too dangerous for Yale students-- because New Haven was an exposed port, which we're going to see in about five minutes. 
It is an exposed port. 
So the Yale authorities sent students out to different towns. 
They didn't close Yale. 
They just said, 'Okay. 
We're going to send students to random places in Connecticut where they will be safer than they are in New Haven.' 
So freshmen went to Farmington, sophomores and juniors went to 
Glastonbury, and seniors went to Wethersfield. 
I cannot tell you why those particular places seemed like 
logical places, but you and your class were sent to a random place to continue your studies. 
On their way out, Yale officials asked the town to please protect the abandoned college buildings from troops-- 
American or British--troops, and some library books were moved inland to protect them in case troops came to New Haven. 
So again, people are feeling there's a potential real threat here. 
Yale eventually did come back into session in New Haven, not without serious problems--and again you're going to see the playing out here of something I've talked about before. 
I've talked before about the problems of supplying the army. 
It was hard to get food. 
People weren't sort of giving up food and supplies to the army. 
Apparently, they--it was really hard for people to get food and supplies into Yale too, that people just weren't--whatever sources of supplies had been serving Yale in the past were no longer doing that in a time of war. 
So in 1778, Yale sent out the following notice to parents of 
Yale students. 
September 30,1778: 
"The steward of Yale 
College hereby requests the Parents and Guardians of the 
Students to assist in furnishing a supply of Provisions"-- okay, 'parents, would you please send food? 
[laughs] 
We don't have a lot; we really need it'--'"without which it will be very difficult if not impracticable for him to subsist the Scholars the ensuing winter. 
A generous and full Price shall be allowed and paid either in 
Money, or their Son's Quarter Bills, shall be most agreeable." 
Okay. 
'Please send us food. 
We don't have any, and if you do we'll either pay you or we won't charge you tuition for your son so please give us food'-- which again--Can you imagine being the parent who gets the sorry, there's no food for your son; [laughter] send some now? 
While you're sending the homespun clothes, send the food too. 
Okay. 
So the war is a real presence, even on the college campus: drilling students, fighting men, guns stored in the Yale library, people having a hard time getting food and supplies. 
1779 is when things become much worse because that is the peak year of violence in New Haven; that is the year when the 
British invaded New Haven. 
And Ezra Stiles, who was President of Yale at the time, noted in his diary the events as they unfolded-- and again, it's really interesting to see his diary entries. 
He later wrote another account that had full sentences, but to me what was more interesting-- and I'll read some of them here--were some of his diary entries because they're really immediate, and he's kind of recording his reaction to events as they're happening. 
So on July 4,1779, he says he heard news that there was a British fleet of ships that had been seen near 
Bridgeport, and supposedly rumor said it was heading to New Haven. 
So again, being the responsible president of Yale, he asks for militia to be sent. 
In case this is actually true, they're going to need some real soldiers, but he writes in his diary: 
"Would not believe the enemy intended landing." 
Okay. 
He hears the rumor and he takes action but he actually literally cannot believe that the British are actually going to get off the ships and attack. 
That can't be real; can't be really happening. 
The next day, July 5, Stiles, using a telescope, says that he "saw the ships distinctly from the steeple of College Chapel" and, he continues, 
"Began to remove all property.... 
Militia meeting. 
Tories calm. 
With telescope from the tower or steeple clearly saw the boats putting off from the ship and landing a little after sunrise." 
He sees the smaller boats going off of these ships, with soldiers, to land on the shore. 
"Immediately, I sent off College records and papers ... and a bag of my own things," sent his family away. 
The next day, July 6, Stiles writes: 
"Enemy paraded. 
Sailors came on shore and took their turn at plunder." 
I'm going to continue a couple days here and then go back to the actual invasion, just because the series of things he writes here are interesting and they become weirdly personal, which again reminds me that this is a real person's experience. 
He says: 
July 7,11 o'clock p.m., "enemy landed and burnt Fairfield." 
July 8, "Removing my furniture"-- (he's now moving his furniture out of Yale) -- 
"Removing my furniture broke my Fahrenheit Thermometer which I have had since 1762." 
[laughter] 
I was like: oh, okay, I feel sorry you're moving your furniture and he broke his thermometer. 
July 12, "the whole town moving," and then July 23 this little, tiny reminder that Yale is still an institution that exists. 
July 23, Stiles spent the day writing diplomas onto parchment. 
[laughs] 
'Yeah, I know this is a little taxing. 
I've still got students and they still have to graduate so 
I'm going to write out their diplomas'--which I think is really kind of striking. 
Okay. 
Let's turn back for a minute to look at precisely what happened as the British invaded New Haven. 
Apparently, they decided to attack the Connecticut shore to draw some of Washington's troops away from White Plains, 
New York, where I guess they were, and that was I guess a strong position to hold, so the British thought well, if they attack the Connecticut shore, they'll entice Washington to send some of his troops to 
Connecticut and that way maybe they can defeat them on both fronts. 
And New Haven ends up being the first target in this plan, so on July 5 the British debark in New Haven Harbor. 
They had about two thousand soldiers. 
One part of the troops was going to enter New Haven from 
East Haven and the other part was going to enter from West 
Haven. 
Stiles wrote in his diary, "Perhaps one-third of the adult male inhabitants flew to arms and went out to meet them. 
A quarter removed out of town doing nothing, the rest remained unmoved, partly Tories, partly timid Whigs," and then he adds that some of the Tories armed themselves and then went out to fight with the 
British. 
That's a great example of how our--I think our impulse is to say, 'Well, the people were united in unity against the 
British.' 
It's like--well, no. 
The entire town wasn't a big lump--a big lump of rebels. 
It was people with different ideas, and you just--Stiles in that one little sentence-- 
He has people going to fight with the British, people going to fight against the British. 
He has people sort of not knowing what to do and kind of just staying in town and then people not wanting to do anything, just wanted to get themselves out of there-- all sort of happening at the same time. 
People are making decisions, some pretty dramatic decisions, and they're having to make them spur of the moment, and you can see them in a lot of cases here taking a side, taking a formal side in a way that could have pretty dire consequences. 
Yale immediately was dismissed, and some students immediately ran for home. 
Supposedly, according to a diary, one student, a sophomore, instead of going home decided to go to a nearby town and read Blackstone's 
Commentaries. 
Why that made sense I don't know. 
'What, the British are coming? 
I think I'll go to Fairfield and read Blackstone now.' 
[laughter] 
And in later years, he said he so enjoyed himself reading Blackstone during that period that he decided to become a lawyer right there and then. 
Okay. 
It's this one lone little reading calm student in the midst of not a lot of other reading calm students from what 
I could tell. 
Unlike that little Blackstone student, a volunteer company of about seventy Yale students-- which is roughly half of the student body at that point-- formed to fight. 
They were led by Captain James Hillhouse. 
He is indeed New Haven Hillhouse. 
He was a Yale graduate of a few years before, so he's not that much older than these men. 
And a Yale senior, who ends up being one of these fighting Yale students, offers an account of what happened at this point. 
He says--He notes that troops landed in the south part of West 
Haven, "about five miles from the center of the town. 
College was of course broken up and the students, with many of the inhabitants, prepared to flee on the morrow into the neighboring country. 
To give more time for preparation and especially for the removal of goods, a volunteer company of about a hundred young men was formed, not with the expectation of making any serious stand against such a force, but simply of retarding or diverting its march." 
So these students formed; they don't think they're going to beat the British, but maybe they can delay them a 
little bit. 
"In common with others of the students, 
I was one of the number, and I well remember the surprise we felt the next morning (July 5) as we were marching over West Bridge towards the enemy, to see Dr. Daggett," who is the former President of 
Yale, Naphtali Daggett, who is now a professor of divinity, so he's a Yale professor, "how surprised we were the next morning, to see Dr. Daggett riding furiously by us on his old black mare with his long fowling piece in his hand ready for action. 
We knew the old gentleman had studied the matter thoroughly and satisfied his own mind as to the right and propriety of fighting it out, but we were not quite prepared to see him come forth in so gallant a style to carry his principles into practice." 
So, they see this professor go riding off with his gun, going to fight the British, like: 'wow, [laughs] that's pretty impressive.' 
And I think in the first lecture I mentioned this, and said it was the President of Yale riding out. 
Daggett had retired as President, so for the sake of accuracy, he's now not President but a professor riding off to fight the British with his gun. 
So now this student goes on: 
"Giving him a hearty cheer as he passed, we turned down towards West 
Haven at the foot of the Milford Mills, while he, Daggett, ascended a little to the west and took his station in a copse of wood where he seemed to be reconnoitering the enemy like one who was determined 'to bide his time.' 
As we passed on towards the south we met an advanced guard of the British, and taking our stand at a line of fence, we fired upon them several times, and then chased them the length of three or four fields as they retreated, until we suddenly found ourselves involved with the main body"-- 
Okay, [laughter] so it was--a couple of soldiers were like: 'get them, uh oh [laughter]--"and in danger of being surrounded. 
It was now our turn to run, and we did for our lives. 
Passing by Dr. Daggett [laughs] in his station on the hill we retreated rapidly across West 
Bridge, which was instantly taken down by persons who stood ready for the purpose to prevent the enemy from entering the town by that road." 
Okay. 
So that's where his account ends. 
Now we're going to pick it up with Daggett who offered his own account afterwards of what happened. 
Okay. 
"On Monday morning, the 5^(th) instant the town of 
New Haven was justly alarmed, with the threatening appearance of a speedy invasion from the Enemy. 
Numbers went out armed to oppose them.... 
Having gone as far as I supposed was sufficient, 
I turned down the hill to gain a little covert of bushes which 
I had in my eye; but to my great surprise I saw the Enemy much nearer than I expected, their advance guards being a little more than 20 rods distant, with plain open ground between us. 
They instantly fired upon me, which they continued till I had run a dozen rods, discharging not less than 15 or 20 balls at me alone; however thro' the preserving providence of God, I escaped from them all unhurt, and gained the little covert at which I aimed, which concealed me from their view, while I could plainly see them thro' the weeds and bushes, advancing towards me within 12 rods. 
I singled out one of them, took aim and fired upon him." 
Okay. 
So he takes one shot. 
"I loaded my musket again, but determined not to discharge it any more, as I saw I could not escape from them [laughs] and I determined to surrender myself as a prisoner." 
So he's charged out with his gun, he takes one shot, and he's like: 'what am I doing? 
[laughter] 
I'm a guy with a gun and the 
British Army. 
What am I doing?' 
He's like: 'okay, I'll surrender myself as a prisoner.' 
"I begged for Quarter and that they would spare my life. 
They drew near to me, I think two only in number, one on my right hand, the other on my left, the fury of infernals glowing in their faces, they called me a damned old Rebel and swore they would kill me instantly. 
They demanded, quote, 'What did you fire upon us for?'" [laughter] 
Okay. 
I love the question. 
'Why are you shooting at us, you old crazy man sitting in the bushes?' 
"I replied, 'because it is the exercise of war.'" [laughter] 
That did not impress the 
British, and apparently, they actually--they didn't treat him very well so they-- one of them pretended to stab at him with his bayonet and actually stabbed him a little bit, and some of them sort of [laughter] hit him on the head, and there's a long account here which I don't have time to read in which he talks about: 'this guy hit me in the head and that guy hit me on the shin and then some guy hit me with the barrel of his gun.' 
And he actually--he ends up being forced to march at the head of the British troops back to New Haven, from wherever he is. 
And he says I think in his account, 'I finally--I saw the 
New Haven green and I was so happy I was back in New Haven.' 
But I think he--Oh, and also I should say they stole his shoes, his knee buckles, his pocket handkerchief, and a little, old tobacco box, so they also just stripped him of whatever he had, but he actually I think was kind of badly hurt and he's sick for a while. 
And then a couple years later he died, and people later said that maybe he died because of injuries sustained at that moment after the crazy charge of one guy, the noble professor going off to fight the British. 
Okay. 
So troops entered New Haven proper a little after noon after one last skirmish where Whaley and Dixwell meet. 
This was the last little skirmish and then the British entered. 
They entered New Haven and immediately began to plunder 
Loyalist and Rebel houses alike, breaking windows and doors, carrying off valuables. 
As Stiles described it, "Plunder, 
Rape, Murder, Bayoneting, Indelicacies toward the Sex"-- okay, women were not being treated respectfully -- "Insolence and Abuse and 
Insult toward the Inhabitants in general." 
One woman later recalled that a British soldier in town cut off her necklace to keep, and stole her shoe buckles. 
Someone who lived on State Street said he was sitting in his door on State Street as the British came, and he saw a British officer come riding down Elm Street and turn up State Street towards Grove, and then he saw someone he knew from East Haven ride over, holding a musket which he leveled and fired at the British officer, who fell off his horse and sort of crawled into someone's garden at which point the East Haven guy grabbed the officer's horse and rode away. 
'So [laughter] 
I shot me someone from the 
British Army, and I got a horse too.' 
Some people fled town. 
One man who was stuck in town with his wife because she was too ill to run, saw British officers enter town and apparently went up to one and asked for protection and the officer asked, 'Are you a friend to King 
George?,' and the man said, 'I am,'--so his house was not attacked, but apparently he was not a friend to King George, he was not a Tory, so for there, after in the town he was someone who was highly unpopular because he had-- 
I suppose in a sense--sold himself out to protect his house; again a sort of decision of the moment that makes sense but that then had implications. 
Some New Haven Loyalists actually fled with the British 
Army, which as they left, actually, they left a lot of destruction in their wake. 
Okay. 
So what have we seen today? 
We've definitely seen how ideas and events happening in places pretty far removed from New Haven are distilling their way down, right here--Yale College, 
New Haven, Connecticut--and really driving people to take action, sometimes pretty dramatic action. 
We've seen average citizens, average people from New Haven, stirred to act: merchants, lawyers, sailors, shoemakers, students. 
We've seen how the coming of war revealed all kinds of divisions among local people, as well as unity, because people did have to make choices of all kinds. 
So basically, we've seen in this one little real-life example how the coming of the Revolution and then the carrying out of the Revolution drove average people to become politically active and also militarily active, to think through their options, to decide what they really believed, and then in many cases to take a stand. 
So Professor Daggett--The student says, 
'We know he'd been thinking about it and he had been thinking about what he wanted to do and he had decided that if pushed, he would fight.' 
The student is kind of surprised he's actually heading out with a gun, but again--the student knows that Daggett was thinking through what his actions were going to be, and then he watches him take action, like the Loyalists who left New 
Haven with the British; again a really dramatic action. 
So in just this little sort of case study of New Haven and 
Yale, you can see how citizenship and 
leadership came to have different meanings, how people were understanding what they were supposed to be doing as citizens in a different way as they lived the experience of fighting a Revolution. 
Okay. 
I ended that on time. 
I even read my--I'm so impressed with myself--[laughs/laughter] the instant lecture. 
Okay. 
And I ended two minutes early, so you have time to get your midterms. 
Have a wonderful spring break, and I will see you after. 
My name is Bacar Fati and I am vice president moreover, I am a founding member of the NGO Senim Mira Nassequê, and I am vice president. 
So, these people have been working from its creation for the training, information and awareness of people to abandon the pratices of... mainly female genital mutilation. 
But there is a broader activity of cutting, in the sense of putting an end to the practices especially with the NGO Saber Bom. 
As we know of course that in our country there are many ethnicities that have those practices as part of their culture. 
So, in this moment we are doing a good work with the participation of other NGOs I think we are making an effort in that sense, and we are in the right way. 
I am here today to take part of a training so that we can start producing and spreading our activities through blogging news. 
And today it is my second time in this activity so I think I am already learning and I have learned many things that allow us, from Senim Mira, to start spreading information about the activities we are promoting in different parts of the country. 
Right now we are in Bissau, but soon we will have another partnership indeed, the second partnership with the NGO (?) and that will help us a lot on implementing the activities in the field. 
How do you show  two and three-digit numbers on a number line? 
In this lesson you will learn how to show numbers on a number line by thinking about hundreds, tens, and ones. 
Let's review : 
You know you can model 45 using place value tools. 
If we used a place value board we know we would need four tens and five ones to show 45. 
We can do the same thing with a three-digit number such as 253. 
We would need two hundreds, five tens, and three ones. 
Two hundred fifty three. 
A common misunderstanding when using number lines is thinking that number line models always count by or use units of one. 
If we were to put fifty two on a number line... 
Let's see what that looks like. 
Five tens, we know is fifty. 
And, we have two ones... 
Two jumps of... two more jumps? 
One, two. 
Uht-oh. 
That brought us to seventy. 
We want to show fifty two. 
What happened was we weren't paying attention to the scale or the units. 
The value between each of our numbers is ten because this number line counts by tens. 
What we really want is two jumps of one and that will bring us to fifty two. 
Be very careful to pay attention to the unit marks on the number lines. 
Let's model forty five on a number line. 
As we see these numbers come up we're watching our scale and see it counts by ones. 
It starts with thirty five, goes to thirty six, thirty seven, thirty eight, and so on. 
We have four tens in forty five. 
We can start at forty. 
Five ones, we can do one jump of five. 
Forty to forty five. 
If we model eighty nine on the number line 
-again let's look at our scale- eighty, eighty one, eighty two, eighty three, and so on. 
I see this is counting by ones again. 
Eight tens is eighty. 
And, we have nine ones. 
We could handle this in a couple of different ways. 
Let's think about doing what we did last time. 
A jump of five; eighty to eighty five. 
Then we need to do one, two, three, four more jumps of one and we're at eighty nine. 
Let's try a three-digit number. 
One hundred thirty two. 
Ninety, ninety five, one hundred, one hundred five. 
Our number line counts by fives  so we need to think about that as we're working. 
We have one hundred, three tens, so let's jump three tens. 
I have to do five and five is ten, twenty, thirty (three tens) and two ones. 
One, two, and that brings us to one hundred thirty two. 
Let's model two hundred fifty three on a number line. 
Two hundred, two hundred ten,  two hundred twenty, two hundred thirty. 
This number line counts by tens. 
We have two hundreds; there's the number two hundred. 
Five tens, hmmm... there's different ways we can do that. 
Let's just count by tens. 
Ten, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty. 
Five tens and three ones; not three jumps, but three small ones. 
One, two, three, and we're at two hundred fifty three. 
Let's try two hundred fifty three again because there are a number of ways we can do this. 
Again, our number line is counting by tens. 
We're going to start at two hundred, but this time instead of five tens,  let's do one jump of fifty. 
So, we're at two hundred fifty. 
We need three ones, one, two, three, and we're at two hundred fifty three. 
In this lesson you have learned  how to show numbers on a number line by thinking about hundreds, tens, and ones. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
BETH HOYT: 
Have a nice trip. 
[THEME MUSlC] 
[INAUDlBLE] 
My Damn Channel Live. 
It's me, Beth Hoyt. 
It's a big Wednesday show. 
We have not one, but two special guests for you today. 
We've got Julie Klausner, author of the book, "I Don't 
Care About Your Band," and host of "The Hit", and one of my favorite podcasts, "How Was Your Week?" 
And if you've listened to "How Was Your Week?" Then you've heard the theme song by funny man and indie punk rock legend 
Ted Leo, who's also here. 
We're going to be playing lots of games, including another round of Fuck, Marry, Kill. 
You know how it goes. 
Three names, you know. 
Give us some suggestions for that in the chat. 
We'll use them. 
First, though, I want to talk about chairs. 
I was hanging out with my sister the other day and I was, I was sitting in this chair, and my sister told me to stop fidgeting. 
To which I was like, A, rude, and B, I'm not fidgeting. 
I just, I really like sitting in different ways. 
And I do. 
You know, if you know something about me, you know that. 
So I thought I'd just quickly show you guys my favorite ways to sit on a chair. 
So to do this, I just need like, I need a chair, this one, this will do. 
I'll use this one, this will be fine. 
Basically, I mean, we can start with just a simple, a classic cheeks on the seat maneuver. 
I really like to center myself. 
So I'm like, in position to sit down. 
Then I just, then I go from right here just to plopping down. 
And it, you know, like, it takes a little settling in on the sit bones to like, really find the comfort spot. 
Some people find it right away. 
I have to search for it a little bit, and then you're 
like, this is it. 
And then that's it. 
And you stay there. 
Second move is just a little-- you guys know it. 
It's the leg cross. 
Knee over knee. 
I like to sit, I like to cross to the left. 
It's nice way to get, like a bit of a stretch in the glutes, as well as generally air out the situation. 
There's nothing worse than a sweaty sit butt during a long meeting. 
That's the worst. 
So I just, those are two. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Hi, Beth. 
BETH HOYT: 
Julie. 
Julie Klauser, everybody. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
What are you doing? 
BETH HOYT: 
I am demonstrating some different ways to sit. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I love sitting. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh my gosh. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I have a way to sit. 
BETH HOYT: 
Great. 
Julie Klausner is adding to the more ways to sit on chairs. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
So this is a cool way to sit on a chair if you have like, a classroom full of students. 
And you want to maybe like, learn from their life lessons. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh my gosh. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You kind of lean over the front of the chair, and you-- 
BETH HOYT: 
This is assertive. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Want to-- it's both. 
It's submissive and assertive. 
BETH HOYT: 
I see what you're saying. 
Because you're putting up a barrier. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah, exactly. 
But you're also open. 
So you lean into it, and then I like to steeple my fingers at first, and rest my chin on my thumbs. 
And then just nod until I unsteep-- steepling. 
BETH HOYT: 
I get you. 
I'm more of a, like a-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Sleepy? 
TED LEO: 
Hey, guys. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Hi, Ted. 
BETH HOYT: 
Hey, Ted. 
TED LEO: 
Hey. 
Sitting? 
BETH HOYT: 
Ted Leo, everybody. 
TED LEO: 
Yes. 
BETH HOYT: 
We're sitting. 
TED LEO: 
Cool. 
BETH HOYT: 
We're sitting the crap out of today so far. 
TED LEO: 
I like sitting too. 
Yeah. 
Do you have another chair around? 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
Can you grab Ted this chair? 
TED LEO: 
Oh, nice. 
Cool. 
Now, I'm just going to tell you right off the bat. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
TED LEO: 
It's not super healthy to be sitting all the time. 
You don't burn as many calories as when you're standing. 
BETH HOYT: 
Here we go. 
TED LEO: 
So there's a method that I've developed. 
It's called pulse squats. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh, sure. 
TED LEO: 
Just like a simple up and down things. 
Gets the, gets the heart rate up. 
You know, you go up. 
Down. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
And I'm ready to burn some calories. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I don't-- 
It takes away the-- 
TED LEO: 
And down. 
BETH HOYT: 
This is good. 
I've been sitting a while, so yeah. 
TED LEO: 
And down. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
It's not as-- 
BETH HOYT: 
You can keep listening with your steeple. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh, this is great. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I'm gonna pop a listen. 
BETH HOYT: 
This really works your haunches. 
TED LEO: 
Exactly. 
And up. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
This is good. 
Awesome, you guys. 
Well, there you go. 
These are some cool ways to sit in chairs. 
We've got a fun show planned. 
We'll be answering comments later on the show, so put them in the chat. 
We'll be right back to play a game. 
TED LEO: 
You feel the burn? 
BETH HOYT: 
Stick around, this is-- 
I'm feeling it. 
COOLlO: 
Can you pass me a spoon, soul roll brother never would? 
Lights up, please. 
Come on, now. 
Damn, directorio. 
What it do? 
You must be on them red devils. 
Y'all know what a red devil is? 
I'm not going to tell you, either. 
But I know my uncle used to take them, then fall asleep at the light. 
BETH HOYT: 
All right. 
Hi, guy guys. 
Man, um, here, we, this is, need these props. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, thank you. 
BETH HOYT: 
These aren't full, though. 
So you guys, what we're doing, we've got some [INAUDlBLE]. 
I'll give you this one. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Cheers. 
BETH HOYT: 
Not that it matters if you have. 
OK, we're here with [INAUDlBLE] "Real Housewives of New York City" critic Julia Klausner, and rock star Ted Leo. 
Ted, have you ever watched "Real Housewives?" 
TED LEO: 
I have. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh, good. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You went to high-- 
You went to high school with Camille Grammer, didn't you? 
TED LEO: 
I uh, no. 
She went through to the same grammar school as me. 
BETH HOYT: 
OK. 
TED LEO: 
She is, I believe, maybe one or two years older than me? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Which is shocking. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
She looks like she could be your crazy auntie. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
Which one are we talking about? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Camille Grammer. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
No way. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Isn't that crazy? 
BETH HOYT: 
No. 
TED LEO: 
And of course, of course I'm not going to remember what her-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Donatacci? 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
Donatacci. 
That's right. 
BETH HOYT: 
OK, you guys. 
I've watched plenty myself. 
One thing I've learned, I mean, you guys can back me up on this is that bitches be crazy, right? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
In general. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yep. 
So we're going to play in general, Bitches Be Crazy. 
OK, I'm going to give you guys a quote from either "Real 
Housewives of New York City" "Girl, Interrupted," the 
Winona Ryder movie about women in an insane asylum. 
You have to guess which crazy bitch said what. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
OK. 
BETH HOYT: 
Julia and Ted, you use your paddle to show us which one you think the quote is from. 
And you get a point for each one you get correct, and you drinks for each one you get wrong. 
I'm just going to be drinking throughout. 
TED LEO: 
OK. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
That makes me more comfortable. 
BETH HOYT: 
That's what we're looking for. 
OK. 
Are we ready? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
Number one. 
I always envision myself on the subway shaking a can, asking for money. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
TED LEO: 
"Real Housewives. 
BETH HOYT: 
Ted is correct. 
You have to drink. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
What? 
BETH HOYT: 
Sonja said that on "Real Housewives." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, that seems like a thing Sonja would say. 
BETH HOYT: 
Maybe it'll come true. 
She'll be shaking a can on the subway. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I hope not. 
BETH HOYT: 
OK. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Poor Sonja. 
TED LEO: 
Just shaking it for you. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
Our good vibes are out for her. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No, it doesn't. 
BETH HOYT: 
Who's the next one? 
I just don't want to end up like my mother. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
TED LEO: 
I would say "Girl, Interrupted" as well. 
BETH HOYT: 
You're both correct. 
Points. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
We're going to drink anyway. 
BETH HOYT: 
You can drink anyway. 
Cheers, yeah. 
Cheers because you got it correct. 
All right. 
I see how this game goes. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
This is not bad for boxed wine. 
BETH HOYT: 
It's actually quite good. 
TED LEO: 
It's a whole new thing. 
Boxed wines. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Doesn't have the metallic sense of like, yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
Here's a tip, you guys. 
Put your red wine in the fridge, and it lasts longer. 
Also, this is four bottles in this box. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, really? 
That's crazy. 
BETH HOYT: 
I work for this company. 
TED LEO: 
There are quality, quality boxes out there now, so I'm told. 
BETH HOYT: 
All right, number three. 
Go back from under the cabinet you came out of. 
Bitch. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Real Housewives." "Real 
Housewives." 
TED LEO: 
I'm going to-- 
I'm going to phone a, I'm going to phone a friend, and uh, say "Real Housewives." 
BETH HOYT: 
She did seem quite confident on that one. 
It is. 
Do you know who said it? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Um, I do, but I don't remember. 
BETH HOYT: 
Alex said it. 
Brooklyn and Alex s 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes, Alex. 
BETH HOYT: 
All right. 
If I could have any job in the world, I'd be a professional 
Cinderella. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
BETH HOYT: 
You guys are both correct. 
It's also from my diary, but that's from "Girl, 
Interrupted." All right. 
Right now we're going to go into lightning round. 
It's not really that different from the last round, I'm just going to talk faster and with more energy. 
It's just going to happen. 
OK, ready? 
One. 
I can't believe you're putting your face in the bidet. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Housewives. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
Sure. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Sonja. 
BETH HOYT: 
You have to drink. 
Because you weren't sure. 
TED LEO: 
All right, fair enough. 
BETH HOYT: 
It's "Housewives. 
All right. 
You shared a man with that woman? 
TED LEO: 
"Housewives. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
BETH HOYT: 
It's from "Girl, Interrupted." All right. 
You got Valium? 
TED LEO: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
BETH HOYT: 
It's probably both, but it's from "Girl, 
Interrupted." All right. 
He's a bald guy with a little pecker and a fat wife. 
TED LEO: 
"Housewives." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
BETH HOYT: 
It's from "Girl, Interrupted." Drink it. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, that's a hard one. 
BETH HOYT: 
And the last one, I have never met a bunch of women who had more fucking issues. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, that's hard. 
TED LEO: 
Gotta be "Housewives." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
"Housewives?" 
"Girl, Interrupted." 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh! 
It's "Housewives." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It is? 
BETH HOYT: 
But I mean, it's true, though. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Which one? 
BETH HOYT: 
It's "Girl, Interrupted." I mean, it's 
"Real Housewives." 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
What is the answer? 
TED LEO: 
What are you saying? 
You drink. 
BETH HOYT: 
The I have never met a bunch of women had had more fucking issues is from "Real Housewives". 
They better have bleeped the F word. 
How did we do? 
We didn't really keep score. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
BETH HOYT: 
But did we drink a little? 
TED LEO: 
I wasn't keeping score. 
BETH HOYT: 
Did we have fun? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
A little. 
TED LEO: 
Absolutely, sure. 
BETH HOYT: 
Thanks for playing Bitches Be Crazy. 
We'll be right back. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Thanks for being crazy, bitches. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
Oh, what? 
Oh, you're gonna put it online, huh? 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
I'm not gonna put this online. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
Oh, and everyone's gonna laugh at me. 
Oh, look at the big failure. 
Fails with the bees. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
No, not at all. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
Well, you know what the big failure is? 
Our marriage. 
That's the failure. 
[SCREAMlNG] 
20 million views? 
ANDREW WK: 
Hello. 
My name is Andrew WK, and you're watching My Damn 
Channel Live. 
Cheers, and party hard. 
BETH HOYT: 
We're back. 
So Julie, when I found out you were gonna be on the show, I wanted to do something really special for you. 
I'm a big fan, and I know from listening to your podcast that you have a fascination with Tilda Swinton. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes, I'm obsessed with her. 
She is a nutbag, and I just think she's wonderful. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yes. 
OK, so um, what if I told view we happen to have connected with Tilda Swinton, and we have her live via satellite right now? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I would flip my shit. 
BETH HOYT: 
OK, well, we're going to-- you can interview her. 
She's here. 
Tilda? 
There's Tilda. 
Hey, Tilda. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Tilda? 
Can she hear us? 
BETH HOYT: 
I don't know. 
Tilda? 
She should be able to. 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
Pardon me. 
When are we? 
BETH HOYT: 
It's Wednesday. 
You're on My Damn Channel Live. 
I'm Beth, this is Julie. 
Take it, Julie. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
OK. 
Well, again, Tilda Swinton. 
Thank you so much for doing this. 
It's really a treat. 
We'll get into your career in a moment, but first I'd just 
like to ask you about the name Tilda. 
It's Pretty unusual. 
How did your parents choose that name? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
It's a funny story, really. 
Most people do think it is short for Mathilda. 
Actually, it is, it is long for Ilda. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, that's counter intuitive. 
So your parents just named you Ilda? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
No, no. 
I chose it for myself on my second solstice. 
Mommy and poppy never gave me a name. 
Not that they didn't love me, but woodland cattle can't speak. 
Most people know this. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
OK. 
So tell me, Tilda, when did you know that you wanted to be an actress? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
I am not an actress. 
That's a pretend name for a job that does not exist. 
I am a gardener of art. 
I grow it. 
I pluck it. 
I eat it. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Then let's set aside acting for a moment. 
Tilda Swinton, what are your other passions? 
What makes you happiest in life? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
Oh, yeah. 
I love to swim. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Is that it? 
Just swimming? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
My kids give me delight, as well. 
The boy-- names aren't important. 
The boy and the girl, I like them very much. 
Very much indeed. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
OK, Tilda Swinton. 
So, you've acted in many-- 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
Oh. 
Oh, oh, oh. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Sorry. 
Right, you're not an actress. 
Tilda, you've gardened so much art. 
Do you have a favorite character that you've played? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
Actually, yes. 
I had a particularly enjoyable time playing Peter Green. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Peter, Peter Green? 
I'm sorry, I don't-- which movie was this? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
It was a puppetry exhibition I've been curating with small bones of crows I've killed, and the fat boy down the street. 
It was a wonderful experiment until we burned the church down. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Fair enough. 
OK. 
Let's talk about collaboration. 
If you could work with anyone in the biz, who would it be? 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
I would love to work with Tina Fey. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Really? 
Wow. 
Are you a fan of "30 Rocks?" 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
Tina Fay is an ice flow in the north Atlantic that I astral project to every third Sunday in Ramadan. 
I sit on the ice. 
On my bottom. 
In my mind. 
And let the fear of a dying world snake its way up my vagina. 
Through my pelvis. 
To create a crystal of ecstasy. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Wow. 
Well, thank you so much for joining us today, Tilda. 
TlLDA SWlNTON: 
You're very welcome, Julie. 
I'm ready to begin the interview whenever you are. 
BETH HOYT: 
Wow. 
I thought that went great. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
That was really exciting. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
She's not as quirky as I heard she was going to be. 
BETH HOYT: 
I know what you mean. 
Yeah. 
Well, we're going to be playing Fuck, Marry, Kill pop culture edition with Julie and Ted in just a second. 
If you guys have good trios for us, put them in the comments, we're going to use them. 
Here's one you sent in. 
We'll play this one out, and we'll see, you guys will see how it's done. 
OK, Daniel Craig, Sean Connery, Pierce Brosnan. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You want to fuck Daniel Craig. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
The end. 
Done talking. 
BETH HOYT: 
Right. 
You guys get it. 
And then, yeah, you marry Pierce? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
BETH HOYT: 
Sean? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, you marry Sean. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yes, because he's Scottish. 
BETH HOYT: 
Exactly. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
And you hear that accent every morning when you're drinking coffee. 
BETH HOYT: 
I was just picturing going out for dinner and being like-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It improves your life. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
And it probably would improve your posture to be with him, too. 
I feel like you would just 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Sure. 
And you kill Pierce Brosnan because, did you see "Mama 
Mia?" 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, that's exactly why. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
There need to be consequences. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
He needs to pay for that. 
And we're going to make him. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Someone does. 
BETH HOYT: 
You guys got it? 
Go nuts, we're going to be back in a minute. 
But first it's a My Damn Channel original video premiere. 
It's the Jon Friedman Internet Program with Donald Trump. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
(SlNGlNG) It's the John Friedman Internet 
Program on your world wide web. 
DONALD TRUMP: 
You're tired. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
(SlNGlNG) It's the Jon Friedman Internet 
Program on your world wide web. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
Hey, guys. 
We're the Wing Girls. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
And watching My Damn Channel Live. 
BETH HOYT: 
We're back with Julie Klausner and Ted Leo. 
It's time for Fuck, Marry, Kill. 
TED LEO: 
Can I just add that I would fuck Daniel Craig, too. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Everybody would. 
BETH HOYT: 
Do you agree with marrying Sean Connery over 
Pierce Brosnan? 
TED LEO: 
Absolutely. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Right? 
You don't want to wake up to Pierce Brosnan every day. 
TED LEO: 
No, no. 
Of course not. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It's about the day to day stuff. 
BETH HOYT: 
[INAUDlBLE] today. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah, exactly. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He's exhausting. 
BETH HOYT: 
All the freckles that you didn't expect early on. 
TED LEO: 
Is he freckley? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I bet he is. 
TED LEO: 
Under the shirt? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Or just like, one of those guys that looks tan from a distance, and you get up close, and it's all pointalism. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, we don't need that. 
OK, remember, if you guys have good ones, get them in the comments. 
We've got a bunch to get us started. 
We're going to take turns. 
Here's the first one. 
Lindsay Lohan, Courtney Love, Tara Reid. 
I mean, my initial, my initial thought is that Tara 
Reid's gotta die. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
TED LEO: 
I don't know. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Any of those, it would be a mercy killing across the board, you know? 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I can't say Courtney's full name because I feel like she's like, Beetlejuice. 
If you say it like, even once, she'll show up. 
So I'm not going to regard that, but I would marry-- 
BETH HOYT: 
I would marry Lindsay, because I think she has a second coming. 
TED LEO: 
You think so? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You do? 
That's optimistic. 
But you think Tara's a lost cause? 
BETH HOYT: 
God, for sure. 
TED LEO: 
I would marry Courtney because I think she's on her last legs. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, you're right. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, and you want to inherit that sweet, uh, that sweet, sweet publishing money? 
TED LEO: 
I just, I feel bad about saying that. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
It's a-- no. 
[INAUDlBLE]. 
BETH HOYT: 
We're here to hurt people. 
TED LEO: 
Thank you. 
BETH HOYT: 
Next comment. 
This is a comment from YouTube, and this is from pawneegoddess. 
Ryan Gosling, George Clooney, James Franco. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I mean-- yeah. 
TED LEO: 
I don't care. 
I mean, I'm a Cloonatic, beyond that. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Are you? 
TED LEO: 
Yeah, I am. 
I'm pro Clooney. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
What's your favorite Clooney movie? 
BETH HOYT: 
So would you rather fuck him or marry him? 
TED LEO: 
I want to do all three to him in one night. 
One night. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
That's "Ocean's 13," I think. 
TED LEO: 
Yes, exactly. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I would marry Clooney to be the first one that could like, claim that she liked, nailed him down. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
And then who were the other two? 
BETH HOYT: 
Did you really, though? 
I mean, no one really knows. 
TED LEO: 
Ryan Gosling and James Franco. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah, I'm done with Ryan Gosling. 
I'm done with like, girls being like, isn't it interesting that I have a crush on Ryan Gosling? 
Because I'd kill him just to get those girls to shut up. 
And then James Franco, why not? 
It would be a project. 
It would be an art project. 
BETH HOYT: 
Absolutely. 
That's the way he would see it, too. 
Not that [INAUDlBLE] it's just, you know, his view on everything, right? 
It's all art. 
TED LEO: 
He's an indicator for me of how old I am, because I really don't know who, like-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You don't get him? 
TED LEO: 
No, I just don't know, I don't know, I don't think I've seen anything he's been in. 
You know what I mean? 
Like, it's that kind of, I feel like it's, I'm on some other side of some line. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Ryan Gosling, or James Franco? 
TED LEO: 
James Franco. 
BETH HOYT: 
You will. 
He's like all the little, a bunch of things. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He'll show up at your house one day. 
It'll be like, something that he'll do [INAUDlBLE]. 
TED LEO: 
And then I will have to kill him. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
That's your thing. 
BETH HOYT: 
Not that we know if that happens, you know. 
It wasn't said here. 
Next comment from YouTube, this is 
Cee-Lo, String, or Prince. 
TED LEO: 
Well, obviously you want to bone Sting because he's all that, the Tantric stuff, you know? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You have a week to spare? 
TED LEO: 
Exactly. 
Yeah, maybe you don't want to bone Sting, actually. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You do not want to bone String. 
TED LEO: 
Lose your job. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, exactly. 
TED LEO: 
You'd be evicted while you were having sex. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You'd miss so many meals. 
I'd kill Sting. 
Exactly, where's the food? 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, right? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Fuck Prince. 
Because it would have like, doves and sheer scarves. 
TED LEO: 
I think it would anti-climactic, you know? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Well, no-one's going to climax. 
I feel like there would be a lot of whispering. 
TED LEO: 
I feel like there would be all this lead up to it, and then you'd actually get down to it-- 
BETH HOYT: 
And he'd just be like, missionary, and it would be over? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah, right? 
TED LEO: 
Yeah. 
And he's really little, you know. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He is really little. 
BETH HOYT: 
Cee-Lo might be the one to have sex with. 
TED LEO: 
That's what I'm saying. 
BETH HOYT: 
Because he's a giver. 
Do you watch "The Voice?" He really, like, is into, I think he might give just the right amount. 
Like, not Sting give, but-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I would do what I had to do to meet that cat. 
That white cat he holds on that show. 
BETH HOYT: 
That's what he's saying. 
What? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It's a cute cat. 
BETH HOYT: 
Here's the next comment from YouTube, and it's from 3177OH. 
Kourney, Khloe, Kim. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I can't even reference the KKK anymore. 
I'm done. 
I'm Kardasha-done. 
Just can't. 
I can't. 
BETH HOYT: 
So we choose-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I'd fuck Kim. 
I mean, what am I? 
Made of stone? 
Of course, what am I? 
I'm not crazy. 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah. 
But also, if you marry her, it's the same thing. 
It's like she's on her last-- you know, that won't last forever. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
No. 
Don't marry that. 
Don't marry. 
Don't do it. 
BETH HOYT: 
Another comment we have, or another we have is 
Tom Cruise, Charlie Sheen, John Travolta. 
TED LEO: 
Whoa. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
That's a funny combination. 
TED LEO: 
I know, I know John would jerk me off. 
We know this is a thing, so. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
[INAUDlBLE]. 
BETH HOYT: 
Tom might do it no hands style. 
I feel like Tom would be like-- or something would happen. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He would give you a reverse happy ending, remember? 
He was like, oh, this masseuse, masseurs were like, accusing him of first of all, coining the term reverse happy ending. 
Which doesn't, it didn't exist until he came along with it. 
TED LEO: 
I love imagining that in like, a Vinny Barbarino voice, that he'd be like, come on, man. 
I'll jerk you off. 
That's good. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I would marry him because he would never touch me, and I could do what I wanted to do. 
BETH HOYT: 
Right. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I would uh, kill Charlie Sheen, and uh, fuck Tom Cruise. 
Why not? 
TED LEO: 
Sure. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah. 
You'd be into it, even though-- 
BETH HOYT: 
That's a good solution. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It is what it is, you know? 
It's a job. 
It's a gig. 
BETH HOYT: 
The next comment from YouTube is from cryptwalken. 
Katy Perry, Kesha, Taylor Swift. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Uh-huh. 
TED LEO: 
I think-- 
BETH HOYT: 
I know. 
For me, this is a no brainer. 
You fuck Katy Perry. 
TED LEO: 
Would you? 
BETH HOYT: 
She knows some things. 
You definitely kill Kesha. 
TED LEO: 
Once again, same page. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Really? 
BETH HOYT: 
And definitely marry Taylor Swift. 
TED LEO: 
Let's see if we're three for three. 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
And then you can borrow her clothes, if ever you could ever fit into them. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Like they would fit. 
TED LEO: 
I could fit into her clothes. 
BETH HOYT: 
Exactly. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You might, you might. 
BETH HOYT: 
No, but I mean, that's just the things that I would cross over. 
Cardigans, maybe? 
Borrow her lipstick. 
That stuff stays on forever. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Oh, the Cover Girl stuff? 
Doesn't she promote that stuff? 
BETH HOYT: 
Probably. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
She and Queen Latifah. 
Why are they never in the same shot together? 
That wouldn't look-- be like two different-- 
BETH HOYT: 
Yeah, that's just not. 
TED LEO: 
I'm a, I'm a boy. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I know. 
BETH HOYT: 
So what is, what's your solution? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
The same one as yours. 
He agrees. 
TED LEO: 
It's the same one. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He just doesn't know from Cover Girl ads. 
TED LEO: 
Exactly. 
BETH HOYT: 
Oh, you can't fault him for that. 
What do you, is yours? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I'll defer to the floor. 
I mean, I would love to kill Katy Perry, just so I could feel the splatter of sugar in my face. 
But I don't know. 
You guys seem to know what you're talking about. 
TED LEO: 
Not really. 
BETH HOYT: 
I do. 
I'm an expert at this. 
We have another one. 
This is Robin Williams, Billy Crystal, Whoopi Goldberg. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
The comic relief three. 
TED LEO: 
Whoa. 
Wow. 
Oh my god. 
That's-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
That's a tough one. 
TED LEO: 
That is really tough. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
You marry Whoopi, you fuck Robin, and you kill Billy. 
That's what I would do. 
TED LEO: 
Yeah, that's a good, that's a good plan. 
Yeah. 
You don't want to, you don't want to fuck Billy Crystal. 
He would do like, weird voices. 
And you know, like, his characters. 
BETH HOYT: 
He'd do the balloon man character. 
TED LEO: 
Jazz man, character, you know? 
(IN JAZZ MAN VOlCE) That's real good, man. 
Horrible. 
BETH HOYT: 
Right. 
That is not-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
It's not as horrible as when he actually puts on, you know, brown face to do it. 
He doesn't go full black face. 
Unless he does. 
TED LEO: 
Maybe he does. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I might be wrong. 
BETH HOYT: 
We don't need to find out out. 
TED LEO: 
That's what happens in the bedroom. 
He take it to the next step. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Or he does Mr. Saturday Night. 
TED LEO: 
And then he switches it up at the very last second. 
You're like, you're ready to blow, and he goes, I hate when that happens. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I love that '80s SNL, like, the Fernando. 
TED LEO: 
Yes. 
Oh my god, Fernando was really [INAUDlBLE]. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah. 
So the answer is no. 
Get him out of the way. 
TED LEO: 
So many harmless scenarios to think about. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Possibilities. 
BETH HOYT: 
The good thing is we have one option, which is to kill someone. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Yeah. 
BETH HOYT: 
That's really-- 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
Robin Williams, I think still looks good. 
I think he looks good. 
TED LEO: 
Sure. 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
He looks hairy. 
BETH HOYT: 
Hairy is the word that's just, I just picture his forearms, and being like, where are you? 
JULlE KLAUSNER: 
I don't mind that. 
BETH HOYT: 
I could, I can French braid. 
I'd love to try a fish tail braid on his arm. 
That would be fashionable. 
OK, you guys. 
We are minutes away from open comments. 
Anything you've ever wanted to ask Julie or 
Ted, now is your chance. 
Put them in the comments. 
We'll be right back. 
STEPHEN SElDEL: 
Some people work at home. 
Other people work at their office. 
Matt does his business in the streets. 
STEPHEN SElDEL: 
Steve. 
You're hired. 
Yeah, I need a sandwich. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
(SlNGlNG) McMayhem. 
McMayhem. 
What, you didn't know? 
Naw, he ain't playing. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Yeah I'm here now. 
I'm setting up, I'm setting up the office. 
I'm going to set up shop right here. 
Perfect. 
You're just my type. 
She's not giving me her number. 
I know it's never happened before. 
We're going to need to get rid of some of those tattoos. 
OK, hold on one second. 
I gotta talk to shiny shirt. 
I gotta talk to shiny shirt. 
Yeah, Judy, it's me. 
I'm here at the office. 
You just got employee of the month, guy. 
You're getting a promotion this Friday. 
I just told him the good news. 
I just, we got an employee of the month. 
Why don't you give me your phone number, and I'll call you? 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
OK. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
What is it? 
You're hot as shit. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
Yeah. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
There's no question there. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
I'm sweaty, if that's what you mean. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
If you give me a little smooch? 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
A little smooch? 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Yeah. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
OK. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Hold on, hold on, I gotta call HR. 
HR? 
HR, I just got sexually harassed. 
Do you like premarital stuff? 
The story of our lives is written in the stars. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
Right. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
The good news is I'm already a star. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
Are you? 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Yeah. 
Do you like my accordion? 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
Can I help you? 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Yeah. 
I'm uh, I'm just getting this girl's number with my typewriter. 
Hold on one second. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
[INAUDlBLE]. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
707. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Uhuh. 
FEMALE SPEAKER: 
328. 
MATT MCMANUS: 
Uhuh. 
Hello? 
What the f did I tell you? 
The bandaid on the back of your neck? 
The briefcase. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
No. 
MALE SPEAKER: 
Oh, jeez. 
Just another day at the office. 
-I told you Porno Pictionary was the way to go. 
-Hey, why don't we kick it up a notch and make this into a swingers party? 
-Oh, yeah. 
Yeah. 
-I choose Nancy. 
-What? 
-That little filly. 
-What are you talking about? 
-For the swingers party. 
I thought we were choosing up, like draft picks. 
No? 
-No. 
That was a joke, Steve. 
BETH HOYT: 
OK, open comments is coming up as soon as I get your questions in for Ted and Julie in the chat. 
First of all, you didn't think we were going to spend half an hour with Ted Leo, and not get him to perform a song for us, did you? 
What are you playing for us, Ted? 
TED LEO: 
Uh, I'm, I don't need to talk into this, do I? 
BETH HOYT: 
Do it for fun. 
For effect. 
TED LEO: 
I am going to play a new song that is yet untitled for now. 
We'll say that. 
We'll call it Untitled. 
BETH HOYT: 
Here is Untitled. 
Ted Leo, everyone. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG - TED LEO, "UNTlTLED"] 
BETH HOYT: 
Ted Leo, everyone! 
TED LEO: 
Thanks. 
BETH HOYT: 
Thank you, Ted Leo. 
Comments are next, stick around. 
-Hi, welcome to the building. 
-Thanks. 
I'm Sean, this is Carol, and you are some sort of cult? 
-Accurate. 
-Tell me, have you and your wife considered having a child? 
-You mean, like for you guys? 
You guys are satanists! 
-Totally. 
Count us in. 
-Just like that? 
-Sean, can you imagine me carrying the spawn of Satan? 
-Your sister's going to be so jealous. 
Let's call her now. 
-Yeah. 
-That felt a little too easy. 
BETH HOYT: 
That was awesome. 
TED LEO: 
Thank you. 
I know Bonnie is good, and Figsack has mad hands, but somehow I keep forgetting that Todd is a skilled surgeon 
Hey, how come you didn't page me back about that surgical consult 
You're wearing your garage door opener on your hip. 
Ladies and gentlemen, number two 
Kelso is gonna kill me. 
I can't find Mr Summer 
Did you look* between Mr Spring and Mr Fall 
Too easy. 
You know what? 
More armor. 
Actually, I'm sneaking trays out of the cafeteria. 
I'm building a shed. 
This is partially your fault, so you're gonna help me find him 
You know, whenever I lose something in the morgue, I just retrace my steps 
Like right now, I'm looking for something, I know I came to the vending machine and then I dropped a quarter, which rolled over here and yep, there you are. 
As soon as you take your eyes off, and you lose them, they are like children. 
Big, dead children. 
Oh my god, I treated that girl at the free clinic, she was born without nipples 
I knew there had to be something wrong with her. 
She's still perfect 
I was kidding JD, I've never seen her in my life. 
Kelly Rippa! 
(Elliot exits and Dr. cox enters.) I told you it would catch on. 
I don;t think it's funny 
How's that leukemia patient of yours doing? 
I'm not hiding. 
I don't really want to be bald. . 
I have a sneaking suspicion it won't work for me. 
It think it might accentuate my spoon chest*. 
Plus the girl I'm dating is totally into my hair 
She gotta be interested in more than just your hair 
If it weren't for your hair, I don't think I'd be remotely interested in you. 
I'm sure there is something else she's into 
No, there is nothing else 
Ohh, there's toothpaste on this shirt. 
Someone needs to invent invisible toothpaste, please. 
I see your little tongue. 
Why don't you show everyone? 
Look at that little tongue. 
Yes. 
Today's video's gonna be a little bit angry. 
Little bit. 
It's gonna be sort of a rant. 
So if you don't have time for that, then there's plenty of other things on the Internet for you to consume yourself with, so just go ahead and click off. 
So I don't think I've ever done this on my channel before, where I address, like, one thing that someone's said or written, 
But I'm gonna do that today, because it's relevant and also because I think I can help people. 
What I want to talk about has to do with this fucking, absolute dickhead who wrote maybe one of the dumbest things I've ever read. 
And his name is [fumbling pronunciation] 
Yuksel Aytug — I don't know how to fucking say that — wrote an article about how the Olympic Games are, quote, "killing womanhood." 
Let me just read to you some of this article. 
And I'm gonna link it below so you can go look at it. 
He's Turkish, I think the original article is written in Turkish, so this is a translation, but you'll get the gist of it. 
Basically what he's saying is that their bodies don't look like women, and to "take a look at female swimmers." 
"Broad-shouldered, flat-chested women with small hips." 
They're "totally indistinguishable from men." 
"Their breasts — the symbol of womanhood, motherhood — flattened into stubs as they were seen as mere hindrances to speed." 
He said the Olympics force women to "look more like men," and "the manlier you look the more successful you are." 
Then he said that you should get bonus points according to how "feminine" you looked. 
"Otherwise we will destroy the grace and naïveté of women through the Olympics." 
First of all, since we're objectifying people as tits and ass, 
I'm gonna show you a picture of Ayteg [mispronounced], fucking whatever his name is. 
We're gonna call you "Ponytail" from now on. 
Now, I don't think that most people would agree with Ponytail. 
And, in fact, a lot of the Internet was angry, so I'm not going to try and slam him, for obvious reasons. 
But unfortunately, half the reason why I wanted to make this video is because part of what he's saying, at least in my experience, a lot of guys don't understand. 
Ponytail makes the argument in one statement that the swimmers are broad-shouldered and flat-chested with little waists, and then in the other argument he's saying that they flatten them into stubs. 
And, see, that doesn't really make sense, Ponytail, 
'cause on one hand you're saying it's their body type, and then on the other hand you're saying it's their attire. 
Are they flattening their boobs or are they just flat-chested? 
You really don't know what that person looks like, is what you're saying. 
Girls are majestic fucking creatures, just like I said, Ponytail, and you have been tricked yet again by the optical illusion, in this case, of a swimsuit. 
I made a video on my blog channel awhile back about how to trick people into thinking you have big boobs, and basically gave a step-by-step tutorial on how to make your boobs go up to your neck and look gigantic, and you can do that the other way so that you can be good at sports, and it's called a sports bra. 
And in fact, when I was in college, 
I actually had multiple people introduce themselves to me during the day, when I looked like a little kid, and then introduce themselves to me later at a party in a much different way, because they thought I was two different fucking people. 
And aside from the obvious hair/makeup thing going on, without fail, there was almost always a comment along the lines of, 
[DEEP VOlCE] 
"Whoa! 
Where did those things come from?" 
[NORMAL VOlCE] 
It's like guys don't understand how sports bras work. 
It's like boobs are fucking ghosts, and they're only real if they're in front of your face. 
Have you ever tried running with two giant cantaloupes attached to your chest? 
No, you'll give yourself a black eye. 
It fucking hurts when you're doing things with your boobies bouncing all over the place. 
I'm sorry that it's not aesthetically pleasing to you. 
There is a time and a place for watching girls being sexual objects while doing something athletic, and it's called a strip club. 
So if you'd like to go there, you can go ahead and do that. 
Sports bras make you look like you have no tits because you can't do shit with your titties bouncing all up in your face. 
We can't expect you to just know all the secrets of our top-secret titty club, but that doesn't mean that they're not there. 
How dare you, Creepy-Facial-Hair Ponytail, call someone broad-shouldered and flat-chested when you probably have no fucking idea what her titties look like. 
So I'm gonna show you what a girl typically working out would look like versus what you want me to look like — but it's still fucking me. 
Oh, hey. 
Don't mind me, I'm just a 12-year-old boy-man-girl lady here to ruin femininity in the Olympics for you. 
Beautiful, huh? 
What's that 12-year-old little boy doing here? 
Out to win a gold medal. 
Motherfucker. 
Oh, hey. 
Just the same 12-year-old little boy-man-girl, except I'm not wearing a sports bra. 
[MlMING HEAD EXPLODlNG] 
You see? 
And a lot of people on the Internet can rant and rave about how much this guy's a fucking idiot, but I think you really need to go back in your mind, mostly guys, and think about all of the girls that you thought were really manly and gross and, like, athletic-looking, because they had their tits squished down. 
Probably a little bit more than you'd like to admit. 
Sun just went behind the clouds. 
So while you're watching the rest of the Olympics, and the rest of life, if you see a girl with some flat titties while she's working out or competing for a gold medal, it's not her titties. 
It's her fucking bra! 
Sorry that you don't understand sports bras, because us girls have since the day we started growing fucking boobs. 
Right, Marbles? 
Where are your boobs? 
In your shirt. 
Kermit, look at your ears, buddy. 
You look like Princess Leia. 
Yes you do. 
Ohh! 
All right, make sure you subscribe to our channel. 
We put out new videos every Wednesday! 
And we hide our boobs sometimes when we work out so that they don't hit us in the face! 
Right, Kermit? 
Yeah, you love boobs. 
We'll see you next week. 
Bye! 
[DEEP VOlCE] 
Bye — 
[NORMAL VOlCE] 
Oh, there's the sun. 
Fucking thanks for showing up. 
Asshole. 
Thank you all for coming tonight. 
I have the dream that one  day everyone will be able... ...to walk around safely without  worrying about being bullied. 
When we think about bullying... ...we typically think about one child bullying another on the playground. 
But bullying is far more pervasive. 
People get bullied in  school, their workplace... ...on Facebook and  sometimes even at home. 
People get bullied because  of the clothes they wear... car they drive, music they  listen to or their profession. 
The question that comes to my  mind when I think of bullying is... ...What does it achieve? 
Does bullying bring inner-happiness? 
Does it result in lasting power? 
Does it really build self-confidence? 
On the contrary, it is simply a reflection of the bully's own lack of self-worth, ...dissatisfaction and fear. 
There are many ways that we can address bullying. 
Supporting others is a great preventative strategy. 
If EVERYONE were supported, it would help others be strong and proud of who... ...they are so that THEY  can pursue their dreams. 
I dream of a world where EVERYONE can get the support they need to thrive. 
Where they are NOT put down by others. 
Where they can proud be of who they are and proud of who they want to be. 
[applause] 
Thank you. 
[applause] 
Thank you. 
Becuase of bullying, many great ideas have been lost. 
People have become depressed, inflicted pain on themselves... ...committed suicide, or turned  their hurt and anger on others. 
They have been permanently scarred and... ...hurt because of the  words and actions of others. 
They question their existence, their self-worth. 
All because of bullying. 
I have a dream that one day all of this will be gone. 
No more ideas lost. 
No more hurt feelings. 
No more suicides. 
No more "let bullying be gone forever." 
[applause] 
We can do it if we start taking  the issue of bullying a priority. 
We need to start the education of children now about it. 
To prevent the seeds of  bullying from ever being planted. 
I realize that this is no easy task. 
But the more effort we make, the  greater our impact will be. 
We can do it! 
The next time you see someone put down or picked on, don't remain silent. 
Speak up. 
Take action. 
Help them. 
If we come together, we  can put an end to bullying. 
That is my dream. 
[applause] 
Thank you all so very much. 
Have a wonderful evening. 
I'm an ecologist, mostly a coral reef ecologist. 
I started out in Chesapeake Bay and went diving in the winter and became a tropical ecologist overnight. 
And it was really a lot of fun for about 10 years. 
I mean, somebody pays you to go around and travel and look at some of the most beautiful places on the planet. 
And that was what I did. 
And I ended up in Jamaica, in the West Indies, where the coral reefs were really among the most extraordinary, structurally, that I ever saw in my life. 
And this picture here, it's really interesting, it shows two things: 
First of all, it's in black and white because the water was so clear and you could see so far, and film was so slow in the 1960s and early 70s, you took pictures in black and white. 
The other thing it shows you is that, although there's this beautiful forest of coral, there are no fish in that picture. 
Those reefs at Discovery Bay, Jamaica were the most studied coral reefs in the world for 20 years. 
We were the best and the brightest. 
People came to study our reefs from Australia, which is sort of funny because now we go to theirs. 
And the view of scientists about how coral reefs work, how they ought to be, was based on these reefs without any fish. 
Then, in 1980, there was a hurricane, Hurricane Allen. 
I put half the lab up in my house. 
The wind blew very strong. 
The waves were 25 to 50 feet high. 
And the reefs disappeared, and new islands formed, and we thought, "Well, we're real smart. 
We know that hurricanes have always happened in the past." 
And we published a paper in Science, the first time that anybody ever described the destruction on a coral reef by a major hurricane. 
And we predicted what would happen, and we got it all wrong. 
And the reason was because of overfishing, and the fact that a last common grazer, a sea urchin, died. 
And within a few months after that sea urchin dying, the seaweed started to grow. 
And that is the same reef; that's the same reef 15 years ago; that's the same reef today. 
The coral reefs of the north coast of Jamaica have a few percent live coral cover and a lot of seaweed and slime. 
And that's more or less the story of the coral reefs of the Caribbean, and increasingly, tragically, the coral reefs worldwide. 
Now, that's my little, depressing story. 
All of us in our 60s and 70s have comparable depressing stories. 
There are tens of thousands of those stories out there, and it's really hard to conjure up much of a sense of well-being, because it just keeps getting worse. 
And the reason it keeps getting worse is that after a natural catastrophe, 
like a hurricane, it used to be that there was some kind of successional sequence of recovery, but what's going on now is that overfishing and pollution and climate change are all interacting in a way that prevents that. 
And so I'm going to sort of go through and talk about those three kinds of things. 
We hear a lot about the collapse of cod. 
It's difficult to imagine that two, or some historians would say three world wars were fought during the colonial era for the control of cod. 
Cod fed most of the people of Western Europe. 
It fed the slaves brought to the Antilles, the song "Jamaica Farewell" -- 
"Ackee rice salt fish are nice" -- is an emblem of the importance of salt cod from northeastern Canada. 
It all collapsed in the 80s and the 90s: 
35,000 people lost their jobs. 
And that was the beginning of a kind of serial depletion from bigger and tastier species to smaller and not-so-tasty species, from species that were near to home to species that were all around the world, and what have you. 
It's a little hard to understand that, because you can go to a Costco in the United States and buy cheap fish. 
You ought to read the label to find out where it came from, but it's still cheap, and everybody thinks it's okay. 
It's hard to communicate this, and one way that I think is really interesting is to talk about sport fish, because people like to go out and catch fish. 
It's one of those things. 
This picture here shows the trophy fish, the biggest fish caught by people who pay a lot of money to get on a boat, go to a place off of Key West in Florida, drink a lot of beer, throw a lot of hooks and lines into the water, come back with the biggest and the best fish, and the champion trophy fish are put on this board, where people take a picture, and this guy is obviously really excited about that fish. 
Well, that's what it's like now, but this is what it was like in the 1950s from the same boat in the same place on the same board on the same dock. 
The trophy fish were so big that you couldn't put any of those small fish up on it. 
And the average size trophy fish weighed 250 to 300 pounds, goliath grouper, and if you wanted to go out and kill something, you could pretty much count on being able to catch one of those fish. 
And they tasted really good. 
And people paid less in 1950 dollars to catch that than what people pay now to catch those little, tiny fish. 
And that's everywhere. 
It's not just the fish, though, that are disappearing. 
Industrial fishing uses big stuff, big machinery. 
We use nets that are 20 miles long. 
We use longlines that have one million or two million hooks. 
And we trawl, which means to take something the size of a tractor trailer truck that weighs thousands and thousands of pounds, put it on a big chain, and drag it across the sea floor to stir up the bottom and catch the fish. 
Think of it as being kind of the bulldozing of a city or of a forest, because it clears it away. 
And the habitat destruction is unbelievable. 
This is a photograph, a typical photograph, of what the continental shelves of the world look like. 
You can see the rows in the bottom, the way you can see the rows in a field that has just been plowed to plant corn. 
What that was, was a forest of sponges and coral, which is a critical habitat for the development of fish. 
What it is now is mud, and the area of the ocean floor that has been transformed from forest to level mud, to parking lot, is equivalent to the entire area of all the forests that have ever been cut down on all of the earth in the history of humanity. 
We've managed to do that in the last 100 to 150 years. 
We tend to think of oil spills and mercury and we hear a lot about plastic these days. 
And all of that stuff is really disgusting, but what's really insidious is the biological pollution that happens because of the magnitude of the shifts that it causes to entire ecosystems. 
And I'm going to just talk very briefly about two kinds of biological pollution: one is introduced species and the other is what comes from nutrients. 
So this is the infamous 
Caulerpa taxifolia, the so-called killer algae. 
A book was written about it. 
It's a bit of an embarrassment. 
It was accidentally released from the aquarium in Monaco, it was bred to be cold tolerant to have in peoples aquaria. 
It's very pretty, and it has rapidly started to overgrow the once very rich biodiversity of the northwestern Mediterranean. 
I don't know how many of you remember the movie 
"The Little Shop of Horrors," but this is the plant of "The Little Shop of Horrors." 
But, instead of devouring the people in the shop, what it's doing is overgrowing and smothering virtually all of the bottom-dwelling life of the entire northwestern 
Mediterranean Sea. 
We don't know anything that eats it, we're trying to do all sorts of genetics and figure out something that could be done, but, as it stands, it's the monster from hell, about which nobody knows what to do. 
Now another form of pollution that's biological pollution is what happens from excess nutrients. 
The green revolution, all of this artificial nitrogen fertilizer, we use too much of it. 
It's subsidized, which is one of the reasons we used too much of it. 
It runs down the rivers, and it feeds the plankton, the little microscopic plant cells in the coastal water. 
But since we ate all the oysters and we ate all the fish that would eat the plankton, there's nothing to eat the plankton and there's more and more of it, so it dies of old age, which is unheard of for plankton. 
And when it dies, it falls to the bottom and then it rots, which means that bacteria break it down. 
And in the process they use up all the oxygen, and in using up all the oxygen they make the environment utterly lethal for anything that can't swim away. 
So, what we end up with is a microbial zoo dominated by bacteria and jellyfish, as you see on the left in front of you. 
And the only fishery left -- and it is a commercial fishery -- is the jellyfish fishery you see on the right, where there used to be prawns. 
Even in Newfoundland where we used to catch cod, we now have a jellyfish fishery. 
And another version of this sort of thing is what is often called red tides or toxic blooms. 
That picture on the left is just staggering to me. 
I have talked about it a million times, but it's unbelievable. 
In the upper right of that picture on the left is almost the Mississippi Delta, and the lower left of that picture is the Texas-Mexico border. 
You're looking at the entire northwestern Gulf of Mexico; you're looking at one toxic dinoflagellate bloom that can kill fish, made by that beautiful little creature on the lower right. 
And in the upper right you see this black sort of cloud moving ashore. 
That's the same species. 
And as it comes to shore and the wind blows, and little droplets of the water get into the air, the emergency rooms of all the hospitals fill up with people with acute respiratory distress. 
And that's retirement homes on the west coast of Florida. 
A friend and I did this thing in Hollywood we called Hollywood ocean night, and I was trying to figure out how to explain to actors what's going on. 
And I said, 
"So, imagine you're in a movie called 'Escape from Malibu' because all the beautiful people have moved to North Dakota, where it's clean and safe. 
And the only people who are left there are the people who can't afford to move away from the coast, because the coast, instead of being paradise, is harmful to your health." 
And then this is amazing. 
It was when I was on holiday last early autumn in France. 
This is from the coast of Brittany, which is being enveloped in this green, algal slime. 
The reason that it attracted so much attention, besides the fact that it's disgusting, is that sea birds flying over it are asphyxiated by the smell and die, and a farmer died of it, and you can imagine the scandal that happened. 
And so there's this war between the farmers and the fishermen about it all, and the net result is that the beaches of Brittany have to be bulldozed of this stuff on a regular basis. 
And then, of course, there's climate change, and we all know about climate change. 
I guess the iconic figure of it is the melting of the ice in the Arctic Sea. 
Think about the thousands and thousands of people who died trying to find the Northwest Passage. 
Well, the Northwest Passage is already there. 
I think it's sort of funny; it's on the Siberian coast, maybe the Russians will charge tolls. 
The governments of the world are taking this really seriously. 
The military of the Arctic nations is taking it really seriously. 
For all the denial of climate change by government leaders, the ClA and the navies of Norway and the U.S. and Canada, whatever are busily thinking about how they will secure their territory in this inevitability from their point of view. 
And, of course, Arctic communities are toast. 
The other kinds of effects of climate change -- this is coral bleaching. 
It's a beautiful picture, right? 
All that white coral. 
Except it's supposed to be brown. 
What happens is that the corals are a symbiosis, and they have these little algal cells that live inside them. 
And the algae give the corals sugar, and the corals give the algae nutrients and protection. 
But when it gets too hot, the algae can't make the sugar. 
The corals say, "You cheated. 
You didn't pay your rent." 
They kick them out, and then they die. 
Not all of them die; some of them survive, some more are surviving, but it's really bad news. 
To try and give you a sense of this, imagine you go camping in July somewhere in Europe or in North America, and you wake up the next morning, and you look around you, and you see that 80 percent of the trees, as far as you can see, have dropped their leaves and are standing there naked. 
And you come home, and you discover that 80 percent of all the trees in North America and in Europe have dropped their leaves. 
And then you read in the paper a few weeks later, 
"Oh, by the way, a quarter of those died." 
Well, that's what happened in the Indian Ocean during the 1998 El Nino, an area vastly greater than the size of North America and Europe, when 80 percent of all the corals bleached and a quarter of them died. 
And then the really scary thing about all of this -- the overfishing, the pollution and the climate change -- is that each thing doesn't happen in a vacuum. 
But there are these, what we call, positive feedbacks, the synergies among them that make the whole vastly greater than the sum of the parts. 
And the great scientific challenge for people like me in thinking about all this, is do we know how to put Humpty Dumpty back together again? 
I mean, because we, at this point, we can protect it. 
But what does that mean? 
We really don't know. 
So what are the oceans going to be like in 20 or 50 years? 
Well, there won't be any fish except for minnows, and the water will be pretty dirty, and all those kinds of things and full of mercury, etc., etc. 
And dead zones will get bigger and bigger and they'll start to merge, and we can imagine something like the dead-zonification of the global, coastal ocean. 
Then you sure won't want to eat fish that were raised in it, because it would be a kind of gastronomic Russian roulette. 
Sometimes you have a toxic bloom; sometimes you don't. 
That doesn't sell. 
The really scary things though are the physical, chemical, oceanographic things that are happening. 
As the surface of the ocean gets warmer, the water is lighter when it's warmer, it becomes harder and harder to turn the ocean over. 
We say it becomes more strongly stratified. 
The consequence of that is that all those nutrients that fuel the great anchoveta fisheries, of the sardines of California or in Peru or whatever, those slow down and those fisheries collapse. 
And, at the same time, water from the surface, which is rich in oxygen, doesn't make it down and the ocean turns into a desert. 
So the question is: 
How are we all going to respond to this? 
And we can do all sorts of things to fix it, but in the final analysis, the thing we really need to fix is ourselves. 
It's not about the fish; it's not about the pollution; it's not about the climate change. 
It's about us and our greed and our need for growth and our inability to imagine a world that is different from the selfish world we live in today. 
So the question is: 
Will we respond to this or not? 
I would say that the future of life and the dignity of human beings depends on our doing that. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Learning Laying-on of Hands Day 2 - The energies 
Continuing the course "learning laying-on of hands", today we'll talk about energy, the energy that exists in the universe and also the energy created by us, human beings. 
The primary energy is called immanent, which is the energy that permeates the universe and that is not codified by any intelligent consciousness. 
Then, for example, the energy of plants, is an energy that has no emotional encoding, that means, the emotional processes didn't affect the energetic composition, that's why it's so good for us be near of trees, be in woods, even where there are waterfalls, with plenty of wind. 
This kind of energy is a primary energy, or immanent energy that wasn't codified by anyone. 
This energy is what we should get through our chakras, for our vitalization, for our happiness, to maintain a material of good quality in our body. 
But actually, what happens is that when you live in big cities like São Paulo or any other city, any other capital where many people live, the production of energies that are exteriorized by people end up "contaminating", a term that is not very good, but "contaminating" the environment, witch results on emotional processes of such people, staying in the air, like an energetic cloud. 
So imagine, in one of these days, you go to the subway: 
I think it's not much easy to find everyone happy in the subway, singing, happy, carefree. 
They go there with concerns, one is delayed, another one is looking for a job, another one is upset about something that happened. 
This all generates lagged energies, uncompensated and we'll be immersed in this energy. 
That's why when some people are in the middle of crowds, excited or not, the crowd don't need to be euphoric, but maybe a certain energy composite, we end up getting not so well. 
So, if you go to a place, for example, a psychiatric hospital, no one needs to be euphoric, but people emanate and exteriorize energies that are pathological, these are energies with dysfunctional contexts, disorganized, more dense, heavier. 
As result, we end up suffering due to the immersion in these energies. in the other way, if you go to a place where the energy is very subtle and it has not been modified by emotions, when I say emotion, I'm talking about everything, maybe emotion of anger, can be emotion of jealousy, maybe emotion of envy, 
It can be the emotion of euphoria, which is just like anger. 
That's good for you to know. 
If you are in a football stadium and everyone is screaming, jumping, yelling, the energy emanated by these people is the same energy that you will produce, for example, in a moment of anger, rage or even during sexual activity. 
These are energies produced in the lower frequencies of our chakras. 
You may think so, "but it's different, I feel better!" 
When we are in a place of celebration, commemoration, we get euphoric, we don't get better. 
It's the same euphoria you feel when you take a drug. 
You don't get better, just you accelerate your chakras and this is not a healthy condition, actually it's a condition of instability, 
It's a back and forth. 
Be healthy and happy is to maintain the continuity of our energy linearity. 
This is healthy! 
But for this we must "be". 
It's not a matter of controlling, 
It's not a matter of saying you'll learn a technique and do it, because it does not work that way. 
So we're talking about energy and energy is a fundamental process, it's fundamental. 
It's everywhere, whether we believe it or not, there is no place that is empty. 
There will always be energy. 
The composition of the universe or the universes, or everything that exists, is energetic. 
And we are immersed in those energies. 
Depending on our thoughts, on how we are, we can make this energy better or worse. 
So, you catch this energy through the chakras all the time. 
We can't create excuses like this: 
"Now I'll get energy." 
No, you're receiving all the time. 
If you are in a place with purest and immanent energy you will feel very well, will feel happy, you will feel energized. 
In fact, this thing of feeling energized, I'll explain it: dense energies have a much slower circulation within us, that's why when you are feeling bad, feeling sick it's because the circulation of this energy is not happening. 
Then you go to a place with plenty immanent energy and stay there under a tree, a very good place, away from people, because people produce emotional energy, then you may say: 
"Wow! 
I'm recovered! " 
Of course you're recovered, you just consumed much more subtle energy, which circulates much faster in your energetic body and after all, when you realize, you're revitalized. 
So, know and understand energy is a very important thing. 
Dense energies are produced in the lower chakras and subtler energies are those produced in the higher chakras. 
So, lower chakras: there is the spleen, the umbilical, the sex chakra, the hepatic chakra, these are the energies that transiting these chakras. 
The energy that would be average, i.e. not emotional, and not subtle, is that which is in the lower frequencies of the heart chakra. 
These frequencies exist in the heart chakra because every chakra is connected with previous and next chakra. 
So, to make a connection with the previous chakra, which is emotional, you must have similar frequencies. 
Result: when you feel palpitations, or your heart is beating very fast due to an emotion, 
It's because the emotional chakras have contaminated the heart chakra at it's lowest part. 
Now, in the upper part the frequencies of heart chakra are stable, they are connected to the next chakra that would be the laryngeal chakra. 
It's important to know these things because we need to work with the best energies, but we should never despise any energy generated by any chakra, because they are all always working, with greater intensity or less intensity. 
And you may even know the level of evolution of a person by knowing in which chakra they are working most of time, that means, with their emotions, their feelings, their individual productions. 
It's important to know, but this is not the time to talk about it, which would be exactly the spiritual evolution of the individual. this will not be discussed. 
Now I'm just talking about the energies and these energies are catched by our chakras and exteriorized to the environment. 
Well, that's an important thing for us to know, because we can not make up stories about it. 
All people ... there is no one on the planet who does not do this: you receive energy, one part stays with you and the other part you exteriorize in the environment. 
The part that stays with you is exactly the one that makes you perform, work, is your fuel, end the part which you exteriorize in the environment is the surplus of energies, because you are constantly capturing energy and constantly exteriorizing energy, furthermore you are using part of that energy. 
So, think of one thing: for every thought you are emanating, depending on thought, a mental energy. 
If you are, for example, imagining things, you will be working with the energies of the frontal chakra. 
If you are very emotional, you will already be working with the emotional chakras and then you will be producing emotional energies. 
That's why we say very frequently: 
"Wow, I got so excited! 
It was such a happy moment, I was deeply touched! " gives the impression that we are doing something that is fantastic, but it is not. 
Why it is not fantastic? 
Because the moment you get emotional, you work with the lower chakras, you are producing dense and unhealthy energies. 
And may you think: 
"Gosh, I'll always have to keep my energy in a higher level?" 
Look, this thing of keep the energy in a higher level, sounds like an effort, but you simply have to "be" and you will not make any effort to produce the best energies. 
The best energies are produced when we are enlightened and this enlightenment allows us to make our life a linear life in terms of response to the environment. 
The environmental stimuli can become emotional responses or they can only become responses from the chakra of feeling (heart chakra), this way responses are very different and much more realistic. 
So let's learn more about energy. 
And to learn more about energy, you could do some experiments. 
Start by experimenting, for example with plants. 
Put your hands near the plants and try to feel what happens. 
That's nice. 
You will try to feel. 
Any variation of energy you feel, would be a good to note down. 
Put your hand on the earth and try to feel earth's energy. 
It's another good experiment. 
Do you know another great experiment? 
Put your hand into the cold water. 
Feel, feel it. 
You may say, "But the water is cold!" 
You need to understand that there is nothing that is not energy 
### and the water, no matter how fast it is occurring internally, is energy. ### 
Put your hand into the cold water, then get some warm water and put your hand into the warm water, and try to feel. 
If you are somewhere that windy hard, try to learn with the wind, to feel the wind. 
There is one thing we don't pay much attention, but our chakras work with types of energy. 
For example, the sex chakra, what kind of energy does it work with? 
It works with dense energies, it will work with pasty energies, right? 
It will work with energies like the wind, it works with that energy. 
Any energy that touches your body is identified by your sex chakra. 
So, these are the energies that sex chakra will deals with. 
For example, water is a liquid energy, but it can handle that energy, it responds to it. 
This answer will be better defined according to the competence of your chakra. 
So if you take, for example, the coronary chakra, it does a very different reading than sex chakra. 
If you, for example, touch the water, the same water you are touching with your hands, to feel the sex chakra, pour a bit of this water over your head and try to feel. 
Perhaps you'll be able to perceive the difference that exists in the perception of each chakra. 
You may say "But I'm using my hands" 
No, you can use the foot, you can use any part of the body. 
But when I'm talking about coronary chakra, 
I'm certainly speaking about the farthest chakra of sex chakra, where perceptions are different. 
If you do something with the other chakras that are close to the sex chakra you'll not be able to fell, you'll not be able to perceive the difference. 
So, sex chakra and coronary chakra, will provide different perceptions. 
You can also perceive this when the wind touch on your face. 
Feel the wind on your face and then feel the wind on your legs, check if there is a difference in perception. 
If you are very emotional, this difference hardly appears. 
If your consciousness is already at heart chakra, at the top or above, it becomes very clear. 
It's the same process for a person who is clairvoyant, when a person can see more images and distinguish better than someone else. 
So if you show someone a landscape, that landscape can be read in many ways. 
A person who is very advanced level, the reading of everything is much more acurated. 
It's like you looking at a person. 
If you look at a person, the person is composed of many items. 
Someone will look and not see anything and the other will see many details in that person. 
So, we need to be aware that our perception can be magnified, improved 
If, indeed, we work most of the time our higher (superior) chakras. 
This is a good idea. 
We will continue to talk about energy because energy is the basis for everything, but this energy that will be used in laying-on of hands, we need to have some understandings which I mentioned before and I will tell again. 
Imagine that you are very upset and nervous. 
It's not a good idea to perform laying-on of hands, because the energy that you will exteriorize to this person has a bad pattern. 
Imagine that you are happy, you are in a good mood. 
The energy that you will exteriorize is much better. 
So, just to exemplify for us. 
But other things affect our energies. 
If you, for example, drink any alcohol, for sure the energies you will exteriorize will be ethylical energies. 
If you smoke a lot, look the energy you will discharge to others! 
That is why we have to purify our body, not only from physical things, chemical, but also of our dysfunctional emotional processes to be in a state of stability in which we can, certainly... exteriorize very organized energies to other people. 
If you, for example, eat a very heavy food, during the energy exteriorization you'll be working at full speed in the splenic chakra, your energy will be much more emotional. 
You may ask me, "Oh, but is not it good?" 
Look, if we have much knowledge, any energy is good, but if we don't, is better understand some rules like this: dense energies are heavier, are more concentrated and don't move around so well and the higher energies are much more subtle, lighter and move around very well. 
So, we should always try to achieve subtlest energies through our thoughts. 
That's why that idea of praying before the laying-on of hands maybe can help to stabilize the energies a little. 
I think that, if you want to exteriorize the best energies, you have a grateful heart. 
The grateful heart be able to look at yourself and recognize everything you have, everything you receive, all the things that are around you, all that you can create and build to make a better world. 
Thank for this every moment. 
Thank all the supporters, all the energies, all the forces that exist, because you will be able to do a great job. 
Gratitude has a great advantage, it opens all the chakras, the energies circulate much more and the spiritual supporters will be able to perceive that this is the moment they can help you do the best assistencial work. 
You have your heart open to it. 
So let's work, let's learn more about energy. 
I'll talk again about it, I'll also talk about chakras, we're going to talk a lot about chakras, let's talk about the environments, this way the learning path for laying-on hands will be worthwhile. 
Then, we meet again soon. 
terraner rebels approching a noob planet 
back in line dumbass 
whaaaaa.......are we ready for a invasion 
YES SlR! we will raid there planet, we will demolish there fleets 
READY SlR! 
ASSPlRATES!........ASSPlRATES!!! 
The Albion Brotherhood will help you!!! 
That's right. 
Bennet, mess him up 
Oh my god. 
Your face. 
Your beautiful face 
I mean. 
How are you gonna nail all those chicks now, dude 
Hold on a second, last night your police chief arrested over 60 African Americans and detained them for two hours while the records were check####. 
You don't consider that revolting### 
Have you ever seen strom thurmond in his gym shorts? 
Alright, remember your 3Ds. 
Deflect, dodge and deny 
Hold on, you were saying 
The police chief works for you, Mr Mayor 
And you know what that kind of policy says### to me. 
It says that you're a racist. 
Don't be ridicious. 
I'm not a racist 
I marched on Washington in 1963. 
I've supported the affirmative action in my entire career 
Here you go, sir. 
You got them on the run now. 
Now lower the boom. 
In fact, I'm dating a black woman 
Boom 
Then who would that be 
My secretary 
Okay, well. 
We'll take a break and we'll be right back 
Dodged that bullet, Mike? 
Janelle I'm so sorry. 
I should've talked to you first 
You're nervous. 
I understand. 
Let me make it up. 
We're going to that Italian restaurant we saw 
I'll get you a nice-a table by the fireplace-a. 
Hey Ross, Rachel. 
Hi, I just wanted to come in and say that I think it's great. 
Two peopel who work together are having an open and honest relationship 
Well, I think that relationships that could potentially ruin people's professional careers should be left confidential. 
For how long 
Five months 
So, what do we do now 
Well, sir, it's not like we can just make it go away. 
I mean, let's face it. 
You let the genie out of the bottle. 
We only kissed 
What's up Carter 
James. 
Romantic complications. 
The guy I'm seeing is a boxer. 
Yesterday, I was overcome with emotion and I accientially outed### him. 
Personally, I think bennet should be proud of who he is, but, uh, I may have irreparably damaged his career. 
Bottom line is, I care about the guy. 
He's not returning my calls 
I'm here for you buddy 
It was an awkward moment and somehow it led to a kiss 
But we're both single consenting adults and if we choose to move forward as a couple 
Ms Cooper would undoubtedly take a different job here in city hall. 
I however, would still be the mayor 
Why are you being so upfront with us 
I'm a public official. 
I feel it's my responsibility to be as frank as possible 
You know, if this truth thing catches on###, I'm gonna be out of a job. are you going to continue having sexual cooper, even while she's still working for you? 
We've never had sex 
Yeah right 
No really it's true 
I want you to listen to me. 
I'm gonna say this again. 
I did not have sexual relations with that woman Ms. Cooper. 
It's almost lunch time Paul 
How are you feeling 
Get out. 
I'm over you 
You know, you want it 
I've got a perfectly good egg salad sandwich, all right? 
It's got everything you want. 
Except meatballs 
Okay, you're fine. 
Don't even think about it 
Put it out of your head### 
Meat 
Ball 
Shut up 
All of you shut up 
Look, sir, this is an easy fix. 
All you gotta do is go back out there and tell them the truth 
I told them the truth 
Yeah, but it wasn't the truth they wanted to hear, so to them it's a lie. 
I lied? it's only a lie if you don't say it. 
Say what the truth 
Whose truth 
Theirs 
But it's a lie 
Not to them 
So tell them the truth 
If it helps you lie. 
Janelle are you getiing any of this? 
Me too. 
I'm just testing you 
Look, sir. 
All you gotta do is go back out there tell them you actually slept with Janelle and it pops### their whole balloon. it's over. 
I can't do that, Mike. 
I didn't sleep with Janelle. 
I'm gonna sully### her good name just to save my political hide###. 
Sully. 
Janelle bagged the mayor of the city. 
Am I right, janelle? 
Give me some 
We'll work on it 
Why are we stopping here? 
I thought we were going to lunch 
Bennet. 
We need to talk 
Yo, carter, I thought we agreed we wasn't gonna it's all right. 
These are my friends. 
So they know about us 
Oh, my god, it's a gay boxer 
Bennet. lightheavy 
I had you pegged for cruiser. 
That's a good idea Stuart, taunt the professional ass kicker 
I'm not afraid of him. 
I used to box in college 
You're way out of your league 
Does anybody else smell that? 
No 
No one smells anything 
I definitely smell a chicken 
Alright, man. 
I wanna clean fight Let's get it on 
Wait a minute is he gonna use those gloves 
What's wrong with my gloves 
Well, won't they get in the way of all the scratching and slapping? * 
You're gonna rock his world. 
Punish him. 
You're the man 
Good luck 
Come on. 
Stuart 
You're like a wild animal, aren't you 
Well, how am i supposed to fight you if you keep running around like a sissy? 
A sissy 
Yeah 
Is he down 
How good of a friend is he? 
Actually, we're very tight, but I'm totally ok with you beating the crap out of him. 
Come on ,Dorothy 
Is that all you got? here comes one from macy's basement. 
1,2,3,4..... 
Don't sweat this. 
Only 14 more rounds to go. here we go! 
How are you doing, Stuart, alright. 
How many fingers am I holding up? 
Say two 
He's fine 
Come on, Bring it 
You're not gay 
Yes I'm 
I just want to be a boxer first 
I'm so sorry 
Hey, fella. 
I think you can help. 
Coem with me 
How'd you like to go to a movie premiere? 
I'm hurt 
[Light music] 
Here I go out to sea again. 
Sunshine fills my head and dreams hang in the air. 
Gulls in the sky and in my blue eyes you know it feels unfair. 
There's magic everywhere. 
Look at me standing here on my own again. 
Up straight in sunshine. 
No need to run and hide. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
No need to hide and cry. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
The sun's in your eyes. 
The heat is in your hair. 
They seem to hate you because you're there. 
And I need a friend, oh, I need a friend to make me happy. 
Not stand here on my own. 
Look at me standing here on my own again. 
Up straight in the sunshine. 
No need to run and hide. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
No need to run and cry. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
[saxophone] 
I need a friend, oh, I need a friend to make me happy, not so alone. 
Look at me here, here on my own again, and up straight in the sunshine. 
No need to run and hide. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
No need to run and cry. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
No need to run and hide. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
No need to run and hide. 
It's a wonderful, wonderful life. 
Wonderful life. 
It's a wonderful life. 
AMY GOODMAN: 
From Pacifica, this is Democracy Now! 
AARON FORD: 
I'm honoured to stand here today alongside the New Jersey State Police, the New Jersey Attorney General's Office, and United States Marshall for the District of New Jersey, to announce the addition of Joanne Chesimard to the FBl's Most Wanted Terrorists list. 
AMY GOODMAN: 
Assata Shakur, also known as Joanne Chesimard, a member of the Black Panthers and the Black Liberation Army, becomes the first woman named to the FBl's Most Wanted Terrorist list. 
Convicted of murdering a New Jersey trooper in 1973, she's always proclaimed her innocence. 
She's lived in Cuba since the early 1980's after she received political asylum. 
We'll speak with scholar Angela Davis and Assata's long time attorney Lennox Hinds. 
And we'll hear Assata Shakur in her own words. 
ASSATA SHAKUR: 
Well the government just perceived us as a threat because they understood that we were serious, they understood we were telling the truth, and they understood also that we were becoming a much more sophisticated opposition, we were not just the piece of pie opposition, but that we wanted a real, structural change in the United States" 
[ *please skip to 11:28 to continue with Assata Shakur piece *] 
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: 
And I'm Juan Gonzalez, welcome to all of our listeners and viewers around the country and around the world. 
We begin today's show looking at the case of Assata Shakur, a legendary figure within the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. 
On Thursday, she became the first woman ever to make the FBl's Most Wanted Terrorists list. 
In addition, the FBI and the state of New Jersey doubled the reward for her capture to $2 million. 
Shakur was convicted in the May 2nd, 1973, killing of a New Jersey state trooper during a shootout that left one of her fellow activists dead. 
She was shot twice by police during the incident. 
In 1979, she managed to escape from jail, and she later fled to Cuba where she received political asylum. 
She has long proclaimed her innocence. 
On Thursday, FBI Special Agent Aaron Ford spoke at a press conference announcing Shakur's placement on the Most Wanted Terrorists list. 
He refers to Shakur as Joanne Chesimard, her original name: 
AARON FORD: 
Openly and freely in Cuba, she continues to maintain and promote her terrorist ideology. 
She provides anti-U.S. government speeches espousing the Black Liberation Army message of revolution and terrorism. 
No person, no matter what his or her political or moral convictions are, is above the law. 
Joanne Chesimard is a domestic terrorist who murdered a law enforcement officer, execution-style. 
AMY GOODMAN: 
That's FBI Special Agent Aaron Ford. 
In a moment, we'll be joined by two guests: the scholar and activist Angela Davis, who faced her own murder trial decades ago, and Lennox Hinds, Assata Shakur's longtime attorney for some 40 years. 
But first we turn to Assata Shakur in her own words. 
In 1998, Democracy Now! aired her reading an open letter to Pope John Paul II during his trip to Cuba. 
She wrote the message after New Jersey state troopers sent the pope a letter asking him to call for her extradition. 
ASSATA SHAKUR: 
*My name is Assata Shakur and I was born and raised in the United States.* 
*I am a descendant of Africans who were kidnapped and brought to the Americas as slaves. * 
*I spent my early childhood in the racist segregated South. * 
*I later moved to the northern part of the country, * 
*where I realized that Black people were equally victimized by racism and oppression.* 
*I grew up and became a political activist, * 
*participating in student struggles, the anti-war movement, * 
*and, most of all, in the movement for the liberation of African Americans in the United States. * 
*I later joined the Black Panther Party, an organization that was targeted by the COlNTELPRO program, * 
*a program that was set up by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBl) * 
*to eliminate all political opposition to the U.S. government's policies, * 
*to destroy the Black Liberation Movement in the United States, * 
*to discredit activists and to eliminate potential leaders.* 
*Under the COlNTELPRO program, * 
*many political activists were harassed, imprisoned, murdered or otherwise neutralized. * 
*As a result of being targeted by COlNTELPRO, I like many other young people, * 
*were faced with the threat of prison, underground, exile, or death. * 
*The FBI with the help of local police agencies, systematically fed false accusations and fake news articles to the press * 
*accusing me and other activists of crimes we did not commit. * 
*Although in my case the charges were eventually dropped, or I was eventually acquitted, * 
*the national and local police agencies created a situation where based on their false accusations against me, * 
*any police officer could shoot me on sight. * 
*It was not until the Freedom of Information Act was passed in the mid-70's * 
*that we began to see the scope of the United States governments' persecution of political activists.* 
*At this point, I think that it is important to make one thing very clear. * 
*I have advocated and I still advocate revolutionary changes in the structure and in the principles that govern the United States * 
*I advocate self determination for my people, and for all oppressed people inside the United States. * 
*I advocate an end to capitalist exploitation, * 
*the abolition of racist policies, * 
*the eradication of sexism and the elimination of political repression. * 
*If that is a crime, then I am totally guilty.* 
*To make a long story short, I was captured in New Jersey in 1973, * 
*after being shot with both arms held in the air, and then shot again from the back. * 
*I was left on the ground to die and when I did not, * 
*I was taken to a local hospital where I was threatened, beaten and tortured. * 
*In 1977 I was convicted in a trial that can only be described as a legal lynching.* 
*In 1979 I was able to escape with the aid of some of my fellow comrades. * 
*I saw this as a necessary step, not only because I was innocent of the charges against me, * 
*but because I knew that in the racist legal system in the United States I would receive no justice. * 
*I was also afraid that I would be murdered in prison. * 
*I later arrived in Cuba where I am currently living in exile as a political refugee.* 
*The New Jersey State Police and other law enforcement officials say they want to see me brought to "justice". * 
*But I would like to know what they mean by "justice." * 
*Is torture justice? * 
*I was kept in solitary confinement for more than two years, mostly in men's prisons. * 
*Is that justice? * 
*My lawyers were threatened with imprisonment and imprisoned. * 
*Is that justice? * 
*I was tried by an all-white jury, without even the pretext of impartiality, * 
*and then sentenced to life in prison plus 33 years. * 
*Is that justice?* 
*it is justice for my people that is at stake. * 
AG: 
That is an excerpt of a letter Assata Shakur read, 
*When my people receive justice, I am sure that I will receive it, too." * 
*Let me emphasize that justice for me is not the issue I am addressing here; * 
an open letter to Pope John Paul Il,  during his trip to Cuba in 1998. 
When we come back from break, we'll be joined by Assata Shakur's longtime attorney, Lennox Hinds, and the scholar and activist Angela Davis. 
Stay with us. 
[ *music: 
"A Song for Assata" by Common...* ] 
AMY GOODMAN: 
"A Song for Assata" by Common. 
This is Democracy Now!, democracynow.org, 
The War and Peace Report. 
I'm Amy Goodman, with Juan González. 
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: 
Well, we continue to look at the case of Assata Shakur, 
legendary figure within both first the Black Panther Party and then the Black Liberation Army. 
On Thursday she became the first woman ever to make the FBl's Most Wanted Terrorists list. 
In addition, the FBI and the state of New Jersey doubled the reward for her capture to $2 million. 
AG: 
To talk about her case,  we are joined by two people. 
Here in New York, Lennox Hinds, Assata Shakur's longtime attorney, he has represented her since 1973. 
He's a professor of criminal justice at Rutgers University. 
And in Chicago, we're joined by the world-renowned author, activist, scholar, Angela Davis, also a professor at University of California,  Santa Cruz. 
And she is the subject of a recent film, Free Angela and All Political Prisoners. 
Angela Davis and Lennox Hinds both wrote forewords to the book Assata: 
An Autobiography. 
We invited the FBI to join us on today's program, but they did not respond to our request. 
I wanted to start with you, Lennox Hinds. 
The significance of Assata Shakur being put on the FBl's terrorists list, the first woman ever to be added to the most wanted list? 
LENNOX HlNDS: 
My view on this is that this is a disingenuous act on the part of, driven by the state of New Jersey and particularly the state police. 
As you know, for decades, the state police have wanted and demanded that the Cuban government extradite Assata Shakur to the United States. 
There is no extradition policy between Cuba and the United States. 
Just to deal with this in context, the Cuban government, pursuant to international law— that is, particularly the refugee convention— have granted Assata Shakur political asylum. 
Now, what is the basis for that? 
It is if an individual has a well-grounded fear that if they return to the country from which they left, they would either be persecuted or prosecuted based upon their political beliefs or/and their race or religion. 
Now, this is not a new concept. 
There have been numerous individuals who have left the United States and went to foreign countries, allies of the United States, where those countries have refused to extradite them. 
France, for example, in the 1970s, there were Black Panthers who hijacked planes and went to France. 
Now, both France and the United States have extradition treaties. 
Not only that, France signed the 1963 Tokyo Convention, the 1970 Hague Convention and the 1973 Montreal Convention, with the United States. 
All of these are international agreements that require countries, host countries, that are holding individuals—who have hijacked planes—to extradite them or try them. 
France, after conducting their own independent review of these Black Panthers, refused to extradite them to the United States based upon France's assessment that if they would be returned, they would be subject to political and racial repression. 
So, I say that the Cubans" position is well grounded in international law. 
Now, why today is Assata Shakur now being branded a terrorist? 
If we look at the definition of terrorism, what is it? 
It is the use or the threat of use of force against a civilian population to achieve political ends. 
What happened in the case of Assata Shakur? 
You have heard, in her own words, this woman was a political activist. 
She was targeted by whom? 
J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI in a program that was called COlNTELPRO. 
That program was unveiled by whom? 
Frank Church, Senator Frank Church, in the 1970s. 
He chaired the Senate Intelligence Committee. 
That committee determined that the FBI was using both legal, but mostly illegal, methods—to do what? 
In the FBl's own words, they wanted to discredit, to stop the rise of a black messiah— that was the fear of the FBl— so that there would not be a Mau Mau, in their words, uprising in the United States. 
And they were, of course, referring to the liberation movement that occurred in Kenya, Africa. 
Now, the FBI carried out a campaign targeting not only the Black Panther Party. 
They targeted SCLC. 
They targeted Martin Luther King. 
They targeted Harry Belafonte. 
They targeted Eartha Kitt. 
They targeted anyone who supported the struggle for civil rights, that they considered to be dangerous. 
It is in that context we need to look at what happened on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. 
What they call Joanne Chesimard, what we know as Assata Shakur, she was targeted by the FBl, stopped. 
And the allegation that she was a cold-blooded killer is not supported by any of the forensic evidence. 
If we look at the trial, we'll find that she was victimized, she was shot. 
She was shot in the back. 
The bullet exited and broke the clavicle in her shoulder. 
She could not raise a gun. 
She could not raise her hand to shoot. 
And she was shot while her hands were in the air. 
Now, that is the forensic evidence. 
There is not one scintilla of evidence placing a gun in her hand. 
No arsenic residue was found on her clothing or on her hands. 
So, the allegation by the state police that she took an officer's gun and shot him, executed him in cold blood, is not only false,  but it is designed to inflame. 
JUAN GONZÁLEZ: 
But, Mr. Hinds, before we get into more of the details of the case, this whole issue of 40 years later— 
LENNOX HlNDS: 
Yeah. 
UAN GONZÁLEZ: —suddenly branding her a terrorist and also insisting that she is a threat to the United States government at this time, could you talk about the significance of that declaration? 
LH: 
Well, I believe that we have to look at it in the context of what has just happened in Boston. 
I think that with the massacre that occurred there, the FBI and the state police are attempting to inflame the public opinion to characterize her as a terrorist, because the acts that she was convicted of has nothing to do with terrorism. 
The acts that she was convicted of, if you look at the evidence, she was convicted of aiding and abetting, and therefore was present during the shootout. 
The FBI and the state police's theory was that Sundiata Acoli shot Officer Foerster. 
That was their theory during his trial. 
JG: 
One of the people in the car with her, that— 
LH: 
One of the people in the car, yeah. 
AG: 
Well, let me read the FBI press release, and you can respond to how they describe it. 
And we want to bring Angela Davis in, as well. 
This was their press release yesterday describing the May 2nd, 1973, shooting. 
They said, "*On May 2, 1973, Chesimard and a pair of accomplices * 
*were stopped by two troopers for a motor vehicle violation on the New Jersey Turnpike. * 
*At the time, Chesimard—a member of the violent revolutionary activist organization known as the Black Liberation Army—* 
*was wanted for her involvement in several felonies, including bank robbery.* 
*Chesimard and her accomplices opened fire on the troopers. * 
*One officer was wounded, his partner—Trooper Foerster—was shot and killed at point-blank range. * 
*One of Chesimard's accomplices was killed in the shoot-out and the other was arrested and remains in jail.* 
*Chesimard fled but was apprehended.*" 
That's their statement yesterday. 
LH: 
Right. 
Also in their statement that I read, the superintendent of state police claimed that Assata Shakur took the Officer Foerster's weapon and shot him while he was on the ground. 
There is not one scintilla of evidence at the trial attesting to that. 
In fact, as I was saying before, she was incapable of lifting her hands, much less firing a weapon. 
Now, you asked what is the reason for this allegation at this time. 
We have to remember that 10 years ago,  a little over 10 years ago, the then-governor of the state of New Jersey, former Governor Christie Todd Whitman, she had issued and posted a $1 million bounty for Assata Shakur. 
Today it has been doubled. 
But we believe that putting Ms. Chesimard, putting Assata Shakur on the FBl's 10 most wanted list is designed to inflame the public and to characterize her as a terrorist, when none of the acts alleged relates to terrorism. 
In fact, of all of the charges that have been leveled against her in New York, case after case, she was acquitted, or the charges were dismissed. 
There was insufficient evidence to support any of the charges. 
AG: 
Well, let's just—in 1971, armed robbery case was dismissed; 1971, she was acquitted of bank robbery; 1972, hung jury; 1972, kidnap of drug dealer, acquitted; and then several other cases dismissed. 
Angela Davis, you're in Chicago right now to give a major address tonight at the University of Chicago. 
Can you talk about this news of Joanne Chesimard, Assata Shakur, being—now being put on the top 10 wanted terrorists list, the first woman ever to be put on this list? 
ANGELA DAVlS: 
Well, first of all, it was a major shock to hear that Assata Shakur has become the first woman to be added to the FBl's Most Wanted Terrorists list and then to learn that they're adding another million dollars to the reward, the bounty really. 
It seems to me that this act incorporates or reflects the very logic of terrorism. 
I can't help but think that it's designed to frighten people who are involved in struggles today. 
Forty years ago seems as if it were a long time ago, four decades; however, in the 21st century, at the beginning of the 21st century, we're still fighting around the very same issues— police violence, healthcare, education, people in prison, and so forth. 
So I see this as an attack not so much on Assata herself, although of course she deserves to be brought home. 
She deserves to be able to live out her life, and with justice and peace. 
It was wonderful that you allowed people, through this program, to hear Assata's words, because, 40 years later, people really don't know the details of the case and are not aware of the extent to which she was targeted by the FBI by the COlNTEL Program, as Lennox pointed out. 
And it's amazing that in 2013, where she is living in Cuba as a political refugee, having given— having been given political asylum by Cuba, she is still pursued. 
And actually, this is an invitation for anyone to travel to Cuba illegally and to kidnap her and bring her back to the United States, if not shoot her dead. 
This is—as I said, was an extremely shocking revelation. 
JG: 
And, Angela Davis, the government statement that she remains a threat to the United States, the implication being that she's somehow still trying to organize attacks on the country, it really is mind-boggling. 
It's one thing to say, "We have a case here of someone who's still wanted." 
It's another thing to say that they're still a threat to the United States, when there's been no indication over the last 30, 40 years that Assata Shakur has been involved in any type of movements or organizations directed against the United States government. 
AD: 
Well, see, there's always this slippage between what should be protected free speech—that is to say, the advocacy of revolution, the advocacy of radical change— and what the FBI represents as terrorism. 
You know, certainly, Assata continues to advocate radical transformation of this country, as many of us do. 
You know, I continue to say that we need revolutionary change. 
This is why it seems to me that the attack on her reflects the logic of terrorism, because it precisely is designed to frighten young people, especially today, who would be involved in the kind of radical activism that might lead to change. 
But you're absolutely right, Assata is not a threat. 
If anything, this is a—this is a vendetta. 
She is innocent, and many of us have looked at the evidence. 
And as Lennox pointed out, there's no way that she could have possibly been the person who killed Foerster, because she had her hands up and was shot in the back with her hands in the air and could not have used a gun at that time. 
And so, to represent her as a person who continues to be a threat to the U.S. government in the way that is described is, it seems to me, an effort to strike fear in the hearts of young people who would be active in the struggles that are represented historically by Assata and struggles that continue today. 
Struggles against police violence, for example, continue. 
The fact—consider the fact that so many people have been killed by the police in recent years. 
And I'm thinking about Kimani Gray in New York. 
I'm thinking about Alan Blueford in Oakland, of course Oscar Grant in Oakland. 
I'm thinking about—there's some 63 people who were killed last year in Chicago by the Chicago police. 
AG: 
Lennox Hinds, this issue of what this allows the U.S. government to do? 
To be on the Most Wanted Terrorists list, I mean, does this mean the government could move in, like they moved in on Osama bin Laden, for example? 
Could— 
LH: 
I think what Angela said was right on point. 
It is an open invitation, not only with respect to the United States government, but for anyone, in Cuba or elsewhere, to become a vigilante, to go there and to not only apprehend and bring her back, or to kill her. 
So it's an open invitation. 
And, you know, when we—Cuba is accused of harboring terrorists. 
And when we look at the role of the United States and the United States government vis-à-vis Cuba, the United States government and the ClA have encouraged, trained, sent individuals to not only disrupt the Cuban economy by killing tourists, placing bombs in restaurants and hotels, but to assassinate Fidel Castro, and individuals who admitted that they were involved in the downing of a Cuban airliner in 1973. 
I'm talking about Posada Carriles. 
Here was a man who made the open admission, trained by the ClA, harbored by the United States. 
When he was found in the United States, did the United States prosecute him for those crimes? 
No. 
They, on a pretext, prosecuted him for lying to the FBl, all right? and acquitted him of that. 
AG: 
I wanted to go back to Assata Shakur when she was here, when she was imprisoned. 
This is a clip of a documentary, Eyes On the Rainbow: 
The Assata Shakur Documentary. 
In this, Assata Shakur talks about her experience in prison. 
AS: 
*Prisons are big business in the United States,* 
*and the building, running and supplying of prisons has become the fastest-growing industry in the country.* 
*Factories are moving into the prisons, and prisoners are forced to work for slave wages.* 
*This super-exploitation of human beings has meant the institutionalization of a new form of slavery.* 
*Those who cannot find work on the streets are forced to work in prison.*" 
AG: 
That was Assata Shakur in the film Eyes On the Rainbow: 
The Assata Shakur Documentary. 
Lennox Hinds, you went to court to change the prison conditions that Assata Shakur was in after she was arrested. 
Describe what happened to her after she was arrested. 
I mean, she was near death. 
LH: 
She was near death. 
She was chained to her hospital bed. 
After she recovered, she was placed in an all-male prison. 
She was under 24-hour surveillance by male prison guards who were watching and monitoring her very personal needs during that time period. 
We went into federal court and challenged the conditions of her confinement, where she was kept in solitary confinement for two years. 
We won that case. 
And they—that is, the Middlesex County Correctional Department were forced to place her in a women's facility. 
But that was a horrible situation amounting to torture. 
AG: 
Your case went to the Supreme Court, how you were treated in the court? 
LH: 
Well, there's the illusion—you know, I wrote a book called illusions of Justice. 
There is the illusion that we have justice in the United States. 
I made the mistake of thinking that lawyers enjoyed a First Amendment right, and I called a press conference, and I criticized the trial judge at the trial and said that the case was a legalized lynching. 
And before you know it, I was facing disbarment. 
They attempted to disbar me by bringing charges against me. 
And they asked me to come and explain myself. 
I refused. 
I sued the judge. 
I sued the prosecutor. 
And I sued all of the members of the Ethics Committee, forced them to come to my office. 
I took their depositions. 
And the case went all the way up to the United States Supreme Court. 
United States Supreme Court said, 
"Well, Hinds could not have understood the seriousness of the charges; otherwise, he would not have made that sort of statement." 
They sent the case back to New Jersey. 
The New Jersey Supreme Court agreed and tossed it out. 
AG: 
You're still a lawyer today, and you— 
LH: 
I'm still a lawyer today. 
AG: 
And you represented South African President Nelson Mandela? 
LH: 
That's correct, yeah. 
JG: 
I wanted to ask you about the trial itself, the only trial for which Assata Shakur has ever been convicted. 
LH: 
Convicted, that's correct. 
JG: 
You write in the preface, 
"It had been and is my view that it was the racism in Middlesex County, fueled by biased, inflammatory publicity in the local press before and throughout the trial, fanned by the documented government lawlessness, that made it possible for the white jury to convict Assata on the uncorroborated, contradictory, and generally incredible testimony of trooper Harper, the only other witness to the events on the turnpike." 
There was one other state trooper, Harper, who survived the confrontation and who was the main witness against Assata. 
LH: 
Yeah, but Harper ran away during the shootout, came back, and his story was conflicted and contradictory. 
And— 
Yeah, it all comes down to tapping buttons. 
Which brings us to our next accessory. 
Probably the stupidest thing ever invented: the Speedboard. 
What is it? 
It's a piece of fucking plastic! 
You attach your controller. 
You get it? 
In case you don't want to hold the controller with your hands? 
In case you enjoy playing on the floor, or behind a table? 
Then this is for you. 
It's embarrassing. 
What's the point? 
To put the speed at your fingers? 
Why in the ass would I need that? 
If I'm playing a game that involves having to tap the buttons like crazy, 
I'm probably gonna get a turbo controller, 
like the NES Max or NES Advantage. 
How could they even sell such a thing? 
Even though it's made by a third-party company, it was actually licensed by Nintendo. 
It's like covering a turd in ice cream sprinkles. 
Next up, oh boy, the Konami LaserScope. 
Now I just wanna go on record by saying I fuckin' love Konami. 
But this thing reeks of ass! 
It's essentially yet another form of the Zapper, but it's voice-controlled. 
To shoot, you say "Fire!" 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
It also has headphones, and it advertises on the box that you can use it for your Game Boy or Walkman. 
Just detach the scope module. 
Yeah. 
Wow. 
Yeah, I would look so cool walking around, 
listening to my iPod with this fucking thing on my head! 
It also advertises that, 
"Parents will love what they don't hear". 
It says "While the LaserScope surrounds the player with the sounds of exciting gameplay action," 
"non-players can listen to music, read a book, talk on the phone," 
"or have a conversation in the same room". 
Yeah. 
While you're saying, 
"Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire!" 
Kinda defeats the purpose, right? 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fire! 
Fuck! 
I didn't say "Fire!", I said "Fuck!" 
Fuck! 
Fuck-fire! 
Fuck! 
Fuck! 
Ass! 
You can say anything. 
Shit! 
Bitch! 
Cunt! 
Fuck! 
Fart! 
Fuck! 
Wow, I just shot down a duck by saying "Fuck!" 
Next is the Roll & Rocker. 
This thing is the biggest shit-biscuit I've ever seen. 
You stand on it, and supposedly, you rock back and forth, which controls the D-pad. 
The modern-day equivalent would be the Wii Fit. 
The Roll & Rocker is supposed to be compatible with every game for the NES, but I find that it isn't compatible with any of 'em. 
Each game responds differently, but none of them work. 
Adventure Island keeps walking right, 
Excitebike keeps going down, 
Skate or Die goes in circles, 
Kung Fu ducks to the right, 
Metal Gear does nothing at all, 
Ninja Turtles ill walks in place, and 1943 just fidgets around a lot. 
It's another hunk of plastic! 
Who made this thing? 
Son of a bitch... 
Well, we might as well try an LJN game. 
Beetlejuice, Beetlejuice, Beetlejuice! 
Let's see if this works. 
No, of course not. 
It doesn't. 
It doesn't work. 
It just doesn't work. 
I need a beer. 
I'm drinking Rolling Rock... ...on the Roll & Rocker! 
Rolling Rock... ...Roll & Rocker! 
Yeah, Rolling Rock, on the Roll & Rocker! 
I've also heard that you can't weigh more than a hundred pounds, but I still don't understand why I can't get any kind of response out of it. 
Let's try the cat. 
Get on there, ya little bastard. 
Cat's like, "Fuck that shit!" 
Even though the Roll & Rocker does absolutely nothing, the B and A buttons still work. 
Yeah, you plug the regular controller into it, 
So while you're standing on the thing, you still use the B and A buttons like normal. 
So even if it did work, what's the point? 
If I'm holding the controller anyway, why not just use the controller? 
It blows my mind, it's like, what were they thinking? 
One more, the U-Force. 
So hot, nothing can touch it. 
Nothing comes between you and the game. 
That's what the advertisement said. 
You open the thing up, it basically looks like electronic Battleship. 
It's got a three-dimensional invisible power field. 
Wow, a power field? 
Now we're literally playing with power. 
Come on, jump. 
Jump! 
Come on, Mario, jump! 
God, how do I jump? 
Come on, jump! 
Ass! 
Oh, jump is over here. 
Alright, here we go. 
Get the mushroom, oh- 
Aw, now that's assy. 
Yeah, I know I use the word "ass" a lot. 
I guess you can say I'm an assaholic. 
Let's try Kung Fu. 
Yeah, I'm honestly surprised. 
This thing kinda works. 
Looking at the instructions, each game has a specific setup and a switch combination. 
Kinda like the codes with the Power Glove. 
Punch-Out!! uses an upright position and a "Power Bar". 
Everything's always "power". 
What's so "power" about it? 
It's only a plastic bar, and why do you need it? 
Yeah, now that's what I'm talkin' about! 
This actually works! 
I'm punching somebody with the U-Force! 
Oh, watch out, oh- 
Get up, get up, get up! 
Alright. 
Alright. 
One more game. 
I can't believe we gotta touch this one again. 
Top Gun has an option of using this weird joystick thing. 
I don't see the point when I can just use an actual joystick. 
And what's really weird is that this thing, again, is just a piece of plastic. 
It doesn't have any wires connecting to it, you just plant it there. 
And the buttons actually work! 
And it steers okay, too. 
To tell you the truth, I'm stunned. 
Ass! 
So, that covers most of the dreaded NES accessories. 
But, I know that there's one in particular that I didn't mention, but, you know, can't do it all in one shot. 
So, we'll save it 'till later, 
I'll see you next time, 
I think you know what's next. 
Western illinois Women's Soccer returned home to face Grand View last week Sunday. 
Head Coach Tony Glinn used much different starting line up then in previous matches, but it payed off early and just in the 11 min of play Senior forward Amy Unzicker recorded her first career goal to put Western up 1 nil. 
Unzicker 
Shot! 
Amy Unzicker barried it. 
Amy Unzicker her first goal as a Leatherneck. 
Congradulations Amy. 
Head coach said there is going to be a Highlight reel. 
Sure enough we are going to get one today folks. 
Grandview will tie things up just 10 minuets later. 
In the second half it was all Western illinois. 
Now Rite is in the box. 
Cross comes in Julies Heads! 
Yes! 
Oh baby. 
4 to 1 Western illinois. 
Kellie Julius 's goal in the 67 minuet of play put Western up 4 to 1. 
Thy weren't done yet. 
Shot comes in Abby goal. 
What a finish 6 to 1 Western. 
With Western up 6 to 2 after Grandview converted a penalty. 
Chrissy Campbell put the finishing touches on the offensive out-burst. 
Campbell touched away and that will be 7 to 2 right at the death. 
With the win Western moved to 5 and 2 on the year. 
The 7 goal out-burst was the most scored in a single match since 2009 when Western scored 7 times against the same Grand View squad. 
Welcome. 
This is the first, of three lessons, in week one, in the fundamentals of financial, personal financial planning course. 
Have you ever found yourself in a new city, looking for a particular store or restaurant, but you're not sure how to get there? 
Then, suddenly you come across a large map just like the one shown here. 
Isn't it comforting to see that big you are here symbol. so you know where you are and where you need to go? 
Well, in this first lesson, I'm going to show you how to build your financial you are here starting point. 
So, where are you today? 
What shape are your finances in. 
In order to answer this, you need to examine three parts of you financial picture. 
Your network statement, your cash flow and your emergency funds. 
In this lesson, I'll describe each of these components and give you a toll to help you determine your networks. 
By carefully analyzing these aspects for your finances, you'll get a good sense of your current financial health. 
First, a net worth statement or personal balance sheet is simply a summary of your assets and liabilities as of a given date. 
It's just a snapshot. 
Simply put, it involves adding up what you own and subtracting out what you owe. 
Some examples of assets are things like your checking account, savings, certificate of deposit or CD, money market accounts, the cash value of a life insurance policy, and your real estate. 
Other assets are like investments, stocks, bonds, mutual funds, retirement accounts, and pension funds. 
Your assets also include any personal property such as your cars, recreational vehicles, jewelry and anything else in your home that you think is valuable enough to list. 
Now, on to the other half of the equation, what do you owe? 
Some examples of liabilities, are student loans credit card debt, your mortgage, car loans, bank loans, personal debt to friends or family, business loans that you personally owe, or even back taxes you might owe, the IRS. 
It's really debt that you owe to anyone, whether you have a printed statement or not. 
This i s how you arrive at your net worth. 
After you've calculated your net worth using a worksheet, you will know whether you have a positive or a negative net worth. 
Take a look at the definition shown here. 
Without even doing the math, you may already have a hunch where you fall at this point. 
Are you in the red or are you in the black? 
Either way, this is essential information, so you have, so you have to begin to grasp all the elements of sound financial planning. 
There are many freely available worksheets on the internet to help you calculate your net worth. 
In this week's reading list, you will find a link to the example shown here. 
Here, I recommend you download this worksheet or a similar one and begin piecing together your financial picture. 
It's an important first step for taking stock of and taking control of your financial life. 
When calculating your net worth, it's best to use year-end figures, or end of year figures also called, or at 
least the single date's values for anything. 
If this seems too hard, try to get as close as to a single date as you possibly can. 
In reading a net worth statement, you should be able to use total and absolute value of the asset, even if the asset is being pledged or collateralized for a loan. 
For example, if your home is with $100,000. 
If the balance of your mortgage is $50,000, you would 
list 100,000 in the asset column and then $50,000 in the liabilities column. 
Now, a cash flow statement tells you how much money you earn or just how much money you spend. 
If you take today's net worth statement and compare it to the one from 
last year or next year, you should begin to get a picture of your cash flow. 
Examples of income are employment pay, whether it's hourly or, or salaried, rent from investment properties, interest in dividends from investments pension payments you may be receiving, as well as any sort of public or private benefits you're getting, like Social Security, unemployment, disability, and so on. 
Naturally, your expenses include things like your rent or mortgage , debt payments, taxes, utility bills, food, medication fees for service and anything else that costs you money. 
Examples can be broken down into three categories, such as fixed or variable. 
Likewise, some of your spending maybe required and some maybe discretionary. 
Discretionary means, things that you really don't need, but most of us spend money on anyway and we all have expenses that are at one time only, as well as ongoing expenses. 
When you're creating your cash flow statement, it's important to include everything. 
You don't want to leave out any income, but you also want to honestly account for everything you're really spending money on. don't forget to tally up expenses that occur less frequently, such as maybe property taxes that are split into maybe two payments every year or that occasional trip to the dry cleaner, birthday gifts throughout the year. 
It's pretty common to overlook these kinds of expenses, but as we all know, they add up quickly. 
If you truly have fewer expenses than income, good for you. 
That means you have a surplus of money every month or even every year. 
If you feel like you don't have a surplus, then it's quite possible that you're not properly accounting for every expense. 
If you are running a deficit, then it is very likely that your debts are increasing. 
Positive cash flow will generally lead to year over year positive increasingly positive network conversely negative cash flow will generally lead to year over year increasingly negative network. 
Now, the question you need to ask yourself is, are you prepared for an unforeseen emergency expense? 
An emergency can be something immediate, like your car breaking down or your house needing repair or even something as unfortunate as a job loss. 
An emergency fund is any money you can access quickly. 
You will commonly hear that you should have three to six months of expenses in an emergency fund, however, everyone's situation is different. 
Someone who has a very steady job with a high job security may be fine with only three months of expenses i n their emergency fund, however, someone with a more volatile job situation. for example, a commission-only salesperson or a small business owner may need to have six months or more in emergency funds. 
An emergency fund could take the form of cash, checking accounts, savings account money market funds or even certificate deposits at a bank or a credit union. 
These funds, should not be subject to any sort of major market risk. 
Some people might consider equity in their house or access to their credit part of their emergency fund, but, still a foundation of cash and cash equivelants is, is, still the best and very important, because access to credit could suddenly dry up or be hard to get in an emergency. 
An emergency fund is also vital to tapping into assets I'm sorry emergency fund is also vital to avoid tapping into assets that may have been earmarked for your long-term goals. 
In the next lesson, we'll talk about setting some financial goals. 
Have you ever stood naked, in front of the mirror? 
And looked at yourself? 
I mean really looked 
I did. 
This morning 
How was it? 
Completely horrifying 
Guys have it so easy. 
The expectations for a woman are hellish, Harrison 
You go into a store with raving PMS zits*, and you turn, and who do you see staring at you?* 17 magazine cover girl. 
She has perfect skin and one of those killer bodies you see in late night abs crunch machine commerical* 
So you buy baskets of products and go home and sweat to the oldies* 
But it eventually dawns on you. 
You'll never be a 17 girl, because they don't allow airbrushing* in real life 
You know Sam, I'm not saying because we are friends* but 
Sometimes, under the right light* you totally escape troll status 
Am I foxier than Brook McQueen 
Let's go Sam. 
Time to get up 
And what was I thinking planning that cruise!? 
What am I doing? 
I'm not going 
Oh, you're going Mom. 
You've been planning this for a years 
I've ironed the shorts, you were looking forward last night. 
They're already packed.* 
Shorts packed, check 
Tanning accelerator for the pastiest inner thighs on a planet?* 
They don't make that. 
Guess I'm standing here.* 
Mom, do you trust me? 
Right I mean you think I have a good judgement, right?## 
Well, you're smarter than I'm. 
You've been telling that since your 4th grade. 
Great, can I get a tattoo 
No. 
I'm not a totally square. 
Alright, last year when you wanted the magenta stripe in your bangs 
We've got this stripe. 
Yeah, and I hated this stripe because it turned on me. 
I thought it was so daring and cool. 
I showed up last year and everyone had color hair even the special-ed kids## 
No tatoos, Sam 
No bikers named Satan showing up here asking for date, no Sam. 
No 
It's been two years mom. 
You have to let go. 
Dad wouldn't let you carry him around like this. 
You and your father having that discussion about tattoos, that's something I would like to have seen. 
Yeah 
Come on, let's zip this sucker up 
You'll have a great time 
Are you ready? 
Dear Diary, How many calories are in grape*? 
I gained 1.7 pounds this weekend. 
It was a box of rasin nuts, that Josh brought on Friday that did it. 
I know it. 
He just stopped* holding my hand halfway through the movie and I crashed into into this total panic thinking he's disgustedby me, he's dumping me 
This is so stupid. 
Everything I worked hard for is happening. 
Isn't that part I'm supposed to be happy 
Hail 
Hey Daddy 
First day of your sophomore year. 
You're growing up too fast 
Brook, you start making your old man look old 
Listen, when I get back, what do you say we stop by doctor you know just to touch base##. 
It's been a while since we've seen him.* 
Daddy, I'm fine. 
I don't need to say him 
I stopped by the store on the way home picked up the requested item* 
Dad, I told you... 
I use the kind with wings. 
But these came with , i thought you'd like that. 
How long are you gonna be gone this time?** 
I'm gonna reorganize the clients' portfolio in New York. 
I should be back on Sunday. 
I left all the phone numbers with Clara* 
I just wanted to go to my routine with you 
Are you cutting classes? 
My cheerleading routine. 
I told you about it. 
Just let go. 
I'll get it 
Just let go, okay? 
Brooke', I mean look at me. 
I'm trying 
Hey, 
I'm so worshipping your Gwynethness 
So Calvin, but hi, Brooke mutual admiration society is screeching to a dead halt* 
What? 
Baby blue is so last year 
Thank god, I brought reinforcements, front color, top shelf 
Okay, this is ugly, who would want to wear this 
Everybody after we do 
You know, I think I'm gonna go bare. 
I'm gonna create a naked zen millenium kind of a look. 
Genious. 
Thank you 
Okay, check it out. 
I spent all morning covering these things. 
I was so exhausted goes like manual labor of it all. 
Broken a nail. 
I decided 
Nick, no way, my dad will kill me if he finds that I'm throwing a party 
He doesn't have to know. 
He would be out of town. 
He's always out of town Brooke 
The first party of the year creates the social Siberia, and I, for one, do not intend to be left out in the cold## 
Besides, if you back, we will be wearing Monica knee-pads for the rest of the semester 
You're right 
Of course I'm. 
You're so right 
Hi 
Hi, I'm here with Thomas 
Tom 
So yh 
Talk about your self and how long you have been breaking and how you finding it so far 
I have been breaking for 3and a bit years so since October 2008 and 
I first go into it at university and the first time I saw breakin was with bboy Diggity 
He was our first coach he is a crazy guy neat moves and everything is good so yh good 
How you finding the society and how has the society developed over the past few years 
Bigger 
We got experience 
New coaches new teachers 
Done new events and everything is just is getting better and better 
Thats one section 
Alright 
Hi 
I am Roberto Toledo 
I'm 19 years old. 
I live in the city of Guanajuato. 
In Mexico! 
Guanajuato is north of Mexico City. 
And it's a city of much culture and history. 
This is my family. 
My Dad, Tomás 
He is a doctor. 
Everyone says he's very serious. 
My mom, Berta who is in a travel agency here, en Guanajuato. 
My sister, Daniela. 
And Julio, my best friend. 
In this city, there's always many tourists. 
Last year, two North American tourists from San Antonio, 
Texas 
Good afternoon, and how can I help you? 
Good afternoon, I am Carmen Toledo, and my daughter Linda. 
Venimos de San Antonio, Tejas. 
El Señor Balzar of the Agency "Fuera" spoke with you last week about making a reservation for us. 
Oh, yes of course. 
Welcome to Guanajuato. 
I am Berta Toledo, at your service. 
Pleased to meet you. 
(Berta) Everything is ready. 
I have a reservation for all of you in one of the best hotels. 
It is very close, downtown. 
(Carmen) The school Benito Juarez, is it very far from the hotel? 
Tomorrow I have to go there. 
(Berta) Not at all. 
It's very close. 
My kids study there. 
(Berta) Un momento. 
(Roberto, her son) Mom, I need to use the car, remember? 
Pardon me, this is my son Roberto and his friend Julio. 
These ladies come from San Antonio, they are going to Hotel San Diego. 
Why don't you take them to their hotel? 
No problem, Mrs...Toledo and Ms. Toledo. 
We're named Toledo too! 
True! 
Is this the last name of everyone here, Toledo? 
All, no. 
But it's a very common name here. 
I'm not named Toledo. 
I'm Julio Lovero, at your service (pleased to meet you). 
(Roberto) Let's take the suitcases to the car.(Julio) Ok, I'll take this one. 
This one is mine. 
I'll take it. 
(Julio) Allow me, Linda. 
Great, ok. 
Thank you very much Mrs. Toledo! 
No, thank you. 
It has been a pleasure. 
I hope you have a good trip. 
Hi! 
This is my daughter Daniela. 
Daniela, this is is Mrs. Toledo and her daughter Linda. 
They're from San Antonio. 
Tommorow they're going to visit the school. 
Why don't you accompany them? 
(Daniela) Of course! 
(Roberto) But MOM! 
(Berta) well then, it's all set. 
They are going to the hotel San Diego.IF you are going with them, then you can talk about your plans for tomorrow. 
(Julia) I can do that. 
And that is how Julio and I met Linda. 
Julio, you're not coming? 
Now I remember, I can't. 
Tommorow I have a soccer game and now I have to go to the gym. 
Excuse me, but I can't accompany you now. 
See you later, eh? 
Julio is a great player in the team. 
He's a great athlete. 
Benito Juarez Preparatory School 
The following day my sister Daniela take Linda and her mom on a tour of our school. 
I'm staying here. 
I need to talk with the principal. 
(Linda) Oh, ok Mom. 
Daniela is going to show me the school. 
Perfect! 
Then you can tell everything to your classmates at school. 
Until I see you later. 
You guys study English here right? 
Yes, but also their culture, history, and everything! 
And my school in San Antonio we study Spanish. 
The culture, and history of Mexico. 
(also) 
Our school have a lot in common! 
Look, there's Julio. 
Hi, 
He plays very well. 
And he seems very friendly. yes, Julio, my best friend is very friendly and 
likes all the girls. 
Sorry if I missed some chunks. 
I've only been learning Spanish for 2 years! 
So here x is 0, y is 2. 
So let's see. 
3 times 0 plus 6 times 2 is equal to 0 plus 12. 
Doesn't equal 2, it equals 12. 
This one doesn't work. 
I'm just taking 3 times x plus 6 times y and seeing what it equals. 
In this case, we have 3 times 0 plus 6 times y. 
Plus 6 times 6. 
Well that's 0 plus 36. 
That doesn't equal 2. 
Can't be that choice. 
This one, we have 3, this 3, times 1. 
Plus 6 times this y. 
6 times minus 1/6. 
So let's see. 
That's 3. 
That's equal to 3. 
And then, 6 times 1/6 is 1, but we have a negative out there. 
So it's minus 1. 
That is equal to 2. 
So that works. 
3 times 1 plus 6 times negative 1/6 is equal to 2. 
So our answer is C. 
Problem 29. 
Let me see if I need to cut and paste this one in. 
All right. 
So yeah, I think it's a good idea. 
Let me see. 
Copy and paste it. 
Let me copy and paste the next several problems. 
We could just move-- be streamlined about it. 
OK, they all fit. 
Good enough. 
What is the equation of the line that has slope of 4 and passes through the point 3 comma minus 10? 
So if the slope is 4, we know that the line-- so just rewrite it in slope y-intercept form again. mx plus b. 
They're telling us that the slope is 4. 
So we know the equation of the line is y is equal to 4x plus the y-intercept. 
And then we could figure out the y-intercept by substituting in this point that they say it goes through. 
So it goes through the point 3 comma negative 10. 
So y is equal to minus 10 when x is equal to 3. 
So 4 times x. x is equal to 3. 
Plus b. 
So what is that? 
That's minus 10 is equal to 12 plus b. 
We could subtract 12 from both sides of this equation, and we get minus 22. 
Minus 10 minus 12 is minus 22. 
This 12 obviously goes away. 
Is equal to b. 
So the equation of our line is y is equal to 4x plus b, which we just figured out is minus 22. 
4x minus 22. 
That's choice A. 
Problem 30. 
The date in the table show the cost of renting a bicycle by the hour, including a deposit. 
If hours, h, were graphed on the horizontal axis-- let me see if I can draw that. 
So that is on the horizontal axis I have hours, h. 
So this is h. 
And costs were graphed on the vertical axis, so let me draw the vertical axis. 
So cost is on the vertical axis. 
What would be the equation of the line that fits the data? 
OK, so they just want to know cost as a function of hours. 
So let's see. 
It's a linear relationship. 
We could treat this just like any other line. 
So if we write it as y equals mx plus b. 
I didn't even have to do this. 
So y is equal to mx plus b. 
So m, or the slope, is equal to change in y over-- or let me write it differently. 
Because we want it in terms of-- so we could write c is equal to the slope times the hours plus b. 
Instead of x, we have hours, and instead of y, we have the cost. 
So what's the slope? 
Slope is equal to change in the dependent variable, change in cost, divided by change in the independent variable, divided by change in hours. 
So let's see. 
If when our hours increased by 3, how much did our change in c go by? 
When we go from 2 to 5, so if we say 5 minus 2, that's how much we changed in hours. 
That's delta h. 
Then how much did we change in cost? 
Well it's 30 minus 15. 
So it equals 15 over 3. which is equal to 5. 
So we figured out the slope. 
Slope is equal to 5. 
Now we just have to figure out the y-intercept. 
So this equation, we could rewrite it as cost is equal to the slope, which is 5, times the hours plus whatever our y-intercept is. 
And then we just have to substitute one of the points in to solve for b, just like we did in the previous video. 
So let's substitute the point when h is equal to 2, c is equal to 15. 
So the point 2 comma 15. 
So when h is equal to 2, c is equal to 15. c is equal to 15 when h is equal to 2. 
And now we can just solve for b. 
So you get 15 is equal to 10 plus b. 
Subtract 10 from both sides, you get b is equal to what? 
5. 
So the equation of this line is cost is equal to 5 times h plus our y-intercept, or plus our c-intercept we could say. 
So plus 5. 
5h plus 5, and that is choice C. 
And if you try it out with these points, it should all work. 
OK, next problem. 
Let me see. 
I think this cutting and pasting works out well. 
I think I have time for at least two more. 
OK, let me clear this. 
Clear this one right here. 
Let me paste it in. 
OK, it says, some ordered pairs for a linear function of x are given in the table below. 
It's kind of like the last one. 
Which of the following equations was used to generate the table above? 
Well we could do the same thing we did the last time. 
We could say OK, this is going to have some relation. 
You know y is equal to mx plus b. 
It's going to be a line and this is the slope y-intercept form. 
And they tell us it's the linear function. 
So that's why we can immediately say that's going to be a line. 
There's no x squared or anything like that. 
So a good place to start is just with the slope. 
So slope is equal to change in y over change in x. 
So let's see. 
When x goes from 1 to 3, what does y go for. 
It goes from 1 to 7. 
So change in x is equal to 3 minus 1 or just 2. 
And what's change in y? 
7 minus 1. 
So that is equal to 6 over-- oh, no. 
Sorry. 
Change in x was 3 minus 1. 
Sorry about that. 
3 minus 1. 
So it's 6 over 2. 
When x changes by 2-- that's this 2, change in x-- y changes by 6. 
That's change in y. 
So the slope is 3. 
So the equation of our line is going to be y is equal to 3x plus some y-intercept. 
And now we could substitute some points in. 
Let's substitute this one. 
This 1, 1 seems easy. 
So y is equal to 1 when x is equal to 1. 
So we get 1 is equal to 3 plus b. 
Subtract 3 from both sides of this equation and we get what? 
1 minus 3 is minus 2 is equal to-- obviously, this disappears, 3 minus 3. 
So b is equal to minus 2. 
So the equation of our line, we have a slope of 3 and a y-intercept of minus 2. 
The equation is going to be y is equal to 3x plus b. 
Well b is minus 2. 
So minus 2. 
And that is choice C. 32. 
The equation of line I is 6x plus 5y equals 3. 
And equation of line q is 5x minus 6y is equal to 0. 
Which of the statements about the two lines are true? 
OK, let's see. 
They have the same y intercept. 
They're parallel. 
They have the same x-intercept. 
Lines I and q are perpendicular. 
Well I'll tell you how you can identify perpendicular lines. 
They have the negative inverse of each other's slope. 
But I don't know if that's going to come into play yet. 
I always find it easier to look at these lines in kind of the slope y-intercept form. 
So let's do that. 
So line I can be 6x plus 5y is equal to 3. 
So if we were to subtract 6x from both sides you get 5y is equal to minus 6x plus 3. 
And then you divide both sides by 5 and you get y is equal to minus 6/5 x plus 3/5. 
So this is line I right here. 
I'll do line q in a different color. 
So q is 5x minus 6y is equal to 0. 
So let's subtract 5x from both sides. 
You get minus 6y is equal to minus 5x. 
If you divide both sides by negative 6, you get y is equal to-- minus 5 divided by negative 6. 
That's 5/6 x. 
Well, it actually looks like D comes into play. 
Because the slope of this one is minus 6/5. 
That's the slope of line l. 
The slope of line q is the inverse of that made negative. 
At this point it's a good thing to memorize. 
I haven't proven it to you yet. 
If you want a line that has a slope perpendicular to this one, or a line that is perpendicular to this one will have a negative inverse slope. 
So the inverse of this is minus 5/6 and the negative inverse is plus 5/6. 
So this is the negative inverse of that. 
So these lines are actually perpendicular. 
So that is D. 
See you in the next video. 
We're on problem 27. 
And the question is, which equation best represents the graph above? 
So before even looking at the choices, let's see what we can figure out about the graph. 
So what's its y-intercept? 
So if we said that this is the equation of a line, we said y is equal to mx plus b where m is the slope and y is-- and b is the y-intercept. 
It's late, I'm getting slightly muddled. 
So what's the y-intercept? 
Well when x is equal to 0, y is equal to 0. 
So this is going to be equal to 0. 
The y-intercept is 0. 
When x is equal to 0, why is equal to 0. 
So the y intercept is 0. 
So we know that this has a form y is equal to mx where m is a slope. 
Let's figure out the slope. 
Slope is equal to change in y for a given change in x or change in y over change in x. 
So when we increase x by 1, how much are we increase-- or decrease y by? 
Well then y increases by 2. 
So we could say that equals y changes by 2, by plus 2 when x changes by plus 1. 
So we get the slope is equal to 2, so the equation of this 
line is y is equal to 2x. 
Which is choice B. 
Next problem. 
Which point lies on the line defined by 3x plus 6y is equal to 2? 
Well the best thing to do is just probably to substitute these numbers in for x and y and see which one works. 
Changes to Rumble, Urgot, Cho'Gath, and the Tribunal, covered in this episode of the Patch Preview. 
Welcome, summoners. 
I'm Phreak and I'm here with Morello, Lead Champion Designer. 
Together we'll be discussing some gameplay changes coming into the next update for League of Legends. 
While this video does not cover every single change, it will explain the thought process behind some of our decisions. 
Rumble seemingly came out of nowhere and was suddenly an overpowered champion. 
In this patch, we'll be lowering the damage amplification from being in the Danger Zone as well as reducing the damage of Flamespitter. 
What's the story here, Morello? 
We over-buffed Rumble in the Jayce patch, but no one really saw that change because we didn't do any other balance changes with that patch. 
Basically we did a bug-fix that made Flamespitter more reliable so you'd get full damage out of the spell more often. 
The damage on Flamespitter was extremely high and was balanced for when it was broken. 
We're bringing the damage value to something that's much more reasonable for the way it behaves now. 
We really like the Danger Zone gameplay, but we had to re-evaluate the numbers on it. 
You'll still feel good for using Danger Zone effectively, but not 30% stronger good. 
Last patch we gave Urgot a whole slew of nerfs aimed at his ability ranges and damages. 
This patch, we're reverting the damage change on Acid Hunter, meaning its base damage is going back up and the attack damage ratio is going back down. 
Why are we reverting this change? 
Our goal when balancing champions to let them shine in their own special niche. 
Urgot's role is really, "tanky fighter ranged carry who assassinates other carries" and we didn't want to change that about him. 
We just went too far with the last nerf on Acid Hunter. 
Cho'Gath is one of our oldest champions and he needed a tune-up, so we're making three upgrades: 
We're quickening his cast times, fixing an issue where Rupture's delay before hitting was random, and making his Vorpal Spikes scale in size as Cho'Gath himself grows. 
What do these changes mean for Cho'Gath? 
Sometimes we want to give longer cast times for gameplay reasons, like with Karthus's Requiem, but Cho'Gath is not one of those champions. 
We found out that his cast times are really long so we're bringing them down to about a half second. 
This is going to make Cho'Gath feel a lot better about chaining his abilities together. 
For Rupture, it was basically hitting somewhere in between .5 and .75 seconds randomly. 
We fixed that bug and now Rupture's timing is consistent right in the middle of those two values. 
Now Cho'Gath players can actually plan for the delay of the ability just like other skill shots in our game. 
The Vorpal Spikes change really is more for fun. 
They do get bigger and hit more targets as he grows, and not with just Feast but skills like Lulu's ultimate or the Summoner Spell Surge. 
This is going to make him a little bit stronger but mostly it's going to make him feel a lot better. 
The Tribunal is about building a more sportsmanlike community. 
If you find hostile players in your game, remember to report them after the match. 
When a player receives enough reports, the Tribunal builds a case against him/her for community review. 
If you're level 20 or higher, head to the Tribunal to vote on cases and help shape the community for the better. 
We're experimenting with new ways to reform players more effectively. 
We'll be distributing "Reform Cards" to players who receive punishment in the Tribunal. 
Players who get punished will get a link in their email that shows them the case that the community reviewed. 
This case has full chat logs and stats of the games so they can identify the behaviors they need to improve. 
Thanks for tuning into the League of Legends Patch Preview. 
Please subscribe to the Riot Games YouTube channel above and leave us your comments just below the video! 

LYLA FlSCHER: 
Hi. 
Welcome to 6002x. 
I am Lyla Fischer, the head teaching assistant for 6002x. 
As you know, this course is entirely online. 
So before we start learning about circuits, let's learn about the tools that you will use to navigate through the course material. 
Let's start with what is on your screen right now. 
You are watching a video of me talking. 
You have several tools associated with these videos. 
Some of them are standard video buttons, like the play-pause button on the bottom left. 
Like most video players, you can see how far you are into this particular video segments and how long the entire video segment is. 
Something that you might not be used to is the speed options. 
While you are going through the videos, you can speed up or slow down the video player with these buttons. 
Go ahead and try it now. 
Make me talk faster and slower. 
If you ever get frustrated by the pace of speech, you can adjust it this way. 
Another awesome feature is the transcript on the side. 
This will follow along with everything that I am saying as 
I'm saying it. 
So you can read along if you like. 
You can click on any of the words and notice that the video jumps to that word. 
The video slider at the bottom of the video will also let you navigate through the video quickly. 
Links to the relevant parts of the online textbook, as well as to clean and annotated lecture handouts, are provided at the bottom of the lecture sequence videos. 
Now that you know about the video player, I want to point out the sequence navigator. 
Right now, you are in the lecture sequence, which interweaves many videos and practice exercises. 
You can see how far you are in a particular sequence by observing which tab you are on. 
You can navigate directly to any video or exercise by clicking on the appropriate tab. 
You can also progress to the next element by pressing the arrow button or by clicking on the next tab. 
Try that now. 
The tutorial will continue in the next video. 
Coaching badminton forehand high clear high clears are the most common and important of all badminton strokes that can be played overhead or underarm high clears have high and deep projectory these shots gives you more time to return to your base and prepare for the next shot how to grip the racket touch the top most part of the face of the racket with your index finger slide it down to the shaft and down to the grip and hold your racket imagine that you are shaking hands with another person your grip should not be too high or too low it should be a little bit lower than the middle part of the grip the index finger should be curled around the top part this will help control the shots keep your wrist relaxed a tense wrist won't produce good shots proper form preparatory phase step 1 feet shoulder width apart knees bent racket must be kept up and in front non dominant arm kept up for balance execution phase step 2 dominant foot back elbow bent and raised at shoulder level non dominant hand should point and aim for the ball step 3 put your racket behind you still keeping foot back and arm aimed at the ball step 4 strike the ball at 11'O clock if left handed and 1'O clock if right handed with your arm fully extended the dominant foot gets ready to step forward follow through step 5 dominant foot steps forward the racket arm goes diagonally to the opposite side from where you hit the ball run through step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 step 1 step 2 step 3 step 4 step 5 in one motion when you hit the ball... it should land on the baseline 
Trajectory should be high how to practice the shot first have some one toss the balls for you second: have some one serve the balls for you. 
This requires a little footwork third: apply and practice the shot in a game 
I always wanted to become a walking laboratory of social engagement: to resonate other people's feelings, thoughts, intentions, motivations, in the act of being with them. 
As a scientist, I always wanted to measure that resonance, that sense of the other that happens so quickly, in the blink of an eye. 
We intuit other people's feelings; we know the meaning of their actions even before they happen. 
We're always in this stance of being the object of somebody else's subjectivity. 
We do that all the time. 
We just can't shake it off. 
It's so important that the very tools we use to understand ourselves, to understand the world around us, are shaped by that stance. 
We are social to the core. 
So my journey in autism really started when I lived in a residential unit for adults with autism. 
Most of those individuals had spent most of their lives in long-stay hospitals. 
This is a long time ago. 
And for them, autism was devastating. 
They had profound intellectual disabilities. 
They didn't talk. 
But most of all, they were extraordinarily isolated from the world around them, from their environment and from the people. 
In fact, at the time, if you walked into a school for individuals with autism, you'd hear a lot of noise, plenty of commotion, actions, people doing things. 
But they're always doing things by themselves. 
So they may be looking at a light in the ceiling, or they may be isolated in the corner, or they might be engaged in these repetitive movements, in self-stimulatory movements that led them nowhere. 
Extremely, extremely isolated. 
Well, now we know that autism is this disruption, the disruption of this resonance that I am telling you about. 
These are survival skills. 
These are survival skills that we inherited over many, many hundreds of thousands of years of evolution. 
You see, babies are born in a state of utter fragility. 
Without the caregiver, they wouldn't survive, so it stands to reason that nature would endow them with these mechanisms of survival. 
They orient to the caregiver. 
From the first days and weeks of life, babies prefer to hear human sounds, rather than just sounds in the environment. 
They prefer to look at people rather than at things, and even as they're looking at people, they look at people's eyes, because the eye is the window to the other person's experiences, so much so that they even prefer to look at people who are looking at them rather than people who are looking away. 
Well, they orient to the caregiver. 
The caregiver seeks the baby. 
And it's out of this mutually reinforcing choreography that a lot that is of importance to the emergence of mind -- the social mind, the social brain -- depends on. 
We always think about autism as something that happens later on in life. 
It doesn't; it begins with the beginning of life. 
As babies engage with caregivers, they soon realize that, well, there is something between the ears that is very important -- it's invisible, you can't see it, but it's really critical. 
And that thing is called attention. 
And they learn soon enough, even before they can utter one word, that they can take that attention and move somewhere in order to get things they want. 
They also learn to follow other people's gazes, because whatever people are looking at is what they are thinking about. 
And soon enough, they start to learn about the meaning of things, because when somebody is looking at something or somebody is pointing at something, they're not just getting a directional cue. 
They are getting the other person's meaning of that thing, the attitude. 
And soon enough, they start building this body of meanings, but meanings that were acquired within the realm of social interaction. 
Those are meanings that are acquired as part of their shared experiences with others. 
Well, this is a 15-month-old little girl, and she has autism. 
And I am coming so close to her that I am maybe two inches from her face, and she's quite oblivious to me. 
Imagine if I did that to you, came two inches from your face. 
You'd do probably two things, wouldn't you? 
You would recoil. 
You would call the police. 
(Laughter) 
You would do something, because it's literally impossible to penetrate somebody's physical space and not get that reaction. 
We do so, remember, intuitively, effortlessly. 
This is our body wisdom; it's not something mediated by our language. 
Our body just knows that. 
And we've known that for a long time. 
And this is not something that happens to humans only. 
It happens to some of our phyletic cousins, because if you're a monkey, and you look at another monkey, and that monkey has a higher hierarchy position than you, and that is considered to be a signal or threat, well, you are not going to be alive for long. 
So something that in other species are survival mechanisms, without which they wouldn't basically live, we bring into the context of human beings, and this is what we need to simply act, socially. 
Now, she is oblivious to me and I'm so close to her, and you think, maybe she can see you, maybe she can hear you. 
Well, a few minutes later, she goes to the corner of the room, and she finds a tiny little piece of candy, an M&M. 
So I could not attract her attention, but something -- a thing -- did. 
Now, most of us make a big dichotomy between the world of things and the world of people. 
Now, for this girl, that division line is not so clear, and the world of people is not attracting her as much as we would like. 
Now, remember that we learn a great deal by sharing experiences. 
What she is doing right now is that her path of learning is diverging, moment by moment, as she is isolating herself further and further. 
So we feel sometimes that the brain is deterministic, the brain determines who we're going to be. 
But, in fact, the brain also becomes who we are, and at the same time that her behaviors are taking away from the realm of social interaction, this is what's happening with her mind, and this is what's happening with her brain. 
Well, autism is the most strongly genetic condition of all developmental disorders. 
And it's a brain disorder. 
It's a disorder that begins much prior to the time that the child is born. 
We now know that there is a very broad spectrum of autism. 
There are those individuals who are profoundly intellectually disabled but there are those that are gifted. 
There are those individuals who don't talk at all; there are those individuals who talk too much. 
There are those individuals that if you observe them in their school, you see them running the periphery fence all the school day if you let them, to those individuals who cannot stop coming to you and trying to engage you repeatedly, relentlessly, but often in an awkward fashion, without that immediate resonance. 
Well, this is much more prevalent than we thought at the time. 
When I started in this field, we thought there were four individuals with autism per 10,000 -- a very rare condition. 
Well, now we know it's more like one in 100. 
There are millions of individuals with autism all around us. 
The societal cost of this condition is huge, in the US alone, maybe 35 to 80 billion dollars. 
And you know what? 
Most of those funds are associated with adolescents and particularly adults who are severely disabled, individuals who need wraparound services -- services that are very, very intensive. 
And those services can cost in excess of 60,000 to 80,000 dollars a year. 
Those are individuals who did not benefit from early treatment, because now we know that autism creates itself as individuals diverge in that pathway of learning that I mentioned to you. 
Were we to be able to identify this condition at an earlier point, and intervene and treat -- 
I can tell you, this has been probably something that has changed my life in the past 10 years, this notion that we can absolutely attenuate this condition. 
Also, we have a window of opportunity, because the brain is malleable for just so long, and that window of opportunity happens in the first three years of life. 
It's not that that window closes; it doesn't. 
But it diminishes considerably. 
And yet, the median age of diagnosis in this country is still about five years, and in disadvantaged populations, the populations that don't have access to clinical services, rural populations, minorities, the age of diagnosis is later still, which is almost as if I were to tell you that we are condemning those communities to have individuals with autism whose condition is going to be more severe. 
So I feel that we have a bioethical imperative. 
The science is there. 
But no science is of relevance if it doesn't have an impact on the community. 
And we just can't afford that missed opportunity, because children with autism become adults with autism. 
And we feel that those things we can do for these children, for those families, early on, will have lifetime consequences -- for the child, for the family, and for the community at large. 
So this is our view of autism. 
There are over a hundred genes that are associated with autism. 
In fact, we believe there are going to be something between 300 and 600 genes associated with autism, and genetic anomalies, much more than just genes. 
And we actually have a bit of a question here, because if there are so many different causes of autism, how do you go from those liabilities to the actual syndrome? 
Because people like myself, when we walk into a playroom, we recognize a child as having autism. 
So how do you go from multiple causes to a syndrome that has some homogeneity? 
And the answer is what lies in between, which is development. 
And in fact, we are very interested in those first two years of life, because those liabilities don't necessarily convert into autism. 
Autism creates itself. 
Were we to be able to intervene during those years of life, we might attenuate for some, and God knows, maybe even prevent for others. 
So how do we do that? 
How do we enter that feeling of resonance, how do we enter another person's being? 
I remember when I interacted with that 15-month-old, the thing that came to my mind was, 
"How do you come into her world? 
Is she thinking about me? 
Is she thinking about others?" 
Well, it's hard to do that, so we had to create the technologies. 
We had to basically step inside a body. 
We had to see the world through her eyes. 
And so in the past many years, we've been building these new technologies that are based on eye tracking. 
We can see, moment by moment, what children are engaging with. 
This is my colleague, Warren Jones, with whom we've been building these methods, these studies, for the past 12 years. 
And you see there a happy five-month-old, a five-month little boy who is going to watch things that are brought from his world: his mom, the caregiver, but also experiences that he would have were he to be in his daycare. 
What we want is to embrace that world and bring it into our laboratory, but in order for us to do that, we had to create these very sophisticated measures, measures of how people, how little babies, how newborns, engage with the world, moment by moment. 
What is important and what is not. 
Well, we created those measures, and here, what you see is what we call a funnel of attention. 
You're watching a video -- those frames are separated by about a second -- through the eyes of 35 typically developing two-year-olds. 
And we freeze one frame, and this is what the typical children are doing. 
In this scan pass, in green here, are two-year-olds with autism. 
So on that frame, the children who are typical are watching this, the emotion of expression of that little boy as he's fighting a little bit with the little girl. 
What are the children with autism doing? 
They are focusing on the revolving door, opening and shutting. 
Well, I can tell you that this divergence that you're seeing here doesn't happen only in our five-minute experiment. 
It happens moment by moment in their real lives, and their minds are being formed and their brains are being specialized in something other than what is happening with their typical peers. 
Well, we took a construct from our pediatrician friends, the concept of growth charts -- you know, when you take a child to the pediatrician, and you have physical height and weight. 
Well, we decided we were going to create growth charts of social engagement. 
We sought children from the time they're born. 
What you see here on the x-axis is two, three, four, five, six months and nine, until about the age of 24 months. 
This is the percent of their viewing time that they're focusing on people's eyes, and this is their growth chart. 
They start over here -- they love people's eyes -- and it remains quite stable. 
It sort of goes up a little bit in those initial months. 
Now, let's see what's happening with babies who became autistic. 
It's something very different. 
It starts way up here, but then it's a free fall. 
It's very much like they brought into this world the reflex that orients them to people, but it has no traction. 
It's almost as if that stimulus -- you -- you're not exerting influence on what happens as they navigate their daily lives. 
Now, we thought those data were so powerful, in a way, that we wanted to see what happened in the first six months of life, because if you interact with a two- and a three-month-old, you'd be surprised by how social those babies are. 
And what we see in the first six months of life is that those two groups can be segregated very easily. 
And using these kinds of measures and many others, what we found out is that our science could, in fact, identify this condition early on. 
We didn't have to wait for the behaviors of autism to emerge in the second year of life. 
If we measured things that are, evolutionarily, highly conserved, and developmentally very early-emerging -- things that are online from the first weeks of life -- we could push the detection of autism all the way to those first months, and that's what we are doing now. 
Now, we can create the very best technologies and the very best methods to identify the children, but this would be for naught if we didn't have an impact on what happens in their reality in the community. 
Now we want those devices, of course, to be deployed by those who are in the trenches -- our colleagues, the primary care physicians, who see every child -- and we need to transform those technologies into something that is going to add value to their practice, because they have to see so many children. 
And we want to do that universally so that we don't miss any child. 
But this would be immoral if we also did not have an infrastructure for intervention, for treatment. 
We need to be able to work with the families, support the families, to manage those first years with them. 
We need to be able to really go from universal screening to universal access to treatment, because those treatments are going to change these children's and those families' lives. 
Now, when we think about what we [can] do in those first years, 
I can tell you, having been in this field for so long, one feels really rejuvenated. 
There is a sense that the science that one worked on can actually have an impact on realities, preventing, in fact, those experiences that I really started in my journey in this field. 
I thought at the time that this was an intractable condition. 
No longer. 
We can do a great deal of things. 
And the idea is not to cure autism. 
That's not the idea. 
What we want is to make sure that those individuals with autism can be free from the devastating consequences that come with it at times, the profound intellectual disabilities, the lack of language, the profound, profound isolation. 
We feel that individuals with autism, in fact, have a very special perspective on the world, and we need diversity. 
And they can work extremely well in some areas of strength: predictable situations, situations that can be defined. 
Because after all, they learn about the world almost, like, about it, rather than learning how to function in it. 
But this is a strength if you're working, for example, in technology. 
And there are those individuals who have incredible artistic abilities. 
We want them to be free to do that. 
We want that the next generations of individuals with autism will be able not only to express their strengths, but to fulfill their promise. 
Well, thank you for listening to me. 
(Applause) 
You don't see me in the hood 
It's cause I'm doing this man 
Niggas, I'm still grinding, (yeah... ) 
I'm still hearing those sirens, 
I'm still getting chased by those lights, 
Only the light's mine and my mic's on 
And my time is none because I'm writing more, 
And I ain't here to meet a soul in this buisness, 
I'm here to eat, speak, until these hoes feel this, (for sure... ) 
And I can't let y'all derail me man, 
I got young Kobe, homie, you gotta let go of Obie 
Cause Obie be back, (ain't goin' nowhere man... ) 
We got them craps going on 
And that yak going on, 
Soon as a nigga touch down back from tourin', 
It's whateva, put that on the chedda man, 
But in the meantime, it's Jimmy Ivene time, 
Chase cheese, rhyme till my voice give out, 
This is it my nigga, this what we boast about, 
Now I'm here so shut your motherfuckin mouth 
And show me love bitch... 
I just wanna love you for the rest of my life, (I dont love you bitch) 
I wanna hold you in the morning, (Ha) 
Hold you through the night (Hahaha) 
I just wanna love you for the rest of my life, (We wanna love alcohol, we wanna love guns, ) 
I wanna hold you in the morning, (we wanna love money) 
Hold you through the night. . 
(Ha) (we don't wanna love bitches though) 
There's a certain mystique when I speak, 
That you notice that it's sort a unique, 
Cause you know it's me, my poetry's deep, 
And I'm still matic the way I flow to this beat, 
You can't sit still, it's like tryin to smoke crack 
And go to sleep, I'm strapped, 
Just knowing any minute I could snap, 
I'm the equivalent of what would happen if Bush rapped, 
I bully these rappers so bad lyrically, 
It ain't even funny, I ain't even hungry, 
It ain't even money, you can't pay me enough 
For you to play me, it's cockamamie, 
You just ain't zany enough to rock with Shady, 
My noodle is cockadoodle, my clocks cuckoo, 
I got screws loose, yeahhh, the whole kitten-kaboodle, 
I'm just brutal. 
It's no rumor, I'm numero uno, assume it 
There's no humor in it no more, you know 
I'm rollin with a swollen bowling ball in my bag, 
You need a fag to come and tear a new hole in my ass 
You better love me bitch 
I just wanna love you for the rest of my life, 
I wanna hold you in the morning, 
Hold you through the night (and all the bitches say) 
I just wanna love you for the rest of my life, 
I wanna hold you in the morning, 
Hold you through the night 
My buzz is crazy in the hood, they holla my name, 
If it ain't about the flow, 
It's about the stones and the chain, 
If I was you, I'd love me too, 
I roll like a bus, 9-11 pulse same color as cranberry sauce, 
I ain't gonna front, I thought R-Kelly was tha shit, 
Then we find out he fucking round with bow wow bitch, 
Niggas eatin popcorn, right, rewinding the tape, 
Now shorty momma in the precinct hollerin rape, 
I'm convinced man something really wrong with these hoes, 
I thought Lil' Kim was hot then she start fucking with her nose, (God Damn) 
Used to listen to Lauren Hill and tap my feet, 
Then the bitch put out a CD that didn't have no beats, (uh-huh) 
That boy D'Angelo he determined not to fail, 
That nigga went butt-ass for his record to sell, 
My back shot to help Ashanti hit them high notes, 
And Big Ben told Charlie to deepthroat 
Dealing with an eye injury is probably one of the most scary things for people to deal with. 
Often people don't like touching the eyes, don't like seeing any problems with them. 
Even things like watching people put contact lenses in the eye can feel quite bad. 
Also, one of the senses you'd least like to lose is your sight. 
So somebody with any eye injury is gonna be very very scared. 
Now you can damage your eye through different things. 
Maybe just a bit of dirt or grime in the eye, maybe a scratch, maybe an impaled object into the eye. 
Also got chemicals, and things like this can all do damage. 
All right, both teams did a good job. 
Paul, Lee, go ahead and finish up your campsite. 
I'll see you guys later. 
Lee: 
You know I think my sons at home are going to look at me and realize that I did everything I've taught them to do. 
And I've taught them the most important thing is not to quit, not to give up. 
And no matter what the odds are against you, you keep on fighting. 
NARRATOR: 
Scouts, adults, gather up, fellows. 
I know it's been a long day, but don't get too comfortable because we've got some guests coming tonight. 
Children: 
We are Cub Scouts, tried and true. 
We... 
NARRATOR: 
Think I hear them coming. 
Children: ...are Cub Scouts tougher than you. 
We are Cub Scouts, tried and true. 
We are Cub Scouts tougher than you. 
Paul: 
They're getting smaller. 
Children: 
We are Cub Scouts, tried and true. 
We are Cub Scouts tougher than you. 
Paul: 
Whoo! 
Rio "Wolf:" Yeah! 
Paul: 
Whoo! 
NARRATOR: 
The Cub Scouts are here and they're hungry. 
Right, guys? 
Children: 
Yeah! 
NARRATOR: 
It's going to be a cook-off. 
Paul versus Lee. 
Paul: 
You got it, guys. 
Lee: 
We're doing an outdoor cooking competition. 
I'm like, "Bring it on. 
Paul, you are in trouble." 
Rio "Wolf:" All right, guys, tonight's challenge. 
You have to cook a traditional campfire meal for these seven 
Cub Scouts. 
They'll also be your judges. 
I've got two recipes in this bag. 
So go ahead and choose. 
Lee: 
So I got Chili Mac. 
Paul: 
I got Train Wreck. 
NARRATOR: 
Both these dishes are time-honored Boy Scout classics. 
The Chili Mac consists of ground beef, chopped onions, diced tomatoes, macaroni, cheese, and water. 
Train Wreck is a one-dish breakfast with bacon, sausage links, hash browns, and eggs, all mixed together with plenty of syrup. 
Paul: 
I hope you guys like what I make you. 
Child #1: 
If we don't like it, you're going home. 
Keegan "Yeti:" 
Ho-ho-Ho, the attitude. 
Rio "Wolf:" I know. 
All right, guys. 
Go get to it. 
Lee: 
All right. 
Here we go. 
NARRATOR: 
One, two, three, go! 
Paul: 
All right, man. 
Whoo-hoo! 
Stir eggs scrambled with hash browns and thoroughly cook. 
Children: 
We're hungry! 
Child #2: 
Move quicker. 
We don't got all day. 
Paul: 
We got syrup. 
Children: 
Yeah! 
Paul: 
I got some sausage links. 
I'm going to start cook, cooking the hash browns. 
Child #1: 
Hurry up, Paul. 
Lee: 
Macaroni going in. 
I'm a king of anything wood or charcoal. 
Now it's time to come out and get a victory. 
Child #3: 
Stop talking! 
Get cooking! 
NARRATOR: 
I thought you guys were tough, man. 
Child #3: 
Speed it up! 
Lee: 
Here I am cooking. 
I got to get the onions. 
So I pull out the onion. 
Child #1: 
Hurry up! 
Lee: 
I'm slicing. 
I'm trying to be as careful as I can. 
Ah. 
I feel the blade cut my finger and I see blood coming out. 
Damn-it, cut myself. 
Ah. 
Here we go. 
I got to fix my finger. 
NARRATOR: 
It looks like Lee cut himself and he might be bleeding 
Lee: 
Slow down, Lee. 
Slow down. 
You're going too fast. 
You got plenty of time. 
Broken in small bits. 
If it's big, it ain't going to get cooked. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Yeah, if you got blood in the food then you, you can't serve that, you know. 
Lee: 
Still bleeding a little bit. 
Now you all, we are ready here. 
This... 
NARRATOR: 
Hold up, guys. 
Hold up. 
Lee. 
Lee: 
You got it. 
NARRATOR: 
Looks like you cut yourself while you were cooking there, brother. 
Lee: 
Yes. 
NARRATOR: 
Let me see that. 
Lee: 
Right on top of the thumb. 
NARRATOR: 
We can't take a chance with blood being in this food and the Cub Scouts eating it. 
Lee: 
I know. 
NARRATOR: 
So I'm sorry, man, but you're disqualified from this challenge. 
Lee: 
I understand. 
That was my mistake and I should've stopped. 
NARRATOR: 
All right, brother. 
Lee: 
Oh man. 
Damn-it. 
NARRATOR: 
Paul wins this challenge. 
Congratulations. 
Paul: 
That's not how I wanted to win, but I guess a win's a win. 
Lee: 
Oh I'm an idiot. 
I know better. 
NARRATOR: 
It's chow time. 
Let's eat. 
Paul: 
Come and get it, fellows. 
Male #11: 
Let's just walk over there and wait. 
Child #4: 
Go. 
Paul: 
All right, step on up. 
What's your name again? 
Teenager #13: 
Can I take a look, can I see it? 
Can I see it? 
Can I see it? 
Male #12: 
You let me know if you want a little bit more... 
Paul: 
I hope you guys like what I make you. 
Child #1: 
If we don't like it, you're going home. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Ho-ho-Ho. 
NARRATOR: 
It was thumbs-up for Paul's Train Wreck. 
Paul: 
We got syrup. 
Children: 
Yea! 
Lee: 
Ah. 
NARRATOR: 
But Lee... 
Lee: 
Damn-it, cut myself. 
NARRATOR: ...he was all thumbs. 
You're disqualified from this challenge. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Whoo! 
NARRATOR: 
Now it's time for the Scouts to send somebody home 
Rio "Wolf:" All right, guys. 
As you know we've come to a decision on who we're going to face tomorrow. 
The person we want to go up against tomorrow... ...is Paul. 
Lee, I'm sorry. 
You're not tougher than a Boy Scout. 
You have to go home. 
Lee: 
Thank you, gentlemen. 
I appreciate it. 
I'm heartbroken... right now. 
Keegan "Yeti:" You did great. 
Lee: 
My wife gave me one bit of advice before she left. 
It was, "Keep your head. 
Don't freak out. 
Keep your head and you'll win." 
I kept my head for two days. 
The last challenge, I failed myself by not thinking all the way through. 
I just feel like I let my kids and everybody down. 
Michael "Hitch:" Lee owned up to his mistake. 
If I was his kid, I'd be proud of him. 
Lee: 
Phew. 
Hey, Paul. 
Good luck, man. 
Paul: 
Thanks, Lee. 
So I'm the last man standing. 
That feels pretty good. 
And I'm, I'm ready. 
I'm ready for the next stage. 
NARRATOR: 
Scouts, welcome to the final challenge. 
Paul, you're going head-to-head against Will, Rob, and Rio... ...in one final challenge that consists of three different events. 
We're incorporating Scouting skills that require concentration, endurance, and your smarts. 
This is the Toyota "Iron Scout" Challenge. 
This challenge tests skills for rifle shooting, pioneering, and first aid merit badges. 
There are three tasks. 
One... ...hit three targets at a 22-rifle range. 
Two, complete the fourth wall of a pioneering tower. 
From the top of this tower... ...shoot a slingshot... ...and hit three targets to retrieve this map. 
Three, follow the map to Lake Ida, then handle a life-threatening situation. 
Paul, you and Will are up on the rifle range first. 
Go ahead and take your spots and we'll get started. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Get him Big South 
Will "Big South:" All right. 
All right, you guys. 
Paul: 
I am determined to win this competition. 
I, I want this bad. 
And I really hope that my Scoutmaster... ...gets to see me do the best that I can. 
Somebody's going to have to cut off one of my limbs to stop me from winning. 
Will "Big South:" Honestly, I think the targets are kind of big. 
So I think this is a matter... of speed, and who gets it off first. 
NARRATOR: 
All right. 
Eyes and ear protection are on both. 
Rounds are being chambered. 
Will is sighting in. 
Stand by. 
Three, two, one, commence firing. 
And Will has a miss on his first target. 
Paul: 
I hit something. 
NARRATOR: 
Paul's first shot takes down his target. 
All right, Will takes down his target. 
Paul is sighting in on his second target. 
And it's a miss. 
Will takes... down his second target. 
He's slightly in the lead of Paul. 
Paul: 
I can't see it. 
NARRATOR: 
Missed. 
Paul: 
Sheez, I can't see. 
NARRATOR: 
Looks like he has some problems with his safety classes fogging up. 
And it's a miss. 
Will has a miss on his third target again. 
Let's see how Paul's going to catch up. 
Paul: 
I can't see it. 
NARRATOR: 
Paul's hit his second target. 
Paul: 
I wish I had a machine gun. 
Will "Big South:" See it. 
Michael "Hitch:" Yeah. 
NARRATOR: 
Here we go. 
Michael "Hitch:" 
That was good. 
NARRATOR: 
And Will has hit his third target. 
Rio "Wolf:" Will! 
Keegan "Yeti:" Will! 
NARRATOR: 
Rob is off to the second stage of the challenge. 
The Scouts have the lead. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Whoo! 
Paul: 
Damn-it. 
NARRATOR: 
Paul better pick it up or he's going to be left in the dust. 
Paul has just missed again. 
Paul: 
I'm just guessing where it's going. 
I can't even see it. 
Rio "Wolf:" Go Rob! 
Whoo! 
Paul: 
I can't fricking see it. 
I can't see. 
Paul: 
So I'm done with the range, and I'm thinking, Okay, 
lashing's my thing. 
I'm going to catch up. 
NARRATOR: 
Rob is running to the next stage of the challenge. 
Rio "Wolf:" Let's go, dude. 
Let's go. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" 
When I get there, 
I have to lash two poles together in x-formation, and... ...then attach the x to the tower. 
Keegan "Yeti:" Let's go! 
Rob "Robin Hood:" I really have to make them strong so that when I go up to the top of the tower, it does not fall over. 
Rio "Wolf:" Okay, Paul, I see Paul. 
Paul is coming. 
He's almost here, man. 
Paul: 
I'm behind, but I'm thinking, "You know, 
I can lash pretty good, and I can lash fast. 
I'm going to catch up." 
Rio "Wolf:" Here he comes, Rob. 
Here he comes. 
Paul finally made it. 
Come on. 
Let's go. 
You need to get those lashings night and tight. 
Great job, dude. 
Keep it up. 
Keep it up. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Done. 
Rio "Wolf:" Done. 
All right. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" So now I have to get my ammo, get my slingshot, and hit those three targets. 
Rio "Wolf:" Rob's a champion archer. 
That should help him with the slingshots. 
Paul: 
Okay. 
I'm behind. 
And I'm trying not to think about that. 
Because I knew if I was going to be able to take this, 
I had to tie my lashings tight. 
Then I'm going to get up on the tower. 
I really want to win this competition. 
Rio "Wolf:" All right, come on, dude. 
Paul's almost done. 
You got this. 
Aw! 
Paul: 
I got one more to go. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Shooting a slingshot is just like archery. 
The same stance. 
Boom, I hit the first target. 
Rio "Wolf:" Nice! 
Get the rest of them. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Paul is right behind me, so now I have to hit these targets. 
Paul: 
Been like ten years since I've done this. 
My first shot... ...phew, 20 feet over the target. 
What the heck? 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Aiming for my second target... 
Rio "Wolf:" Yeah. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" ...broken. 
Paul: 
All right, focus, Paul. 
Focus. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" 
Third target... 
Rio "Wolf:" Awesome shot. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" ...destroyed it. 
Rio "Wolf:" Go, go, go, go! 
Let's go, Rob! 
Let's go. 
You're finished, dude! 
Get that map and let's get going. 
Let's go, let's go, let's go. 
Lake Ida, here. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Okay, that way, that way, go, go, go! 
Keegan "Yeti:" Whoo! 
Rob "Robin Hood:" 
Let's go, Rio! 
Paul: 
I see Rio gone, and I'm trying not to think about that. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" 
Take your time. 
Relax. 
Paul: 
Scout spirit comes in and I hear Rob. 
He's giving me advice. 
There's one. 
Boy it felt really good to hit that first one. 
Oh there we go. 
One more. 
Oh. 
Jeez. 
Rob "Robin Hood:" Oh. 
Paul: 
All right. 
Rob "Robin Hood": 
Let's go, let's go, let's go, 
let's... go. 
You got this. 
Go, go, go, go, go. 
Got to get that map. 
Paul: 
I've orientated myself on the map to get to the lake. 
I can do this. 
Rio "Wolf:" I hit the lake and see the final challenge, an overturned canoe. 
Teenager: 
Help! 
I can't swim. 
Help! 
Rio "Wolf:" Time... to put my Life Saving merit badge to work. 
NARRATOR: 
All Rio has to do is get his victim safely to shore, grab the flag, and he wins. 
Rio "Wolf:" Make sure not to let my head go under in case he went under. 
I wanted to see where he was at all times. 
Stay calm. 
I'm here to rescue you. 
You're going to be okay. 
I got you. 
Just try to kick with me, all right? 
I'm swimming for the finish line. 
That's when I see Paul. 
Paul: 
I get to the bridge, I look out in the lake, 
I see two swamped canoes and some guy in the middle of the lake splashing around. 
Rio "Wolf:" We're almost there, okay? 
Paul: 
Calm! 
Stay calm! 
Everything's coming back to me from my Life Saving merit badge. 
Get the person calm in the water before you approach him. 
Rio "Wolf:" I got him to the shore. 
I pulled him out of the water. 
You okay? 
All right, you'll be all right, man. 
Teenager: 
Hey, man, you get the flag. 
Teenager #14: 
Outstanding... 
Teenager #15: 
Whoo! 
Teenager #14: ...brother! 
Teenager #15: 
Whoo! 
Diallo "Torpedo:" Oh yeah. 
Give me some love. 
Give me some love, dude. 
Teenager #15: 
Whoo! 
Teenager #16: 
Keep it up, keep it up. 
There we go. 
Teenager #17: 
Whoo! 
Here comes Paul! 
Diallo "Torpedo:" 
Come on, Paul. 
Paul: 
I know I've lost, but you know? 
I don't really feel that bad. 
I feel pretty good about actually finishing. 
NARRATOR: 
Paul, congratulations on making it back, man. 
How has this whole experience been for you? 
Paul: 
I wouldn't trade it for the world. 
I mean, these guys are Eagles, and they're the best ones in the country. 
And they've certainly proved it today. 
You showed your true colors. 
Starting with "Big South." 
With him trying to help me with the shooting. 
I got to the tower. 
You guys were cheering me on. 
When I got here, you guys were cheering me on. 
You showed yourself true Scouts. 
Diallo "Torpedo:" Paul, we know this has been hard. 
Here's our token of appreciation from us to you. 
Paul: 
Aw, thank you. 
That's a beautiful knife. 
Diallo "Torpedo:" Read it. 
Rio "Wolf:" What's that say? 
Diallo "Torpedo:" 
What does it say? 
Paul: 
It says, "Prepared for life." 
Diallo "Torpedo:" 
"Prepared for life." 
Paul: ...I'd like to think I was. 
Paul: 
I let my Scoutmaster down because I dropped out of 
Scouting and it's a big regret for me now. 
But I came out here today, I felt like I've redeemed myself. 
I think Scoutmaster McCauley would be proud of me. 
I really think he'd be proud of me. 

In the last video, we set up this definite integral to evaluate the volume of the solid of revolution that we set up using the shell method. 
So now, let's just evaluate this thing. 
So the main thing is just simplifying this expression. 
I'll start off by trying to simplify this part of it. 
So that's going to be y plus 1. 
I just ate an apple, so something weird just happened in my throat. 
But anyway, that's done with. y plus 1 minus y squared minus 2y plus 1. 
I just expanded out this binomial. 
And then that would simplify to-- another apple in my throat moment-- so that's going to be y plus 1 minus y squared plus 2y minus 1. 
So this 1 and this negative 1 cancel out. 
And let's see. 
You get negative y squared plus 3y. 
And then we're going to multiply that times y plus 2. 
So when you multiply y plus 2 times this, so you have y times negative y squared, it gets us negative y to the third power. y times 3y is going to be plus 3y squared. 
2 times negative y squared is negative 2y squared. 
And then 2 times 3y is plus 6y. 
So then you go all the way down here. 
This thing can simplify, too, because you have 3y squared minus 2y squared. 
So this going to be negative y to the third plus-- this part right over here simplifies to just y squared-- y squared plus 6y. 
So that's this entire part simplified to this down here. 
We can take the 2 pi out of the integral sign. 
So let's do that. 
We're integrating from y is equal to 0 to y is equal to 3 dy. 
And I took the 2 pi out here, and that is equal to our volume. 
And so now, we're essentially ready to take the antiderivative. 
This is going to be equal to 2 pi times the antiderivative of this business evaluated at 3 minus evaluated at 0. 
And I'll color code it. 
I found this useful. 
The antiderivative of y to the third is y to the fourth over 4, so this is negative y to the fourth over 4. 
Antiderivative of y squared is y to the third over 2-- or y to the third over 3, I should say. 
And then finally, I'll do it in yellow. 
Antiderivative of 6y is 3y squared, so plus 3y squared. 
And we are going to evaluate all of this business at 0 and 3. 
So this simplifies. 
This going to be equal to 2 pi times-- well, let's see. 
Let me do it in the same colors. 
3 to the fourth power is 81. 
So it's negative 81 over 4, plus-- 3 to the third is 27 divided by 3 is 9, plus 9. 
And then 3 squared is 9 times 3 is 27, plus 27. 
And then when you evaluate all of these things at 0, you just get 0. 
So you're just subtracting out 0, so we really don't have to do anything else with the 0. 
And now we are ready to simplify. 
Let me see. 
Actually, let's just add them all up. 
So this is going to be 9 plus 27 is 36. 
So that is 36. 
And if we want to add it to negative 81 over 4, we just have to find a common denominator. 
So all of this business is going to be equal to 2 pi times-- and so our common denominator can be 4, times something over 4. 
We have negative 81 over 4, and then 36 times 4 is 144. 
Is that right? 
Yeah, that's 144. 
So 36 times 4, so it's plus 144. 
30 times 4 is 120 plus another 24 is 144. 
So you have 144, essentially, minus 81. 
So this is going to be equal to 2 pi times-- and actually, I can even simplify it 
little bit more, because we have a 2 here and a 4 there. 
So divide the numerator and denominator by 2 so you get it over 2. 
So you're going to have pi times-- this is going to be 44. 
Let's see. 
If this was an 80, this would be 64. 
So it's going to be 63. 
Let me write it this way. 
It's going to be 63 pi over 2. 
Did I do that right? 
60 plus 81 is 141. 
Add another 3, you get a 144. 
Yep. 
And we're done. 
We figured out the volume of our front of jet engine-looking shape. 
piano music playing 
I dreamed a dream in time gone by. 
When hope was high, and life worth living... 
I dreamed that love would never die... 
I dreamed that God would be forgiving... 
And I was young and unafraid... and dreams were made and used and wasted... there was no ransom to be paid... no song unsung, no wine untasted... but the tigers come at night... with their voices soft as thunder... as they tear your life apart... as they turn your dream to shame... and still I dream he'll come to me that we will live the years together but there are dreams that cannot be... 
There are storms we cannot weather... 
I had a dream my life would be... 
So different from this hell I'm living- so different now from what it seemed... 
Now life has killed the dream I dreamed. piano 
Hi, my name is Nat McCullough on behalf of Expert Village. 
In these clips, we're going to talk about the proper way to remove and replace a front wheel drives vehicles ball joint. 
In this clip, we're going to talk about removal of the ball joints retaining nut. 
There are two styles that you may possibly run across. 
This one has what you'd call a through bolt. 
As you can see on the ball joints stud, there's a grove. 
The retaining bolt runs through that grove, something?s similar like this and clamps down and keeps the ball joint from coming off. 
The other style you may run across is that the ball joint will be threaded on top and then actually a large nut will go down on top of it and hold it in place. 
Due to room constraints on front wheel drive vehicles, almost nine times out of ten, it will have a through bolt. 
That eliminates the need for the stud to be bigger and having a large nut on it. 
Generally on pickup trucks, light trucks, and things of that nature, you will see the threads on the top. 
So pay attention to that. 
The nut and bolt is located right down here. 
As you can see. 
What I'm going to do is put an opened end wrench on the nut for bolt. 
And use my three inch ratchet with the socket on the other side. 
You can see how I set my wrench on there using the spindle to actually hold it for me, so 
I can use both hands on the ball joints containing bolt. 
And there you go. 
It may be necessary, just depending on how corroded it is, to actually have to screw the bolt out of its location. 
You can see, as I'm turning it the bolt is beginning to come out. 

The following content is provided under a creative commons license. 
Your support will help MlT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 
To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MlT courses, visit MlT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu. 
PROFESSOR: 
Last time we were talking about binary search and 
I sort of left a promise to you which I need to pick up. 
I want to remind you, we were talking about search, which is a very fundamental thing that we do in a whole lot of applications. 
We want to go find things in some data set. 
And I'll remind you that we sort of a separated out two cases. 
We said if we had an ordered list, we could use binary search. 
And we said that was log rhythmic, took log n time where n is the size of the list. 
If it was an unordered list, we were basically stuck with linear search. 
Got to walk through the whole list to see if the thing is there. 
So that was of order in. 
And then one of the things that I suggested was that if we could figure out some way to order it, and in particular, if we could order it in n log n time, and we still haven't done that, but if we could do that, then we said the complexity changed a little bit. 
But it changed in a way that I want to remind you. 
And the change was, that in this case, if I'm doing a single search, I've got a choice. 
I could still do the linear case, which is order n or I could say, look, take the list, let's sort it and then search it. 
But in that case, we said well to sort it was going to take n 
log n time, assuming I can do that. 
Once I have it sorted I can search it in log n time, but that's still isn't as good as just doing n. 
And this led to this idea of amortization, which is I need to not only factor in the cost, but how am I going to use it? 
And typically, I'm not going to just search once in a list, I'm going to search multiple times. 
So if I have to do k searches, then in the linear case, I got to do order n things k times. 
It's order k n. 
Whereas in the ordered case, I need to get them sorted, which is still n log n, but then the search is only log n. 
I need to do k of those. 
And we suggested well this is better than that. 
This is certainly better than that. m plus k all times log n is in general going to be much better than k times n. 
It depends on n and k but obviously as n gets big, that one is going to be better. 
And that's just a way of reminding you that we want to think carefully, but what are the things we're trying to measure when we talk about complexity here? 
It's both the size of the thing and how often are we going to use it? 
And there are some trade offs, but I still haven't said how 
I'm going to get an n log n sorting algorithm, and that's what I want to do today. 
One of the two things I want to do today. 
To set the stage for this, let's go back just for a second to binary search. 
At the end of the lecture I said binary search was an example of a divide and conquer algorithm. 
Sort of an Attila the Hun kind of approach to doing things if you like. 
So let me say -- boy, I could have made a really bad political joke there, which I will forego, right. 
Let's say what this actually means, divide and conquer. 
Divide and conquer says basically do the following: split the problem into several sub-problems of the same type. 
I'll come back in a second to help binary searches matches in that, but that's what we're going to do. 
For each of those sub-problems we're going to solve them independently, and then we're going to combine those solutions. 
And it's called divide and conquer for the obvious reason. 
I'm going to divide it up into sub-problems with the hope that those sub-problems get easier. 
It's going to be easier to conquer if you like, and then 
I'm going to merge them back. 
Now, in the binary search case, in some sense, this is a little bit trivial. 
What was the divide? 
The divide was breaking a big search up into half a search. 
We actually threw half of the list away and we kept dividing it down, until ultimately we got something of size one to search. 
That's really easy. 
The combination was also sort of trivial in this case because the solution to the sub-problem was, in fact, the solution to the larger problem. 
But there's the idea of divide and conquer. 
I'm going to use exactly that same ideas to tackle sort. 
Again, I've got an unordered list of n elements. 
I want to sort it into a obviously a sorted list. 
And that particular algorithm is actually a really nice algorithm called merge sort. 
And it's actually a fairly old algorithm. 
It was invented in 1945 by John von Neumann one of the pioneers of computer science. 
And here's the idea behind merge sort, actually I'm going to back into it in a funny way. 
Let's assume that I could somehow get to the stage where 
I've got two sorted lists. 
How much work do I have to do to actually merge them together? 
So let me give you an example. 
Suppose I want to merge two lists, and they're sorted. 
Just to give you an example, here's one list, 3121724 
Here's another list, 12430. 
I haven't said how I'm going to get those sorted lists, but imagine I had two sorted lists like that. 
How hard is it to merge them? 
Well it's pretty easy, right? 
I start at the beginning of each list, and I say is one less than three? 
Sure. 
So that says one should be the first element in my merge list. 
Now, compare the first element in each of these lists. 
Two is less than three, so two ought to be the next element of the list. 
And you get the idea. 
What am I going to do next? 
I'm going to compare three against four. 
Three is the smallest one, and I'm going to compare four games twelve, which is going to give me four. 
And then what do? 
I have to do twelve against thirty, twelve is smaller, take that out. 
Seventeen against thirty, twenty-four against thirty And by this stage I've got nothing left in this element, so I just add the rest of that list in. 
Wow I can sort two lists, so I can merge two lists. 
I said it poorly. 
What's the point? 
How many operations did it take me to do this? 
Seven comparisons, right? 
I've got eight elements. 
It took me seven comparisons, because I can take advantage of the fact I know I only ever have to look at the first element of each sub-list. 
Those are the only things I need to compare, and when I run out of one list, I just add the rest of the list in. 
What's the order of complexity of merging? 
I heard it somewhere very quietly. 
STUDENT: n. 
PROFESSOR: 
Sorry, and thank you. 
Linear, absolutely right? 
And what's n by the way here? 
What's it measuring? 
STUDENT: 
[UNlNTELLlGIBLE] 
PROFESSOR: 
In both lists, right. 
So this is linear, order n and n is this sum of the element, or sorry, the number of elements in each list. 
I said I was going to back my way into this. 
That gives me a way to merge things. 
So here's what merge sort would do. 
Merge sort takes this idea of divide and conquer, and it does the following: it says let's divide the list in half. 
There's the divide and conquer. 
And let's keep dividing each of those lists in half until we get down to something that's really easy to sort. 
What's the simplest thing to sort? 
A list of size one, right? 
So continue until we have singleton lists. 
Once I got a list of size one they're sorted, and then combine them. 
Combine them by doing emerge the sub-lists. 
And again, you see that flavor. 
I'm going to just keep dividing it up until I get something really easy, and then I'm going to combine. 
And this is different than binary search now, the combine is going to have to do some work. 
So, I'm giving you a piece of code that does this, and I'm going to come back to it in the second, but it's up there. 
But what I'd like to do is to try you sort sort of a little simulation of how this would work. 
And I was going to originally make the TAs come up here and do it, but I don't have enough t a's to do a full merge sort. 
So I'm hoping, so I also have these really high-tech props. 
I spent tons and tons of department money on them as you can see. 
I hope you can see this because I'm going to try and simulate what a merge sort does. 
I've got eight things I want to sort here, and those initially start out here at top level. 
The first step is divide them in half. 
All right? 
I'm not sure how to mark it here, remember I need to come back there. 
I'm not yet done. 
What do I do? 
Divide them in half again. 
You know, if I had like shells and peas here I could make some more money. 
What do I do? 
I divide them in half one more time. 
Let me cluster them because really what I have, sorry, separate them out. 
I've gone from one problem size eight down to eight problems of size one. 
At this stage I'm at my singleton case. 
So this is easy. 
What do I do? 
I merge. 
And the merge is, put them in order. 
What do I do next? 
Obvious thing, I merge these. 
And that as we saw was a nice linear operation. 
It's fun to do it upside down, and then one more merge which is I take the smallest elements of each one until 
I get to where I want. 
Wow aren't you impressed. 
No, don't please don't clap, not for that one. 
Now let me do it a second time to show you that -- 
I'm saying this poorly. 
Let me say it again. 
That's the general idea. 
What should you see out of that? 
I just kept sub-dividing down until I got really easy problems, and then I combine them back. 
I actually misled you slightly there or maybe a lot, because 
I did it in parallel. 
In fact, let me just shuffle these up a little bit. 
Really what's going to happen here, because this is a sequential computer, is that we're going to start off up here, at top level, we're going to divide into half, then we're going to do the complete subdivision and merge here before we ever come back and do this one. 
We're going to do a division here and then a division there. 
At that stage we can merge these, and then take this down, do the division merge and bring them back up. 
Let me show you an example by running that. 
I've got a little list I've made here called test. 
Let's run merge sort on it, and then we'll look at the code. 
OK, what I would like you to see is I've been printing out, as I went along, actually let's back up slightly and 
look at the code. 
There's merge sort. 
Takes in a list. 
What does it say to do? 
It says check to see if I'm in that base case. 
It's the list of length less than two. 
Is it one basically? 
In which case, just return a copy the list. 
That's the simple case. 
Otherwise, notice what it says to do. 
It's says find the mid-point and split the list in half. 
Copy of the back end, sorry, copy of the left side, copy of the right side. 
Run merge sort on those. 
By induction, if it does the right thing, I'm going to get back two lists, and I'm going to then merge them together. 
Notice what I'm going to do. 
I'm going to print here the list if we go into it, and print of the when we're done and then just return that. 
Merge up here. 
There's a little more code there. 
I'll let you just grok it but you can see it's basically doing what I did over there. 
Setting up two indices for the two sub-list, it's just walking down, finding the smallest element, putting it into a new list. 
When it gets to the end of one of the lists, it skips to the next part, and only one of these two pieces will get called because only one of them is going to have things leftovers. 
It's going to add the other pieces in. 
OK, if you look at that then, let's look at what happened when we ran this. 
We started off with a call with that list. 
Ah ha, split it in half. 
It's going down the left side of this. 
That got split in half, and that got split in half until 
I got to a list of one. 
Here's the first list of size one. 
There's the second list of size one. 
So I merged them. 
It's now in the right order, and that's coming from right there. 
Having done that, it goes back up and picks the second sub-list, which came from there. 
It's a down to base case, merges it. 
When these two merges are done, we're basically at a stage in that branch where we can now merge those two together, which gives us that, and it goes through the rest of it. 
A really nice algorithm. 
As I said, an example of divide and conquer. 
Notice here that it's different than the binary search case. 
We're certainly dividing down, but the combination now actually takes some work. 
I'll have to actually figure out how to put them back together. 
And that's a general thing you want to keep in mind when you're thinking about designing a divide and conquer kind of algorithm. 
You really want to get the power of dividing things up, but if you end up doing a ton of work at the combination stage, you may not have gained anything. 
So you really want to think about that trade off. 
All right, having said that, what's the complexity here? 
Boy, there's a dumb question, because I've been telling you for the last two lectures the complexity is n log n, but 
let's see if it really is. 
What's the complexity here? 
If we think about it, we start off with the problem of size n. 
What do we do? 
We split it into two problems of size n over 2. 
Those get split each into two problems of size n over 4, and we keep doing that until we get down to a level in this tree where we have only singletons left over. 
Once we're there, we have to do the merge. 
Notice what happens here. 
We said each of the merge operations was of order n. 
But n is different. 
Right? 
Down here, I've just got two things to merge, and then 
I've got things of size two to merge and then things of size four to merge. 
But notice a trade off. 
I have n operations if you like down there of size one. 
Up here I have n over two operations of size two. 
Up here I've got n over four operations of size four. 
So I always have to do a merge of n elements. 
How much time does that take? 
Well, we said it, right? 
Where did I put it? 
Right there, order n. 
So I have order n operations at each level in the tree. 
And then how many levels deep am I? 
Well, that's the divide, right? 
So how many levels do I have? 
Log n, because at each stage I'm cutting the problem in half. 
So I start off with n then it's n over two n over four n over eight. 
So I have n operations log n times, there we go, n log n. 
Took us a long time to get there, but it's a nice algorithm to have. 
Let me generalize this slightly. 
When we get a problem, a standard tool to try and attack it with is to say, is there some way to break this problem down into simpler, I shouldn't say simpler, smaller versions of the same problem. 
If I can do that, it's a good candidate for divide and conquer. 
And then the things I have to ask is how much of a division do I want to do? 
The obvious one is to divide it in half, but there may be cases where there are different divisions you want to have take place. 
The second question I want to ask is what's the base case? 
When do I get down to a problem that's small enough that it's basically trivial to solve? 
Here it was lists of size one. 
I could have stopped at lists of size two right. 
That's an easy comparison. 
Do one comparison and return one of two possible orders on it, but I need to decide that. 
And the third thing I need to decide is how do I combine? 
You know, point out to you in the binary search case, combination was trivial. 
The answer to the final search was just the answer all the way up. 
Here, a little more work, and that's why I'll come back to that idea. 
If I'm basically just squeezing jello, that is, I'm trying to make the problem simpler, but the combination turns out to be really complex, I've not gained anything. 
So things that are good candidates for divide and conquer are problems where it's easy to figure out how to divide down, and the combination is of 
little complexity. 
It would be nice if it was less than linear, but linear is nice because then I'm going to get that n log in kind of behavior. 
And if you ask the TAs in recitation tomorrow, they'll tell you that you see a lot of n log n algorithms in computer science. 
It's a very common class of algorithms, and it's very useful one to have. 
Now, one of the questions we could still ask is, right, we've got binary search, which has got this nice log behavior. 
If we can sort things, you know, we get this n log n behavior, and we got a n log n behavior overall. 
But can we actually do better in terms of searching. 
I'm going to show you one last technique. 
And in fact, we're going to put quotes around the word better, but it does better than even this kind of binary search, and that's a method called hashing. 
You've actually seen hashing, you just don't know it. 
Hashing is the the technique that's used in Python to represent dictionaries. 
Hashing is used when you actually come in to Logan 
Airport and Immigration or Homeland Security checks your picture against a database. 
Hashing is used every time you enter a password into a system. 
So what in the world is hashing? 
Well, let me start with a simple little example. 
Suppose I want to represent a collection of integers. 
This is an easy little example. 
And I promise you that the integers are never going to be anything other than between the range of zero to nine. 
OK, so it might be the collection of one and five. 
It might be two, three, four, eight. 
I mean some collection of integers, but I guarantee you it's between zero and nine. 
Here's the trick I can play. 
I can build -- I can't count -- I could build a list with spots for all of those elements, zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine. 
And then when I want to create my set, I could simply put a one everywhere that that integer falls. 
So if I wanted to represent, for example, this is the set two, six and eight, I put a one in those slots. 
This seems a little weird, but bear with me for second, in fact, I've given you a little piece a code to do it, which is the next piece of code on the hand out. 
So let's take a look at it for second. 
This little set of code here from create insert and number. 
What's create do? 
It says, given a low and a high range, in this case it would be zero to nine. 
I'm going to build a list. 
Right, you can see that little loop going through there. 
What am I doing? 
I'm creating a list with just that special symbol none in it. 
So I'm building the list. 
I'm returning that as my set. 
And then to create the object, I'll simply do a set of inserts. 
If I want the values two, six and eight in there, I would do an insert of two into that set, an insert of six into that set, and an insert of eight into the set. 
And what does it do? 
It marks a one in each of those spots. 
Now, what did I want to do? 
I wanted to check membership. 
I want to do search. 
Well that's simple. 
Given that representation and some value, I just say gee is it there? 
What's the order complexity here? 
I know I drive you nuts asking questions? 
What's the order complexity here? 
Quadratic, linear, log, constant? 
Any takers? 
I know I have the wrong glasses on the see hands up too, but... 
STUDENT: 
[UNlNTELLlGIBLE] 
PROFESSOR: 
Who said it? 
STUDENT: 
Constant. 
PROFESSOR: 
Constant, why? 
STUDENT: 
[UNlNTELLlGIBLE] 
PROFESSOR: 
Yes, thank you. 
All right, it is constant. 
You keep sitting back there where I can't get to you. 
Thank you very much. 
It has a constant. 
Remember we said we design lists so that the access, no matter where it was on the list was of constant time. 
That is another way of saying that looking up this thing here is constant. 
So this is constant time, order one. 
Come on, you know, representing sets of integers, this is pretty dumb. 
Suppose I want to have a set of characters. 
How could I do that? 
Well the idea of a hash, in fact, what's called a hash function is to have some way of mapping any kind of data into integers. 
So let's look at the second example, all right, -- I keep doing that -- this piece of code from here to here gives me a way of now creating a hash table of size 256. 
Ord as a built in python representation. 
There is lots of them around that takes any character and gives you back an integer. 
In fact, just to show that to you, if I go down here and I type ord, sorry, I did that wrong. 
Let me try again. 
We'll get to exceptions in a second. 
I give it some character. 
It gives me back an integer representing. 
It looks weird. 
Why is three come back to some other thing? 
That's the internal representation that python uses for this. 
If I give it some other character, yeah, it would help if I could type, give it some other character. 
It gives me back a representation. 
So now here's the idea. 
I build a list 256 elements long, and I fill it up with those special characters none. 
That's what create is going to do right here. 
And then hash character takes in any string or character, single character, gives me back a number. 
Notice what I do. 
If I want to create a set or a sequence representing these things, I simply insert into that list. 
It goes through and puts ones in the right place. 
And then, if I want to find out if something's there, 
I do the same thing. 
But notice now, hash is converting the input into an integer. 
So, what's the idea? 
If I know what my hash function does, it maps, in this case characters into a range zero to 256, which is zero to 255, 
I create a list that long, and I simply mark things. 
And my look up is still constant. 
Characters are simple. 
Suppose you want to represent sets of strings, well you basically just generalize the hash function. 
I think one of the classic ones for strings is called the 
Rabin-Karp algorithm. 
And it's simply the same idea that you have a mapping from your import into a set of integers. 
Wow, OK, maybe not so wow, but this is now constant. 
This is constant time access. 
So I can do searching in constant time which is great. 
Where's the penalty? 
What did I trade off here? 
Well I'm going to suggest that what I did was I really traded space for time. 
It makes me sound like an astro physicist somehow right? 
What do I mean by that? 
I have constant time access which is great, but I paid a price, which is I had to use up some space. 
In the case of integers it was easy. 
In the case of characters, so I have to give up a 
list of 256, no big deal. 
Imagine now you want to do faces. 
You've got a picture of somebody's face, it's a million pixels. 
Each pixel has a range of values from zero to 256. 
I want to hash a face with some function into an integer. 
I may not want to do the full range of this, but I may decide I have to use a lot of gigabytes of space in order to do a trade off. 
The reason I'm showing you this is it that this is a gain, a common trade off in computer science. 
That in many cases, I can gain efficiency if I'm willing to give up space. 
Having said that though, there may still be a problem, or there ought to be a problem that may be bugging you slightly, which is how do I guarantee that my hash function takes any input into exactly one spot in the storage space? 
She give any reason for discontinuing these appointments? 
Yes, she told me she was convinced that her condition was a spiritual one. 
It was the conviction of her priest, she said, and she shared his beliefs. 
Was it your impression that Emily had placed her care... ...entirely..? 
- Leading the witness. 
Sustained. 
After the end of October... ...did you ask Emily why she had stopped... ...filling her Gambutrol prescriptions? 
Yes. 
She said that Father Moore had suggested she stop taking the drug. 
And what, in your medical opinion... ...was the result of Father Moore's suggestion? 
I believe Father Moore's suggestion killed her. 
Objection, Your Honor! 
The witness is asserting outrageous conclusions based on pure hearsay. 
Technically correct, but I'll allow it as part of his expert opinion testimony. 
Thank you, Dr. Mueller. 
Your witness. 
You said you observed a possible epileptic focus in the temporal lobe. 
Doesn't this imply what you observed may not have been an epileptic focus? 
Yes, that's also possible. 
Would Father Moore's advice to stop taking Gambutrol be good advice... ...if Emily were, in fact, not epileptic? 
Of course. 
But that's not the case here. 
She was epileptic. 
Really. 
When Emily saw objects move on their own... ...and felt an invisible presence on top of her... ...was she experiencing symptoms typical of epilepsy? 
Not typical, no. 
Are they typical indications of any other conditions? 
- Say, for example, psychosis? 
- Yes, I would say that's correct. 
But isn't psychosis an entirely different medical condition from epilepsy? 
- Yes, in my... 
- So aren't you selectively choosing... ...what parts of Emily's experiences fit your epilepsy diagnosis... ...while ignoring those which indicate something else? 
- Objection. 
Argumentative. 
- Withdrawn. 
No further questions. 
We have to work fast. 
They're only giving me an hour with you tonight. 
Listen. 
Before we get started, there's something I have to tell you... ...something I should've said to you before I let you take the case. 
Okay. 
There are forces surrounding this trial. 
Dark, powerful forces. 
Just be careful, Erin. 
Watch your step. 
I see. 
Look... 
Father, you don't have to worry about me. 
I'm an agnostic, remember? 
Demons exist, whether you believe in them or not. 
Your involvement in this trial might just open you up to their attacks. 
Look, Father, I appreciate your concern... ...but you need to be worried about yourself. 
Ethan Thomas is using the medical aspects of this case as ammunition... ...and I have to be prepared for his attacks, so... ...with what little time we have, I think we need to focus on your defense. 
Now, what I need from you is more information about Emily's condition. 
Specific details of how it progressed after the dorm-room episode. 
Well, after the first incident... ...she was sent to the university hospital for testing and observation. 
Emily once told me that in her dorm room, she resisted the demons... ...but at the hospital they overcame her. 
So she believed... ...that her possession began at the hospital? 
Yeah, I think she did. 
And after that, things just went from bad to worse. 
Emily! 
Emily? 
Oh, my God. 
Emily? 
Don't touch me. 
Jason, please... ...don't leave me. 
*And I never did leave her. * 
*I stayed until the end. * 
So much of what we shared was like a nightmare... ...but I wouldn't give up a single minute I spent with her. 
She woke me up, you know? 
To things I never felt before, things I never knew I could feel. 
I never knew how dead I was until I met her. 
- *residential north metro district* *where James Van Hopper... * 
*... acquitted after* *a controversial trial... * 
- Can you turn that up, please? - *... has apparently struck again. * 
*It was inside* *this quiet suburban home... * 
*... that police say James Van Hopper* *murdered a young couple today. * 
*Sources close to the investigation* *say that Van Hopper... * 
*... who was acquitted* *of murder charges in April... * 
*... may have known* *both of the victims. * 
*Their names are being withheld* *pending family notification. * 
Most glorious prince of the heavenly army... ...holy Michael, the archangel... ...defend us in battle against the princes... ...powers and rulers of darkness. 
Counsel Bruner, my courtroom day begins at 9:30 a. m. 
- I'm sorry, Your Honor, I... 
- Which was 17 minutes ago. 
Ready to proceed? 
Yes, Your Honor. 
Dr. Briggs, please state your qualifications for the court. 
I have advanced degrees in medicine... ...psychiatry and neurology from Johns Hopkins... ...and I have had three books and several dozen papers published... ...in the fields of neurology and neuropsychiatry. 
What was the cause of death, as determined by the autopsy? 
The decedent expired due to a gradual shutdown of the bodily functions. 
Why did her body shut down? 
The autopsy found that it was a cumulative effect... ...from numerous physical traumas exacerbated by malnutrition... ...which severely inhibited her ability to recuperate from those traumas. 
In other words, her starving body had little or no means to recover... ...from the injuries it was sustaining, and so it eventually just gave out. 
How did Emily get these injuries? 
Some were the result of violent epileptic seizures... ...and some were self-inflicted. 
And why, in your opinion, did Emily injure herself... ...and why did she stop eating? 
Upon review of her complete medical file... ...I concluded that Emily's epilepsy had evolved... ...into a condition known as psychotic epileptic disorder. 
This is a rare development, to be sure... ...but one that I have witnessed numerous times. 
- Emily was epileptic and psychotic? 
- Yes. 
Explain how this psychotic epileptic disorder would manifest itself. 
The seizures would have the symptoms of schizophrenia... 
*... such as auditory* *and visual hallucinations... * 
*... and sometimes extreme paranoia. * 
*The seizures may lock up the joints* *and slightly contort the body. * 
*The pupils will dilate,* *making the eyes appear black. * 
So you believe that Emily had epilepsy... ...which developed into a form of violent psychosis... ...a condition that can be controlled with Gambutrol? 
Yes. 
And it would've been, if she'd continued her treatment. 
In your opinion, if Emily had continued with her medication... ...would she be alive today? 
- Absolutely. 
If treated early, psychotic epileptic disorder is rarely fatal. 
I mean, this... 
This was a very sick girl. 
The defendant should've realized that Emily was in need... ...of continued medical treatment. 
Thank you, doctor. 
Your witness. 
Doctor, you testified that Gambutrol could've controlled Emily's condition. 
How do you know that? 
It's the inevitable result of taking the drug. 
It would've controlled her seizures... ...which were the root cause of her psychosis. 
But wasn't Emily still experiencing psychotic symptoms... ...even after she started taking the medication? 
Yes. 
Because Gambutrol has a cumulative effect. 
It takes time to build up in the system. 
You assume that Gambutrol would've helped her, but you don't know. 
It's a reasonable assumption, but... 
No, of course, I can't be certain. 
Doctor, is "psychotic epileptic disorder" a common medical term... ...or did you just make it up? 
Well, I distinguished and named the... 
So psychotic epileptic disorder is really your own pet theory? 
- Objection. 
Argumentative. 
- Sustained. 
When Emily chose to stop her medical treatment... ...what do you think should've been done? 
Upon recognizing her condition... ...I would have tranquilized her and force-fed her. 
And then, if necessary... ...I would've treated her with electroconvulsive therapy. 
Electroshock treatment. 
You would've done this against her will? 
To save her life? 
Absolutely. 
Nothing further. 
The witness may step down. 
Your Honor, I offer into evidence this photograph as People's Exhibit 3-A. 
And having done so, the people rest. 
The photograph is entered into evidence. 
We are recessed until tomorrow morning, 9:30 sharp... ...at which time the defense will give its opening statement... ...and call its first witness. 
I'm sorry I was late. 
I didn't get a lot of sleep. 
Big power outage knocked out my alarm clock. 
- It won't happen again. 
- No, I didn't sleep either. 
What kept you awake? 
Doesn't matter. 
You're under attack. 
What are you talking about? 
You're in a spiritual battle, Erin. 
The forces of darkness are trying to keep you away from the light. 
Don't let them. 
Don't worry about today. 
We're doing fine. 
We're getting creamed. 
I can't believe I walked right into that. 
Look, if we don't find a doctor to testify that Emily... ...wasn't epileptic or schizophrenic or schizo-epileptic, we're gonna lose. 
Care of the city's main branch and the university library... ...I bring you another dozen fun-filled books... ...about the demonic and the mentally deranged. 
They burned women at the stake... ...during witch hunts for being possessed. 
Glad you don't have to defend those guys. 
- How are we on our medical experts? 
- Not good. 
The psychiatrist you wanted is tied up in another trial. 
And the neurologist is sailing to Costa Rica. 
This book I'm reading, it's by an anthropologist. 
It's about contemporary cases of possession, mostly in the Third World. 
People there are still primitive and superstitious. 
Maybe. 
Maybe they see possession for what it really is. 
Maybe we've taught ourselves not to see it. 
- You saying you believe in this stuff? 
- No. 
Maybe we shouldn't just try to invalidate the prosecution's case... ...by punching holes in the medical approach. 
Maybe we should also try to validate the alternative. 
- Validate possession in a court of law? 
- Yes. 
Okay. 
I guess we could bring in some priests to talk about exorcisms... 
No, the archdiocese won't let us do that. 
They wanna limit the Church's exposure to Father Moore. 
I've got three articles by the anthropologist who wrote this book. 
She approaches the subject of possession... ...from a scientific perspective and doesn't try to debunk it. 
- You want me to track her down? 
- Yeah. 
Keep looking for a medical expert to refute Dr. Briggs. 
But send the case file to this Dr. Sadira Adani. 
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury... ...as you know by now, my name is Erin Bruner... ...and I represent the defendant, Richard Moore. 
Mr. Thomas has contended that Emily Rose suffered... ...from a serious medical condition... ...that required medical treatment, nothing more. 
He has asserted that any attempt by my client... ...to help Emily by anything other than medical means... ...was not only inappropriate, but criminally negligent. 
I'm now gonna ask that you keep an open mind... ...to what our evidence and testimony will show. 
Medical treatment was not the answer for Emily... ...because she simply did not suffer from a medical condition. 
She was neither epileptic nor psychotic. 
Emily Rose's condition, in fact, was demonic possession. 
An exorcism was her only hope for a cure. 
Some of you may find yourself unable to reconcile Emily's beliefs... ...or those of the defendant with your own. 
You may not believe demons exist. 
You won't have to. 
Because you will see that after the utter failure of doctors to help Emily... ...Father Moore simply tried to help Emily in a different way... ...using an approach that he, Emily and her family firmly believed... ...was her only chance for relief. 
And we will show that despite his greatest efforts... ...and his sincere love for Emily... *... there was nothing he could've done* *to prevent the death of Emily Rose. * 
Are you okay? 
Aren't you gonna eat anything? 
*She said it was terrible to hear* *the clinking of spoons and forks. * 
She was always hungry, but she said they wouldn't let her eat. 
Who did she mean by "they"? 
The forces that were in control of her. 
That were inside her. 
You know, the demons. 
Tell us what else happened that night. 
I walked her back to her dorm... ...and she seemed really nervous and scared. 
*So I held her for a while,* *trying to calm her down. * 
*I fell asleep, but when I woke up,* *she wasn't beside me. * 
Emily? 
Hey. 
Can you hear me? 
*I called her father, and he told me* *to bring Emily home. * 
*Jason and I put Emily to bed... * 
*... hoping she would sleep. * 
And when did Father Moore become involved? 
Emily stayed home after that. 
She didn't return to school, and she kept getting worse. 
Eventually, when she didn't get better, we called our priest, Father Moore. 
When he arrived, I sent my daughter Alice upstairs... 
*... to see if Emily was awake. * 
Emily? 
Can I come in? 
- Our Father, who art in heaven... 
- Emily? 
Father Moore is here. 
Can you come downstairs? - as it is in heaven. 
Give us this day our daily bread... 
Emily, can you hear me? 
Let's get her off the floor. 
Alice, no! 
You've suffered a terrible loss, Mr. Rose. 
I know this is difficult. 
So thank you for being here today. 
Sir, do you often read the Bible? 
- Yes, I do. 
- So do I. 
What about the DSM? 
The *Diagnostic and Statistical* *Manual of Mental Disorders*... ...commonly referred to as the bible of abnormal psychiatry. 
- Have you read that? 
- No. 
So you're not aware that according to the DSM... ...a person's refusal to eat is a common indication of anorexia? 
Objection. 
The witness just said he hasn't read the DSM, Your Honor. 
- Sustained. 
- Mr. Rose... ...are you aware that catatonic rigidity... ...specifically a locking up of the body's joints... ...is a known symptom of psychosis? 
No. 
I haven't studied these things. 
Have you ever visited an insane asylum... ...or a hospital for the mentally ill? 
Once. 
My aunt was in one before she died. 
Really? 
So there's a history of mental illness in your family? 
I suppose. 
Sir, if you saw someone eating insects... ...on a street corner, would you say that that person is mentally ill? 
- Probably, yes. 
- So can you say with confidence... ...that the behavior you saw in your daughter's bedroom... ...could not be the behavior of someone suffering from psychosis? 
I don't know. 
She never had any problems like that before. 
It just didn't feel that way to me or to Father Moore. 
- And you trusted him, right? 
- Yes. 
He is our parish priest. 
Fair enough. 
And after that night, would you say that you... ...put your daughter entirely in Father Moore's care? 
Yes. 
We had done all we could. 
We said she was in his hands now... ...body and soul. 
Thank you. 
No further questions, Your Honor. 
Thank you, Mr. Rose. 
You may step down. 
The defense calls Dr. Sadira Adani. 
I am currently a professor of anthropology and psychiatry... ...at Northwestern University. 
Where did you receive your education? 
At Yale, and then at Cambridge. 
And what is your specific area of expertise? 
I study the spiritual experiences of people in various cultures... ...and the physiological and psychological changes... ...they undergo during these experiences. 
Would it be accurate to say that you specialize in the study of possession? 
Yes. 
"Possession" is one term for a basic human experience... ...reported by a great number of people all around the world. 
In my fieldwork, I've seen many people who experienced... ...a sense of being invaded by an entity from the supernatural realm. 
Why do you think Emily was invaded? 
Why did this possession happen to her? 
Based on my study of the case file... ...I believe that Emily Rose was a hypersensitive. 
A person with an unusual connection... ...to what Carlos Castaneda called "the separate reality." 
Hypersensitives are born different from everyone else. 
They can have visions of the future, or see the dead... ...and sometimes be uniquely susceptible... ...to invasion by an entity that is alien to them. 
Objection. 
On what grounds? 
How about silliness, Your Honor? 
A young girl suffered terribly and died. 
Do we have to subject her illness to this pseudoscientific analysis? 
Both counselors, please approach the bench. 
Your Honor, this testimony is beyond ridiculous. 
Visions... 
Supernatural belief systems are shared by millions of people. 
We're in *The Twilight Zone* here. 
Her expertise is relevant to the issues in this case. 
Let's have a witch doctor sift through bones... 
Stop. 
We've heard a great deal of testimony... ...in support of a medical explanation for Emily's condition. 
Now we have a witness who has spent her career... ...studying the defense's alternative explanation. 
An exorcism expert, if you will. 
I think we'll hear what she has to say. 
Thank you, Your Honor. 
Dr. Adani, why do you think Emily's exorcism failed? 
The medical treatment. 
Specifically, the drug Gambutrol. 
Please explain. 
The exorcism ritual results in a specific brain activity... ...that cuts the person off from the possession experience. 
But Emily's exorcism could not have achieved this... ...because the doctor gave her Gambutrol... ...which has an intoxicating effect on the brain. 
The drug made her immune to the psycho-spiritual shock... ...that exorcism is intended to provide. 
What do you believe was the result of treatment with this intoxicating drug? 
Gambutrol locked Emily in the possessed state. 
This left her unable to respond to the exorcism... ...and therefore, it directly contributed to her death. 
Thank you, doctor. 
No further questions. 
I'm looking at a list of your published articles, doctor. 
You've been quite busy and prolific. 
So based on your time spent with Holy Roller snake-handlers... ...voodoo priestesses and Indians tripping on peyote buds... ...based on observing these bizarre individuals... ...you've concluded that possession is... ...a basic, typical human experience? 
I must say, counselor... ...that's quite a laundry list of disdain... ...and one that thoroughly mischaracterizes my research. 
No, I don't think possession is a typical experience. 
But I am convinced that it is a scientifically verified... ...culturally universal one. 
Have you ever used Gambutrol in your studies... ...to test your theory about its effect on the possession experience? 
Absolutely not. 
That would be dangerous to the patient. 
So this notion of Gambutrol locking someone in a possessed state... ...the key to your assertion that her medical treatment harmed Emily... ...this would be your own pet theory, correct? 
- You're just making this one up? 
- Objection. 
Argumentative. 
Sustained. 
Although I think he's just taking a page from your book, counselor. 
No further questions. 
Erin! 
I've got a doctor who wants to testify. 
He's an eyewitness, Erin. 
He was there. 
He was at the exorcism. 
- What? 
- He called us. 
Dr. Graham Cartwright, Department of Abnormal Psychiatry... ...at St. Mary's Hospital. 
Dr. Cartwright. 
Ring a bell? 
Yes. 
He was there? 
- Yes. 
- Father... ...if you want me to defend you, you've got to give me... ...all the information I need. 
With all of this medical testimony helping the prosecution... ...how could you not tell me that a doctor attended the exorcism? 
He asked that I keep his involvement confidential... ...and I said I would. 
Dr. Cartwright? 
I recognize you from those courtroom drawings on the news. 
You're much prettier in real life. 
- May I sit? 
- Yes, please. 
You're losing. 
I had hoped Father Moore wouldn't need me... ...but I don't wanna see him put away. 
How do you know him? 
Well, I was his parishioner at St. Vincent's Church... ...about 15 years ago. 
I hadn't seen or heard of him for years when he called me last fall. 
But he needed help, so... 
What kind of help, doctor? 
He wanted a medical perspective from a psychiatrist... ...you know, one that he knew, trusted... ...to observe Emily's physical and mental state during this... 
During the exorcism. 
Yeah. 
Doctor. 
Doctor. 
Can you help our case? 
That girl was not schizophrenic... ...and she was not epileptic, or any combination of the two. 
I've seen hundreds of people with those problems. 
They can be terrible afflictions, of course, but they don't scare me. 
But what you saw that night in Emily, that did scare you. 
God, if I'd known, I never would've been there. 
I started praying again since then, you know. 
I examined that girl before I drove back to the city that night. 
She was lucid... ...and she was completely aware of this separate entity inside her. 
When she wasn't in his grip, she was totally herself, completely normal. 
The awareness of her alternate mental state is counterindicative of psychosis. 
Crazy people don't know they're crazy. 
That's right. 
You'll testify to all of this, in detail? 
Everything you saw? 
Send me the case files and tell me when to be in court. 
Thank you, doctor. 
We need this. 
Before he was arrested, Father Moore sent this to me. 
He asked me to take care of it. 
It's your burden now. 
One more thing. 
When you saw Emily... ...did Father Moore ask you to give her any medical help? 
He was already trying to stop her from injuring herself and urging her to eat. 
And I told him, as a doctor, I couldn't help her. 
Dr. Cartwright's going to testify. 
Don't you get it? 
He's not just an eyewitness to the exorcism. 
He can also refute the prosecution's medical case. 
This is huge for us. 
When do I get to testify? 
I don't know. 
Let's take this one step at a time. 
No. 
What matters most is Emily's story, which only I can tell. 
I understand. 
Have you thought about what I said before? 
About dark forces and demonic attacks? 
Yes, I have. 
That day, after Briggs testified... *... 
I was feeling awful. * 
*And I went out for a walk* *just to clear my head... * 
*... and I was thinking about* *what you said to me. 
Thinking:* 
*"What if demons really do exist?"* 
And wondering what that would mean if I believed that. 
Because God knows, I have my own demons. 
And I saw something lying on the sidewalk. 
*It was a gold locket... * 
*... with the initials E. C.B.* *engraved on it. * 
My middle name is Christine. 
Erin Christine Bruner. 
And of all the people walking by that day, I found that locket. 
What are the chances of that? 
I don't know, maybe it was a sign. 
Or maybe it was just some incredible coincidence. 
But it made me feel... ...like no matter what mistakes I've made in the past... ...at that moment, I was exactly where I was meant to be. 
Like I was on the right path. 
You sound more like a mystic than an agnostic. 
Are you wearing the locket now? 
No. 
You should. 
The archdiocese doesn't want you to testify. 
They're just afraid that I'll embarrass them. 
Testify to some medieval-sounding supernatural nonsense. 
They're expecting me to talk you out of it. 
I've just decided I'm not even gonna try. 
Why not? 
If the archdiocese wants to avoid embarrassment... ...they need you to walk out of here a free man. 
I believe a jury will find you sincere and credible... ...and when Dr. Cartwright corroborates your testimony... ...and refutes the prosecution's medical arguments... ...we'll get an acquittal. 
And everyone will thank me for it. 
Emily! 
God help me. 
Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, so help you God? 
I do. 
Father Moore, before you could perform the exorcism... ...you had to get the sanction of the Church, correct? 
Yes, on October the 27th of last year... ...I presented my assessment and recommendation to the archbishop... ...and he authorized the exorcism that day before I left the office. 
Tell us what happened that night. 
I drove home. 
I sat up till after midnight studying *The Roman Ritual*... ...thinking about what lay ahead. 
You mean *The Roman Ritual* *of Exorcism*. 
A text used by Catholic priests... ...as a guide to performing the exorcism rite. 
Yes, I think I actually fell asleep with the book in my hand. 
What happened next? 
*I woke up, freezing. * 
*It was exactly 3 a. m.* 
Three a. m. is the demonic witching hour. 
It's a way for demons to mock the Holy Trinity. 
It's an inversion of 3 p. m., the miracle hour... ...which is traditionally accepted as the hour of Christ's death. 
I thought I smelled something burning. 
*Only later did I connect it... * 
*... and I remembered that that same* *smell of something burning... * 
*... had been perceived by Emily. * 
Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and... 
Pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our... 
At the hour of... 
What do you make of this gesture, this nod in your direction? 
I don't know. 
Some kind of acknowledgment, I guess. 
That the game is on. 
You're really God's gunslinger, aren't you, Father? 
Standing tall and facing the devil with your prayer book at your side. 
Objection, Your Honor. 
Counsel's harassing my witness. 
Sustained. 
Mr. Thomas, you know I won't allow that in my courtroom. 
Forgive me, Your Honor. 
Father, did you understand this black-robed figure to be the devil? 
I believe it was a demonic manifestation. 
Like the demonic force you believe possessed Emily? 
- Yes. 
- Why do you think it appeared to you? 
I believe the demonic can appear as an apparition... ...much like a ghost, in an attempt to excite our fear. 
- Did it excite your fear, Father? 
- It scared the hell out of me. 
So this night, when you began to prepare Emily's exorcism... ...was it your first encounter with this demon ghost? 
- Yes. 
- Have you seen it again? 
I've seen it ever since. 
No further questions at this time. 
Redirect, Your Honor. 
Father Moore, after you received the bishop's authorization... ...when did you proceed with an exorcism? 
October 31st. 
On Halloween. 
Isn't that a bit dramatic? 
Halloween tradition is based on legends throughout history... ...that indicate a real increase in spiritual activity on that night... ...and I thought we could use the occasion to draw them into the open. 
- The demons, you mean? 
- Yes. 
Father Moore... ...can you identify this? 
It's my tape recorder. 
I used it to record the exorcism. 
Inside is the tape I made that night. 
Why would you make such a tape? 
Ever since the technology has been available... ...exorcists have used tape recorders to authenticate the ritual... ...and provide a record for review. 
I offer into evidence this cassette recorder and audiotape... 
Objection. 
The people were not aware of the existence of this tape... ...until last night. 
- Neither were we. 
This tape is new evidence that came into our possession yesterday. 
We provided counsel for the people with a transcript of its contents. 
You mean this tape was not given to you by your client? 
No, Your Honor. 
We received it from a reluctant witness... ...Dr. Graham Cartwright, who will also be called to testify to its authenticity. 
The people will find his name on the updated witness list... ...we provided to them this morning. 
Very well. 
I'll allow it into evidence. 
Father Moore. 
Will you play the tape for us now? 
*This is the exorcism of Emily Rose. * 
*Those present are myself,* *Father Richard Moore... * ...Nathaniel, Emily's father... ...Jason, her friend... ...a doctor who is here to monitor Emily during the ritual... ...and Emily herself... ...who has given her permission for the ritual to be performed. 
All right, now listen. 
You may say the rosary or any private prayer for her deliverance... ...when you're not responding to my words. 
Above all... ...do whatever I ask, without question. 
Don't ask it any questions... ...or pay any attention to what it says. 
"It"? 
We won't be dealing with Emily tonight. 
Restrain her. 
Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on us. 
It has begun. 
Let us pray. 
"Because she hopes in you, my God." 
"Send her help from the holy place, Lord." 
"And give her heavenly protection." 
"May the Lord be with you." 
"And with your spirit." 
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. 
My God. 
Are you all right? 
Thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. 
I'm fine. 
Give us this day our daily bread. 
And forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those that trespass against us. 
And lead us not into temptation... 
But deliver us from evil! 
Who are you, demon? 
Tell me your name. 
One, two, three, four, five, six. 
One, two, three, four, five, six. 
Trick or treat. 
I give you treats and tricks. 
One, two, three, four, five, six. 
Father Moore! 
Papa! 
Emily! 
Emily! 
She feels so hot, Father! 
She's burning up! 
Hold her down there on the straw! 
Hold her! 
Emily! 
Doctor! 
I need you here now. 
Watch her vital signs. 
In the beginning was the word. 
And the word was with God. 
And the word was the word, and what a wonderful word it was. 
Through him all things remain. 
Without him, nothing was made that has been made. 
And the 70 disciples returned again with joy, saying: 
"Lord, even the devils are subject unto us through thy name." 
Her heart is racing. 
It's almost 180 beats a minute. 
I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. 
Behold. 
I give you power to tread on serpents and scorpions... ...and over all the power of the enemy. 
And nothing shall, by any means, hurt you. 
Get it off! 
Get it off! 
Get it off! 
Release him, demon. 
I command you in the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ. 
Tell me your name, wicked one. 
He who commands you is he who ordered you thrown down... ...from the highest heaven into the depths of hell. 
In the name of our Lord, Jesus Christ, I now command you: 
Tell me your name! 
Hear, therefore, and fear, Satan, enemy of the faith. 
Give me your name, demon! 
Names! 
Names! 
Ancient serpents... ...depart from this servant of God! 
Tell me your six names! 
We are the ones who dwell within! 
And I am Lucifer... ...the devil in the flesh. 
Mr. Rose. 
Doctor, help him! 
*After a few moments,* *Mr. Rose revived... * 
*... but the exorcism* *had to be abandoned. * 
Emily was taken to her room and soon fell into a deep sleep. 
The whole thing was a complete failure. 
Describe her behavior from the night of the failed exorcism... ...until the time of her death. 
Violence towards others and herself. 
Sometimes she screamed for hours on end. 
She drove her head through windows, tried to bite... 
Tried to bite holes in the walls, breaking several more of her teeth... ...as you saw in the postmortem photograph. 
- You witnessed this? 
- Some of it, yes. 
I tried to visit every day... ...and the family told me the rest. 
Did you attempt another exorcism? 
I wanted to, but Emily refused. 
And without the consent of the possessed... ...the exorcism ritual can't be performed. 
Did you encourage her to eat? 
Yes, every time I saw her... ...but the few times she tried, it seemed like... 
Seemed like she couldn't swallow, or she couldn't keep it down. 
What about medical care? 
I wanted her to continue. 
I never said she should quit seeing her doctors. 
That would be wrong. 
Medical care is not my field. 
But you did suggest she stop taking the drug Gambutrol. 
Yes. 
After the exorcism, she asked for my counsel. 
She told me that the drugs had never helped her. 
After all, she was on Gambutrol during the exorcism... ...when her so-called symptoms were at their peak. 
Ultimately, we both felt that she was beyond medical care... ...and that she had to see this through to the end... ...by faith alone. 
The dual voices we just heard on this tape... ...you're certain that they were both coming from Emily at the same time? 
Yes. 
Yes, I heard them. 
Have you tampered with this tape in any way? 
No. 
No, I have not. 
No further questions at this time. 
Mr. Thomas. 
Father Moore, you consider this tape to be proof of the supernatural? 
I think it's a record of certain indications... ...that Emily was possessed. 
Signs of possession, you may call them. 
By "signs of possession," would you mean her speaking in languages... ...we might assume she couldn't possibly know? 
And the vocalization of two distinct voices simultaneously? 
Yes. 
Among other signs that I observed and described to the court... ...while the tape was playing. 
Things I saw. 
Things you can't hear on the tape. 
We'll just have to take your word, won't we? 
- Your Honor. 
- Mr. Thomas. 
I apologize. 
Father, as Emily's parish priest... ...are you aware that she underwent advanced catechism training? 
Yes. 
Yes. 
Her family is very devout. 
And in that training, did she study Ancient Greek, Hebrew and Latin? 
Yes, I think that's right. 
Might have even studied Aramaic, Christ and his disciples' language... ...which, according to the transcripts, we also heard on the tape, correct? 
She spoke Aramaic on the tape. 
It wasn't part of her training. 
But it was offered as an elective at her catechism school. 
I have the school's curriculum here if you'd like to see it. 
No. 
I'll accept that she might have been exposed to that language. 
And according to her high school records... ...German was the foreign language she studied there, yes? 
I don't know. 
If you say so. 
So that covers the strange languages we heard on the tape, correct? 
Did I miss any? 
- No. 
- Good. 
We've already established you're no medical expert. 
You said it's not your field. 
But are you aware of the dual sets of vocal cords every human possesses? 
- No. 
- Have you heard of... ...the superior vocal cords, which are higher than the ones we use to speak? 
No. 
So you didn't know that Tibetan monks, for example... ...as part of their religious training, teach themselves... ...to activate both sets of vocal cords at once? 
No, I didn't know that. 
Well, now that you do know, would you think it's possible... ...that Emily, in her psychotic state... ...might have activated both sets of vocal cords... ...so as to achieve the amazing effect we heard captured on your audiotape? 
Her state was not psychotic. 
Father Moore, you told us that in the exorcism we heard... ...you actually saw, once again, this black-robed figure... ...or demonic apparition, am I right? 
- Yes. 
But we couldn't see him when you played the tape, correct? 
- No, of course not. 
- Of course not. 
So that would be another supernatural aspect of the exorcism... ...your tape doesn't prove, correct? 
- Yes. 
Where is your dark figure, Father? 
Is he here now? 
Do I look like your demon ghost? 
- Your Honor. 
- Counselor. 
I have nothing further. 
Does the defense wish to redirect? 
No, Your Honor, but we reserve the right to recall the witness later. 
Very well. 
The witness may step down. 
Your Honor, my next witness must have been detained. 
If we could take a short recess so I could... 
You've made this court wait before, counselor. 
I'm inclined to... 
Your Honor, please. 
Dr. Cartwright came to us in good conscience... ...as an eyewitness to the exorcism on Father Moore's tape. 
He can substantiate all of my client's testimony... 
Your Honor, the defense has already presented its exorcism testimony... ...in dramatic fashion. 
Do we really have to..? 
We have absorbed some extraordinary testimony today. 
I think we'll take some time to consider it. 
Court is adjourned until 9:30 tomorrow morning. 
- You can't find him? 
- I went to meet him, he didn't show. 
I called his office, I called his house. 
Okay. 
Go to the hospital, ask around. 
Somebody's gotta know where he is. 
What the hell happened? 
Tell Father Moore I'm sorry. 
Tell him I know the demons are real and I admire his courage... ...for standing and speaking against them. 
Tell him I know what they can do. 
- Cartwright's dead. 
- I heard. 
Are you drunk? 
- Not yet, but I'm working on it. 
- Have you seen this? 
- What the hell were you thinking? 
- Karl... 
You told me you'd talk him out of testifying. 
Instead, you put on a freak show with taped demons... ...and a dead girl speaking in tongues... ...and your client testifies that the archbishop sanctioned the exorcism. 
We'll be lucky if the archdiocese isn't named... 
I had a doctor who was gonna corroborate. 
Besides that, Father Moore's testimony's crucial to his defense. 
Did you forget the archdiocese is paying for this defense? 
The archdiocese isn't on trial. 
I swore an oath to do what's best for my client. 
Spare me the law school pieties, Bruner. 
You cashed in your conscience at the door. 
- People can change. 
- Like James Van Hopper? 
It's not over. 
I can put Mr. Rose on the stand... ...to corroborate Father Moore about the exorcism. 
And there are the girls. 
Her sister Alice, she saw part of it. 
They all look like superstitious rubes. 
They've got no credibility. 
Thomas will rip them to pieces. 
You'll be worse off than you are now, if that's possible. 
You're gonna replace me on this case. 
You've screwed it up beyond all repair. 
But the archdiocese feels that replacing you now... ...would only draw more unnecessary attention to the trial. 
But just so we're clear, Bruner... ...if you put that priest on the stand again, I will fire you. 
You've been crying. 
- Dr. Cartwright is dead. 
- What? 
He was killed. 
There was an accident. 
I'm sorry. 
I know he was your friend. 
We've lost. 
Without his testimony, it's over. 
No. 
No, no, no, it isn't over. 
We're telling Emily's story. 
That's what matters. 
- It can't be worth all this. 
- Yes, it is worth it. 
Just let me go back on the stand and tell the rest of the story. 
- I can't do that. 
- You must! 
You must. 
Erin, you once said that you felt you were on the right path. 
Don't stray from that path. 
Here, take this. 
- What is this? 
- Just read it. 
And then decide what you want to do. 
*I saw your eyes today in court when* *I explained the significance of 3 a. m.* 
*It's not going to stop* *until Emily's story is told. * 
Are you gonna make a statement? 
Do you believe it was the devil? 
Is the defense ready to proceed? 
Yes, Your Honor. 
The defense recalls Father Richard Moore. 
The witness is reminded that he is still under oath. 
- When did you last see Emily alive? 
- The night before she died. 
Her mother, Maria, called me and said that Emily had asked for me. 
- Why did she ask to see you? 
- To give me this. 
Did Emily explain to you the letter's significance? 
Yes. 
She said she'd written it the morning after the failed exorcism... ...and that it was important for me to share. 
Father Moore, was Emily a good person? 
I believe that one day Emily will be recognized as a saint. 
- So she loved God. 
- Yes. 
She was very devout. 
Father Moore, if Emily loved God... ...if she was so good and so devout, why do you think God... ...allowed this to happen? 
- Objection. 
What is the relevance of that question? 
Father Moore's belief in this matter is crucial... ...in establishing his and Emily's understanding of her condition. 
And that mutual understanding is paramount in determining... ...whether Father Moore was, in fact, negligent. 
I'm going to allow it. 
Your Honor, you're not really gonna let someone testify... ...about why God would allow the death of a young girl? 
The objection has been overruled. 
Again, Father Moore: 
Why did God allow Emily to become possessed by demons and then die? 
I can let Emily answer that. 
"Last night, on Allhallows' Eve... ...Father Moore tried to cast six demons from my body. 
They refused to go. 
After the attempted exorcism..." 
*I was taken to my room,* *and I fell into a deep sleep. * 
*I awoke a few hours later,* *hearing a voice calling out my name. * 
*"Again, I heard a voice* *calling my name. * 
It was the Blessed Holy Mother of God. 
And when I looked at her... ...she smiled at me and said: 
'Emily, heaven is not blind to your pain."' 
She said the Virgin Mary spoke to her in the middle of a field? 
- Yes. 
- And do you believe her? 
I believe Emily spoke the truth. 
Please continue. 
*"I asked the Blessed Mother,* *'Why do I suffer like this?"'* 
Why did the demons not leave me tonight? 
*"She said, 'I am sorry, Emily. * 
*The demons are going to stay* *where they are.'* 
*Then she said,* *'You can come with me in peace... * 
*... free of your bodily form... * 
*... or you can choose* *to continue this. * 
*You will suffer greatly. * 
*But through you, many will come to* *see that the realm of the spirit is real. * 
*The choice is yours."'* 
I choose to stay. 
"In the end, good will triumph over evil. 
Through my experience... ...people will know that demons are real. 
People say that God is dead. 
But how can they think that... ...if I show them the devil?" 
Did you see these wounds on both of Emily's hands and both feet? 
Yes. 
Yes, the wounds lasted for some time. 
And did you attach any supernatural significance to these wounds? 
I believe they were stigmata. 
By that, you mean supernatural injuries... ...that correspond to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ? 
Yes. 
Stigmata are a sign, a mark indicating one is touched by God. 
After that night, why do you think Emily refused another exorcism? 
I believe she'd accepted her fate. 
Is there anything else you'd like to say about Emily? 
No. 
The defense rests. 
Father Moore attaches divine significance... ...to the wounds on Emily's hands and feet. 
Why? 
Because he sees them as confirmation of what he wants to believe. 
That Emily was a saint, touched by the hand of God. 
I'm afraid the truth is far less inspiring. 
Because the truth is, by the time these miraculous wounds appeared... ...Emily had already shown a tendency to injure herself... ...and simply did so again on one of the barbed-wire fences... ...surrounding the Rose family farm. 
Father Moore's beliefs are based on archaic and irrational superstition. 
Emily suffered because she was sick... ...not because she was a saint. 
I'm a man of faith. 
And I am also a man of facts. 
And in here, facts are what must matter. 
And these are the facts of this case: 
Emily Rose had epilepsy, which caused psychosis. 
And, given time, medicine would have cured her. 
But it didn't. 
Why? 
Because Father Richard Moore convinced Emily... ...that she wasn't ill, that she didn't need medicine. 
And in the weeks leading up to her death... ...when she was clearly in need of medical treatment... ...he failed to have her hospitalized. 
So... ...the defense has given us an extraordinary... ...creative explanation for the events that led to this. 
Ladies and gentlemen, don't you believe it. 
Because the fact is, it wasn't the devil that did this to Emily Rose. 
It was the defendant. 
Counselor. 
Ethan Thomas calls himself a man of faith. 
I, on the other hand, am a woman of doubt. 
Angels and demons. 
God and the devil. 
These things either exist, or they do not exist. 
Are we all alone in this life? 
Or are we not alone? 
Either thought is astonishing. 
Do I really believe that this tragedy is the work of the devil? 
To be honest, I don't know. 
But I cannot deny that it's possible. 
The prosecution wants you to believe... ...that Emily's psychotic epileptic disorder was a fact... ...because facts leave no room for reasonable doubt. 
But this trial isn't about facts. 
This trial is about possibilities. 
Is it a fact that Emily was a hypersensitive... ...as Dr. Adani suggests? 
A person who's more likely, by her very nature, to become possessed? 
I can't say that, but the question is: 
Is it possible? 
Is it a fact that Gambutrol anesthetized Emily's brain... ...so that the exorcism ritual was rendered ineffective? 
I can't be sure of that. 
But is it possible? 
Is it a fact that Emily was beloved by God? 
And that after her exorcism, she chose to suffer till the end... ...so that we might believe in a more magical world? 
A world where the spiritual realm really exists? 
I can't say that's a fact. 
But ask yourself: 
Is it possible? 
It's what Emily believed. 
It's what Father Moore believed. 
And that sincere belief is what determined her choices and his. 
Now, for the most important question: 
Is Father Richard Moore guilty... ...beyond a reasonable doubt, of negligent homicide? 
Did he, in fact, neglect Emily's needs in such a way... ...that her death is now on his hands? 
No! 
That is not a fact. 
It is not a fact that Emily was epileptic. 
It is not a fact that she was psychotic. 
Facts... ...leave no room for possibilities. 
The only fact... ...the only thing I know beyond a doubt in this case... ...is that Father Moore loved Emily with his whole heart. 
He did everything in his power to help her. 
He has risked his very freedom so we could hear her story. 
Ladies and gentlemen of the jury... ...in my job I sometimes have to defend bad men. 
Father Richard Moore is not one of them. 
Don't send a good man to prison. 
I'm not asking that you believe everything that Father Moore believes. 
I'm simply asking that you believe in Father Moore. 
Madam Foreman, has the jury reached a verdict? 
We have, Your Honor. 
Please read the verdict out loud. 
"In the case of *The People* *v. Father Richard Moore*... ...we, the jury, find the defendant... ...guilty of negligent homicide." 
The court thanks the jury for its service. 
Sentencing for this case will be set for April 3rd. 
Your Honor, if it pleases the court... ...Father Moore requested at the start of trial... ...that if found guilty, he would be sentenced immediately. 
Yes, I recall that. 
Does the prosecution have any objection to expedited sentencing? 
Very well. 
Father Richard Moore, do you understand this sentence... ...which has been found against you? 
- Yes, Your Honor. 
And do you understand the gravity of this crime? 
That you may, under the law, be sentenced to a term of up to 10 years? 
Yes, I do. 
Are there any statements you wish to make... ...before I impose this sentence? 
- No, Your Honor. 
- Very well. 
Excuse me, Your Honor... ...but the jury would like to make a recommendation... ...regarding the sentence. 
- Objection. 
Sit down, counselor. 
It's only a recommendation, and I would like to hear it. 
We recommend a sentence of time served. 
I'll accept that. 
You are guilty, Father Moore. 
And you are free to go. 
- This court is dismissed. 
- All rise. 
Thank you. 
Well, you shocked us all. 
Everyone at the firm sees this as another victory. 
The archdiocese is pleased. 
They feel the trial has raised public interest in the Church. 
Have you seen the news? 
There's our priest, leaving the courthouse a free man... ...right next to you. 
Just like James Van Hopper. 
All right, I'll say it. 
I was wrong. 
But I'm ready to make it right. 
I'm offering you a full partnership in the firm. 
Keep it. 
Will you be able to return to your parish? 
I can't go back. 
Not now. 
Once you've looked into the darkness... ...I think you carry it with you for the rest of your life. 
What about you? 
I believe you've seen the darkness too. 
I don't know. 
I'm not sure what I've seen. 
- Who chose the epitaph? 
- I did. 
It's from the second chapter of Philippians, verse 12. 
Emily recited it to me the night before she died. 
Ripped by: 
SkyFury 
Now, I'd like to ask you about what happens as the number of flips or events, in general, becomes a very large number. 
Check all that apply. 
The probability of every individual sequence becomes small 
The probability of every number of heads becomes small. 
So for example, does the probability of having one head or hundred heads or million heads, any specific number does that becomes small. 
Does the probability of every given proportion, for example, one head out of 100 flips, 10 heads out of 100 flips or 1500 heads out of a billion flips becomes small. 
Does every given range of proportions have a smaller and smaller probability. 
Are there some ranges of proportions for which the probability becomes small as we have many flips. 
Check all that apply. 
Also, assume that the probability of heads is neither 0 or 1. 
That is, we can get both heads and tails from this coin. 
Physics experiments 
Fluid mechanics 
How to make giant soap bubbles 
We prepare a mixture of water, Marseilles soap, paper glue, sugar and a little of glycerine. 
This mixture is poured into a flat bottom container, where we dip a hoop and then lift it. 
Better than any comment, the video shows the successful development of the experiment in front of a young audience. 
The soap and sugar in the mixture has reduced the surface tension of water, which allows to create thin films of a huge surface and that can last long. 
Production: 
University of Lille 1 - Science and technology 
SEMM Multimedia Service - University of Lille 1. 
The Online Thematic University for Sciences 
Teachers Researchers: 
Jean-Marie Blondeau; Bernard Bonnel 
Project coordinator (shooting and editing): 
Wait ! 
[ Groans ] 
Well, safer than a tube sock. 
[ Sighs ] 
- Okay, that-- That was good. 
- Yeah. 
- See you at dinner. 
- Uh, yeah. 
I'll see you at dinner. 
So, Finch, this is your plan ? 
You know, I don't think girls are into the whole mini-golf thing. 
Kevin, I'm sure that they're not. 
Actually, there is one small matter that I need to ask for your cooperation in. 
- In the spirit of this whole pact, you know ? 
- Sure, what do you need ? 
Whatever you hear about me, you agree. 
And tell all the boys the same thing. 
Look, I gotta go. 
Sixteen minutes round-trip. 
You know, Finch, it's-- it's senior year. 
I mean, don't you think it's time you learned how to take a dump at school ? 
When was the last time you looked at the facilities in this school ? 
[ Murmuring ] 
- [ Grunts ] 
- Excuse me. 
Uh, that's Paul Finch, right ? 
- Yeah. 
- Well, you've seen him in the locker room, right ? 
- Uh, yeah. 
- So, my friends, they want to know. 
Is it true ? 
You know, that he's... equipped. 
I have no idea. 
Finch showers with his bathing suit on. 
I mean, uh-- 
As a matter of fact, it is true. 
The guy's huge ! 
- Does he have a date for the prom yet ? 
- No, definitely not. 
All right. 
Thanks. 
Oh, man ! 
So I was thinking maybe you could give me some advice, brother to brother. 
I thought you might know a trick or somethin' to make her-- 
- Orgasm ? 
- Yeah. 
- What's good here ? 
- Try the spicy tuna hand roll. 
- What ? 
- How do you do that ? 
- Hey, never mind that. 
Listen, pay attention. 
Is that all that you're interested in, tryin' to get your girl into bed ? 
No, it'd be good to be able to, you know, return the favor. 
Be nice to know she enjoys things as much as I do. 
See that ? 
That's good. 
That's what I wanted to hear. 
Now, you qualify. 
- Qualify for what ? 
- My man, you've just inherited the Bible. 
It originally started as a sex manual, this book that some guys brought back from Amsterdam. 
And each year it got passed on to one East student who was worthy. 
Now, it's full of all sorts of stuff that guys have added over the years. 
But you have to keep it a secret and return it at the end of the year. 
All right. 
So now you know. 
Good luck. 
- - lf you believe in magic - - - Ooh, magic - 
- Don't you bother to choose if it's jug band music or rhythm and blues - 
- Just go and listen It will start with a smile - 
- That won't wipe off your face no matter how hard you try - 
- Your feet start tappin' and you can't seem to find how you got there - 
- Do you believe in magic --** 
- Scooby-dooby doo bah scoo-scooby-dooby dooby-dooby doo bah - 
- Yeah, magic --** 
What was that ? 
- Uh, sorry. 
- No, it was good. 
Well, it, uh-- It came from the heart. 
Well, keep it coming. 
All right, people, good work ! 
Now, don't forget. 
The state competition's a couple of weeks away, so keep on it, okay ? 
Not bad, Chris. 
Really ? 
Thanks, uh, Heather, right ? 
Yeah. 
[ Chuckles ] 
So, you've got this sort of Frank Sinatra thing going on. 
[ Chuckles ] 
Right. 
I feel like I've discovered this whole new side of me. 
I mean, uh, music is so expressive. 
[ Chuckles ] 
Okay. 
I mean, I agree, but... aren't you supposed to be out, like, trying to decapitate someone... 
-with your lacrosse stick or something ? 
-Oh, sure. 
Sure. 
You know, I know what people think. 
It's like, 
"Oz, he's just this kick-ass lacrosse player." 
You know, I also play football, by the way, but that's, like, 
- that's not all that I am, you know ? 
- Of course, I didn't-- 
I mean, it really bothers me when people try to pigeonhole me like that. 
You ? 
You think I don't get that ? 
God, it's like just because I don't get drunk and barf every weekend... that people say, "Oh, look. 
There's this Goody Two-Shoes choirgirl priss." 
Yeah. 
So, like, what else do you do ? 
Well, the same things you do, 
Iike hang out with friends and stuff. 
- Why ? 
What do you think I do ? 
- Oh, l-- 
I just realized that I don't know anything about you. 
- I was interested. 
- Oh, well, what do you want to know ? 
You know, stuff... about you. 
All right. 
Mom, I'm home ! 
[ Chattering ] 
[ Moaning ] 
[ Moaning Continues ] 
Oh, yeah. 
Oh ! 
[ Gasps ] 
- Jim ! 
- It's not what it looks like. 
Well, we'll just tell your mother that, uh-- that, uh-- we ate it all. 
[ Sighs ] 
- [ Spectators Clamoring ] - [ Grunts ] 
- [ Whistle Blows ] 
- [ Cheering ] 
[ P.A. Announcer ] 
Goal by number eight, Chris Ostreicher. 
- Nice game. 
- Nice game. 
Good game. 
Hey, what are you doin' here ? 
Just enjoying my first exhilarating lacrosse experience. 
- You kicked butt. 
- Oh, thanks. 
- Um, Chris-- - Oh, you can call me Oz, if you want. 
- Do I have to ? 
- You can call me Ostreicher. 
- What's your middle name ? 
- Nah, forget it. 
- Come on. 
I won't tell anyone. 
- Well, neither will l. 
Okay. 
Um. 
So, I had this thought and-- 
It may seem like it's way out of left field. 
I don't know if you can, but since I'm not going with anybody, I thought that maybe-- 
Those guys sucked ass ! 
Choir chick, what the hell are you doing here ? 
Well, uh, I was asking Chris to prom. 
So, do you want to go ? 
Oh, yeah ! 
That would be great. 
Well, just don't expect Oz to pay for the limo ! 
Stifler, fuck ! 
I mean-- 
Why do you got to be so insensitive all the time ? 
What ? 
Whatever. 
Look, uh, don't forget. 
My cottage after prom. 
On Lake Michigan. 
[ Chuckles ] 
Hey, wait up, you pussies. 
Where you goin' ? 
Ah, well, I gotta-- I gotta hit the showers now, but I think this is gonna be really, really good. 
- Yeah. 
Me too. 
- All right. 
- Bye. 
- Bye. 
Bye. 
- 'Appenin' Oz ! 
- Working with the choir chick ? 
What d'ya say, fellas ? 
I just dig those cute little sweaters she wears. 
- [ Laughing ] 
- Nuts you do, you little horn dog. 
Yeah ! 
Yeah, baby ! 
[ Stifler ] 
Spank me ! 
Spank me ! 
Hit that high "C." 
[ Falsetto ] 
- Ahhhh - [ Whooping, Laughing ] 
Come on ! 
What's goin' on here ? 
[ Laughing, Shouting Continue ] 
I was being selfish and majorly insensitive. 
I'm a-- I'm a total idiot. 
I mean, a fool, a buffoon. 
I think shithead really says it. 
You know what ? 
You're right. 
I'm a shithead, and I want to make it up to you. 
You know what ? 
You're right. 
I'm a shithead, and I want to make it up to you. 
Oh, yeah ? 
How ? 
- [ Moaning ] 
Oh. 
Oh. 
Oh. 
Ohh ! - - Don't make me - 
- - Over - - Vicky. 
Shh. 
Your parents are downstairs. 
- Kevin, don't stop ! 
- Just a second. 
- I'm rockin' steady - 
- ln demonology - 
- Hey so that you could make it - [ Moans ] 
- - You're really makin' it --** - Hon, can you tell Vic to come on down for supper ? 
- [ Screams ] 
Holy shit ! 
- Shh. 
You know there's no lock on your door ? - -- [ Humming ] - [ Moaning ] 
-- [ Continues ] 
Ohh ! 
I'm coming ! 
I'm coming ! 
-- [ Humming ] 
- Oh, Jim ! 
- Dad. 
Hi, I was just looking at the old family portrait out here. 
Well, that was a fun day wasn't it ? 
- Oh, yeah. 
- Yeah. 
Jim, I want to talk about masturbation. 
Now, I just want you to know that it's-it's a perfectly normal, uh, thing. 
And I have to admit, uh, you know. 
I did a fair bit of masturbating when I was a little younger. 
- I, uh-- I used to call it "stroking the salami." - [ Groans ] 
Yeah, you know, "pounding the ol' pud." 
I never did it with baked goods. 
But you know your Uncle Mort ? 
He "pinched the one-eyed snake" five, six times a day. 
See, it's like, uh, practice for the big game. 
You see ? 
It's like-- It's like... banging a tennis ball against a brick wall. 
Which can be fun. 
It can be fun, but it's not a game. 
- Right. 
No. 
- It's not a game. 
What you want is you want a partner to return the ball. 
- Do you want a partner ? 
- Yeah. 
Yeah-Yeah, I want a partner. 
- You do want a partner ? 
- Oh, I want a partner. 
- Want a partner. 
Good. 
Good. 
- Of course. 
Good. 
So, once Hal becomes king, he has to take on... the responsibilities of leadership and turn his back... on his old, drunken friend, Falstaff. 
You see, Hal is going through a... rite of passage, much like you all are. 
So make most of the time you've got left together. 
You'll miss it later. 
- [ Teacher Continues ] 
- So, does your tongue cramp up ? 
- Nah. 
You get kind of dizzy, though. 
- Wow. 
That's amazing. 
She's probably gonna want to do it soon. 
- [ Bell Rings ] 
- All right. 
Class dismissed. 
Still questing after the Holy Grail, huh, guys ? 
Hey, uh, where's Finch ? 
- Oh, he went home to take a shit. 
- [ Chuckles ] 
I don't get it. 
I just don't. 
How does a guy like that get this sudden reputation ? 
- What reputation ? 
- Observe. 
Ex-Excuse me. 
Do you know who Paul Finch is ? 
Yeah ! 
He's the guy with the tattoo, right ? 
- You know, the eagle and the blazing fire and that stuff. 
- [ Chuckles ] 
Well, um, if you guys see him later, will you tell him Courtney says hi ? 
Bye. 
- [ Scoffs ] 
- Okay. 
Explain. 
I can't. 
I don't know how he's doing it. 
I, uh-- I guess that just leaves Jim trailing. 
- Aw, Jimbo ! 
- Better sack up, buddy ! 
Yeah, I know. 
I'm working on it, all right ? 
James ? 
You are very good in the world history class, yes ? 
- Me ? 
Y-Yes. 
No, uh-- - [ Mouthing Words ] 
- Yes, I am. 
- Perhaps you could help me with my studies. 
Uh, yeah. 
Absolutely. 
Tha-Tha-Tha-- That would be-- That would be great sometime. 
- How about tomorrow ? 
- Well, I have ballet practice. 
Perhaps I could come by your house afterwards ? 
I could change clothes at your place. 
Oh. 
Uh... yeah. 
I suppose that would be okay. 
Sure. 
- [ Engine Off ] 
- Nice car ! 
- I'm glad you think so. 
- You don't like it ? 
No, I like the car. 
By the way, though, about prom ? 
That was a bad idea. 
I'm sorry I invited you. 
- What are you talkin' about ? 
- Please. 
I asked you because I thought you might actually be worth going with. 
But you are just a jock. 
No, wait. 
You're a jerk. 
Wait ! 
I don't understand. 
I saw you making fun of me with your lacrosse buddies. 
Heather, I wasn't makin' fun of you. 
Gimme a break. 
You're so full of it. 
Fuck me ! 
There's gonna be an Eastern European chick naked in your house. 
And you're not gonna do anything about that ? 
What am I gonna do, huh ? 
Broadcast her over the lnternet ? 
- Yeah. 
- You can do that ? 
[ Scoffs ] 
No. 
I cannot do that to her. 
Jim, get some fuckin' balls. 
If you don't have the guts to photograph a naked chick, how you gonna sleep with one ? 
I don't like the kid, but he's got a point. 
See, even shit-brick knows you should do it. 
All you gotta do is set up some sort of private link or whatever on the 'Net... and tell me the address. 
You can send me the address too. 
I'll save you a seat. 
- How sweet it is to be loved by you, by you - 
- - I needed the shelter of someone's arms - - - Someone's arms - 
- - There you were - - - You were, oh - 
- I needed someone who understands my ups and downs - 
- There you were --** 
Okay, that was good, but I want to thicken-up that solo. 
Michigan State is this Saturday, and I want that part to smoke. 
Yeah, I know, my timing's off. 
No, it's not that. 
I think it'll work better as a duet with a tenor part. 
I'll do it. 
- [ Whispers ] 
Dick. 
- I'll do it. 
Great. 
See you tomorrow. 
Hmph. 
- Why are you doing this ? 
- 'Cause I want to. 
Yeah ? 
Well, you can't fake this. 
You better practice. 
[ Beeping ] 
- [ Knocking ] 
- Come in. 
Jim ? 
There's a, uh-- a young lady here to see you. 
- Hey, Nadia. 
- Hi, James. 
Ready to study ? 
Oh, he's always ready to study. 
He's a real bookworm, this kid. 
- Dad. 
- That means-- He's not-not one of those nerdy guys but-- 
- Dad ! 
- Well, I'll-- I'll let you two hit the books. 
You want a beer ? 
- [ Kevin ] 
Oh, there we go. 
- [ Little Boy ] 
Come on, move ! 
Steve ! 
It's my computer ! 
And I wanna use it ! 
Shut up ! 
Oh, you need to-- You need to change, right ? 
- Uhh, do you mind ? 
- No. 
N-No, not at all. 
Uh, please, you know. 
Just go ahead and get un-- get changed. 
[ Clears Throat ] 
I'll, uh-- I'll go downstairs and start studying up. 
- [ Chuckles ] 
Yeah. 
- Okay. 
- [ Finch ] 
Oh-- - [ Kevin ] 
All right, there he goes. 
Now, we're in business. 
Now, we're in business. 
-** [ Rock ] 
- Back in a sec. 
- Jimmy, honey, wh-- 
-- [ Continues ] 
- He pauses shaving and he tells himself that he is the bomb - 
- She has her curlers set, her credit cards are paying the funds - 
- - He's not that old I've been told --** - Ah, here she is. 
- Did I miss anything ? 
- No. 
You are just in time. 
- [ Boys Groaning ] 
Oh. 
Ohh ! 
- [ Kevin ] 
This is incredible. 
Oh, my God ! 
This is too much. 
[ Finch ] 
Oh, did you see ? 
Oh, there that goes. 
Oh, geez. 
God bless the lnternet. 
- [ Jim ] 
Ai-yi-yi. 
- Do it. 
Take it off. 
- Oh, my God. 
- [ Together ] 
Ohhh ! 
Oh, thank you, God, for this wonderful, wonderful day. 
- She takes her vitamins. - - And it is way too unhealthy - 
- Often they've typically --** 
- [ Sighs ] 
- Stop hyperventilating. 
-- [ Continues lndistinct ] 
This is, like, the coolest thing I've ever seen. 
- I know. 
- [ Both Snicker ] 
Can you believe-- This is definitely one of Stifler's best ideas ever. 
[ Jim ] 
What is she-- She's touching my stuff. 
- Why is she touching my stuff ? 
- [ Finch ] 
Man, let her touch. 
- She's going through my stuff ! 
- Nadia can touch anything she wants. 
- Oh. 
- Oh, no. 
Oh, no. 
- No, no. 
- Oh, nice collection there, Jim. 
She's gonna leave. 
She's definitely gonna-- 
She's getting comfortable. 
She's not gonna leave. 
[ Finch ] 
She reads the articles. 
[ Boys Moaning ] 
Is she ? 
She's goin' downstairs. 
[ Moaning ] 
- Oh, my God ! 
- Jackpot, baby ! 
- Can you believe this ? 
- Nadia, I would have never known. 
I have an announcement that I would like to make. 
There is a gorgeous woman... masturbating on my bed ! 
- [ Finch ] 
Thank you, Nadia ! 
- If you ever had a chance with Nadia, this is it. 
- [ Scoffs ] 
What am I supposed to do, Kev ? 
- Seduce her. 
Wha-- What the hell would I say ? 
Go over there and ask her if she needs an extra hand. 
- That's stupid, Kev. 
I can't-- - That's not stupid ! 
You're stupid if you don't go ! 
Come on ! 
Get over there ! 
- Get goin', man. 
She's prime. 
- Get out of here ! 
- She's waitin' for you. 
- Okay, all right. 
I'm goin'. 
- Go ! 
- Go ! 
- I'm goin' ! 
- Go ! 
Go ! 
Go ! 
Go ! 
- Oh, shit. 
-- [ Rock ] 
- She's open waiting for more - 
- And I know he's only lookin' to score - 
- And it's way too unhealthy - 
- - Often they've typically - - Hey, Mom. 
Hey, Dad. 
- Been starved for attention before --** [ Exhales Sharply ] 
Oh, boy. 
Oh, God. 
Oh, crap. 
Oh, no. 
- [ Phone Rings ] 
- Hello ? 
- Looks like Jim addressed the e-mail wrong. 
- What ? 
It went out to every mailbox in the East High directory. 
God, how juvenile. - -- [ Rock ] - Hey, hey, hey, guys ! - - Baby - - Check this out ! 
Oh, my God ! 
Wow ! 
Oh. 
[ Laughs ] 
Please, God, let this be it. 
Please ? 
- [ Inhales, Exhales Deeply ] - [ Nadia Moaning, Panting ] 
- S-Somebody's goin' in there. 
- [ Whimpering, Moaning ] 
Here you go. 
That's what you need to do. 
- That guy's in my trig class. 
- Oh, no. 
-Looks like you could use an extra hand. 
-Jim ! 
- Well-- Oh, God. 
- Shame on you. 
Yeah, shame on me. 
I'm so sorry. 
I'm so sorry. 
- Uh, you know, I'm just gonna go. 
- Well, you have seen me. 
Now, it's my turn to see you. 
Strip ! 
- Strip ? 
- Slowly. 
Uh, you mean, like, strip strip ? 
For me. 
[ Finch ] 
What is he talkin' to her about ? 
- Uh, no idea. 
- Come on, Jim. 
People are viewing. 
Get to business. 
- [ Tuning Radio ] 
- -- [ Techno ] 
Perfect ! 
- Move, James ! 
Move ! 
- Yeah, yeah. 
Move. 
-- [ Continues ] 
- Go, trig boy ! 
It's yer birthday ! 
- [ Chittering ] 
- No ! 
No. 
No. 
- Please, God. 
- [ Disappointed Muttering ] - What's going on ? 
- Yes ! 
- All right. 
Get in the mix ! 
- See there. 
- Oh, okay. 
- This is disgusting. 
- What the fuck is this ? 
Cut it out, man ! 
Yeah. 
- [ Laughing ] 
- [ Laughing ] 
Freak. 
Did not just take out that chair. 
- Yup, he took out the chair. 
- More, more, you bad boy ! 
Oh, yeah, I'm naughty. 
I'm naughty, baby. 
Hyah ! 
[ Slapping ] 
- [ Groans ] 
Ohh, God ! 
- [ Chitters, Slaps ] 
- Calling your name - 
- - Calling your name - - Now, come to me. 
Oh, yeah. 
- Here we go. 
- He's in, man. 
- - Calling - - This just got a hell of a lot better. 
- Be gentle. 
- Okay. 
- - Calling your name - - Uh-- 
- - Calling - - Oh. 
- Your name --** 
- [ Whimpers ] 
- Jim ? 
- Oh ! 
Oh, no. 
- [ Both ] 
Oh, no. 
- [ All ] 
Oh. 
Ohh ! 
- Liftoff aborted. 
- Houston, we have a problem. 
- Oh-- Uhh-- 
- [ Blows Air ] 
- What happened ? 
What did he do 
He blew it. 
I guess I'll be going now. 
No, no, no, I'm-- I'm not done, Nadia. 
I've, uh-- I've got reserves. 
Nadia, please, please. 
I'm begging you. 
Well, I do like your dirty magazines. 
You do ? 
Okay. 
Well. 
Um. 
Did-Did-- Did you see this one ? 
This here is your-- is your more, uh, exotic, risque magazine. 
- He's pullin' out the porn. 
- He's desperate. 
[ Finch ] 
Jim, just wait till she leaves. 
Very arousing women. 
They arouse me-- [ Clears Throat ] 
They arouse me very, very much. 
But, uh-- But not as arousing as you. 
- Oh, Jim ! 
- Oh, God ! 
[ Coos ] 
- [ Together ] 
Yes ! 
- [ All Exclaiming ] 
He's ruining daisy ! 
Whoo ! 
-- [ Continues ] 
So, uh, "shaved" is the expression ? 
Holy shit. 
- Holy shit ! 
- [ All ] 
Holy shit ! 
- H-H-Holy shit ! 
- Touch me, Jim. 
- Here. 
- [ Gasps ] 
[ Groans ] 
Oh. 
Oh. 
- [ Together ] 
Again ? 
- Not again. 
- Not again, man ! 
- Is that possible ? 
What a loser. 
What a loser. 
[ Bell Ringing ] 
- [ Laughing ] 
- [ Boy ] 
Hey ! 
[ Laughing Continues ] 
[ Whooping, Taunting ] 
[ Chattering ] 
[ Oz ] 
- I needed someone to understand my ups and downs - 
- There you were - 
- With sweet love and devotion - 
- Deeply touching my emotion - 
- I just wanna stop and thank you, baby --** 
- Hey, minute man ! 
- Shut up. 
You know-- You know you're supposed to be supportive. 
Hey, you think you still got a chance with Nadia ? 
No. 
Her sponsors here saw the thing on the 'Net. 
I-I really don't think they liked it. 
How do you know that ? 
- She's already on a plane back home. 
- [ Groans ] 
Yeah. 
You know, guys ? 
Maybe I'm just not good with girls, period. 
No-no-no, really-really. 
Like-- Like I was born without that part of the brain. 
I mean, I can't talk to girls. 
And when I do talk to them, I screw it up. 
Yeah, well, come prom those excuses aren't going to do you any good. 
- [ Sighs ] 
- [ Michelle ] 
And one time at band camp, we weren't supposed to have pillow fights, but we had a pillow fight, and it was so much fun. 
A-And this one time, we all lost our music and we were supposed to play this song, but we didn't know it, so we just made it up and we kept playing and playing, and the conductor didn't know what we were doing, and it was so funny. 
-So, you're pissed about somethin', huh. 
-[ Scoffs ] 
You know what I do when I'm angry ? 
I just play some Bach on my flute. 
It's so relaxing. 
- I learned to do that at band camp. 
- Hold on, uh-- 
You have no idea why I'm angry ? 
Is it because we have a test tomorrow ? 
Sometimes I get cranky... 
- when I know I have a big test to study for. 
- [ Laughs ] 
- Yeah. 
Yeah, that's pretty much it. 
- I thought so... 
- because this one time at band camp-- - W-What's your name ? 
- Michelle. 
- O-Okay. 
Michelle, um-- [ Chuckles ] 
Do you want to be my date for the prom ? 
Really ? 
You seriously want to go with me ? 
Yes. 
Seriously. 
Are we going to Steve Stifler's party afterwards ? 
Because that would be so cool. 
- Sure, whatever you want. 
- Cool ! 
We're gonna have such a good time. 
It'll be like this one time at band camp when we all had a campfire-- 
[ Knocking At Door ] 
[ Siren Wailing, Distant ] 
Hi. 
- How'd you know I was here ? 
- Stifler told me. 
- Talked to Stifler ? 
- Well, I needed to find you. 
We're gonna have to work on that song. 
Okay. 
I'm glad you came by. 
So you work nights ? 
- My dad's the manager. 
- Really ? 
Cool. 
Tell him the subs are great. 
-So you're going to Michigan next year ? 
-Yeah. 
My parents want me to go to Northwestern, but... 
I don't wanna write all those extra essays they make you do. 
I mean, how am I supposed to know what my "most emotionally significant moment" was ? 
So when my "U" of "M" acceptance came in December, I just said the hell with it. 
- Onions ? 
- What ? 
You, uh, want onions ? 
Oh, no, thank you. 
So what are you gonna major in ? 
State's got a good business school, and I could probably walk-on to the lacrosse team. 
Well, you've probably got it pretty figured out, then, huh ? 
I mean, business is okay, and lacrosse is awesome, but... what am I gonna be, a professional lacrosse player ? 
I really have no idea. 
Thank God. 
I thought I was the only one. 
Well, you're not. 
So we're gonna be close next year. 
You mean East Lansing and Ann Arbor ? 
Yeah. 
[ Chuckling ] 
[ Stifler ] 
What are you talkin' about ? 
I can't go to the prom with you. 
I'm holding out for someone else. 
[ Laughing ] 
You gotta be fuckin' kidding me. 
I know it's a long shot, but I figure Paul Finch might ask me. 
Finch. 
Shit-brick. 
Oh, gosh. 
I-I forgot. 
[ Stammering ] 
You look okay. 
I-I mean, the scars healed really well. 
- Hey, Stifler. 
- Eat shit. 
What was that all about ? 
- He's still embarrassed because Finch kicked his ass. 
- Who told you that ? 
What do you mean, "no comment" ? 
- Did you two hook up or something ? 
- What, are you kidding ? 
No. 
Then how did all this get started ? 
Well, I guess it's all right for me to tell you now. 
That reputation of his isn't going anywhere. 
Cheese, please. 
Finch comes up to me and says, "Jessica, 
I need your help with this, blah, blah, etcetera." 
So I said, "All right. 
Pay me 200 bucks, and I'll tell a couple of girls that you're dynamite in bed." 
So he did, and I did. 
- That actually works ? 
- Well, duh ! 
Of course. 
Naturally, I embellished a little bit. 
Did you hear that Finch had an affair with an older woman ? 
[ Chuckling ] 
No, I didn't hear that one. 
That one was my favorite. 
[ Laughing ] 
Do that cheerleader. - - Thank you, baby - - She wants me. 
She calls me up-- 
- How sweet it is to be loved by you --** 
Oh, my God, you're gay ! 
Sing it with me. 
You know the words. 
No, thanks, man. 
You've been singin' that shit all week. 
If you try that at M.S.U. this Saturday, I'll kick your ass. 
Our last game is this Saturday. 
[ Snickers ] 
Yeah, well, shit. 
I've got this lacrosse game. 
It's really important. 
It's our last game. 
Central almost beat us last time, so this time I really wanna kick their ass. 
But it's gonna be cool, because the game's at State, which means afterwards I'll be able to stop by. 
So you can't sing at the competition. 
[ Sighing ] 
Heather, I'm sorry. 
I totally blew it. 
It's okay. 
You should... do what makes you happy. 
All right. 
Listen, thanks for understanding. 
Yeah. 
So, uh, I guess I'll see you later ? 
Mm-hmm. 
[ Whistling ] 
Hey, Kevin. 
- You seen shit-brick lately ? 
- Why ? 
What did you do to him ? 
Me ? 
Nothing. 
See, I'm the one whose ass he kicked. 
But, uh, I'll tell you one thing, though. 
I don't think he's gonna have a problem shitting in school anymore. 
Slipped a little something into his mochaccino. 
Oh, God ! 
Oh ! 
Oh ! 
[ Panting ] 
Jesus. 
Right this way, sir. 
Oh, God. 
[ Farting ] 
[ Farting ] 
[ Farting ] 
- [ Girls Laughing ] 
- Oh, no. 
It's gonna be fun. 
[ Girl #2 ] 
You know it's just gonna be some crappy band and stupid decorations. 
[ Girl #1 ] 
You're just saying that because prom's a week away and you don't have a date. 
[ Girl #2 ] 
No, no, no. 
I don't want a date. 
- Finch is goin' stag and... so am l. 
- [ Groaning ] 
God, he's like so... refined. 
- [ Groans ] 
- You think that older woman thing is true ? 
Yeah, it's true. 
It was Stifler's mom. 
[ Farting ] 
- [ Continues Farting ] 
- Joanie, was that you ? 
- Oh ! 
- Can't hold it. 
Oh ! 
[ Loud Farting ] 
[ Groaning ] 
Eww ! 
[ Groaning ] 
[ Whistling ] 
[ Laughter ] 
- Yeah ! 
- [ Laughter Continues ] 
[ Vicky ] 
Kev ? 
I think we've come... 
- a really long way since homecoming. 
- Yeah, we have. 
Maybe it's time... we start to express ourselves in new ways. 
- Yeah. 
- You wanna do it ? 
- Yeah. 
- I love you. 
It's your turn. 
That's not what I was thinking. 
Sex. 
It's always about sex. 
It's not always about sex. 
I just thought it was about sex this time. 
Look, Vicky, love is a term that gets thrown around, and-and people don't mean it. 
When I say it, I want it to be more than words. 
- You know ? 
I want it to be-- - Perfect. 
Exactly. 
- [ Choir Director ] 
Okay, Albert. 
You ready ? 
- No problemo. 
- I close my eyes at night - 
Come on, Heather. 
Work with me here. 
[ Crowd Applauding, Cheering ] 
- [ Whistle Blows ] 
- [ Announcer ] 
Goal, Ostreicher ! 
- All right, Oz ! 
- Atta boy, Ozzie ! 
Whoo ! 
Yeah, baby ! 
- We're crushing you losers ! 
- Let's go, fellas ! 
Come on ! 
Whoo-hoo ! 
- Bumblebee, bumblebee, bumblebee, bumblebee, bumblebee - 
Focus on the music. 
Think melody. 
- Let the music be my guide. 
- That would be a start. 
Who's the man ? 
Stifler ! 
[ Coach ] 
Huddle up, guys ! 
Huddle up ! 
Huddle up ! 
Come on ! 
Okay. 
All right, all right ! 
- Good hustle, guys. 
- Good hustle. 
But you can still lose. 
You all saw what happened to Oz out there. 
I don't want to ever see any of you thinking you're gonna score. 
You don't score until you score. 
- Until you score. 
- That's right, baby ! 
[ Coach ] 
It all boils down to today. 
For you seniors, this marks the culmination... 
- of the past four years. 
- Culmination. 
[ Coach ] 
I want you to think about what this means to you. 
Do you guys wanna look back on your days at East... and know that you used the time you had ? 
- Hell, yeah ! 
- You do ! 
- Ah ! 
Good attitude, Ostreicher. 
- Good luck, fellas. 
Christ, I didn't tell ya to leave the game. 
I'm sorry, Coach. 
You got someplace more important to be, Ostreicher ? 
Yeah. 
Ostreicher ! 
Oz ? 
Fuckface ? 
[ Coach ] 
Ostreicher ! 
- Hey, Oz ! 
- Ozmeister ! 
- [ Albert ] 
Oh, great. 
- What about the game ? 
- I'm not playing. 
- You're missing the game for us ? 
No, I'm missing the game for you. 
AND THE PLAYWRlGHT WAS THERE, "WHO BROUGHT THOSE CHlLDREN? 
"THOSE IMMATURE CHlLDREN?" 
AND I'M THlNKlNG, "WELL, IF YOU'D GlVEN "EM A PLACE TO LAUGH--" 
AND IF YOU'RE GOlNG TO USE THAT WORD-- 
"BUT IF YOU'D GlVEN THEM A PLACE TO LAUGH EARLlER, 
"THEY MlGHT HAVE BEEN LESS INCLlNED TO GlGGLE THERE." >> IT'S ALSO IMPORTANT NOT TO HAVE A TlN EAR. >> THAT'S TRUE, THAT'S TRUE. 
WELL, THE OTHER GOOD EXAMPLE IS, UM, THE PORTER IN "MACBETH." >> OH, ANOTHER STORY? >> I AM, I AM. 
THE PORTER IN "MACBETH." 
THE PURPOSE OF THAT IS BECAUSE SHAKESPEARE KNOWS THAT, IN THAT PLAY, 
YOU NEED SOME OPPORTUNlTIES  TO LAUGH 
OR YOU'RE GOlNG TO LAUGH WHEN PEOPLE GET STABBED, 
AND WE DON'T WANT THAT. 
ALL RlGHT, YOU'RE LAST. 
REMEMBER THE RESOURCES  OF THE THEATER! >> ALL I'M GOlNG TO SAY ABOUT THE RESOURCES OF THE THEATER 
IS YOU'RE LUCKY YOU HAVE THEM, AS A PLAYWRlGHT. 
LlGHTlNG, SET,  COSTUMES, 
UH, THE SOUND DESlGN,  SET DESlGN, 
AND THEY CAN BE AS COMPLlCATED AND SUMPTUOUS AS POSSlBLE, 
OR THEY CAN BE ABSOLUTELY MlNIMAL, 
WHlCH LEADS US TO WHAT WE'RE GOlNG TO READ NEXT, 
WHlCH IS EVEN SHORTER THAN THE ONE WE READ. >> THEY'RE SAYlNG,  "OH, THANK GOODNESS." >> (chuckling)  YEAH, THANK GOD. 
IT'S CALLED, "SCATTERED SHOWER," 
AND... 
IT ACTUALLY HAS A LOT OF THlNGS THAT HAPPEN WlTH OUR PLAYS, 
IT STARTED OFF "CAUSE WE GOT AN INVlTATlON TO A SHOWER-- >> BABY SHOWER. >> A BABY SHOWER, 
AND PRETTY MUCH WHAT YOU HEAR IN HERE-- 
THE DETAlLS ABOUT THlS SHOWER ARE NOT INVENTED. >> THEY'RE REALLY NlCE PEOPLE, BUT THEY IN KALAMAZOO, 
SO WE WlLL NEVER READ THlS PLAY IN KALAMAZOO. >> ANYWAY, IT'S "SCATTERED SHOWER." 
THE CHARACTERS ARE  KEVlN AND MARlGOLD. 
THE SETTlNG  IS AN AUTOMOBlLE, 
WHlCH FOR OUR PURPOSES 
IS REPRESENTED BY, YOU KNOW, A FEW CHAlRS. 
THE TlME IS THE PRESENT. >> "SCATTERED SHOWERS. 
"AS THE LlGHTS RlSE, KEVlN AND MARlGOLD, DRESSED FOR A PARTY, 
"ARE GETTlNG INTO THE CAR, HE ON THE DRlVER'S SlDE. 
"BEFORE SlTTlNG NEXT TO HlM, 
"SHE PLACES A WRAPPED GlFT  ON THE BACK SEAT." >> SO, WHAT DlD WE GET THE LlTTLE NlPPER-TO-BE? >> WELL, LOUlE'S INVlTATlON SAlD SALLY AND SAM WEREN'T EXPECTlNG GlFTS. 
BUT SHE WENT ON TO SAY THAT  IF WANTED TO GET THEM SOMETHlNG, 
THEY'RE REGlSTERED AND BABYS"R"US, AND SOMEWHERE ELSE. 
I DON'T REMEMBER. >> THEY DON'T EXPECT GlFTS, 
BUT THEY WENT THROUGH THE TROUBLE OF REGlSTERlNG AT TWO DlFFERENT PLACES? >> WE'D HAVE BROUGHT A GlFT ANYWAY, WOULDN'T WE? >> I'D RATHER HAVE THE OPTlON  TO GET IT FROM SOME PLACE I DEClDE ON. >> "STARTS THE CAR." >> DO YOU HAVE THE ADDRESS? >> UH, THE INVlTATlON SAlD THEY WANT GENDER-NEUTRAL GlFTS. 
THEY DON'T WANT TO KNOW WHAT  THE BABY'S SEX IS UNTlL IT'S BORN. 
"HE'S DRlVING NOW."  >> SO, NO PURSES OR AUTOMATlC WEAPONS? 
THOUGH, I SUPPOSE, FROM A CERTAlN POlNT OF VlEW, 
EVERYTHlNG IN GENDER-NEUTRAL  THESE DAYS. >> KEVlN! 
THEY ONLY SAlD--  KEVlN! 
THEY SAlD ONLY  NATURAL FlBERS 
IN ANYTHlNG THAT WlLL BE NEXT TO THElR BABY'S SKlN. >> WHAT, LlKE, WOOL? 
HOW MANY PAGES DOES THlS INVlTATlON RUN? >> KEVlN... >> I ASSUME IT INCLUDES AN ADDRESS. >> THEY LlVE ON ONE OF THOSE  SCOTTlSH-NAMED STREETS ON THE WEST SlDE. 
DO YOU KNOW? 
NEAR 9th STREET?  >> TARTAN? >> DON'T BE SlLLY-- THAT'S A FABRlC. >> WELL, AT LEAST IT'S A NATURAL FlBER.  >> THE STREETS HAVE NAMES LlKE "BALMORAL." >> McTAVlSH?  >> I'M NOT TALKlNG TO YOU ANYMORE. >> GOOD NAME FOR A DOG. >> BUT NOT A STREET. >> OR A NlPPER.  >> WHERE DlD YOU PlCK THAT UP? >> I HAVE ECLECTlC TASTES. 
STERLlNG? >>THAT'S IT! 
STERLlNG CASTLE DRlVE. >> DO WE HAVE A HOUSE NUMBER? 
I'LL KNOW IT WHEN I SEE IT. 
THREE GARAGES ON THE RlGHT, LlLY'S NEW WATER FEATURE 
IN THE MlDDLE OF THE FRONT YARD. >> I THOUGHT YOU'D BRlNG THE NUMBER. >> I THOUGHT YOU'D TAKE THAT RESPONSlBILlTY. >> SO, GENDER-NEUTRAL. 
THEY WANT TO BE SURPRlSED ABOUT THE BABY, BUT NOT ABOUT THE GlFTS. >> I WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO WAlT. 
I'D HAVE TO KNOW THE SEX. >> YOU MEAN, YOU WlLL HAVE TO KNOW THE SEX. >> THAT'S WHY SO MANY CHlLDREN HAVE YELLOW AND PURPLE ROOMS. 
GENDER-NEUTRAL COLORS. >> PURPLE... 
FOR A BOY? >> OH, FOR HEAVEN'S SAKES, KEVlN. 
THE COLOR OF ROYALTY. >> OR A BABOON'S BUTT. >> THAT WOULD BE SCARLET, I THlNK. >> ALSO PRETTY ROYAL,  I SUPPOSE. >> THE POlNT IS IT'S BETTER TO KNOW, SlNCE YOU CAN. >> WE CAN.  >> WE WlLL. >> SO, WHAT DlD WE GET THE LlTTLE BUGGER? >> HOW ABOUT A MONKEY? >> WlTH A PURPLE BUTT? >> OR SCARLET. 
IT'S NOT A MONKEY. >> TOO BAD, BABlES LlKE MONKEYS. 
I LlKE MONKEYS. 
WHY DO AMERlCAN DEVELOPERS THlNK AMERlCANS 
WANT SEMl-MANSlONS BUlLT ON STREETS WlTH SCOTTlSH NAMES? >> LlLY ALWAYS HAS GOOD FOOD. 
WE'LL PROBABLY HAVE SLlCED FlLET MlGNON AND CHOCOLATE DlPPED STRAWBERRlES. >> WAY TO A MAN'S HEART. >> UGHH, NOT THROUGH HlS STOMACH. >> SO, WHAT GENDER-NEUTRAL GlFT DlD WE GET HlM? 
HER? 
IT? 
"SHE RETRlEVES THE GlFT FROM THE BACK SEAT. 
"IT'S IN A GlFT BAG WlTH PURPLE AND YELLOW TlSSUE, 
"PAPER FLUFFlNG OUT  OF THE TOP." >> I GUESS THE STREET NAMES 
ARE SUPPOSED TO MAKE PEOPLE FEEL LlKE LORDS AND LADlES OF THE MANOR. >> OR GENDER-NEUTRAL PERSONS OF THE MANOR. >> WE WOULD HAVE TO KNOW. >> WlLL HAVE TO KNOW. >> DR. CARlBAN SAYS WE'VE REACHED THE POlNT. >> WHAT POlNT?  >> THE POlNT OF PROCEDURES. 
WHERE THlNGS ARE NO LONGER NEUTRAL. >> WHERE THlNGS ARE NO LONGER EASY? >> YOU HAVE TO TURN HERE. 
ON TOBERMORY. >> NO, IT'S WAY UP THERE AT LOMOND. >> I DON'T THlNK SO.  >> TRUST ME. >> YOU? 
TRUST ME! >> SO, WHAT'S MORE SERlOUS? 
WHAT PROCEDURES?  >> INVERNESS, HERE! 
(sighing) MORE SERlOUS. 
DRUGS, LONG NEEDLES, SEX ON DEMAND. >> SEX ON DEMAND? 
THAT'S ALL RlGHT.  >> THlS IS SERlOUS. 
WHY DO I ALWAYS HAVE TO BUY THE GlFT? >> BECAUSE YOU'RE GOOD AT IT. 
WHY SEX ON DEMAND? 
WHAT'D DOCTOR CARlBAN SAY? >> HE SAlD IF WE WANT THlS,  IT GETS HARDER NOW. >> LONG NEEDLES. 
DO WE?  >> WE DO. 
WE DlD.  >> THlNGS DON'T HAVE TO GET HARDER. 
I LOVE YOU. 
ANYWAY... >> THERE'S STERLlNG CASTLE DRlVE. >> SO, WHAT DlD WE GET THE LlTTLE NlPPER? 
SURPRlSE ME.  >> "THE LlGHTS SNAP TO BLACK." 
(applause) 
YOU KNOW, SOMEBODY HAD SAlD SOMETHlNG ABOUT SPEAKlNG BRlEFLY 
ABOUT COLLABORATlNG? 
HOW DO WE DO IT?  >> THAT'S THE HARD PART. >> THE SAD ANSWER IS,  IT'S A GlFT. 
I THlNK THERE ARE SEVERAL THlNGS THAT YOU HAVE TO BE SURE OF. 
YOU HAVE TO SURE OF YOUR OWN TALENT. 
YOU HAVE TO HAVE HAD RECOGNlTION AND FEEL SECURE. 
AND YOU HAVE TO BE SURE OF THE TALENT OF THE PERSON WlTH WHOM YOU'RE WRlTING. 
AND IF YOU DO THAT, AND IF YOU'RE A COLLABORATlNG KlND OF PERSON... (chuckling) IF YOU CAN GET ALONG WlTH PEOPLE, 
IF YOU CAN GlVE UP SOMETHlNG YOU THlNK IS REALLY IMPORTANT 
AND ONLY FlGHT ABOUT THE REALLY, REALLY, REALLY IMPORTANT THlNGS, 
AND YOU TRUST THE TALENT OF THE OTHER PERSON COLLABORATlNG WORKS, 
BUT THE PROBLEM IS, ALL TOO OFTEN, PEOPLE WANT IT THElR WAY. 
WE COLLABORATED WlTH A WOMAN IN CHlCAGO AND IT DlDN'T WORK AT ALL, 
BECAUSE SHE WASN'T WlLLlNG  TO GlVE AN INCH 
ON WHETHER YOU SAY THlS IS A "TAXl"  OR THlS IS A "CAB." 
I MEAN, ON THE LlTTLE THlNGS-- AND IT DlDN'T WORK. >> IT WASN'T A COLLABORATlON.  >> NO. 
DO YOU HAVE SOMETHlNG TO ADD TO THAT? >> UH... 
NO. 
ONLY THAT, UH, THE WAY WE WORK IS... 
ONE OF US WlLL WRlTE  SOME STUFF, 
AND THEN, TURN IT OVER TO THE OTHER 
AND THE OTHER  HAS THE OPTlON 
OF IMPROVlNG ON  WHATEVER HE OR SHE GOT 
AND GOlNG ON FROM THERE. 
AND THAT WAY-- ONE OF THE THlNGS WE WERE TALKlNG ABOUT EARLlER-- 
DEBBlE WAS TALKlNG ABOUT EARLlER-- 
IS HOW NlCE IT IS  WHEN PLOTS SURPRlSE YOU. 
AND YOU KNOW, WHERE THlNGS, YOU KNOW, COME UP UNEXPECTEDLY. 
WELL, THE NlCE THlNG ABOUT COLLABORATlNG  IS YOU SURPRlSE EACH OTHER, 
SO IF YOU'RE ALREADY SURPRlSING EACH OTHER, 
YOU'VE GOT A BETTER CHANCE OF SURPRlSING THE AUDlENCE. 
SO, IT'S A LlTTLE LlKE CHEATlNG... 
AS A WRlTER. >> AND THE QUESTlON, I THlNK-- MAYBE IT'S EASlER IN PLAYWRlTING-- 
THE QUESTlON OF "MY VOlCE." 
WELL, WHEN YOU'RE WRlTING A PLAY,  YOU HAVE LOTS OF VOlCES. 
ALL OF THE CHARACTERS HAVE A VOlCE. 
AND SO, YOU KNOW, IF YOU GOT A VlLLAlN, 
WE BOTH ADOPT THE VOlCES OF "VlLLAlN." >> YEAH, SOMEBODY ASKED US, AT ONE POlNT IF, UH, YOU KNOW, 
HOW, IF YOU WERE COLLABORATlNG, 
YOU COULD SURRENDER YOUR OWN WRlTER'S VOlCE 
AND, YOU KNOW, IF YOU'RE COLLABORATlNG ON PLAYS, 
THE ONLY VOlCE OR VOlCES THAT MATTER 
ARE THE VOlCES OF THE CHARACTERS. 
IT'S NOT YOUR VOlCE,  IT'S THElR VOlCES. >> AND THE NlCE THlNG IS,  YOU KNOW, 
WHEN YOU REACH THAT POlNT IN A STORY OR A POEM 
AND YOU'RE PUSHlNG "CAUSE YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT COMES NEXT? 
IF YOU'RE COLLABORATlNG, 
THERE'S SOMEBODY TO HELP YOU DEClDE WHAT COMES NEXT. 
IT'S ALWAYS EXClTING. 
AND AGAlN, YOU GOTTA TRUST THE TALENT OF THE PERSON 
WlTH WHOM YOU'RE WORKlNG. >> IF, UH, YOU DO HAVE ANY QUESTlONS  ABOUT ANYTHlNG, 
UH, PLEASE FEEL FREE TO ASK. 
WE DO HAVE SOME  HANDOUTS FOR YOU, 
SO YOU SHOULDN'T GO AWAY EMPTY-HANDED. >> OH, RlGHT-- OH, RlGHT. >> UH, WE'VE GOT-- YOU KNOW,  WE TALKED ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF-- >> YOU TALK, I'LL DO THlS. >> THE IMPORTANCE OF FORMAT... 
HOW A PLAY  LOOKS ON THE PAGE 
AND HOW LONG IT TAKES-- A MlNUTE PER PAGE. 
WE GAVE YOU A LlTTLE EXCERPT FROM A LONGER PLAY, 
AND WE ALSO GAVE YOU-- OR ARE GOlNG TO GlVE YOU-- 
WHAT WE TALKED  ABOUT EARLlER 
ABOUT GETTlNG STARTED WlTH WRlTING PLAYS. 
THERE'S A SlNGLE SHEET. >> (indistinct speaking). >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH, MARYANNE? >> (indistinct speaking). 
Bunty. 
- Yes, Sweetie. 
This is for you. 
Oh! 
How sweet, Tanya. 
Red heart shaped box. 
Very nice. 
Bunty, will you marry me? 
That's your favourite Question. 
Right, Tanya? 
You keep giving me a fright by asking this question again and again. 
What's there to be afraid of? 
And if I wanted to frighten you.. ..I would've said "Please marry me, I'm pregnant with your child". 
That would've been better. 
Less scary. 
Listen Sweetie. 
If you want we can move in together. 
Live-in is ok. 
We can be partners. 
But no Mister and Misses. 
And no marriage. 
I've promised grandpa.. ..that I'll get married. 
And that too only to you. 
Then you can't fulfill your promise in this lifetime, Tanya. 
Bunty, marriage is an institution. 
A mental institution, Tanya. 
And the living examples are my parents. 
Marriage is the end of love, Tanya.. - Bunty.. 
You will know what I am talking about.. ..once you meet my parents. 
10. 
- 13. 
10. 
- 11. 
10, that's it. 
10. 
Sir, everyday you buy dozens of goods. 
And haggle for just paisa 50 a dozen. 
It's a long story. 
- How long? 
Its 5ft 7 inches long. 
People normally get married to fortunate, lucky and virtuous girls. 
But I got a spendthrift wife. 
She has changed the entire meaning of expenditure. 
She spends my money like water flows. 
Sometimes she shops for so long.. ..that she takes a blanket and a pillow.. ..and sleeps in the Home Department of the mall.. ..so that she can get up again in the morning and start shopping. 
I'm done with shopping for small things. 
The real shopping.. 
I will do it tomorrow. 
Not just that. 
If the stereo of the car doesn't work.. - She buys a new stereo. 
No, she buys a new car. 
And look. 
Do you see this dress? 
Its worth 2.5 lakhs. 
She says that Mallika Sherawat wore this dress in 'Murder'. 
What do you say? 
- Mallika Sherawat wore a dress in 'Murder'. 
When? 
- That's exactly what I say. 
That's why I come here from Lokhandwala... ...to buy cheap fruits and vegetables. 
Brother, I pray that even Osama Bin Laden.. ..doesn't get a wife like mine. 
Oh, God. 
- You intentionally ruined the dress. 
Mala, why would I do anything like that? 
Because you don't want me to look pretty. 
That isn't possible anyway. 
Whether I do something or not, it would make no difference. 
Really? 
Then why did.. - Marry you? 
Yes, tell me, why did you marry me? 
Don't keep taunting me. 
Anyone can commit mistake. 
Yes, just like your parents did. 
You. 
- Mala mind your tongue. 
Or else.. - Or else? 
- Or else. 
- Yes. 
Or else. 
- Or else what? 
Hey, get back to work all of you. 
Get to work. 
Bhikhu, you do your work as well. 
Should I do all the work? 
I can't even fire him. 
People get motorcycle in dowry but what did I get? 
This servant. 
Who can't even dream of doing any work! 
Be thankful that you at least got him. 
Stop it 
What is this? 
It took you 20 years to realize your dream. 
To turn your hotel into Bollywood Caf. 
For this? 
So that you can utilize every nook and corner of this place to argue. 
For god sake, your staff laughs at you 
'God, please show me a way to stop mom and dad's arguments forever.' 
Why did you bring me here, Tanya? 
So that you can explain to my grandpa.. ..why you're allergic to marriage. 
Come on. 
- I see. 
Call him, call him. 
Where is he? 
I have a even fresh matter today. 
I will call him. 
Grandpa. 
Grandpa. 
Tanya, hi. 
You didn't tell me that your grandpa is Albert Einstein. 
Shut up, okay. 
My grandpa means everything to me. 
18 years ago when there was an earthquake in Indonesia.. ..my mom, dad.. - Do all scientists.. ..get their haircut in the same saloon? 
I will kill you. 
Bunty. 
Come on. 
Grandpa. 
How is my child? 
Grandpa, he's Bunty. 
I am Gonsalves. 
Anthony Gonsalves. 
- Hello, sir. 
Sir, what is this? 
This. 
This is a time machine. 
A machine that will connect us with our past.. ..and make our future better. 
A machine that will break the sound barrier.. ..and take us back, I mean to our past. 
Time machine? 
Professor, they are are just film fiction. 
How can you make a time machine in reality, professor? 
It can be made, we can make, we can make. 
If we can see the past then we can also travel into the past. 
Think logically. 
Because logically.. - Grandpa, grandpa, grandpa. 
What is this? 
You were supposed to explain to Bunty about marriage and not logic. 
Don't change the topic, Tanya. 
Sir, you were saying something extremely important. 
Please go ahead. 
We can.. - Yes, yes. 
We can see the alpha Changeli.. ..which is four light years away from us. 
We don't look at it the way we should. 
But we look at it just as it looked four years ago. 
Correct? 
- Correct. 
The star called Turios that we see. 
We see it like it was nine years ago. 
We don't watch it.. 
By the way.. do you look at your face in the mirror? 
Yes! 
Every hour. 
That isn't fresh either. 
Its 10 nanoseconds old. 
Tell me.. if you get an opportunity to go back into the past.. ..which mistake would you rectify? 
My mom and dad's marriage. 
Yes, Grandpa, this is the topic. 
Marriage. 
Now ask him why refuses to marry me. 
Yes, why don't you want to get married? 
I am scared. 
It's just an excuse. 
If you have the courage to fall in love.. ..then you should be prepared for marriage as well. 
Logically you should marry Tanya. 
Stop saying that. 
Don't spoil her life. 
Think logically and tell me before 12 o'clock tomorrow night. 
Because after 12 o'clock I am going on a test ride.. ..in my past. 
Professor I have no time to think.. ..because tomorrow is my parent's 33rd anniversary. 
And I have planned a surprise party for them. 
Everyone must be thinking looking at you.. ..that why isn't her husband begging on the streets. 
You look like Zhaveri Bazaar's showroom. 
It's better than looking like an antique piece in the flea market. 
How much does she love me? 
Enjoy the party guys. 
Go on! 
Excuse me, get me a drink please. 
I should do all the work. 
Uncle Bhikhu, were mom and dad always like this.. ..or did this happen after marriage? 
They were sworn enemies. 
Their marriage was the second biggest mistake.. ..in the history of mankind. 
After the atom bomb. 
When actually it wasn't their mistake.. ..but your grandparents. 
How is that? 
They're dead and all that's left of them are their pictures. 
But they still don't like staying next to each other. 
Your grandpa Rai Bahadur Dhyanchand. 
No one ever took his advice nor was he brave. 
Especially before your grandma. 
And your grandma Bholi Devi. 
She wasn't innocent or a Devi. 
Wonder why they got their children married.. ..and sent me here as the dowry? 
"If I had wings, I would soar high." 
"I would show you the anguish in my heart." 
Here he comes, the great two-in-one. 
Two-in-one? 
- Yes, Kundan Lal. 
He's a singer, sings in two voices. 
Male and female. 
- What? 
Kitchen Kumar.. how are you? 
Where did you get these new set of teeth from? 
Kundan, what a surprise. 
- Mala. 
Bhikhu. 
Where did this duet come from? 
I didn't know that Kundan is also going to be here. 
How are you, brother Kundan? 
Mala. 
Kishen. 
- Mona. 
I am no longer Mona, but Ma Jogeshwari. 
You've named a railway station after you. 
Since when? 
How did you stay with Kitchen Kumar so long? 
What can I do? 
I thought about it several times. 
But its not right to throw the master out of the house. 
- What? 
Who is he? 
Kundan, he's my son. 
Bunty. 
But he is very good looking. 
Like father like son. 
You? 
Look handsome? 
- I was joking. 
You only appear to be. 
And that's regretting as well. 
Son, there was a time when your father would do cabaret for me. 
What? 
- Dad, really? 
- I see. 
Seems like dear dad has kept secrets from you. 
What do you mean? 
- He means.. 
Kundan, show him sir's dance moves. 
Should I show you? 
- Kitchen Kumar. 
You're great, the shirt is very good. 
-Don't say anything about my shirt 
Come on. 
- Are you mad? 
Everybody is watching me. 
Dad, do something. 
He's just joking, he's an old friend. 
- Joking, joking. 
Come on. 
Come on. 
Nice shirt. 
Come on kishan. 
Go. 
We used to do it in our childhood. 
Forget it. 
What're you doing? 
Come on. 
Nice shirt. 
Leave me. 
- No one can save you. 
Kundan, Kundan. 
Take you pants. 
Look. 
Kundan is just a friend. 
I never thought about him like that. 
Mom, dad, at least don't fight tonight. 
Bunty, who would you prefer to stay with? 
- Katrina Kaif. 
Bunty, I am talking about the both of us 
I am divorcing your mother. 
- That's a lie. 
Actually I am divorcing him. 
- Very good, very good. 
You guys have fun, I am leaving. 
Bunty. 
Bunty. 
Friends. 
To make this celebration of a 33 year old mistake memorable.. ..I request Mr. Kundan Lal to sing a song in twin voices. 
Come, come. 
Ladies and gentlemen. 
I made this song for my dear friend.. ..Mala for her marriage with Kishen. 
So can we change the mood now? 
Clap. 
"Now you can do it like this." 
"Take it to the left. 
Or you can do it like that." 
"Shake it to the right all my ladies & my man and my men & my ladies." 
"All my ladies and my man and my men and my ladies." 
"You can do it like this." 
When my mom and dad didn't have any love story.. ..then what was the theme of the song? 
"Shake it to the right." 
Which song would suit such an unromantic couple? 
How would both of them look singing together? 
"You can do it like this. 
Take it to the left." 
"You can do it like that." 
"Shake it the right or my ladies and my man and my men and ladies." 
"My ladies and my man and my men and ladies." 
"You can do it like this." 
"You can shake it to the left. 
You can do it like that." 
"Shake it to the right all my ladies & my man and my men & my ladies." 
"All my ladies and my man and my men and ladies." 
"What a terrible blunder." 
"Marriage turned into a nightmare." 
"It's a bundle of sorry. 
It's after your life." 
"It's better to die." 
"It's the reason for all the sorrows." 
"What a terrible blunder." 
"When you're attending a marriage." 
"Always advice him." 
"Don't get married." 
"It's dreadful." 
"Don't regret it later." 
"Here's your chance." 
"Run away now." 
"Pacify your heart that's eager for marriage." 
"Run away from the marriage dais." 
"What a terrible blunder." 
"The person who.. got married first in the world." 
"Catch hold of him, thrash him." 
"He's responsible for the mistake." 
"The person who.. got married first in the world." 
"Catch him, thrash him." 
"He's responsible for the mistake." 
"He was stupid." 
"He was cruel and ruined others." 
"Kill him cruelly." 
"What a terrible blunder." 
"Marriage turned into a nightmare." 
"What a terrible blunder." 
Thank you! 
Thank you! 
Thank you! 
I know! 
- Mom, dad! 
I would've never married you if mother hadn't pressurised me. 
You've always been the biggest geek in the world. 
You don't have any style of speaking, no personality and.. ..your outfits.. - Don't say anything about the outfits, Mala. 
You dare not say anything about them. 
No one washes clothes like I do in entire Lokhandwala. 
I am talking about wearing and not cleaning. 
And that's what will say even after I die, isn't it? 
That buy a plain cloth to cover her body. 
Oh no, I know you will stand up, throw a tantrum. 
"Couldn't you get Kanjivaram?" 
Exactly, you didn't give me anything during my lifetime. 
I will definitely ask for something after I die. 
I didn't give you anything as long as you were alive? 
What did you give me? 
Did you even buy me a dog? 
All our neighbours have dogs. 
But we don't. 
- I am there. 
Then why do you need a dog to secure the house, madam? 
At least the dog will keep me company. 
It will go along with me. 
Didn't I ever go out with you? 
When did you? 
When did you ever take me out? 
Should I remind you? 
On our honeymoon. 
And I thought we'll go to Kashmir, Kulu Manali. 
But where did you take me? 
- Hubli. 
And only because you were getting someone's bungalow free of cost. 
Kishen, you never cared about my feelings. 
Taking me for a movie, dinner, picnic was a farfetched thing. 
You never uttered a romantic word to me. 
It takes two to tango, Mala. 
You hated me before the marriage and also after. 
I don't try to keep myself busy with the restaurant business for no reason. 
I didn't go shopping without any reason. 
Kishen, if I am a shopaholic today then you're the reason for it. 
Because I tried to find happiness.. ..in these jewellery, clothes and shoes. 
But now I have realised.. ..that I will never be able to find that happiness in all this. 
You found that out after spending 9, 35, 33, 315? 
No, after wasting 12, 054 days and 23 1/2 hours of my life. 
Dad. 
Mom. 
Mom. 
Dad. 
Mom. 
I will never let you two separate. 
Never. 
I know I am going to do a crazy thing. 
But there's no other way to stop this divorce. 
To change their present, I will have to change their past. 
Professor. 
Professor. 
Professor. 
- So you're finally here. 
So what have you decided about marrying Tanya? 
Professor, I want to make a request. 
Request. 
Type the year! 
Any year! 
- Fortune town, 1975. 
Is that your birth year? 
My parents weren't even married. 
What's the connection between marriage and birth? 
City, Mumbai. 
I mean then it was Bombay. 
Don't touch anything. 
- No. 
Especially this red button. 
If you touch it, the machine will switch to flying mode. 
Get it. 
- Yes! 
Remember, don't touch anything. 
Careful. 
Oh my, God. 
I said don't touch the red button. 
Try to stop it now. 
Try to switch it off, Bunty. 
Press the blue button. 
Bunty. 
Bunty, stop, stop, 
At least hear how you've to come back. 
At least hear how you've to come back. 
Forget Bunty. 
You can never marry him now. 
I am coming mom, I am coming dad. 
Stop! 
Stop! 
Professor! 
Time machine? 
Professor! 
What Professor? 
Suryaprakash restaurant. 
Grandpa's restaurant. 
Hurry up. 
Hurry up. 
"I remembered you, my heart yearned for you.." 
The India Pakistan war has started again. 
Rai Bahadur versus Bholi Devi. 
Grandpa, grandma. 
Grandpa. 
How dare you cut the branch of my tree? 
Who permitted you to do so? 
Couldn't you find any other tree for burning Holi? 
I'll not spare you people today! 
Let my son come home. 
Your son. 
You call the delicate darling your son. 
And what will he do? 
Will he stick the branches back to the tree? 
Isn't it? 
He's very strong. 
- I see. 
He can uproot the entire tree and plant it back in his house. 
I will shoot you today.. 
Why shoot us? 
You have an atom bomb. 
- Where is it? 
Here it is. 
- Here. 
Here. 
- Wait. 
Kishen. 
- Dad. 
Kishen, give me my gun. 
Who are you? 
- Your father, you fool. 
Dad. 
- Sorry, Father, I couldn't recognise your voice. 
But I instantly recognised you when you called me fool. 
Stop blabbering and pass me my gun. 
- Here Father. 
Careful, Father. 
Careful. 
- Wait there. 
Stand just like that, one behind the other. 
I will need only one bullet that way. 
Let me see who saves you two today. 
I will save them. 
Grandma. 
Careful, grandma. 
This glass piece might've hurt you. 
Rai Bahadur, what's going on? 
Why are you scaring these innocent children? 
Innocent children? 
Look, what they've done to my plants. 
I know, I made them cut the branches. 
Why did you cut the branches? 
What right do you have? 
These trees are mine. 
- Quiet. 
There's no need to get angry for just few branches, get that. 
"My tree, my groves." 
Even birds don't make their nests on these trees. 
And by growing roses under the plum tree.. ..do you want to grow a new kind of plant? 
You shouldn't be concerned with what I do with them. 
This is my property. 
And this bungalow that you've seized.. - What did you say? 
That belongs to me as well. 
Yes. 
I will have you thrown out of this house. 
I know Indira very well now. 
I will get an emergency declared on you. 
That's going to be declared three months later, grandpa. 
Grandpa? 
Who are you? 
I have a wonderful idea to give them a fitting reply, father. 
Scoundrels, watch now. 
Just watch. 
What are you doing? 
Now you'll know how my son is. 
Oh.. no. 
He and my dad.. so this is how he is. 
You threw a balloon at my father. 
My delicate, innocent and.. 
Stop praising me. 
And give them a reply. 
- Ok. 
What was that? 
Is that your fitting reply? 
Father, I think the water pressure was low. 
So.. 
Father. 
Father. 
You're fool. 
That's a nice kurta, Kishen. 
Kundan, please leave me alone. 
Bhikhu, take his kurta off. 
- Will I do all the work? 
No, Kundan, let me go. 
Don't tear my clothes. 
Mala's gang is here. 
We'll deal with you later. 
Bhikhu, let's go. 
Mala. 
Are you fine? 
Are you fine? 
Those children stepped on me. 
Who are you? 
- I will tell you later. 
Bye. 
Mother is coming. 
- Mother? 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
"I couldn't find.. the one in my dreams." 
"I couldn't find.. the one in my dreams." 
"I searched the entire neighbourhood." 
"Youth's passing by." 
"Who will fulfil my desires?" 
"Youth's passing by." 
"Who will fulfil my desires?" 
"I searched the entire neighbourhood." 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
"I am soaring high like a free bird." 
"Why can't I control myself today?" 
"Lord, give me a cure." 
"I'm walking on water" 
"Tell me where I can find him." 
"Tell me where I can find him." 
"I searched the entire neighbourhood." 
"Youth's passing by." 
"Who will fulfil my desires?" 
"I searched the entire neighbourhood." 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
"Make me fall in love." 
"Or just steal my heart." 
"Come and take me in your arms." 
"I've lost my peace and sleep." 
"Is there anyone.. to understand my feelings?" 
"Is there anyone.. to understand my feelings?" 
"I searched the entire neighbourhood." 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
"I kept smouldering all day, it's surprising." 
"The fire is still alive, it's surprising." 
Gonsalves. 
Gonsalves. 
Gonsalves. 
Gonsalves. 
Anthony Gonsalves. 
Did I really make this? 
I don't believe it. 
I can't believe that I made this? 
The way it has landed I am completely sure you've made it. 
What did you say? 
- That's why professor.. ..only you can tell me how I can go back. 
But why did you come here? 
You mean to say.. ..you came here to make your parents fall in love. 
What a rotten idea. 
It's a stupid idea. 
- You gave me. 
Professor, can you lend me some money? 
How much do you want? 
Professor, you're a rich man, whatever you can spare. 
For Tanya. 
- For Tanya. 
Give me tea and bread. 
"Julie.. 
Brother Kundan." 
"I love you." 
"Julie.. 
Brother Kundan." 
Brother Kundan, do you want to stay unmarried all your life? 
Have you ever thought about love, marriage, girls.. ..or will I have to do that for you as well. 
I did. 
I also did. 
- I see. 
Thrice. 
'The first time..' 
'I love you, Kamla.' 
'I want to marry you.' 
'What, love marriage?' 
'What, love marriage?' 
'What, love marriage?' 
'What, love marriage?' 
Result.. 
'We believe that a boy and girl.. ..can have only one relation willingly.' 
'And that's Raksha Bandhan.' 
So what I, I wasn't successful the first time. 
But I still desired for love-marriage. 
'Here's my marriage card.' 
She handed me the card to her arranged marriage. 
The third time I went up to the temple for the love marriage. 
But I was slightly late. 
No.. 
When love marriage isn't possible.. ..then what's the point of falling in love? 
Here, keep the glass. 
And don't forget to pay him. 
Fool. 
- Yes! 
What are you doing? 
Father, I am frying fritters. 
Here. 
Keep 10 rupees. 
For the household expenses. 
-Yes. 
And if anything happens to the rose plants in my absence.. ..then I will send you to hell. 
But, Father, how is that possible? 
Quiet, fool. 
How many times have I said keep the ignition running. 
That heroine will come any moment. 
- Where do you want to go? 
All India Radio. 
- Yes, madam. 
What "Yes, madam". 
I want to go to VT Station. 
- Fine, driver. 
You can drop him to VT Station.. ..but first take me to All India Radio. 
And let's go. 
But I am in a hurry, this is my car. 
- Quiet. 
Come.. 
Come.. 
Today Kishen Kumar will see stars in daytime. 
Now you just watch what I do. 
Come. 
Hello. 
- Kishen? 
Yes, who is this? 
This is.. aunt Jamuna. 
Yes, hello, aunt Jamuna. 
Where are you speaking from? 
You fool, pick up the pots. 
Pick up the plants. 
Should I do all the work? 
- No. 
I should pick up the plants and talk to you? 
Yes, Kishen. 
Pick up the plants and speak. 
I think aunt has gone crazy. 
Pick this one. 
How is it? 
- Aunt, it's heavy. 
It will do. 
- Aunt, where are you speaking from? 
Where do I live? 
- Jaipur, aunt. 
So I am speaking from Jaipur. 
But your voice sounds quite clear. 
So why are you yelling, you fool. 
Aunt, father has said.. ..that we should speak louder on a trunk call. 
He's a fool. 
Maybe you might know better. 
But he will kill me. 
If he misbehaves.. ..then throw him out of the house. 
But.. aunt, won't that be a bit too much? 
- No. 
He drives my mother crazy. 
But isn't your mother dead? 
I am talking about my mother. 
Don't you and father have the same mother? 
Oh, no. 
He's the servant's son. 
After the servant died my mother raised him. 
What? 
My father is the servant's son? 
That means I am a servant's grandchild. 
Ask Bhikhu. 
Bhikhu knows about it. 
- Yes. 
Bhikhu is your father's brother. 
The servant of my cruel, low-down, scoundrel neighbour.. ..is my uncle? 
Kishen, aren't you ashamed to abuse your neighbours? 
Why shouldn't I, aunt, why shouldn't I? 
The mother's a witch, the daughter's a specter. 
You know, last month.. ..they pulled down my father's loincloth. 
Do you know that? 
I laughed at the sight of the scene. 
Aunt, you laughed as well. 
But aunt, he's my father after all. 
Though he's a servant's son. 
Aunt.. how is uncle Popat? 
- Popat. 
Popat.. flew away. 
- What? 
Let it be, there are others. 
Others. 
Others at this age? 
This is the age to enjoy. 
What's the name of the other uncle? 
Bull. 
- Bull? 
Bull. 
After popat (parrot) now its bull. 
Bull? 
- There are two. 
You're two timing? 
Bhikhu, Kundan, run. 
Bhikhu. 
Kundan. 
Thieves! 
Thieves! 
My father's plants! 
This one's broken as well. 
Thieves! 
Catch him. 
Thieves. 
Stop it. 
What have you done, Mala? 
My father asked me to protect the plants. 
My fathers will surely kill me. 
There's no need for that. 
Because there's something going to happen to you.. ..after which you will die of shame. 
What did you say about us on the phone? 
Ghost. 
Witch. 
Today we'll make your plight such that.. ..you won't be able to face the entire neighbourhood. 
What do you mean? 
I mean.. 
Kundan. 
We mean.. that day we pulled your father's loincloth.. ..and today its your turn. 
No, Kundan. 
Kundan, I would be left with no clothes. 
It's okay. 
- Mala, please tell them. 
Kundan, be careful. 
Kitchen Kumar is very delicate. 
Kishen. 
Give me this cloth. 
No! 
Mala, 
Where are my roses? 
Where are my roses? 
The roses were drying. 
So I made a paste out of them. 
Where's the paste? 
I.. 
I.. it was mother's anniversary.. ..so I fed the paste to mother.. 
No, to the bull. 
If it was mother's anniversary.. ..then you should've fed the paste to the cow or the bull? 
The cow. 
- So? 
I didn't realise whether it was a cow or a bull. 
Why? 
Was the bull wearing pants that you couldn't find out? 
You fool. 
Go and get betel leaf for me. 
I am in the mood for betel leaf today. 
Father, money? 
I gave you 10 rupees in the morning. 
I.. lent it.. to friend? 
On what interest rate? 
- One.. 
One percent. 
None. 
If you don't get the money in 24 hours.. ..then I will recover the money by selling you off? 
But father, who will purchase me? 
Quiet. 
Get out. 
You fool. 
Who are you? 
10 rupees. 
And 50 paise interest. 
But how can I take this? 
I can't accept this? 
- Keep it. 
Everything I own belongs to you as well as me. 
No, no, no, no, no.. 
You shouldn't touch my feet, da.. 
Kishen. 
I suggest you accompany me to my restaurant. 
I will treat you to a cup of tea. 
Or let's go to my place. 
I'll prepare some mango juice for you. 
That's the problem, Kishen. 
You don't have to make mango juice. 
Why? 
- I helped you, didn't it? 
- Yes. 
So what can you do for me? 
Give my life? 
- No, no. 
- Yes, I can give my life. 
No, no, no. 
- I will do it. 
Kishen. 
Listen. 
You will have to do a small favour for me. 
Yes, tell me. 
Remember Mala. 
Mala. 
That witch Mala. 
- Yes, that witch Mala. 
You will have to.. - What? 
I've to treat her to mango juice. 
- No, no, no. 
You've to make her.. fall. 
She's already fallen quite low. 
How much further do you want me to make her fall down? 
No, no, I don't mean literally. 
How do I explain to you? 
Yes. 
You've to.. 
No. 
- Oh, God. 
How do I explain to him? 
Yes. 
Watch, watch. 
Look, this is you. 
And this is Mala 
And this is.. 
And this is me. 
Here's your money. 
I would prefer dying.. than do this.. with Mala. 
Kishen. 
Kishen. 
You're trying to ruin my life, Kishen. 
Kishen! 
If you make Mala fall for you. ..then I will give you 5000 rupees. 
I had a wager with my friends that you can make Mala fall for you. 
And if that happens then I will win the bet of 10000 rupees. 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
Let's run away! 
Marriage ceremony is over, Mr. Jackie. 
- Hey... 
Jackie! 
- Yes. 
Pasha's letter for you. 
Jackie, I've raised you. 
And given you a new life. 
But today my life is in danger. 
On the statement of retired IG Mr. Shreekant Mathur... ...to the court on 25th September I can get death penalty. 
You must stop him from giving his statement to the court. 
How... you know this better. 
At present he's celebrating festival at Khandala... 
Your father, Pasha. 
Santo! 
Raghu! 
Kali! 
Badal! 
God! 
Who are you trying to threaten by firing in the air? 
Those days of threatening and firing have gone. 
Now I'm only a retired IG. 
- Uncle! 
- Yes. 
Uma sent this photo for you. 
Wow! 
Dear father! 
Your darling daughter Radha! 
Did you see? 
This time my daughter left me... ...for her college youth festival. 
Thank God, your darling sister is here. 
Sandhya, it's right that Jamna is my sister. 
But reason her widows are not supposed to have long tongue. 
Even I don't like it. 
But she's a widow. 
So, I can't even say anything to her. 
Shanti, where's Jamna? 
Sitting in the backyard. 
Reading a holy book. 
Mother! 
Aunt is calling you. 
You go, my son. 
I'm coming. 
What are you watching, mother? 
Nothing. 
Just looking at the ancient pictures. 
Okay? 
Show me, too. 
Only elderly people read this. 
You go and play with aunt Uma. 
Go and see, she'll be busy with her hero's photo. 
Aunt Uma! 
Aunt Uma! 
Tell me one thing. 
What do you mean by a hero? 
Hero? 
Hero! 
Yes! 
And what about your hero? 
My hero? 
He... - And aunt Radha's hero? 
Aunt Radha's hero... 
Aunt Radha's hero... is still in her dream. 
He must be coming from a far off place... ...from some mountains on his horse. 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Don't worry, Shreekant! 
Pasha has sent me. 
I'm Jackie. 
Tell me what you want? 
You are going to give statement against Pasha... ...in the court on 25th September, right? 
Yes. 
Will it lead Pasha on the gallows? 
Yes! 
Definitely he will. 
Never. 
Because you'll withdraw your statement. 
I spent 35 years of my life, listening to the... ...threatening from the boys like you. 
If I wish, I can kill your entire family in just five minute. 
But you've a big family. 
And it's in your hands to let it prosper. 
It was my duty to warn you. 
So, I have. 
You are lucky that my gun is under maintenance today. 
Your darling daughter Radha. 
Stop, Shreekant. 
I've no one in my family. 
But you've many. 
Think about it. 
19 days are left for you to give your statement. 
Santo, let's go. 
Hail Lord Krishna! 
- Lord, what a festival! 
Hail Lord Krishna! 
Uncle, we must leave for Mumbai now. 
Never! 
Shreekant Mathur has never got... ...afraid of anyone's threat nor will he in future. 
Thank God, Damodar isn't here today. 
Otherwise, he'd have started firing. 
Let go off it, 
I know Damodar. 
He's just a police officer by profession. 
Otherwise, he's very soft hearted person. 
Inspector Damodar! 
Mr. Damodar! 
- Hey! 
Hello, uncle! 
- Hello! 
How's Mr. Shreekant? 
- He's fine. 
In Khandala these days. 
Okay, on a vacation? 
- Yeah! 
And keep in touch my son. 
It good to be in touch. 
I'm helpless, uncle. 
Few of our Indian citizens... 
Really? 
- Yes. 
Okay! 
- Okay, uncle. 
I'll take your leave now. 
I'm in a hurry. 
Okay, go on to your duty. 
What he was and what he became now. 
He's my nephew. 
One of my dear ones. 
IG Shreekant had brought him from the orphanage. 
- I see. 
He raised him like his own son. 
And today he became an inspector. 
I heard he's very strict. 
Alright! 
Alright! 
Get up! 
Everyone stand in a queue! 
In a queue! 
Not you! 
You stand behind. 
Okay, what's your name? 
- Reena! 
- And yours? 
- Tina! 
Yours? 
- Rosy! 
Real name! 
- Ganga! 
Laxmi! 
- Oh! 
Ganga and Laxmi? 
You all are defaming your holy names. 
All of you are a blemish on the name of a woman. 
You people are living in a disguise. 
I'll send you behind bars. 
No, sir. 
No, sir. 
Let me go home. 
My younger brother... ...is suffering from fever. 
I had to do this for his treatment. 
I've no support in life. 
I've nothing to eat at home. 
Even my mother died of hunger. 
- How? 
She was suffering from Asthma. 
I didn't have money to give her the treatment. 
- Oh! 
You go home. 
- Yes. 
Not you! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
- Hello! 
Inspector Damodar speaking. 
Yes, this is Uma. 
- Oh Uma? 
How did you make a call here? 
I got this number from the police station. 
What's happening actually? 
Nothing, I'm on duty. 
Cover your drape. 
What? 
- No... 
Not you. 
Yes, tell me. 
Where's Radha? 
She has gone to the youth festival. 
She's coming back tomorrow. she's fine. 
Why are you getting disturbed? 
Cover your drape. 
I'll tell you after I come to Mumbai tomorrow. 
Okay! 
Okay, tell me one thing. 
Do you miss me? 
Yes, I do. 
Do you miss me? 
Yes, I too miss you a lot... 
That's why... cover your drape. 
What's wrong with you? 
What are you blabbering? 
No... not you. 
Okay, I'll hang up now. 
This IG seems very loyal to the Law. 
It seems we must think of the other scheme. 
I've thought of one. 
What's that? 
You'll disguise goons... ...and I'll become a police officer. 
Then? 
And we'll kidnap Shreekant's darling daughter Radha. 
It seems someone is coming. 
Have the goons gone? 
Take me out from here. 
Please... 
Just a minute. 
Sheela, someone is passing. 
- Don't make noise. 
Move away! 
- Stop! 
I said move! 
- What are you doing? 
Leave! 
Leave me! 
- What are you doing? 
I will not spare him! 
- Stop, sir. 
If you'll start firing, there'll be bloodshed here. 
Damodar! 
Damodar! 
See, what's does. 
What's written in this letter? 
Mr. Shreekan, your daughter Radha will remain... ...in my custody, until Pasha is in law's custody. 
Remember! 
One wrong step from your side. ...can harm your daughter's honour as well as life. 
Your enemy Jackie. 
Damodar, tell him something. 
Have patience! 
Your anger can risk her life. 
Before that I'll kill all of them, Damodar. 
She's my daughter. 
She's not only yours, but all of us' daughter. 
Give this to me. 
Come to your senses. 
Aunt, reason him something. 
Don't play with the laws and trust me. 
After all I too have some duties towards this family. 
I'll bring Radha back. 
You please control him. 
I'll call the police. 
God! 
What has happened? 
Pasha! 
Today you've challenged me. 
I'll not spare you and your son alive. 
IG Shreekant! 
Now you'll understand my language. 
Well done, Jackie! 
You are lying. 
You are not a police officer. 
Listen, try and understand. 
- You are a liar. 
I don't want to hear a word from you. 
Get lost! 
Otherwise, I'll kill you. 
I said leave. 
Just leave. 
Boss, honestly. 
If it was about a goon, we'd have managed. 
This girl is very sharp. 
We can't control her. 
We're trying to explain her that we're the police officers... 
And she's in the police custody for her wellbeing. 
But she's not ready to believe us. 
We've to keep her here for 18 days. 
How will you manage? 
It doesn't suit to tenderly girls like you. 
You all are goons. 
You've kidnapped me. 
But I'm Radha Mathur. 
I know how to tackle with goons like you. 
Never try to do that with me, is that clear? 
I beg of you 
You can take away all my jewelries. 
But please let me go. 
Look, you are misunderstanding us. 
We're government servants. 
We'll have to follow our senior's orders. 
Then why don't you arrange for me to talk with my father? 
What's all this? 
This is the result of your father's enmity with a goon. 
That goons is planning to kidnap you. 
That's why our IG has ordered us to keep you... ...in our safe custody away from the city. 
But how do I believe you? 
This is a not a drama. 
Do you have any evidence? 
Wait for the 24 hours and you'll get the evidence. 
That's a tape. 
Tape? 
Who dares to throw it here? 
Salute, sir. 
Everyone has different problems... ...and different solutions too. 
Your daughter wants proof and we want your statement. 
And you want your daughter's life. 
On the reverse side of this tape... ...you must record in your voice that I'm telling you now. 
Listen to it carefully. 
Dear daughter Radha, because of the lack of time... ...and danger from the goons, I'm forced to send you... ...with inspector Jaikishan and staff. 
Inspector Jaikishan is very honest and trustworthy inspector. 
You rest assured and stay there till I send you my next message. 
Rest, we'll talk later. 
Your father Shreekant. 
After recording it, you'll keep it behind the big door of Mahalaxmi. 
Mr. Shreekant, if you or police will try to play any trick... ...I'll send you half a piece of Radha's body. 
It will never happen. 
Why are you breaking the utensils? 
When daughter's body will come home you can break my skull. 
I'll die but not bend at an ordinary goon. 
Then I'll have to bend. 
Aunt, please try and explain him. 
This is the time we must think practically. 
After all it's a question of Radha's life. 
Come, Uma! 
Why, Uma? 
Come Uma. 
Radha, this is Damodar. 
Because of the lack of time... ...and danger from the goons, we're forced to send you... ...with inspector Jaikishan and staff. 
Inspector Jaikishan is very honest and trustworthy inspector. 
You rest assured and stay there till I send you my next message. 
Rest, we'll talk later. 
Fine! 
But what will I do in these days? 
As God's wish 
As God's wish. 
- He's little fast in speaking. 
He means to say. 
As God's wish. 
No! 
As Radha's wish. 
What do you mean? 
Who am I? 
- A girl. 
Am I a girl? 
- Yes. a beautiful girl. 
No, I'm not a girl. 
Then what you are? 
- I'm IG's daughter. 
Yes. 
- So, I'm the IG of all of you. 
So, you'll not smoke and drink in front of me. 
Okay. 
- And you'll never look at me with your heads up. 
We'll become blind if you say. 
And... ...it seems your hero didn't like my idea. 
We too didn't like it. 
- What? 
- Nothing. 
And yes. 
Listen! 
I've a habit of drinking milk two times a day. 
Lady Diana! 
This is a forest and not your palace. 
We'll bring rice and pulses, cook it... ...and will serve you the same. 
- That's not right. 
I'll cook the food and serve you too. 
Now go and take a bath first. 
You all look like goons. 
We're goons, we'll look like goons. 
- What? 
He means that we've taken up a disguise of goons. 
So we must look like one. 
- Oh! 
That's fine. 
But I didn't ask your names. - your? 
- Santo! 
Santo! 
- Raghu! 
- Gani! 
- Mohit. 
Santo! 
Raghu! 
Gani! 
Mohit! 
It means Sa... re... ga... ma... wow! 
Tuneless police officer have their names in tune. 
Sa... - Re... - Ga... - Ma... - Tunes of one instrument. 
Santo! 
What are you doing there? 
Come out! 
Of this instrument. 
- C'mon, hero is calling us. 
Whatever you say, but she's so charming. 
Remember one thing. 
We should not forget our objective for this girl. 
This girl will not stay here for 18 days. 
She'll escape. 
The day she tries to escape, shoot her. 
"Spring awakened from a sleep." 
"What an ambiance!" 
"Spring awakened from a sleep." 
"What an ambiance!" 
"Cuckoo sings sweet tunes." 
"Sings sweet tunes." 
"Spring awakened from a sleep." 
"What an ambiance!" 
"I'm still very young." 
"I'm still very young." 
"I know nothing more than that." 
"Nights of youth." 
"Nights of youth passes under maturity." 
"What will happen then?" 
"What an ambiance!" 
"Cuckoo sings sweet tunes." 
"Sings sweet tunes." 
"Spring awakened from a sleep." 
"What an ambiance!" 
"What a season!" 
"What a season!" 
"It made me feel shy." 
"It made me feel shy." 
"What did it say in my ear?" 
"What did it say in my ear, only the wind knows." 
"Flowers are garlanded with the rays." 
"What an ambiance!" 
"Cuckoo sings sweet tunes." 
"Sings sweet tunes." 
Good luck! 
Good luck! 
I'm so sorry. 
Never mind! 
You sing very well. 
Really? 
You heard it? 
Yes, I did. 
- We also saw. 
What? 
- We saw everything. 
What? 
He means to say you've got a melodious voice. 
Great! 
- What? 
He means to say you sing so well. 
- Oh! 
That's great! 
You people chase goons and dacoits... ...and today you were chasing the music? 
Baby, you've yet not seen our talents. 
But it's not good to move around freely. 
Yes, I know. 
You've got a zero knowledge of music. 
I am also a police officer's daughter. 
Every day, they've got only one job. 
Arrest! 
Attack! 
Arrest! 
Attack! 
Santo! 
Helicopter! 
I'm sure its my father who must have come to look for me. 
Shut up! 
They're the goons who wants you... 
Dacoits? 
- Yes. 
In helicopter? 
- They're rich dacoits. 
They move on by helicopters. 
By swear! 
I see. 
Father were also talking something like this. 
My Radha! 
Sister-in-law, why are you scared? 
Brother Shreekant has personally gone to look for her. 
He'll arrest that rogue in no time. 
Jamna! 
Bring my Radha back. 
That's it. 
My Radha... 
Yes, sister-in-law. 
She'll definitely come back. 
She'll definitely come back. 
But God... 
In which condition? 
I just can't think over it. 
That young boy and young girl... 
And she'll be all alone. 
And that too in a jungle! 
Wonder what he must be doing with her. 
And Radha is so innocent. 
She doesn't know anything about this world. 
She's so innocent. 
- What will happen with her? 
- Aunt! 
What are you doing? 
Which is this way to console someone? 
What consolation means to the ruined people? 
We're goner! 
We're ruined! 
I pray to God, why he didn't picked me? 
Those goons could have kidnapped me in place of Radha. 
- God! 
My God! 
She's a young girl! 
And that young boy. 
Mohit! 
Come here. 
Just rub my back. 
Mohit, come here, dear. 
My God! 
Mohit! 
Rub my back. 
Come here. 
Come, dear. 
Come! 
Rub my back. 
Why are you rubbing it softly? 
Do it with pressure. 
That's good! 
Whatever you say. 
But the girl is really nice. t seems we've got a spring in the garden. 
Our life passed between thieves and criminals. 
But she sings so well! 
What a dance! 
Wow! 
Rub in my front body too. 
You? 
- Yes, son. 
You are very bold! 
You looks so scared as if I'm kidnapping you. 
Unmannerly girl! 
Just now you said I'm a spring of the garden. 
Shut up! 
Santo! 
Raghu! 
Where have they gone? 
Don't worry, Mr. Shreekant. 
We've informed all the police forces across the state and Goa. 
Yes. 
And we're looking for them. 
If possible, connect me to the IGs of Gujarat and Karnataka, too. 
Okay, sir. 
I'll talk to them now. 
Thank you. 
What happened? 
What happened? 
I'm missing my parents. 
I saw a nightmare. 
Nightmares are to be forgotten once you open your eyes. 
Why to trust them? 
Father is so careless about me. 
He didn't care to know where I am and in what condition. 
But we keep him informed. 
Why do you take tension? 
All the police officers are same. 
You've got no heart but a stone. 
How do you know what living means... without parents? 
You'd never feel that. 
Perhaps you've got no family. 
That's why you all have become emotionless. 
When you didn't love anyone how will you know about it? 
I feel suffocation over here. 
I feel I'm jailed. 
Neither I can move about freely, nor can I sing. 
And you've got no idea about music. 
And you... 
Don't worry, baby. 
We're with you. 
It's just a matter of few days. 
Moment the risk of goons is reduced we'll drop you home. 
You'd never feel that. 
Perhaps you've got no family. 
That's why you all have become emotionless. 
When you didn't love anyone how will you know about it? 
Om! 
Om! 
Om! 
Mother! 
Mother! 
What happened, mother? 
Mother! 
Mother! 
Mother! 
Mother! 
- Shanta! 
God! 
Take care of my Kishan after my death. 
Don't say that, Shanta. 
Today I'll bring all your medicines. 
Today... 
Today... 
I'll sell all my flutes on half rates. 
Now leave your hopes for me. 
And take care of yourself. 
Doctor has warned you not to play flute. 
Doctor only identifies our disease... ...but not our pain and poverty. 
Shanta, you are my life. 
I can't live without you. 
Don't say that. 
Yet our Kishan has to grow up. 
He has to study and be a good citizen. 
Yes, okay, Shanta. 
I'll not play flute. 
But at least I can sell them. 
C'mon, Kishan, today we'll sell all the flutes. 
Ramu, come here. 
Come! 
You won't get anything by playing flutes. 
Mr. Pasha! 
My wife is very sick. 
I'm in need of money. 
Do you want money? 
Take this money. 
Take it. 
Buy all my flutes and give me the charges. 
Flutes? 
What will I do with your flutes? 
Play some tune! 
Your favourite one. 
The one that expresses love. 
Yes, I'll play it too. 
I'll play all the tunes. 
Yes, sure. 
No, father. 
Mother has told you not to play flute. 
You just keep quiet. 
Can't you see sir is going to pay us a big amount. 
C'mon, sit down. 
- Yes, go ahead. 
Father! 
Father! 
- That's it? 
Are you done? 
Pasha sir! 
I'll play flue. 
Let me rest for some time. 
No, father. 
You will not play flute. 
I'll play it. 
Pasha sir, I'll play flute. 
Will you play flute? 
C'mon, go on. 
Ramu! 
Your wife died. 
Father! 
No one understand the language of flute, my child. 
They only understand the language of stick. 
Only of the stick. 
C'mon, I'll teach you my language. 
You name is Jaikishan, right? 
- Yes. 
But I'll call you only Kishna, you know why? 
Because you play such nice flute. 
From where did you learn it? 
- My childhood spent with it's tunes. 
My father used to play these tunes. 
You know what? 
I'll miss you all a lot. 
Really? 
- Yes 
And listen! 
Do come to my house once, okay? 
My father is a very nice man. 
You know what? 
In my childhood, he used to make me cry a lot. 
He used to say, I'll get you married with a police officer. 
I never like the police officers. 
What will you say them now? 
Now? 
Now, I'll say... fine... 
I like one police officer only if he stops smoking. 
Smoking? 
- Yes. 
You... 
Really? 
Really? 
What if I wasn't a police officer? 
Still... 
But before encountering them it's very important... ...to bring out Radha safe from their clutches. 
But the problem is that if police will arrest them... ...or attack them, they'll shoot Radha. 
Or they'll point gun at Radha for their escape. 
I think so, sir. 
Sir, I've got one idea. 
What if we go to them in the disguise of goons... ...and attack them? 
- Yes. 
In that case they'll escape safely with Radha. 
And our network will arrest them. 
That's a good idea. 
Sa... 
Re... 
Ga... 
Ma... 
"Sa... sa... re... re... ga... ga... ma... ma... pa..." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
When... 
"Whenever the memories flaunt..." ...I feel I'm flying in the air and singing." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"Chain..." 
"Legs are chained..." 
"Roads are blocked." 
"Legs are chained..." 
"Roads are blocked." 
"Still they fly in air." 
"Still they fly in this playful air... ...the true love birds." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
"Ding a dong!" - Ding a dong! 
"O baby, sing a song." - Sing a song. 
"If the matters spoil at it's peak." 
"The flowers wither." 
"Sometimes I fear of the separation in future." 
"If the matters spoil at it's peak." 
"The flowers wither." 
"Sometimes I fear of the separation in future." 
"Where do they meet?" 
"Where do they meet? 
The two alien love birds?" 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
"Ding a dong!" - Ding a dong! 
"O baby, sing a song." - Sing a song. 
"Neither by the arrows, nor by the swords." 
"Nor by the huge walls." 
"No one can stop the love birds from meeting." 
"They will never accept defeat at the society the true love birds." 
"Ding a dong!" - Ding a dong! 
"O baby, sing a song." - Sing a song. 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
"On this evening, on the name of love." 
"Ding a dong!" 
"O baby, sing a song." 
Jackie! 
Radha! 
Radha! 
I'm here. 
Come! 
Come by the back door! 
Goon! 
Dacoit! 
Rogue! 
- No, I am... 
No... no... 
Kishan! 
Kishan, dacoits are coming even from the other direction. 
C'mon, hop in. 
Mohit! 
Hurry up, Kishan. 
They're coming. 
Sa... re... ga... ma... 
You escape with Radha on our motorcycle. 
Because they're targeting Radha. 
No, buddies. 
I won't go alone. 
- By swear of our friendship, please go. 
But Radha? 
I've the solution to save her. 
How? 
How do I look? 
- Shut up. 
Quick! 
Down! 
996... 
Stand straight! 
Radha! 
I kept calling you. 
You didn't recognize my voice? 
Come, let's go. 
Mohit from Agra. 
Hello! 
What happened, Kishan? 
- Nothing. 
Jackie escaped, sir. 
We don't know where he has gone. 
Kishan! 
What happened, Kishan? 
Kishan! 
Blood! 
You got injured and you didn't even tell me. 
Let me rest for some time. 
Please... please help us. 
It seems the goon's bullet's has passed through his hand. 
There was a heavy bleeding. 
For now I've stop his bleeding. 
But his pulse is going down. 
Do one thing, my child. 
Give him one packet every hour. 
Yes. 
- Okay. 
I'll visit in the evening. 
Doctor! 
You've come to the temple, my child. 
Trust God. 
Come, I'll drop you. 
Kishan! 
What has happened, Kishan? 
What has happened? 
Will he survive, Mr. Shashtri? 
Doctor said the next 24 hours are critical. 
No! 
- Child, I'm a manager of this guest house cum temple. 
I've witnessed any tough wishes getting fulfilled. 
If your love is true... ...Goddess will have to favour you. 
This is a true lover's oath to the Goddess... ...until my Kishan regains conscience... ...I'll not wear these bangles. 
But my child. how did this happen? 
He's a police officer. 
Goons killed tow of our men. 
And we've no clue about the rest of the four. 
Wonder where they would be. 
You very well know where Jackie is. 
Where's Jackie? 
Where's Jackie? 
Tell us Jackie's whereabouts and we'll release you. 
Tell us. 
Tell us where's Jackie? 
Radha! 
Kishan! 
Kishan! 
Goddess heard my prayer, Kishan! 
You are alright. 
You are alright. 
You are alright. 
At least now drink some water, my child. 
Thank you, Goddess. 
Sir, Jackie's two men are killed. 
And four are jailed. 
Still, you couldn't bring my daughter. 
Jackie is injured, sir. 
He can't go much far. 
He must be somewhere nearby. 
D'souza! 
Wherever he's... 
I can't return home until I find him. 
You... sir?! 
- Yes, I... 
Now I'll bring Jackie dead. 
"My love, my beloved..." 
"My darling... my love..." 
"My darling, my Romeo." 
"My Romeo... my honey..." 
"My love..." 
"You are my love, my dream-boy." 
"You are my love, my dream-boy." 
"You are a Hero of my love story." 
"But I'm not destined... for anyone's love in life." 
"You are my love, my dream-boy." 
"You are a Hero of my love story." 
"But I'm not destined... for anyone's love in life." 
"No one rich or poor amongst the crazy fellows." 
"Very few are destined for such love." 
"Very few are destined for such love." 
"This society is far away from the world of love... ...only the hearts are closer." 
"Very few are so fortunate." 
"Very few are so fortunate." 
"You may carry this opinion. 
I only know one thing." 
"I know... 
I know... 
My love..." 
"You are my love, my dream-boy." 
"You are a Hero of my love story." 
"But I'm not destined... for anyone's love in life." 
"Lovers have the line of love in their palms... ...they get such stars." 
"No... they only have their loved one's picture in their eyes." 
"Only those destined to obtain love... ...falls in love. 
They've got their sole right." 
"No matter what, Juliet was born for only Romeo." 
"No matter what, Juliet was born for only Romeo." 
"These are the old stories." 
"But I know only one thing." 
"That I'm not destined... for anyone's love in life." 
"That you are my Hero... in this life." 
Radha! 
"It's enough for me to know that you love me... ...and you express your love." 
"My heart always recalls you." 
"Let's see, who dares separate us... ...who dares stop us from meeting." 
"Love never waits for people." 
"You may carry this opinion. 
I only know one thing." 
"I know... 
I know... 
I know..." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"That you are my Hero... in this life." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
No... no, Goddess. 
It can never happen. 
Never... 
I'm a thief. 
A goon... a criminal. 
I can commit any crime but not this. 
Her love is so pure and I'm full of dirt. 
A dirt! 
She thinks I'm Kishan and I'm Jackie, the don. 
In her eyes, I'm a police officer. 
But actually I'm a criminal. 
I'm her father's enemy. 
I've kidnapped her. 
No, Goddess. 
Don't test me in this way. 
Punish me! 
Punish me severely. 
Kishan! 
Kishan! 
- That's not my name. 
Didn't you hear me just now? 
Yes, I heard it. 
I heard everything. 
And I also saw what my density is. 
Kishan! 
You love me a lot, right? 
No, I don't love anyone. - you are lying. 
Your craving, your voice, your heart say that you love me. 
Radha! 
- Kishan! 
Radha! 
I'm an absconding criminal. 
I'm a sinner, Radha. 
I'm a sinner. 
Will you... will you listen to me? 
You can ask for my life. 
Because now I will not be able to live without you. 
Kishan! 
You... 
You... surrender yourself. 
Sacrifice makes love immortal, Kishan. 
Love is a test. 
And those who fear it's result, their love is just a pretence. 
You may be a criminal in the eyes of society... ...but you are a true man in my eyes. 
And I want to show this to the world. 
- Radha! 
Kishan! 
Show them that even your heart is full of love. 
You too can feel pain. 
You are a true person. 
I'll do as you say. 
- Kishan! 
Radha! 
Don't cry! 
Don't cry, Radha. 
Now that I've got you... ...I don't even fear gallows. 
I'll surrender myself. 
Kishan! 
I'm proud of your love. 
And I'll always be proud of it. 
- Radha! 
Kishan, promise me that whenever you'll return... ...we'll meet at this place. 
Near this temple. 
- Sure! 
If I'll come back. 
Don't say that, Kishan. 
God always supports true lovers. 
Let's see how much he supports us. 
Now you go. 
Listen! 
My mother had given this locket to me in my childhood. 
Radha! 
"You are my love, my dream-boy." 
"You are a Hero of my love story. 
You are a hero!" 
Yes, Damodar! 
Uncle, Jackie has surrendered! 
- What? 
"You can take away my youth..." 
"But return me my childhood's innocence." 
"Ever since she has returned, she's silent." 
"Wonder what could have happened in these 16 days." 
"That young boy... and this young girl." 
Aunt, stop it now. 
Since yesterday, we've cried enough. 
Don't make her cry more. 
Why would I do that? 
Society will make her cry when they'll refuse her alliance. 
Sister-in-law, I'd suggest you to get her married... ...before the matter becomes public. 
"That paper boat..." 
Radha! 
- Yes. 
It seems you are hiding something from me. 
Yes, sister-in-law. 
I'm carrying a burden in my heart. 
Sister-in-law. 
I can't hide anything from you and brother. 
I want to share everything with you. 
Law may give bail to Jackie's men. 
But I want an order of Jackie's death penalty. 
Don't worry, uncle. 
I've prepared such strong case against Jackie... ...that even the supreme court can't save him from the gallows. 
Jackie surrendered? 
- Yes. 
Why? 
Why? 
- Because Radha told him to do so. 
What? 
- Because Radha is in love with him. 
What? 
Radha? 
Which Radha? 
Our Radha! 
Radha takes him as her husband. 
Radha has taken a promise from him to be a good citizen. 
This enmity has turned into a love story. 
Serious! 
Serious! 
Serious love story! 
And if Jackie is hanged, Radha... 
Radha... what will she do? 
I'll commit suicide, brother. 
I can't live without Kishan! 
He isn't a criminal, brother. 
He's made a criminal. 
I've never hidden anything from you and sister-in-law. 
I swear upon you... ...he never looked at me with evil intentions. 
Had he wished... he could have done anything with me. 
But for the sake of my love, he embraced death. 
Save him, brother. 
I beg at you. 
But... - Otherwise... 
Otherwise, I'll become widow before marriage. 
Don't say that, Radha. 
We're with you. 
I'll speak truth and none other than the truth. 
Inspector Damodar... ...don't you think you should have come in your uniform... ...for giving your statement? 
Your Honour, actually we become little tough in uniform. 
While giving our statement we forget the human emotions. 
I'd just repeat few lines of this Geeta. 
It says... if a sinner confesses his sin... ...and is ready to go through it's punishment... ...he is no more considered a sinner. 
Your Honour, we, the police officers tried our best to arrest Jackie. 
And finally what did we get? 
Nothing. 
Total flop. 
Order... order... 
Your Honour, isn't this evidence enough... ...that Jackie has surrendered. 
Your Honour. 
He was a criminal. 
But now he is not. 
There's a lot of difference between both the tenses. 
We must forget the past. 
And think about his present and future. 
If he wants to mend his ways, I'd request the court... ...that the law should show mercy upon him. 
So that he can be a good man, a good citizen... ...why... 
Your Honour, I think I've said too much. 
Sorry, I became little emotional. 
But whatever I said had some weight, right? 
Yes. 
Under the IPC section 362. court orders... ...2 years imprisonment to Jackie alias Jaikishan. 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
Jackie! 
My dog has bitten me. 
My dog has bitten me. 
Yes! 
- Sir, Pasha murdered two men and escaped. 
What? 
Pasha! 
- Pasha escaped? 
Joseph! 
- Yes, man. 
Don't worry. 
We've come to receive you. 
Now you'll reach Mr. Daver in Singapore. 
Your fake passport is ready. 
I'd suggest, it's not good to delay Radha's marriage now. 
But there should be a nice match for her. 
What about Mr. Prem Prakash's son? 
He's little close in our relations. 
But the boy is really nice. 
Even if we keep refusing the alliances, Jackie... ...will not come out of the jail for 2 years. 
And it's difficult for us to let Radha... ...remain unmarried for 2 more years. 
Its an absolutely lost case. 
Gone. 
Oh, yes. 
I forgot. 
Your old friend has sent a letter. 
From Singapore. 
- Singapore? 
He's Mr. Jimmy Thapa. 
Oh, Jimmy! 
He was my college friend. 
Last year he was stuck with some custom problem... ...and I had helped him solve it. 
He has also sent few of yours photographs together. 
See! 
God! 
I look so fat. 
Read what he says. 
Dear Damodar, many thanks for your help... you gave me in India. 
India's police and custom are very suspicious. 
That's why I don't like there. 
My business is well spread here. 
Now it's not possible for me to come... to India before 2 or 3 years. 
I'm also planning to get married here. 
I'm sending few photographs of ours together. 
I hope you'll like it. 
Uma! 
- Yes. 
I got an idea of postponing Radha's marriage. 
What idea? 
- Fantastic! 
Mister, there are kids in the house. 
Whatever you want to do, do it slowly. 
Bittu, go to sleep. 
It's none of your concern. 
Sleep! 
Sleep! 
Shyamaprasad Shrivastava! 
Who's he? 
I don't know. 
But he wants to see you. 
Send him in. 
- Okay. 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello, sister! 
Hello, sister! 
Hello! 
I'm sorry but I didn't recognize you. 
But I do. 
- How? 
See this. 
He's my nephew. 
Jimmy Shrivastav. 
He's studying medicine in America. 
I didn't get you. 
Shall I sit down? 
- Yes, sure! 
Please sit. 
Actually, Mr. Shreekant, I'm originally from Africa. 
Kenya. 
We're Indians. 
Very strict. 
Just yesterday I came to Mumbai. 
My nephew's parents are dead. 
I'm the only one now. 
And what do I say about him? 
He's very hardworking. 
But what do you mean? 
Is she your mother? 
No, she's my sister. 
- Tell her not to interfere. 
Jamna, just a minute. 
Actually, Mr. Shreekant, Radha and Jimmy... ...were in the same college. 
They... 
They are in love and they've promised to get married. 
Exactly... 
Exactly, in this way I had dropped the cup... ...when I heard about it for the first time. 
Actually, Mr. Shreekant, Jimmy clearly told me... ...that if they couldn't marry, they'll commit suicide. 
Yes. 
Yes. 
So, I'm thinking over it and you too must think All of us must think over it. 
After all it's a question of our prestige. 
What if they elope and do register marriage? 
Then? 
Then? 
And what if they'll really commit suicide? 
Then? 
Tell them to commit suicide and you too do the same. 
God! 
Nephew? 
- What? 
Who... 
What nonsense is this, Damodar? 
It's not nonsense, uncle. 
It's a fact. 
Look, uncle. 
It's difficult for me to speak the truth... ...and for you to hear it. 
That's why I had to do this drama. 
But it's true that Radha and that boy are really in love. 
Damodar, have you seen the boy? 
Yes, of course. 
Instead I know him. 
I know him very well. 
Aunt, if we won't accept Radha's proposal... ...we may repent in future. 
Damodar! 
- Why will Damodar lie to us? 
Boy is studying medicine in America. 
Radha likes him. 
If we are getting a good son-in-law... ...what's wrong in waiting for few more years? 
By then, even Radha will pass her graduation. 
And it's not easy to get her married in this circumstances. 
Radha! 
Come out. 
Come here. 
You always shared everything with me. 
But today you didn't tell me about your feelings? 
Father! 
Kishan! 
I can't come and see you in the jail. 
And this letter also may be my last letter to you. 
On this condition brother Damu has postponed... ...my marriage for 2 more years. 
Kishan, how will I spend these two years? 
I'll miss you every moment. 
We'll meet, Kishan. 
We'll definitely meet... ...at the same place from where we had separated. 
"Even after separation, we're worried about one thing." 
"How will I live for years in this condition?" 
"Death didn't but your memories reached me." 
"Long period of separation." 
"After few days love we faced a long period of separation." 
"Long period of separation." 
"My lips murmured in prayer for you." 
"Long period of separation." 
"After few days love we faced a long period of separation." 
"Long period of separation." 
"I'm not with you, my love." 
"And there's no hope of our meeting." 
"And there's no hope of our meeting." 
"On top of it, the spring puts us on test." 
"Long period of separation." 
"After few days love we faced a long period of separation." 
"Long period of separation." 
"Everything is ruined." 
"Everything is ruined before its prospered." 
"Birds separated before meeting." 
"Birds separated before meeting." 
"Cuckoo's note..." 
"Cuckoo's note kills me." 
"Long period of separation." 
"After few days love we faced a long period of separation." 
"Long period of separation." 
Government is releasing Jackie six months early... ...because of his good conduct. 
Inspector Varma, if government will allow me... ...to commit one murder, I'd kill Jackie first. 
That snake can bit us anytime. 
Damodar! 
Keep an eye on him. 
Yes, I'm eyeing him, uncle. 
I'm eyeing him. 
But now I'll keep strict watch. 
Strict! 
Who? 
Jackie? 
You mean Jaikishan? 
He left 2 hours before. 
"My love, my beloved..." 
"My darling... my love..." 
"My darling, my Romeo." 
"My Romeo... my honey..." 
"My love..." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"That you are my Hero... in this life." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"I'm your dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
Brother Damu! 
You've met Kishan, right? 
No, I'm seeing him for the first time. 
Look, Jackie. 
I mean Radha's Kishan! 
You've yet not become a hero. 
You've to be one. 
Because, the blemish that was on your head... 
I mean was... 
I hope you understand what I mean. 
Yes. 
I can never forget that past. 
I heard you are a good mechanic of motorbike? 
Yes. 
- First class. 
One of my friends has a big factory of motorbike. 
Okay, do one thing. 
Radha, you go home. 
And you come with me. 
Okay. 
You are a young fellow. 
So, you want a job, right? 
- Yes. 
Shreekant is my old friend. 
And Damodar is like my son. 
I have to listen to him. 
But uncle. 
- Yes. 
- You please don't tell this to uncle. 
Why? 
- Actually... 
Yes, I know. 
Shreekant doesn't like to recommendation. 
- Yes. 
He's mad. 
Even I had not got a job without recommendation. 
Son, your job is fixed. 
- Thank you, sir. 
Thank you very much. 
Chintu's father was very fond of diamonds. 
That's why I wear it. 
Otherwise, I'm not fond of it. 
Aunt, how's this one for Radha? 
Show me some latest one. 
Latest one is recently sold out. 
Our sir's friend has bought it. 
It's still in his hand. 
Marvelous! fantastic! 
It's a super piece. 
- Uma! 
I think he's Radha's Jimmy. 
Excuse me, is he Mr. Jimmy? 
- Yes, that's right. 
Jimmy, my son! 
Jimmy, my son! 
When did you return? 
Years passed in your waiting. 
Sister-in-law, look who's standing in front of us. 
Till now we had seen him just in a photo. 
Today we saw him personally. 
Who... - We're... - Mr. Jimmy. 
You know inspector Damodar Mathur, right? 
Just shut up! 
Talk about Radha. 
- No! 
Wait! 
I'm Damodar's wife. 
- Damodar?! 
Oh, sister-in-law! 
Hello, sister-in-law! 
- Hello! 
How's Damodar? 
Few months before he wrote me that he... ...is very fine and become fat now. 
You are very naughty, son. 
Letters must be sent by Radha... ...and you are talking about Damodar? 
Right, sister-in-law? 
He's trying to fool us. 
This isn't right, son. 
You came to India but you didn't inform us. 
Radha has gone mad. 
- Radha? 
Yes, our Radha! 
- What? 
So, are you surprised seeing your in-laws, Mr. Son-in-law? 
Now let's go home now. 
- Home?! 
Radha will be happy. 
She has gone mad waiting for you. 
Son-in-law, take this sweet. 
You must eat. 
Here... you too take it. 
Jamna, let him eat. 
Take one more. 
You must eat. 
Enough, Jamna, stop it. 
Son, they're very happy seeing you suddenly here. 
Relax. 
Feel at home. 
I'll take bath and come. 
Uma, bring my clothes. 
Yes, come, father. 
Damodar! 
Radha! 
He's the one you were waiting for, right? 
And see, we brought him for you. 
Your dream, your love... your beloved. 
Your husband! 
Are you feeling shy? 
Why are you scared? 
Greet him at least. 
Hello! 
Jimmy! 
How did he drop in? 
Damodar! 
Come! 
- Yes! 
Come! 
When did you come? 
- Yesterday. 
I hope nothing is wrong here. 
- No. 
How long have you planned to stay here? 
Now I'm planning to settle down. 
Jimmy! 
Hey! 
What's the reason of my friend's worry? 
What do I say, Yuvraj? 
What do I say, Yuvraj? 
I've gone mad today. 
Many girls came in my life and I forgot them. 
But this one has impressed me. 
Wow! 
Excuse me, Jaikishan! 
- Mr. Berry! 
Senior sir has come from Delhi. 
Hello! 
- Sir, he's Jaikishan! 
I had told you about him. 
Oh! 
Congratulations! 
- Thank you very much. 
In a short time, you became a hero of our company. 
I read your suggestions about Rajdoot motorcycle 
I liked it. 
- Thank you very much. 
So, mister. 
You got promotion, right? 
I never say anything wrong. 
Aunt, where's Radha? 
Aunt, where's Radha? 
She has gone to visit a motorbike factory... ...with her Jimmy. 
- What? 
Yes! 
- Alone? 
I sent her. 
So what? 
Aunt, we never send a girl and a boy out before marriage. 
This is a love marriage, son. 
And you must be aware what can happen before marriage... ...in such types of marriage. 
They come closer and closer... ...and embrace each other. 
He's Jimmy and he's Kishan. 
Nice to meet you. 
Thank you very much for the drama you played for us. 
Thank Mr. Damodar to trap me in this. 
He's a very nice person. 
Oh! 
So, this is your motorbike factory. 
Yes, I work here. 
What? 
You work here? 
Yuck! 
I thought you are an owner of it. 
No! 
I'm a labour. 
Labour?! 
Sad! 
Very sad! 
Labour class people. 
Anyway, Kishan. 
These are few shirts... ...I had bought them for myself. 
I didn't like it. 
You keep it. 
No, sir. 
Thank you. 
Take it, man. 
Take it. 
It's my habit to help poor friends. 
Keep it, man. 
- No, thank you, sir. 
Your size is smaller than mine. 
As my chest is wider than you. 
Neither my poverty nor your friendship can cover it. 
Hey... this guy is self-made. 
I like it. 
Is this your bike? 
- Yes, it's mine. 
Which model? 
- Yamah Rajdoot 350. 
It's a very good bike, sir. 
A latest model of our company. 
No 1 bike in India. 
Indian bike! 
Indian bike is a Indian bike!! 
Shit tank, shit tyre! 
And shit model! 
What nonsense is this, Jimmy? 
Don't get angry, darling. 
He's right. 
Indian is Indian and foreign is foreign. 
Now see, this foreign metal. 
It's very strong. 
You can punch it anywhere. 
Nothing will happen to it. 
Hit it here or there... 
Keep hitting... keep hitting anywhere. 
Hey... 
Hit anywhere. 
Nothing happens. 
My God! 
- Sorry, Mr. Jimmy. 
Your car's metal was no doubt from foreign. 
But I'm sorry, the hand was Indian. 
That's why your car got injured. 
Thank you for bringing Radha here. 
Now it's upto Radha. 
She can hop in any vehicle she wants. 
Come, darling. 
- Stop, Kishan! 
- Car is waiting for you. 
Bye, Jimmy! 
Call me in the morning, okay? 
Thank you. 
Rogue! 
If your intentions are pure, even the God supports you. 
Good morning sir. 
This morning is really very good. 
Why, sir? 
There's good news for you. 
Good news? 
- Yes. 
There's going to be a motorcycle race from Mumbai to Poona. 
Many big models of motorcycle are coming to take part. 
Our company has selected you to take part... ...in the competition with Rajdoot 350. 
Wow! 
- Really, sir? 
Do you had to interrupt? 
First prize is worth Rs50000. 
If you won, our model will won. 
And with it's victory, the company will win. 
Your house will be made, your dream house. 
Wow! 
What a horoscope! 
Planets are very firm at their positions... ...facing some obstacles too... ...which means the girl is very adamant. 
- That's right. 
She'll do love marriage. 
Boy's name will start with J. 
That means Jimmy. 
- Yes. 
This year, the boy will take part in some air competition... ...and win the first prize. 
And he'll earn fame in the world. 
He'll be her husband. 
Air competition? 
Yes, I remember. 
Motor cycle race. 
Tomorrow is Sunday. 
And there's going to be a motorcycle race. 
I stood first in Singapore for consecutive 3 years. 
And I'll definitely take part in this race. 
Yes, son and do come first. 
This is a question of our reputation. 
Yes. 
This race is of 30 miles distance from Mumbai to Panvel. 
And 21 motorbikes across the world are taking part. 
Number 9, Mr. Jaikishan from Escort. 
Motorbike, Rajdoot 350. 
Number 16. 
Mr. Jimmy Thapa from Singapore. 
Jimmy! 
- Father! 
21 young boys across the world have come to take part. 
And thousands of young boys and girls have come to see them. 
They look, enthusiastic, energized and motivated. 
And this cross country race is going to be... 
Mr. Shreekant! 
- Mr. Bharat! 
Hello, uncle. 
- Bless you, son. 
- How are you? 
Where's Damodar? 
- Delhi. 
Crowd is cheering them. 
And last years Hongkong race's winner 
Mr. Bharat, if my son-in-law Jimmy would win... ...I'll throw a grand party. 
If my son Jaikishan would win I'll throw a grand party. 
Hail Rajdoot! 
Mr. Bharat, my jimmy has Honda. 
So what? 
Only my son will win. 
The race opens today... 1... 2... 3... 4... 
Is ahead... 
He's ahead of everyone and number 9 is trying to chase. 
Jimmy! 
- C'mon, Rajdoot! 
Jaikishan with Rajdoot on number 9... 
Number 16 has crossed number 9. 
Number 16 is Jimmy Thapa. 
And jimmy Thapa is moving ahead and he's ahead... 
Number 9 is exactly in line with number 16. 
Number 9 is moving ahead now. 
And he has gone much ahead. 
Number 9 has left Jimmy Thapa behind. 
And Number 9 is going ahead. 
A tough competition between number 9 and number 16. 
Well done Jimmy! 
Number 9... - Idiot, he has got number 16... yes. 
To hell with this number 9. 
He's cheating. hey're about to reach Panvel point now. 
Number 9 is still ahead. 
Jaikishan has also reached there now. 
He's in full speed. 
It seems Jikishan has vowed to make Rajdoot win. 
But number 16 is also very adamant it seems. 
There they come to the final. 
They're about to reach. 
And here they've come. and they're on the point. 
Number 9... number 16... 
Number 9... number 16... 
Number 9... and there number 9 is the winner. 
Rajdoot Yamaha 350 
"You are my dream-boy. 
You are my love." 
"You are my Hero..." 
This is a cheating. 
It's partiality. 
And father they dig 3 feet deep pits in my ways. 
And they made total confusion on finishing line. 
You must have seen, father. 
Don't get disheartened, my child. 
I've told Pundit to fix a date for your marriage with Radha. 
Father! 
You are God! 
You are a great man. 
And I'm a thief! 
A cheater! 
Today, before Damodar arrives... ...I'll tell you everything true. 
What do you want to tell me? 
Go on. 
Actually, I'm... 
I'm not your would-be son-in-law. 
A charade has been played with you. 
And I'm forced to play a role of fraud son-in-law. 
Actually, your would-be son-in-law is someone else. 
Who's he? 
- Today's race winner. 
Jackie! 
- No! 
You can slap me or kill me. 
I'll get the punishment of my deeds. 
But this is true. 
Mr. Bharat Singh has thrown a big party for Jackie's victory. 
And Jackie and Radha are also taking part... ...in a stage program of that party. 
And you'll be made a chief guest of that program. 
I would like to see this truth. 
I'll attend the party. 
I'll definitely go. 
Has father come here? 
Radha! 
I don't want you to sing with Kishan in the party. 
There'll be a big confusion. 
I'll sing. 
- Radha, father has come to known everything. 
And no one else other than you could be there behind it. 
No, Radha. 
I promise you. 
I'm yours only. 
I love you. 
I love you. 
I love you. 
But I love Kishan. 
Then get ready for the ruin. 
I agree. 
Welcome! 
Kishan! 
Father has come here. 
And Jimmy has done this. 
Yes, I heard. 
- God! 
Support my love. 
It has to reveal one day. 
So, let it reveal today. 
"I have heard this from people." 
"It's also written in books." 
"Everyone has said the same." 
"Everyone has said the same." 
"Lovers never fear." 
"They never fear." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Lovers never fear." 
"They never fear." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Lovers never fear." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Build huge walls." 
"Build huge walls, keep watch on us." 
"Build huge walls, keep watch on us." 
"Bring as many obstacles as you want." 
"Bring as many obstacles as you want." 
"A storms would not stop... ...when the clouds come down." 
"A storms would not stop. ...when the clouds come down." 
"Everything sings in one tune." 
"Lovers never fear." 
"They never fear." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
Radha! 
Father is very angry. 
He wants to you to come home now. 
Otherwise... 
Sorry, ladies and gentlemen! 
Actually, we've got an urgent work, so we must leave. 
Sorry! 
Shall we? 
"Neither love nor the fragrance can be kept hidden." 
"Neither love nor the fragrance can be kept hidden." 
"If you want I'll announce..." 
"Neither love nor the fragrance can be kept hidden." 
"If you want I'll announce..." 
"Get me a pinch of vermillion and I'll marry you now." 
"Get me a pinch of vermillion and I'll marry you now." 
"What will the society do?" 
"They'll gossip." 
"What will the society do?" 
"They'll gossip." 
"They'll keep gossiping." 
"They'll keep gossiping." 
"That lovers never fear." 
"They never fear." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
"Those who fear, never fall in love." 
Tonight's party is in the name of... ...Mr. Jaikishan and Radha Mathur's true love. 
So from the Escort Musical Club... ...the first prize winner is Mr. Jaikishan and Radha Mathur. 
Ramcharan, call everyone out. 
Yes, tell Damodar to catch the next flight and come home. 
Yes, I've an urgent work. 
I want to say... 
Yes. 
- Brother! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Hail Krishna! 
Father, I know you wouldn't be able to sleep... ...yesterday night after that incidence. 
That's why I've come to you. 
Today all your threats will be answered, Mr. Jackie, the don. 
Tell me what do you want to say? 
No, father. 
I remember. 
On the same day... ...once I had come to you in the form of devil. 
That time I was Jackie. 
And today I'm Jaikishan, father. 
Your daughter Radha has made me a human. 
It's her love. 
Today on the bases of this truth, I've dared... ...to come and ask for your daughter's hand in marriage. 
Do you know the punishment of stepping in this house? 
I've gone through many punishments, father. 
And I'm ready to go through any punishment. 
Then watch my last punishment. 
Brother! 
- No! 
What are you doing? 
Stop, Jamna! 
Stop there everyone! 
No, uncle! 
Don't do that. 
Think of your daughter and your prestige. 
He's that goon who has brought shame to my prestige. 
He snatched away my daughter from me. 
I'll not spare him. 
Yes, he has snatched away your daughter. 
He has... 
Shoot him. 
Kill him... 
But remember, first you'll have to kill your own daughter. 
Radha! 
Radha! 
Radha is Kishan's flute. 
No one could separate it. 
She'll live and die with him. 
What are you doing? 
At least think about me. 
Lowly! 
Your father arrested so many criminals. 
And you want him to be a criminal today? 
God! 
How dare you stare at my brother?! 
For this criminal? 
Criminal?! 
Not he, you all are criminals... ...who are stopping him from being a good person. 
You are forcing him to be evil. 
Go and make him good as you want. 
Go away... go... get lost. 
You are dead for us. you are dead. 
Yes, go away with him. 
No one will stop you. 
Yes, I'll go away. 
Right now. 
Let's go, Kishna. 
No, Radha. 
I'll not take you away in this way. 
Mother! 
Mother, if I wanted to elope with Radha I'd have done that 2 years before. 
But now I'll take her away with respect and self-esteem. 
Self-esteem! 
Cultured people are self-esteemed... ...not some dirty blood. 
Because I recognize dirty blood as goons. 
Father! 
I'm sorry, I respected you. 
You are not even worth for this respect. 
Because my parents were poor... ...but they were very rich by hearts. 
They knew to respect their guest even if he's their enemy. 
Kishan, I beg of you. 
Please, go away. 
Go away! 
- I'm going. 
But he has blamed my blood by accusing my parents. 
I'll never step in this house again. 
I'll never meet Radha! 
Never! 
I just asked for Radha's hand in-marriage. 
And not asked for her in alms. 
Kishan! 
- See, how he humiliated us. 
At least have some shame, you insolent! 
No, father! 
Don't do that. 
He has given many tests of love. 
He's really a noble man. 
If this will not happen, no body will trust love. 
We've spent every year in tears. 
Only... only for your prestige. 
Father, I'm begging for my love. 
Give my love to me. 
And you... is this the reward you gave me for my love? 
Is this the reward of my love? 
Tell me... tell me. 
- Father! 
Tell me... 
Tell her that her father is dead. 
He's dead. 
"Everyone turned away from you." 
"Everyone turned away..." 
"With whom you broke up all your ties..." 
"The huge..." 
"The huge wall of ego..." ...is constructed." 
"Long period of separation." 
"My lips murmured in prayer for you." 
"Long period of separation." 
"After few days love we faced a long period of separation." 
Radha's alliance is fixed with Jimmy! 
There's a call from Singapore. 
Talk to him. 
Hello! 
Yes! 
- Hello! 
- Mr. Singh, Jimmy here. 
Did you receive my marriage invitation? 
Yes, I did. 
And I'm the happiest person to see this card. 
Shreekant is not only yours... ...but my relative too. 
That's why I fixed this alliance, partner. 
You are coming to Bombay, right? 
Not only me, all of us will come in your procession. 
Along with the band party. 
- I understood. 
And I also want to see one more relative. 
Mr. Jackie, don't drink so much. 
For God's sake. 
Please. 
Mr. Bharat? 
You?! 
Come... come, sit, Mr. Bharat! 
Jaikishan! 
I came to know everything. 
You want to drink, right? 
Go on... drink... drink more. 
You came to know? 
Drink more. 
I'll drink... 
I'll drink more and more. 
So much that all my blood will get vomited. 
And from that blood I'll write a name... ...outside Shreekant's bungalow. 
Radha! 
That's great, mister! 
You lost before fighting a battle? 
No, sir. 
I've not defeated. 
Ever since my parents have died... ...I've been fighting life since then. 
Sometimes with the name Jaikishan and sometimes as Jackie. 
My names kept changing, people kept changing. 
But my destiny did not. 
But Mr. Bharat, the life of Jackie... ...is much better than Jaikishan. 
Jackie is a goon. 
Shreekant called me a goon. 
- Mr. Jackie! 
He called me a goon! 
- Mr. Jackie! 
Mr. Jackie! 
- Yes, I'm a goon, Shreekant. 
I'm a goon. 
Fine, I don't want your daughter. 
What do you think? 
Will I come and beg at you? 
Mr. Jackie! 
- So what if I'm poor and orphan... ...I've lived on my own. 
I'm very strong. 
- Mr. Jackie. 
I'm very strong! 
Jackie, the don! 
Jackie, the don! 
Jackie, the don! 
Jackie, the don! 
Never mind if Radha's wedding cards are distributed... ...but I don't like Jimmy's character. 
My department also has the same opinion. 
You doubted him right, Damodar. 
This is Jimmy's report. 
I've brought it from intelligence department. 
He's a smuggler. 
He's connected with a smuggling gang from Singapore. 
This is his file. 
The moment we get some evidence, we'll arrest him. 
That's a lie. 
Fine! 
I'm lying, Damodar is lying. 
Even the ClD officers are lying. 
Only my friend Shreekant is right. 
But uncle. 
How You better don't interrupt. 
Just keep quiet. 
If the son-in-law will be a smuggler... ...your house will be filled with smuggled goods. 
We'll become a millionaire. 
Our daughter will be happy. 
Our family will get prestige. 
- Mr. Bharat! 
- Yes. 
Did you understand? 
My son-in-law can't be a criminal. 
This marriage can't take place. 
Never... 
Jimmy! 
A smuggler can never be my son-in-law. 
So, I'm canceling this marriage. 
Had I not concerned about my prestige... ...I'd have punished you for this fraud. 
Shreekant! 
No! 
No, Jimmy! 
Jimmy, please. 
No! 
No! 
I'll kill you. 
- Oh no! 
- I'll kill you! 
- Jimmy! 
I'll kill you! 
I'll kill you! 'il... - Take it easy. 
Relax! 
- Jimmy! 
I'll kill you. 
- Relax! 
I'll kill you. 
- Relax! 
Calm down! 
Jimmy! 
- What's wrong with you? 
Easy! 
Take it easy, boy. 
- Calm down! 
Who's there? 
- I'll come now. 
See, what Jimmy has done. 
I was afraid of this and it happened. 
Few of my men have accompanied me. 
Send them upstairs. 
I'll manage the rest. 
- Okay, sir. 
Sir, he took those tablets again... ...that doctor had warned him not to take. 
Sir, Shreekant called off Jimmy's engagement 
See, what's written here? 
Sir, she's the same girl we had kidnapped with the help of Jackie. 
Jackie is behind all this, sir. 
Jackie! 
I want him now. 
Billa. 
I want Jackie. 
Either dead or alive. 
Radha! 
"You are my love, my dream boy..." 
This world is made of stones. 
And stone hearted people. 
Statue of stone. 
However you are, I accept you. 
I accept you. 
Billa! 
Come, Billa! 
Come! 
Billa, now I can't fight. 
I fought enough. 
Jackie, the don! 
Lovers are meant to die. 
What's this? 
Give it to me. 
- Billa! 
Billa, don't touch it. 
Give it to me. 
- Billa! 
Don't touch it. 
Kishan! 
Kishan! 
"Sa... ga... re... ga... re..." 
40 would be for the average female adult, 50 would be for the average male adult. 
But it's funny, we don't tell that to kids. 
I only learned this recently myself, too. 
Going through my whole life, and never really bothering to find out. 
And nobody ever bothered to tell me. 
It's like saying, 
"Here, have the keys to my car, go pick up some stuff for me, go get my groceries." But I didn't teach you how to drive the car. 
Teaching kids, "You got to eat it", but not teaching them how, or how much. 
Now, again, let me show you how easy it is to get protein. 
Especially here in the United States. 
Your standard American diet for breakfast, you got your bacon, you got your cow's milk, and you got your hen periods. 
How many slices of bacon would you want? 
I know you might not eat bacon now, but how many slices do you remember as a kid, maybe? 
Maybe 2, OK? 
Each slice is 5 grams. 
Two times five. 
How many eggs would you want? 
2? 
Each egg has 6 grams. 
So what are we at? 
10 + 12 is 22. 
How many glass of milk? 
One glass. 
Each glass has 8 grams. 
So you are at what? 
30. 
We are not even done with breakfast, this is not including the toast with cow's butter you might put on it. 
So, you are not even done with breakfast, and you are almost at the limit. 
The average American does not need to worry about getting enough protein, they need to worry about getting too much protein. 
That's why the U.S. has the highest rates obesity in the entire world. 
And people always tell me, "Jesus. 
What? 
You do not eat meat? 
Where do you get your protein from?" 
Like all of a sudden, "Holy shit, it's all of a sudden dawned on me, 
I have been without protein in the last 8 years. 
Let 's go to McDonalds and get a Big Mac!" 
Like, I am about to fall down or something. 
Or pass out. 
Have you ever heard of somebody in the U.S. suffering from a lack of protein and going to the hospital? 
It's unheard of. 
It's funny, even dealing with kids, I have a kid say, 
"I tried to go vegan for a day, and I got really sick." 
What? 
It's like people they know somebody who is vegan who is sick. 
Really? 
I know tons of meat eaters who are sick. 
Yes, you can be an unhealthy vegan. 
What I am telling you is it does not matter if you are eating meat milk, dairy and fish or you are eating a plant based diet, you should know what you putting into your body. 
You should know how many grams of protein you are getting the amount of iron, calcium that you are getting. 
By the way, people say omega-3 from fish. 
You can get that from the seeds, the nuts. 
You can get that from other things. 
Flax seed is a very good example. 
Think about this: these are the largest and strongest land animals on Earth. 
What does their diet consists of? 
Plants! 
You're in good company, if you're only eating plants. 
And what is so ironic about this is that the largest and strongest land animals not only do they just eat a plant based diet, they also live the longest. 
This animal can live to 70 years. 
They can live to about 50 to 60 years, the gorilla about 50 years in the wild. 
And their diet consists of nothing but plants. 
Are you going to tell any of them they are missing out on protein? 
This animal has 10 times the upper body strength of the average male adult. 
And where is he getting all his protein from? 
From this. 
His diet consists of roots, shoots, bamboo and banana. 
He is getting all his calcium, all his iron, all his vitamins, all his minerals, the amino acids from this. 
You get everything. 
Everything. 
Here is the new food pyramid. 
There are two things. 
Your body is like a machine. 
Think of your body as a machine. 
You have to put the proper fuels in it to get it to work properly. 
If you don't put the proper fuels, it aint gonna work. 
And if you put fuels that aren't as good quality as others, that will lead to heart disease, cancer, strokes, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol. 
It's like, if you take a Porsche, and you fill it up with diesel, what happens? 
You just screwed your car up, right? 
And I guarantee what are people gonna say to you, when you say, I put diesel in my car today. 
Do you know what they gonna say to you? 
I guarantee they are going to say 
What the fuck is wrong with you? 
No offense. 
When somebody puts a hamburger in their mouth, nobody says 
What the fuck is wrong, stop! 
Stop! 
You get everything. 
I know I said to think your body as a machine now think of your body as a house. 
I love analogies. 
Think of your body as a house. 
To build a house you have to start with the foundation, you can't start with the roof. 
Here is the foundation. 
This is the foundation. 
This is where all of it starts. 
The fruits and vegetables. 
Key to a healthy diet is a variety of foods, a variety of colors. 
You get everything from this. 
And then you build your walls with the legumes, the beans. 
And you got the whole grains, the wheat, the pasta, the spaghetti, the rice, the breads, and on top, your roof, you get your nuts and seeds. 
You can get everything from this, everything. 
All your vitamins, A, B, C. Vitamin D from the sun. 
You get all your calcium , all your iron, your omega-3, all your protein and amino acids. 
Everything from this, everything. 
Now I know I am a skinny white dude with glasses telling you to get enough protein, but these guys aren't skinny. 
Only one of them is white. 
So as you can see these guys, their diet consists of no meat, no dairy, no eggs, no fish. 
There might be some variations. 
Tony Gonzalez, he might be eating fish. 
Don't hold me to it. 
But I know Prince Fielder, who is the 2009 home run derby king, no meat, no dairy, no eggs, no fish. 
Mac Danzig, who fights in the ultimate fighter, he is a season 1 champion, UFC fighter, no meat, no dairy, no eggs, no fish. 
So you can still excel at your sports. 
You can still gain muscle mass on a plant based diet. 
Again, just remember the gorilla. 
So what do they eat? 
Instead of dairy everything a meat eater, a dairy eater an egg eater eats, 
I eat as well, that just comes in plant form. 
No cruelty involved, no cholesterol, high in fiber. 
And these are all the processed food. 
This is the transition food. 
This is where you go when you go from eating meat and you make that switch. 
Instead of poultry. 
Instead of beef. 
Garden burger, veggie burger. 
Right here what you see up here, this is one of the best items on the market. 
Again, not the healthiest food in the world, but certainly better than your meat. 
This is called the Riblets. 
I want you to try it. 
If you haven't tried this, go to Publix, Whole Foods, and get all this food at Publix and Whole Foods. 
It is really amazing. 
If you try it out on your family, you tell them it's meat, 
I'd love to see the response they give. 
It really is good stuff. 
And remember, all meat, dairy and egg products go through a process. 
It doesn't just magically form. 
In this case, the process involves killing, cooking, pasteurization, refrigeration, freezing, and we can not forget the all important seasoning. 
I remember going to McDonald's as a child, and I didn't just get a slab of meat. 
A slab of meat had herbs and spices put into it, was put on the grill, cooked, and then it came to me with a bun, 
lettuce, tomatoes, ketchup, mustard and onions. 
And a pickle. 
What all those things are made of? 
Plants 
We put condiments, spice and herbs on the meat to make it taste better, in fact, what would meat be without plants? 
It would just be a dead animal. 
Would be a carcass on your plate. 
It would be no different from road kill. 
So the word of the day is "Vegan". 
A vegan is somebody who chooses not to eat any meat, dairy, eggs or fish. 
And again, how is this extreme? 
How is it extreme not to be drinking the milk of any other species? 
How is it extreme not to be eating hen periods? 
How is it extreme not to be participating in a system that unnecessarily kills animals? 
A lot of kids say, even after all this,they are still like 
"What do I eat as vegan"? 
Now, all these products are vegan. 
There is no meat, no dairy, no eggs. 
But this is all crap. 
This is unhealthy. 
This is the junk food vegan. 
Now the kids get all excited and say "Alright, I am going vegan!" 
And just God knows what they are telling the parents. 
If your diet consists of nothing but Oreos, Skittles, Airheads, Fritos, 
Sour Patch Kids, and Big League Chew you are going to die. 
This is not healthy. 
I do not know if kids hear that. 
"I am going to live." 
On a healthier note you have your scrambled eggs, I have my scrambled tofu. 
Pancakes. 
You don't have to use cow's milk, use soy milk, oat milk , rice milk, almond milk, coconut milk, hemp milk. 
Fruits and vegetables. 
Spaghetti. 
Pasta. 
Refried beans. 
Even have vegan sour cream, 
Guacamole, comes from the avocado. 
Soy cheese. 
Rice cheese. 
They even have this magical cheese I'll get to in a sec. 
Veggie burger. 
Veggie dog. 
Cupcakes, they have egg replacer. 
I think I got them here. 
So you can replace the eggs with bananas, applesauce even. 
You can use soy milk, oat milk, more flour, water. 
Coconut milk ice cream. 
One of the best ice creams in the world. 
Again, it's not healthy, but healthier than cow milk ice cream. 
I've always said to people, "Wait a minute, if you can put a man or a woman on the moon, how hard is it to make a cheese that doesn't come from a cow, or a goat? 
How is it hard to make a vegan cheese?" 
Well, they heard me. 
This is called a Daiya cheese actually, and it's great thing. 
No soy, no rice. 
It's made actually out of tapioca and arrowroot flour. 
I know that's not making your mouth water, but man, it is good. 
Here is another example of where you can get your protein from. 
This is a vegan sausage. 
It's about that big, the size of this remote. 
There is 4 in a package. 
Each one of these has 29 grams of protein. 
Again, the healthiest food you can eat is whole foods. 
I don't mean the supermarket. 
I mean the fruits, the vegetables, the rice, the beans, stuff that's fresh. 
That is not processed. 
And the last thing I want to show you is another video. 
It is a happier video. 
And this is the whole idea of change in perception. 
I know I am keeping you here, longer than you probably wanted. 
But this is a really beautiful story. 
And I hope you enjoy it. 
On the night of September 18, 2007 a cow was spotted on the streets of Queens. 
She was tagged for slaughter, but she escaped that fate and literally ran for her life. 
Police and firefighters captured her and brought her to Animal Care & Control in Manhattan. 
From there, Farm Sanctuary's rescue team stepped in. 
Maxine's dash for freedom. 
There she is, beautiful girl. 
She was tagged for slaughter, and it would have been her fate. 
But she wanted to live and so she really ran for her life. and now she'll live out her life in the Sanctuary. 
It is interesting how the public responds when one individual animal makes a run for her life. 
They end up making headlines on national news. 
People's hearts goes out to this one individual animal. 
The cruelty that happens to farm animals is largely hidden behind factory farm walls. 
And people aren't aware of that. 
When you look in her eyes, everyone wants the best for her. 
Once they get to know her, and when people are able to identify with an individual and look her in the eye and see that she is living, feeling being who has a will to live, then people care. 
I have been working here with Animal Care and Control for almost nine years. 
This morning was really astonishing to me. 
All of a sudden it dawned on me, this sweet, innocent cow running away from being slaughtered. 
And I never been thought about it before, that something is actually being slaughtered, and it is my ground beef, and it is my steak, and stuff like that. 
And we have been eating this for years, 
I never pictured that face on that. 
And it hurt. 
I can't do that anymore. 
I can't. 
So, now, we are all work on not eating meat. 
Me and my entire family. 
Because I am realizing that this is a life we saved today. 
And with my family we will be saving a couple of more. 
Thank you. 
She is about a year old absolutely beautiful Hereford. 
And those unfortunately are cows that are used for meat. 
She was most likely at a live market and because they have a very strong will to live, 
like any living creature, she got loose. 
She had a will to live, and she did it. 
Hello! 
When she is going now, she is gonna have cows of her own breed even. 
She is gonna be so happy. 
When the trailer arrives, the cows in the herd will moo. 
Yeah. 
They will moo in a big line. 
Everybody lines up. 
They will start mooing to her to comfort her and to tell her that they are there. 
And she will moo back. 
Any animal, any creature has a strong will to live. 
She is an ambassador for all animals, who are still suffering in slaughterhouses and on farms, and who don't don't have such a lucky outcome. 
People love a happy ending and it's happy. 
After medical care and observation, 
Maxine explores her new freedom at Farm Sanctuary. 
I've seen that like a hundred times and I still get goosebumps. 
It's simple, you know. 
It is unnecessary. 
It doesn't have to be this way. 
You change your perception. 
You change the story. 
That's all it is, the changing of the story. 
And we cannot wait for other people to do it, we have to do it ourselves. 
Every animal wants to live, every animal wants to live, and no animal wants to experience pain. 
If you guys want more information, you can always email me at james@arff.org 
You can visit our website for all of this information www.arff.org 
We are giving these presentations throughout the year, this is on obviously every last Sunday of the month 
I give this presentations here at Sublime 536-30 
But also, we go to juvenile detention centers, we go to high schools. 
We do other many different presentations on different subjects as well, right now I am spending most of my time in camps. 
It has been very nice not to have to say, "If you can hear my voice, clap once". or "Do not put that in your mouth or your ear." 
So yes, if you want more information about what we do, all these presentations are free. 
They're all for free. 
We give them free. 
So if you are interested in having a presentation at your school, if you're a teacher, at some community event that you might be running, we do everything. 
It doesn't matter what it is. 
Birthday parties, 
Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah, circumcision. 
Maybe not the circumcision. 
Also I do want to say, there is a lot of information out there, we have starter kits, we have "why vegan?". 
It's a talk about the ethical aspect of veganism. 
There is also again more information on the Animal Rights Foundation 
This is a card. 
This has a list of all the veg friendly restaurants in South Florida, Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, definitely take one of these. 
It's all out there on the table. 
This is my card as well. 
If you have any questions, you can come and see me. 
If you did not, print out the email on the sublime list, and you want 10 dollars off tonight, it's only for the table. 
I apologize for that. 
But it's for the table. 
So not everybody at the table get this. 
Or no, you know what, I am wrong, I am totally wrong. 
It's for two. 
So if you have a group of four people, you will get two of these. 
And thank you guys for listening. 
I hope you enjoyed it. 
-What's happening guys? 
All right, here's the thing. 
If you're a penguin, feel free to dance around and have a good time, but don't f--k around and jump on a sea lion. 
Now I don't know what that penguin was thinking or why that sea lion needed to be so melodramatic about the whole thing. 
-Oh, no he didn't. 
-But I do know that that penguin is brave as hell. 
Apparently, Happy Feet plus gigantic balls equals a penguin. 
No but this video got a half million views in two weeks but it just goes to show you that even in the animal kingdom, everyone picks on the fat kid. 
-Fatty fatty 2x4. 
Wake up, fatass. 
-Oh! 
-Now I'm honestly not sure why he didn't snatch that penguin up and eat him with a side of Nutella. 
But no, his lazy ass goes right back to sleep. 
-[snores] 
-Look at him there, lazy ass. 
"Just five more minutes Mom." 
Listen if you're a sea lion and you're way too lazy get up and eat a penguin, that's like a whole other level of lazy. 
All right, if you're a straight male, then you probably don't know much about Liza Minnelli. 
All right so here we got some footage of her in an interview and I don't know much about her, 
I know that she sings, I know that she acts and I also know that I am like in love with her now 
'cause she did this hour-long interview and someone clipped a two-second soundbite from that interview. 
Here it is, here's the two seconds. 
-Balls to you! 
-Yeah, that's it. 
Ballz to you! 
Yeah, now that clip's been floating around, it was posted like three days ago and suddenly it's everybody's catchphrase. 
-Balls to you! 
-Now I don't know why she said it. 
I don't know the context. 
I can't imagine what the interviewer could've asked her to get her to say, 
-Balls to you! 
-But everyone told me the rest of the interview went normal and that... 
-Balls to you! 
-Was just one soundbite and she wasn't yelling, "Balls to you" to everyone. 
I mean, I would've yelled it to everyone, but she didn't. 
But I'm on board. 
Balls to you is hilarious. 
It's probably the best video that you've ever watched, you just don't realize it yet. 
Don't worry, you'll get it in like a week. 
You'll wake up in the middle of the night like, 
"Oh, balls to me." 
And I sincerely hope that one of those YouTube guys makes a Balls To You remix. 
-Balls to you, b-balls to you 
-Yeah, or something like that. 
Come on, balls to you doesn't have to be insulting. 
It could be a term of endearment. 
Balls to you guy, sir. 
[chuckles] 
Balls to you, sir. 
Now I remember you guys sent me this video like a year ago and I thought it was funny but I didn't get time to review it. 
But now suddenly the video's blown up, which suggests that it aired on TV somewhere. 
Now the concept of the video is simple. 
A couple of stoners roll up to Taco Bell and order their food, but you know, as Elmo. 
-Soft taco. 
-[Elmo voice]: 
Soft taco. 
With sour cream and a Pepsi. 
-I want a chalupa, with no lettuce or tomato. 
-A little chalupa. 
No lettuce or tomato 
And I need a number nine again with no sour cream. 
-Yeah, well, that's not a bad Elmo impression. 
Yeah, the video's funny, it's a decent prank I admit it. 
The video's now at over a 100,000 views and it's gaining fast. 
But you know, my question is, what the f--k is Elmo doing at Taco Bell? 
I always just assumed that Elmo was on a strict diet of, you know, sunshine and unicorn meat. 
But no, he apparently eats the sh--ty Mexican food that even real Mexicans don't even eat. 
Now if you listen closely at the end of the video, you can actually hear the cashier laughing. 
-Elmo needs lemonade. 
-Lemonade? 
-Yes, ma'am. 
-[laughs] 
-Let's be honest. 
The cashier finds it funny. 
She's probably high too. 
You know this is probably the best thing to happen to a Taco Bell worker since that f--king chihuahua died. 
Yeah, I do have one criticism though. 
You know, Elmo's a Muppet and it would've been ten times funnier if another Muppet had answered back like, 
"Uh, this is Kermit the Frog here and you need to take your punk-ass back to Burger King." 
Or, if Liza Minnelli worked there and was suddenly like, 
-Balls to you! 
-But I didn't order any balls. 
Well, you're getting 'em. 
But you know what probably did order balls? 
The comment question of the day, which comes from a user named, bam!, and he said... 
-What do you think Ray does on his spare time? 
-So, what do you think I do with my spare time? 
This should be good. 
Leave your interesting or creative responses in the comments below or on Facebook or Twitter. 
But thanks for watching today's episode of =3. 
I'm Ray William Johnson and I approve this message. 
So tell me guys, if everyone humps like rabbits, what do rabbits hump like? 
[Ball to You remix playing] 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
-And that will conclude Elmo's order. 

Let's say I have an n-by-n matrix that looks like this. 
So let me just see if I can do it in general terms. 
In the first row and first column, that entry has a 1, and then everything else, the rest of the n minus 1 rows in that first column are all going to be zeroes. 
So it's going to be zeroes all the way down to the nth term. 
And then the second column, we have a 0 in the first component, but then a 1 in the second component. 
And then it goes zeroes all the way down. 
And you keep doing this. 
In the third row, or let me say third column, although it would've applied to the third row as well, the 1 shows up in the third component, and then it's zeroes all the way down. 
Essentially, you have the ones filling up the diagonal of this matrix right here. 
So if you go all the way to the nth column or the nth column vector, you have a bunch of zeroes until you get-- you have n minus 1 zeroes, and then the very last component, the nth component there will be a 1. 
So you have essentially, a matrix with ones down the diagonal. 
Now, this matrix has a bunch of neat properties and we'll explore it more in the future. 
But I'm just exposing you to this because it has one very neat property relative to linear transformations. 
But I'm going to call this the identity matrix and I'll call this I sub n, and I called that sub n because it's an n-by-n identity matrix. 
I sub 2 would be equal to a 2-by-2 identity matrix, so it would look like that. 
And I sub 3 would look like this: 
1 0 0, 0 1 0, 0 0 1. 
I think you get the point. 
Now, the neat thing about this identity matrix becomes evident when you multiply it times any vector. 
We can multiply this guy times the n-component vector, a member of Rn. 
So let's do that. 
So if we multiply this matrix times-- let's call this vector x. 
This is x1, x2, all the way down to xn, what is this going to be equal to? 
So this is vector x right here. 
So if I multiply matrix I, my identity matrix, I sub n, and 
I multiply it times my vector x, where x is a member of Rn, has n components, what am I going to get? 
Well, I'm going to get 1 times x1 plus 0 times x2 plus 0 times x3 plus 0 times x4, all of that. 
So essentially, I'm going to have-- you can kind of view it as this row dotted with the vector. 
So the only nonzero term is going to be the 1 times the x1. 
So it's going to be x1-- sorry, let me do it like this. 
So you're going to get another vector in Rn like that. 
And so the first term is that row essentially being dotted with that column, and so you just get x1. 
And then the next entry is going to be this row, or you could view it as the transpose of this row dotted with that column, so 0 times x1 plus 1 times x2 plus 0 times everything else. 
So the only nonzero term is the 1 times x2, so you get an x2 there. 
And then you keep doing thatt, and what are you going to get? 
You're going to get an x3 because the only nonzero term here is the third one and you're going to go all the way down until you get an xn. 
But what is this thing equal to? 
This is just equal to x. 
So the neat thing about this identity matrix that we've created is that when you multiply it times any vector, you got the vector again. 
The identity matrix times any vector in Rn-- it's only defined for vectors in Rn-- is equal to that vector again. 
And actually, the columns of the identity matrix have a special-- I guess the set of columns has a special name. 
So if we call this first column e1 and this second column e2 and the third column e3 and we go all the way to en, these vectors, these column vectors here, the set of these-- so let's say e1, e2, all the way to en-- this is called the standard basis for Rn. 
So why is it called that? 
Well, the word basis is there, so two things must be true. 
These things must span Rn and they must be linearly independent. 
It's pretty obvious from inspection they're linearly independent. 
If this guy has a 1 here and no one else has a 1 there, there's no way you can construct that 1 with some combination of the rest of the guys. 
And you can make that same argument for each of the ones in each of the components. 
So it's clearly linearly independent. 
And then to see that you can span, that you can construct any vector with a linear combination of these guys, you just really have to-- you know, whatever vector you want to construct, if you want to construct x1-- let me put it this way. 
If you want to construct this vector-- let me write it this way. 
Let me pick a different one. 
Let's say you want to construct the vector a1, a2, a3 all the way down to an. 
So this is some member of Rn, you want to construct this vector. 
Well, the linear combination that would get you this is 
literally a1 times e1 plus a2 times e2 plus all the way to an times en. 
This scalar times this first column vector will essentially just get you-- what will this look like? 
This will look like a1 and then you'd have a bunch of zeroes. 
You'd have n minus 1 zeroes plus 0 and you'd have an a2 and then you'd have a bunch of zeroes. 
And then you'd keep doing that, and then you would have a bunch of zeroes, and then you would have an an. 
Obviously, by our definition of vector addition, you add all these things up, you get this guy right here. 
And it's kind of obvious, because this right here is the same thing as our identity matrix times a1. 
I just wanted to expose you to that idea. 
Now, let's apply what we already know about linear transformations to what we've just learned about this identity matrix. 
I just told you that I can represent any vector like this. 
Let me rewrite it in maybe terms of x. 
I can write any vector x as a linear combination of the standard basis, which are really just the columns of the identity matrix. 
I can write that as x1 times e1 plus x2 times e2, all the way to xn times en. 
And remember, each of these column vectors right here, 
like for e1, is just 1 in the first entry and then all the rest are zeroes. e2 is a 1 in the second entry and everything else is 0. e5 is a 1 in the fifth entry and everything else is 0. 
And this I just showed you, and this is a bit obvious from this right here. 
Now, we know that by definition, a linear transformation of x-- let me put it this way. 
A linear transformation of x, of our vector x, is the same thing as taking the linear transformation of this whole thing-- let me do it in another color-- is equal to the linear transformation of-- actually, instead of using L, 
let me use T. 
I used L by accident because I was thinking linear. 
But if I were take the linear transformation of x, because that's the notation we're used to, that's the same thing as taking a linear transformation of this thing. 
They're equivalent. 
So x1 times e1 plus x2 times e2, all the way to plus xn times en. 
It's equivalent statements. 
Now, from the definition of linear transformations, we know that this is the same thing, that the transformation of the sum is equal to the sum of the transformation. 
So this is equal to the transformation of x1 e1 plus the transformation of x2 e2 where this is just any linear transformation. 
Let me make that very clear. 
This is any linear transformation. 
By definition, linear transformations have to satisfy these properties. 
So the transformation times x2 e2, all the way to this transformation times this last entry, the scalar xn times my standard basis vector en. 
And we know from the other property of linear transformations that the transformation of a vector multiplied by the scalar is the same thing as the scalar multiplied by the transformation of the vector. 
That's just from our definition of linear transformations. 
Plus x2 two times the transformation of e2 plus all the way to xn times the transformation of en. 
Now, what is this? 
I could rewrite this, so everything I've done so far, so the transformation of x is equal to that, which just using our properties of linear transformations, all linear transformations, this has to be true for them. 
I get to this and this is equivalent. 
This is equal to-- if we view each of these as a column vector, this is equal to what? 
This is equal to the matrix where this is the first column, T e1. 
And then the second column is T e2. 
And then we go all the way to T en times-- let me put it this way-- x1, x2, all the way to xn. 
We've seen this multiple, multiple times. 
Now what's really, really, really neat about this is I just started with an arbitrary transformation. 
And I just showed that an arbitrary linear transformation of x can be rewritten as a product of a matrix where I'm taking that same linear transformation of each of our standard basis vectors, and I can construct that matrix, and multiplying that matrix times my x vector is the same thing as this transformation. 
So this is essentially showing you that all transformations-- 
let me be careful. 
All linear transformations can be a matrix vector product. 
Not only did I show you that you can do it, but it's actually a fairly straightforward thing to do. 
This is actually a pretty simple operation to do. 
Let me show you an example. 
I don't know, I think this is super neat. 
Let's say that I just-- I'm just going to make up some transformation. 
Let's say I have a transformation and it's a mapping between-- let's make it extra interesting-- between R2 and R3. 
And let's say my transformation, let's say that 
T of x1 x2 is equal to-- let's say the first entry is x1 plus 3x2, the second entry is 5x2 minus x1, and let's say the third entry is 4x1 plus x2. 
This is a mapping. 
I could have written it like this. 
I could write T of any vector in R2, x1, x2, is equal to-- and maybe this is just redundant, but I think you get the idea. 
I like this notation better. x1 plus 3x2, 5x2 minus x1, and then 4x1 plus x2. 
This statement and this statement I just wrote are equivalent. 
And I like to visualize this a little bit more. 
Now, I just told you that I can represent this transformation as a matrix vector product. 
How do I do it? 
Well, what I do is I take the transformation of this guy. 
My domain right here is R2, and I produce a vector that's going to be in Rn. 
So what I do is, let's see. 
So I'm concerned with multiplying things times vectors in R2. 
So what we're going to do is we're going to start with the identity matrix, identity 2 because that's my domain and it just looks like this: 
1, 0, 0, 1. 
I'm just going to start with that. 
And all I do is I apply my transformation to each of the columns, each of my standard bases. 
These are the standard bases for R2. 
I showed you that they're bases, how do I know that they're standard? 
Why are they called the standard bases? 
And I haven't covered this in a lot of detail right yet, but you could take the dot product of any of these guys with any of the other guys, and you'll see that they're all orthogonal to each other. 
The dot product of any one of these columns with the other is always zero, so that's a nice clue. 
And they all have length of 1, so that's a nice reason why they're called the standard bases. 
But anyway, back to our attempt to represent this transformation as a matrix vector product. 
So we say look, our domain is in R2, so let's start with I2, or we could call it our 2-by-2 identity matrix. 
And let's apply the transformation to each of its column vectors where each of its column vectors are a vector in the standard basis for R2. 
So I'm going to write it like this. 
The first column is T of this column, and then the second column is going to be T of 0, 1. 
And I know I'm getting messier with my handwriting. 
What is T of the vector 1, 0? 
Well, we just go here. 
We construct another vector. 
So we get 1 plus 3 times 0 is 1. 
Then we get 5 times 0 minus 1, so that's minus 1. x2 is zero in this case. 
And then we get 4 times 1 plus 0, so that's just 4. 
So that's T of 1, 0. 
And then what is T of 0, 1? 
T of 0, 1 is equal to-- so we have 0 plus 3 times 1 is 3. 
Then we have 0 minus 1 is minus 1. 
Let me make sure I did this one right. 
What was this? 
This was 5 times 1 minus 1. 
Yeah, 5 times 0 minus x1, which is 1. 
Now, this case, it's 5 times-- oh, I have to be careful. 
This is 5 times x2. x2 is 1. 
So 5 times 1 minus 0, so it's 5. 
And then I have 4 times 0 plus x2, plus 1. 
And I just showed you if I replace each of these standard basis vectors with the transformation of them, what do I get? 
I get this vector right here. 
So I already figured out what they are. 
If I take this guy and evaluate it, it's the vector 1, minus 1, 4. 
And then this guy is the vector 3, 5, and 1. 
So what we just did and this is-- I don't know. 
For some reason, I find this to be pretty amazing. 
We can now rewrite this transformation here as the product of any vector. 
So if we define this to be equal to a, or we could write it this way. 
We can now write our transformation. 
Our transformation of x1, x2 can now be rewritten as the product of this vector. 
I'll write it in green. 
The vector 1, 3, minus 1, 5, 4, 1 times our input vector, x1, x2, which is super cool because now we just have to do a matrix multiplication. 
Instead of this, and if we have some processor that does this super fast, we can then use that. 
I don't know, I think this is especially elegant, because what happens here is we applied the transformations to each of the columns of a 2-by-2 matrix, and we got a 3-by-2 matrix. 
And we know what happens when you multiply a 3-by-2 matrix times a vector that's in R2. 
Or you can almost view this as a 2-by-1 matrix. 
You're going to get a vector that is in R3. 
Because you're going to have these guys times that guy's going to be the first term. 
These guys times these guys are going to be the second term. 
These guys times those guys are going to be the third term. 
So by kind of creating this 3-by-2 matrix, we have actually created a mapping from R2 to R3. 
Anyway, for some reason I find this to be especially neat. 
Hopefully, at least you find this somewhat instructive. 
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Let's do a little bit of practice dividing rational numbers, or another way to think about it, dividing fractions. 
Same thing. 
So we have part A. 
Well, number 1. 
Find the multiplicative inverse of each of the following. 
Now, all that means is if I have some number a, its inverse is going to be 1/a. 
When I take a number and I multiply it by its multiplicative inverse, I'm going to get a/a, which is equal to 1. 
So a times its multiplicative inverse is going to be 1. 
So let's do these problems. 
So part A. 
We have 100. 
So the multiplicative inverse of that is just going to be 1/100. 
And if you multiplied that times that, you'd get 1. 
Part B. 
I'll do all of these. 
We have 2/8. 
The inverse of 2/8 is 1 over 2/8, which is the same thing-- this is equal to 1 times the inverse of this. 
Times 8/2, which is the same thing as 4. 
Now immediately, you might see something. 
I guess, you see a pattern here. 
If I take 1 over a fraction, the result is the fraction swapped. 
So the inverse of 2/8 is 8/2. 
You just swap the numerator and the denominator. 
So let's apply that to part C. 
If I have negative 19/21, its inverse is just going to be you swap the numerator and the denominator. 
Negative 21/19. 
And if you were to multiply these two numbers, you would get 1. 
The negatives would cancel out. 
The 21 and the 21 would cancel out, the 19 and the 19 would cancel out. 
Part D. 
The inverse of 7, multiplicative inverse, is 1/7. 
And then finally, let's do E. 
So the inverse of-- so they give us z to the third over-- so it's negative z to the third over 2xy to the third. 
So the multiplicative inverse of that-- one of the harder words for me to say-- is just going to be equal to-- so that's the inverse-- is going to be 1 over this, which is just going to be negative. 
The denominator becomes the numerator. 
2y to the third over z cubed. 
Now let's go to this next section. 
Divide the following rational numbers. 
Be sure that your answer is in simplest form. 
So I'm just going to do every other one of these problems, just so that I don't use up all of your time. 
So let's do this first one: part A. 
Well, I'll do it over here. 
Part A. 5/2 divided by 1/4. 
This is the same thing as 5/2 times 4/1. 
You divide by something is the same thing as multiplying by its inverse. 
So I'm multiplying by the inverse of 1/4. 
So this is going to be equal to-- well, we could divide the numerator and denominator by 2, so the 4 becomes a 2, the 2 becomes a 1. 
5 times 2 is 10/1, So it's just 10. 
Part B. 
Or let me do every other one. 
C. 5/11 divided by 6/7. 
Once again, this is the same thing as 5/11 times the inverse of 6/7, so times 7/6. 
And so we get, this is 5 times 7 is 35 over 66. 
And that's in lowest common form or simplified form. 
So E. 
Let's do E. 
E, we have negative x over 2 divided by 5 over 7. 
Once again, this is the same thing as negative x over 2 times 7/5, which is equal to negative 7x over 10. 
Think you're getting the hang of it. 
Let's do part G here. 
We have a negative 1/3 divided by negative 3/5. 
Well, this is going to be the same thing as negative 1/3 times the inverse of this, times negative 5/3. 
I just swapped the numerator and the denominator. 
So this is going to be equal to-- the negatives cancel out. 
A negative times a negative is a positive. 
1 times 5 is 5. 
3 times 3 is 9. 
Let's do one more. 
Let's do I. 
Part I. 11 divided by negative x/4. 
Once again, this is the same thing as 11 times the inverse of this. 
The multiplicative inverse of it, times negative 4/x. 
And if this confuses you-- actually, I shouldn't write multiplying. 
That looks just like an x. 
I should say this the same thing as 11 times negative 4/x. 
Or you could view this as 11 over 1 times-- you could even view it as negative 4/x, which is equal to minus 44/x, or negative 44/x. 
Let's do this last problem right here. 
The world's largest trench digger, Bagger 288, moves at 3/8 miles per hour. 
So its speed, or its velocity, or its rate is equal to 3/8 miles per hour. 
We could write it like this. 
How long will it take to dig a trench 2/3 miles long? 
So we want to go a distance that's equal to 2/3 miles. 
So we just remember that distance is always going to be equal to rate times time. 
So our distance is 2/3 miles. 
That's going to be equal to our rate, 3/8 miles per hour, times our time. 
Or we could divide both sides by 3/8 miles per hour, so if we divide both sides by 3/8 miles per hour, we'll get our time. 
So divide by 3/8 miles per hour. 
Divide by 3/8 miles per hour. 
This cancels out. 
So time, we're going to get time is equal to this. 
So we have 2/3 miles. 
Let me write it this way. 
2/3 miles divided by 3/8 miles per hour. 
Or another way to think of it, that's the same thing as times the inverse, times 8/3 hours per mile. 
I just took the inverse of this. 
We divided by this. 
That's the same thing as multiplying by its inverse. 
And we inverted the units as well. 
And so we'll see that the units cancel out. 
Mile in the numerator, mile in the denominator. 
We're left with hours. 
And so this is equal to 2 times 8 is 16 over 3 times 3, 9, 16/9 hours. 
So like an hour and 7/9, or 1 and 7/9 hours to dig the 2/3 of a mile. 

Welcome back. 
Now that we've hopefully, learned a little bit about 
Newton's law, let's apply them to solve some problems. 
Let's say I have a-- I don't know-- some kind of vehicle, a car, a motorcycle or something. 
And let's say its mass is 500 grams. 
And let's say that I can accelerate this vehicle at an acceleration of-- I don't know-- 3 centimeters per second squared. 
What's the force that I need to apply to this mass to accelerate it at this speed? 
And we want the answer in Newton's. 
So what's the force? 
So we're just going to use Newton's second law and 
Newton's second law tells us force is equal to mass times acceleration. 
So you might want to, or you might be tempted just to multiply mass times acceleration and you'd get force is equal to-- let's see, 500 grams times 3 centimeters per second squared. 
And you would get force is equal to 1,500 gram centimeters per second squared. 
And if you did this, you would be right. 
Although your answer would not be in Newtons and now you would have to somehow, try to convert this set of units to Newtons. 
And what are Newtons? 
Well we learned when we did Newton's laws that a Newton, so 1 Newton is equal to 1 kilogram meter per second squared. 
So somehow we have to convert the gram to kilograms and we have to convert the centimeters to meters. 
We could do it after the fact here, or what I find it easier to do is actually to convert the mass and the acceleration units first and then just do the F equals ma. 
So what's 500 grams in kilograms? 
Well 500 grams is half-- well, a kilogram as a thousand grams. 
So 500 is going to be half a kilogram. 
1 kilogram is a thousand grams, so 0.5 kilograms is 500 grams. 
Similarly, 3 centimeters is how many meters? 
Well, 1 meter is 300-- sorry. 
I think I'm dehydrated. 
1 meter is a hundred centimeters, right? 
So 3 centimeters is 0.03 meters per second squared. 
Hopefully this make sense to you. 
3 centimeters is 0.03 meters. 
And now we already. 
We have our mass in kilograms and we have our acceleration in meters per second squared. 
And if this is confusing, you should watch the unit videos because this is all I'm doing; I'm just doing unit conversion. 
So let's go back to force equals mass times acceleration. 
So the force was equal to 0.5 kilograms times the acceleration, which is 0.03 meters per second squared. 
And this equals-- 
What's 0.5 times 0.03? 
I'll do it down here just because multiplying decimals seems to be a problem for a lot of people, including myself, many times. 
So what you do, you just multiply the numbers. 
5 times 03 or 5 times 3 is 15. 
And then, how many points do we have behind the decimal? 
How many digits behind the decimal? 
Let's see. 
We have 1, 2, 3. 
So 1, 2, 3. 
We have to add the 0 because we need three spaces behind the decimal point. 
So we get the force is equal to 0.015 kilogram meters per second squared. 
And this is a Newton. 
So the force is equal to 0.015 Newtons. 
Let's do another problem. 
And this one's going to be-- and actually, I think you'll find most of the difficult Newton's laws problems or force problems, they're just some combination of making sure you get the units right when we're talking about in one dimension. 
The difficult part is usually getting the units right or just the math, just the algebra. 
So if you have trouble with this it's usually because you have to just brush up a little bit on the algebra. 
The physics itself is just force equals mass times acceleration as we will see in this problem. 
So let's say that when I apply some force, some particular force, I use this little 0 here. 
So I call that force F sub 0. 
So this means a particular force. 
This is some value. 
When I apply that force to some mass, let's call that m sub 0, I get some acceleration. 
I get acceleration a sub 0. 
We could've put numbers here. 
We could've said, well, if I apply a force of 10 Newtons to a mass of-- I don't know-- to a mass of let's say 2 kilograms, I have an acceleration of 5 meters per second squared. 
But I'm just doing this because this could be any relationship. 
And let's say the problem tells us that when I put another mass with this first mass, so let's say that, you know-- let me draw this diagram. 
So here's my mass, m sub 0. 
When I apply a force of f sub 0 to it, I get an acceleration of a sub 0. 
Now the problem tell us when I add another mass-- so let's says I stack it up and we're like in an ice skating ring or something. 
And I stack another mass up here, and let's call this mass m1. 
When I stack another mass on here-- so let me redraw it actually down here. 
Because it's a different case. 
And I apply the same force, and now I have this new mass on here. 
I'll do it in red. 
This is m1. 
The problem tells us that my new acceleration is 1/5 of the original acceleration. 
So it's 1/5 of whatever this was. 
So it's 1/5 a sub 0. 
So the question is, what is the ratio of m sub 0 to m sub 1? 
So m sub 0 to m sub 1 is equal to what? 
And I'm going to keep it in abstract variables just to confuse you. 
And then I'll show you that you can actually substitute numbers and the problem becomes a little easier. 
And you might want to pause it and try it for yourself. 
So let's work it through. 
So we know we have this relationship to start off with. 
And just for simplicity, let's write what m sub 0 is in terms of F and a. 
So we just divide both sides by a sub 0 and you get F sub 0 divided by a sub 0 is equal to m sub 0. 
Good. 
So let's just put that aside for a second. 
And let's do that same relationship here with this. 
So here, this relationship tells us that F sub 0 is equal to m1 plus m0 times this new acceleration, which is 1/5 a sub 0. 
And so, if we divide both sides by this term right here, we get-- dividing by 1/5 is the same thing as multiplying by 5. 
So you get 5 F sub 0 over a sub 0 is equal to m1 plus m0. 
I just divided both sides by this term right here. 
Well, what's F sub 0? 
What's this? 
Let me switch colors again. 
What's F sub 0 divided by a sub 0? 
Well it's here's. 
It's what we solved for in the beginning. 
We just got it from this relationship. 
So we could substitute. 
5 times F sub 0 divided by a sub 0 is the same thing as 5 times m0. 
Draw a line here. 
So we have a new relationship. 
5m0 is equal to m1 plus m0. 
All I did is I substituted this for this, or this for that. 
And I used this relationship, which we got in the beginning to do that. 
And now what do we have? 
We have 5 m sub 0 is equal to m1 plus m0. 
We could subtract m0 from both sides. 
You get 4 m0 is equal to m1. 
You could divide both sides by m0 and you got 4 is equal to m1 over m0. 
And you could invert this relationship and you can get m0 over m sub 1 is equal to 1/4. 
So what we learned is the ratio of the old mass to the new mass is 1 to 4. 
And that's a problem. 
And actually, I will leave it for you as an exercise to figure out-- to just do the same problem using the numbers. 
I will do that actually, in the next video just to show you that that actually would've been a simpler way to do it. 
But it's good to get used to this just so you can solve things in general terms. 
I'll see you in the next video. 
Brad Penney: 
More on Steve and the Race to The Top Initiative that he will be talking about when Steve formally joins the Webinar and is introduced. 
And I'm also very pleased that my colleagues Arley Johnson, Director of Government Relations here at NASCSP, and Mark Schmeissing, who is the acting 
Research Director for CSBG, will be giving presentations, and we are also going to be hearing from Bob Scott and others who are on the line as resources. 
Bob is the Energy Services Director and a great resource on all things weatherization. 
So, with that we'll get into the content of the webinar, and as everyone knows, the President did submit the $3.8 Trillion budget last week for FY "14. 
That represents about a 1% cut adjusted for inflation over the preceding year budget, and it was submitted two months late because of all of the difficulties which we will get into later in the webinar with the Continuing Resolution, the personnel changes at OMB, uncertainty over the debt ceiling and how other changes would factor in, that's the reason that it was two months late. 
The good thing from the standpoint of the Department of Energy, just to begin to deal with weatherization issues first, is the DOE did receive a very healthy increase of 8% over the Fiscal Year "12 ask, and the increase, if it's enacted, will bring the Department of Energy Budget up to $28.4 billion. 
So that would be a reflection of the President's commitment to clean energy, and we regard that as a very, very positive sign in terms of the President's priorities. 
Please go to the next slide. 
So hopefully you're looking at a slide that says "What Do the Numbers Mean for the Weatherization Program". 
And as I said there is an 8% increase in the Department of Energy Budget in the 2014 ask and for the energy efficiency and renewable energy, which is where weatherization resides in the budget. 
A 62% proposed increase taking the EERE budget up to $2.8 billion if this is enacted for Fiscal Year "14, which will start on October 1 of this year. 
Among the big winners: building technologies, advanced manufacturing, and clean vehicles. 
The State Energy Program was increased to $57 million as part of the OWlP Weatherization and 
Intergovernmental Affairs Office which is part of EERE, and that total office, which included tribal programs, went from $145 million to $248 million. 
And as you see we did get a very modest step in the right direction, an increase in the weatherization budget to $184 million. 
That is an increase over the enacted level for 2013: right now $68 million, which is, of course, unacceptably low. 
And that is a carry-over from the FY "12 Continuing Resolution, and more about that number in a minute. 
But let's come back and look at the $184 million ask for weatherization. 
That's an increase over last year's 
White House ask in FY "13 of $139 million. 
Of course that never went anywhere because we wound up on a continuing resolution. 
And it's very important to note that we will learn more about this in the next few days and weeks and as the budget justification is released. 
The $184 million includes a $24 million set-aside for the multi-housing weatherization. 
So, exactly how this is going to work out is unclear right now, but it is $24 million set-aside to fund alternate financial strategies for low-income multi-family buildings. 
This is something that the administration has made a priority. 
This is a financing mechanism, details to be released. 
The one detail that we know is that it is going to be a competitive process of determining who gets the financing for doing weatherization in the multi-family buildings. 
So it will be interesting to see exactly how that comes together, and, of course, that is sustained by 
Congress as part of the FY "14 budget. 
Just because the administration has asked for it it doesn't mean it will remain in the final package, and interesting that it is a set-aside on an Appropriations Bill, it's not an authorizing measure. 
So, the fate of that on the Hill remains to be seen. 
Now, all important to folks who are involved with weatherization who are on this call is the decision that we expect now within a matter of days on the amount of the reallocation within the balance of Fiscal Year "13 for weatherization. 
As I believe everyone on the call may be aware of, NASCSP was instrumental in getting 34 Senators to sign on to a request for the Secretary of Energy to use his authority to reallocate funding within the EERE account (Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy), the 2013 Continuing Resolution to bring weatherization up to a more realistic level above the just completely unacceptable level of $68 million which would put the continuation of the program in all 50 states and territories very much in jeopardy. 
So we do not know the amount of the reallocation. 
Numbers have been thrown about, speculation somewhere in the range of $50-52 million, and we don't know the source of that funding within EERE but we do know that the Department has been very carefully investigating how they may cobble together this reallocation with 34 Senators making the request. 
There's a similar letter going in the House of Representatives right now for which NASCSP has been able to get, surprisingly, some very good Republicans on board: people 
like Congressman Dent of Pennsylvania, Congressman McKinley of West Virginia, and Congressman 
Hanna of New York who is critical to have the Republican support. 
So, we are cautiously optimistic. 
There will be a reallocation, that we believe we'll hear in a matter of days, and we believe that whatever the number is it will at least enable weatherization to hopefully remain intact as all states and territories program for the balancing act of FY "13, and then hopefully we can go above the administration ask of $184 million in the Senate. 
When we get to the 2014 budget we would try to go well above that $184 million level, and, as you recall, last year the Senate did make a modest bump up on the weatherization ask to put it at $145 million in the Senate Energy and Water Appropriations Bill. 
Obviously we'll try to go well beyond that this year. 
And, as I think, those of you who have been with us on our earlier webinars know Arley Johnson and I have been doing a great deal of retail lobbying in both the House and Senate concentrating on Republicans, rebuilding bipartisan support for the weatherization program. 
We were successful in getting an amendment on the non-binding Budget Resolution in March. 
The Senate passed a Budget Resolution for the first time in four years, and we were able to get an amendment issued by 
Jack Reed with the support of Susan Collins, Senator Merkley, and others to increase the budget authority in FY "14 by $50 million for weatherization. 
And there was a lot of Republican support for that. 
So the work that Arley and I have done to raise the visibility of the program on the Hill will continue. 
We need to do a briefing in the House of Representatives, and we really, really, need to target Republicans. 
We've asked for your help on these letters and when Elyse joins us we're going to need your help on another ask coming up here in just a few days in the Senate. 
We'll talk about that when Elyse joins us. 
So that right now is where we are with weatherization numbers. 
The chess game continues. 
What's the next move in the chess game? 
Let's go to the next slide. 
Well this year, as opposed to the preceding year, it looks like the committees in both the House and 
Senate are committed to doing regular order. 
Regular order means hearings, markups, and actually reporting legislation. 
Something that we haven't seen a lot of in the last few years, unfortunately. 
So, we've already submitted testimony from Tim Warfield to the House Appropriations Committee on the 
FY "14 budget. 
We'll be submitting testimony in the Senate on May 9th, and there's a member request 
letter which Elyse is going to talk about which is due in the Senate on April the 29th. 
So we're going to build support. 
We're getting these higher numbers, hopefully, in the appropriations for weatherization in FY "14. 
Obviously, and I think Arley will get into this later on and will talk about CSBG, the fate of this budget that the president submitted is ultimately wound up in the success of any kind of grand bargaining talks. 
The CR (Continual Resolution) will expire in May. 
The debt ceiling has to be raised, depending on who you talk to, it may be June, it may be as late as July, but it's coming, very, very soon. 
And the President is going to try to make an effort to get what's referred to as the Grand Bargain, and as you know in the budget the President submitted, he recommended repealing sequestration, which has had a shock effect on every agency's budget on things like training, and conferences, and travel for both contractors and agency people. 
And there's going to be an issue with the President's recommendation to cancel sequestration and then replace that with $1.8 trillion in cuts over 10 years, cuts which would call much less heavily on domestic programs. 
That's something to watch on a negotiation on Grand 
Bargain. 
The committees meanwhile will go ahead with what I refer to as regular order, meaning there will be hearings, we will have questions submitted to friendly members to raise at the hearings on weatherization, and our main task here is to continue to raise the profile of the program. 
It has taken considerable hits on Capitol Hill, as everyone knows, because of adverse publicity. 
But the ARRA process is now over. 
All of the ARRA money has been expended with the exception of some nominal balances in a handful of states. 
So we no longer have the bogey man issue of unspent recovery act dollars. 
And that's why we can appropriate more for weatherization. 
That issue has been taken off the table, and I think the work that Arley and I have been doing to raise the profile of the program through briefings, through one-on-one meetings with members, and most importantly, by orchestrating the visits to the 
Hill with vendors who can talk about the supply chain, the contribution of weatherization to the economy, and your own personal contacts with the members. 
There is nothing that is more effective on 
letters or appropriations requests than hearing from the weatherization directors and the people in the field and asking the members directly for support for weatherization. 
And at this point I am very pleased to welcome to the call the legislative director for Senator Jack Reed and a great champion for weatherization, Elyse Wasch. 
Elyse has been with Senator Reed since he came into the Senate back in 1997. 
He replaced Claiborne Pell. 
Senator Reed was instrumental, Elyse, I don't know if you were on the call earlier, but I mentioned the budget amendment which passed in March, and the great leadership of 
Senator Reed on that and partnering with senator Susan Collins, and we appreciate everything the 
Senator has done. 
And you have stepped into the breach due to some staffing changes and devoted a great deal of your time at this crucial turning point on weatherization, and we appreciate that very, very much. 
I wondered if you could give us your take from an LD's perspective of many, many years on the 
Hill, of where you see the 2014 request going. 
I was talking about the regular order and how far you see that going this year with the committees. 
What would be your forecast looking at the approps process right now? 
Elyse: 
Sure, thanks, and I want to thank everyone. 
I just want to start by thanking everyone. 
And Brad spoke openly about that role that all of you have played and continue to play in the weatherization program, and particularly the effort that we just had on our letter that we did to Secretary Chu and getting many signers. 
So that and we have a forthcoming letter that we're going to do on the FY "14 appropriations. 
Your efforts to give first-hand, sort of, where you see things, your perspective, a bird's-eye-view on the program and how it works to help people in your states and localities is what really generates support up here on the Hill. 
So I do want to first thank you for all the work that you've been doing on the ground in that regard, and the work that you do every day on making our program as top-notch as possible. 
So the FY "14 landscape, we are in a different scenario, we have a new chairman in the Senate, 
Chairwoman Mikulski, for the Senate Appropriations Committee. 
And she's at least starting out very much committed to regular order where we'll have each of the subcommittees holding hearings on the various programs and their jurisdictions and then trying to write bills and trying to take those through the regular order. 
Meaning that we would do, let's say, an Energy and Water Appropriations Bill and try to move that, not just the committee process which we've done in many years, but also take those bills to the floor. 
I like to be an optimist, but I'm ever fearful of all the forces that be about how far we can take these bills in terms of members who don't necessarily want to spend money on these programs, so is the budget and fiscal climate that we face right now. 
But we want to start this process, start it in the right way with the right tone, the right tenor about how we're going to go through it and see how far it goes. 
I think that's where we want to be. 
We want to have a regular order. 
We want to have debates on these programs that really matter to people and improve their lives. 
I think you guys have a very good case to be made about the work that you do, and that's what we want to keep very focused, very positive on. 
And however the process works, if it doesn't it doesn't, but you know, the main point is keeping up what you're doing, telling the story of the good work that you're doing, to encourage support amongst those who might not be supporters currently or new members who might not know about the program and also to encourage long-standing supporters who after all are still there doing great work. 
I think those are very important things for you all to be doing. 
Brad: 
Well, Elyse, thank you very much for that answer, and coming to the regular order, it was very impressive work of Senators Reed and Collins in getting 34 Senators to go on the letter to the Secretary of Energy on the reallocation in FY "13, and we're hearing fairly soon, Elyse, from DOE. 
We hope to have good news to share on that. 
Elyse: 
I think they had a fairly short time frame of figuring these issues out. 
The fiscal year is winding down to it almost, September. 
We are hopeful that we've made a good case, and we are certainly joined by large numbers. 
I think I heard there is a similar letter effort in the House. 
Brad: 
Yes. 
With a number of Republicans, and that's very encouraging. 
Elyse: 
Yes I think those kinds of efforts really help bolster our efforts here. 
We'll have to see. 
We want to have a robust program. 
We want there to be a program in every state. 
I think that only helps us going forward, and as we fight for FY "14 appropriations. 
Brad: 
And turning to that, we have 225 people, Elyse, listening to the Webinar. 
Let's talk for a minute about the "14 process. 
We just want to ask folks to engage on the letter that I mentioned for the reallocation for FY "13. 
So now we're turning to a situation where we will both have outside groups like 
NASCSP and other stake holders submitting testimony by May 9th as we've already done in the House. 
Is April 29th the Deadline? 
Elyse: 
I think we've heard April 26th, and that's a Friday. 
The reason they might have chosen that day is on many subcommittees that's the last day of this work period, and the week of the 29th is a recess. 
So I think that's why many of them chose the 26th, but I should double-check my dates. 
I know the labor HHS subcommittee's due the 26th. 
I think most have planned it on that day. 
Brad: 
Let's talk for just a minute about what that involves, because we've just been engaging with our community, many of whom are on the webinar today. 
What's the strategy for the member request? 
Are you seeking to be going out with Senator Collins on a broad-based letter? 
Hopefully we can get 34 Senators or more. 
Elyse: 
Yes. 
That's the hope and plan. 
We are currently working with Senator Collins on finalizing a letter which we hope to get done in the next couple of days so that we can start circulating. 
The process is compressed this year because we only just finished up the FY "13 process a few weeks ago and passing that continuing resolution for the rest of the year. 
So now we're in this turn around. 
We thought we would have a bit more time on these letters. 
Chairwoman Mikulski really wants to get the process started. 
The House is moving on a much faster clip with their member request deadline. 
We're in this period where we're going to try to get this letter out in the next couple of days and share it with you so you can share it with your membership. 
And hopefully we will have the same kind of broad-based push for this letter as we did for the FY "13 letter. 
Those kinds of efforts among the state directors and the people on the field to go out and call members of Congress, in this case the Senate, to say, "This is an important issue, and I really would like you to sign this letter". 
That helps us get the signatures. 
The more signatures we have, the more signatures we can show, the better off we are in terms of trying to get a better number on the Senate Appropriations bill. 
Last year the number was higher and we want to see the same this year. 
Brad: 
Absolutely. 
Thanks to Senator Reed's efforts and Senator Collins for working together to get that number up to $145 million last year. 
But, very well said on the importance of the stake holder direct communication with the members. 
Arley and I are on the Hill virtually every day. 
They see us, they know us, but when they hear from their own states and districts it makes such a huge, huge difference. 
Elyse: 
It's that human's touch. 
That on the ground level knowing a constituent is calling. 
You need both. 
You need the folks in DC who can advocate from their perspective here in Washington, but you also need everyone on the ground and states making phone calls and sending emails to explain what it actually means for that particular state and for communities in that particular state. 
You need both. 
If you only have one or the other it doesn't quite work out as well. 
You really need to work in tandem. 
So I appreciate all of Brad and Arley's efforts and everyone on the ground who is helping us make the case. 
Brad: our greatest Appreciation is Senator Reed because, frankly, it has been a lonely struggle these last couple of years. 
I don't know if you were on the call earlier but I referred to the difficulties getting out of the gate on the recovery act issues and some of the bad publicity. 
There's an amazing success story now to be told about weatherization for one million homes weatherized. 
That's where the briefings held on the Hill are so important to tell that very positive story. 
Talk about things that are not frequently mentioned such as the weatherization supply chain, or in Rhode Island or virtually any other state the vendors, the contractors, the suppliers who participate, the manufacturers. 
More 95% of the content of products that go into weatherization are manufactured right here in the US. 
There's a story to be told there, and it's a great privilege to work with Senator Reed and your staff in helping to increase the funding for weatherization. 
Let's get this program back to the pre-recovery act level of funding so it can really deliver on its promise to help bring energy efficiency to low-income Americans. 
Elyse: 
That's our goal, and again I really appreciate everything that everyone here on this call and all of your other colleagues are doing. 
Brad: 
Well let us know on the letter, we will help make the maximum effort. 
We will reach out to the 225 people who are listening to this right now as well as everyone in our network and work with the other stake holders. 
It sounds like you're going to give us a very short turn around. 
Elyse: 
Unfortunately that's what it's looking like. 
I do appreciate you recognizing that and still helping us nonetheless. 
Brad: 
We will do it, and we appreciate, knowing how busy your schedule is, taking the time. 
Elyse: 
Oh, thank you. 
Thank you for inviting me, and again thank you to everyone. 
Everyone has been so helpful, and I just want to keep encouraging that. 
Thank you. 
Brad: 
Thank you, Elyse, and have a good rest of the afternoon. 
Ok we're going to be joined here momentarily by Steve Capanna from the White House, but I would like to turn it to my colleague, Arley Johnson 
Arley, maybe set the stage with your own take on the budget. 
The big picture. 
Where do you see this going in terms of a negotiation for Grand Bargain, the likelihood of that happening, the politics in the 
House especially? 
And then set the stage, if you will, for the challenges that CSBG is going to face which are going to be very, very big for FY "14. 
Arley: 
I'll probably speak briefly about CSBG and then have the CSBG presentation and then speak a little bit more to that. 
In terms of the budget, and the key word is politics, the President is doing his best at this present time to try and get a Grand Bargain. 
And the Grand Bargain was that he was trying to negotiate with the help of John Boehner last year prior to everything concerning sequestration. 
There appear to be enough votes and some republican and democrat support in the House on what we would call a grand Bargain. 
And, of course, the issue there is whether you raise taxes a little bit more or whether you cut spending. 
And what's been proven by the sequester is you cannot tax your way to prosperity and you cannot spend your way to prosperity either. 
It's obvious the draconian cuts hinder and stifle the economy. 
And to cause money to grow in the economy, you've got to spend money. 
After 
WWII and with the depression, FDR did it during the depression by spending money. 
When no one has money, when there's a low ebb and flow of money in the country, the government prints more money. 
The government makes more money and the government puts people to work. 
That's the reason why the President is concentrated on the stimulus programs. 
You hear him talking about the infrastructure, talking about roads and bridges, also talking about high speed rail and those types of things. 
That's what the administration wants to do. 
You have to juxtapose that against what some of the right wing of the 
Republican Party want to do. 
They want to cut everything. 
You can't cut everything. 
You've got to spend money in order to generate jobs. 
In order to have jobs you've got to put some money into the industry and into different areas of the economy. 
One good sign that's going on is it appears that the housing market is rebounding. 
As the housing market goes so goes construction, so goes long-term jobs. 
The housing market is a good indicator that the economy is turning around. 
In terms of the unemployment rate, it is steadily coming down. 
Even though there weren't that many jobs created in the last month overall the trend is still good. 
In terms of the budget and the Grand Bargain, what we're hearing is the discussion, especially on the Senate side between democrats and republicans, is to do another Grand 
Bargain. 
The additional tax increases won't be what you call a big tax increase. 
They will go in and change the tax loopholes. 
They will eliminate some of the big tax loopholes that benefit some high earners and some big businesses like Exxon and others. 
But if they can get the tax code to where it ought to be they will generate probably another $600 million in tax revenues. 
And the President started a big bruha amongst the democrats and the republicans last week where he's actually beginning to start talking about cutting some of the entitlement programs. 
We're talking about Medicare, Medicaid, Social 
Security, beginning to make some cuts on those because so many of the Baby Boomers are retiring and entering into that retirement workforce. 
And that is ballooning those costs associated with it. 
So that is the deal. 
Can you increase the taxes by closing loopholes enough and can you increase revenue enough on the other side to spur economic growth and to rebuild the infrastructure and then keep the country from going into a recession. 
We think the politics are excellent in the Senate. 
It's hard to say what's going to happen in the House. 
But there is some discussion that hopefully some of the regulars of the 
Republican Party will begin to talk with Boehner, can begin to talk with members of the House. 
And it may be a situation where it won't be a majority bill in the house, but if Republicans and Democrats are free to vote on the issues themselves when it comes to the budget there may be enough votes to cobble together some democrats and some republicans to get something passed in a Grand Bargain or in a budget. 
The downside of that is with the Republican Party trending so far to the right now is that most republicans don't necessarily fear a democratic challenger in the next election, but they fear an even more conservative member of the party upending them in a primary. 
That's the politics of it. 
So we don't know what's going to happen in the House. 
I know there is some work going on. 
I know the 
President is having these meetings now with republican individuals separately with lunches, dinners, and everything else, and also collectively. 
We hope all of that will come to some sort of fruition. 
I will speak a little bit more about CSBG after the conclusion of the CSBG presentation. 
Brad: 
Great, Arley. 
Thank you very, very much for that overview, and let's turn to Mark Schmeissing who is the NASCSP 
Acting Director for Research for CSBG. 
Mark has been analyzing the numbers for CSBG and it looks like we've got some pretty big challenges on our hands, Mark. 
Mark: 
Thanks, Brad. 
As you can see on the slide in front of you, the number for CSBG that the President has proposed is $350 million. 
This is the same figure that he proposed the last two years. 
This chart shows a comparison of what was actually distributed in FY "12 compared to the 2014 requests. 
We use 2012 as opposed to 2013 because of the sequestration impact and the exact figures on the allocation for states and tribes haven't been released by the office of Community Services. 
We've heard from them today that they are still working on getting those dollars released and that we should have a more accurate figure on 2013 numbers relatively soon. 
There are a couple of things I want to point out about the President's proposed budget that you can see from this chart. 
The first glaring one is the hole in the 
CSBG Reservations. 
This is discretionary funds. 
In 2012 there was about $35 million that was given to rural facilities and community economic development grants. 
These things have been zeroed out in the 
President's proposed budget which does impact some of the other dollar figures according to the formula as well. 
The $343 million for states and tribes is still below the threshold that has been set in the CSBG statute of $345 million. 
That means that the minimum state allocation drops down to ¼ of a percent as opposed to half a percent which means that there are approximately five states that are going to see a roughly 75% cut in their funding if the President's budget were to be passed whereas most other states would see on average about a 45% decrease from their fiscal year 2012 figures. 
You can see there's a link at the bottom of that slide for the 2014 budget justification for the department of 
Health and Human Services Administration for Children and Families. 
I'd encourage you to take a look at that document after this webinar. 
It has a break out for each state's potential allocation. 
You can take a 
look and see how the President's budget specifically would impact your state and your funding. 
There are a number of other items included in the budget this year beyond just the significant cut request. 
There are a number of proposed reforms as well. 
These are a couple of quotes that were pulled from the document. 
You can see that it says, "The Department of Human Services will continue to work with national and state partners on future refinements to ROMA and NPI systems to assure that these systems contribute to a performance-based program and funding approach". 
As we look through these reforms that are proposed in the budget their goals are really a performance-based program and funding approach also repeated from previous budget requests that they are interested in targeting 
Community Services Block Grant resources to high-performing, innovative agencies. 
This is not new 
language. 
This is language that the President has included in the previous two budget requests. 
And it has set the tone for how they are approaching these proposed reforms. 
This brings up a number of questions and issues in the current structure of the block grant and issues pertaining to how the formulas would work in distribution of dollars that we'll talk about in a minute. 
You can see some of the other additional reforms that were proposed. 
The first one being Core Federal 
Standards an open competition for agencies that are not meeting those standards. 
This is an ongoing effort by the Office of Community Services currently working with the Community Action Partnership to get some organizational standards. 
That project is outlined in the budget as a way to get these things moving in the direction of performance based and targeting of resources that they want. 
There is also a piece in the budget request about creating a deeper play space infrastructure. 
There is a real interest in the President's administration to integrate CSBG, the Community Services Block Grant, the agencies that are receiving those funds and the work that they're doing with other administration play space programs. 
One of those that you're probably very familiar with is neighborhoods thinking of how they can strengthen that infrastructure that they're hoping to build across government. 
This is an entire effort across government, not just focus specific on CSBG, but they want CSBG to be involved in this effort. 
OMB has sent out memos about how they want all of government to be looking at how they can improve and strengthen the play space policies and focus that they have. 
Then there is a number of 
CSBG specific reforms for improving program integrity that you can see on the slide in front of you allowing states to suspend and redistribute funds when there is evidence of criminal wrongdoing as well as guidance for determination of income eligibility and requiring eligible entities to include in their community action plans performance measures responding to community needs. 
That's an overview of what's included as far as the specific numbers and reforms that are in the proposed budget that came out this past week. 
I also wanted to talk about some of the things that are ongoing in the network today. 
Similar language and similar numbers have been included in the budget for the last two years. 
So the office of Community Services and the Department of Health and Human Services have been looking at efforts to respond to these pushes by the administration. 
There is a national training and technical assistance effort going on right now, and that consists of three key pieces in this effort to move forward with these reforms. 
And I wanted to briefly describe these thee to you to make you aware of what's going on in the network. 
The first is the ROMA Next Generation Center of Excellence. 
This one is headed up by NASCSP, that's us. 
And I'm going to get more into detail as far as what the activity of that Center of Excellence is and the purpose of that center of excellence in the coming slides. 
But the next effort is the Organizational 
Standards Center of Excellence. 
This is being run by the Community Action Partnership. 
They're putting together those core federal standards that were described previously. 
There is CSBG working group that's made up of members of national partners, State Administrators, State Associations, as well as 
local agencies are working together on these organizational standards in this effort. 
This week they'll soon be releasing those standards to the network for public comment and feedback. 
I'm sure there are a number of questions about timing of these things and especially of the few reforms that were proposed at the Office of Community Services is already working on. 
They have requested that they receive items back from the Centers of Excellence and the Performance Management Task Force by July of this year. 
So that's when the Office of Community Services will be receiving things from the network. 
However, their timing for implementation has not been announced yet. 
They will be receiving things this summer and the Community Action Partnership and NASCSP as we provide them with resources and provide them with the deliverables of the centers of excellence, we will provide guidance and suggestions on implementation but really it will be up to them as far as how quickly and how soon those are implemented. 
The last effort I wanted to mention on that training and technical assistance slide is the Performance 
Management Tools and Protocols. 
This is being headed by the Urban Institute and also the Performance 
Management Task Force. 
This is another group that is made up of members from all levels of the network as experts outside the network and in the field of Performance Management and Performance Measurements, and in the coming slides I'll describe how their work is integrated and collaborative with the other two training and technical assistance efforts. 
On this slide you can see an overview on the ROMA Next Generation Standard of Excellence of the activities that are going to be ongoing this year and into next year as well. 
There is an assurance of a standardized knowledge of ROMA, an increase in the capacity of the network to execute the ROMA cycle as well as the capacity for data collection, reporting, and using that data for decision making. 
That's a real distinct difference between what was going on in the earlier parts of last decade about ten years ago where they were focused on measuring and collecting data. 
Now there is a heavy focus on using that data for decision making and proving that you're using that data for decision making is a very important piece. 
Establishing ROMA focused metrics for comparison of CSBG eligible entity use of CSBG resources. 
Understanding where the CSBG dollars specifically are going in your agency. 
Building the knowledge base of field-tested and evidence informed strategies. 
Evidence-based is obviously a big buzz word in the administration, and this ROMA Next Generation Field of Excellence will be working to help the network identify some evidence based and evidence informed strategies as well as enhancing the body of knowledge available regarding the evaluation phase of the ROMA cycle. 
On the next slide you'll see how this fits in with some of the work that you may have been hearing about in the ROMA Next Generation Center of Excellence. 
It's starting off by looking at how the Community 
Action network is engaged in producing change and then understanding what that change will be. 
You may have heard the term theory of change which describes the process of social change. 
So understanding how the network is engaged in producing change and then what that long term goal is is what our theory of change is working on. 
I'd encourage you to check out our website and under the 
ROMA tab you'll be able to see previous presentations be done on both the ROMA Next Generation 
Center of Excellence and the theory of change. 
There are a couple of working documents on the website as well as a survey that we've done of the network as far as implementation of ROMA. 
There is some very interesting data on there about how states and agencies are using ROMA to effectively make decisions and using all aspects of the ROMA cycle in their management of the CSBG dollars. 
Brad: apologies, I'd like to interrupt you for just a moment. 
We have a guest from the administration who has joined us, and I wondered if I might stop you for just a few minutes and we'll hear from Steve 
Capanna and then we'll come back to your excellent presentation on CSBG. 
Mark: 
Sure 
Brad: 
One of the interesting new initiatives in the President's FY "14 budget is something referred to as the race to the top initiative. $200 million has been recommended for this new program which is based on successes at the department of energy Race to the Top program. 
It's a very, very intriguing program to challenge the states to leverage funding for energy efficiency. 
I'm very pleased to have joining us this afternoon Steve Capanna. 
Steve is a Presidential Management Fellow for Energy Efficiency detailed right now on the Council on Environmental Quality. 
He's been with the Department of Energy, and he's also the Senior Research and Program Manager for a number of years at the Alliance to Save Energy where we were colleagues. 
Steve is a graduate of the John's Hopkins Graduate School of advanced international studies, and he is a Suma Cum Laude Graduate of the University of Pittsburgh. 
Steve, I know you're very, very busy but we appreciate you taking the time to join us this afternoon. 
Could you tell us a bit about the Race to the Top Initiative and specifically how deployment programs might enter into the challenge? 
Steve: 
Thank you for that very nice introduction. 
I'm impressed that you know my CV as well as you do, but I guess we do have some history together. 
As Brad said, the Race to the Top is its own line item in the Department of Energy's FY "14 budget request. 
It's a $200 million request and is modeled on the 
Department of Education's successful Race to the Top Initiative in schools. 
It's going to contribute to the 
President's goal that he announced at the State of the Union to double energy productivity from 2010 
levels by 2030. 
And the goal is to challenge states to come up with policies and programs that will increase energy productivity through energy efficiency, and that can include power and demand response programs as well as clean energy deployment and grid modernization at large. 
The goal is to get states, tribes, and local governments with solar power authority and other cooperatives to align the incentives of their organization and the regulated utilities with the customer interests and also in the national interests for clean energy with an efficient grid. 
The goal is really to have the states come up with policies that will achieve these goals and five different qualifying criteria. 
Those qualifying criteria are energy efficiency which includes customer access to data, resiliency in cyber security, and then grid transparency. 
In the first part those will be the qualifying criteria and states can identify and have access to DOE technical assistance, and some technical assistance money may be available to them depending on the merit of their proposal. 
Those proposals can include deployment programs as those deployment programs are set up to meet the specific goals of the initiative. 
The second phase will be larger awards that will be given based on demonstrative performance towards improving energy productivity in the first part. 
Basically those will be the Race to the Top winners, and it will be based on the success of the program and policies that they've implemented during the first phase. 
I think that's a good general overview. 
I'm happy to answer any questions. 
Brad: 
That's an excellent introduction. 
I think what we'd like to explore with you for just a few minutes is where deployment programs may come into this like CSBG or Weatherization. 
I was in a meeting with where deployment programs may come into this like CSBG or Weatherization. 
I was in a meeting with you on the Council of Environmental quality a couple of weeks ago, and two ideas that came to mind were: one, elsewhere in the budget, Steve, as you know, the President called upon Congress to enact something like the Home Star Initiative from two Congresses ago. 
And that's something that we here at 
NASCSP are very interested in in terms of a gradual evolution of the weatherization program once we have the funding stabilized and restored to pre recovery act levels into one universal retrofit program which would include incentives, rebates, that kind of thing for middle-class homeowners to do energy- efficiency retrofits. 
Do you see a state under the Race to the Top possibly doing a pilot program, or another option, the tremendous problem in this country with foreclosed properties which are vacant, abandoned, they're not really habitable, and taking some of the weatherization training centers, $1 billion of the recovery act for weatherization was devoted to training, trying to redeem that tax payer investment, provide a market for those workers to do energy-efficiency retrofits on those foreclosed properties, could you address that in the context of the Race to the Top? 
Steve: 
Sure, I think the goal of the Race to the Top is to give states and local governments as much flexibility as possible to achieve the goal that they feel is important, and obviously among those goals will be work force development and putting people back to work. 
And the programs you mentioned do that. 
I think that the type of programs that you mentioned, the deployment programs and maybe some of the more ambitious programs like foreclosed housing, I can't speak to those specifically, but that type of approach could certainly be consistent with the funding opportunity available in the Race to the Top. 
I think that all depends on what the specific state decides to prioritize. 
But the overarching point is that we're trying to give states as much flexibility as we can to help develop their grid to achieve a more modern and nimble and energy-efficient grid. 
Brad: 
I think that's a hugely important goal for our entire society, and I hear what you're saying about it's a great opportunity for states as a laboratory, and to work at the state level with our partners as 
NASCSP does. 
I certainly think the deployment programs have a very, very strong role to play and hope that they would be considered as you mentioned energy efficiency as one of the criteria that you mentioned, certainly the deployment programs are part of that in terms of what they deliver. 
Steve: 
I would just underline that it's while this is energy efficiency and grid modernization the final criteria is based on the energy-productivity gains that the state achieves, so energy efficiency is really front and center in this to the extent that states can develop policies that support energy productivity gains via these types of deployment programs they will certainly be recognized and encouraged. 
Brad: 
We will certainly be working with NASEO, an organization we partner with very closely, and all of our state partners to see if we can contribute to this really great initiative. 
Just in closing do you want to say a word about your Hill strategy whenever you come up with a new initiative like this, as you know, how it's presented to the Hill is really crucial. 
Do you want to say a few concluding words on that score, Steve? 
Steve: 
I don't want to get into too many details there because that's not my specific bailiwick because I think that that's always evolving. 
I think you find a program like this which really tries to leverage national resources into action on the state and local level and really lets states make their own decisions. 
It's a type of program that has at least ideologically broad bipartisan appeal, so we're hopeful that we can garner support for this program from both sides of the aisle. 
I'll leave it at that, but I think that we're optimistic that there are good prospects for this program. 
Brad: 
I think you should be. 
It's a great initiative, and I totally agree it should be bipartisan. 
We certainly appreciate the administration's commitment to the weatherization program. 
Before you came on we talked earlier about how the ask was increased to $184 million which is a step in the right direction, and we appreciate the administration's commitment for working with us on the FY "13 to see if we can get money put into the program to keep it whole for the balance of FY "13. 
Steve: we do recognize and value all the great things that the weatherization program has accomplished to date and all the things that we hope it will continue to accomplish in the years to come. 
I just want to thank you and NASEO and others who have really been instrumental in shaping our vision I look forward to continuing to work with you to develop the Race to the Top proposal and the administration's overall efficiency goals,. 
Brad: 
Steve, we will do that and it's certainly a pleasure to have the great commitment this administration has shown to clean energy and that we will play our part in that. 
And our appreciation to your taking the time this afternoon to join us. 
Steve: 
My pleasure. 
And I apologize for calling in a few minutes late, and I apologize to the speaker who I interrupted as a result. 
From what I caught at the very end it seemed interesting, so I'll let you all get back to that. 
Brad: 
We'll get right back to that. 
Thank you, Steve, and have a good rest of the day. 
Steve: you too. 
Thanks Brad. 
Brad: before returning to Mark Schmeissing I just want to take care of a couple housekeeping matters. 
I understand from questions that have come in that some folks in the audience have had difficulties with the audio portion. 
And some folks have been saying, "When will the recorded webinar be made available?" Before we go off the air here today and we complete the discussion of CSBG we will tell our 
listeners when the recorded webinar will be available. 
Someone else also wrote in, Mr. Todd Richardson, for the lobbying and advocacy work that we're going to be doing for the member request letters that 
Senator Reed's legislative director referred to earlier, will we be sending out talking points for those of us making the calls? 
Answer: 
Yes, definitely, Todd, we will be doing that. 
As soon as we get the letters from Senators Reed and Collins we will be sending those talking points out to everybody who is on this webinar and everyone who is part of our network. 
So we will be coming back to more questions that have come in, but what I'd like to do at this point, just to alert Mark Schmeissing, you do have a number of questions, Mark. 
So let's come back and complete your regular presentation, and then let's get right into the questions for the remaining 30 minutes of this webinar. 
Mark: 
That sounds great. 
Thanks Brad. 
So I'm just going to finish up with the overview of ROMA Next 
Generation Grant. 
We've talked through what we are doing in that process. 
If we go to the next slide, you'll see a diagram developed by the urban institute. 
This figure is supposed to show how the three different training and technical assistance efforts are fitting together. 
In the center you'll see those core organizational standards that mainly speak to organizational capacity (things like leadership and governance and community engagement, human resource management, financial operations). 
Those are the things that are being developed through the Organizational Standards Center of Excellence. 
Around that you'll see ROMA 2.0 which is another way that the ROMA Next Generation Center of 
Excellence is referred to. 
That ROMA cycle is the ongoing community action system that's framing our specific and special mandates to address the causes and traditions of poverty. 
Around that you'll see the 
Performance Management and how we use all our vast scores of information and data to frame and demonstrate our valuable outcomes in ways that meet both our network's and external audience's needs. 
It's important to note that it goes from the federal level to state to local levels and then back up to the state and federal levels as well. 
There is complete accountability at all levels in the network. 
That's all that I had for the Community Services Block Grant presentation, but there's a number of questions that have come in that I will be running through, and the first thing to note is that these slides will be sent out as an addition to the webinar. 
These slides will be sent out after the presentation. 
So the first question refers to the chart about the Community Services Block Grant figures and whether there could also be a chart that compares the House numbers and the Senate numbers. 
We communicate through the StateOfPoverty.org. 
That's our NASCSP online blog. 
As soon as we have those exact figures from the Senate and the House we'll be posting those on our blog to run through the comparisons of the different numbers. 
In addition, when we get the final fiscal year 2013 numbers we'll also be sure to share those with you as well so that you can see how they match up to previous years and any potential future proposals. 
Another question that we had was about open competition on the President's budget. 
The competition specifically in regards to those core federal standards. 
It speaks to how the states will be required to implement immediate open competition to serve the affected communities. 
I think that language is important to note. 
It also describes how the current distribution of funds to states and territories and tribes will be maintained. 
So it 
looks as though the system that they're proposing would include competition within the states but not competition among the states. 
However, I want to put a caveat on that as I say it to say that this is simply a proposal in the budget request in that this language could change and could be shaped differently once it gets put into legislative language and it goes through Congress as well. 
There's another question about states that receive the minimum allocation of Community Services Block Grant funds. 
That formula is really put together by the office of Community Services. 
They could tell you why each state is receiving the amount that they're proposed to receive. 
I don't have specific information on that formula but I will certainly be looking into it and will get back to you with more information on that. 
Brad: 
You have a question, Mark. 
Todd Richardson asks if you can tell us why the President dislikes Community Action Network. 
When did he begin to want to end our work? 
Mark: 
Well that's a very interesting question. 
It was two years ago that the President mentioned in the 
State of the Union Address that he was going to propose cuts in his budget to things that were, "near and dear to his heart", like Community Action. 
I can't speak to the President and whether he likes or dislikes the program. 
All I can do is read through his budget requests and see his numbers and some of the reforms and things that he's proposing. 
A couple of notes on that are that he is proposing a 50% cut. 
He's viewing the Community Services Block Grant as one of those programs he's willing to give in and give up some of the funding in this great debate over the debt limit and the deficit and which programs should be cut and which ones should be saved. 
There's an obvious conclusion that can be drawn that the President views the Community Services Block Grant as one of those programs he's willing to give up some funding for in this process. 
However, a number of the reforms that he's proposing targeting resources to high performing innovative agencies in this performance based funding approach, this is not just the Community Services Block Grant that he's talking about. 
This is really government wide efforts to increase the performance based approach to funding, to look at how agencies in the government are measuring performance and managing performance and providing funding based off of that. 
There's a number of different programs that you'll see get funding increases in the budget based off of their ability to show that they are performing effectively and efficiently using the dollars that are given to them. 
There's view here that the Community Services Block Grant is unable to do that at the moment. 
Arley: 
Just to add to that also, Mark. 
You're exactly right, but another thing is they're also looking at past performance by way of what the General Accounting Office has determined. 
And also the Office of 
Management and Budget will be looking at the program. 
Some of you may remember a General 
Accounting Office letter of 2006 that was very critical of the Community Services Block Grant. 
Those 
Accounting Office letter of 2006 that was very critical of the Community Services Block Grant. 
Those things are all in the record. 
They also look at the OlG reports from state to state and also national reports concerning programs and some of those things will also work against the Community Services 
Block Grant. 
There are some new people in the administration that come from other non-profits and other successful non-profits who are probably more generally focused on one specific aspect of eradicating poverty or something of that nature, and they seem to think they had a better approach in and better outcomes of production rather than the Community Services Block Grant. 
So there are some things working against CSBG, and we've been working with the administration and working with 
Congress to combat that. 
We will continue to do that even though there is a request here for a 50% cut, our first move is to try on the Congressional side to say, "Do not cut this program" and to give reasons as to why it should be upheld. 
And we'll also be working with those Congressional members to explain to them why we think their local programs or state programs are very beneficial. 
So we may want to highlight some specific programs. 
This is an uphill battle. 
This is the third year that the administration wants to cut the program and we don't know what's going to happen with Congress in terms of them 
looking to cut budgets anyway. 
This may be a trying year for CSBG, but we'll be working together and reaching out to you and asking you that you would support us as we support you and getting the message to Congress and to the administration the benefits of this program. 
We have not given up on that and will continue to work on that. 
Brad: let's focus for a few minutes on the politics of this. 
Senator Harkin has been a key defender of the program, chairs the Senator Appropriations Subcommittee. 
He will be retiring. 
He will be here for two years. 
That's going to be a big, big change. 
In the House, Congressman Rehberg of Montana has been the chair. 
Montana is a big CSBG state. 
It's a very, very important program there. 
I think something like 10% of the population are beneficiaries of it. 
Of course Jim Nolan now retired, a great advocate for CSBG had helped with Congressman Rehberg who was defeated in his run for the Senate. 
So the new Chair of the Labor HHS subcommittee is going to be very powerful for the future of CSBG. 
A gentleman by the name of Jack Kingston comes from Savannah, Georgia. 
How do you, Arley and Mark, see over the past several years, the approps process has unraveled. 
CSBG has gone onto a continuing resolution which actually has helped CSBG because it forced all the cuts. 
What do you see happening this year with the change with Rehberg gone with a new Chairman who perhaps is not interested in CSBG to the degree that Rehberg was, how do you see that playing out in the approps process? 
Arley: in working with CSBG, especially the last two or three years, because of Senator Tom Harkin and his support, and others in the Senate and people in the House, they concentrate a lot of their efforts in the Senate. 
We know full well that Harkin and others in the Senate have held CSBG. 
You know the 
President wanted to cut it a couple years ago. 
Going forward, we know Senator Harkin was a big supporter. 
We know that he'll still be Chair of the subcommittee that he chairs, and we expect that there will be some strength there. 
The House has always been a bit more difficult to navigate, even before when David Obey was Chair, CSBG was also very well supported. 
When Obey left it became a bit more trying. 
Rehberg was a big supporter. 
Kingston is a lot more frugal from what we can tell. 
He's been a lot quicker to cut programs and cut overall federal spending. 
We're beginning our meetings and our discussions with that new committee and with the new Chair as we begin to navigate the CSBG water. 
It doesn't help us that the cut is coming from the administration. 
It's a very progressive, democratic administration that's saying that they want these cuts as well. 
It's an uphill battle, I will kid you not. 
But we will pull out all the stops. 
Initially, I would say it's not favorable going in, but we remain optimistic at all times. 
Brad: 
We have another question coming in. 
Do we look at ways to talk about our work as place-based, because it often is? 
Arley: 
I'll let Mark take that one because I know he's well versed in place-based. 
Mark: that's a great question and I think that there's even language in the budget request talking about how we can look at CSBG work as place based. 
Let me read you this quote specifically from the budget justification. 
"The purposes and goals of the Community Services Block Grant focus on strengthening communities and reducing poverty by using a broad range of federal, state, and local resources. 
Just as place-based efforts leverage investments by focusing resources in targeted places and draw on the compounding effect of cooperative arrangement". 
So clearly this is the work that Community Action is doing. 
Part of it is messaging and talking about our work that is place-based but also looking at how we can collaborate and cooperate with other efforts the administration is specifically picking out as our place-based initiative. 
There are things like Community Action that are ongoing that are place based, but the administration has a couple of favored projects that they're working on. 
There's a number of place- based things that they're doing that are even serving the same populations of people that the 
Community Action is serving we need to look at how we can collaborate with better. 
Brad: 
Very good answer. 
Let me just remind our audience we're in the final 15 minutes of the webinar. 
If you do have any questions or if you have a comment to make on any of the issues that we've discussed please go ahead and enter the little chat function now and send us your question or comment. 
We had several people write in about the audio. 
It will be available at the end of this week on the NASCSP website. 
It will be prominently noted on the homepage of the website, so you will be able to quickly get to it. 
We thank you for your patience. 
I apologize to anyone who experienced audio problems. 
We understand some folks at the beginning of the webinar did have some audio issues and we hope that they resolved. 
Now we have a question here regarding the performance of the CSBG program, and Arley this gets into a subjective area as to the national performance of the program based on funding received. 
Are we performing well in terms of numbers and outcomes recorded on the national level? 
Is the problem quantity of services clients" outcomes? 
Or is it that we are not reporting on the right things? 
Arley: 
I think that that's a very good question, and I'll start it and I'll let Mark finish it. 
When CSBG was turned into a block grant it was envisioned to be 50 experiments in the country. 
50 programs that all 
look different that are based upon the needs of that particular state or that particular area. 
And even 
local community action agencies are looking into their work. 
They do a community needs assessment to determine what within the social strata, what within the entrepreneurial makeup and philanthropic community, what is missing in my community that would make a person's success from poverty to self- sufficiency, what is lacking. 
So each if the programs within the CSBG dollars take on a different aspect of poverty. 
Some are dealing with child care. 
Some are dealing with education. 
Some are dealing with training, depending on what's already in the community. 
And so it doesn't make it easy to use a wide brush or barometer to measure that success. 
We know the IS report that so many of you so dutifully prepared and worked on in your local agencies and also the state comes to us, we compiled that data as best we can along the 6 national goals to determine the success of this program. 
The problem of that is since some programs are so different and some of the measures aren't quite the same from one region to another, it's hard to get a true scientific look at those numbers and projections which is what a group 
like urban institute would do. 
It may require some stream lining of CSBG. 
In some instances we are measuring the same item in order to get a true national sense of where the program is. 
Locally and state-by-state we can show you successful agencies and successful programs. 
We can show you successful states, but it's not always easy to do on a national sense because of the way these things are recorded and judged. 
Mark, you may want to add something to that, but I think that is a problem for 
CSBG. 
The strength of CSBG is also now, 50 years later, probably the weakness of CSBG because of the modern conveniences, technology, and the way things are measured now, things are recorded and things are judged. 
CSBG is not conducive to that with such a myriad of programs from one state to another. 
Mark: 
Thanks Arley. 
The one thing I wanted to add to that is as you read through the President's budget request and you look at our current ROMA and MPI systems you can see how it's a system that's set up to measure performance. 
It is not a system around performance based programing and performance based funding. 
I think that's a distinct difference between what they're looking to do with CSBG and what we currently have. 
This is just in the request. 
This is not something we're pushing for, but this is something that they're looking for. 
It's how they can make the programing and the funding performance based. 
They recognize the performance measurement system that we have, and they understand it. 
They just think it's not quite what they need, or what they wanted to see for the CSBG. 
And I understand too that to do that you're looking at drastic changes to the program, to the way fund are distributed, to the way formulas are run, really a major reform. 
Brad: 
Let me ask one additional question here on CSBG and then we're going to talk to Bob Scott just a concluding comment on weatherization. 
Question from Diane. 
I noticed some attendees at the NASCSP conference asked how they could apply for Promise Neighborhood funds. 
Are you seeing more of this happening in the CAA network? 
Mark: there are a couple of agencies that are receiving/applying for Promise Neighborhood funds. 
I don't know that I've seen a lot of increases in this. 
Promise funds are a relatively smaller program right now and it has a very specific focus. 
I have not seen a large number of agencies that are looking at this as a source of funds, but it certainly is similar work to what a lot of agencies are doing. 
Brad: 
Bob Scott, are you still with us? 
Bob: 
I am. 
Brad: 
Bob thanks for being patient through this very long discussion, and as we approach the end, having heard what we said earlier regarding the FY "13, we hope to hear on the reallocation within a matter of days on FY "14. 
What are your thoughts? 
Where do you see the program right now in terms of funding? 
Bob: 
Well, I still think that we're at levels below what is really needed to sustain a national weatherization program, and I hope we can make that impression on Congress that $184 million minus a possible $24 million for the multi-family initiative will not keep maintaining this program. 
Can we survive 2013 on $68 million plus whatever might be added by DOE? 
Perhaps we can. 
I'd like to think we can, but it's only a matter of time before these types of numbers destroy the network. 
We're on very thin ice with it and I hope something can change, and we'll be working to do that. 
We need to at least get to those pre-recovery act levels of $225 million. 
So I hope we can get by. 
I think most states can hang on for another year, but I think the term, "we could get starved to death" is a good way of putting it. 
It's certainly something that I fear and hope we can change. 
Brad: 
Certainly our strategy is to get the funding back to the pre-recovery act levels. 
We're talking with 
Senators Reed and Collins right now about an ask in the range of $225 million for FY "14. 
Elyse was with us Earlier, Senator Reed's Legislative Director, and when she referred to the member request letter, that's where we're having the conversations right now. 
And we're looking at the figure right in the range of $225 million. 
That's where strategy is. 
Of course, the House of Representatives is very difficult there. 
We're going to try to do more briefings and increase the bipartisan support for the program. 
We have had some very encouraging republican interest shown recently in response to a lobby day that we did in 
February, and we'll keep working the Senate very aggressively. 
So, Bob thanks very much for those comments, and we'll have to watch closely for that $24 million set-aside for multi-family housing. 
We'll watch how that plays out. 
We just don't have the details right now. 
Bob: 
Right. 
I'm aware. 
Brad: 
So, I think that brings us to the end. 
We have not received any further questions or comments. 
We've had several people who have inquired about talking points for the member letter for the Senate. 
We'll be reaching out to you in the next several days, and yes we will send talking points out. 
That will be a very quick turn-around, and we do appreciate your help with that. 
We will have the audio portion on the NASCSP website no later than the end of the week, and we will have the slides available as well. 
Many, many thanks to our two guests who joined us today, Steve Capanna from the White House, and 
Elyse Wasch with Senator Jack Reed. 
Senator Reed a great champion and she is the Senator's Legislative 
Director, and thanks to my colleague Arley Johnson, Director of Government Relations, and to Mark 
Schmeissing for your excellent presentation on CSBG. 
And thanks also to Alice Gaston for her help in putting the webinar together. 
And thank you, our audience, for your patience for staying with us for almost 90 minutes. 
We hope this was useful. 
We welcome your comments, and we'll take a survey of everyone who was on the line, and we apologize again for any audio difficulties at the beginning. 
Technology is always a work in progress, and we'll see that the next time around we don't encounter those problems. 
Thank you for joining us. 
Please let us know what you think of this presentation and enjoy the rest of your day. 
Good afternoon. 

Welcome back. 
I'm just continuing this ultra, five star problem just so you make sure you can understand everything that's going on, especially with tension and pulleys and all the rest. 
So here we were. 
We figured out the net forces acting on this block. 
And we said it was the tension of the rope minus the force of friction. 
And we figured out the force of friction in the traditional way. 
And that equals the mass of the block times the acceleration of the block. 
And actually, it would have been a good idea here to solve for tension. 
So what is the tension pulling on this block? 
The tension is equal to 10 times the acceleration of the block plus 39.2 newtons. 
And actually, this is probably the one that I should have squared because this is even more useful than what I wrote before. 
So we figured out the tension of the rope here in terms of the acceleration of the block. 
And then we moved on to the pulley. 
And we said, OK, well what are the net forces acting on here? 
We have 150 newtons to the right, and we have twice the tension pulling back right? 
Cause we have the tension here pulling back and the tension there. 
That's kind of what pulleys do. 
And we knew that because the tension in the rope is constant. 
And if you were to do it here, not that it matters, the tension of the rope here is T and then the wall is pulling back on the rope with the force T. 
And that's why this point is constant. 
But we don't worry about that, so back to the problem. 
So we said the net forces on the pulley, which is 150 minus 2 times the tension, is equal to the mass of the pulley, 5 kilograms, times the acceleration-- and this is the p here-- times the acceleration of the pulley. 
And at the very beginning of the problem I had said, well the acceleration of the pulley is half the acceleration of the block. 
And I went off about all the reasons. 
And I'll say it one more time, because if this pulley moves an inch to the right, not only will the pulley move an inch to the right, this length of wire will get an inch longer, right, cause this is stationary here. 
So this length of wire, since the wire is a constant length, will get an inch shorter. 
So this is getting an inch shorter and the pulley is moving an inch to the right, so this block will move 2 inches to the right. 
So that's how we came to the conclusion that whatever the velocity to the right of this pulley is, the velocity of this block will be twice that. 
Or whatever the acceleration of this pulley is to the right, the acceleration of this block will be twice that. 
And that's what we wrote here. 
The acceleration of the pulley or the acceleration of the block is twice the acceleration of the pulley. 
Or the acceleration of the pulley is 1/2 the acceleration of the block. 
So with that said, we took this equation and we substituted the acceleration of the pulley. 
And we said well the acceleration of the pulley is just half the acceleration of the block. 
The pulley's velocity and its acceleration is half whatever the block's is. 
And so we substituted that in for the acceleration of the pulley. 
And now we can substitute tension, which we solved here, for the-- my mind's getting flustered-- for the tension in this equation. 
So what do we get? 
We get 150-- let me move back to a nice color-- minus 2 times this expression. 
This is the tension in the rope. 
10 times a, b, acceleration of the block, plus 39.2 is equal to 5 times 1/2. 
Well what's 5 times 1/2? 
It's 2.5 acceleration of the block. 
So we have 150 minus 20 times the acceleration of the block minus-- what is this-- 78.4 is equal to 2.5 times the acceleration of the block. 
Well let's add 20 times the acceleration of the block to both sides. 
Well, we'll just simplify this. 
150 minus 78.4 is equal to 71.6. 
So 150 minus 78.4 is 71.6. 
So that's just this minus this. 
And I'm going to add 20 a b to both sides, so I'm essentially moving this 20 a b over on that side. 
I'm skipping a couple of steps just to save space. 
So if I add 20 times the acceleration of the block. 
That's not a, b. 
It's a sub b. 
You get 22.5 times the acceleration of the block. 
And this is a 6, not a block. 
71.6 is equal to 22.5 times the acceleration of the block. 
We're almost done. 
So we divide both sides by 22.5 and what do we get? 
Let's see. 
Divided by 22.5, and we get the acceleration of the block. 
So that's this block right here. 
The acceleration of the block is 3.18 meters per second squared. 
That's how fast this thing accelerates to the right. 
And we already figured out that the pulley accelerates at half that rate. 
So whatever that number divided by 2. 
So the pulley itself, the acceleration of the pulley is half of this number, which is 1.59 meters per second squared to the right. 
I know this was a fairly difficult problem and the key realizations though, I think that you had to discover or realize in order to be able to do this was a couple of things. 
One, that the acceleration of this pulley is half the acceleration of the block, or the acceleration of the block is double the acceleration of the pulley. 
You have to realize that. 
And then you just have to work out the net horizontal forces and realize well the only thing pulling on this block is friction going backwards and tension of the rope to the right. 
And that same tension of the rope is constant throughout this wire or through this rope. 
And on this pulley, and this might not be something that you had already realized about pulleys, but now you will, is that since the rope essentially goes around the pulley, it's pulling twice on the pulley. 
And the tension's constant, so it's pulling with a tension of 
T on the top and the bottom. 
And if you realized those things, then it's just a 
little bit of algebra to get the acceleration of the block and the acceleration of the pulley. 
Anyway, I hope I didn't confuse you too much. 
I would call this a five star problem if you would see this type of problem on physics competitions. 
So if you know how to do this, you're doing well, at least as far as tension and ropes and friction are concerned. 
I'll see you in the next video. 
Hemen GurePlaneta-TB. 
Hajime Shiraishi naiz. 
Gaurko "ContAct" saioan ariko gara Erradiazioek eragindako osasun arazoez. 
Lau hilabete igaro dira Fukushima-1 zentraleko istriputik eta gero eta jende gehiago dago bere osasunaz kezkaturik. 
GurePlanet-TBk ikusleei eskatu zien osasunean nabaritutako aldaketak kontatzeko. 
Hemen daude ikusleen erantzunak. 
Asko dira. 
Gaur aztertuko dugu ea erradiazioekin zerikusirik duten eta baita ere zer gertatzen ari den oraintxe umeekin. 
Gaur Mika Noro andrea konbidatu dugu, "Txernobylerako zubia" elkartearen burua. 
Noro Andrea izan da "Haurrak erradiaziotik babesteko gurasoen sare nazionala" sortu dutenetakoa. 
Mila esker gaur gurekin egoteagatik. 
Mila esker. 
Zu hitzaldiak ematen ari zara Japonia osoan. 
Luzaz aritu zara Hokkaido ugartera ekartzen Txernobylgo istripuak kaltetutako haurrak. 
Zein iritzi duzu Fukushima-1eko istripuaz? 
Begira, Txernobyletik ekartzen genituen haurrek han elikadura kutsatuak jaten zituzten. 
Japonian martxotik aurrera iristen hasi zitzaizkigu heien antzeko sintomen kontakizunak. 
Hasi nintzen susmatzen menturaz osasun kalteak handiagoak zirela telebistetan kontatuak baino. 
Ikerketan hasita, amak galdezkatu nituen, eta ohartu nintzne egoera zinez arriskutsua zela. 
Hau martxo bukaera aldean gertatu zen. 
Apirila bukatutakoan Japonia osotik hasi nintzen jasotzen hitz egiteko gonbiteak. 
Noan leku guztietan, Txernobylen gertatutakoen antzekoak entzuten ditut. 
Haurretan oso antzeko sintomak aurkitzen ditugu. 
Zu eta zure taldeak antolatu zenuten Japonian haurrentzako lehenbiziko kontsulta. 
Esango diguzu zein izan zen gurasoen erantzuna? 
Nola esango nizuke... 
Gure lehen asmoa zen besterik gabe gurasoei aukera ematea Txernobylgo haurrak ikusiak zituzten medikuekin hitz egiteko, lasaitu zitezen. 
Baina teléfono deiak ez zitzaizkigun gutxitu. 
Ohartu ginen konbidatu genituen medikuak ez zirela aski. 
Berehala dei egin behar izan genien mediku boluntarioei. 
Hala ere sekulako jendetzak deitzen zuen, askori esan behar izan genien ez etortzeko. 
Ikusten ari garen osasun arazoak ez dituzte erakutsi komunikabide nagusietan. 
Baina SOS dei asko jaso dituzue. 
Egia da. 
Geuk ere begiratu dugu ea zer ari den gertatzen oraintxe. 
Fukushimako osasun kontsultaz eta osasun arazoen zainketa independienteaz egin dugu erreportajea; mesedez, ikusi ondoko bideoa. 
Fukushima hiria, Fukushima probintzian [zentral nuklearretik 60 kilometrora]. 
Ekainean ekin zitzaion haurren osasun kontsultari. 
"Haurrak Erradiaziotik Babesteko Fukushimako Sarea"ren ekipoak antolatu zuen. 
Hasieran 150 haurrentzako behar zuen. 
Baina eskariz gainezka zeuden. 
Azkenerako, 500 ume etorri ziren. 
"Haurrak Erradiaziotik Babesteko Pediatren Sare Nazional"eko kideek aztertzen zituzten. 
Nola dago hau?... 
OK? 
Ikus'tagun hemen... 
OK. 
Min egiten dizu? 
OK? 
Pixka bat handituta dauka kokotz azpia. 
Begira, erradiazioak eragin dio. 
Horregatik dauzka horrelako begi-zuloak, aurpegi zurbila, nekea. 
Labur esateko, nire ustez immunitate sistema ahulduta dauka. 
Mutikoa, Ryota, gaixotu egiten zaizu errexki... 
Nire iritzian onena zenuke hemendik eramatea beste toki osasuntsuago batera. 
Ulertu dizut. 
Mila esker. 
Ahaztu gabe. 
Edozer gertatuta ere, mesedez hemen apuntatu sintomak, esaterako sukarra, eta ez galdu papera. 
Eta azterketa medikuak egiten diotenean, emaitzen txostena eskuratu falta gabe. 
Ematen ez badizute, eskatu. 
Fotokopiek balio dute. 
OK. 
Zerk ekarri zaitu hona gaur? 
Haurrari urtikaria atera zaio eta ez zaio sendatzen; kezkatu samarra nago. 
Doktoreak berretsi dit nik susmatzen nuena. 
Lagundu egin dit eta handiagotu egin dit probintziatik alde egiteko asmoa. 
Hasieran ez nekien hemen erradiazioaren ondorioak zeudenik. 
Lehen bi-hiru egunetan kanpoan ibiltzen utzi nion haurrari. 
Nirekin eramaten nuen iturrira ur bila, etxeetako ura moztuta zegoelako garai hartan. 
Beldur naiz egun haietan erradiazio dosi handi samarra hartu ote zuen. 
Horregatik etorri naiz. 
Aya Marumori Andrea, kontsulta honen antolatzailea: 
"Haurrak Erradiaziotik Babesteko Fukushimako Sarea" antolatu genuenean maiatzean... ...osasuaren kalteek kezkatzen ninduten. 
Horregatik aurkeztu nintzen osasun babeserako taldeko buru izateko. 
Laster hasi zitzaizkidan deitzen amak gauetan eta goizaldeetan. 
Kezkatuta zeuden, eta zioten: 
"Agian ez du erradiazioarekin loturarik, baina zergatik dauzka hainbeste osasun arazo gure haurrak?". 
Ama horien arazoa zera da, haurra gaixotu eta ospitalera doazenean, nahiz eta hauen tiroideak handituta egon... ... eta ospitalean geratu behar, hala ere ezin diotela galdetu medikuari "Erradizioarekin zerikusirik badu?" 
Erradiazio kopuru txiki batek ere eragin dezake nolabait gizakiaren gorputzean. 
Hona GurePlaneta-TBk ikusleengandik jasotako emailak. 
Eskatu genienean osasunean nabaritutako aldaketa ez-ohikoak kontatzeko, aste vbtean ia 500 email jaso genituen. 
Sudurretik odol jario handia. 
Eten ezinezko diarrea. 
Eztarria irritatuta. 
Neke handia. 
Ez haurrek bakarrik, adin ezberdinetako jende batzuek ere antzeko sintomak aipatzen dituzte. 
Masamichi Nishio doktorea, Hokkaidoko Kantzer Zentroko burua: 
Diarrea, nekea, eztarriko mina, odola sudurretan... 
Jende askok baldin badituzte antzeko sintomak, medikuek ohartu behar dute erradiazio dosi apalen síntoma klinikoak direla. 
(emaila: 
"Estomatitisa justu istripuaren ondoren"). 
Ez dituzte mesprexatu behar sukarraldi baten sintomak balira bezala. 
"Txernobyl: 
Hondamendiaren eraginak gizakietan eta ingurumenean". 
Liburu hau The New York Academy of Sciences-ek argitaratu zuen 2009an. 
Egileak hiru aditu dira, tartean Alexey V. Yablokov doktorea, Bielorrusiakoa, Sobiet Batasunean Gorbatxov presidentearen aholkulari zientifiko izana. 
Aztertu zituzten 2004 aurretik plazaratutako 5.000 txosten zientifiko baino gehiago, ondorioztatuz milioi bat jende hilgo zela istripuaren eraginez. 
Kopuru horrek 20 aldiz bikoizten du ofizialki ICRP erakundeak aipatu izan dituen "4.000 jendeen heriotzak". 
Yablokov doktoreak ohartarazten du sudurreko odola eta guruin linfatikoen handitzea erradiazioen kalteen sintomak direla. 
Ofizialki esan da Txernobylek 4.000 jenderen heriotza ekarri zuela. 
Baina horretarako oinarritzen dira ICRP bezala industria nuklearrari lotutako erakundeen txostenetan. 
Ez dago garbi nork duen arrazoi [ICRPk ala Yablokovek], baina bistakoa da bien artean sekulako tartea dagoela. 
Nola ulertu tarte hori? 
Begira, ICRPk izendatu zuen batzorde bat gorputz barruko erradiazioak ikertzeko, baina desegin egin zuten. 
Zergatik? 
Batzorde horrek hainbeste urtean behin azterketa bat egin behar zuelako. 
Baina txosten horretan egia kontatuko balute, gorputz barruko erradiazioen arriskuak azalduko lituzkete, eta ezingo lukete jarraitu energía nuklearra sustatzen. 
Jende asko kaltetu baldin baditu barruko erradiazioak, ... iruditzen zait garaia dela kontutan hartzeko erradiazio mota horren kalteak. 
Bideoan ageri denez, Interneten zabalduta zegoen martxotik ari zela zerbait berezia gertatzen. 
Baina orduan istorio horiek hutsalak edo gezurrezkoak ziruditen, zientzialari batzuek berehala esaten baitzuten aldaketok ez zutela zerikusirik erradiazioekin. 
Horrelako giroan jende asko ez zen ausartu hitz egitera edo arazo horien zergaitiak ikertzera. 
Zuek kasu asko ikusi dituzue kontsultak antolatu zenituztenetik. 
Guk ere informazio asko jaso ditugu ikusleetatik. 
Emaiozue begiratu bat mapa honi... 
Hemen saikatu ditugu jaso ditugun 550 informeak. 
Ikus dezakezunez, síntoma ohikoenak dira eztarriko gorabeherak, zehazkiago, eztarri minbera. 
Hirutik batek aipatzen du arazo hau. 
Bigarrena da sudurreko odol jarioa, %20 inguruk daukate. 
Ez bakarrik haurrek, baina 30, 40, 50 edo 60koek ere, edozein adinetakoek. 
Hirugarren síntoma ohikoena, diarrea. 
Eta ondoren neke handia. 
Kausak ez dira identifikatu oraindik. 
Baina kezkatu nintzen ikusi nuenean 500 jendeotatik bakoitzak antzeko sintomak zituela. 
Zer uste duzu emaitz horiez? 
Begira, Txernobyl inguruetan leku kutsatuetan bizi diren haurren artean sarri ikusi ditugun sintomak dira. 
Horregatik ez nintzen harritu. 
Ez da harritzekoa, zeren eta gure gainean sekulako erradiazio kopurua erori baita. 
Japoniako doktoreak ez daude ohituta gorputzean arnastuta edo irentsita sartutako errazioarekin. 
Horregatik, norbait ohartzen denean zerbait ari zaiola gertatzen osasunean eta erradiazioagatik dela... ... ospitalera jotakoan doktoreek esango diote urduriegi dagoela, edo ez diote entzungo. 
Horregatik jo dute jende horiek Internetera, edo gure webgunera. 
Ospitaleko diagnostikoarekin ez bazaituzte konbentzitzen, hobe duzu sospetxatzea zure arazoak erradiazioarekin duela zerikusia. 
Batez ere orain. 
Ez da harrigarri guri emailak bidali dizkigutenetatik gehienak ospitalera ez joan izana. 
Sudurretik odoletan ari zarelako ez zoaz ospitalea, ala? 
Ezta jarioa handia bada ere. 
Ospitalera diarrea larriarekin iritsitako askori diarrea birikoa diagnostikatu zioten. 
Baina birusen testak negatibo ematen zuen. 
Quite a few people came home with the cause of their problems unidentified. 
As has been the case with "A-bomb bura bura disease" and Chernobyl-related health problems, medical tests don't reveal any abnormalities for such symptoms. 
If you take a blood test, nothing abnormal is found. 
But the medicine you got won't stop your diarrhea. 
So the doctor, not knowing what to do, keep giving you stronger medicines or antibiotics. 
But if the cause is radiation, medicines are hardly effective and the mdical tests don't reveal any abnormalities. 
Still, I think it's important to go to the hospital and get the diagnosis, for a record. 
Ah, for a record. 
Right. 
Even if you think the diagnosis is off the mark, the fact that it's off the mark may later serve as an evidence of some kind. 
The diagnosis can prove that a symptom similar to it did happen to you. 
So I think you should go to the hospital. 
I see. 
But I hear many mothers have had bad experiences with doctors. 
That's true. 
I know doctors have said various things to mothers, such as "overreacting," "too nervous," or "that may be pollen allergy." 
But this is something Japanese doctors should learn as well from now on. 
We, too, often had bad experiences with doctors in Chernobyl. 
When they hear the words "radiation exposure," they only think of cancers or leukemia. 
However, the health problems of children living in the contaminated areas are relatively minor and cannot be diagnosed. 
They have a whole range of such symptoms, which is called "a bouquet of symptoms." 
The Japanese doctors who went to Chernobyl as part of the relief effort didn't examine such children. 
They only treated children with more serious diseases. 
But you know, the children who got cancer is just the tip of an iceberg. 
Under the tip, there are innumerable children who have such minor symptoms as, say, fatigue. 
Fatigue is a typical symptom of thyroid disorder. 
Or eye swelling. 
I frequently heard from mothers their children suffered from eye swelling after they fell in the contaminated places. 
I hear there's a similar case recently. 
Yes. 
I often hear the story of how children fell in a sandpit with high radiation and their eyes get swollen the next day. 
Sometimes swollen in purple. 
Also, quite a few people claim that bruises have appeared, or that moles have appeared or disappeared, which seem to have nothing to do with stress or physical conditions. 
Some women claim the menstrual period has stopped or the menstrual cycle is irregular. 
Others are saying their allergy has gotten worse. 
Or their diseases have recurred. 
These are the symptoms I noticed when looking at the emails. 
Another problem right now is people are eating contaminated food, because the Japanese radiation safety limit for food was raised. 
When contaminated food is ingested in the body, it weakens the immune system. 
That's why the allergy aggravates and the diseases recur. 
Some people claim their healed injury has started to ache again. 
A weakened immune system also causes fatigue. 
People with fatigue will probably become unable to extend themselves. 
About two weeks ago when we showed this data to you, you said you'd like to see a breakdown of the number of the reports according to prefectures. 
So we created a map to show which prefecture those emails came from. 
And as you see here, most of them came from Tohoku and Kanto regions. 
In other words, from contaminated regions. 
We are an webcast station that anyone anywhere in Japan can watch. 
Not a local TV station that can be viewed, for example, only in Kanto. 
Considering this fact, I was half-shocked and half-unsurprised to see most of the reports came from Kanto and Tohoku. 
This seems to be an evidence that the connection with radiation cannot be ignored. 
Ideally, the government should be the first to conduct this kind of epidemiological research for the sake of the public health. 
The last time I went to Fukushima, I heard a story of some children in kindergartens and nursery schools in Date City in Fukusima Prefecture who aggravated a cold that lead to pneumonia and were constantly in and out of hospital, because of a weakened immune system. 
This was exactly what happened in Chernobyl and I was shocked to hear that. 
I really wished that such things would never ever happen in Japan. 
I'm very worried by the fact that the people have been eating contaminated food and various symptoms have already emerged. 
Something must be done. 
In Chernobyl, nothing was done with children for the first 3 years, which led to the high rate of cancer among them. 
I'd really like the Japanese government to do something about it as soon as possible. 
You went to Belarus 7 years after the Chernobyl accident and saw the situation there. 
We're going to show some photos from the visit soon... 
How was it? 
In Belarus? 
Yes, when you visited Belarus...the photo is shown now. 
Well, they said there were no healthy children. 
If there were 100 children at school, 98 of them had some kind of health problems. 
They said those children got ill when their immune systems weakened because of stress or shocking event. 
In other words, they were in the gray zone between "healthy" and "ill." 
Most of the children were like ticking bombs that could explode at any minute. 
And the class length at school was shortened to something like 25 minutes, instead of 45 minutes. 
You mean they couldn't go through a normal 45-minute class... 
Yes, because they easily got tired. 
Did those health problems in children sometimes lead the families to leave the area? 
Yes, the educated class was the first to escape. 
The families that remained were either farmers, families with disabled members, or families with many children. 
In other words, families who couldn't sustain themselves in other places. 
You've also been to Fukushima and measured radiation level there. 
So you've seen both: 
Chernobyl and Fukushima. 
What do you think when you compare the two? 
Radiation level in Fukushima is way too high. 
It's crazy... 
That's what everyone involved in Chernobyl is saying. 
So-called "hot spots" in Kanto region is like the radiation level in Belarus. 
In Chernobyl, people are not allowed to live in the area with more than 1 microsievert [per hour]. 
April 23, 1994 Belarus No-Entry Zone (30km from the plant) 0.232 microsievert 
On the other hand, many people are allowed to live in such dangerous areas as Fukushima City, Koriyama City, Nihonmatsu City, and Date City in Fukushima Prefecture. 
June 11, 2011 Fukushima Municipal Moriai Elementary School (school yard) 1.383 microsievert 
I can't believe it. 
I don't WANT to believe it. 
I can't understand that people are treated in such an inhumane way in my own country. 
But sadly that's how it is, and the provisional radiation exposure limit of 20 millisievert/yr for school yards hasn't been retracted yet. 
Well, they say they'll make efforts to lower the actual exposure level to as close to 1 millisievert as possible, but the regulation itself hasn't been retracted. 
And children are still playing cheerfully in cities with very high radiation, such as Fukushima City, Koriyama City, and Nihonmatsu City. 
Based on your experience with the Chernobyl children, what do you think should be done now? 
Children must be evacuated immediately. 
Adults might not be able to get out due to financial reasons, but that has nothing to do with children. 
Evacuate them in units of classes, for example. 
At least for a month. 
Or, considering the level of radiation there, they shouldn't return for a while. 
Otherwise they would have to face really serious consequences. 
The government of Belarus eventually took the responsibility to establish programs to separate children from radiation. 
For example, sending them overseas so they can rest their bodies, and sending them to sanatoriums. 
In case of Fukushima, the current radiation level is so high I'm afraid such measures may not be enough. 
After all, they have eaten produce from local sources. 
Fukushima is "Forbidden Forest" of Belarus, so to speak. 
Forest so dangerous no one can enter. 
Still, many people including children are allowed to live in the "Forest." I cannot permit this. 
And such unusual changes in health do not happen in Fukushima alone. 
I think this issue should be addressed in a more comprehensive manner. 
Indeed, there are many areas with high radiation in Kanto where children should be evacuated out. 
In Belarus, in the areas where the radiation level simply exceeds 0.1 microsievert, children did get ill, though you can't simply compare those areas to Kanto because they're self-sufficient. 
But there are actually people in Kanto who claim to have nosebleed and diarrhea. 
As Dr. Hida [expert in internal radiation exposure] pointed out, if you see both nosebleed and diarrhea, that's a clear sign of internal radiation exposure. 
I think it's OK for us to be overly nervous. 
The most important thing we need to do now is to protect children. 
It's better to overreact now and be criticized for the overreaction later than not doing anything. 
As we have seen today, various problems are happening one after another. 
Those who can escape should do so. 
And we have to remember the importance of keeping a record if any unusual change in health happens to us. 
Ms. Noro, thank you very much. 
We will end our program with the forecast of the dispersion of radioactive particles by the German Weather Services over the next three days. 
Please watch out for the weather and the wind direction when you go out during this weekend. 
On the ninty-sixth day we sailed again. 
How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! 
When a bloody great Yankee hove in sight 
With our cracked four-pounders we made to fight. 
Goddamn them all! 
I was told we'd cruise the seas for American gold, we'd fire no guns, shed no tears... 
Now I'm a broken man on a Halifax pier the last of Barrett's privateers. 
The Yankee lay low down with gold 
How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! 
She was broad and fat and loose in the stays but to catch her took the Antelope two whole days. 
Goddamn them all! 
I was told we'd cruise the seas for American gold we'd fire no guns, shed no tears 
Now I'm a broken man on a Halifax pier the last of Barrett's privateers. 
Ladies and gentlemen... 
At last we stood two cables away 
How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! 
Our cracked four-pounders made an awful din but with one fat ball the Yanks stove us in. 
Goddamn them all! 
I was told we'd cruise the seas for American gold we'd fire no guns shed no tears now I'm a broken man on a Halifax pier the last of Barrett's privateers. 
The Antelope shook and pitched on her side 
How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! 
Barrett was smashed 
like a bowl of eggs and the main truck carried off both me legs. 
Goddamn them all! 
I was told we'd cruise the seas for American gold we'd fire no guns shed no tears 
Now I'm a broken man on a Halifax pier the last of Barrett's privateers. 
So here I lay in my twenty-third year 
How I wish I was in Sherbrooke now! 
It's been six years since we sailed away and I just made Halifax yesterday. 
Goddamn them all! 
I was told we'd cruise the seas for American gold we'd fire no guns shed no tears. 
Now I'm a broken man on a Halifax pier the last of Barrett's privateers. 
Downloaded __7singhwarriors. 
Brain is the most important organ of the human body. 
The most vital component in the human system. 
It's the brain that controls every body part. 
Brain is the king of all human body parts. 
Patient Name: 
Sanjay Singhania 
Symptom: 
Anti retrograde Amnesia Short term memory loss 
Hey, look at this one. 
This one's my project. 
No. 
Sir, but why? 
Forget this case. 
But it's such an interesting case. 
Interesting yes, but it's also a police case. 
But... 
Sunita, you want me to call your parents? 
Fine, I won't take it up. 
But as medical students, we want to know. 
Okay... 
That is Sanjay Singhania. 
Hit on the head with an iron rod. 
After the incident, he lost his memory. 
He is unable to remember anything now. 
We call it short term memory loss. 
He remembers events for only about 15 minutes. 
Afterwards... he forgets everything. 
For example, he'd ask your name... and in 15 minutes he will have forgotten it. 
He recalls only fragments of the incident. 
But we can't say how much of it he remembers. 
Regular tasks like eating, drinking, driving, also his feelings... 
lie embedded in his sub-conscious mind. 
How does he go about his everyday routine? 
How does a child perform instructed tasks? 
By committing to memory, learning by rote. 
Or, by jotting things down in writing. 
Likewise, he remembers tasks by writing. 
What was that incident? 
Who assaulted him? 
This, no one knows. 
Unfortunately, he doesn't even recall a face. 
How can someone live on like this... 
I wonder, what he's doing this moment... 
Ghajini 
Killed, just like Mangesh. 
The second, this week. 
Even if I've to search every street, I'm going to get this one in 48 hours. 
Find out who... 
I must find him before the police gets to him. 
Where to? 
There... 
Orchard Avenue. 
Pin 400076. 
My street 
We're in Orchard Avenue. 
Take the next right. 
Odyssey. 
It's a building on your right. 
I want to go there. 
My building 73 Rupees. 
Whose address is it? 
Mine. 
Kill him Find Ghajini 
Find him Kill him 
Photos 
House Keys 
Wallet 
Cell phone 
Camera 
Gun 
Remove T shirt 
Revenge 
Kalpana was killed Who is Ghajini? 
Revenge 
Check notes, Photos 
Find Ghajini 
Kill him 
Day before yesterday. 
10 am. 
From Hiranandani to Andheri Station. 
Yes, I sold that ticket. 
What's written behind it? 
He paid me with a five hundred note. 
I didn't have change. 
So I wrote it on the back. 
He forgot to take the change... hey, it must be him. 
Who...? 
This one always forgets. 
Sometimes he forgets to buy a ticket, sometimes it's the change. 
At times, he'll go on buying tickets. 
He keeps on asking the names of bus stops. 
Can you recognise him? 
- Why not... looks a strange sort, keeps his head shaven, has a long scar on the head. 
Every morning at ten, he takes the bus from Hiranandani. 
It's nine. 
We got an hour to get him. 
Come on. 
Take camera 
Bus 392 
There he goes. 
Hey... 
Damn it. 
See you in the canteen after the lecture. 
Excuse me... excuse me, sir... 
Hi sir! 
I'm Sunita. 
Sunita. 
Final year medical student. 
You don't know me. 
But I know you. 
Can I talk to you for two minutes... please? 
As a medical student, I want to know how... 
Camera beeps 
What's that? 
My camera. 
Why is it beeping? 
It buzzes every 15 minutes. 
So that I can take photos... of important things, people... to inscribe on them, to remember. 
On photos? 
Yes. 
What are you doing? 
Making notes... 
I grew up on Oracle from Oracle four on, and there are some really awesome features in Oracle. 
- That's so sad. 
- It would take those 3000 queries and actually work whereas mostly [indecipherable] 
- Oh yeah, no, no, no, no. 
The 3000 queries was, in fact, Oracle, and it did, in fact, work just fine eventually. 
- 9000 seconds later. 
- It just took a while to run, no problem. 
- Are you saying qualifying the dates or indexing the dates or both out of curiosity? 
All of the above? 
Oracle dates, time stamps. 
Sequel, JBC when you're using a NS timestamp will output a Java sequel timestamp. 
If you have your Oracle column set to date, 
Oracle then in the database has to convert that Java sequel time stamp into a date. 
If you've used that date, say as a partition column, you're going to have a query that takes 100 to 200 times longer to execute than if you had just passed in a time stamp, or if you used a time stamp for your partition column. 
There's a nice work‑around. 
I'm not sure if there's a techno publish for it. 
We discovered it last year at WOWODC. 
It's basically telling Oracle to work in the 8I mode. 
You lose all your 10G features. 
OK, next one I'll go through pretty quickly. 
Awake from insertion, it's the EO constructor. 
If any of you have ever tried to use the actual Java constructer in your enterprise objects you probably quickly discovered that wasn't really a good thing to do. 
If you want to do your initialization in awakeFromlnsertion, it's the place to set defaults for your enterprise objects. 
The little known fact that I want to point out today is that it can get called more than once. 
Two cases have been pointed out recently, Java client and nested editing context can result in this getting called more than once. 
In order to protect yourself the best practice is to check to make sure a value is null before you set the default. 
If not, then probably something else has been done with that object and you don't want to go back to the default. 
- There is also the init method you can override if you're using Wonder which checks whether it's a temporary global ID or not. 
If you deleted an object from an editing context and do an undo on the editing context it gets reinserted. 
- Oh, that's another good point, yeah. 
- You want to set up the default values there. 
Use in it or check whether the global id is a temporary global ID or a non temporary. 
- OK, now a few quick Java ones, exception handling. 
Don't do this. 
How many times have I seen code... 
I thought somebody would like that. 
Don't write code like that. 
Just don't do it. 
I've seen so many people do that and it's just, 
"Oh, it will never happen. 
Don't worry about it." 
Sooner or later, yeah, it does happen. 
- What if you expect it and it won't hurt? 
- Whatever you want to do in the privacy of your own application is fine with me. 
- He's right. 
That does occasionally happen. 
For me when that happens I always put a comment in that catch, and explain why I'm doing that. 
Because someone is going to come back behind you and wonder... they'll think you're a bad programmer. 
- Yeah. 
On the very rare occasions when you expect it and it won't hurt and you're dealing with it some other way, then, yeah, just comment it. 
But don't leave an empty block like that. 
The problem is, though, if you don't have that in there then you have to say, 
"OK, this method throws parse exception." 
Then all the methods that call that have to throw parse exception. 
You end up making changes all over your code. 
It's a real irritation of Java checked exceptions. 
The best practice for this, instead of swallowing the exception, convert it to unchecked and re throw it. 
- Or throw it. 
Or throw the original. 
- Yeah, but if it's checked then you have to declare it all the time. 
- Yes. 
- As opposed to... nobody likes to do that. 
Nobody is going to do that. 
Nobody is going to make that many changes in their code. 
This forward exception has a little bit of a private API call that you can use there if you want to stick with that. 
Pierre is shaking his head going no, and I agree with Pierre because I don't do that. 
- I hate that feature of Web Object. 
It's forward exception is something that... objective C polluting Java, it's... 
- I get this from Wonder, and I blame Wonder for making me do that. 
I did it the nice way and Anyo got cranky at me. 
There's actually a class called Exception Converter. 
In the notes to the slide there's a URL for it, and it's a much nicer thing to do. 
- Well, you run that exception? 
- Yes, but the problem of throwing in a run time exception is you lose the original stack trace. 
- You chain it, you chain it. 
- Not if you put parentheses E. 
- Yes. 
Actually parentheses E plus exclusion as to what in this level why it's being thrown. 
- Chain, chain, chain always chain. 
- No. 
- I would say definitely and the most important is to throw. 
Beyond that your personal religious beliefs on throwing checked or not or changing or not, are less important, but not swallowing it the really important thing. 
- OK, at least we can agree on that much. 
The rest of it is just a quite good practice. 
Use formatters. 
A lot of people seem to be afraid of these. 
I ended up using them all the time. 
They're easy to write. 
If you look at the whole API for, was is Java text format, there's a whole lot of stuff there. 
But, with Web Objects, you usually don't care. 
You're formatting one value of an input, and you're...you're parsing one value of an input or you're formatting it into a string. 
You don't need to get too carried with writing fancy, fancy formatters. 
It's good because it keeps the views separate from the model and the controller. 
Rather than using a formatter, you can often just do it in a WO component. 
The thing is that this is a little bit smaller than a WO component. 
It's easier to reuse across a bunch of WO components. 
It promotes reuse because of that. 
The code's not tied to one specific page. 
Yes? 
- This is going to get ugly 
A lot of the formatters aren't thread‑safe. 
I think all the ones I rate are thread‑safe. 
But, I know some of the Java timestamp formatters, and some of the other ones aren't thread safe. 
The best practice is probably to cache them in a session if you're not going to get multiple requests, unless of course, you're using a long response page in which case then you've got a different problem. 
The best practice is, it depends but think about thread safety. 
- Yes. 
None of the Java formats are as thread‑safe. 
- Sorry. 
It's actually not that costly to pick a formatter. 
Just don't try to share a formatter between threads. 
You're asking for trouble. 
There's no doubt, I put the date and time into the session as seen from the slides to hold the time zone in them? 
But the rest of them I just make on the fly because they usually don't have any data in them. 
- Also Wonder Helper functions. 
- Wonder Helper functions? 
- Nice. 
Just a couple of quick examples on how to write very simple formatters. 
This one here just takes an NSArray and puts it with a bunch of page breaks between it. 
You can easily deal with a little WORepetition and a string, but then you've got another component with a WORepetition and String or you've got part of your component that is less reusable than it could be because it's inside of it. 
That "return buffer.append" in the format command is the entire implementation of the formatter, and it's not particularly difficult. 
We're not going to bother parsing this so I just throw an exception. 
But, those are the only two methods you actually have to implement to make a formatter. 
If you're doing output only, it can be as simple as one line long. 
A little bit more complex example. 
This one here converts between separators in a string. 
I'm working on a system now as a bunch of legacy stuff, and some things are comma separated and some things are tab separated. 
I use a formatter to move things back and forth. 
You can also do the same thing if you've got a string of text that somebody's typed in a text box and you want to format it out in HTML to keep the page breaks, it'll do that. 
If you've got a bunch of HTML like from an XML file or something and you want to convert it back into a paragraph, it'll do that. 
Again, there's really only two lines in it that do anything. 
The format one just does, just calls a replace along the string from the internal to the external. 
The parsing just changes it backwards. 
That's all you need to do. 
The only thing special, if you notice the first line in the parsed object, it was position set indexed string length. 
You just have to set it to something. 
If you leave it at zero, Java will throw an exception for you. 
Just set it at something, keep Java happy. 
There you go. 
Formats and parses, there's only really two lines of code. 
If you start using them, you'll find all kinds of places you can use them. 
I like them a lot. 
No comments? 
- Position set index can be or even important if you're chaining format is to give one inside the other because you don't know where you're starting and ending in the paths for the next one. 
- Yes, but usually I try to keep them fairly simple. 
Yes, if you're trying to do like a full blown formatter, then you actually do need to worry about the position. 
- The point of the Wonder Helpers, by the way, is that formatters you can only...well, from the binding, from binding, you can only use them on components that expose a formatter finding. 
Wonder Helpers you can use on any binding. 
- That's nice. 
- I don't think I've used those. 
- You should because you steal them. 
- I will. 
- Right, right. 
You can have multiple... 
- They can be extended into something else. 
- I usually just chain the formatter instances. 
- No instances. 
- We won't go there. 
OK, so, moving on to our final topic, I think we're, are we out of time Pascal, or Keep going.? 
Deployment, trying to get through here quickly. 
There's really not much to say about deployment that hasn't been said in other places. 
Manage dependencies, plan for change. 
It's going to happen. 
Web Object extensions directory sounded like a great idea when it first came out, jammed all kinds of jars in there. 
It was wonderful. 
Then I needed to update one app in the server and I couldn't update the other apps and it was terrible. 
For deployment, my advice is just delete everything in that directory. 
It's just a dependency nightmare waiting to happen. 
Instead, if you need it, if you need jar files, put them in a framework, use the framework in your application. 
Framework goes into your subversion repository wherever your repository is. 
Manage the dependencies like that. 
In fact, I'll go one further and say, 
"You should embed all frameworks." 
All frameworks, I include the Web Objects ones as well because that way you can deploy applications using different versions of Web Objects, different versions of the jars on the same server. 
You don't have to worry about conflicts. 
And Yeah, people are going to say, 
"Oh, it's going to be bigger. 
Oh, no." 
I'll happily trade off some FDP upload time for manage dependencies. 
- OK. 
Two comments on that. 
Most embedding framework, 
I would encourage you to embed a jar version of the frameworks. 
If you look at since 5.2, I think. 
You can actually jar your framework, and they would work just the same. 
You can just dump them in your application in content extensions, and they're going to get loaded exactly like any other framework. 
It's very compact, it works really well. 
You cannot [indecipherable] jar. 
You can have flat jars which are the same. 
The other comment that I would say on the size of the app, is that gziped your app, before you upload them, you will save more time. 
It's incredible, I have seen so many people trying to upload a .woa not zipped. 
It takes forever because the protocol are usually very inefficient on starting and stopping files. 
You are going to upload hundreds of small, tiny files, which is crazy. 
- Yes 
- gzip's them, you'll be surprised you can save one, if not two order of magnitude in the upload. 
- If I can continue with that, once you have zipped it and put it up once, use RSync to sync it after that, because then you only move differences. 
- Don't do that. 
The reason you should not do that is because you will have a running app on the old version. 
If you have multiple instances, you really should upload it into a different folder and do a version swap so you have... 
- To be clear, you should shut down the production site prior... 
- No, no. 
You don't want to shut down the production site. 
You want to keep it running. 
- You just Rsynching the zip file, not the app. 
- Then you have to unzip it on the server. 
- No, you're proposing unzipping the WOA, I think. 
- I was Rsynching the WOA, right? 
But I shut down the site. 
- If you don't want to shut down your production site and you don't want to be replacing your WOA in line. 
- Yes. 
- Especially because Java catches jar index offsets. 
- If you replace a jar in a running app.... 
- Things get very, very interesting. - ..you get horrible, horrible problems. 
- If you try to load a component that hasn't been loaded yet, the jar offset is wrong so it will just give you a bizarre "no class.found" error. 
It's a bad error. 
It's bad. 
That is all. 
- Because I noticed it the other day and because I think it's great, when you look at 5.4, they now ship examples in a format where you build ANT and you get legacy, JAR, and WAR versions fully embedded of all the examples from Web Objects 
If you don't know how these work or you don't know how to build them, they ship with 5.4 examples now. 
Thanks, Pierre and whoever else made that happen. 
- It was actually Daryl. 
- OK. 
Thanks Daryl. 
- Thanks Daryl. 
- Is that a hand in the air? 
- He may have been the shadow we run to the door. 
- I just have a quick question for Pierre. 
When you compile those jars into the extension directory, [indecipherable] and you still have to put them back in the [indecipherable], correct? 
- No. 
- If you just shovel them in there then you're lost when the application starts? 
- Any jars in your slash content extension are going to be loaded before anything else in your class paths. 
There is nothing you have to do. 
It's even loaded before the library extension. 
If you want to override a JAR, you just put it there. 
It's going to be loaded before anything else. 
- OK. 
I just want to go through one quick final topic here, and we're running low on time. 
Don't repeat yourself really. 
I've only got so many jokes. 
I have to use the lame ones. 
One of the things that bothered me when I first started using WOlips is I had all these build files for each project, and they were all substantially the same. 
I always had to go in there and fiddle them. 
Then another version of WOlips would come out, and I'd have to change the things again. 
In ANT 1.6 they added the ability to import one build.xml file into another. 
That's a really good thing to do. 
For an example of doing things like that, see the Wonder build system. 
It is really quite complex, but you can find a lot of interesting things in there. 
I'm currently redoing our build system so that I have a couple of shared files that all the projects use. 
This is what I've ended up for a build file for a WO framework. 
That's it, three lines and a couple properties. 
It's a lot easier to maintain. 
- OK. 
Just one comment on that. 
Look at Maven. 
You can actually build some awesome tools with Maven. 
I think there was a demonstration last year from Jake. 
Maven is actually an extremely good tool to build Web Objects. 
That's how we build Web Object every night. 
We use Maven. 
We've got a Maven build system for Web Objects. 
It's really awesome. 
It takes care of all the dependency. 
It's really reliable, in fact, you don't have to write much code if you accept two of the Maven conventions. 
- I don't. 
- We use some funky tools. 
You can ask Mike. 
Every time I tell him one of them he goes, "Oh, I want to die." 
Our build files are highly customized, so I don't know how happy it would be with Maven, but I'm not going to go there. 
There was a question and answer here, I've been doing some questions. 
I'm going to skip over this. 
We don't have time to go into the fun topics, but if you want something to talk about over beer tonight... 
- They're hard to read from this distance, and we'll take that as a good thing. 
- It didn't look so bad on the screen. 
I was trying to find something that didn't look quite so horrible. 
Just a second here. 
Here, we'll just do this. 
- Not much better. 
- OK, OK. 
Everybody is a fricking art critic. 
- If you wanted ugly discussions, this is the slide for you. 
- Hold that. 
I can't do this. 
Oh, oh no. 
This is like way more than my French can handle. 
You can deal with the blue. 
I'm sorry. 
I can read cereal boxes and soup cans but.... 
I decided it will be a fiery topic. 
It makes spaghetti bindings. 
- I use it a lot, but it still can make spaghetti bindings. 
- We validate that, by the way, now. 
- [indecipherable] "bindings are spaghetti [indecipherable] "? 
- We validate. 
Even the bindings part, oddball expression. 
At least, it might be spaghetti, but we'll tell you if you have a bogus binding in the middle. 
Personally, I like WOOgnl, we use it all the time. 
But I've talked to some people who thought it was harmful. 
- I feel bad every time I use it. 
But yeah, we use it, definitely. 
- Just wash your hands afterwards, and everything will be fine. 
Right? 
I think that's it. 
Thank you, everybody. 
The Hungarian Association for Free Birth Choices presents: 
Csaba Madarász 
A morning conversation with Andrew Feldmar 
In Vancouver, from where I've just arrived, a woman was being beaten and raped on the street a few weeks ago. 
It took place in a public place in broad daylight; and they were surrounded by a lot of people, who were simply watching them. 
Worse yet, those people were taking pictures of the attack; and the pictures were posted online within 15 minutes. 
But nobody! 
Nobody came to the lady's aid. 
Well, this is the comparison I see: 
Agi Gereb is in prison, and life goes on as if nothing has happened. 
Control 
Over Life and Death 
Bio-politics is exactly that 
In those situations when I feel weakest: at the time of birth and death; when I lose my sanity or turn ill 
Who, besides me, will make decisions about my life in those situations? 
It is unregulated; it is absolutely out of control at the moment… But not only here, it is that way everywhere. 
Instant Fashion 
Insurance companies want a kind of psychotherapy, which would heal us in three, four, five hours at most. 
Speed and efficiency are our newest fashions, and they are often tied to things that are good. 
But, then again… Is it better to make love fast than doing it slow? 
Space 
Time 
Control 
The ancient Greeks had two words for time, one was called 'Kronos', which is our 'clock time' and the other is 'Kairos'. 
Kairos is the point in time at which apricot ripens. 
The answer to the question 'When will we harvest the apricot?' is not 'Friday at five', but rather 'When it ripens'. 
Kronos was a giant, who ate his own children. 
So even the ancient Greeks knew that measuring time with a clock is cruel. 
It is absolutely cruel. 
Therefore, it is utterly cruel to speed up the birth process or induce it without waiting for the moment when the 'apricot ripens'. 
Love and gentleness can never be effective in such regard. 
When my daughter was born - our second child - the doctor was impatient to leave on a sailing trip; and he accused my wife of having a 'lazy uterus'. 
He found it much too slow. 
And of course, he gave her Oxytocin and she was made to push the baby out very quickly. 
It was an extremely painful delivery for my wife. 
The doctor rushed the whole process so he could go sailing. 
My daughter is 37 now; but wherever we go, she is always the last to leave the house. 
And whenever we go somewhere by car, she is always the last one to get out of the car. 
I think she is still angry for having been rushed at birth. 
In the Front Line 
For example, when my son was born I had to fight very hard to be there. 
Somebody had decided that it would not good. 
And after he was born, I wasn't allowed to hold him in my arms, because I had walked in from the street. 
Decisions like these. 
That is bio-politics. 
What do those people think, who make such decisions? 
I remember a book: a thick book written by an American journalist. 
Its title was 'Eleni', which is about his ordeal trying to find out who signed his mother's execution order. 
She was shot to death in the Greek Civil War but before it happened, she had looked for someone to help his son escape the country. 
And the whole book is about how he is trying to find out who signed his mother's execution order. 
And he believes that he is going to kill the person. 
However, when he finds the old man the only thing he does is to spit him in his face and with that the story was over. 
Well, whoever signed the order to have Agi Gereb imprisoned, I would like to spit in their face. 
I've never felt as outraged in my entire life as I felt when I heard this story. 
There can't be any more unjust and cruel misunderstanding than this. 
It's as if Hungary had regressed to dark, medieval times. 
'Malleus maleficarum' was a book in the medieval ages, which was used in the systematic persecution of witches, by which they made a distinction between witches and non-witches. 
It is the same dark force that was used by the Dominicans to persecute those whom they wished to accuse as witches. 
The harm that is done by obstetrics, by a doctor who works in a mechanical and dogmatic way, may go unnoticed for 20, 25 or 30 years after a person's birth. 
Since the harm done by obstetrics cannot be implied immediately, it is even harder to recognize than the situation was in Semmelweis' case. 
So this is where those psychologists who know prenatal psychology should stand up and say: 
'Ok, perhaps both mother and child will live, but it is very likely that the child will need 20 years of psychotherapy 20 or 30 years from now, just because we are not listening to Leboyer or Agi Gereb.' 
If there is any kind of tension around a child's birth, it is something that a whole generation will pay for within15-20 years. 
So the sooner there is some kind of solidarity and cooperation between obstetrician and midwives, the better it is. 
Michel Odent, who has visited me on a few occasions, and we have given several lectures together. 
He has stated several times, without any reservations, that everything he knows about births, as an obstetrician, he has learned from midwives. 
And he has realized that, as a doctor, he has no business being around a mother when she is giving birth. 
So he gave up. 
Eating fish is not a medical issue. 
However, when a fish bone gets stuck in my throat, then it can become a medical issue. 
By the same token, it's very important that we don't consider a mother who is giving birth to be ill. 
The same way I'm not ill when I'm eating a fish. 
Psychiatry and obstetrics are two of the most insane fields within the world of medicine. 
All of us and all doctors were once born, so doctors have their traumas. 
And somewhere it's about 'why should children enter life easier, happier and more loved, than I did when I was born?' 
In a way it's about jealousy too. 
'If it was hard for me, why should I make it easier for these children?' 
It may sound strange, but I'm absolutely certain that it is part of the deal too. 
Semmelweis had scientific results. 
He didn't have a microscope. 
He didn't see bacteria, he couldn't prove his case, but the patients of those doctors who had washed their hands didn't die. 
He saw things very clearly. 
When he felt doctors were the cause of childbed fever, that they became murderers unknowingly with their own unwashed hands as they assisted with births right after performing autopsies… He saw it, he knew it. 
But when he mentioned it, he got expelled. 
Doctors couldn't dare to imagine and acknowledge that for long years they had been hurting and killing women. 
Semmelweis wrote a letter that breaks one's heart when reading it 
He wrote a letter, in which he was begging doctors to stop the old process immediately and he was asking them not to push this opportunity aside just so they wouldn't have to feel guilty. 
This regime, this mentality causes fear. 
Love is a virus when it spreads, but fear is also a virus. 
It is a terrible virus. 
I would recommend obstetricians that they stand up immediately, today and say something. 
I don't understand what they are waiting for. 
What are they risking? 
Is it that they would all be expelled with their licenses revoked? 
Agi's colleagues, obstetricians, experts 
Why are they silent? 
What are they waiting for? 
Are they waiting for Agi and a few other brave obstetricians to be punished, and then ten years from now they will find their voices? 
Why aren't they talking now? 
Why don't they take Agi's side now and support her? 
I don't understand… Why aren't all psychologists, psychiatrists why aren't all doctors protesting and demanding not only that Agi Gereb be let go, but also that she receive a Nobel prize for her work? 
Music: 
Moving House Theater Company, Beckett Songs 
Mákó Kató - Kolati 
Translated by Orsi Rozgonyi Filmed, edited and directed by Csaba Madarász 
Special thanks to János László and Kati Domján 
NARRATOR: 
Are you a survivor? 
In the world's harshest environments... we're wimps compared to the toughest creatures on the planet. 
We're counting down the ultimate top ten survivors in the natural world to find the animal with the most extraordinary endurance. 
When the going gets tough, the tough really get going on the Ultimate Animal Countdown. 
[engine sputtering] 
MAN: 
Mayday, mayday! 
[alarm beeping] 
NARRATOR: 
Could you cope with nature's worst crashes, cataclysms, and catastrophes? 
We're counting down the world's toughest animals-- 
Surviving against the odds for days... months... or years. 
A hurricane unleashes the energy of 10,000 nuclear bombs. 
In Florida, it wreaks havoc on land... and sea... 
The storm surge sweeps fish onto shore-- 
leaving them stranded. 
Including the animal swimming into number 10: 
Reef sharks. 
Shallow water is their nursery. 
But sharks are survivors. 
They avoid bad weather... tipped off by their super-sensitive ears. 
The shark's inner ear is similar to ours and can detect changes in pressure. 
Useful when it dives deep... or when a hurricane approaches-- but we only discovered by accident. 
Scientists were studying sharks off the coast of Florida using an acoustic tracking system. 
In the shallow bay, a locator signal every 15 minutes tracked their movements. 
Then one day, the sharks just disappeared. 
And no one knew why. 
At the time, people had bigger problems. 
A category four storm was bearing down on the Gulf Coast. 
[thunder] 
Analyzing the data, scientists discovered sharks detected the drop in barometric pressure preceding the storm. 
They bolted from their shallow nursery to the safety of deeper waters. 
Twelve hours later, 
Hurricane Charlie ripped across Florida. 
When the storm was over, the sharks returned. 
Reef sharks kick off the Survivor countdown because, thanks to incredible senses, they dodge disaster. 
Other animals are not so lucky-- battling adversity for days, months, or years. 
One fifth of the Earth's surface is desert. 
Baking hot. 
Bone dry. 
To survive here takes a special kind of animal... and special humans to catch them. 
In the Outback of Australia, these guys are hunting the next survivor sprinting into number 9-- the camel. 
Introduced in the 19th century, camels thrived in the arid land. 
Now they're pests. 
Rounded up and sent back to the Middle East. 
Try running through a desert without water or shade... and you'd be dead in a day. 
Camels barely break a sweat. 
Camels can go eight days without water. 
One secret for survival is on their back. 
Camels store fat--not water-- in their hump. 
It's a portable pantry. 
By burning all the fat in its hump, a camel can survive without food for up to a month. 
When a camel finds water, it soaks it up like a sponge. 
A thirsty animal chugs 30 gallons in 13 minutes. 
Try that at home, and your blood cells would burst. 
Needless to say, camel blood is different. 
The red blood cells are oval-- not round like a human's. 
When water rushes in... the cells of most species rupture if they swell past 150%. 
Camel cells can increase 240% without bursting. 
A camel may drink more than a third of its body weight as it rehydrates. 
In lands barren and inhospitable as any on the planet... camels do more than survive. 
They race. 
[gunshot] 
[camels groaning] 
Camels can hit speeds of 25 miles an hour. 
The races are big business in the Middle East. 
Racing stables in search of breeding stock import wild camels all the way from Australia. 
When it comes to survival in the desert, the camel wins by a nose. 
Our first two animals survive storms at sea... and on land. 
But flash floods can be fatal to anyone. 
[thunder] 
NARRATOR: 
A storm in the desert. 
Short. 
Violent. 
Sand soaks up rain slowly. 
So water falls off hills. 
Flash flood! 
You can run... but you can't hide. 
In the desert, floods soon subside. 
For the animal crawling into number 8, the water is both life and death. 
Desert ants make the most of the flood. 
Drinking heavily. 
It could be years before the next rains. 
[thunder] 
In the Amazon, there are two seasons. 
Wet... and wetter. 
For six months, heavy rains cause rivers to rise. 
Forests to flood. 
The Amazon and its tributaries overflow an area about the size of California. 
Which poses real problems for ants. 
Their homes can be covered with over 30 feet of water for months at a time. 
To survive the flood, ants need to build an ark. 
It's a raft. 
A miracle of biological engineering. 
None of the ants are submerged, or even get wet. 
Their water-repellent bodies push against the surface, shaping it into a bowl-- without breaking the surface tension. 
Nature's Noahs are number 8 in the countdown because the ant's ark can ride out the flood for months. 
It holds millions of passengers with zero casualties. 
Unless it runs into pirates. 
Heat is another killer. 
Out of the shade of the forest, the larvae are suffering. 
Workers carry them to the edge of the raft and dip them in the cool water. 
The fight for survival doesn't end when the colony runs aground. 
Scouts race ahead to find a new nest site. 
Others unload the women and children. 
Soon the ants will be safe in a new nest. 
Until the next flood. 
Drought is deadly. 
Without water, some animals are forced to leave. 
Others do something unbelievable. 
Tiger salamanders become cannibals. 
In the shallow ponds of Arizona, juvenile tiger salamanders come in two types-- both with feathery gills. 
Mom has no gills and lays eggs. 
But not all eggs are created equal. 
Scientists discovered the tiger salamander has a unique way to survive drought. 
Some eggs carry the genetic blueprints to become harmless plankton feeders. 
Others become cannibals. 
A month after hatching, they transform into killers, with big teeth and big heads. 
Which blueprint they follow depends on the weather. 
If their pond remains full... the harmless small heads dominate, feeding on plankton. 
But if the summer rains fail, a shrinking pond means more big heads. 
Armed with curved teeth and strong jaws, the big heads feast on the defenseless plankton eaters. 
The big heads become so bloated they can barely swim. 
But this is gluttony with a purpose. 
As the drought worsens, the pond shrinks. 
And the explosive growth of the cannibals pays off. 
Skin toughens. 
Gills disappear. 
Lungs grow. 
The bigheads are air-breathing adults. 
The tiger salamander walks into number 7 because it turns cannibalism into a sophisticated insurance policy. 
But eating each other is a short term survival solution. 
Some animals can go without food for months, or years, or decades! 
NARRATOR: 
The Arctic. 
One of the harshest environments on Earth. 
In winter, temperatures plunge to -50 degrees. 
One animal sleeps in the storm. 
The polar bear. 
It survives in the frozen wilderness by saving energy. 
The polar bear looks white, but its skin is black and absorbs heat. 
There are two layers of fur-- a soft undercoat; and guard hairs up to 6 inches long. 
The fur, coupled with a thick layer of fat, is such an efficient insulator that a bear loses little heat. 
Look through an infrared thermal imaging camera, and a polar bear is almost invisible, appearing little warmer than the frozen land. 
Wrapped in the ultimate survival suit, males spend their lives exposed to the elements. 
Pregnant females use a different strategy. 
At the start of winter, they disappear--underground. 
Outside, a male wanders far in search of food. 
Inside, a female travels through time. 
She slows her metabolism and sleeps. 
She never eats. 
Never drinks. 
Never goes to the toilet. 
The female polar bear is number 6 because she sleeps for over three months, 
living off her fat reserves. 
She not only survives the winter-- but creates two new lives. 
The young bears learn their survival skills from mother. 
How to keep warm, what to eat, where to walk. 
They must learn fast-- or freeze solid-- just like the animal sliding into number 5. 
Only one frog in the world is found north of the Arctic Circle. 
The wood frog. 
It has to survive the northern winter. 
The frog is cold blooded. 
So when the ground freezes, so does the frog. 
Cold's not the problem. 
It's the ice. 
The crystals expand like daggers. 
For most animals, freezing means certain death. 
But not this frog. 
The first ice crystal forming on its skin sets off a chain reaction. 
The cells prepare by filling with glucose-- a natural antifreeze. 
The fluid between the cells contains proteins that attract ice-- quickly forming crystals small enough to prevent injury. 
Blood freezes in veins. 
And the ice races towards the heart. 
In 20 hours, the frog is frozen. 
70% of the water in its body is ice. 
There's no breathing. 
No heartbeat. 
The wood frog is number 5 because it survives the winter in suspended animation. 
Essentially there's no frog here at all. 
It's just a collection of individual cells, suspended in ice, struggling to stay alive. 
The frog spends months locked inside its frozen time capsule. 
The ice is melting. 
But the frog is dead. 
Unless it can kick start its heart. 
Blood flows. 
Nerves twitch. 
The frog is back from the dead. 
There's no frostbite, no damage. 
The spring ponds of the north are free from competition. 
No other frog can survive life in the deep freeze. 
NARRATOR: 
The next incredible story of survival comes from down on the farm. 
[rooster crows] 
It's September 10, 1945. 
Farmer Lloyd Olsen is having chicken for dinner. 
He selects a five-month-old rooster called Mike. 
The headless chicken carried on as though nothing had happened. 
A blood clot prevented him from bleeding to death. 
Mike's head was gone, but most of the brain stem and one ear was intact. 
And a brain stem provides all the thinking power a chicken needs to survive. 
Mike the headless chicken became famous. 
Feeding was a problem. 
Farmer Lloyd dropped water and grain down what was left of Mike's gullet. 
Mike not only survived-- he thrived. 
Mike the chicken struts into number 4 because he lived for 18 months without a head. 
Unfortunately, Mike had a mucus problem and needed an eyedropper to clear his airways. 
One day, Lloyd couldn't get to the eyedropper fast enough... and his headless chicken died. 
But Mike's legend lives on. 
The animals crawling into number 3 thrive in the underworld. 
Rats. 
We think they're dirty. 
Disgusting. 
Diseased. 
But rats have incredible survival skills. 
They can chew through cinder blocks... squeeze through spaces the size of a quarter... survive a fall of 50 feet... swim over a mile... and tread water for three days. 
One pair can potentially produce 15,000 descendants a year! 
Rats don't have many friends... possibly because they go where we go. 
Rats are bad for the health. 
In the last 1,000 years, diseases carried by rats have killed more people than all of the world's wars and revolutions combined. 
And there's every chance rats will survive 
long after we've been wiped off the face of the planet. 
Nuclear holocaust. 
But rats can survive. 
Eniwetok Atoll. 
A string of tiny islands in the Pacific Ocean. 
It was a tropical paradise for rats. 
Until the U.S. military arrived. 
Between 1946 and 1958, 40 nuclear bombs were detonated on Eniwetok Atoll. 
The largest explosion carved a mile-wide crater in the coral reef. 
MAN: 
It is now 30 seconds to zero time. 
Put on goggles or turn away. 
Minus ten seconds, niner, eight, seven, six, fiver, four, three, two, one, T zero. 
NARRATOR: 
The destructive power of the test was roughly 800 times larger than the explosion in Hiroshima. 
It seemed the island was wiped clean of life... 
but not of rats. 
Shielded from the blast inside cable tunnels or under concrete, they emerged into the apocalypse. 
Two years later, scientists found the rat population had not only survived... but thrived. 
They'd scavenged food on the beach and supplemented their diet with a little cannibalism. 
The rats appear healthy, normal animals. 
But nobody's quite sure what mutations may have been caused by exposure to so much radiation. 
All life needs water. 
Southern Africa is ravaged by droughts. 
Most fish die. 
But not the animal sliding into number 2: the lungfish. 
It can breathe air. 
So when the going gets tough, the lungfish digs deep. 
Three feet underground, it swallows mud to excavate a chamber. 
It secretes slime that hardens into an impermeable body bag... 
sealing the lungfish away from the drought. 
Mud makes a time capsule. 
And great bricks. 
Inside its cocoon, the lungfish shuts down. 
The comatose lungfish is number 2 because it can remain in suspended animation for up to four years! 
But even in Southern Africa, the rains will come. 
[thunder] 
[rainfall] 
Water dissolves the slime sack. 
The lungfish awakes. 
Withered and shrunken. 
It has survived for four years by cannibalizing its own muscles. 
But it has still enough strength to slither to water. 
It's an extraordinary feat of endurance. 
Only one animal survives longer in far worse conditions. 
NARRATOR: 
The ultimate survivor hides out in the forests of Canada. 
For the world's largest deer, it makes life a living hell. 
Moose are bled dry. 
Attacked by a plague of tiny vampires. 
It's late summer. 
Bloodsuckers the size of a grain of sand swarm at the optimum height to meet a moose. 
Ticks. 
CO2 from moose breath stimulates the swarm. 
One moose can be home to 100,000 ticks. 
Over two months the ticks drink 10 gallons-- that's a moose's total volume of blood. 
Infested animals are called ghosts. 
Pale skin shows through, where the intensely itchy animal's rubbed off 80% of its hair. 
These ghosts are sick, starving, and fatally anemic. 
But the ticks live on. 
Females remain dormant in the ground for weeks. 
In Africa, some species survive without food for much, much longer. 
In harsh environments, big mammals are few and far between. 
So a tick finds a shady tree and heads underground to wait... and wait. 
Ticks are ultimate survivors because they can sit waiting for a blood meal for ten years! 
We've seen ten of nature's toughest animals-- battling adversity for days, months, and years. 
But only the tick can survive without food for a decade, which is why it's number 1! 
even as I put it in my last incarnation: 
"Everybody's got something to lose except for me and my monkey" 
Hi! 
How can we survive without overusing nature's resources? 
It's of vital importance here to maintain a balance. 
This is what we examine in this unit, focusing on fishing-- trying to find the best strategy that serves both humans and nature. 
On the way there, we encounter some fundamental concepts of differential equations and in the larger fleet of simulation. 
This movie is made for ages 18 or older. 
Underage viewing prohibited. 
English subtitles and timing by elee I got sick and tire of the horrible subtitle work done by studios. 
All subtitle work dedicated to my J Sit back and enjoy the movie :) 
If you enjoyed my subtitle work, drop me a line at elee@simplymenu.com 
Do you need sub work for other movies? 
Make your request to elee@simplymenu.com 
It's that way. 
Open my ears as big as a donkey and  so I may hear what my people are saying. 
THE CONCUBlNE  Concubine to the King Korean movie - 2012 
Once again, I am so sorry. 
That one doesn't know front from back. 
It would have been nice to have your son join us, as well. 
No, not at all. 
He isn't my son at all. 
When I was at the war front, he saved my life once  so I brought him back and treat him like my own son. 
You've ruined his hunting game. 
Let's go. 
Now. 
I'm so afraid. * sarcastically * 
What? 
A prince? 
He is nothing but a thug! 
You are unworthy of being here! 
You there! 
Take your hands off of him. 
What have I done to deserve this? 
Are you saying even the deer is first for the prince? 
Why you still...! 
Take him out and lock him in the storage. 
Yes sir. 
Is that you, Kwon-yoo? 
Please forgive me. 
I've wrong you by not teaching the lower ones. 
Please forgive me. 
I told you to stay away from here 'til he leaves. 
What? 
What are you worried about? 
Don't worry. 
I hear you are not reading lately. 
Is it true that you your time is consumed by hunting? 
I was trying to broaden my view like  others by not focusing on study alone... 
Was I really asking you that? 
What is the reason you keep going to the Shin family's house? 
Is it because of his daughter? 
Only the Shin family... 
She is the first one that I like... 
Have you forgotten that the whole palace is  not fond of having a half brother of the king around? 
Don't do anything to give them a reason to make it an issue. 
It's my rightful duty to see you twice a day. 
You still don't call me "mother". 
It seem like you are spying on me. 
You are making me very uncomfortable. 
What do you mean by spying? 
You still don't have a heir and have not gotten a concubine  either. 
Others are saying I am making you this way. 
I'm just sorry for the one who has already passed. 
There isn't any other reason. 
Although I am your new mother,  you must understand that I still care for you. 
Then, please seek out for a new candidate for the queen's position. 
I will start seeking a new queen. 
Who's out there? 
My prince, please, come in. 
Oh, my prince. 
How...How can you...How can you do this to me? 
Oh, my prince. 
How...How can you...How can you do this to me? 
It's very late. 
Let's go inside first. 
Didn't you promise me already? 
Yes, I have promised you. 
But I could not go against palace instruction... 
Why? 
Did she say that she doesn't want me? 
Please let's step inside first... 
Tell her to come out. 
Very well. 
Tell her to come out. 
Very well. 
I will tell her myself. 
Tell her to come out. 
Since you didn't go into the palace, we'll be running for the rest of our lives. 
I will never go anywhere by myself alone. 
There isn't anything I can do for you. 
All I want is to be together. 
Kwon-yoo! 
Kwon-yoo! 
Please take her outside. 
Kwon-yoo! 
Kwon-yoo! 
Kwon-yoo! 
Kwon-yoo! 
No, don't. 
Don't! 
Let go. 
Kwon-yoo! 
No, Kwon-yoo! 
Don't! 
Let go. 
Kwon-yoo! 
No, Kwon-yoo! 
Don't! 
No, Father! 
I told him to flee with me. 
It wasn't Kwon-yoo's fault. 
If this is found out he, as well as all our family, won't survive. 
Please, let Kwon-yoo live! 
That's already too late. 
What are you doing? 
Yes sir. 
I'll go into the palace. 
If Kwon-yoo dies, I will die as well! 
Let go of me! 
Where are you taking Hwa-yeon? 
Hwa-yeon! 
Hwa-yeon! 
Let go! 
Let go! 
I'll do it myself. 
Even the bathing has proper rules and order. 
Do you mean, I don't have freedom over my own body? 
* 5 years later * 
Your Majesty, Seong-won prince is here to see you. 
* 5 years later * 
Your Majesty, Seong-won prince is here to see you. 
I haven't seen you for a while. 
Where have you been, my brother? 
I've been wondering without staying in the same place. 
Your Majesty, I'm afraid you look so ill. 
I haven't been well for a few days,  but seeing you is making me feel much better. 
How is the world outside of the palace? 
The weather is cold enough to have fruits on the  trees and the colors of autumn are beautiful to see. 
Your people are taking chrysanthemum flowers to make wine... 
This is happening often, recently. 
The royal doctors don't know the reason either. 
It's just very frustrating. 
He will get better soon. 
Your highness need not worry so much. 
You left so sudden, I was worried. 
You worried about me? 
My thoughtlessness made you both worry. 
I'm just glad you come back healthy. 
I came as soon as I heard of His Majesty's illness. 
I'll be leaving as soon as he gets better. 
It might be a burden to you and the young prince if I stay in the palace. 
What burden? 
His Majesty is very happy to see you. 
I took away too much time as you already have a weary heart. 
His body was blue all over...this mean that  there must be someone who's harming him purposely. 
What do you mean by harming His Majesty? 
Be careful what you say. 
Please calm down and let's hear what the doctor has to say. 
What do you mean by harming His Majesty? 
Be careful what you say. 
Please calm down and let's hear what the doctor has to say. 
He's been weak from the tumor and is not eating enough... 
Are you sure that there isn't something wrong with his food? 
He's been weak from the tumor and is not eating enough... 
Are you sure that there isn't something wrong with his food? 
If there is a problem with the food, we need  to investigate the royal chef and find out the truth. 
That's right. 
We should... 
You are wrong. 
It won't be too late to investigate  after His Majesty gains back some energy. 
What are you talking about? 
We need to find out  the truth in order to prescribe the right treatment to him. 
Your Highness, he is extremely ill so please come back at a later time. 
What do you mean? 
I'm his mother. 
Move a side. 
Your Highness! 
What's your intention for preventing me from seeing him? 
I need to see his condition with my own eyes. 
Please tell the Queen Mother that His Majesty  is not in a condition to see her right now. 
Are you saying that I am harming him now? 
Go bring the instruments now, hurry. 
Yes, sir. 
Is he not being able to breath? 
Don't just look, please try something. 
This is a lethal location. 
Your Majesty, please let us know of your successor. 
Please make your decision. 
Your Majesty! 
Your Majesty ... 
Your Majesty ... 
Your Majesty ... 
The king has passed. 
The king has passed. 
The king has passed. 
You've done well. 
You've been most helpful. 
But the queen and the young prince survive, as well as the queen's father who has many follower and is from a warrior clan... 
Don't you think I can take care of a woman and a child? 
With her father and left minister (war minister) gone, she won't have a chance. 
Your Highness, we need to do something before the Queen Mother does something. 
The Queen Mother has the right to choose the successor. 
Do you think they're that easy to persuade? 
Your Highness, if we retreat from here you and the young prince's life could be in danger. 
Also, this is the chef's record. 
There were no records for the day His Majesty became ill. 
You mean ..? 
That's right. 
Even the person who writes the record is missing as well. 
There hasn't been enough time for them to take the recorder  out of the palace. 
That means, she is hidden somewhere inside of palace. 
Inside of palace? 
Yes, Your Highness. 
We need to find the recorder and prove the murder. 
The left minister and the others are planning to find the truth. 
All we need is to find the proof to assist them. 
Who are you fellows? 
How dare you come... 
They all committed a sin of treason. 
Arrest all of them. 
Who are you fellows? 
How dare you come... 
They all committed a sin of treason. 
Arrest all of them. 
Yes sir. 
Treason? 
Yoon-jungho, you bastard! 
Aren't you afraid of the heavens? 
Now that heaven has changed. 
Boo-won Goon (the queen's father's title) come out! 
You are under arrest. 
What's the matter? 
He has committed a sin of treason. 
It's an order from the Queen Mother. 
How dare you make a loud noise here? 
Go away! 
Over there. 
Catch him. 
Take him away. 
This red color is made by dipping the cloth in a mixture of flower petals. 
It takes hundreds of dippings to make such a vibrant red. 
This red is the color that melds all the other  colors, which signifies the color of a King. 
Your Majesty. 
Your Majesty. 
Our duty is not to be part of politics. 
We are in charge of His Majesty's wellbeing as well  as maintaining the palace traditions and rules. 
We are the hidden hands that allow the palace to function smoothly. 
Everything we do is for His Majesty and the palace. 
All of you need to remember and remind yourselves of this. 
Yes sir. 
Since the King is new on the throne, all eunuchs  are to be on standby without any shift changes. 
If you stay here His Majesty will be in danger. 
Don't move a muscle. 
I said, don't move! 
Who is that person? 
He came with a recommendation from Yoon-jungho Minister. 
Yoon-jungho Minister ... hmm. 
He is the future of the palace inner power. 
What do you mean? 
Since you became the Head of Eunuchs, you have become sneaky. 
As for you...you may be a rat sitting on top of rice pot  but you never know when your luck will run out. 
If you want to stay there for long time, you need  to learn to tame young ones like him. 
Worrying about your food bowl, you must be getting old as well. 
What would be more important than one's food bowl? 
You know, I almost got beheaded this time. 
I trust you, so please take care of me in the future as well ... hmm? 
Your Majesty, please lay to the left of the queen. 
Your Majesty, raise your left side  so that your heart will be higher. 
First, kiss the lower lip and suckle it. 
Then you must swallow her saliva. 
Place your hand on her lower stomach, then start caressing her. 
Continue until her breast enlarges... 
Then cover her breast with one hand; cover it completely. 
Your Majesty, you may start your movement. 
The Queen must embrace His Majesty's waist,  then accept his penetration. 
Your Majesty, I am ready, so go ahead. 
You may feel the pleasure building. 
Next, position yourself behind her. 
It's not the time yet. 
(Queen Mother) It's not time yet. 
It's not the time yet. 
It's not the time yet. 
You can get a son only by finish together. 
It's not the time yet. 
You can get a son only by finish together. 
(Queen Mother) You can get a son only by finish together. 
You can get a son only by finish together. 
You can get a son only by finish together. 
It is time to head to the bed chamber, now. 
You Majesty, if the Queen Mother finds out about this ... 
What has happened? 
I couldn't even ask because of the leery mood in the royal kitchen. 
I don't know why but every one's avoiding me. 
No matter what, we need to find the head chef. 
Your Highness. 
Do you know something? 
Tell me. 
It's just ... if she isn't dead... 
I once heard when eunuchs were talking of a place ... 
From the basement corridor of the main building, past the  workers area, there is a passage to a lower floor entrance 
The place has no daylight and dust snows down all day ... 
There are people who study psychology,whoever studies  Pirkei Avot in depth understands the depths of a person's soul on an amazing level. 
There is a lecture series on the Hidabroot website about Pirkei Avot and people tell me how much  it benefits them when they study the wisdom of Chazal in  Pirkei Avot. 
In general you know that Torah study enhances your knowledge. 
If a person goes to a lecture for a few months,he feels a change. 
In fact it says abut our Torah that if you "turn it and turn it you'll find everything in it" Just like a box that has all kinds of objects in it,if you turn it you'll find everything in it. 
Same for the Torah.Whatever you  want you can find. 
For example,when a person learns  Pirkei Avot it's as if he took a course in psychology.He learns"He who is rich is happy with his lot" 
"He who is mighty,conquers his evil inclination" 
Everything has an explanation as  to why it is so. 
"Who is wise?He who learns from every person" 
There is much guidance in Pirkei Avot. 
A student in Be'er Sheva once told me that when he started studying psychology he suddenly discovered that the nicest phrases he ever heard in his life and  didn't know where they originated,they were all from Pirkei Avot. 
So a person studies Pirkei Avot then psychology.He then studies the Chulin Tractate which  is all about anatomy. 
He becomes proficient in anatomy, in all the internal organs and systems that are all related to animals and the laws of slaughtering and Kashrut.So he studies the  internal systems of the anatomy. 
When he studies the Baba Kama Baba Metzia and Baba Batra tractates 
It's as though he has studied law.All the complex monetary laws are there and they sharpen the mind in a wonderful way. 
Did you now that the South Korean TV arrived at the Ponovich Yeshiva in Israel in order to discover the secret of the Gemara that makes 
Jews so smart and worthy of Nobel prizes. 
These tractates,Baba Metzia,Baba Kama Baba Batra of monetary laws sharpen the mind and logic.A person who  studies tractates of Orla,Kilaim studies the world of vegetation and botany.There's a lot in there about the world of vegetation and so on. 
In the laws of Shabbat there are many issues concerning medicine. 
There are matters of the world in every aspect,as it says 
"Turn it and turn it and you'll find  everything within it" 
So let us now see a Mishnah  from Pirkei Avot that is connected to our topic,the world of vegetation. 
The Mishna is in Chapter 3,Mishna 17. "whosever's wisdom is more than his actions,what does he resemble? 
To a tree who's branches are many and its roots are few. and the wind comes,uproots it and turns it over. 
As it says,"For he shall be like a  tamarisk in the desert and shall not see when good comes but shall inhabit the parched places in the wilderness, a salt land  and not inhabited" 
"But he whose deeds are more than his wisdom resembles a tree whose branches are few but his roots are many and even when all the winds in the world blow on him they can not move him from his place.As it says 
"And it is like a tree planted on water and that spreads out its roots by the river and shall not see when heat comes but its foliage shall be luxuriant and shall not be anxious in the year  of drought neither shall cease from yielding fruit." 
Here,the Mishnah in Pirkei Avot is teaching us a great lesson with  a great principle for life. 
Oftentimes,a person gives up on  the performance of deeds. 
He says,it doesn't matter what  I do,as long as I'm learning,as 
long as I'm smart.He sits and learns Torah,becomes wise. 
But practically,he doesn't strengthen himself with actual Mitzvot. 
Let us read the words of the  Tiferet Israel and how he explains this Mishnah,but we will first preface what the Mishnah says in a general way.The Mishnah says that a person whose wisdom is greater than his actions,meaning he knows a lot but barely fulfills. 
What is this like?It's like a tree with many branches,which is the wisdom but his actions,which are the roots are few. 
What happens to a tree that's  full of branches but has few roots? 
When a strong wind comes what happens? 
It uproots it and turns it upside down.Which means that now,the branches damage him even more! 
Because why did he fall? 
Because he has many branches and few roots.But if it is the opposite where he has few branches but many roots,he is strong and stable. 
Let us see the words of the Tiferet Israel who is one of the commentators of the Mishnah.He writes as follows. 
"Man is compared to a tree in the bible and his wisdom is his honor 
like the honor the branches are to a tree." 
Wisdom is beauty just like the branches beautify the tree. "the observance of the Mitzvot of the Torah is like the roots of the tree.The Mitzvot themselves  are the roots,when a person fulfills them.Look how contrary this is to the way people think. 
"Though,when he becomes too knowledgable.." 
Like a person who studies a lot in the Kabbalah centers they have today,where he studies and studies but doesn't observe anything practical. 
So he says when he becomes too knowledgable,"He is like a tree that used up all his energy for its branches thereby making its energy too dull for its roots. 
Meaning,the investment itself turns out to be a deficiency. 
It is known that in nature,every tree whose strength spreads  to the very top doesn't have enough strength for the bottom. 
And the two of them,meaning the one who has many branches on top and the one who has few roots below,will uproot more easily. 
Same goes for a man like this. 
"By the branching out of his wisdom of God's hidden laws 
He learns and learns,the hidden aspects of the Torah,Kabbalah etc. 
So will the roots of his heavenly fear be lessened and weakened in his heart." 
Why?Because he doesn't apply or fulfill. 
And they will both be the reason for his fall.When the wind of heresy captures him at the end it will completely uproot him from his eternal area of success. 
Meaning,you may see a person 
like this whose wisdom specifically will bury him at the end and uproot him. 
Therefore it is so important to know that alongside the wisdom that a person acquires he must also apply the Mitzvot and fulfill them in everyday life. 
We will conclude with one more special thing that we learn from the world of vegetation. 
That is the topic of the  resurrection of the dead. 
There are many who wonder how a person who passed away and was buried,will once again be resurrected. 
It sounds illogical.But a person who stands before God and asks 
Him,Tell me,God,will you really resurrect the dead in the future? 
We've buried a person,how can he rise? 
What does God answer him? 
He says,are you surprised that I will do that? 
I do it already. 
I do it in the world of vegetation. 
How can a seed grow? 
You take the seed plant it in the ground,cover it and water it. 
It goes through a certain process  and suddenly from within this process where just a minute ago the seed  looked like something you could grind and make flour or bread from and now it looks bad.But from this bad looking seed,a stem comes out with a few dozen grains at its head. 
We've already gotten used to the world of vegetation and are no longer amazed,but truthfully what does it resemble from a real viewpoint?It's just like if someone would ask you how many cellphones you would like for free,from the new generation phones,how many would you like for free?So you say if it's free give me 300. 
I have people to give them out to. 
So he tells you,no problem. 
Buy this phone,which costs 30 Shekels. 
Go to your yard,dig a hole,plant the phone in the ground,cover it,water it and wait till it rusts,before it turns rusty it won't work.But afterwards... 
You're looking at him shocked but he continues and tells you that after it rusts,you will suddenly see that an antenna will grow from this  phone and many phones will grow at the head of the antenna. 
How will this sound? 
Totally strange,right?If you take a person from the North Pole who doesn't know what planting and growing is. 
All he ever saw was ice.He never heard or knew of such a thing. 
If you tell him that a seed is planted in the ground,goes through a process and grows a stem which has tens of grains on its head. 
How will that sound to him? 
Totally strange! 
He will say that it's not true! 
It's like a phone that grows. 
It's not logical.We've already gotten used to it so we are not amazed. 
God tells man,are you surprised that I will resurrect the dead in the future? 
Look,I do it now in the world of vegetation. 
This is the tale of Mister Morton 
Mister Morton is who? 
He is the subject of our tale, and the predicate tells what Mister Morton must do. 
Mister Morton walked down the street. 
Mister Morton walked. 
Mister Morton talked to his cat. 
Mister Morton talked. 
("Hello, cat. 
You look good.") 
Mister Morton was lonely. 
Mister Morton was... 
Mister Morton is the subject of the sentence, and what the predicate says, he does. 
Mister Morton knew just one girl. 
Mister Morton knew. 
Mister Morton grew flowers for Pearl. 
Mister Morton grew. 
Mister Morton was very shy. 
Mister Morton was... 
Mister Morton is the subject of the sentence, and what the predicate says, he does. 
The subject is a noun, that's a person, place or thing. 
It's who or what the sentence is about. 
And the predicate is the verb, that's the action word that gets this subject up and out. 
Mister Morton wrote Pearl a poem. 
Mister Morton wrote. 
Pearl replied in the afternoon. 
Pearl replied by a note. 
Mister Morton was very nervous. 
Mister Morton was... 
Mister Morton is the subject of the sentence, and what the predicate says, he does! 
The cat stretched. 
The sun beat down. 
A neighbor chased his kid. 
("Come here kid. 
Come on!") 
Each sentence is completed when you know what the subject did. 
Mister Morton knocked on her door. 
Mister Morton knocked. 
Mister Morton sat on her porch. 
Yes, he just sat there and rocked. 
Mister Morton was a nervous man; when she opened up the door he ran. 
Mister Morton climbed up his stairs. 
Mister Morton climbed. 
Mister Morton rhymed pretty words. 
Mister Morton rhymed. 
Mister Morton was lonely. 
Mister Morton was ... until Pearl showed up with a single rose. 
Who says women can't propose? 
Now Mister Morton is happy and Pearl and the cat are too. 
They're the subjects of the sentence and what the predicate says, they do. 
Are you a hardworking artist? 
I think I'm a hardworker but at the sametime I'm lazy. 
I usually wake up, get rest, watch tv, do nothing. 
Then in few hours I can work more than enough and finish everything. 
I can't say that it's racked my brain 
Well there must be something, it's all done by yourself, but I'm sure it's also improvised. 
There's not a certain subject nor story. 
These are not message giving drawings. 
Usually there's a main subject. 
Not in all, but some of them 
Some are very simple ideas, and some are about very personal things that even I might be embarresed to tell. 
I usually think how to deformate an idea onto the drawing. 
For example it can be read from this side, and if we look at it from this side, it can be something completely different. 
I try to take an idea in this way as well. 
while trying to draw for example a house or a castle, there are several technics, academical or perspective... 
For example, here the castle can symbolise a room but I don't think what symbolizes the room. 
I have fun when it becomes something different with the free angle. 
It's like I make some rules and actually I play a game. 
Colors.. . 
I have my own color restrictions and I don't pay attention to do them at the same time or to let them be in an harmony. 
As I said before, between the years 2007 and 2008, 
I've been in a period of searching and all these pictures came out afterall, which made me really happy. 
If a pshycologist would come and see these drawings, he or she might evaluate, analyse and say something about them. 
And the result might show the truth about me, but I don't think about it too much, 
I only try to keep myself in a positive way, self-enclosed. 
Since few years I've been reading William S. Burroughs and interested in Beat Literature... 
Lately he has written the book called "My Education" where he talks about his dreams. 
I read it sometimes, it became one of my favorites... 
The name of this exhibition comes likely from there. 
Actually there are less handwritings than my past works, and signutares are bigger. 
For example, on the sculptures, there are 3 crescents, swastika, latin cross, inverted cross or moon and stars of the Turkish flag 
When retouching or drawing onto them, it gives you the impression of supernatural things. 
I'm not trying to give a message or 
I don't have a political stance. 
That swastika is standing there actually for ignoring that, it becomes a figure in the picture or a character in the story. 
It's the same with the signature. 
For me there are 2 types of signature. 
Signutare seems like artist's ownership in the work. 
I don't believe that signutare is important. 
I think the artist is like a screw. 
The actual important thing is the artwork itself. 
Artwork is like a gun or a toy. 
As I said before, the big signatures that I make, are like symbols and for ignoring this behaviour. 
I use the handwritings in the same way 
For example, if there's an empty part in the picture, the handwriting might come right there, I write my name etc. 
If there's not a catchy sentence or word, 
I can simply wirte my name there. 
It can be offensive for someone but at them same time it's pretty. 
I will do the thing that I want to do with the painting here in this room. 
I will make copies, put them onto the wall, there will be a small video... 
There's a video that I made, it will be here etc... 
I collect images from google and make collages with these images, 
I will put them here as well. 
These were going to be big sculptures. 
I actually wanted them to be bigger, but still, they are still a reference. 
When we went to see Derya with the paintings, 
she recommended us to show them to Christina and Nesrin. 
One night we went to meet them at Galata with paintings. 
They got surprised actually, because normally people do this representation with pdf files or books. 
It was a nice evening though, we liked eachother and we decided to do the exhibition right on that evening. 
I will attend to an exhibition soon, in Koln. 
It's not ready yet, I'm on process 
It's going to be about German industry norms. 
I wish you good luck, I hope it's going to be perfect! 
The following incident is a reenactment. 
Professional actors will depict different characters in each episode. 
That was a mistake! 
Nobody checks the handicapped sticker. 
Mom, we're just not comfortable with it. 
Yeah, and it's a really expensive ticket, by the way. 
Well, I got a bum knee and a broken vagina. 
Ticket that! 
(DlNG! 
DlNG! 
DlNG!) 
MOTHER'S DAY 
Good afternoon, welcome to the El Fuerte... 
What's good about it? 
Sorry! 
It was a long drive. 
Ha ha ha! 
Um, we have our registration. 
You got room in the trash for Mama? 
Unless you want my crust. 
Trust me, you don't want that. 
My sister and I are on the list. 
And, um, we have our mom with us today. 
Does she have a reservation with us? 
I have a reservation about your haircut. 
It should be under Turner. 
P F-ing U! 
Either something died in this... 
Ma, I'll put you back in the car so fast. 
Oh G-d! 
-You got a gas mask? 
-Okay! 
Uh, here it is! 
We're with The Women's Conference. 
Wonderful. 
(RlNG! 
RlNG!) 
Hey! 
Hello? 
Check out Slim here. 
She got herself in BlG trouble. 
No. 
No trouble. 
This was planned. 
-Of course. 
-Yeah (Charlotte, it's Dr. Lieberman. 
Is your mother with you?) 
Oh, yes. 
I gotta piss like a racehorse. 
I know. 
We are going to get registered, and then find you a bathroom. 
(Charlotte, your mom's tests results came back.) (I'm afraid they're not good.) ...Would the person who shat themselves please come clean? 
Dr. Lieberman just called. 
Mom's doctor? 
(BURP!) 
You're just not gonna believe this. 
I will, just tell me. 
Mom's an Obnoxious Bitch. 
(CRASH!) 
Hey, I need a mani-pedi. 
You got any chinks around here? 
They ran a battery of tests. 
Oh -- oh my G-d. 
What does that even mean? 
She's in stage four. 
Legally, they quarantine you at stage five. 
The doctor said she shouldn't be using public restrooms, eating with others, or in the proximity of the disabled. 
(TWEET!) 
They have it wrong. 
Maybe she has partial brain damage? 
A unique strain of Tourettes? 
There is no way Mom is an Obnoxious Bitch. 
Wake up, Jenna! 
We have to face this now. 
There's gotta be something they can do. 
What are the options? 
Can -- Can she get surgery? 
The doctor said there's not a surgeon in the country that would take that risk. 
The procedure would kill her? 
No, the surgeon would. 
Doctors say she's the most Obnoxious Bitch they've ever seen. 
Is she going to die? 
Not soon enough. 
Those two are my daughters right there. 
The one on the right I almost aborted. 
The one on the left has got G-d-knows-what swimmin" in there. 
I -- I need to call Steve. 
Oh, no! 
You cannot call Steve. 
Why? 
It runs in families. 
They say it skips a generation. 
You could be carrying an Obnoxious Bitch right now. 
Oh! 
What are we going to do? 
Also, exposure causes early onset. 
(SMACK!) 
Take a hard look at yourself. 
I'm slipping. 
(BRAP!) 
Both of us are. 
We must abandon her. 
Here? 
Now? 
(TWEET!) 
RAPE!!! 
Handy, right? 
We have to go this very minute. 
Okay, um...I'm on board. 
We'll change our last names, and then we'll call the cops. 
Right, right, right! 
They'll take her into custody. 
She's no longer our problem. 
I like that. 
-Move! 
Go! 
-What? 
GO! 
GO! 
GO! 
Yeah, I don't need to know that. 
No, no, no, no. 
I am an expert in discharge. 
Just ask away! 
Nasal, Vaginal, Anal. 
Our short webseries tells these stories. 
Real stories. 
You married the whiny bitch. 
Well, we made them up but they'll remind you of folks you know. 
Speaking of horse c*ck 
This seriously hurts my titties. 
Mine too! 
She has a condition. 
She does. 
It's so wet! 
A Series of Unfortunate People 
We're gonna need back up. 
The walls are closing in on me! 
Now. 
Maybe it's in their eyes, "So amazing, it truly is"... 
Maybe it's their smile, "look at that smile, how can you not love this guy?"... whatever it is, "it's great to see all these kids smile"... these cheerleaders sparkle. 
"It's a gift, it is a gift, there's no other way to say it." 
Patty Mitch is the head coach of the UW Platteville Cheer and Stunt Team. 
The team has 30 athletes, but this year, she brought on eight new members called Sparkles. 
"They are a part of our team. 
They are collegiate cheerleaders as far as we are concerned." 
The Sparkle Effect is a nationwide program that helps children with disabilities become cheerleaders. 
"These kids, you know, they have the same feelings, desires, and dreams as all other kids, and all they want is to be included with everybody else." 
Kim Adams is Devon's mom. 
She was hesitant at first because Devon is in a wheelchair, doesn't speak much, but Devon couldn't wait to put on the orange and blue. 
"I came home and said, 'Devon, do you want to be a cheerleader?' and he smiled from ear to ear going 'yeah!'" 
And Devon wanted to join the team for just one reason. 
"Number one: girls. 
He has got every girl on his team wrapped around his finger." 
"Let's go blue..." Lincoln Murphell joined up for a different reason, 
"because I wanted my dream to come true to become a cheerleader." 
She tried out for a team in her hometown of Dubuque, Iowa but she was told she wasn't strong enough to participate. 
"That made me sad." 
"I think everyone at some point in their life has felt like they don't belong to something. 
They're not being set apart, they are included in what every other kid they see gets to do." 
There are more than 80 Sparkle teams all across the country, but those are only in middle school and high school. 
Here at UW Platteville, this is the first Sparkle squad at the collegiate level. 
"It's actually really fulfilling." 
Nate Stikes is a cheerleader and a mentor for one of the Sparkles. 
He's never worked with special needs kids before, and he was nervous at first, but that feeling quickly went away. 
"There's really nothing like it 
I just see in their eyes that this is the most fun that they've had and they love every minute of it, and that's what makes doing it worth it, is seeing the smiles on their faces." 
"Kids with disabilities are just like everybody else, and don't be afraid of them." 
Mitch says the program has had a profound impact on her life as well. 
"The first couple practices I'll admit I left and I was just so overwhelmed, I was in tears, and now I leave and I'm just smiling. 
The joy and excitement and the pleasure they get out of this, and their parents... 
I still tear up a little bit because it's amazing." 
This team is special because each and every member makes it sparkle. 
"To know them and meet them is to love them. 
And you meet these kids for ten minutes, you're going to fall in love with every one of them." 
Stéphane (ST): 
Juanlu, thank you for coming 
First I'd like to ask you to give a brief presentation; who you are and what you do. 
Juanlu (JL): 
My name is Juan Luis Sánchez, I'm a journalist and I'm one of the people who started periodismohumano.com 
And, well, we were in the Puerta del Sol from beginning to end 
And we try to follow what has been happening around the 15-M phenomena before it was called that. 
ST: 
Yes, afterwards we will ask you in detail about the coverage you gave to that. 
The first question is "THE question". 
I'd like you to tell us, from your point of view, what is the 15-M movement? 
JL: 
I think the 15-M was, for many weeks, a physical space where people could share ideas, that came from a non-physical space, a virtual space, from the net, from indignation. 
And all that soon spilled out from internet onto the street, and people started talking about politics, and that it should be OK to talk about politics, and come up with a common diagnosis to society's problems. 
Global problems, not just local. 
And I think that now, as the months have gone by, the 15-M is a diagnosis. 
It's a networked diagnosis, not covered by the large media companies, a diagnosis that goes beyond the usual political speeches. and made by thousands of people, each one with their own criteria, with their own tendencies, each one with their own inertia, each one with their own level of participation or passiveness... 
But if everything the15-M has become can be summed up, I think it's the diagnosis, that there are a series of problems which must be solved. 
ST: 
OK. 
If you feel you belong to, or that you're related to the 15M, 
I'd like to know how you got there. 
And I will give you an example to illustrate it. 
In my case I was interested in intellectual property. 
The Sinde law was being passed, anti-Sinde law activism. #nolesvotes, interest in this new kind of horizontal organizations, 
#DemocraciaRealYa, the protest on the 15th... 
I turned up there and on the 16th I came across the #acampadasol. 
That's how I got involved. 
I'd like to know how you got involved. 
You said before that you had been kind of following it, but tell me how you came across the 15-M. 
JL: 
I came across the 15-M while I was where I wanted to be professionally, telling people about the things I wanted to tell them. 
Because long before the 15-M I had decided, along with another group of journalists, to set up a media company that is 
Periodismo Humano (humane journalism) to talk about certain things that were not being talked about in the traditional media. 
And while we talked about these things, we realized that we were not alone, that what we were talking about was important to people, that suddenly everything we said, or everything we talked about or informed the public about and everything we did had an impact and a repercussion on people 
I will start again, see if this time I can explain myself. 
(laughter) 
I form part of a team of journalists that in a given moment decided that the traditional (mainstream) media such as it exists does not satisfy the calling we have inside. 
And we decided, each one of us through our own processes and very different paths, to set up a media outlet called 
Periodismo Humano (Humane Journalism) to inform about certain things that are supposed to be of interest to the people. 
Immediately we realised, after we had launched it that people did care about certain information. 
This was a clue of what would happen next, because all that impact, all that initial success, which we weren't expecting either, we interpreted it as a kind of symptom that there was an important broth of indignation down there. 
We limited ourselves to doing our journalistic job, evidently with a focus on human rights, with a focus on civil rights and social justice and that started escalating. 
In the end you, as a journalist, come in contact with reality, you let yourself be breached by it, and you try to empathize with certain realities, trying to not have prejudices about certain things and you start to inform about evictions, about what is happening in Iceland, about the Arab revolts both on the street and on the net, you start to inform about the Wikileaks in a very intense manner, because it seemed to us that it broke a model and began a model-crisis in mainstream media which suddenly changed the roles of the information, of the informant and of public information toward something that the mainstream media wasn't... 
In other words, we were in the middle of a vortex of new things, that we believe are the same stream of events that lead to 15M. 
And of course they are the stream of events that lead us to 15M. 
Suddenly we realized there was this call, we planned it as if it were a great demonstration because we already knew it was going to be a great demonstration. 
Evidently we didn't know what was going to happen on the 16th, but by the 15th we had to be deployed in different cities of Spain, as we did. 
We were clear about this. 
So to us this was something natural. 
We worked there because this was something important to us. 
Evidently it was important because we empathized with some of the demands that were on the table. 
ST: 
Maybe due to your preparation, or your perspective, the fact that you weren't caught by surprise, comes the situation that you, personally, and your media outlet was directly associated with the 15M. 
And you are a sort of medial outlet part of 15M or something like that, no? 
JL: 
To inform about 15M does not mean TO BE PART of 15M. 
In the same way that a journalist on the mainstream media who informs daily about the PP is not part of PP or a person who informs daily about the PSOE is not part of PSOE. 
Or a person who informs daily about the NGOs is not a member of an NGO. 
That's obvious to me. 
Now, I have no problem admitting that I empathize with many of the things that were happening on that square, no problem at all. 
Not one, because among another million things in which I don't believe, I don't believe in keeping my distance or in being extra careful in dealing with something. 
Firstly, being part of the 15M is very complicated because it's nothing. 
I have to insist, 15M is a diagnosis. 
You can share certain parts of the diagnosis. 
Each person's solutions are completely different. 
And being part of something... for the journalists who were at the Puerta del Sol not only those of Periodismo Humano, but also many other mainstream media corporations who had their journalists there, for those journalists- not the corporations- I think that the defence mechanism of warning that they were there doing their job and were not part of it, is the same defence mechanism used by the 15M as a general rule when someone asked them if they're left or right-wing. 
Then the 15M said: 
"Wait, you don't understand... what I do in the street isn't that, it's different". 
And the journalists who were in the 15M were informing on what we saw, but to say that we're part of the 15M as many have said indicates that they don't understand what the 15M is because you can't be a militant of the 15M. 
You can't. 
And secondly, a lack of respect towards our work as journalists. 
Not towards those of Periodismo Humano, but towards those from Punto Radio and La Sexta, towards those from 20minutos and TVE... 
Many people who were there informing about the 15M in their own way, maybe in personal networks and not through more institutional channels for whatever reason. 
ST: 
Let's continue with journalism, which I was saving for later but since we're on the topic... 
I'd like you to tell me first how you think the movement, the #15M and the camps have been treated in the media, generally speaking. 
JL: 
I think there were various phases in the media treatment of #15M. 
First was denial and absolute misunderstanding. 
The traditional media took the "three glasses" approach the three glasses with which people read news- actually they're two- 
And they said: "when I look through this glass I don't understand what's happening" 
"when I look through this second glass I don't understand what's happening" 
And as they didn't understand it 100% they decided not to inform about it in a new way, but rather attempted to label it in one of the pools where they classify everything else. 
Who does this benefit? 
Rubalcaba or Rajoy? 
Chacón or Esperanza Aguirre? 
Who? 
And until they realised it wasn't about that they didn't start to tell people what it was about. 
I think they started to inform people because the pressure in the social networks was so strong that there came a moment in which people were embarrassing the media and saying that if the media went on like that, that they would tell the media that THEY didn't represent them either. 
They had a job as journalists and they weren't doing it, and I'm forgetting about the media that from day one knew what they wanted to do with the 15M, which was to use it in a particular way, and say real atrocities. 
I'm not referring to that. 
I'm referring to the people who could have empathised with the #15M and who at the beginning got scared and didn't join in. 
Those media corporations, the majority of which have recognised that at the beginning they didn't know what was going on, nor gave it the priority it deserved, and let me insist on the fact that we're talking about the media, not the journalists, because the journalists were in the Puerta del Sol all the time, from the first moment, it's not true that there weren't any, on the 16th there were more journalists than people camping, because the people, after the first night went to have a shower, to eat or to work, and there were more journalists recording or interviewing the campers, and that allowed more people to come that same afternoon. 
But the network-based information was way above that which the media gave to the #15M. 
That's the first phase, the "I don't understand anything" phase. 
With a miniphase during the elections in which it was instrumentalised, and each one put the #15M on their front page; Madrid or Valencia, or whatever topic they were interested in that day. 
But afterwards they went on to another important phase, in which the people in social networks imposed their agenda on the media. 
So there are media corporations which, during the first days and weeks of the 15M, despised it or hid it amongst other news items in their publications, but when they realised that there was interest in it- that is to say that they got traffic and visits, and that there was an audience for it- they started to give out too much information in an unexpected way. 
And a lot of information started to appear about the 15M, so much that people like us, who from the beginning were doing that job that others didn't do, well we had to redefine ourselves and reorient our work, because suddenly it was impossible, with our means, to get to places where others were going. 
We no longer had to stream because there were several streams. 
We didn't have to tweet the most important assemblies live because several media corporations were already doing it whatever the time, whatever the weather, even at three in the morning. 
And so on. 
Some media companies continue with that strategy, through journalistic interest because they're convinced of its importance but also because of the public, the people, and the social networks all demand it in the form of traffic, in the form of an audience, but also in the form of a direct complaint that they aren't talking about things that they worry about. 
And afterwards everything has so many shades. 
Because again the 15M has many derivatives, and each media corporation has more or less tolerance for each derivative, or they like each derivative more or less 
During the general elections on the 20th of november, there was also an understanding between the 15M and certain political parties who were well treated or harshly criticised by different media corporations. 
Going back to the previous structure, as if the 15M were an organization where there are militants who belong to the 15M and not to the rest of political life. 
When there are people in the 15M who belong to NGOs or political parties, rich people, and indignants who on the other hand have other things in their life apart from the 15M. 
And they're no less than other people who live almost outside the system, and only relate with people involved in the traditional social battles. 
People who experience politics in their daily life in a much more special way than what is just pure affiliation in the 15M. 
In this universe of shades it's easy to misinterpret things, easy to distort things and use them in your own benefit. 
And I think it's hard, and a stage is opening up where everything is going to be like that. 
Where there are going to be so many shades in the network that anyone can interpret reality according to their will, because everything will be true, but if that is allowed to happen, truth will be betrayed. 
A stage is opening up in the net where nothing is as it used to be, and political affiliation is not what it used to be, there's no sense in using the same glasses to look. 
ST: 
I'd like you to tell me how you organised the coverage, both during the 15M and after 15O (october). 
From a logistic point of view too, how many people, why, how... because there is one thing that's true, you've produced so much. 
You have so much text many photos, many videos, many everything... tell me how you did it and how you organised it. 
JL: 
Periodismo Humano is not a live media outlet. 
We don't do this often. 
Being constantly in the street sending tweets and social network updates is an exception, when we see that we can offer something that no-one else is offering. 
Because there's no sense in doing what the other media corporations are doing. 
Periodismo Humano's specialty is features written with care and dedication, with text, interviews, chronicles. 
We don't do live updates. 
Actually during the 15M we didn't give live updates. 
What we did was a dual velocity journalism. 
On the one hand we were in the street talking about everything that we saw, using Twitter as a public notebook. 
When you spend 12 hours in the Puerta del Sol talking about what you're seeing and afterwards you have to write something up at 4 in the morning when you got home. 
Because there comes a moment when you have to write at 4 in the morning and... what material can you use? 
What inputs do you use to write your feature? 
Well, everything you've tweeted. 
You go over your tweets, you see the sensations you've felt during the day and you decide how to write your chronicle. 
And using videos that have been uploaded all day. 
The coverage is done with mobile phones, smartphones, video you can upload via 3G. 
They're uploaded straight to our photograph accounts and they're tweeted automatically. 
Keeping a video for the day after makes no sense. 
You can move it twice. 
First immediately, and afterwards at night in your narrative, inside an article where you're talking about something else. 
Lots of people have offered their work to Periodismo Humano from the 15M. 
Many are from Vietnam, the US, the UK, Brussels, from all over Spain. 
We talked about what's happening in Barcelona, but also in Madrid, in Seville, under the aqueduct of Segovia, where there was also a concentration at the beginning. 
We informed about what was happening in Malaga, Gijon... 
We have been in many cities. 
And I can tell you in Madrid, for example, the work was mainly developed thanks to 
Jessica Romero, Lidia Molina, also my own work where other people like Leila Nachawati and Olga Roríguez collaborated... 
The family of Periodismo Humano is large and more or less intensely, depending on each person, we have all collaborated a lot. 
With the coordination of Javier and Patricia who made it possible for everything to fit in and make sense. 
But, a normal day of coverage during the 15M, during those first weeks, 
I would get up late, because the night before 
I had gone to bed very late, go to the Puerta del Sol, and start talking to people and ask them what they were doing there, who they were, if it was true that they were hippies or radicals or violent... or if it was true that they weren't going to vote, or if they had fleas. 
I don't know, ask them who they were. 
And from there lots of interesting things came to light. 
And you spend your day talking to people, listening in on the assemblies to understand what it was all about. 
I remember telling one of my co-workers: 
"Get a computer and write down everything we've heard, these are the 15M political proposals". 
Because someone had decided to read a list of things that they had talked about in an assembly, areas of work. 
Areas of work where they would form commissions. 
So at that moment, in my short-minded journalist's brain, I thought that was the headline. 
And I asked my co-worker to write it down. 
From that moment until it was published everything calmed down a lot, and fortunately we weren't wrong and we didn't slip up. 
But we could have. 
Because at that moment you didn't know what we were looking at. 
But our job was to be there 12 or 15 hours with the people, uploading photos and video. 
Not just for the sake of uploading them, but looking for humane details that defined what was happening. 
To escape from the freakshow idea. 
To escape from the freakshow idea and the exception. 
NOT to go up to the wierdest looking man in the square. 
Because that didn't define what was going on. 
NOT to find the biggest Mohawk haircut. 
Because Mohawk haircuts are fine but they didn't define what was going on. 
NOT to go up to someone with a bottle of beer in his hand, that didn't define what was happening in the square. 
Just talk to people. 
12 hours. 
Afterwards you get to your computer at 4 or 5 in the morning and you try to be minimally creative and provide a bit of context and tell things that weren't being told in the rest of the media. 
Not regarding the focus, but rather looking for details which you think define what was happening. 
And try to write features that give people an idea of what's happening, way beyond whatever controversial incident may have happened that day. 
And then you sleep 3 hours, and then off you go again. 
ST: 
Yesterday Virginia, from 20minutos, was here. 
One thing that called my attention was they were always there. 
It was the first media corporation that I began to recognise. 
I met Mirem, I met Marta, I saw them there... 
And it was a question of taking it easy. 
Taking your time. 
It was hard to interpret, but you had to take your time. 
Many media corporations didn't do that. 
JL: 
It's a luxury, isn't it. 
We allowed ourselves the luxury of spending hours in a square informing about that was happening. 
It's hard for that to happen in a media corporation. 
Very complicated. 
We were born to do that. 
We were born out of this journalistic crisis and we decided to slow down and inform with a bit of good sense. 
And we did that, and we created Periodismo Humano. 
But there's a lot of merit in other manstream media corporations which we are very critical of, but we have to acknowledge that there are some media corporations, especially some journalists who in their free time, went to the square because they decided they didn't need permission from their boss, their corporation or their structure, they went there because they wanted to be journalists for this kind of thing. 
The rest of the year they're bored, and when something interesting like this happens, and things are going on, they want to be there in the square. 
If I hadn't been working in Periodismo Humano I would have spent my free time there. 
And I'd have done the same job through my personal blog. 
I'm sure of that. fortunately there was a structure and co-workers who as a group made everything so much more valid, more visible, and richer. 
But I'm sure that any of the journalists there would have done exactly the same thing. 
Because you become a journalist for things like this, and if they happen and you don't experience them, why bother? 
ST: 
To finish with the topic of journalism, I'd like you to tell me what the relationship with the people who gave you your information was like. 
Because the beginning was complicated, that first week. 
But I get the impression that the management of that information was very efficient. 
Creating official tweets official websites, where you could see exact calls to meeting. 
I'd like you to tell me if it was easy for you to get that information, if there was any tension, how the whole thing evolved... 
It's complicated. 
JL: 
Yes, it's complicated. 
I can give you lots of good examples, and one bad one which changed my attitude. 
And I think it was the second big day. 
The second big day. 
We're talking about the 17th or the 18th. 
In an assembly I heard twice, twice, how everyone in the assembly, 1500 people, unanimously approved of demonstrating on the day of reflexion. 
The assembly moderator asked if they knew what they were doing, and if they were sure they wanted to demonstrate and call a demonstration for the Saturday. 
And everyone said yes. 
I informed about that immediately through Twitter about the demonstration call on the Saturday. 
From the moment that was decided in the assembly, it went through the legal commission, the communication group, and they decided 
NOT to call the demonstration because it would bring them too many legal problems. 
So they denied that the assembly had made that agreement, they said they would be there, but that they didn't call upon anyone to go. 
As they were denying that, the communication group denied to me that the assembly had decided to demonstrate, and they started calling everyone who had said the assembly had made that decision manipulators, rather than explaining it another way. 
I understand that kind of thing, no-one's asking the Puerta del Sol communication group or the legal commission to work as a large corporation press office, I can't ask that of them, but from that first moment you realise that if you really want to inform of the shades of what's happening there, you have to spend hours and hours there, experiencing it first hand and not allowing any official press release to tell you what's going on. 
Just like in the rest of the world. 
But it's more in this case, because it's much more complex. 
From that moment on I knoew that the key to everything was in the legal commission, in the commision to dynamize assemblies, in the commission coordination group... what the 15M was, and what it was going to be, was developed in these work groups. 
And I just did my job and worked hard talking to people and meeting people. 
Calling and having coffee with people. 
Meeting people who understood that journalists are not always dangerous or have bad intentions. 
And from then on I was able to write reports of my own. 
And in a few years, read them, share them, check them, criticise them, and see that I took a chance. 
Reports like the first 40 hours of Sol, many hours going through non-official channels to inform about what was happening. 
Or a report, also very sensitive, that I titled: 
"The Sol camp, trapped in itself", about the problem that arose regarding if they should camp or not. 
Obviously you have to talk to a lot of people and be very careful not to hurt feelings, to avoid taking anything to the category of definitive, because nothing was definitive- or official- there. 
But on the other hand, while I say that all the journalistic work was done getting around the official channels, on the other hand regarding diffusion and communication, the heights that the 15M got to in social networks was spectacular. 
The community management in Twitter from @acampadasol is spectacular. 
No rumours were published. 
I know that sounds obvious, but it's not as easy as it sounds [laughter]. 
It's not that easy, and no rumours were published. 
The only rumour that was heard one day was whether something had happened to a kid in Barcelona, but they immediately rectified... that is if they actually ever published it. 
They said over and over that nothing had happened, and asked people not to spread rumours. 
And in the end, everything works through soft leadership, where anyone can do what they want as long as it's inspired in the collective, very interesting projects appear. 
Take the Square, the 15-O (october) from the beginning, Stop Evictions as a warning and alert platform when there are evictions... 
Things start to happen that transcend the traditional strategy of communication in social movements, and they transcend the strategy of political communication of any self-respecting political organization, they would love to have the richness of communication that the 15M had. 
ST: 
Not related to what you've been talking about just now, although maybe it does form part of it, I'd like you to tell me what has the 15M done wrong? 
JL: 
(thinking) 
I don't know what to say... because to personify it's hard. 
What has the 15M done right? 
15M, since I'm convinced it doesn't move... 
ST: 
I define the 15M as a state of mind. 
JL: 
Exactly. 
You could say that the 15M is a state of mind. 
But I understand what you're saying. 
The black spots, right? 
ST: 
Yes. 
Things that weren't pretty? 
There have been obvious mistakes, others less obvious, some of them that you have experienced... 
JL: 
I understand the problem with the media. 
I understand perfectly the grudge, or if you prefer another word 
less contemptuous: the indignation against the media. 
That indignation can't disappear in three days. 
There is damage that the media has done in the poverty of everything. 
And obviously when a media corporation appears in a context of collective enthusiasm, there can be problems. 
But I don't think it's very intelligent. 
I mean, I understand the reaction, but it has been proven afterwards that it's a reaction that doesn't benefit, but rather is detrimental for what was happening there. 
You need people to insult you through the media. 
You need people to manipulate you. 
You need people to distort your words, because there are a lot of people who don't succumb to that manipulation, who don't succumb to the insults, and who don't succumb to that distortion, and realises that you're not what the television says you are. 
It's a lot better to be insulted, I know it's a drag to say 
"it's better for people to talk bad about you than not talk about you at all". 
It's not exactly that, but you have to open yourself to the media and accept that they're going to hit you. 
Yes, they're going to hit you. 
What's important is that there are other media outlets that understand you. 
Not because you're good to them or because they're on your side, but because "each to his own". there was a day 
I was at an assembly where it was decided, or it looked that way 
I think they didn't decide on it in the end, they decided that the only camera that could record there was the camera of the Sol audiovisual commission. 
You stop for 15 seconds to think where that's going to, what kind of model of communication it's going towards, and it's scary. 
It's a bit scary. 
Fortunately that didn't happen. 
So there have been a few moments but in the end everyone always realised there was no sense in it. 
But you see it's not coherent with who you are. 
ST: 
That is definitely NOT the 15M. 
JL: 
Definitely not the 15M. 
Not letting the media work is not coherent with the 15M. 
And yet I understand the indignation against the media. 
Perfectly. 
ST: 
I participated in two assemblies in which I spoke about this topic. 
About prohibiting cameras. 
One was on the 16th, I remember perfectly, the first day of the camp, saying that it was impossible. and the other was the same, but three weeks later. 
And they were going on about the same thing curiously. 
JL: 
And it came up again not long ago too. 
ST: 
Yes, we have the "ideologically similar" media, although I find the phrase unfortunate. 
JL: 
I don't want to be there. 
I mean, if there is media which is ideologically similar or different 
I don't want to be on the list of the ideologically similar media outlets. 
ST: 
I'd like you to tell me about the best experience you have had since the 15th, and the worst experience. 
And here we can move on to these things. 
JL: 
There have been three best moments. 
One when I was streaming with the telephone and I saw there were thousands of people connected to my streaming with my bloody telephone. and I said "what's happening?" 
But especially when I turned off the streaming, or the network collapsed or something, and I put down my mobile and looked not through the screen, because I was really stressed out. 
I was knackered. 
But I put down the mobile to rest a moment and I thought "Blimey, something's happening here" 
I mean, something big is happening here, that's what I thought at that moment. 
And that's actually the headline I used in my chronicle that night, then I changed it, but the URL is still "something big is happening here". 
Because that's what I felt. 
I didn't know what is was, but it was big. 
That was the first big impression I got. 
The second moment was when I started to see the cardboards in the square. 
When they put cardboard on the ground so everyone could sleep. 
And they started to 
"carpet" the Puerta del Sol, that was the second time that I thought something big was happening. 
I mean, they were carpeting the ground so they could sleep there! 
It's an image that's fixed, after that came the blue carps, the distribution of the commissions, the infrastructure, the firefighters helping out... the construction of the Medina de Sol. 
But the first moment 
I realised they were building a city was when I saw the cardobard on the floor. 
And I saw people were going to stay there, lots of people. 
ST: 
I remember an image, let's see if I can describe it. 
A load of pople, and suddenly a sofa flying over everybody. 
A sofa appeared through the street and they carried it into the square. 
JL: 
(laughs) Yes! 
There have been precious moments that I didn't experience but they've told me about them. 
Like the first morning they ate rice with prawns, because the neighbours' were so supportive, or people who came from far away, brought a pot, and although they couldn't stay, they left it there so others could eat. 
And I remember the first or second night, they brought nine pizzas that someone had ordered for us from Galicia. 
Someone in Galicia called a pizzeria close to Sol and put 9 pizzas on their credit card and asked them to be delivered to the kids that were there. 
That doesn't happen in real life, or maybe it does and we don't see it, that there are people that generous. 
ST: 
I remember, maybe on the 17th, the second or third day, people from a restaurant came with beans and rice pudding. 
And I was so happy, for a few moments... 
JL: 
That was the Asturian, he also took cider. 
He also took some of his own cider. 
I don't know if it's the same asturian, but a co-worker of mine interviewed that gentleman. 
And he took his lorry. 
He took a lorry full of soft drinks of a particular brand, maybe we'll find out if it was the brand or the bar that sent them. 
But there were very beautiful moments of true solidarity and communal generosity. 
But that's not what it's all about. 
Although it allowed the atmosphere to be very pacific. 
And the atmosphere swallowed up the very few who maybe would have liked to cause problems, because that was their way of fighting the system. 
But that's not the debate 
I want to go into. 
What I mean is that soon those people who usually do that kind of thing, they didn't because they were swallowed up by the multitude which said: "we don't do that kind of thing here, we've decided that's not how we want to protest for now". 
That's an important force. 
And then the third moment of emotion was during the confluence of the "northwest march" and the "northeast march" on the 19th of July which was the first authentically hetergeneous demostration. 
They came from different neighbourhoods and cities. 
The moment they joined together at a roundabout on the Castellana. 
Patricia: 
Gregorio Marañón [in the background] 
JL: 
In Gregorio Marañón or in Castelar, I don't know. 
That moment, when the people were crying and hugging. 
People coming from the northwest and people from the northeast, it was also a moment of... 
Just over a month had gone by and these people were still getting emotional over little things like that, to meet in a square again coming from different parts of the city. 
They were very emotional moments, and nobody, whether they're for or against what was happening, can deny that there have been moments of emotion. sharing things that don't usually happen in politics. 
They don't usually happen, but that's politics too. 
Empathy is pure politics. 
Those were three emotional moments that I experienced. 
And the worst, probably what happened in Barcelona. 
I mean what happened at the gates of the Parlament, violence as an answer to whatever, but in the end violent outbreaks of tension. 
That somehow fractured part of the message that we were sending out. 
That was a very sensitive moment. 
But it also consolidated the movement. 
Because people went out to the street to prove that that was just an isolated episode and not what we're about, that is not what defines us. 
But it was a complicated episode. 
Another bad moment... 
ST: 
I'd like you to find something that you experienced. 
That you witnessed or that affected you, that made you feel bad. 
In my case it's obvious. 
There were maybe two. 
The violence on the 5th in the Ministery of Interior, or the 4th of august which was the first contact and not very violent, but for me very surprising. 
And afterwards undoubtedly on the 17th I took that video and got home trembling. 
I experienced that and it was terrible. 
I don't know if you... 
JL: 
I wasn't there that day. 
ST: 
It doesn't have to be in that sense, I don't know. 
Frustrating. 
Or if you don't remember, I'm happy for you. 
JL: 
Really, it's not that I can't remember that moment. or that I don't want to speak poorly of anyone. 
One thing I do remember was calling two journalists who had been assaulted that night, and I couldn't believe what was happening. 
I said "this is senseless". 
And I thought if it happened to me I couldn't put up with the idea of people thinking that I'd had it coming. 
You know, thinking "he must have done something wrong". 
I thought if it had happened to me, I'd have to do a lot of explaining about what I was doing at that moment. 
And it's a fracture, because you know people, two people who 
I spoke to that night, and they're anything but violent [laughter]. 
Anything but violent! 
ST: 
Violence is never a good thing. 
For me it was a kind of emotional "deflowering". 
I didn't know these things could happen in this country, I couldn't believe it. 
But when the press was assaulted, it was like crossing a border. 
Like giving a signal. 
I was really moved when I heard that story. 
JL: 
I was really moved when I read you, because you explained yourself so well and although bad things happen, there are things that can't happen. 
Although that day there were a lot of things that could be criticised, though I wasn't there, 
I've read a lot of people who I trust from within the 15M movement who did things that normally aren't coherent with the 15M demonstrations. 
But that's one thing and what you talked about regarding real atrocities. 
Police abuse that were later well documented, so nobody can deny it. 
That also appeared in the mainstream media 
Suddenly the mainstream media were considering as true certain aspects of the police abuse that they would normally be very skeptical of, if there hadn't been documents and proof, thanks to the net, the new technologies, etc. 
Or even myself, I don't think I'm anti anything, but if I didn't know the people who were there and if I hadn't seen the videos maybe I'd have thought there had been agitators within the group. 
So I don't shout out to the world that I'm a great defender of freedom for the people in the street. 
I'm saying that if it hadn't been for the internet, a lot of people, who normally got their information from normal sources, would have said "they must have had it coming". 
And yet you talk to someone you know and you ask yourself how it could happen. 
Something breaks. 
You stop trusting. 
That night I thought, it's a bitter sensation, 
I thought they'd turned these two friends of mine into two anti-system people. 
For a few days at least. 
Because they're pacifists and suddenly they get hit, and they're insulted and they're treated so degradingly and so unnecessarily. 
That makes us really skeptical of the system represented by these policemen, those agents who maltreated them so incredibly. 
So I think it's not very intelligent to let the police, even though it's just a few individuals, to let them do those things. 
It's not very intelligent at all. 
You're turning people against you. 
Against you as a system, as a state, as whatever. 
I think it's unnecessary, absolutely unnecessary. 
And that night was very unpleasant, and it was unpleasant not to be there to see it and talk about it. 
That day I was on holiday and I didn't go to Madrid, like other times, to the demonstration. 
And it was unpleasant not to be there and not to be able to inform about it. 
ST: 
Let's change topic to something radically different which has helped me to process my emotions. 
In my experience of the 15M there's one thing that's really important: humour. 
Whether it's humour in the shape of stories like @putohelicoptero, @acampadapolicia, the posters or even my own tweets. 
From time to time I had a kind of humour registry that helped me. 
I'd like you to tell me what you thought about the use of humour within the 15M, and how important it has been. 
JL: 
The other day I went to a bookshop and I saw on one of the shelves a book of banners from May '68. 
I was confused so I took the book and I was surprised to find tweets. 
They were what I would have regarded as great sarcastic phrases for Twitter and banners, very much in line with the 15M. 
But suddenly they were there. 
Obviously the cultural and terminological references are different, but there was so much creativity. 
That's for starters, because I remember seeing it the other day. 
And I've laughed so much, from the very beginning in the Puerta del Sol because there were such good phrases. 
Some were devastating, and others were very funny. 
You ended up laughing, copying them down and tweeting them, and sharing them because they're so creative, and the 15M has always considered creativity and humour way above aggresiveness and affiliation. 
The richness of so many different messages. 
Some people think they're naive, and that just making jokes is a far cry from organising a revolution. 
There are people who think so and say so. 
People who think that in the Puerta del Sol there is no party. 
I've heard it in assemblies: "we're not here to celebrate anything" 
"This isn't a party and we're not here for fun. 
We have a problem and we have to solve it like this and this and this", with a very coded language, a very traditional political narrative, very endogamic... 
And suddenly the square and the internet is full of messages that deactivate any assault that they can set on you from the outside, and they deactivate the social depression we're in. 
Suddenly the people were happy. 
There were marvellous phrases. 
I can't remember any right now have a terrible memory, but they're in the archives. 
There are people doing a great job archiving material and in 30 years we can look over the jokes and irony of 2011. 
For me Twitter is irony. 
Except when you have thousands of followers and you can't say anything because everything can be misunderstood and they make a #whatshisnamefacts hashtag and they crush you. 
But when you're in a manageable state, Twitter is pure irony. 
And irony works better than any other register. 
And soon I saw tweets on banners. 
After I'd seen the May '68 book maybe it's the other way around. 
But I've laughed so much 
All along the walls starting from the underground access gate all full of the most creative messages. 
They were also very rich. 
And very enrichening. 
Like, even though this goes nowhere, although it comes to nothing, or it doesn't fulfill people's expectations, at least it will have given those who were there a chance to detoxify themselves from the typical political discourse. 
Because it's so boring, political language is so grey and suddenly irony pops up in political language without being demogogical, it's great. 
ST: 
Even when we have to laugh at ourselves. 
There were moments in which I didn't know whether to laugh or cry. 
Whether to go or stay... and thanks to the tweets and three posters, I chuckled and was able to go on. 
It's curious. 
I was marvelled. 
And after a phenomena like this, the satire. 
Like @acampadapolicia, or @putohelicoptero, which is minimalist, but every time I got one of his messages I laughed so much... 
JL: tacatacatacatacatacatacataca... 
[laughter] 
There was also a really funny thing that happened whenever I saw a helicopter anywhere in Spain I took a photo and said "Look! @putohelicoptero is here!" 
Creativity has no limits. @acampadapolicia has made us laugh. 
And that opens so many doors to so many things, so much creativity, you just can't say it's a bad thing. 
You can't say it's a bad thing. 
Even if you don't agree with the 15M, if you put someone who has nothing to do with the 15M in front of 4 people and say "you're going to laugh", in the end you get caught up in it, emotionally, through humour. 
I think that's really important. 
There are a lot of people who I believe were hooked on the 15M because it's fun. 
And it has been fun. 
I don't know if it still is for everyone, but for a lot of people it has been fun. and the use of false identities, which is another debate altogether, has also contributed to get certain absurd examples of behaviour out of the furrows. 
People who pretend to be someone else and talk to other Twitter users who react in a really absurd way. 
So absurd it's real. 
And that serves to expose certain things. 
Undoubtedly it's the most original political action there is. 
But it's just the beginning. 
I think it's always going to be that original from now on. 
The large protests are going to be like that via the networks, with sarcasm, with a sense of humour where the individual is above political affiliation. 
I think all that can be used by completely opposing ideologies. 
And we're simply at the start of a new form of political participation, to achieve the most diverse goals. 
Not just with goals that, for example 73% of the population can empathise with, but anything that goes beyong political parties and NGOs, it can be organised through the net. 
ST: 
Let's wrap this up. 
Out of everything that's happened, what do you think has been the most important thing? 
JL: 
I think there has been a change in the mentality of society. 
Vital attitude. 
A door to participation in politics of the future has opened. 
A way of allowing people to participate publicly from here on in. 
Not just because of the protests and the assemblies, but because of what's happening on the internet. 
I think it's become obvious that a lot of people organised spontaneously and very suddenly- I mean we're organised today for this and tomorrow I don't need to know you- can impose the political agenda of a country. 
Almost nothing. 
And I think it's also going to serve as an experience of political maturity for a lot of people, this has been their first political experience. 
Young people, and not so young people who have had their first political experience, and are learning a lot about this world, regarding the media, politics, team work. 
Good lessons and bad lessons. 
And how this atmosphere of maturity is going to evolve is quite eye-catching. 
Because if there are people who think the 15M is naive, maybe their strength is non confrontation, 
let's see how that evolves. 
If they can keep an inclusive tone, or if the impulse they've achieved can't be contained and it all splits up. 
But it's clear that the motor has been cranked into action. 
That's very important. 
ST: 
And to finish. 
What's the future of the 15M? 
JL: 
I think the 15M is a state of mind, it's a diagnosis, and it's an inspiration. 
I think nostalgia is a bad travelling companion for the people who have participated in the 15M, because the Puerta del Sol, the Sol camp, is not going to come back. 
The commission of infrastructures is not coming back... at least not in the same terms, 
I don't know if I'm wrong. 
But I think it's very hard for all the perfect conditions to come together again for it to happen like before. 
Sometimes you talk to someone who participated very intensely in it and they say that a better world is possible because when they were there, they were hungry and a lady gave them a dish of maccarroni, and then they helped a commission to put up a stand, then they went to see other people camping on the other side of the city to convince them of whatever... 
And they tell you all these brutal experiences to justify, or as if it could be reproduced permanently all over the world. 
Some people agree with that and have an ideological justification for it, but I'm not going to go into that kind of thing. 
But there are people who are attached to that nostalgia. 
And we'll have to wait and see how they manage that nostalgia. 
And there I see a danger for the 15M. 
Or for what the 15M stands for. 
But I insist, it's a diagnosis. 
The 15M is a diagnosis. 
It's a state of mind and an inspiration and we're still not conscious of the number of projects that it kick-started in May 2011. 
Neurons have been activated amongst groups of friends, amongst of strangers who suddenly met, things like this documentary have been created. 
There are many projects, audiovisual and not, many projects of many different kinds which were created thanks to the inspiration or the motor of the 15M. 
And I think those projects are going to lead the way towards the future of the 15M. 
More than just assemblies, more than demonstrations in the street. 
It doesn't matter how many are called. 
But I think the projects that arose, inspired by the 15M will be the 15M of the future. 
Even if they're not the 15M. 
But the spirit will be there in a mystic kind of way. the 15M will experience those projects because they were born there. 
Contact with international media corporations, international perception of the 15M. 
How we experienced it. 
The first international perception of the 15M was on the 18th or 19th, I can't remember the dates when we got a message from Egypt through a co-worker at Periodismo Humano, Olga Rodríguez. 
It was from the revolutionary commission of Egypt- that's not the right name but you understand- supporting what was happening in Sol. 
I remember talking to Olga about publishing it but we had to talk to the people in the Puerta del Sol first. 
So they knew they had support. 
ST: 
There was a problem with one of the words in that, wasn't there? 
JL: 
Yes, in the message we got from Egypt supporting the 15M, in the headline they wrote of their support to Democracia Real Ya. 
So of course, they were already talking about whether Democracia Real Ya was part of the camp, who was who... it was all very sensitive. 
And I remember asking Olga if she knew who was who. 
So we explained it to them and they said OK, let's make it as broad as possible, and they changed the message and made it extensive to all the 15M. 
We didn't consider ourselves the writers of the message, we simply asked what they meant and we advised them a little about what it was all about. 
It was all so incipient, there were so many debates, it was logical that something like that should happen. 
That was the first international perception we had. 
Parallel to that, you spend 12 or 15 hours in a doorway telling stories, trying to find the humane side to things, working on reports... 
In all, doing high quality journalism and suddenly you go up to a roof on the 17th, and the man there wants to charge you for taking a photo from the balcony and you give it little importance saying it's just a mobile, and you go to the balcony and make a 40 second video. 
You publish it on the internet, because there's 3G coverage up there, and after you put it on youtube it becomes the most seen video of the month in the political news category. 
And in a few hours you have hundred of thousands of reproductions. 
And suddenly they tell me that the video's on the website of the New York Times. 
And then in the Washington Post. 
And on BoingBoing, one of the most read blogs in English in the world. 
And then more media. 
And front pages... it's something... 
We were the first source of information on the 15M for the New York Times and the Washington Post, the first text they produced was a photo of mine of a woman with a non-violence sign, and the panoramic video taken from the balcony with Paz Vega in the background. 
Paz Vega, the involuntary muse of the 15M. 
ST: 
We shamelessly took advantage of her. 
JL: 
That was the second great reaction we noticed, or that I noticed personally. 
From there on, there were radios from France, from Chile, Argentina, Miami... 
Articles in Al Jazeera. 
Lots of things we collaborated in. 
They would call us to kind of interview us, but what they really wanted was for us to give them a chronicle. 
It's a typical trap: "interview a journalist to get a free article". that happened a lot. 
And to tell you the truth we got the impression that it was all pretty well understood. 
A journalist from the New York Times came just after the local and regional elections, she called me so we could have breakfast together and I could bring her up to date because she didn't know how or what or who... and after she wrote a very sociological article without including any of the stereotypes or anything wierd. 
It was all very correct. 
I think it was contextualised within the international economic crisis, that was the plot of the main international media companies with the 15M. 
There is a serious economic crisis, and a long time before the "No nos representan" came along, they aligned their editorials with the economic crisis and people protesting in the street because of the 4 million unemployed. 
And I think that was the plot of the majority of the big international media corporations those days. 
ST: 
To finish, if you want to add anything else, anything you consider important or you wish to reformulate. 
Now's the time. 
JL: 
No [he thinks] 
I think that... 
I don't want it to be a sound byte or anything. 
What I mean is that if there's really a fervour amongst the citizens for there to be new spaces for public debate, new spaces for public debate, that these new spaces in the street and on the internet should be able to force the public and private powers that be into behaving a different way. 
And we should be wary of the media. 
Keep our eyes on those who keep their eyes on us. 
If we want everythingt to be like that, and I do 100% 
I want it to be like that, and these new spaces for debate are created, people have to remember, we all have to remember that we need a different way to make money circulate. 
Through speeches and debates we need there to be a new and different way for money to circulate. 
That's open source, creative commons, common benefit, which also needs financing obviously. 
It's about this film and projects that are being undertaken, it's about Periodismo Humano and projects that are yet to be created. 
I think that's the lesson which I don't know if it's been absorbed. 
It's really necessary for there to be new spaces, but those spaces have to be sustainable in some way. 
Maybe the best way is not to just put money into them. 
I don't know how. 
But the lesson to be learnt here is how debate and enrichening can be made sustainable, regarding political participation, public life, demands, social life... so that it's posible to solve those things that we don't like about our society. 
That's the question, I think. 
It's the question I don't know the answer to. 
I have my own personal bets but I don't have the magic recipe. 
Fine! kaka sir has said we have received your gold. - okay. 
Mr. Ahuja! 
- Yes! 
Tell Raman that the gold will be delivered tomorrow morning! okay, sir! - okay! 
What about my goods? 
- You will get it here! 
How is that possible? l brought your gold here. 
You should deliver our opium at lstanbul! 
Ms. Yasmin, deliver their goods to lstanbul by syndicate"s boat. 
I won"t go! 
Yasmin! 
You will have to go with them! 
Hello. 
Police. lnformer Ahuja. 
Ahuja! sorry, sir! 
Exchange is helpless! very good news! constable Rao"s raid was successful! 
Gold and watches worth lakhs were seized! 
Were any men nabbed? - sir, five! 
Where is the group? 
Why didn"t you bring them here? very sorry, sir. 
Presenting corpses is illegal. shut up! 
Listen! - sir! 
Where was that call from? 
- From Alibagh, sir! shift our headquarters there immediately. 
- Right, sir! very good idea, sir! 
The police should keep a tab on the culprits. 
And the culprits should keep a tab on the police. so that it"s easy for both of them. 
Rao. 
- Yes, sir! 
Will you please shut up? 
And get out! 
Returning today Rajesh! 
Who is Rajesh? 
My best friend! 
My school and college"s friend! 
No matter how much I praise his friendship, its less. 
ls that so? 
You have never mentioned Rajesh before. 
How can I mention him? 
He has joined the police force! 
And I am just working in the shipping company. seema, when you are in front of me, I forget everything. 
Now don"t talk too much. 
And come with us for a picnic! 
Picnic? 
- Yes! 
How can I come for the picnic? 
He is coming after a long time. 
He will feel so dejected if he won"t find me here. 
Good luck, sir! 
Good luck! 
lt"s the sign of your promotion. 
This is the first time that this jeep"s tyre has got punctured. 
Rao. 
- Yes, sir. 
Don"t talk nonsense. 
Take out the jack from the jeep. sorry, sir! 
There is no jack! 
There is no jack! 
Take out the spanner. sorry, sir. 
We don"t have that too. 
Take out the screw driver. sir, we can take out the screw. 
But it"s difficult to take out the driver. otherwise who will drive? 
Rao, I am fed up of this! 
How does your jeep work? sir, it"s a police jeep. lt works on its reputation. 
I think.. you have gone mad. 
Go and find a big stone. okay, sir! 
Why are you all staring at me? 
Go and search for a big stone! come on! 
Hey! 
Who are you? 
Aren"t you ashamed to steal! shoes thief! come on! 
Hey! shoes thief! 
What is going on? 
Beware if you touched our shoes! 
I am sorry. 
I need stone, not shoes. 
I need stone! 
Why? 
Whose skull do you want to break? 
I am not mad that I will break somebody"s skull! 
No need to give justifications! 
I have heard about many thieves! 
But today I am seeing a fashionable thief! 
That too shoes thief! 
Ma"am, talk respectfully! 
Maybe you don"t know who I am! 
You talk politely! 
lf you talked too much, I will hand you over to the police! 
What do guys nowadays think of themselves? 
This is their business! 
First BA. 
And when they don"t find a job, they start stealing shoes! 
Nab him! 
Hand him over to the police! 
Police! 
Police! 
Police! 
Police! sir! 
The jeep is ready. 
What is the need for the jeep? 
Handcuff him and take him away! 
Ma"am, how can he dare to arrest.. ..superintendent of Police of this area? 
lf you want to make me your prisoner.. ..then sP Rajesh is ready. sP.. 
Rajesh! very naughty girls! - very naughty! 
I am very sorry! 
I am.. so sorry. 
- lts okay. 
No, no! 
I am really very sorry! 
- lts okay! still I am sorry for their misbehaviour. 
lt"s okay. 
At least I got the chance to meet you under this excuse. can I know your name? seema! 
They all call me seema. seema. 
- Yes! very nice name! 
- Yes! 
Goodbye! shekhar! 
Rajesh! 
After a long time you have remembered your friend! 
I thought you have forgotten me after joining the police force! 
Fool! can a friend forget a friend? 
Why didn"t you contact me for so many days? 
DDT! 
Bring sir"s luggage from the jeep.. shekhar, listen! 
I can"t stay with you. 
I have come on government duty. 
I will have to stay at the government guest house. 
Government! 
Duty! sP, I think you can"t sleep in a poor man"s house. 
Again you taunted me! 
Duty is duty! 
Duty.. what must be your duty in this small town? 
Friend, this is a small town. 
But many activities are carried out here! 
I will explain to you when l am free. 
I will leave now. 
Listen.. don"t forget your friend for the sake of your duty! 
All the best! - see you! sir, he is chief lnspector of customs. 
Diwan Dinanath. 
Mr. Dinanath, how are you, sir? 
Fine. 
Thank you. 
How are you? 
Fine. 
Thank you. 
I have heard a lot about you from lG. 
Thanks. 
I was waiting for you only. - come. 
I have to go for my duty. 
And you have come from a long journey. 
You must be tired. 
Rest for now. 
Have dinner with me in the evening. 
And we will discuss the matter there. 
Thank you, sir. 
I am lucky that I got the chance to have home made dinner. 
Pleasure is mine. 
- Thank you. 
Thank you so much. - see you tonight, Mr. Diwan! 
Bye! 
Rao. 
- Yes, sir. keep my luggage inside. 
Daddy, I am so sorry I am late. 
You are always late! 
Have a seat, dear! 
Mr. Rajesh, meet my daughter seema. 
I have already met her in a pleasurable way. 
l.. 
I am still ashamed for that. 
You are embarrassing me by saying this. 
Please have a seat. 
- Thank you. 
Great! 
Have this. 
- Thank you! 
Not so much! 
Enough! 
- Have some more! 
You too have some. 
My plate is already full. 
I will take. 
But you are not eating at all. 
I am eating it. 
Enough, seema! 
- Please! 
Thank you! 
You too have some! 
- No. lt"s okay. 
Look, don"t feel shy. otherwise I will think that you are still angry with me. 
You are giving me so much food. 
I will have to go to the hospital from here. 
lf such a situation arises, then I will be your nurse. 
You can surely kill me. 
I accept this beautiful death. 
Don"t say that, Mr. Rajesh. 
You still have to achieve a lot. 
A police officer has to play with life and death. 
All that is fine. 
First finish your dinner. 
lt"s enough! 
I have to do some work too. shall we, Mr. Diwan? of course. 
Let"s go! 
David! 
- Yes, sir. okay, sir. 
Mr. Rajesh.. this is the area.. where smuggling takes place. 
Police and custom have raided this place many times. 
But no clue was found. one thing is definite. 
The smugglers dwell here only. 
Yes. 
I entirely agree with you, Mr. Diwan. 
These people have ruined the economy of the country. 
They smuggle gold.. and shake.. ..the foundation of the government. 
But who are these people? 
They belong to this country only. 
They dance on other"s tunes. 
And they are leading to our country"s downfall. 
This is some big international gang. such people should be shot! 
They are not lndians! 
They are traitors! 
They have no nationality and no community! 
Why are you worried? 
As we sow, so shall we reap. 
You don"t know, mother. lt"s about our country"s honour. 
lf I had my way I would force all lndian mothers.. ..to first explain national character to their children! 
To teach him to lay down their lives for their country! 
And only after that call themselves lndian! very good, dear! 
I am glad to see your patriotism! 
Ms. seema.. your patriotism has cast a spell on me. can I expect to have one more meeting with you? 
lf it won"t happen, then it will be my bad luck. 
You have come so close, that staying apart is out of the question. 
Thanks a lot. 
Mr. Diwan, give me the permission to leave. 
Thank you so much for coming, Mr. Rajesh. 
Thank you very much for the nice food. 
Yes! 
- Hello! sP Rajesh please! sorry, sir! sP sir is not here! 
There is a gift for him. 
You can take it. keep a close watch on all the trucks.. ..passing through Dharampar road. 
What"s your name? 
- A patriot! 
Hello! 
Today I have nabbed you! 
- What happened, constable? 
You will find out soon! search the truck! okay! - come on! 
Why is this truck empty? 
lt"s not a crime to drive empty truck, constable! 
lt"s a crime! 
This truck is used to deliver goods. 
And it"s a crime to drive empty truck. 
Henceforth I shouldn"t see it empty! 
Got it? 
Let"s go! 
When I signaled you to stop, why didn"t you stop? 
I am sorry. 
I didn"t see the signal. okay! 
We will find out soon! constables! search the truck and frisk them! sure! sure! 
Hey! 
Hey! 
Hey! 
Hey! 
Why did you climb up? 
Aren"t you ashamed? 
Why to feel ashamed in doing my duty? show me your baskets! 
Hey! 
You want to seize our baskets! 
The basket contains fishes and not gold! 
I know you all very well! 
Hey! 
Hey! 
What are you doing? 
What are you doing? constable, what are you doing? 
Are you mad? 
Yes! 
You have spoiled the fishes! 
Now who will buy these fishes? 
Not just these fishes, I will cut open all the fishes in the oceans.. ..to check whether gold is hidden in it or not! 
Why are you after our fishes? 
Go and check the fishes in the oceans! 
Fine! 
I am leaving! 
I am leaving! 
Why are you screaming? seema, why are you running away from me? 
My friends have told me so many things about you.. ..that now I am afraid of you. 
What did they tell you? 
- I won"t tell you! 
It will kill me! 
Tell me! 
What do your friends say? sit at a distance! 
More! - oh God! 
Tell me! 
What do they say? 
My friends say.. that by saying no, men become women"s slave. 
ls that so? so you want to make me your slave? 
- Yes. 
What else did they say? 
My friends also say.. when men become fervent.. ..then they should meet the girl"s father and not the girl. 
I think your friends have fallen in love with me. 
And by teaching you wrong things they want to get rid of you. 
And they want to form a relationship with me. seema.. how is your friend? 
ls she very beautiful? 
ls she young? 
- Yes! 
ls she capricious? 
- Why? 
What"s your problem? 
I have no problem! 
Filthy man! 
You think about other girls! 
Yes, now I will have to think! 
Why? 
What"s the flaw in me? 
Not flaw, injustice! 
I want to come closer to you and you are going away! seema.. you won"t go away from me, will you? 
- No. 
Your love has made my plight bad! 
Yes, seema. 
You belong to me, don"t you? 
- Yes. only you dwell in my heart. 
Believe me. 
Beloved, this is true. 
Let"s love in the open. only you dwell in my heart. 
Believe me. 
Beloved, this is true. 
Let"s love in the open. 
ln my heart.. 
lf I get your love. 
ln exchange of life. 
I will buy it happily. 
ln return of every happiness. 
lf I get your love. 
ln exchange of life. 
I will buy it happily. 
ln return of every happiness. only you dwell in my heart. 
Believe me. 
Beloved, this is true. 
Let"s love in the open. 
ln my heart.. 
I saw your charm. 
When I bend my head. 
You dazed me. 
When you saw me smilingly. 
I saw your charm. 
When I bend my head. 
You dazed me. 
When you saw me smilingly. only you dwell in my heart. 
Believe me. 
Beloved, this is true. 
Let"s love in the open. 
ln my heart.. 
Hello. sP Rajesh here. - sP sir. 
lt"s a nice chance. 
The entire gang of kaka sir are present at Gorakh Bundar. silver is going to be smuggled this evening. 
Who are you? 
- A patriot. 
Patriot? 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello! crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. chief of thieves. 
They are the real cheaters. 
They are the real cheaters. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
They will even sell garden and air. 
They will even sell garden and air. 
lf they had their way they will sell God. 
lf they had their way they will sell God. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
Darling, I am not a fool. 
I have read the history of all the lovers in the world. 
I then researched it. 
After that I loved you. 
And darling, remember! 
lf I get the chance then I will even lay down my life like them! 
Yes, darling. 
I will lay down my life! 
Hey! 
Hey! 
Hey! shame! shame! shame! 
You don"t fear the public. 
You don"t fear your parents. 
At least fear the police. 
ls it a crime to love? 
Hey, lover boy! 
Why do you love openly? 
Think about the people! 
What happened, constable Rao? 
You both too come here! 
What happened, constable? 
Don"t ask! 
lf I had not come on time today then.. ..your image would have got tarnished! 
This ruffian was going to kiss your daughter! 
What"s the harm in kissing? 
Young people should indulge in kissing! 
- Yes! shut up! 
lf my daughter starts giving free kisses.. ..then who will give me dowry? 
Look, Mr. Rao. 
lf you can give me 4000 gm gold, then you can stay! otherwise leave! 
You don"t worry, papa! l will load you with gold! 
Don"t trust this ruffian! 
Look, if you want to get your daughter married.. ..then get her married to a decent, reputed, educated guy. 
Even if he is of my age. 
This is something to ponder over! sorry, sir! 
I am one minute late. 
1 minute late. 
- Yes. 
I got to know 1 minute prior. oh! 
Then it"s a great loss, sir! 
ln this one minute, I could have.. 
At this age? 
- Yes, sir! 
Yes, sir! 
What"s your age? 
- 32, sir! 
32? 
- Yes, sir! 
What was your age when you joined the police force? 
32, sir! 
32? 
- Yes, sir! 
How long have you been in police service? 
- 32, sir! strange! 
How did you get stuck at 32? 
Yes, sir! 
Yes, sir! 
You must have read about Bheesma Pitama in Ramayana! 
Not in Ramayana, I had read about him in Mahabharat. 
But you read it in lndia itself. sir, his age was 275 years. 
And the secret of his long life was that.. ..he was a bachelor like me. sir, you should count a person"s real age after his marriage. 
You are right! 
You are an interesting man! 
Yes, sir! sir, shall I come with you? 
No! lf you want, you can go and.. 
Yes, sir! 
Now it is too late! 
Did you patch up with your beloved? 
That is not a problem. 
But her unlucky papa, he interferes a lot, boss! 
Boss, give me such an idea.. such an idea.. 
That he stops interfering! 
Yes, boss! 
He should be completely defeated! 
What does her father wants? 
He wants a lot. 
He has big demands, boss! 
He wants 1500 gm of gold. 
You don"t worry. 
I have said yes on your behalf! 
Fool! 
Will your father bring 1500 gm of gold? 
Go and bring breakfast! 
Bring breakfast for 2 people! 
I have come to meet you! 
- I was waiting for you! 
But sP is always busy! 
I wish I was Tiger singh. 
You would have then followed me thinking me to be a culprit. 
Under this pretext I would have got.. ..the chance to meet my friend. 
What do I tell you? 
I had come to arrest Tiger singh! 
And I myself have landed into trouble. 
What trouble? 
- A beautiful trouble. 
Where did you find her? 
- ln your city. 
I couldn"t stop looking at her when I saw her for the first time. 
When I saw her for the second time, I lost my heart. 
When I saw her for the third time, I lost my senses. 
Where does she lives? 
- ln my heart. 
When we were in London, you would never take.. ..any decision without consulting your friend. 
And here you fell in love without informing your friend. 
Till the time I don"t fix the alliance with her parents.. ..how can I give her name to you? 
Then give me the girl"s father"s name. 
Diwan Dinanath! 
Why are you quiet? 
ls my choice wrong? 
Your choice is mind-blowing, Rajesh! 
Thanks. 
The girl"s name is seema. 
Now it"s my duty to help my friend. 
- Really? 
lts shekhar"s promise, Rajesh. 
I will never break my promise. 
I will leave now. 
- Won"t you have breakfast? 
I have had my breakfast. 
I see! so you too are in love! 
Who is that lucky girl? 
Girl? say girls, Rajesh! shekhar wants a new girl everyday. 
You don"t worry. 
I will bring good news for you. 
I will wait for you. 
Boss! 
Boss, what have you done? 
You gave your love to your friend! 
Rajesh has done many favours on me! 
Anything that I do for such a friend is less! 
You go and do your work! 
Hello, shekhar! come! come! come! 
Where were you for so many days? 
How did you remember me today? 
I will call seema. 
No! 
Don"t call seema! 
I have come to talk about seema. 
That"s good news! 
I have been waiting for this day for so long! 
You always wait for bad days. 
But not me! 
Let me tell you! 
I won"t get seema married to him! 
Listen.. 
Lajwanti! 
You know they are childhood friends! 
They like each other! 
To hell with that! 
I have always been against this relationship! 
And I will always be against it! 
More than me, you will regret it. 
Aunt, I have come to talk about my friend Rajesh alliance"s.. ..and not my alliance. 
For sP? 
Why didn"t you tell me before? 
We accept this alliance! 
Wait! 
I will just bring sweets! 
ls somebody there? shekhar.. what is all this? 
lt"s all about destiny, Mr. Diwan. congratulations! shekhar! shekhar, what have you done? 
ls this the reward of my love? 
No, seema. 
Fate is testing me. 
Friend has asked for the sacrifice of love. 
But why are you making me the victim of this friendship, shekhar! 
What"s my fault? 
I am helpless, seema. l have given my promise. 
Now even if God told me, still I can"t break my promise. 
Who are you to take decision of my destiny? 
lf you are helpless then I too am helpless! 
But I can"t kill my love like this! 
I won"t marry! 
I won"t marry! 
Try to understand my helplessness, seema. 
Love demands sacrifice. 
Love that doesn"t give sacrifice, that love is not true. 
Even I am in anguish! 
But I am compelled to smile. seema, this is want destiny wants. 
Forgive me. 
"ls this the reward of my love?" 
"No, seema. 
Fate is testing me." 
"Friend has asked for the sacrifice of love." 
"But why are you making me the victim of this friendship, shekhar!" 
"What"s my fault?" 
"I am helpless, seema. l have given my promise." 
"Now even if God told me, still I can"t break my promise." 
"Who are you to take decision of my destiny?" 
"lf you are helpless then I too am helpless!" 
"But I can"t kill my love like this!" 
"I won"t marry! 
I won"t marry!" cheater! 
Betrayer! 
How dare you play this dirty prank! 
Rajesh! 
You were flirting with that girl and now you gave her to me! 
No, Rajesh! 
And you thought that I will marry her.. ..and shoulder your responsibility? 
ls this called friendship? 
Rajesh! 
I can even lay down my life for your friendship! 
This is what even I thought! 
But now.. now I just want to ask you.. ..why did you thrust that girl on me! 
Rajesh! 
- Now you can keep your gal with you! 
Rajesh, seema is not what you think of her! 
But how come that flower string was with you? 
Forget that flower string! 
Believe me, Rajesh! seema is sacred like the Ganges! 
Marry her, Rajesh! 
Marry her! only you can keep her happy! 
And look.. 
I have fixed your alliance! 
lf you didn"t marry her, then her family"s image will be tarnished! 
Look, Rajesh! 
I beg you! 
I plead with you! 
You have done so many favours on me! 
Do one more favour on me! 
Marry seema, Rajesh! 
Marry seema! 
Are you drinking poison? - seema! 
Look here! 
Look here, sister-in-law! 
Look who is the groom! shekhar! seema, I had told you that love is very strong! 
It can face any big storm! so what? 
I don"t accept this wedding! 
This is not a wedding! lts betrayal! lt"s cheating! 
I didn"t expect this joke from you! 
This is not a joke! lts true, Mrs. Dinanath! 
Actually I was going to marry her. 
But when I found out about shekhar and seema"s love.. ..l fulfilled my duty! 
This is not duty! 
This is betrayal! 
I will report to lG sir! 
That the police are harassing people! 
Now this wedding won"t take place! 
Lajwanti! 
This marriage will surely take place! 
lt"s nobody"s fault! lt"s all about destiny! 
Rajesh told me everything before marriage! 
This marriage is taking place with my acceptance and consent! 
Got it? 
Toast! 
Honeymoon in switzerland! come on! 
Good luck! 
Love you! - cheers, handsome! 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
You made my plight bad. 
You made my plight bad. 
Even beautiful face is a vice. 
Even beautiful face is a vice. 
People only cast evil sight. 
People only cast evil sight. 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
What can a person do when helpless? 
What can a person do when helpless? 
Even after knowing I am in trouble. 
You have crossed your limit. 
Even beautiful face is a vice. 
People only cast evil sight. 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
You should control your heart. 
You should control your heart. 
There is twilight after every dawn. 
Why did you make your plight bad? 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
You made my plight bad. 
Even beautiful face is a vice. 
My heart is yours. 
I promise you. 
My heart is yours. 
I promise you. 
I understand your intentions. 
I have already studied the book of heart. 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
You made my plight bad. 
Even beautiful face is a vice. 
People only cast evil sight. 
What sight of love did you cast on me! 
Greetings. 
- Greetings. 
Good! 
- Good! 
Good! 
- Good! sheikh has sent the diamonds for us! 
Give it to me! 
I will deliver it to Tiger singh in switzerland. 
These diamonds are mine! 
Don"t forget that! 
My sweet love! 
Hasan! 
Don"t deceive sir! 
Why are you inviting trouble? 
lf Tiger singh found out, he will not spare you! 
Get lost! 
Hey! 
Don"t aggravate the matter! 
Hasan! come to your senses! 
What are you doing? shekhar! shekhar! okay, boss! over! 
Listen! lnform everybody to stop today"s work! okay! 
I can even lay down my life for my country! keep your life and country with you! 
Just do your work! 
Mad fellow! 
Leave! 
No work today! stop today"s work! 
lts Tiger singh"s order! 
Tiger singh"s order? 
Tiger singh has gone mad! 
You are right, sir! 
He commands us because he has money! 
I will tackle him! 
What will we answer those from whom we have taken gold? 
lf this continues, then we will have to shut down our business! 
And what about my money? 
Yes! - shut up! 
John! 
- Yes, kaka sir! 
Tell Jagga to stop only gold fish"s supply today. 
Remember, Pinto! 
Boat number 40 will surely depart! kaka sir! kaka sir! 
DDT has taken the gold fish! 
Thank you! 
Thank you! 
ldiot! 
What is this? 
Will I open a fish shop here? 
I had told you to bring gold and not fish! 
Papa, you can"t eat gold! 
You can eat fish! 
Fish contains all the vitamins! 
Eat this and your face will glow like gold! 
Mama and saridon"s health is not fine. so I got fish! 
How is that possible! 
I will eat this fish! 
And their health will improve! of course it will! 
I will improve my health! 
- Yes! 
Take your fish and leave! 
- He won"t leave! 
He will leave! 
- He won"t leave! 
He will leave! 
- He will come with us! 
I will fry this fish! come on! come! - okay! 
This man is a fool! 
People are crazy for fish! 
And he is returning fish! 
Gold! 
Gold! oh my God! ..oh my God! 
Did you see? 
DDT, you crook! 
You have made a big blunder! 
Why are you yelling? 
I didn"t do anything! 
Your husband made a blunder! 
Yes! 
You idiot! 
Had you not asked for dowry, we wouldn"t have got in this mess! 
You fool! 
You took the dowry! 
You took it! 
- You took it! 
You took it! 
- You took it! 
You took it! - order! order! order! come on! 
Remove your jewelleries! 
Remove all the gold! come on! come on! 
Hurry up! 
And write your name! come on! 
What"s your name? 
- You don"t know my name? 
When I am doing my duty, I don"t even know my father"s name! 
What are you? 
Remove your moustache! 
- What? 
I am sorry, sorry! 
Remove your cap! 
This is a police station! - okay! 
Mr. Rao! 
- Yes! 
What are you doing? 
First we got married. 
And then you brought us to the police station! 
What can I do? 
You don"t want to come here! 
And I don"t flatter people! 
Look, girl! 
I am on duty! 
Don"t induce me! 
Hey, you! 
From where did you bring the gold? 
I didn"t bring it! 
God put it in the fish"s stomach! 
I only bought the fish! 
From where did you buy the fish? 
I bought it from my boss"s company truck.. ..that delivers fishes everyday. 
I am so sorry! - so sorry! 
Hello, shekhar! 
This is for you! 
Thank you very much! 
Bye-bye! 
Bye! 
ls she the girl who dropped the beer? 
Why did she come here? she came to apologise! 
- Apologise? 
And in this room? she is a mad girl! 
And she left a present for you. 
lf she had got it for me.. then why did she give it to you? 
Darling, we are in Europe! 
You should have a generous heart. 
I don"t understand anything, shekhar! on the first night you left me alone. 
And now.. now this girl came in our bedroom. 
What does this mean? 
This means that you doubt me! 
You are making me doubt you, shekhar! 
I don"t know why I feel afraid. 
Now unnecessarily you are scared. come in the bedroom! oh God! ln the morning, bedroom! 
ln the afternoon, bedroom! 
At night, bedroom! 
Always bedroom! 
I am fed up of this place! 
Let"s go home, shekhar! 
Please! 
Are you really fed up? 
- Yes! okay, darling! 
No more bedroom! 
Hello, Mr. Rajesh! 
- How are you, Mr. Diwan? 
I am fine. 
You tell me. 
What news have you brought? 
The news is that today constable seized 1500 gm of gold. 
Well done! 
1500 gm of gold! 
Dharamdas Tiwari has given the statement that.. ..his boss shekhar gave him this gold! shekhar? 
Yes! 
My best friend and your son-in-law! 
We are forced to doubt him, Mr. Diwan. 
Mr. Rajesh.. so what if he is my son-in-law? 
Even if my child had been a culprit.. ..still I wouldn"t have been lenient. 
Thanks. 
This is what I expected from you. 
We received the news that shekhar is returning tomorrow from.. ..flight number Boc 3796. 
I have posted clDs at different places. so that we receive the information. okay. 
I need one more favour from you. 
- Tell me. 
You go to receive shekhar at the dockyard. 
And keep a close watch on his luggage. so that we can arrest the culprit along with the evidence. 
Welcome, boss. okay, boss! cheers! 
Welcome, boss! 
- Hello. 
Welcome home, Tiger singh! 
Diamonds! 
Diamonds! 
- Diamonds! very good! very good! 
lts worth 50 lakhs! 
All real! very good! very good! 
DDT took the gold fish! 
What were you people doing? 
Pinto! 
- Yes, sir! 
When I told you to stop the work.. ..then why was boat number 40 allowed to depart? 
Boss, we had stopped all the work! kaka sir insisted! 
He ruined everything! 
How dare you disobey me? 
What happened? 
I am equal partner! 
I am not a slave! 
That I will obey orders! kaka sir! 
Maybe you don"t know the outcome of disobeying me! 
No, no, no! 
No! 
Please, Mr. Tiger singh! 
This is not what I meant! 
Henceforth be careful! 
Danger! somebody is coming here! 
Who could it be besides the police? shekhar! shekhar! shekhar! 
Hi. 
- Greetings. 
How are you? 
- I am fine. 
How are you? 
I am fine. 
Where is shekhar? 
- He was here only! 
Then where did he disappear? 
He will be here only. 
Wait. 
I will send him. - okay. shekhar! shekhar! shekhar! 
Dharamdas! 
Ma"am, not Dharamdas. l told you to call me DDT. 
Where is your boss? 
Fine! 
Fine! 
I didn"t see boss going out. 
Which culprit are you searching for, sP? 
Who will be a bigger culprit than you? 
You left me alone for 2 months! 
Where did you disappear? 
I and sister-in-law were waiting for you since a long time. 
You should have peeped in your heart! 
I see! 
How was your journey? 
- It was beautiful! open your suitcase and tell me what have you brought for me? open the suitcase! 
And take whatever you like! - ls that so? 
There are many things in this too! only saris in this! 
I am sure this has something for me! only two suitcases? 
We didn"t get any time for shopping, Rajesh! 
But since when did you take custom officer"s duty? 
You are searching it thoroughly. 
I thought you must have brought many things for me. 
But I didn"t find anything in this. shekhar, I will leave now. 
- No! 
Have tea! sorry, shekhar! 
I am on duty! 
Nowadays you are so busy with your duty! 
What do I tell you, friend? lt"s all because of Tiger singh! 
Bye, sister-in-law. see you, shekhar. shekhar.. hadn"t we brought 4 suitcases? 
Yes, seema! 
I gave two suitcases to kaka. 
Listen! 
Where is my umbrella? 
What do I know? 
You forget things! 
And you ask me where your umbrella is! 
Here is your umbrella! 
Take it! 
But how did it come here? 
- By plane! shekhar.. why do you always get so angry? seema, I am not angry. 
You just feel so. 
I am not angry. come. 
According to you shekhar had 4 suitcases.. ..when he disembarked from the boat? 
- Yes! 
But I saw only 2 suitcases in his house. shekhar had disappeared for sometime. 
When he returned, he got frightened when he saw me. 
I think the matter is serious. sir.. if you permit, shall we raid his place? 
Now it"s too late! 
We don"t have any evidence. 
Listen.. 
I want tight security around shekhar"s house. 
And remember.. no officer should sleep on duty! 
Got it? sir, I won"t let anybody sleep! okay! - spread out! keep a close watch. stay awake. 
The thief shouldn"t escape. stay awake. keep a close watch. stay awake. 
The thief shouldn"t escape. stay awake. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. keep a close watch. stay awake. 
The thief shouldn"t escape. stay awake. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. 
The thief shouldn"t escape. stay awake. 
I saw.. and along with that inflation. 
It affects each and everyone. 
Don"t cry. 
Because of this.. 
Because of this, l never got married. 
I never got married. keep a close watch. stay awake. 
The thief shouldn"t escape. stay awake. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. 
Hey, mister. 
Whenever you will become the minister. keep a close watch. stay awake. 
You are asleep. 
And the enemy is alert. 
Wake up. otherwise you will be in trouble. 
Hey! 
That country will be robbed. 
That country will be robbed, where the guards go to sleep. 
Where the guards go to sleep. 
The green signal has been given. 
Jamal Pasha has the goods. 
Leave immediately. 
31 1 . 
3 North. 
7. 
lt"s gold worth 5 crores. 
- I will leave immediately. 
No! 
The goods won"t be delivered through the port. 
Already the police are after us. so what? 
The police are in our fist! 
Don"t talk nonsense! 
Pinto! 
- Yes, boss! 
The goods should be cleared from underwater tunnel. 
Underwater tunnel ready! 
- Go ahead! 
Beware! 
Hands up! 
Boss, our link with Jamal Pasha"s boat.. ..has got disconnected. 
And boss, we have received the red signal too. 
Red signal? 
What about the goods? 
God! 
I knew it! 
That I will be ruined! 
Tiger singh.. what was the need.. ..to bring such a big consignment? shut up! congratulations, boss! 
The consignment is here! 
Quickly open this! otherwise he will get a heart attack. very good! very good! very good! open it! 
That"s better! 
Tiger singh.. only gold! kaka sir! 
Real gold! 
I knew it! 
Tiger singh.. as long as you are there.. ..no harm can befall on these gold. seema has come. so this is your business, shekhar! 
How dare you! - seeing your illegal activities! 
This is my business! 
lf this is your business, then shame on this business! shame on this luxurious life! seema, you have made a mistake by coming here! 
Now don"t cross your limits! 
When you have crossed your limits of humanity.. ..then why do I have to stay in my limits? shekhar, I could have never imagined that you will be like this! 
Now I know your true form. 
Now I know why strange people come to meet you. 
Because you do smuggling! - seema! 
lf you had to be a traitor.. it would.. ..have been better if you had died! 
Thanks a lot for this favour! 
I have received the reward that I deserved. 
Now I won"t live in this house even for a moment! 
This is too bad, boss! she shouldn"t have come here. 
lt"s very dangerous. she saw everything with her own eyes. 
And now.. as per syndicate"s rule.. she has no right to live! kaka sir.. beware if you uttered a single word against seema. 
lf there is even a scratch on her body.. ..then I won"t spare you all! 
Pinto! 
Quickly hide the goods! 
lnspector, what evidence do you have against me? 
lf we had any evidence then you.. ..wouldn"t have been free like this. 
Then why are you guys harassing me? 
Tell me. 
Why did you set your house ablaze? 
I should be asking you this question. 
When you people were there, then who set my house ablaze? 
Thank God I was not at home at that time! 
Fine! 
But can you tell us what forced.. ..seema to leave her house at midnight? 
Mr. Diwan, this is my and seema"s personal matter. 
You don"t interfere. 
You don"t worry. 
I won"t let my wife be a burden on you. stop! stop! stop! stop! 
No! 
I don"t want to be a burden on anybody! 
What burden, dear? 
We are poor. 
But we have a big heart. only a human come to a human"s aid. 
lt"s a sin to commit suicide. come, dear. come. 
Mr. Rajesh. 
You couldn"t seize the gold. 
And that gold is going to be smuggled tonight.. ..in the form of silver from Alibagh beach. 
But why don"t you reveal yourself? 
You will surely meet me. 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Law can reach far and wide, shekhar. 
By closing your eyes, don"t think everybody is blind. 
Law won"t spare you. 
When did I beg for mercy from law? sP.. if you have any evidence then you can arrest me. 
I have not come to arrest you. 
I have come here as a friend. 
Your wife is missing for the past 4 days. 
Maybe you don"t even know.. whether she is dead or alive. 
This is my personal matter, Rajesh! 
You have no right to interfere! - shut up! 
You could stoop to this level.. I could have never imagined! 
You are my friend, Rajesh. l can"t raise my hands on you. 
Don"t put a stigma on friendship, shekhar! 
I am ashamed to call you my friend! 
The man who can betray his country.. ..how can he be anybody"s friend? 
There is a patriot who helps law in every step. 
And you.. you have betrayed your country in every step! shame on such a friendship! 
I wish I could rip apart my heart and show it to you, Rajesh. 
I wish I could rip apart my heart and show it to you! 
Where are my goods? 
Where are my goods? 
- We want our goods! 
You have got the gold! 
We want the goods! 
From where will we give it to you? 
- I don"t know anything! shut up! 
The police have blasted our den. 
The gold perished in the fire! 
Now how can we give you the goods? kaka sir.. 
I have the gold. supply the goods to these people. 
You all can leave. 
Thanks, shekhar! 
- Thanks, shekhar! 
No! shekhar.. till the time I don"t see the gold.. ..l can"t believe you. 
You doubt the party. 
Forget all this! 
We have been exposed. 
The police are searching everywhere. 
Anything can happen in the future! 
Even thieves should be honest! shekhar! 
I don"t tolerate my humiliation! 
Tiger too can"t tolerate disobedience! 
What do you care? 
I can"t work in this party! 
I can"t work in this syndicate! settle my account! 
Account! kaka sir, I have to settle many scores with you! congratulations! syndicate"s message! 
A big deal! 
What deal? 
Whose message is this? sheikh.. king of smuggler"s message! 
What"s the message? 
Gold worth crores are coming to lndia from Bangkok. very good! chhota sheikh, very good! 
Now you people will have to seize the gold from the ship! 
But.. nobody besides Tiger can do this. 
The syndicate is broken, kaka sir! chhota sheikh, where are you going? 
Talk about the deal with me. 
- How can l? 
lts syndicate"s rule that the deal.. ..should be discussed only with Tiger. 
Goodbye! 
Tell me, sheikh! 
Tiger singh, kaka sir pleaded a lot with me. 
But I didn"t pay any heed. 
Why will l? lts syndicate"s order. 
My boss sheikh Padar told me that.. ..the deal should be fixed with Tiger singh. sheikh Padar? 
"I am alive just to meet him." 
"His gratitude made me Tiger from a human being." 
What"s the deal, sheikh? 
Do as Pasha says. 
Go where he sends you. 
Diamond worth 15 million pound is going to arrive. 
Diamond? sheikh, you said gold is going to arrive in lndia. 
You are great! 
Do smugglers ever speak the truth? 
Go to Alaska with Pasha! 
- Alaska? 
Yes, Alaska! - okay! 
Deal is done! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Hello, Tiger singh! 
Look! 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. sweethearts! 
You both are the most beautiful girls in the world! 
What"s wrong with you? 
Are you angry? 
No, I am not angry! 
What do you think you are? 
I have heard that Tiger singh and you studied together in England. 
And I have also heard that shekhar is your best friend. 
Don"t worry, sir. 
Friendship is nothing compared to duty. very good! 
This is what I expected from you. 
Now you can declare him a criminal. 
And declare a reward of 50,000 rupees on his arrest. okay, sir. 
- Thank you! 
All the best! 
How come you all are here today? 
What has brought you here? 
What"s the matter, Mr. Diwan? 
- Where is shekhar? 
I dismissed him a long time ago. 
But what"s the matter? shekhar has disappeared with gold worth 7 crores. 
Gold worth 7 crores! 
Well done, shekhar! 
Great! 
You have served our country well! served? constable, our country needs gold desperately! our country could have got gold worth 7 crores! shekhar should receive a reward for this deed! 
Bhuta singh, you too are misunderstanding! 
- How so? 
You brought gold worth 100 rupees. okay. 
But when did I bring it? 
Just assume that you brought gold worth 100 rupees. okay. 
- How will you make the payment? 
By giving the goods. 
- How much? 
For gold worth rupees 100, I will sell it at 200. so it"s a loss to the country. 
Goods worth 100 came in. 
And goods worth 200 went out. constable, how can this be a loss to the country? 
The gold entered the country for free. 
That is what I am asking. 
Where is that gold? 
That is the problem, constable. 
I don"t know where the gold is! sardar, you don"t know. 
But kaka sir surely knows. 
Am I right, kaka sir? 
Won"t you serve your country? 
Mr. Diwan, I can even lay down my life for my country! kaka sir.. where is shekhar? 
- I don"t know! kaka sir, don"t fool us! 
Where is the culprit? 
I think you don"t know that the government will reward.. ..the person who helps to seize the gold by giving 10% share. kaka sir, constable is right. 
We give you 10 minutes to think. 
You can think. 
We are waiting for you outside. 
Let"s go, Mr. Diwan! 
Listen.. 
Bhuta singh.. the police is right. 
- Then? 
This is the golden chance to serve our country. 
You are so lucky. 
- How? 
Go with the police and get shekhar arrested. 
And get myself killed! - shut up! 
I will give the address. 
You can serve your country. 
Fine. send Ms. kitty in. 
Did you call me? 
No, Ms. kitty. 
Your good luck has called you. 
- What? 
The police are waiting for you outside. 
- Police? 
The police know that you are hiding here. 
Now I can"t hide you here for long. 
There is only one way left for your escape. 
- What? 
Go with the police and immediately get shekhar arrested. 
No, no! 
I can"t do this! 
Then be prepared to go to the prison! 
Ms. kitty, there are only two ways in front of you! 
You can choose any one. 
Fine. 
I will go with the police. very good! very good! shekhar! 
I want my share! 
- I too want it! 
I too want it! 
- I too want it! shut up! 
Tiger doesn"t listen to nonsense! 
And he is not a fool that he will hand over.. ..goods worth lakhs and crores to you all! so that you all fight amongst each other! 
Everybody will get their goods when the time is right! 
When will that time arrive? 
I have been after you for 3 years! 
And you don"t listen to me! 
I made a sale of 15 million pound in your diamond! 
And in return.. 
I will never spare you! 
I will never spare you! 
Why don"t you give us our share? 
Remember! lf our boss found out then he won"t spare you! 
And our boss will follow you! 
You don"t know! 
He doesn"t like deceit! 
He will not spare you! 
He will kill you! 
Tiger kills people! 
And gradually you will find out whom Tiger wants to kill! 
I want to first meet your boss sheikh Padar! 
Where is your boss? 
Mr. shebiro is in Alaska. sheikh Padar is in lran. since ages I was craving to meet both of them. 
The goods will be delivered to your bosses. 
Boss! 
Boss! 
Run! 
Hands up! 
Don"t move! 
Arrest all of them! 
Deceivers! - sir! 
What happened? 
- Tiger singh! 
Tiger singh! 
- Yes, sir! 
Take all of them to the police station! - okay, sir! 
Mummy! 
- Let go of my child! 
You! come, son! seema.. seema, you are here. 
I searched for you everywhere. seema.. seema, believe me. 
This separation has tormented me a lot. 
Even my life has not been smooth, shekhar. 
I don"t know for which sin I am paying the price. 
For God"s sake leave! 
Don"t force me to get you arrested. 
Don"t give people the chance to say.. ..that for 50,000 rupees a wife got her husband arrested. 
Leave! - seema, give me my child! 
Leave him! 
Don"t remind me that I am the mother of a smuggler"s son! 
Mother, is he my daddy? 
Your daddy is dead! 
He has ruined our happiness and peace! 
Fine! 
I am dead for you! 
But don"t instigate my son! 
Who are you to separate me from my son? son? 
Whose son? 
A criminal"s son? 
A smuggler"s son? 
Take your son! 
I hate him! seema! 
You can hate me as much as you want! 
But don"t abuse my son. 
Nobody is born evil in this world. 
People"s circumstances make them evil. 
20 years ago, destiny played a cruel joke on my family. 
You know.. my father used to work in the lighthouse. stop! 
Think before you do anything! 
I have thought about it! 
Let"s inform the police! 
How will we reach to the police? smugglers have surrounded the lighthouse! 
Have you also joined hands with them? 
You may think so. 
Traitors! 
Today because of people like you.. ..the country"s state is bad! 
Patriot! sheela! 
You! - shekhar! 
What happened to you? 
- Father! 
Who has done this to you? 
Traitors! 
Raman has joined hands with the smugglers! 
Today I saw him.. and he did this to me! 
I won"t spare him! 
- I will kill him! son.. son, go and inform the police immediately! 
Don"t let the smugglers escape! 
Don"t let Raman succeed in his plan. 
You all risk your lives! 
But.. but.. but the police.. 
Father! shekhar.. 
I will go and inform the police. 
You won"t be able to do this! 
Because you all know a lot! so as per our law.. you have no right to live! 
You are right! 
And you.. traitors have no right to live! 
You all are not humans! 
You all are traitors! shut up! otherwise I won"t spare you! 
Even God can"t stop a person from speaking the truth! shut up! 
No! scoundrels! 
Even if time and law spare you.. ..even if people forgive you.. but God will never spare you! kaka sir.. let"s kill all of them here only. 
Why should we commit this sin? 
Why don"t we send all of them to Mr. shebiro"s boat? so that they all will drown. 
There can"t be any person more evil than you! 
Remember! 
Your end too will be like this! 
You too will drown. shut up! 
Take them! come on! come on! 
Leave me! 
Leave me! 
Leave me! 
Leave me! 
Leave her! 
- Leave her! 
You people killed my husband! 
Now you want to rape my daughter! 
I can"t see all this! 
You can"t see all this! 
You can"t see all this! 
- Leave me! 
Leave me! 
Leave! 
Leave my mother! 
Leave her! 
Leave my sister! 
Leave her! 
lf you raised chaos, I will shoot you! 
Leave me! 
Leave me! 
You save yourself and leave! 
lf you too died with me, then who will.. ..take revenge for this family? 
I don"t want to live! shekhar, why don"t you understand? 
Look, one bullet is still left. 
You are under my oath! 
You have to take our revenge! 
You become Tiger! 
Tiger! 
A wounded tiger always takes his revenge! 
Go and jump in the water! 
Go! 
Go! 
My sister killed herself to save the family"s honour. 
And I jumped in the ocean! 
A captain sailing a ship saved me! 
I finished my education with Rajesh"s help. 
I can hear my mother and sister"s screams all the time! 
While dying my sister had said.. ..to take revenge from these scoundrels! 
And that desire of revenge has made me Tiger! seema.. till the time I don"t take revenge from them.. ..l won"t rest in peace. 
I won"t rest in peace! crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
lnternational crook. 
Did you see a man wearing red shirt and blue pants? 
What? 
lnspector, why are you questioning him? 
He is dumb! 
He is dumb! 
Did you see him? 
No, sir! 
I am a poor man! 
I just do my work! 
I didn"t see anybody, sir! 
Leave! - okay, sir! come on! 
lnspector! 
They are running away! 
Hurry up! lnspector! come! 
They are the real cheaters. 
They are the real cheaters. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
Beware! 
Beware! 
Beware! 
Right now Tiger singh is in Goga! 
And he is trying to escape! very good! syndicate"s loyal man! 
This is what I had expected from you! 
Tiger! 
Hello! 
Police! 
Deceiving is your old habit! 
Remember! 
Many years ago you had killed.. ..the entire family of Goga lighthouse"s in-charge! 
No, no! 
That family had drowned! 
But one guy from that unlucky family had escaped! 
Today he is standing in front of you as your death! 
Then you will remember this knife too! 
I used it to kill your father! 
Where is shekhar? 
- Who? 
Tiger! 
- You will find it in the jungle, sir! 
Where is Tiger singh? 
I don"t know! 
I don"t know! sir.. his grave is ready! 
- My grave? 
Bury him alive! 
- I will tell you! 
I will tell you! 
Tiger singh is in lran! 
lran? 
This beauty, o beloved. 
This beauty, o beloved. 
ls smitten by you. 
Look here. 
Let eyes lock. 
And let love happen. 
This beauty, o beloved. 
ls smitten by you. 
Look here. 
Let eyes lock. 
And let love happen. 
I found your love. 
This is my fortunes. 
Let it be, tormentor. 
Let our eyes remain close. 
I found your love. 
This is my fortunes. 
Let it be, tormentor. 
Let our eyes remain close. 
This beauty, o beloved. 
ls smitten by you. 
Look here. 
Let eyes lock. 
And let love happen. 
You rule my heart. 
You can ask people. 
You are not aware. of the chaos that eyes have created. 
You rule my heart. 
You can ask people. 
You are not aware. of the chaos that eyes have created. 
This beauty, o beloved. 
ls smitten by you. 
Look here. 
Let eyes lock. 
And let love happen. 
And let love happen. 
And let love happen. 
Leave! 
Where is the gold? 
- I have the gold, sheikh. 
But how could I have brought it here? 
I have hidden it in the mountain. 
You can take your share. 
Let"s go. 
Where is the gold? 
- There. 
Have you buried the gold here? 
You will be buried here, sheikh. 
Why was the bullet fired? 
I think something is fishy! 
Remember.. in front of me you had killed my mother. 
I won"t spare you, sheikh! 
I won"t spare you! 
As per our information lran lnterpol had raided the place. sheikh Padar was killed. 
And Tiger singh fled. 
lnformer Yasmin is in lran police"s custody. 
Yasmin says that Tiger will surely go to Alaska to meet shebiro. 
Hello. 
All planes follow Alaska safari N8108 Yankee. 
I repeat. 
All planes follow Alaska safari N8108 Yankee. over! 
Yasmin, what is this? 
Why was sheikh killed? 
Now it"s your turn. 
How dare he! 
I will finish him! 
Where is the gold? 
Gold? 
- Gold! 
He has the gold. 
We will equally share the gold. 
Now Tiger is going to come. 
Take this. 
Lipstick bomb. open this, apply it and then close it. 
Then put it in his pocket. 
He will die after one minute. okay, boss. 
Hello! 
- Hello, Mr. Pinto! 
Mr. shebiro! 
- Yes! 
Tiger singh! 
Welcome! 
Won"t you come in? 
Hello. 
Help yourself. 
I will just come. 
Foolish girl! 
I didn"t trust you! shoot! 
Please! 
Please, Tiger! 
Listen! 
Run away! 
Police! 
Jaggu! 
Leave me, boss! 
He is our enemy! 
I will kill him! 
Leave! 
Leave! 
Jaggu, stop! shekhar, I will sacrifice my friendship for the sake of my duty! 
Don"t try to assert favour on me by killing your friend! 
I am not asserting any favour, Rajesh! 
I am just fulfilling the duty of my friendship! 
I too am fulfilling my duty! surrender yourself. otherwise I won"t hesitate to shoot you! 
Fine, Rajesh! 
lf this is what you want.. then I surrender myself. 
I am sorry, my friend. 
I had no other option. 
Pinto! 
Admit Rajesh in the hospital. 
Boss, where is Jaggu? 
- I have killed him. 
And you saved this enemy? 
Have you decided to kill your men? - shut up! 
The one who locks horn with Tiger singh.. he will be killed. 
Do you know war has started in lndia? 
This is the golden chance to become rich. 
Gold"s price is going to increase four times. so we will return to lndia today itself. come on. 
To save lndia, donate generously for defence fund. 
Today lndia needs gold desperately. kaka sir, we too need gold desperately. 
Mr. Anwar, come. 
- Greetings. come. 
Have a seat. kaka sir, luckily there is a war. 
And war is a good chance to make ourselves rich. 
And our country is ready to pay any price for gold. 
That"s the misfortune, Mr. Anwar. 
I am telling the truth. 
I would have given you the gold. 
But what to do? 
I don"t have the gold. kaka sir! 
You will get the gold. 
Fix the deal with them. 
Mr. Anwar! 
We have gold worth 7 crores. 
What price do you quote? 
I am ready to give double the price! - okay! 
But we need opium, cocaine, marijuana. 
Where are the goods to be delivered? 
Near Lakhaidi island. 
Bring the gold. 
And take your goods. 
The deal is done! 
Wow! 
Nice deal! 
I will make the remaining arrangement! 
Now you all can leave! 
Greetings! 
- Greetings! 
Let"s leave! so shekhar has sent you both here? 
To hell with shekhar! 
Now he is not capable, kaka sir! 
He has started killing his men! 
His intentions have turned bad, kaka sir! so why should we help him? 
Right! lt"s futile to give milk to the snake. - correct! 
Where is the gold? 
Gold is safe wherever it is, kaka sir! 
You help us and take your share! 
Fine! 
But let"s form a plan. 
You sail your ship s.s verona in the direction of.. ..West 20 East 32 and station it there. 
We will reach there. 
We have to deliver the goods at Lakhaidi island. 
Good! 
Good! 
Done! 
Done! 
This is betrayal! kaka sir, we might be smugglers! 
But that doesn"t mean that we put our country at stake! 
We ruin our country! 
And sell our motherland! kaka sir, can we sell our motherland? 
They will even sell garden and air. 
They will even sell garden and air. 
lf they had their way they will sell God. 
lf they had their way they will sell God. 
lnternational crook. crook. crook. 
lnternational crook. 
Bhuta singh! 
- Yes! 
Do you want to lose your life? 
- No! 
lf you spilled out everything, then you will lose your life! 
No! 
- Listen! 
- Yes! 
Patriotism and business are not linked with each other! 
Got it? - okay! 
Where is shekhar? 
He has gone to Alibagh to meet his wife. shekhar, look at your state. 
Why do you wander around like this? 
Why don"t you surrender yourself to the police? 
At least you will feel at peace. 
Peace? 
That"s why l have always helped.. ..the police in the name of patriotism. seema.. now what I am doing.. ..l am doing it for peace of my mind. 
That day is not far away when you will take my name with pride. 
Beware! 
That day will never arrive! shoot him! 
lf you want to save the child"s life.. then drop the revolver. 
lf you didn"t come out till I count 5.. ..then we will kill the child! 
1 .. 2.. ..3.. 
No! 
Give me my child! 
Leave him! 
Leave him! 
No! 
I won"t let this happen! 
I won"t let this happen! seema.. leave with the child. 
No, shekhar! 
I won"t leave you alone! 
I will die with you! 
Move her from the way! 
- No! 
Leave me! 
Take her away! 
- Leave! 
I say leave! 
Bhuta singh! shekhar! 
John and Pinto have joined hands with kaka sir! 
They are supplying the gold to our enemies. 
Run! 
Don"t worry about me! 
Don"t worry about me! 
Bhuta singh! kaka sir! 
Prepare the biggest tube. 
You will have to go to deliver the gold with John and Pinto. 
Gold from all over the world comes in lndia. 
And lndia"s gold goes abroad. kaka sir, syndicate has come to an end. 
Now for which party do we have to deliver this gold? kaka sir, he is dim-witted. 
Till the time he doesn"t.. ..understand everything he won"t work. 
You explain to him. sher khan, the enemy country is paying double for the gold. 
Got it? 
We will earn four times the profit through international means. 
Meaning they will buy weapons with this gold. 
And use it against us in the war. - sher khan! sher khan won"t do this derogatory act! 
And he won"t let anybody do this! 
I tell you to obey my orders! 
- lmpossible! 
This gold is our country"s wealth! our country needs it desperately! 
You want to ruin our country by selling the gold to the enemy! 
No, kaka sir! sher khan will lay down his life for his country! 
But he won"t let this happen! 
Take the reward for your patriotism! 
John, Basheer will be at the port with the truck! 
Go and check! kaka sir! 
- Yes! 
We had already given the instructions. 
That he should be at Aaram port with the truck! 
Pinto, you will remain a fool. 
You won"t understand anything. come on! come with me! oh God! 
Pinto.. its not good to interfere. kaka sir, what are you talking about? 
Fool! 
This gold is worth crores. 
And John is no longer required. 
Just think. 
You risked your life, you locked horns with Tiger singh.. ..and did this great job. 
And John should get his share for doing nothing? 
Now think. 
What is the need of John? oh! kaka sir, now I understood. 
We don"t need him! 
- Yes! 
Tiger singh! 
You are alive! 
Good! 
Good that you have come! 
That Pinto shot John! 
You are intelligent! 
Use your brains! 
Take advantage of this golden chance. 
Become rich. 
Let this launch go. 
I won"t get anything in this deal. kaka sir! 
Where will you run? 
Beg! lmplore! 
But I won"t spare you! 
Tiger singh, please let me go! 
Forgive me! 
You will surely die! 
I have to settle old scores with you! scores with me? 
Yes, you! 
20 years ago the man who was the in-charge of Goga lighthouse.. ..his soul is still waiting for revenge! 
But what is your connection with this? 
Won"t a son take the revenge of his father"s death? 
Why, scoundrel? 
Tiger singh, forgive me! 
Don"t kill me! 
For God"s sake, forgive me! 
Today even God can"t save you! 
Go and drown! come, shekhar! sP, my mission is over. 
And I surrender myself. 
I was waiting for this day only, shekhar! 
I have found out about your helplessness. 
But you have committed a grave mistake.. ..by taking law in your hands. 
I wish you had told me this before. 
But I will try.. that the law is lenient with you. 
Taking into consideration the police"s recommendation.. ..for taking law in your hands, you receive.. ..7 years imprisonment term. only you dwell in my heart. 
Believe me. 
Beloved, this is true. 
Let"s love in the open. 
ln my heart.. 
My name is David Wolfe. 
I was born near New York city in America, currently residing in Ontario Canada. 
I am a renegade nutritionist, I am renegade superfoodist and infopreneur, but above all of that 
I am gastronome. 
I explore unique foods that are available to us all over the world. 
In 2002 I founded, as part of my work, a nonprofit organization 
The Fruit Tree Planting Foundation,  whose goal is to plant 18 billion fruit trees  and nut trees all over the planet. 
We're at about 200,000 right now. 
And, that same year that we founded this organization, a wonderful organization  filled with amazing people, 
I ran into the most incredible fruit and nut tree in the world. 
It is the source of the Earth's favorite food. 
That's right, the population of the world  has one favorite food. 
And of course, it's chocolate. 
Now, in my exploration of this I stumbled into it because I was a health food fanatic. 
I never ate chocolate since I was fifteen years old. 
This was about when I was maybe 32. 
I stumbled into  this form of chocolate here. 
This is raw chocolate. 
This is chocolate  in its unique original form, a form that is called -- by the British it is the slang word "coco." 
But it's really cacao. 
That's the real word. 
And is sometimes called a bean,  but it's really a nut. 
It is the most widely eaten nut in the world that nobody actually eats. 
I was in Hawaii with some friends. 
We were peeling them. 
They started  showing up in our smoothies. 
We'd get these coconuts,  we'd break up coconuts and make these incredible drinks. 
We called them superfoods smoothies. 
And we started adding them to these smoothies and I asked my friend one day, 
I said, "What is this?" 
I didn't know what it was. 
And he said,  "Oh, just peel the next one, and eat it." 
So, I did eat it. 
And that's what it looks like on the inside. 
And, at that exact moment that I ate that food,  I was touched by the spirit of chocolate. 
A food that's archetypically connected with winning the golden ticket, that's connected with prosperity. 
I was taken on a rocket ride across the universe in a voyage of discovery  that has brought me right to you at this present moment, right now. 
This food is filled  with legends and lore, which I summarized along with scientific data and recipe information and all kinds of great stuff in my book "Naked chocolate," which became the sourcebook  or a reference book for people who are interested in raw chocolate, because all the chocolate we've ever had has been processed through high heat and machines. 
And we thought,  maybe we should just eat it cold processed -- is there a difference. 
And that's we're gonna explore here as we delve into the astonishing truth about the world's greatest food. 
Chocolate comes from the Mayan lands  and ancient Mayan farms. 
Chocolate is a Mayan word. 
The word "cacao" is one of the oldest words in use in the world today. 
Some people estimate that  that word is 15,000 years old. 
The oldest word in the world. 
It was brought to the West  and brought to you by Hernando Cortez. 
He was the conqueror of Mexico. 
It all happened by an accident, because Montezuma,  who was the leader of Mexico at that time, was in a state of civil war in Mexico City. 
And when Cortez showed up there  in 1521, there was -- they believe that 
Cuauhtémoc himself had come to the great city. 
Christopher Columbus,  when he first spotted cacao he thought it was almond. 
And this was money for them. 
This is what their currency was. 
Today we use coins. 
Then they used cacao. 
It was their money. 
And he saw -- somebody dropped some cacao beans on a little boat. 
And they all jumped for it. 
Columbus wrote that these people  are crazy about almond. 
Montezuma was known to drink  50 cups of chocolate a day. 
It was always consumed as a drink. 
And there you see the cup that Montezuma was known to drink out of, or one that's similar to that. 
Anyway, how do you turn this bean,  this nut, into a drink? 
Well, you'll have to break it open, and eventually get all of those cacao beans into a beverage,  which we'll see later. 
But before we do that, we've gotta look at where  the chocolate comes from. 
This is the chocolate tree. 
And yes, money does grow on trees. 
Still today the number one  cash crop in the world. 
And it's the best crop for keeping indigenous people in the jungle, so that we don't cut down our sacred forests. 
Every time you choose to buy chocolate, organic chocolate, and or,  what I prefer -- raw chocolate, you are voting with your money  to save the rain forest, and it is a vote that counts. 
It's the best vote you can have. 
It grows in a little pod. 
What an interesting looking plant. 
It grows right off the trunk. 
The fruit does. 
And inside -- there's the flower. 
This is the glory of chocolate. 
Look at the different colors there. 
Inside we see this. 
These are the cacao nuts,  or the beans, or the nut that all chocolate is made out of inside. 
And around each nut is a white pulp. 
And that pulp was traditionally  in Amazonia and Central America where chocolate is from,  was only eaten by women. 
But men ate the nut on the inside. 
This is what that pulp looks like. 
That's what we call 'The best day ever'. 
When you have that much chocolate,  real chocolate, original chocolate, raw chocolate, the fruit than nut,  the pulp, everything, but you gotta watch out,  because all the creatures in the forest eat it. 
And in fact, it is known that if you have a forest with 140 species of different birds then when you put a cacao orchard in, and you put it right into the jungle; no trees are taken out,  nothing is cut down. 
You take your little baby cacao plants or "chocolate trees", you put them right in the forest, and that will attract at least  40 more species of birds. 
Birds love to hang out in chocolate trees. 
It comes back to this; the coin of the realm, the great cacao bean. 
The secret inside. 
We had an amazing discovery early on. 
In that, that cacao bean, the thing  that all chocolate is made out of, is the highest antioxidant food in the world. 
This was a discovery. 
This was not known ten years ago. 
It is known now. 
Chocolate contains 15 times  the amount of antioxidants as wild blueberries, 20 times the antioxidants  as what's in green tea, 30 times the antioxidants as red wine. 
All of those pigments of color,  that are captured, that beautiful purple color that's the antioxidants;  it's actually the color. 
And the brown of chocolate  is the polyphenols that protect yourselves and actually  protect you from aging. 
Listen to this: 
It is known now that chocolate is the number one longevity food in the world. 
That is known. 
It is the number one food for your heart  according to the research, for your heart. 
It's also a great way to party and have a good time  without a hangover. 
Chocolate grows across  the temp required that the -- what we call the tropical belt  of the world; from about 20 degrees north latitude  to 20 degrees south latitude. 
In that belt. 
And it's originally from the Americas: 
Central America, 
Venezuela, Ecuador. 
Most people now believe that chocolate  is originally from the Orinoco river basin of Venezuela. 
That's where the Spanish first rolled into and saw tens of thousands, even hundreds of thousands  of wild cacao trees, but no people, 500 years ago. 
I searched all over the planet. 
I visited shamans asking them  what they thought about chocolate. 
This shaman in the Amazon told me  that you can take the cacao tree bark, peel it off, soak it in ice-cold water. 
It releases the gel in 24 hours, and when you rub that in your scalp, it cures male pattern baldness. 
I'm an infopreneur. 
My eyes went into dollar signs,  when I heard that. 
You mean, there is a product that would sell more than chocolate itself, that comes from the chocolate tree? 
And we're researching this right now. 
First and foremost I am a researcher. 
That's what I love to do, I love to study, research and look into the data. 
Chocolate is the number one food in magnesium of any food in the world, that is the number one mineral deficiency in the Western world. 
Also, chocolate is the highest  natural source of iron, the highest natural source of manganese and the highest natural source of chromium of any major food in the world. 
These are very important minerals  for blood building. 
They're very important for stable blood sugar and, of course, magnesium de-stresses us. 
Could we use that? 
I think so. 
Chocolate is also extraordinarily rich in phosphorus, zinc and copper. 
Zinc and copper for healthy nervous system  and phosphorus for bone. 
We always hear about calcium,  calcium, calcium. 
Phosphorus,  we need that for healthy bones. 
And this is why chocolate  is associated with longevity. 
If you recall, there was a great book written years ago, which we're gonna look at 
"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory." 
And the Oompa Loompa's had brilliant pearly white strong teeth, because chocolate is great for your teeth. 
Chocolate toothpaste is coming. 
This is what the cacao bean looks like  when you break it open, when you break it  into the different pieces. 
And those are called nibs, and these products are available  here in Finland now. 
And all over the world. 
Raw chocolate products --  in fact this industry is now over a hundred million dollar industry. 
And it all came from one moment when I bit into raw cacao bean. 
And for the last 8.5 years, 
I've been proselytizing  about the power of chocolate all over the place. 
In fact it never stops. 
Some people complain about that. 
Anyway, iconically chocolate is associated with wonder and magic. 
And if you see that giant head back there, that's an Olmec head. 
They're the ones who originated the word cacao. 
And you can see the bird in this image as well, indicating that connection between birds  in that realm and chocolate. 
Chocolate, as I discovered when I was studying in Oaxaca Mexico, is added to guacamole, but not process chocolate, raw chocolate. 
They take the crushed up nibs  and they put it in their guacamole. 
Try it at home. 
I was fortunate I grew up in California with Mexican people, and I was in love with guacamole  from an early time. 
What an amazing thing  to have your cuisine expanded. 
And that's what we're doing with chocolate. 
I got so into chocolate, I started growing chocolate. 
This is my chocolate nursery in Hawaii. 
I have a farm in Canada,  I have a farm in Hawaii. 
And the purpose of that farm in Hawaii  is to grow chocolate and explore the mystery and magic  of this great plant. 
I grew that chocolate tree from seed. 
Such an amazing amount of learning  can come from growing plants. 
You can learn more from a garden  many times then you can from a book. 
I was very, very excited to explore. 
Maybe there's even more magic here than we know about. 
Now, I have continued to discover  that there's little things in, anandamide, for example,  the bliss chemical is present in chocolate. 
The love chemicals,  phenethylamines that are damaged by heat, but entirely present  in raw chocolate. 
There's at least seven of them  in raw chocolate. 
And those are the feelings of love, happiness and fulfillment that chocolate gives us. 
It's from a chemistry that's in the plant. 
This is the book. 
And if you recall the book, 
I do want to mention that when I got to chapter 16, there was a most amazing citing that occured for me  when I was in Amsterdam many years ago. 
(Laughter) 
[You] can guess what happens there. 
"Oompa-Loompas!"  everyone said it at once. 
"Oompa-Loompas! 
Imported direct from Loompaland," said Mr Wonka proudly. 
"There's no such place," said Mrs Salt. 
"Excuse me, dear lady, but.."  "Mr Wonka," cried Mrs Salt, 
"I am a teacher of geography." 
"Then you'll know all about it," said Mr Wonka. 
"And oh, what a terrible country it is! 
Nothing but thick jungles infested by the most dangerous beasts in the entire world -- hornswogglersand snozzwangers  and those terrible wicked whangdoodles. 
A whangdoodle would eat  ten Oompa-Loompas for breakfast and come galloping back for a second helping. 
When I went out there, I found the little  Oompa-Loompas living in tree houses. 
They had to live in tree houses  to escape from the whangdoodles and the hornswogglers  and the snozzwangers. 
They were practically starving to death. 
And they were living on green caterpillars,  and the caterpillars tasted revolting, and the Oompa-Loompas spent every moment  of their days climbing through the treetops 
looking for anything to mix with the caterpillars to make them taste better. 
The one food that they longed for  more than any other was the cacao bean. 
(Laughter) 
But they couldn't get it. 
An Oompa-Loompa was lucky  if he found 3 or 4 cacao beans a year. 
But oh, how they craved them. 
Listen to this: 
They used to dream  about cacao beans all night and talk about them all day. 
You had only to mention the word "cacao"  to an Oompa-Loompa and he would start dribbling  at the mouth." 
Listen closely: 
"The cacao bean,"  Mr Wonka continued, 
"which grows on the cacao tree, is the thing that all chocolate is made from." 
Roald Dahl knew,  and it was in the book, the great book  "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory." 
Remember the Oompa Loompas. 
This is an elf with a cacao pod but the sculpture is 3000 years old. 
It is intrinsic to the magic of chocolate. 
In Mexico, this is where the great cuisine was innovated, it was always served as a drink,  but today we have blenders. 
It makes it so much easier. 
You can upgrade your smoothie, your protein shake  by adding a dash of raw cacao and bringing forth the magic and wonder, just as they did in Ancient Mexico. 
On the Mexican 100 peso note,  if you look closely, right there next to Xochipilli are actual cacao recipes, iconically represented. 
We've innovated and brought forth now  an entirely new cuisine, brought to the greatest chefs  in the world, revive some of the great additives  of chocolate, creating these wonderful  and delightful recipes. 
The one question that I get more than any other, after all of this is: 
Is it possible to o.d. on chocolate? and the answer is: 
Yes. 
Thank you so much. 
I am David Wolfe. 
Have the best day ever. 
We continue our Education in America series this morning with one man who is turning the learning process upside down. 
In his series of really simple videos, it's being called revolutionary, as CBS News correspondent 
John Blackstone reports: 
It would be music to the ears of any educator what ten-year old Megan Tsern has to say about her favorite teacher. 
He makes math really easy in a really kind of conversational way. 
He is Salman Khan. 
Negative seven dollars? 
It's like saying that 
I own seven dollars! 
Khan is the voice and the brain behind the Khan Academy, the free educational website that some believe is leading a revolution in teaching! 
There's no nonsense, no defocusing on the material. 
It really is what it is. 
Khan's lessons are unscripted and unadorned. 
His voice over a black screen as he writes or doodles! 
His style has changed little since this all began back in 2004 as 
Youtube videos to help his young cousins. 
9 times the 6...! 
He's now recorded more than 2,400 lessons on everything from simple arithmetic to college-level biology. 
Anyone can watch for free! 
People are more likely to say thank you when it's free! 
And thank you is worth a lot! 
But what are Khan's lessons worth? 
The Los Altos school district is trying to figure that out. 
Last year, the district used Khan lessons in five classes. 
The students did well enough that this year, the Khan method is in 40 classes to be used by every fifth and sixth grader in the district! 
We found that the students are really engaged in this type of learning. 
It was a great addition to what we were already doing. 
You might say this California school has flipped! 
Students get their lectures at home and come to school to do their homework, fundamentally changing the role of the teacher! 
The kids can really move through in their own pace. 
And then I can see who is struggling. 
At home, students listen to Khan's online lessons. 
In the classroom, they practice what they learn while teacher Courtney Cadwell works with those who need help. 
When they're having fun and they're wanting to do math, that tells me that this is a good thing. 
This educational overall comes from a man who was working as a hedge fund analyst until 2009! 
Khan has a Harvard MBA and three degrees from MlT. 
You're kind of a math geek, I guess. 
Aren't you? 
Yes, in the best form of the word! 
In the beginning, he financed the Khan Academy from his own savings, until he was discovered by some people with money. 
Well, it's amazing! 
I think you just got a glimpse of the future of education. 
Thank you! 
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and 
Google are among the big donors that have allowed the Khan Academy to add nearly a dozen software engineers. 
It's really smartly done on the computer. 
And I love being on the computer! 
With more than 2,000,000 users a month, many others seem to love Khan's lesssons, too! 
I've already taught 70,000,000 lessons! 
And he will be happy to teach millions more. 
John Blackstone. 
CBS News. 
Mountainview, California. 
We launched our own Open Culture Data competition in June 2012... ...after the succes of winning the Apps for the Netherlands competition. 
We set up our own competition with three goals for developers. 
Firstly, use Open Culture Data to increase the audience reach and use of this data - online, offline and on site. 
Secondly, connect different datasets. 
Many of are separated, even though they have related information. 
Thirdly, make innovative new apps or websites with Open Culture Data. 
There were four awards for the developers... ...three Open Culture Data prizes and one special Dutch National Archives prize. 
We promoted... ...the competition during two large-scale hackathons in June and October, and a smaller one in December... ...and by giving presentations at developer gatherings and at conferences. 
The competition closed on December 31, 2012. 
And on 1 January it turned out 27 apps were submitted for the competition. 
The Open Culture Data award ceremony took place in January. 
The jury consisting of a mix of heritage professionals and copyright specialists chose the four winners. 
The winner was the Muse app by No strings. 
It's an iPad app in which you can rearrange parts of paintings to make a new artwork. 
The second prize went to Histagram by Richard Jong of Frontwise. 
On this website you can personalize press photos of the Dutch National Archives and send them to friends. 
Bronze was won by SimMuseum by Hay Kranen. 
In this game you are a museum director and can trade artworks with other museums. 
The Dutch National Archives award was won by Tijdbalk.nl from Arjan den Boer. 
With this app you can make your own timeline by combining different data sources on the same subject. 
My drive to use open source and open cultural data is that it forces you to think outside the box. 
You open up to the unexpected by letting others in on your projects. 
If you work closed source you stay on your own island. 
That can be nice but then you only have what's on that island. 
By opening up the borders for others you become more innovative and you get more unexpected creative solutions. 
As a result, you become better at what you do. 
We made the Muse app firstly because we enjoyed it and also because there wasn't an app like it. 
Besides being a fun app, it also gives a better perspective on art history. 
Old paintings from for instance the 17th century consist of many details, which can overwhelm spectators. 
We're not used too looking at images in that way anymore. 
By focussing on the small parts and making your own image, you create a better view of the overall picture. 
After we won the competition we contacted Open Culture Data... ...to see if we can use the basis we made for other museums as well. 
These other musea have their own needs and different data. 
Also, we made MuseApp from our own perspective... ...but by using the data and wishes of other organisations we can perhaps use it in other ways. 
We've learned a lot by organizing our own app competition. 
Getting a result of 27 entries like we did takes a lot of work and energy. 
You need to let developers know what you're doing, but you also need to know what they want. 
Sustainability is also an important issue for app competitions. 
We've given out these four prizes, but what happens to an app when the competition is over? 
I heard everything. 
If you don't mind, can I accompany you to the airport? 
Yes, aunty. 
Come, aunty. 
Aunty, I'm going. 
I'll destroy everyone. 
Bless me that I return and eat your cooking. 
Go, my son. 
Return victorious. 
Why are you crying? 
Say it with a smile. 
Keep smiling until I return. 
This is the All India Radio. 
The recent reports inform us that... ... the Indian Air Force has shot down three of the enemy bombers. 
And they have destroyed one enemy camp. 
This is Prakash. 
I have bad news. 
Suraj's plane hasn't returned as yet. 
There's still no news about him. 
- No! 
Please don't worry. 
The search is on. 
His companions did not see his plane crash. 
We believe that he is still alive. 
- Then why hasn't he returned? 
He must have fallen in the hands of the enemy. 
We cannot be sure at this stage. 
- No! 
What is the matter? 
Was it news about Suraj? 
His plane is lost. 
What will happen now, daddy? 
Suraj's plane is lost. 
I hope, nothing has happened to him. 
No, don't say that. 
Suraj is alive. 
My blessings will save him from every peril. 
Don't cry, my child. 
I believe that he will return soon. 
He has told me that he will return and eat what I have cooked. 
You took away my husband. 
I didn't say a word. 
You took away my father and I didn't say a word. 
You were unjust to me at every stage. 
I never complained. 
But... 
If anything happens to my son I will believe that you are not God. 
That you are not the protector of the universe. 
You are stone. 
I have never asked you for anything, O Lord. 
Today I ask for my son's life. 
Please grant my son his life! 
Please let my son live. 
Take my life instead. 
Renu, I have good news for you. 
Hello! 
Where is Suraj? 
- He is at a military hospital. 
Hospital! 
There's no cause for worry. 
He's perfectly all right. 
A bullet hit his shoulder and now it's out. 
He'll be dancing within a week. 
I told you that nothing would happen to Suraj. 
God heard my prayers. 
This means that our hero is perfectly all right. 
He is no ordinary hero. 
His plane caught fire and it crashed. 
He landed with his parachute right in the midst of the enemy. 
He was 20 miles away from our side... ... and he came back avoiding the shower of bullets. 
Can we meet Suraj? 
The visiting hours are from 4 to 6. 
You can meet him then. 
Goodbye! 
Come, aunty. 
This is Suraj's room. 
You can go in. 
Hello, aunty! 
Are you all right? 
- Perfect! 
I'm sorry that I cannot touch your feet as my arm is wounded. 
It's not necessary. 
- Why not? 
I had left with your blessings so I returned alive. 
No, my son. 
Even death fears men who sacrifice their life for their country. 
What did aunty say? 
I've got it. 
Wonderful! 
Your words have strengthened my determination. 
Do you know what my mother would have said? 
What have you done, my son? 
I told you not to join the defence services. 
You are my only son. 
You were saved this time but, what will happen the next time? 
And then she would start crying. 
For the sake of her child a mother has to cry sometime. 
Some shed tears and some swallow their tears. 
What is the matter, aunty? 
Nothing. 
Aunty, can I ask you something? 
Don't you have any children? 
I had a son. 
He wasjust like you. 
I lost him. 
Your mother has come to see you. 
Please send her in, doctor. 
I'll leave now. 
- Why? 
You must meet my mother. 
- I'll meet her some other time. 
Renu, you stay here. 
What has happened to my son? 
I've often told you not to join the Air Force. 
You are my only child. 
By God's grace your life was saved today. 
If anything happens in the future what will I do? 
Wasn't I right? 
Mother, nothing has happened to me. 
Go home and make offerings at the Lord's temple. 
And this also won't happen again. 
- Quiet! 
You speak as though you know what will happen. 
God bless you! 
Who is she? 
The doctor has forbidden me to speak in excess. 
You tell her. 
I am Renu. 
My father is a retired jailer. 
Oh! 
So you are Renu! 
He had written to me about you. 
But, whatever he had written was not sufficient. 
Do you know what the doctor has said? 
He said that unless we marry soon I won't get better. 
Oh God! 
I'll go and fix the wedding date right away. 
Yes, of course. 
I have selfish motives. 
Once you are married you won't risk your life so readily. 
Touch mother's feet again on my behalf. 
Touch my feet when you are my daughter-in-law. 
Vandana! 
You! 
When I saw Suraj I realised that he was your son. 
Arun's son. 
But when he mentioned his father's name I kept silent. 
He still doesn't know that I am his mother. 
Promise me that you will never tell him the truth. 
He won't learn from me. 
But if there is a God he'll surely learn of his real parents someday. 
Hello, mother! 
- God bless you! 
Come in. 
Suraj's mother has come. 
Hello! 
Please have a seat. 
Sit, my dear. 
I'm pleased to meet you. 
Renu, fetch some tea. 
No, that won't be necessary. 
Sit beside me. 
It is customary to offer something to a guest. 
I have come to meet you as it is customary to do so. 
You are the girl's father and I am the boy's mother. 
Both of us should consent to this alliance. 
Times have changed. 
In these times the girl and the boy decide for themselves. 
The parentsjust need to give their blessings. 
Our happiness lies in their happiness. 
For the sake of their happiness we should set the date immediately. 
It is my wish too. 
She's feeling shy. 
- She's a child. 
Vandana, Suraj's mother has come. 
She is my sister. 
Hello! 
May I speak to your sister? 
- Sure. 
Don't hide your face. 
I recognised you as soon as I saw you. 
My husband died 4 years ago. 
I have been looking for you ever since in order to apologise to you. 
To apologise to me? 
- Yes. 
He told me everything about you before his death. 
So you know that... - Suraj is your son. 
And I also know the circumstances under which my brother died. 
I am ashamed of myself. 
I was very mean to you. 
Forgive me if you can. 
- What are you doing, sister? 
Since the day I have learned the truth... ... 
I have not considered Suraj my son but your safe keeping. 
And I am waiting for the moment when I can give him to you. 
Suraj must never learn the truth. 
He is an excellent pilot. 
He will soon marry Renu. 
They have a bright future together. 
If he learns that it is not you but I who am his mother,... ... a woman who has spent 12 years in prison for murder,... ... he will be shattered. 
He won't be able to hold his head high. 
His life will be destroyed. 
Don't you care about your own life? 
Won't you accept your son after going through so much pain? 
Only you have the right to be called his mother. 
You are responsible for what he is today. 
But, Suraj is your son. 
No, sister. 
I don't want to hear anything. 
You will have to promise that you will not tell Suraj anything. 
Why are you silent? 
Promise me that you will not tell Suraj anything. 
All right, Vandana. 
I'll do as you say. 
I've got it! 
This! 
What did you get? 
Did you find some treasure? 
He is screaming as though he has found a treasure. 
You'll dance forjoy when you hear the news. 
My name and my picture will be in the papers tomorrow. 
At least tell us about it. 
What is the matter? 
Aunty, read this out to them. 
Yes. 
With your blessings. 
Let me also see it. 
- Wait! 
Oh, all right! 
Let her also read it. 
Congratulations, Suraj! 
I am delighted. 
My friends have thrown a party and I'd like to take Renu along. 
Yes, of course. ... 
Go and get ready, my child. 
Go and get ready, my child! 
Which is your favourite colour? 
- What! 
I mean. 
Which colour sari should I wear? 
Uh... pink. 
Yes, I have a pink sari. ... 
But, it has big flowers. 
The big flowers will look very nice. 
Now go! 
Your daughter is very innocent. 
Your dream has come true. 
Miss, your airman has come! 
Renu, are you all right? 
What's happening? 
- Nothing, sir. 
Where is Renu? 
- She is inside the house. 
I am aware of that but, where is she? 
- She's inside the house. 
Are you all right?! 
- Yes, sir. 
Aunty, give me my clothes. 
It's getting late. 
Suraj will be here soon. 
I have arrived. 
I thought that it was aunty. 
Get out from my room! 
Come out. 
There's no need to feel shy. 
Our wedding is also fixed. 
Shameless man! 
Impertinent! 
Are you going or.... 
Get dressed quickly. 
We are getting late for the function. 
Give me something to wear. 
- That's more like it. 
A shoe? 
So you won't listen? 
- No. 
What have you done?! 
You have ruined my uniform. 
What will I wear to the function now? 
What happened? 
Aunty, see what this crazy girl has done. 
She has wet my clothes. 
She threw water on me. 
How can I go to the function in these clothes? 
Your love and affection has spoilt.... 
What happened, aunty? 
- Nothing 
Don't worry. 
I'll iron them out. 
Renu... 
Hey fatso! 
Your clothes have come. 
Get ready soon. 
Tut, tut! 
You shouldn't say that. 
- Yes, you're right. 
What is the function about? 
They'll distribute awards and deliver lectures. 
Sit. 
If it isn't too much of a bother could I have a cup of tea? 
I'll get it. 
Dear sister Vandana,... 
Suraj has finished his Air Force training... ... and now he is an Indian Air Force pilot. 
The responsibility that you delegated to me,... ... to fulfil Suraj's father's dream,... ... has been fulfilled by me. 
I am happy that I could fulfil my promise. 
I won't survive for long. 
I might not live until your release from prison. 
But I pray that... ... you get back your son, Suraj. 
From Ram Prasad Saxena. 
You are my Moon. 
You are my Sun... you are the apple of my eye 
The easterly brings hope, like the birds soaring in the sky 
God willing, some day, you will fly with the clouds 
And some day, I will be envied for having mothered you 
You are my Moon. 
You are my Sun 
It's ready. 
Take it. 
What are you looking at, son? 
- Nothing. 
I think that... you should come along with me. 
I? 
What will I do there? 
This the happiest day of my life. 
Won't you come along on this day? 
Your mother and Renu will be accompanying you. 
You will have to accompany me. 
- I told you that I'm not coming. 
All right. 
If you don't come along I won't go either. 
You shouldn't fuss. 
I'm ready. 
Let's go. 
- Renu, she is accompanying us. 
It is your responsibility to get her ready. 
I'm waiting in the hall below. 
Let's go, aunty. 
I welcome you on behalf of the Delhi Citizens Committee. 
And I request the chief guest to start the function. 
In today's function we have gathered to congratulate... ... those brave young pilots... ...who have risked their lives for their country. 
And in the process they have set such standards of bravery... ... that every citizen of India is proud of them. 
The State has already honoured them and will continue to do so. 
But I believe that there is no greater award... ... than the love and good wishes of the people. 
The first name in the list of award winners is... 
You're surprised because you've seen flight lieutenant Arun Varma. 
You look like Arun Varma. 
I am his son. 
Arun Varma died... 
I shall tell you everything after the function. 
But permit her presence here when I receive the medal. 
You mean... 
The person because of whom this day is a part of my life. 
She's responsible for what I am and for the award that I'm receiving. 
Please permit her to be a part of this happy moment of my life. 
I would consider it the greatest honour. 
I would also like to meet this person. 
Please call her. 
Mother... 
Come here, mother. 
Go, Vandana. 
Suraj is calling you. 
Me? 
- Yes, mother. 
I am calling you. 
Did you tell Suraj everything? 
No, a son has recognised his mother. 
Go. 
Come, mother. 
Vandana.... 
Come. 
Do you remember I had told you that... ... a day would come when your son would call you mother? 
Come. 
Perhaps you haven't recognised her, sir. 
Do you recollect that she had come with Arun for your birthday party? 
Yes, I have recognised her. 
But I don't understand how... 
Before marrying according to custom he... 
And that is why she was unable to accept her son until today. 
She bore her troubles alone... ... so that I could become a pilot in the Indian Air Force. 
Because she had made a promise to my father. 
There are some things that are greater than the limits of society. 
You are one of them. 
And I think that you should give your son his medal. 
I? 
A woman who despite losing her husband in an air crash... ... has the courage to make her only son a pilot. 
I believe that her son should receive the medal from her. 
Vandana, your years of penance has borne fruit. 
Take this. 
Mother! 
My son! 
Today I can hold my head up with pride and say... ... that I do not know how much penance I must have done... ... in order to become the son of a great mother like you. 
Your devotion will bear fruit 
Do not weep... 
Hello! 
Let's take a look at Chapter 6, Consumer Purchasing Strategies and Wise Buying of Motor Vehicles. 
Um, when should you buy? 
And when should you not buy? 
One of the first things I want you to consider when looking at this chapter, when is it better to have the cash and when is it better to go ahead and buy the item now? 
The first thing you need to look at is what is the difference in the cost? 
Okay? 
So let's say that you are going to make $100 down payment on an item then you are going to pay $100 a month for 24 months. 
Okay? 
So, if we are going to pay $100 a month for 24 months that means we are going to pay $2,400. 
Does that make sence? 
Because we would take the $100 times 24 months, which would give us $2,400. 
We have already paid $100 down so that makes it $2,500 that we have paid for the item if we pay it over a 24 month period. 
So, in other words, if it takes us two years to pay for it. 
If we would have paid cash for it in this particular case, we would have paid $2,200. 
So what you have to consider is it worth $300 to finance it over the next 24 months versus putting that $100 a month in a savings account for the next 24 months and just paying cash for the item. 
And, if I wait the 24 months then hopefully it might cost the same thing. 
Will it cost the same thing, the 2,200 instead of me having to pay the $2,500 it would cost to finance it? 
And that is something you need to look at before you make a major purchase if you don't have the cash for that purchase. 
So one of the things that I want you to think about. 
Lets, look at the chapter. 
This chapter looks at practical buying strategies and talks about some different things you need to think about before you actually buy. 
One of those things is time and purchases. 
There are good times to buy cars and there are bad times to buy cars. 
There are good times to buy new TV's and there are bad times to buy new TV's. 
So, this gives you some ideas and some suggestions on what you need to do. 
Another thing that you need to make sure to do, try not to get too emotional with what you are buying. 
A lot of times we go to the car lot and we find this car and we are just so..That is The vehicle that I have to have! 
If you have that in mind. 
If you know that nothing else is going to meet your needs then it is going to be very, very hard to negotiate on that vehicle. 
So, you have to have a back-up plan. 
You have to say, Okay that is the car I really, really want, but if I don't get it that's okay because I found this other one that I am willing to take. 
So, then you have negotiating power. 
And I will tell you, when you go to buy a car, they are going to use it. 
Have you ever! 
This has never happened. 
I have never gone to buy a car that I wasn't told someone else is looking at it. 
You know isn't it kind of funny that you have been watching that car for two or three months or maybe six months and the day you decide to go try it out and drive it, someone else is looking at it and is probably going to buy it before the day is over. 
It's a marketing strategy! 
So, you have to get your own strategies together before you go to make a major purchase. 
Now, something else that the book talks about. 
It talks about price comparrison. 
And here we are not necessarily talking about a major purchase. 
This can be, I'm going to the store and I'm having dinner and it normally takes two cans of green beans for my family. 
Well I can buy one can, the small can of green beans for $.99. 
So to buy two of them would be $1.98, right? $.98 X 2. 
But, I can buy a larger can, double the size, for $1.50. 
Should I buy two small ones or one large one? 
Obviously, you would buy one large one. 
And we make the assumption, because this is how it used to be, that the bigger the quantity the less per ounce or per pound or whatever an item is. 
And let me tell you that is not always true. 
They got you to thinking that so now they do just the opposite because if you need two cans of green beans for a meal you will buy the big one when maybe the big one is $2.25 and the two little ones are $.99 each. 
You are better off buying the two little ones even though you have to open two cans than you are buying the one big one. 
If it is twice the volume. 
Okay? 
So, how can I do this? 
And I will tell you what I do this in the grocery store all the time. 
It takes a little longer to buy groceries sometimes, but this is what you need to do. 
You need to be able to figure the unit price of an item. 
And if you will look on page 190, there is the example. 
To calculate the unit price of an item, divide the cost by the number of units. 
So, if I am trying to figure out how many ounces are in something. 
I mean how much an ounce of something costs. 
I look at how many ounces are in the can and then I take the price divided by the number of ounces. 
So, if you look at this it says a 64 ounce product costing $8.32. 
So you take $8.32 divided by 64 and it tells you the cost per ounce. 
Okay? 
So, you need to use that when you go grocery shopping. 
Take a calculator. 
Use the calculator on your phone! 
But sometimes it is cheaper to buy two little cans of green beans than to buy the one big can. 
Sometimes it is cheaper to buy five little packets of something than to buy one that includes five in the bigger one. 
And like I said, you don't think that that is the way it is going to be, but sometimes buying smaller times the number you need is more cost-effective than buying larger. 
And, if you go to looking you will see that they are doing that more and more now. 
Okay? 
So something to watch out for. 
Then your chapter talks a little bit about warranties and you need to make sure and read those. 
I'll tell you we don't buy a whole lot of warranties. 
Usually vehicles, products 
last as long as whatever warranty they are going to sell you. 
So, or whatever warranty comes free. 
Usually it is going to make it that far. 
I have found that computers is one exception. 
We have bought warranties on computers. 
When you use them you take them in. 
You know you are at college, you don't have your computer for a couple of months, I don't know. 
As cheap as things get, you just have to weigh the cost of buying a warranty and look at what all it is going to cover. 
Now, the next thing it talks about, it talks about researched based buying. 
So many times instead of researching something we just go out and buy it. 
We decide, Oh, I would like to have a new TV ! 
Okay, let's go buy one. 
No, you need to do some research based buying. 
Now four phases. 
First the 
Pre-shopping Activity. 
There are things you do before you ever get there. 
Secondly, Evaluating The Alternatives Phase. 
Then the Selection and Purchase Phase. 
And then the Post-purchase Activities. 
And there is a great deal of information given on all four of these different steps. 
But phase I. If you will look on page 194 as you are gathering information there on the left you see key websites for consumer product information. 
These are places you can go to learn about a product. 
And these are from organizations that don't sell advertisements. 
They don't take money from these various companies so you can trust that they are going to be honest in their evaluation. 
So some good sites to use when you are making some purchases. 
But there is information gathering. 
Phase Il, Evaluating Some of The Alternatives. 
Let me tell you on page 195 there is What Kind of Spender Are You? 
An excellent exercise. 
So excellent I even made this a part of your assignment. 
So, when you get to your assignment and it sends you to page 195 and then it asks you to answer 1, 2 and 3, that right there at the bottom where it says 1,2 and 3 that is what I am referring to in that assignment. 
Then this book is talking specifically about vehicles. 
So, when you are doing your comparison type shopping several things you need to look at when buying a vehicle. 
Now you would use similar type things on other major purchases, but look at used vehicles, new vehicles, and then also look at the other option of leasing a vehicle. 
Lots of different things weigh on which one you need. 
If you are on the road all the time and you put lots and lots of miles on a car it may be that you need to purchase a new vehicle. 
We never purchase a new vehicle. 
When you drive off the parking lot with a new vehicle the value of that vehicle goes down thousands and thousands of dollars because once you buy it it becomes a used vehicle. 
So, let someone else lose all that value on it. 
The average used car is $10,000 less than a new one. 
We buy low-mileage used ones. 
Usually they are cars where either someone buys it, they don't drive it a lot. 
The last one we bought was from an elderly couple. 
She was actually ill and it was her car. 
She never drove it. 
So I got a nice luxury car for the same thing I could have paid for an average new car, but I have a nice nice car. 
If I would have bought a new car 
I would have a new car, but I wouldn't have had all the luxury. 
It would have just been an average car. 
So, I prefer to buy used. 
They have gotten all the lemon bugs worked out of it and we have just always found that to be a much better option for us. 
Of course we drive our cars until they are worn out. 
So, you know we are not trading it in every year. 
If you like to drive a new car and you can afford to drive a new car all the time, that is wonderful. 
You might look into purchasing. 
Because with purchasing you just, it is kind of like renting or leasing a house, you are kind of borrowing that car for three years and you pay lease and with that lease you can use it so many miles a year and if you go over that it costs you more. 
You do have to pay some money up front but, some different options. 
And I want you to look at the different options. 
On page 197, here is Check Out A Used Car. 
And it gives you some suggestions on some things that you will want to look at before you decide to purchase a used car. 
On top of page 198, Figuring It Out. 
This explains how to determine whether you should buy versus leasing an automobile. 
And it shows you how to get the total cost to buy and how to get the total cost to lease. 
And I am calling that to your attention because you are going to do one of those in your assignments for today. 
So, it is extremely important that you know that what is on the top of page 198 will give you the information to enable you to do that problem today. 
I love that your book gives you information on bargaining. 
Throughout this course one of the things I have told you is that my husband and I because we take cash in when we buy a car we have a lot of bargaining power. 
I mean when you say I am willing to write you a check right now today for $8,000 so I will give you my car and I will trade it for that one for $8,000. 
And what I tell them is that it is $8,000 total. 
That includes the taxes, the title, all your little bitty fees you add on. 
I am not doing any of that. 
I am giving you my car and $8,000. 
Are you willing to do that? 
And you know when you lay it out there in black and white, ha. 
And you can do that. 
I mean first you can let them... 
I will tell you what they try to do that really drives me crazy is instead of talking price of the car they want to talk monthly payment. 
Guys don't fall into that trap. $100 a month, and usually it is $400 a month or $300 a month for six years, is a lot of money! 
Figure out what that car is costing you! 
You know, if you are going on 60 months and I think come people don't realize 60 months is five years! 
So, if for the next five years you are going to be paying $300 a month and I am trying to just do this in my head, but you are paying $300 a month times 60. 
You know, what is that car going to eventually cost you? 
And I know right now interest rates are very low, but are you going to be satisfied with a car over five years. 
Because, what tends to happen with a lot of people when they finance for a long period of time 
like that is then when they get ready to trade their car in it is not worth what they owe for it. 
So they are what we call upside down. 
And we talked about upside down in another chapter earlier in the book, but that means you owe more than it is worth. 
So, when you trade it in they actually instead of you getting money for that car, you owe more for the new car you are buying and if you keep doing that eventually you will be really, really upside down. 
So really, really watch that. 
It is better if you do finance it to finance it for two years or three years because you are probably going to keep it and at the end of that two or three years it is probably going to be worth more than what you owe on it if you decide to trade it in. 
We pay cash, so, I don't know a lot about that. 
But also, if you do that at the end of those three years you are going to have your car paid off instead of never getting a car paid off. 
Okay? 
And I know when we were younger we couldn't do that. 
We couldn't pay cash for a car. 
We had to go in you know and finance a car. 
But, we never financed it for five or six years like they are allowing you to do now. 
Let's go on and look at page 200. 
I want to really call your attention to this because you are going to use this on a project that you are going to do at the end of the semester for me. 
But, if you look on page 200, Automobile Operation Costs. 
That is something you have to consider and along with the information they have there, I want you to understand gas costs. 
It is the annual mileage divided by the miles per gallon times the average cost of gasoline. 
So, you have to take, this is how much I drive this car annually and then I divide it by how many miles per gallon it gets and then I take that and multiply it times the average gas rate for that year. 
And then that will tell you about how much money you are spending for gas cost. 
The cost per mile, take that total cost and divide by the number of miles that you have driven the car that year. 
Okay? 
It talks about maintenance. 
You have to take that into consideration when you are thinking about how much a car costs. 
And then the next thing that your book goes into talking about, Resolving Consumer Complaints. 
And I want you to read this. 
There is a lot of information in here. 
So many people just 
let people run all over them and you shouldn't do that. 
You have rights as a consumer. 
And this chapter talks about those rights all the way up to the point of finally just taking some legal action. 
And I know we live in a society of everyone sues everyone. 
You know when you spill a cup of coffee and you sue the people who give it to you as if you didn't know that the cup of coffee was going to be hot! 
Well then there is a problem. 
Now it is one thing if someone from that business spills the coffee on you. 
But if you spill it on yourself you should know that it is going to burn and it is going to be hot! 
It is coffee. 
As a matter of fact I bet you would be angry if your coffee wasn't hot! 
I don't know, I don't drink it. 
I imagine you would be. 
Haha. 
So, I am not talking about that kind of litigation, but I am talking about you deserve the product that you were promised. 
And this chapter does a good job of giving you some information on that so make sure you read all about that. 
As I look at the end of the chapter, once again, make sure you go through the chapter summary. 
There are the Key Terms, make sure you understand those. 
There is some self-test problems. 
There are no formulas this week in here so that is good. 
But the same end of chapter information as always. 
So, I hope that with major purchases in your future that this chapter has really helped you. 
And I hope the next time you buy a car you will take into consideration some of the things I have shared with you and some of the things that you read in your book. 
So, happy shopping! 

Let's review a little bit of everything we learned so far and hopefully it'll make everything fit together a little bit better. 
Then we'll do a bunch of calculations with real numbers and I think it'll really hit the point home. 
So, first of all if we're dealing with a-- let me actually write down, let me make some columns. 
So if we're dealing with-- let's see, we could call it the concept and then we'll call it whether we're dealing with a population or a sample. 
So the first statistical concept we came up with was the notion of the mean or the central tendency and we learned of that was one way to measure the average or central tendency of a data set. 
The other ways were the median and the mode. 
But the mean tends to show up a lot more, especially when we start talking about variances and, as we'll do in this video, the standard deviation. 
But the mean of a population we learned-- we use the greek 
letter Mu-- is equal to the sum of each of the data points in the population. 
That's an i. 
Let me make sure it looks like an I. 
So you're going to sum up each of those data points. 
You're going to start with the first one and you're going to go to the nth one. 
We're assuming that there are n data points in the population. 
And then you divide by the total number that you have. 
And this is like the average that you're used to taking before you learned any of the statistics stuff. 
You add up all the data points and you divide by the number there are. 
The sample is the same thing. 
We just use a slightly different terminology. 
The mean of a sample-- and I'll do it in a different color-- just write it as x with a line on top. 
And that's equal to the sum of all the data points in the sample. 
So each of the xi in the sample. 
But we're serving the sample is something 
less than a population. 
So you start with the first one still. 
And then you go to the lower case n where we assume that 
lowercase n is less than the big N. 
If this was the same thing then we're actually taking the average or we're taking the mean of the entire population. 
And then you divide by the number of data points you added. 
You get to n. 
Then we said OK, how far-- this give us the central tendency. 
It's one measure of the central tendency. 
But what if we wanted to know how good of an indicator this is for the population or for the sample? 
Or, on average, how far are the data points from this mean? 
And that's where we came up with the concept of variance. 
And I'll arbitrarily switch colors again. 
Variance. 
And in a population the variable or the notation for variance is the sigma squared. 
This means variance. 
And that is equal to-- you take each of the data points. 
You find the difference between that and the mean that you calculate up there. 
You square it so you get the squared difference. 
And then you essentially take the average of all of these. 
You take the average of all of these squared distances. 
So that's-- so you take the sum from i is equal to 1 to n and you divide it by n. 
That's the variance. 
And then the variance of a sample mean-- and this was a 
little bit more interesting and we talked a little bit about it in the last video. 
You actually want to provide a-- you want to estimate the variance of the population when you're taking the variance of a sample. 
And in order to provide an unbiased estimate you do something very similar to here but you end up dividing by n minus 1. 
So let me write that down. 
So the variance of a population-- I'm sorry, the variance of a sample or samples variance or unbiased sample variance if that's why we're going to divide by n minus 1. 
That's denoted by s squared. 
What you do is you take the difference between each of the data points in the sample minus the sample mean. 
We assume that we don't know the population mean. 
Maybe we did. 
If we knew the population mean we actually wouldn't have to do the unbiased thing they were going to do here in the denominator. 
But when you have a sample the only way to kind of figure out the population mean is to estimate it with sample mean. 
So we assume that we only have the sample mean. 
And you're going to square those and then you're going to sum them up from i is equal to 1 to i is equal to n because you have n data points. 
And if you want an unbiased estimator you divide by n minus 1. 
And we talked a little bit before why you want this to be a n minus 1 instead of a n. 
And actually in a couple of videos I'll actually prove this to you. 
One, I'll prove it maybe experimentally using Excel and then I'll-- which wouldn't be a proof, it'll just give you a 
little bit of intuition-- and then I'll actually prove it a little bit more formally later on. 
But you don't have to worry about it right now. 
The next thing we'll learn is something that you've probably heard a lot of, especially sometimes in class, teachers talk about the standard deviation of a test or-- it's actually probably one of the most use words in statistics. 
I think a lot of people unfortunately maybe use it or maybe use it without fully appreciating everything that it involves. 
But the goal we'll eventually hopefully appreciate all that involves soon. 
But the standard deviation-- and once you know variance it's actually quite straightforward. 
It's the square root of the variance. 
So the standard deviation of a population is written as sigma which is equal to the square root of the variance. 
And now I think you understand why a variance is written as sigma squared. 
And that is equal to just the square root of all that. 
It's equal to the square root-- I'll probably run out of space-- of all of that. 
So the sum-- I won't write at the top or the bottom, that makes it messy-- if xi minus Mu squared, everything over n. 
And then if you wanted the standard deviation of a sample-- and it actually gets a little bit interesting because the standard deviation of a sample, which is equal to the square root of the variance of a sample-- it actually turned out that this is not an unbiased estimator for this-- and I don't want to get to technical for it right now-- that this is actually a very good estimate of this. 
The expected value of this is going to be this. 
And I'll go into more depth on expected values in the future. 
But it turns out that this is not quite the same expected value as this. 
But you don't have to worry about it for now. 
So why even talk about the standard deviation? 
Well, one, the units work out a little better. 
If let's say all of our data points were measured in meters, right? 
If we were taking a bunch of measurements of length then the units of the variance would be meter squared. right? 
Because we're taking meters minus meters. 
This would be a meter. 
Then you're squaring. 
You're getting meters squared. 
And that's kind of a strange concept if you say you know the average dispersion from the center is in meter squares. 
Well first, when you take the square root of it you get this-- you get something that's again in meters. 
So you're kind of saying, oh well the standard deviation is x or y meters. 
And then we'll learn a little bit it if you can actually model your data as a bell curve or if you assume that your data has a distribution of a bell curve then this tells you some interesting things about where all of the probability of finding someone within one or two standard deviations of the of the mean. 
But anyway, I don't want to go to technical right now. 
Let's just calculate a bunch. 
Let's calculate. 
Let's see, if I had numbers 1, 2, 3, 8, and 7. 
And let's say that this is a population. 
So what would its mean be? 
So I have 1 plus 2 plus 3. 
So it's 3 plus 3 is 6. 
6 plus 8 is 14. 
14 plus 7 is 21. 
So the mean of this population-- you sum up all the data points. 
You get 21 divided by the total number of data points, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
21 divided by 5 which is equal to what? 
4.2. 
Fair enough. 
Now we want to figure out the variance. 
And we're assuming that this is the entire population. 
So the variance of this population is going to be equal to the sum of the squared differences of each of these numbers from 4.2. 
I'm going to have to get my calculator out. 
So it's going to be 1 minus 4.2 squared plus 2 minus 4.2 squared plus 3 minus 4.2 squared plus 8 minus 4.2 squared plus 7 minus 4.2 squared. 
And it's going to be all of that-- I know it looks a little bit funny-- divided by the number of data points we have-- divided by 5. 
So let me take the calculator out. 
All right. 
Here we go. 
Actually maybe I should have used the graphing calculator that I have. 
Let me see if I can get this thing-- if I could get this. 
There you go. 
Yeah, I think the graphing one will be better because 
I can see everything that I'm writing. 
OK, so let me clear this. 
So I want to take 1 minus 4.2 squared plus 2 minus 4.2 squared plus 3 minus 4.2 squared plus 8 minus 4.2 squared, where I'm just taking the sum of the squared distances from the mean squared, one more, plus 7 minus 4.2 squared. 
So that's the sum. 
The sum is 38.8. 
So the numerator is going to be equal to 38.8 divided by 5. 
So this is the sum of the squared distances, right? 
Each of these-- just so you can relate to the formula-- each of that is xi minus the mean squared. 
And so if we take the sum of all of them-- this numerator is the sum of each of the xi minus the mean squared from i equals 1 to n. 
And that ended up to be 38.8. 
And I just calculated like that. 
I just took each to the data points minus the mean squared, add them all up, and I got 38.8. 
And I went and divided by n which is 5. 
So this n up here is actually also 5. 
Right? 
And so 38.8 divided by 5 is 7.76. 
So the variance-- let me scroll down a little bit-- the variance is equal to 7.76. 
Now if this was a sample of a larger distribution, if this was a sample-- if the 1, 2, 3, 8, and 7, weren't the population-- if it was a sample from a larger population, instead of dividing by 5 we would have divided by 4. 
And we would have gotten the variance as 38.8 divided by n minus 1, which is divided by 4. 
So then we would have gotten the variance-- we would have gotten the sample variance 9.7 if you divided by n minus 1 instead of n. 
But anyway, don't worry about that right now. 
That's just a change of n. 
But once you have the variance, it's very easy to figure out the standard deviation. 
You just take the square root of it. 
The square root of 7.76-- 2.78. 
Let's say 2.79 is the standard deviation. 
So this gives us some measure of, on average, how far the numbers are away from the mean which was 4.2. 
And it gives it in kind of the units of the original measurement. 
Anyway, I'm all out of time. 
I'll see you in the next video. 
Or actually, let's figure out-- we said if this was a sample, if those numbers were sample and not the population, that we figured out that the sample variance was 9.7. 
And so then the sample standard deviation is just going to be the square root of that. 
The square root of 9.7 seven which would be 3.1. 
3.11. 
Anyway, hopefully that makes it a little bit more concrete. 
We've been dealing with these sigma notation variables and all that so far. 
So when you actually do it with numbers you see it's hopefully not that difficult. 
Anyway, see you in the next video. 
Fucking Christ. 
What the fuck? 
One minute I'm minding my own business - shoot'n pool, downing shots of who-the-fuck-knows-what and suddenly.. 
POOOOOOF 
I mean fairy-fucking-godmother?!? 
How the hell is this her jurisdiction? 
Man. my head. 
What the hell was in those shots? 
I mean seriously. 
All i did was rent a few dogs. 
Oh.. and sewed a few sticks to their heads. 
Alright. and glued a red light to that little ones nose but fucking christ give me a break... 
I did a dime of shrooms earlier. 
I needed some light. and (chuckling) i thought he looked cute. 
Is that a fucking crime?!? 
How was I to know that abandoned sled in front of city hall belonged to some "princess"?!? 
Cind-who? fuck'n "rella"? 
Jesus! 
Who the hell's naming these kids? 
Goddamn my head. 
So it turned into a yearly ritual. 
Is that a crime? 
Yes. 
OK I have a huge family, and yes OK I may have snuck into their homes after dark - but only because I didn't want to wake them. 
What? 
I told you - I'm not one to skimp on the Gandja.. 
Ahhh... it's called MUNCHlEEEES. 
Ya - all I did was eat a few cookies and maybe grab a glass of milk? 
And are you forgetting I DlD leave them a few gifts?.. 
So what? 
What's the difference if I do the Return or someone else does the return for me? 
They still get to exchange it for something they want. 
Oh come-on. 
I'm sure a toddler can find something cool from Joe's Big-Boy Shop. 
What? 
No fuck'n way! 
You can't pin that on me! 
I have absolutely nothing to do with that kid Jesus. 
I want a lawyer. 
Yo Guys, it is Keralis, I am here just to tell ya that I am livestreaming. 
Um, hm. 
That's right. 
Keralis space program. 
Www. 
Triple w. twitch.tv/Keralis links the description. 
I'm gonna be playing some Kerbal space program... and Outlast. 
That's right guys, with face cams. 
It's gonna be fun. 
We're gonna start off by playing some kerbals space program then continue to outlast, so join the fun. 
Www.twitch.tv/kearlis link to the description. 
Oooh, I hate scary games. 
[laughs] 
I really do hate scary games. 
Why am I doing this. 
I don't know. 
See ya guys. 
[music] 
Hello, my name is Maryanne. 
And my name is Ashley. 
We are seniors here at Western illinois University. 
Majoring in Instructional Design and Technology. 
Also, known as IDT. 
Something I really enjoy about our majors the opportunity to be working with the latest technology. 
As well as, experience such diverse and unique careers depending on what we want to do and where we want to go. 
In the IDT field you can focus your future working with government, business, health, military or the educational setting. 
It really has no limit where you want to extend this career. 
IDT involves learning to use technology to effectively design training and educational material. 
Did you know that IDT department is just one of the few departments in the nation? 
In fact, we are the only school in the Midwest to offer a bachelors degree in IDT. 
Also, in the Chicago area alone there is 141 job offerings. 
Let's talk about what this field can offer for your future career opportunities. 
As Maryanne mentioned before the IDT department offers a variety of career opportunities that are diverse. 
You can pursue careers in government, heath, business, military and educational setting. 
These are a few companies that our previous graduates had the opportunity to work with. 
Our IDT department offers hands-on learning lesson and experiences from highly world dedicated professors. 
Why don't you take a moment to take a look at the IDT see all the different resources, as well as, the two options of study our department has to offer. 
I choose the medium web base development option. 
The section of study I love the formal based learning with focus of online course development. 
And I choose the games and simulation option. 
This option of study is a learn by doing approach. 
Which focuses on educational games and simulation. 
Students in the multimedia and web based instruction will be able to achieve and gain better knowledge for future career opportunities such as... 
Some of the required courses you can takes are the following... 
Students in the games and simulation will be able to achieve and get a better knowledge for future career opportunity, such as... 
Some of the required courses you can take include the following... 
In general, this is some of the course you may also be taking by obtaining a degree in IDT... 
Several elective of courses you may also be taking... 
All IDT courses take place in Horriban Hall. 
Horriban Hall house some great facilities use by IDT students include computer lab, photo lab, and an electronic classroom. 
The computer lab where most of the IDT cources take place consist of Mac and Windows with the latest technologies and software such as Adobe Creative Master Collection, 
Final Cut Studio, Strata 3-D Animation, Maya, and Lectora Authoring System. 
The photo lab consist of some of the most entertaining and fun tool for developing, taking and producing pictures. 
The students have the opportunity to develop black and white photography, as well as, color photography. 
Within this department students may also check-out professional equipment for their use through the technology resource check-out. 
Hello, Instruction Design and Technology department offers a wide range of different software and media devises that allow us as professors to teach in a much more efficient manor and provide a better education to our students in the classroom, as well as, our students taking online course. 
This allows us to teach effectively while introducing the latest in learning technology to our students. 
[louder music] 
{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deflang1033{\fonttbl{\f0\fnil\fcharset0 Calibri;}} \viewkind4\uc1\pard\sa200\sl276\slmult1\lang9\f0\fs22 Sony's first-party studios have 30 games in development for the PlayStation 4, 20 of which are due to be released within a year of the console's launch and 12 of which are new franchises.\par \par 
That's according to Sony Computer Entertainment Europe CEO Jim Ryan, who tells Gamereactor that more games would be unveiled at Gamescom in August.\par \par He explains: 
"At the event in New York on 
February 20 of this year, we showed a lot of software. 
We showed a lot of first-party software. 
What we did at E3 here was really show some updates to those games, and, as you mentioned, introduce The Order: 
1886. 
There\rquote s a lot coming.\rdblquote\par \par SCE Worldwide Studios boss Shuhei Yoshida says his studios have 30 games in development. 
Apparently, 20 of them are going to ship within the first year of the console\rquote s life, and of those, 12 are new IP, or brand new games.\par \par 
Ryan continues: 
"So there\rquote s a lot going on, it\rquote s just that we need to keep stuff back. 
We\rquote ve got Gamescom for us Europeans\emdash we need to have something to show at Gamescom, don\rquote t we?"\par \par 
While the PlayStation 4 does not have a release date, yet, it is expected to be released later this year.\par \par 
The first-party exclusives we know of at the moment for the PS4 are DriveClub, Knack, Killzone: 
Shadow Fall, Infamous: 
Second Son, and The Order: 
1886. 
It sounds like this list will grow following Gamescom, which will be held in Germany between August 21 and 25.\par \par When Microsoft announced the Xbox One last month, the company revealed it would be releasing 15 exclusive games for the console in the first year, of which eight would be new franchises.\par \par 
For more on both next-gen consoles, stay tuned to IGN.\par } 
Thank you for joining us for Managing Content on Shared Drives, a recorded web seminar delivered by the US National Archives and Records Admministration's 
National Records Management Training Program. 
In this online briefing from August 2012, Beth Cron from the Office of the Chief Records Officer shares tips on managing electronic records and other content on shared drives. 
Let's join the seminar. 
Paulette Murray: 
My name is Paulette Murray and I'm with the National Archives and Records Administration. 
I'm very excited to get today's online briefing started. 
Today we will have Beth Cron, and she'll be discussing managing content on shared drives. 
These online briefings were created by NARA to present current records management subjects to a widely geographically dispersed audience. 
We'd like to thank you for attending today. 
This series of online briefings will allow us to maximize our limited government resources. 
This briefing will last approximately one hour. 
This hour will include a presentation on the topic for approximately 30 minutes, and then we'll open up for question and answer. 
As your phones are on mute, and if you have called in, please feel free to use the chat box to ask any questions during the presentation or during the question and answer sessions. 
Today's briefing is titled Managing Content on Shared Drives, and we have Beth Cron with us today. 
Beth is a member of the Records Management Policy section within the Office of the Chief Records Officer. 
Her team developed the NARA bulletin "Guidance on Managing Content on Shared Drives" and it was released in December 2011. 
This webinar is based on research and content of this bulletin. 
The Records Management Policy Team has also produced guidance on Web 2.0 and social media records, cloud computing, and e-mail archiving applications. 
Check out the Records Express Blog updates for the latest news from the Office of the Chief Records Officer. 
And with that said I would like to introduce Beth Cron. 
Beth Cron: 
Thank you, Paulette. 
Good afternoon and good morning to those of you in other time zones. 
I just want to say thank you and welcome to the webinar for today. 
First of all I'll provide you a little bit of background on the shared drives bulletin and how it came about. 
Based on feedback that we received from agencies and NARA staff, our management decided that we should develop a bulletin on managing shared drives. 
Through development of the bulletin, we interviewed a number of agencies on the configuration of their shared drives and asked them about any reorganization projects that they've done on their shared drives. 
So we learned quite a bit about the current landscape of which agencies are using shared drives. 
Next on the agenda for today is to look at the purpose of the bulletin. 
We'll talk about what our definition of what shared drives are for the purpose of the bulletin. 
We'll look at the records management responsibilities for those who have a role in managing files on shared drives. 
I'll give you a hint. 
Right now this is probably everyone who uses a shared drive. 
We'll then go over some of the benefits that we've found for organizing shared drives. 
In order to do the organization process, we developed a list of strategies and best practices that can be used on a day-forward basis to manage shared drives. 
We'll then go over any special considerations for federal agencies to transfer permanent records to NARA from shared drives. 
And as I mentioned, as an appendix to the bulletin we developed approaches for organizing shared drives that are based on our own research and experiences and those of the agencies we've spoken with. 
I would like to note now that you can go ahead and ask any questions in the chat throughout the webinar and Paulette will moderate these and bring them up when appropriate. 
The purpose of this bulletin is that it recognizes the reality that many agencies use shared drives to store records. 
With this bulletin, we're recognizing that vast amounts of 
legacy records reside on shared drives. 
And we wanted to provide day-forward guidance for federal agencies on this topic. 
What we found in interviews is that agencies have had varying degrees of success with using shared drives as record-keeping systems. 
This seems to be dependent on a number of factors, including the scale of the shared drive and the size of the team that uses them. 
So what NARA bulletins do is provide fundamental guidance to federal agencies. 
Then it is up to the agencies to determine the most appropriate ways to incorporate that guidance into their business processes. 
And agencies can then also identify specific ways to address the record-keeping requirements that are specific to their agencies. 
In this bulletin we will cover the records management implications, agency responsibilities, and benefits of organizing shared drives. 
We want to put an emphasis on organization for the potential migration of records from shared drives into a records management application. 
That was one of our focuses as we were thinking about this bulletin. 
The shared drive may not be an ideal system at this time, but it can be used to move records into a records management application for eventual disposition and transfer to NARA or disposal. 
Our working definition of a shared drive is that they are network drives used to store and share files. 
This could be sharing files such as word processor documents, scanned and photographic images, audio, video, spreadsheets, presentations, and databases. 
Agencies use shared drives for a variety of purposes, but most often they are used to store related content by work group, project, committee, or topic. 
The storage of content on shared drives that includes both federal records and non-record material posses record-keeping challenges, as it leads to the intermixing of the federal records and non-records material. 
Which can make it difficult to meet record management responsibilities. 
So we're going to try out the feedback box. 
The question is - you should see it right now. 
I will put up a new poll. 
The question is, "Do you use a shared drive for record-keeping?" 
Or do you use a shared drive to store records? 
I see we've got 16 yes's. 
We've got almost everyone answering. 
This looks like we have - I won't try to guess the percentage, but the majority of the people said that they do use a shared drive to store records. 
What we found is that this does match with our experiences in talking to agencies about their shared drives. 
This is helpful to get an idea of where the attendees are today. 
Thank you. 
So let's look at the question of whether a shared drive can be a record-keeping system. 
First, record-keeping systems must meet the NARA regulations in 36-CFR-1236. 
This includes a list of the requirements for an electronic record-keeping system. 
The thing to note here is that we included a shared drive on its own with only default settings and no additional configuration or steps taken does not provide the functionality of an electronic record-keeping system. 
However through consultation with our office of general counsel, we determined that shared drives could be record-keeping systems through a combination of manual and automated policies and procedures. 
And so in the next few slides I will outline those policies and procedures and the functionalities that must be in place when using a shared drive in order for it to qualify as a record-keeping system. 
To do this - managing records on a shared drive that does provide the functionality of a record-keeping system will be a challenge. 
And it does require significant manual intervention, as we learned in our interviews with agencies. 
One thing we found is that smaller units or offices may have better success with the scalability of such an implementation. 
For example, we spoke with one agency that had a shared drive set up just for their records management staff. 
They had success with managing the controls and the files on the shared drive with this limited staff. 
Now I'll go over to the challenges for record-keeping on shared drives. 
As I mentioned in the previous slide, a shared drive can be a record-keeping system through a combination of manual and automated policies and procedures. 
But these are the specific challenges that must be addressed. 
We outline them in the bulletin, and I have them listed here on the slide. 
The first challenge is ensuring that records are scheduled and managed according to approved disposition. 
As I explained with some of these other challenges, it can be challenging to ensure that records are associated with the approved disposition when they're in various places and may not be organized on a shared drive. 
Following up with this, identifying the record copy when multiple copies and versions exist. 
There's no built-in feature for shared drives to identify one copy as the record copy. 
But it is possible to create a folder structure or use naming conventions to do this. 
But it can require that those who create the files or manage them follow specific rules to do this. 
The third challenge is implementing controls to protect the trustworthiness of records and their related metadata. 
Examples of this include protecting access to folders and drives that contain personnel or other information that shouldn't be seen by all the people that have access. 
This also includes taking steps to ensure that characteristics of trustworthy records such as reliability that the records represent the actual transaction. 
That the records are authentic, that they are what they claim to be. 
That the records have not been altered or changed. 
And also that they can be located, retrieved, and opened. 
The fourth challenge is structuring folders, subfolders, and files within a shared drive to associate with their approved records schedule. 
This is a common idea that we saw with agencies, but it requires planning before using the shared drive to develop a structure that aligns with the approved records schedule. 
It then requires those responsible for creating and managing records to follow that structure. 
So what that would look like is, the folders would line up with the items in the agency's record schedule. 
Another challenge is implementing and maintaining audit trails to track the use of records. 
This is challenging because documents stored on shared drives can be edited, changed, or deleted by anyone who has access to that drive if there are not access controls in place. 
It's difficult to find an audit trail of who has modified a document. 
Property fields that are associated with the files are rarely populated with metadata. 
And there could be missing context to the documents. 
That's one thing to keep in mind. 
Organizing records and related dispositions when offices may change, merge, or cease to exist. 
When a shared drive is structured to correspond to the specific offices, that would need to be updated and changed if the offices went away or merged or moved to a different place. 
This was the case at the National Archives when we recently underwent our Transformation. 
We've had to reconfigure and update our structure for our shared drives. 
The last challenge is monitoring the record copies of long-term, temporary, or permanent records for technological obsolescence. 
There's no built-in capability for shared drives to monitor when records should be migrated to their next version of the format. 
And it may be necessary to use other tools to accomplish that. 
Let's talk now about records management responsibilities. 
Agencies are responsible for managing their records in accordance with 36-CFR Part 12 Subchapter B. 
That's the long name for the NARA regulations. 
Over the next few slides I'll look at the responsibilities that are in 36-CFR-123620. 
These are the high level responsibilities that agencies must follow. 
This specific regulation requires these following functionalities for managing records throughout their life cycle. 
The first is to declare records. 
That means identifying and filing the record copy within the shared drive and assigning unique identifiers to the records. 
It also means capturing the records. 
So it means importing records from other places or 
linking them to other systems. 
And then also organizing the records so that they're associated with their approved records schedule and disposition instructions. 
Also preserving the records, maintaining security and access. 
This means preventing unauthorized access, modification, or deletion of declared records. 
This also means ensuring that an appropriate audit trail is in place to track use of those records. 
This also means ensuring that all the records are retrievable, they can be used and opened and read as needed to conduct agency business. 
This means developing procedures to migrate records and related metadata to stable storage media or sustainable formats as time goes on. 
The final responsibility is for disposition. 
That means disposing of temporary records according to the approved records control schedule or identifying the permanent records for transfer to NARA. 
Then also applying any holds of freezes that are required at the time. 
Agencies are also responsible for managing non-record content on shared drives. 
For instance, agencies should review and delete obsolete materials when they're no longer needed for reference. 
I've included here the relevant CFR citations for what are non-record materials. 
On the next few slides we'll go over some of the benefits of organizing shared drives. 
The reality is that agencies lacking the policies and procedures to control content are likely to have large volumes of unmanaged files spanning many years. 
The process of organizing shared drives can help to clean up these drives. 
And it could also save space and make it easier to find files. 
The task of identifying, removing, and doing this work of organizing shared drives can be very time consuming and costly. 
I'll discuss this a bit further, when we talk about approaches for organizing shared drives. 
However, once a shared drive is organized it can be much easier to retrieve and store information and to ensure that records are properly managed and protected from unauthorized destruction. 
In addition to the records management benefits, organizing a shared drive can free up network space, essentially lower migration and operational costs, and also improve the ability to respond to e-discovery or FOlA requests by having less material to review. 
Organizing shared drives can also be the first step toward moving towards an automated record-keeping solution, as I mentioned before. 
We'll talk about this some more with approaches to organizing a shared drive, that we included as an appendix to the bulletin. 
So in thinking about strategies and in developing the bulletin, we identified some strategies and best practices for managing content. 
The first one is to develop and maintain policies and procedures, including for such things as permissions, access controls, and acceptable formats for filing records needed for a long period of time. 
Something of note here is that the policies and procedures for permissions and access controls are something that need to be figured out when looking at who should have access. 
Also in an electronic record-keeping system. 
So this is a task that should be done, whether it's on a shared drive or if you're preparing to move to an electronic record-keeping system. 
Another best practice is to establish points of contact within the agency who are responsible for the management of shared drives, such as records managers or record creators. 
And it's a good idea to perform a risk analysis to determine if the shared drive can provide a sufficient audit trail. 
This is one of the bigger concerns with using a network drive as a record-keeping system. 
I found in my own experience that dates can change when materials are moved on a shared drive. 
This could be done by IT staff without the awareness of the records management staff. 
And it may be possible to establish some types of audit trails, but this is something that would need to be done in consultation with the IT staff. 
Identifying personal materials and non-records. 
This could be extra copies or reference materials to ensure that they are maintained separately from federal records. 
And then the final one on this slide is to identify the record copy and maintain it in an area designated for federal records. 
This is what we were talking about with having the shared drive structured to match the records retention schedule. 
The next one is to establish and enforce naming conventions that are applicable at the folder, subfolder, and file level. 
Some agencies have developed naming conventions that actually include the series in the title. 
They may even have cutoff and disposal instructions within the title. 
That's structuring the folder and subfolders to be associated with record schedules. 
Another strategy is to use metadata, file plans, and other tools to link related files in all media. 
And then working with IT staff to ensure the integrity of the shared drive. 
This means the access controls and audit trails. 
To seek their assistance to see what kind of capabilities your system has. 
And if it's possible, to create audit trails. 
And then another one as always, training staff in the use of shared drives and records management responsibilities. 
One thing to note here is that some of these strategies rely on manual intervention that could be done by an electronic system automatically. 
There are some extra steps that would need to be taken in doing this in a manual way. 
I just want to remind you that if you have any questions at this point, go ahead and put them in the chat box. 
And we'll be monitoring those. 
The important thing to note about NARA's transfer guidance is that it applies to permanent records regardless of their location. 
So if they are permanent records, then they must be transferred to NARA in accordance with the transfer guidance. 
I will make a side note here that the NARA team is currently updating the transfer guidance for permanent electronic records. 
And this may result in the inclusion of additional acceptable formats. 
So keep your eyes open for the upcoming guidance. 
If records on a shared drive are well-organized, this process of transferring permanent records to NARA will be much easier. 
For some other NARA resources and the toolkit for managing electronic records, we added a number of resources on shared drives. 
These are from different organizations around the world. 
They're not endorsed by NARA, but are provided to show how other organizations or governments are encountering similar issues. 
Go ahead and check that out. 
This is a question that was in the bulletin. 
Agency staff should contact their agency records officers to discuss specific questions about managing content on their shared drives. 
And then the agency records officer can contact their NARA appraisal archivist. 
In the next few slides I'm going to go over some information that we provided in the appendix. 
This is not formal guidance, but it's provided as tips for how agencies can deal with legacy content on shared drives. 
And also think about day-forward planning procedures for the proper management of shared drives. 
I've emphasized that these best practices and tips can be used for that cleanup process before records are moved to an electronic record-keeping system that may be able to automate many of these responsibilities and steps. 
These high-level steps are shown on this slide. 
They include planning the project, identifying key stakeholders and their roles and responsibilities, evaluating the current state of the shared drive within the agency, identifying and removing unwanted content, managing the content, and developing day-forward policies and procedures. 
When developing a project plan for organizing shared drives, consider these following items here. 
Developing a communications plan can be helpful to tell others in the agency about what records management is planning so that they can be involved and know the purpose and scope of the project. 
Also identifying the shared drives that are candidates for organization, or that need to be organized. 
And this can show where to focus energies. 
Identifying and procuring and services or technologies to assist in the process. 
If procuring a contractor, this could include conducting a market survey, interviewing vendors, and preparing a statement of work. 
Once you've identified the shared drive and have the technology or contractor available, you can conduct a pilot to test the process and develop rules for the rest of the organization for how this can be done. 
Paulette Murray: 
Beth? 
Beth Cron: 
Yes? 
Paulette Murray: 
It looks like we have two questions in the chat, if you want to tackle those quickly. 
Beth Cron: 
I'm seeing that. 
The question is, "What is the NARA status of using auto-classification to assist in the shared drive cleanup? 
Is it acceptable?" 
Yes, this is something I'll address in the next few slides. 
Auto-classification tools can be helpful in doing this process of running queries. 
Having the technology or the software group related records can make the organization process much easier. 
So we'll talk about that. 
In our own shared drive cleanup project at the National Archives, we used some tools to run queries on a shared drive. 
The records officer Susan Sullivan led this records project. 
We used the tool to help us identify the content that should be managed and the content that is either non-record or had met its disposition time. 
The next question is, "Is it highly suggested that the records management be granted access to shared drives? 
Should this be in policy?" 
I would say that is something that would be determined at the agency level. 
I know that records officers experiences in agencies with the level of access they're granted is highly variable. 
So that may be something to discuss at your agency. 
If that would be appropriate. 
And if it's determined that they should, that could be incorporated into the policy. 
So that doesn't answer the question, but I don't know that I can make that assessment. 
If that doesn't answer your question, go ahead and ask a followup on that and I can try again. 
So the last one on here is to document the lessons learned from the pilot. 
From this experience you can identify ways to improve for your next steps in conducting the project. 
A successful organization and maintenance of shared drives is going to involve many stakeholders. 
Senior management are key to serve as champions for the project. 
Records management staff ensure that the policies and procedures are maintained, and then followed. 
Information technology staff manage the network operations, information security, and help desk services. 
The subject matter experts, those end users that actually create and use content, can provide information about what's there and can tell you what's actually on the shared drive. 
Staff responsible for litigation holds and pending information requests. 
For FOlA or Privacy Act. 
They can be helpful to prevent the deletion of any responsive content. 
Organization of the shared drive involves analysis of the current state. 
The current shared drive structure and any practices. 
This involves reviewing any IT requirements, IT platforms, enterprise architecture, security requirements. 
All of these help to understand the impacts on the project or that the project may have on the systems. 
To collect data regarding the current status. 
This could be the number of shared drives within an organization, the volume of content on each of those shared drives, the current directory structures, the file types and formats that exist, and file dates such as when the file was created or last modified. 
And then it's also helpful to evaluate any pending IT plans that could impact the project, such as a planned migration to a new shared drive or a consolidation. 
Or any other technology issues or refreshes that might be happening or planned for the near future. 
And then identifying and reviewing any controls that are currently in place. 
Such as certain offices may have their own naming conventions, version management, file plans, or ways they apply metadata to files. 
And then the last one on here is to interview SMEs (Subject Matter Experts) and any other stakeholders to understand how they're using shared drives. 
So in identifying and removing unwanted content, think about using rules and queries to identify unwanted content. 
Some of this could include system-generated backup files, temp files, old applications, old install files, multiple copies of files that contain identical content in different formats. 
In our experience we found that we often had a word document and the associated PDF. 
And they were the same document, but there were multiple copies in different places. 
This could include digital photos and videos that could be stored in another, more appropriate location. 
And then personal files with no business value. 
I have a little screenshot here. 
You don't have to be able to read that. 
But this is an example of the reports generated from the software that we ran on our shared drives. 
These were all files identified that I had to review. 
It showed the file size, what the format is, and the date of last access. 
This could show that these are all files that haven't been accessed for ten years. 
And so it's time to look at those and see what they are, and if they should be handled in a different way. 
Reviewing and removing unwanted content could mean working with the subject matter experts. 
Once you have reports or queries generated, you can establish deadlines for when the subject matter experts should review the files. 
It could mean scheduling meetings to review the files as a group. 
And then documenting lessons learned to assist in developing future policies and procedures. 
In our experience, we ran queries and produced reports. 
And then they were sent out for individuals to review. 
And they could identify unwanted content. 
Also we found that meeting with stakeholders was a quick way to identify content and tag it for removal or further followup. 
Once it's all cleaned up, then it's time to work with the subject matter experts to identify and review any remaining plans. 
This means identifying records, applying appropriate dispositions, and filing them appropriately according to their case files or disposition authorities. 
Also developing a standardized folder directory structure. 
And then implementing an office level file plan. 
And then executing any disposition actions in accordance with NARA-approved record schedules. 
So in developing the day-forward policies and procedures to maintain and organize shared drives, these are some of the steps to take for maintenance activities on an ongoing basis. 
Configuring the network to attribute file properties correctly. 
This is one step that would mean working with IT to make sure everything's happening as it should. 
Developing maintenance strategies. 
This could mean running periodic queries, doing the maintenance of figuring out what's coming up and what could be candidates for deletion or for other cleanup. 
Also some agencies find it helpful to do annual or semi-annual cleanup days. 
This could be a designated time set aside for people to go through their files and get them cleaned up. 
Then implementing the folder structure and naming conventions. 
Developing the written guidance and reference materials for shared drive users. 
And as always, providing training for staff once they've been able to look at the guidance and answer any questions that they have. 
And then the maintenance and updates of the shared drive could be included as an item in internal records program reviews. 
In order to keep all of this running smoothly it's important to establish the clear roles and responsibilities for maintenance of the shared drives. 
That brings me to the end of the presentation. 
I just want to say thank you. 
Paulette Murray: 
It looks like you answered any questions people might have had. 
Did you want to say anything else before we close out? 
Beth Cron: 
No, just thank you for attending today and I'd like to hear any comments or questions that you have. 
Paulette Murray: 
Okay. 
Thank you so much Beth. 
You did a wonderful job. 
I think a lot of people appreciate it. 
Looks like you have some applause coming from the crowd. 
Actually we do have a question from Walter before we do that. 
"How many files / bytes did the NARA project take on?" Good question Walter. 
Beth Cron: 
Yes that is a good question. 
Off the top, I know there are several shared drives at NARA. 
A couple terabytes, I think, each. 
I don't have the exact numbers. 
But they were getting quite large. 
Hence the need for a cleanup project. 
I can answer any questions about the shared drive bulletin. 
But if you do have specific questions, it's best to talk with your NARA appraisal archivist, who is more familiar with your agency and can better answer any specific questions you might have. 
Paulette Murray: 
Alright, once again thank you Beth for a great presentation. 
Thank you to everyone who had questions or participated in the discussion. 
We'll be hosting other upcoming online briefings, so please keep your ears out for the fliers that we send out so that you can register for those. 
And please look for updates about other online things we're offering here at NARA. 
We have the new fiscal year 13 online course schedule online, I believe. 
I will put that link into the chat box after I'm done. 
I'd like to thank Beth for her presentation today as well as Robin Riat for helping to monitor today's briefing. 
And I'd like to thank all of you who signed on. 
Once again if you have any questions, please feel free to e-mail me. paulette.murray@nara.gov 
Or Beth Cron. bethany.cron@nara.gov 
Thank you and have a great day. 
We hope you found this seminar useful. 
For more information about the National Archives and Records Administration and its 
US National Records Management Training Program, please visit us online at Archives.gov or visit our current schedule of face-to-face and online workshops at NARA.learn.com. 
"Right Here, All Over" 
[chanting] 
[crowd chanting] 
Stand for the people! 
Don't take from the people! 
The people are oppressed! 
Police your area. 
[yelling, indistinct] 
Everyone has something at their core that they're really upset about. 
And here at least it seems that it's all molding together to be like a structural change. 
That's what people have been working on. 
That's what the general assemblies are here. 
That's why the working groups are forming, so that people can go into a specific corner like sanitation or environmental, or whatever, and start forming their own demands. 
Right now we're just practicing first aid on people. 
You know, some people are hurting their feet, or, you know, hurting their ankles, we give out ice packs and stuff, but that's really all we're allowed to do. 
And if we feel someone needs to go the the hospital, we'll call for them and send them there. 
These medical supplies came from all over the country, people donated them. 
We got a big shipment in on Tuesday. 
You know, they really sent a lot of stuff, which was, like, heartwarming. 
This is the comfort station. 
Essentially we provide warm, dry cloththing, tents, blankets, we have men's socks, women's socks, men's shirts, women's shirts, men's pants, women's pants, umbrellas, tarp, everything to keep everyone comfortable while they're camping out here. 
Makes no sense that one percent of the population owns sixty percent of the wealth, 
It makes no sense that people are trying to live the American dream and they go to college, and kids are knee-deep in debt, and they can't find jobs, so that's why I'm here. 
We're basically feeding everyone. 
Basically we're getting a lot of donations. 
And with those donations we're using to buy supplies and food for everyone. 
This is our dish washing area. 
And we have feeding tables here, it's like a buffet. 
And all our storage is in the center. 
And that's our donation area over there. 
The importance of having a strong media presence is unquestioinable, i mean, we need to have very powerful, positive media representation. 
And if we're not getting it from the mainstream media outlets, 
Then we've got to do it and create it ourselves. 
We're not allowed to erect any structures here in the plaza, so we're not allowed to put up any tents, we're not allowed to hang anything from the trees, 
So when it rains, we pretty much just have to cover everything with tarps. 
We have one generator, I think another one just came recently, 
We're running laptops, recharging batteries, recharging cell phones. 
We have a bunch of shooters, people out filming, who have signed up for different shifts, or have basically just showed up and said, 
"Look, i have a camera, I'm ready to film." 
We send them out to go film a workshop, or a march or a protest, whatever, and then they come back and we have an ingest department, where they ingest the footage, transcode it, whatever needs to be done, 
And then give it to an editor, who either edits here, or in an off-campus location to bring it back to upload. 
[protester] 
I love my freedoms and this is my street! 
I won't be surrendering because I have freedom in my streets! 
Yeah, we'll focus on that, all right? 
Let me know if it's too much pressure or not, all right? 
It's a stressfull environment, you're always going to have people kind of itching for some kind of confrontation, and this is anti-confrontational. 
This really can do a lot for people, you know? 
Bring down stress levels, and you think differently, you speak differently, so if they're in a confrontation with someone else here because they've been sleeping out here for two weeks, or a police officer or a heckler, they might handle it in a calmer, more rational way. 
[cheering, clapping] 
OccupyWallSt.org 
Subtitles: 
"Bike Dude" - Universalsubtitles.org 
Alright, so hopefully you used some tools to make that a little bit simpler for you. 
If we load up the developer tools here, we can see that we've already got a syntax error. 
And if we go over, and click right here on line 28, and it'll take us right to where the offending error is. 
You can see that it actually doesn't technically take us to the error. 
It takes us to the line after. 
Sometimes these kinds of tools will get you close and then you'll have to figure it out from there. 
So, the problem is right here: you see that local user ID colon -1 doesn't have a comma after it, it just ends and since it was expecting a comma, well Javascript inserts a semicolon, and that causes issues. 
So let's go ahead and fix that one. 
Okay. 
So if we insert that comma there, and then reload the page, we get our next syntax error at line 103 and the error here is that functions expect parenthesis after them where the perameters are. 
Even if it doesn't take any perameters it still expects parenthesis here. 
Let's go ahead and add those in. 
And again reload the page. 
And we get to our next error. 
And this one is way down on line 207. 
Now this is maybe a little bit harder to see, but the problem is right here, "this:currentTick" should have a dot, as see down here, rather than a colon, since we use dots to access member methods and variables. 
Okay, so now that we've fixed this here, and then reload, we get to another error on 318. 
And here we can see on line 318 that we have a comma here, where normally we would use a colon to specify a member method. 
So, if we fix that and then reload the page, we can see that we don't have any syntax errors left. 
And, those are the only ones that we put in. 
So, you can see that it was a lot easier to go through the developer tools and fix these things as necessary, as it pointed it out to us, rather than trying to walk through the code line-by-line manually. 
So, I hope that shows how useful it is to have the proper tools on hand. 
... 
I've kept my eyes open and seen that a new time is coming and that something is happening to the people, that has never happened before. 
And you see people walking around like you've never seen before. 
That's because all that was at the bottom, is now rising. 
And where there were one individual and another individual, there is now the mass, the mass- man. 
And one will stick together, and not go home to oneself any more. 
I can guarantee you that you'll get food while you're waiting, and that you'll get through this, safe and sound. 
For now we are on the threshold of the land that belongs to us. 
I don't fight anymore! 
Take the chance! 
To the left, asshole! 
Get in behind Fatzer 
Forwards! 
Evenin' sirs, welcome to SPACE hooters! 
The finest in tit related eatin' and drinkin' this side of the galaxy. 
Can I start you boys off with somethin'? 
Maybe a Tatooine Titty Twister or a Dagobah Dirt Bomb? 
Just the bottle service. 
Bottle service coming right up! 
I have a bad feeling about this. 
I think it's just early. 
What? 
The guests are Jedi? 
I know trouble when I sees it. 
Believe you me these boys is covered in it. 
We're screwed! 
You know the Jedi reputation. 
Listen, we have to get them out of here. 
Peacefully. 
How are we going to do that? 
I mean, we can't just kick them out. 
Whatever you do, do not piss these guys off. 
Is it normal to make us wait this long? 
Relax! 
I'd like to try their hot wings. 
I'm actually hungry. 
You boys expectin' ladies, or is this just a sausage festival? 
Not that there's anything wrong with a sausage festival. 
Say sausage one more time. 
Sausage. 
Let me guess. 
The Jedi were perfect gentlemen... ...paid their bill in full... ...and left with no fuss. 
No! 
They skip out on their bill! 
They steal from the cash register! 
They break Rupert, the authentic redneck robot! 
No shit. 
Doing business with a Jedi? 
I'd sooner higher sand people to babysit my kids. 
No! 
That's terrible idea! 
That was sarcasm you imbecile! 
(sigh) I'm sending regional manager Darth Maul. 
He will ensure that your Space Hooters functions at the highest level of operational efficiency... ...while maintaining a deep rooted commitment to customer satisfaction. 
He'll take care of your Jedi problem. 
And by the way. what kind of wood polish did you use on this table? 
Murphy's Oil Soap? 
That sheen is ridiculous. 
Send a bottle of whatever it is back with Maul. 
I say screw that guy, mon! 
Jar Jar being annoying. 
Look out! 
Weesa gonna die! 
Yousa too drunk to be driving! 
Still annoying. 
Yousa called meesa to come pick yousa up from the club, right? 
Why don't yousa give meesa the keys meesa drive us home safely! 
Why don't you try and take the keys and see what happens? 
Violence happens. 
Hello ladies. 
Master, let's throw these girls a Jedi surprise party. 
Right. 
Surprise bitches! 
There's the blockade! 
Uh oh! 
Guys! 
It's a DUI checkpoint! 
We need gum, fast. 
You can't beat a breathalyzer with gum. 
You've been drinking all NlGHT. 
Now it's a chase! 
BASS 
He upgraded the hyperdrive and the stereophonic sound system. 
We outran the space cops, and made them eat bass. 
Yes, I could feel it. 
What is he called? 
R2D2 your highness. 
Thank you, magic trash can. 
You told me there's a bar here. 
Yeah my bad. 
Panaka. 
Yeah, the pizza's here. 
Be right there. 
I'm afraid I can't kick in. 
I'll have to owe you. 
Whatever, man. 
Why do you awaken me without skin? 
What of our bargain? 
You promised me flesh! 
Raw nerves exposed to the world! 
Every step is a new nightmare! 
All I feel is pain! 
You! 
Why would they do this to me? 
You want me to feel the pain? 
Yes, you want me to understand it. 
So that I may show others. 
Huzzah! 
Excelsior! 
Not to mention, your Jedi friends caused an unspeakable amount of damage! 
The bill must be paid! 
Oo, I have an idea, how about we DON'T pay the bill? 
Qui Gon, you old piece of shit! 
How are you? 
What's the matter, old buddy? 
You face is crustier than a patch of wookie butt fur! 
Gross! 
Whoah, you look terrible 
Maybe you need a Viagra prescription... ...to turn on your lightsaber, you know what I mean? 
This kid doesn't. 
Seriously though, are you losing your edge or what? 
You're absorbing more abuse than a hutt tampon! 
(sorry) 
The Qui Gon I knew would have been kicking my teeth in right now. 
Hey, I'm just kidding, it's all in good fun. 
Put 'er there! 
(laughs) 
Alright now get out of here, you old creep. 
Why don't you take this kid with you? 
I know you're into that. 
Seriously though, kid, watch out for that guy. 
He uh... he has a past. 
Look at him. 
Such a... bumbling creature. 
So foolish. 
He's made of so much skin. 
I will make him part of us. 
Yes! 
I will wear his face! 
Look how much the others hate him! 
Almost as if they wish he was gone. 
Yes, I'd be doing them a favor. 
I'd be doing good. 
Yes. 
(robo speak) (robo speak) 
Space 911. 
Looking at you all, I think it's pretty obvious you've never been this high before. 
It is my belief that hunger will soon become a serious concern. 
With your permission, my masters... 
Yes, a craving I have! 
For taquitos and cheese dip! 
I've heard legends of a taco... ...made entirely out of Dorito. 
If it exists we will find it. 
Master, sir. 
I heard Yoda talking about midichlorians. 
I've been wondering... ...what are midichlorians? 
It's herion. 
Come on, boy. 
We have located the Jedi. 
We have them right where we want them. 
Good. 
This is almost over. 
Just remember to keep all of your receipts. 
This is a business trip. 
Everything we do here is tax deductible. 
At last. 
I will show the Jedi who is truly lord of the dance. ...conference call to go over our quarterly report. 
Maul? 
Maul! 
Snap out of it. 
Are you even listening to me? 
Yes. 
Business trip. 
(Music) (Music) 
Oo, I've got wine coolers! 
Over here, baby. 
Oh! 
I want a Zima! 
Make sure everybody has Zimas! 
don't you just hate it when you trying to chill this people always trying to disturb the peace no foods, no drinks, but left the grease i swear this people act like fleas disease 
I be in my house trying to think about what I'm gonna eat because I'm fuckin' starving and somebody knocks on my fucking door with his little dawg 
looking like ducks man they pissing me off cuz they knocking hard waking up my mother waking up my daughter now they got my exploding why the f*ck they knocking 8 o'clock in the morning that sh*t ain't funny so i walk to the door carrying a potato on the left hand carrying a potato nigga I'm trying to make burrito i know that's what you thinking get your mind right not your mind left don't you just hate it when you trying to chill this people always trying to disturb the peace no foods, no drinks, but left the grease i swear this people act like fleas disease don't you just hate it when you trying to chill this people always trying to disturb the peace no foods, no drinks, but left the grease i swear this people act like fleas disease 
As a magician, I'm always interested in performances that incorporate elements of illusion. 
And one of the most remarkable was the tanagra theater, which was popular in the early part of the 20th century. 
It used mirrors to create the illusion of tiny people performing on a miniature stage. 
Now, I won't use mirrors, but this is my digital tribute to the tanagra theater. 
So let the story begin. 
On a dark and stormy night -- really! -- it was the 10th of July, 1856. 
Lightning lit the sky, and a baby was born. 
His name was Nikola, 
Nikola Tesla. 
Now the baby grew into a very smart guy. 
Let me show you. 
Tesla, what is 236 multiplied by 501? 
Nikola Tesla: 
The result is 118,236. 
Marco Tempest: 
Now Tesla's brain worked in the most extraordinary way. 
When a word was mentioned, an image of it instantly appeared in his mind. 
Tree. 
Chair. 
Girl. 
They were hallucinations, which vanished the moment he touched them. 
Probably a form of synesthesia. 
But it was something he later turned to his advantage. 
Where other scientists would play in their laboratory, 
Tesla created his inventions in his mind. 
NT: 
To my delight, I discovered I could visualize my inventions with the greatest facility. 
MT: 
And when they worked in the vivid playground of his imagination, he would build them in his workshop. 
NT: 
I needed no models, drawings or experiments. 
I could picture them as real in my mind, and there I run it, test it and improve it. 
Only then do I construct it. 
MT: 
His great idea was alternating current. 
But how could he convince the public that the millions of volts required to make it work were safe? 
To sell his idea, he became a showman. 
NT: 
We are at the dawn of a new age, the age of electricity. 
I have been able, through careful invention, to transmit, with the mere flick of a switch, electricity across the ether. 
It is the magic of science. 
(Applause) 
Tesla has over 700 patents to his name: radio, wireless telegraphy, remote control, robotics. 
He even photographed the bones of the human body. 
But the high point was the realization of a childhood dream: harnessing the raging powers of Niagara Falls, and bringing light to the city. 
But Tesla's success didn't last. 
NT: 
I had bigger ideas. 
Illuminating the city was only the beginning. 
A world telegraphy center -- imagine news, messages, sounds, images delivered to any point in the world instantly and wirelessly. 
MT: 
It's a great idea; it was a huge project. 
Expensive, too. 
NT: 
They wouldn't give me the money. 
MT: 
Well, maybe you shouldn't have told them it could be used to contact other planets. 
NT: 
Yes, that was a big mistake. 
MT: 
Tesla's career as an inventor never recovered. 
He became a recluse. 
Dodged by death, he spent much of his time in his suite at the Waldorf-Astoria. 
NT: 
Everything I did, I did for mankind, for a world where there would be no humiliation of the poor by the violence of the rich, where products of intellect, science and art will serve society for the betterment and beautification of life. 
MT: 
Nikola Tesla died on the 7th of January, 1943. 
His final resting place is a golden globe that contains his ashes at the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade. 
His legacy is with us still. 
Tesla became the man who lit the world, but this was only the beginning. 
Tesla's insight was profound. 
NT: 
Tell me, what will man do when the forests disappear, and the coal deposits are exhausted? 
MT: 
Tesla thought he had the answer. 
We are still asking the question. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Want help in predicting and planning your sales cycle? 
Use Collaborative Forecasts! 
We're logged in as Gordon, Vice President of Sales. 
Let's see how well he's doing in reaching revenue goals for the current period. 
We want to see the four-quarter period for 2013, so let's change our view. 
We'll display forecasts for all four quarters of the 2013 fiscal year Now we'll click the plus symbol to expand the current quarter to see what we have. 
(You'll only need to expand a period if you're a forecast manager.). 
You can see the individual amounts you have in each forecast category. 
You can see opportunities that make up the totals in each category in the bottom pane of the screen. 
The opportunity columns you see displayed are set by your administrator. 
You can hide the opportunity panel if you want. 
Click Show to display the opportunities pane again. 
If you're a forecast manager, you'll see your subordinates' forecast amounts. 
Your subordinates' forecast amounts roll up and are included in your forecast for a given category and period. 
You can also see the opportunities related to the forecast amounts for your subordinates. 
If you want to adjust the forecast amount of a subordinate, hover over an amount to display the pencil icon and then click. 
Remember that an adjustment applies to the SUM of all the reps & their subordinates' opportunities. 
Enter your adjustment amount.... and click the checkmark. 
If you try and adjust a total amount you won't see a pencil icon. 
Remember, you can't adjust totals or subtotals. 
Depending on your organization's settings, you might use multiple currencies or quotas. 
You might also forecast based on revenue or quantity. 
You can change the display to show these options. 
Lets change the settings to show the quota percentage attainment. 
With this row visible, you can see how well you're performing against your quotas. 
If it makes more sense for you to view forecasts using quantity amounts instead of revenue, you can change that by clicking here we can toggle between revenue or quantity. 
Note that adjustments apply only to a specific view. 
For example if you want to make an adjustment based on quantity, you must make it in quantity view. 
Collaborative forecasts let your sales team share crucial information about your pipeline and how it relates to the quota. 
For more information, search for these Help topics. 
Give us time 
Geet! 
Geet! 
We'll call you, now leave! 
I don't have time to return. 
You'll have to make time, you have no other choice. 
We can't register the land now, now leave. 
Geet, stop! 
Someone stop her! 
I give you until tomorrow morning. 
Dev-ji, I want to go to Dev-ji! 
I want to go to him, Brij let me go! 
The album was recorded at the Vortex Jazz Club in an afternoon on 4th November 2010, in London, UK. 
The music happened spontaneously. 
Nothing was premeditated. 
We are affectioned to songs and structures that are born free, but balance themselves out. 
Sometimes I'm playing something and I tell myself: 
"I got out of this place!" 
Nice is the water 
Nice is the landscape and nice is the possibility for us to be there. 
Exactly. 
Sometimes we arrive at a place and we really do! 
Wow! 
Wow! 
It was great! 
It was a cool sound man, wasn't it? 
Yes, I feel it, great! 
Cool! 
Songs: 
Recorded by Les Mommsen 
Executive Producer: 
Luiza Morandini 
Mix and mastering: 
Ricardo Mosca 
Production of Núcleo Contemporâneo: 
Silvio Pellacani Jr. and Gustavo Martins 
Dylan: 
Alright welcome back. 
A little new idea for you here and this one applies to learning and most certainly would threaten to turn our current educational system on its head. 
What's unclear is whether it's good for America. 
A California school called the Khan Academy is reinventing traditional teaching by giving students lectures that they can watch at home on their own time, re-watch them if they'd like and then having them do the homework when they're in school in the classroom. 
Salman: 
By removing the one size fits all lecture from the classroom and letting students have a self pace lecture at home and then when you go to the classroom, letting them do work, having the teacher walk around, having the peers actually be able to interact with each other, these teachers have used technology to humanize the classroom. 
Dylan: 
Well the founder, Salman Khan, started out by posting lessons for his cousin on YouTube and now the Khan Academy has over a million unique students per month and boasts more than 2,000 tutorials covering everything from basic addition and subtraction to advanced calculus, physics and chemistry and joining us now is Ben Goldhirsh, the CEO of GOOD, it's a company dedicated to moving the world forward through its website, magazine, videos and events. 
He thought that Khan was one of the breakout stars at this year's 
Technology and Entertainment and Design conference. 
Before we get to all this Khan Academy business Ben, do you like it better when we're on opposite coasts or would you be comfortable if I was to move out to California to spend more time with you? 
Ben: 
I would love to have you out here Dylan, I think we do better in person. 
Dylan: 
And do you feel that you speak on behalf of the entire southern California community when you welcome me into that universe? 
Ben: 
The thoughtful ones. 
Dylan: 
(laughs) Okay the thoughtful ones. 
We won't get into how many thoughtful ones there are but we will get into this. 
Why did you decide to feature this so prominently with GOOD? 
Ben: 
For the past two years, GOOD and University of Phoenix have been focusing on solutions in this education space and we haven't seen anything like it and to contextualize the findings for you, look at Los Angeles. 
We have Teach for America, we have City Year, we have KlPP Academy. 
The best of the best of social innovators but they're facing a serious problem. 
600,000 students in LAUSD with a 50 percent graduation rate. 
That's terrifying and the bottom line is the solutions that we have on the ground, in my opinion, aren't going to catch this problem. 
We need a disruptive technology, we need to really revolutionize how we're tackling this. 
Khan Academy is the first thing I've seen that gives me confidence that we're going to tackle it. 
It's the most exciting thing I've seen that we're doing to do this so I'm pleased to bring it to your show, 
I think we're going to dig into a good conversation. 
Dylan: 
Alright let's have at it. 
The man behind the idea joins us, Salman Khan. 
Founder of the Khan Academy. 
High praise for what you've got going from our friend Ben down there in southern California. 
He's a thoughtful southern Californian, is how he likes to refer to himself. 
What have you found is the biggest problem with this? 
What is the greatest barrier, the greatest resistance point to this? 
Salman: 
Well I think that one, it's such a radical change to what traditionally happens in a classroom. 
If you're telling someone to do homework in the classroom, it's not called homework anymore. 
But I think once teachers and students get used to it, it's kind of like they start to think about they even did before. 
Probably the biggest problem, I wouldn't call it a problem it's actually a great thing, in the same classrooms we have a pilot over here in northern California where you have a 5th grade classroom, this is their math curriculum, and that same 5th grade classroom there are some kids doing 3rd grade math and there are some kids doing trigonometry and the teacher needs to feel comfortable with that. 
But what's cool about it is that they're getting a dashboard, they see where everyone is and every student can work at their own pace. 
Dylan: 
If you were to look, Ben, at the problem of having different, same age, but at different places, right? 
That's the whole thing with the educational system is you got one kid doing trigonometry and another one who's trailing behind. 
How do you see this, what did you see about this, that you felt not only addressed the drop out rate but addressed the variability of how people learn? 
Ben: 
I mean if you look at decreasing budgets and increasing class sizes, we need to solve the efficiency problem and teacher's time is a limited amount. 
So having this technology where they can evaluate on a person-by-person basis where their kids are at and they can have their classroom time to work with their kids who are at different levels directly so they can be taking the lectures at home through Khan Academy, that's a big solution to a critical problem. 
Dylan: 
Salman walk me through very briefly how this works. 
Let's say I've got a couple of kids, they're in a traditional environment, 
I'm intrigued by what your saying, how would it work? 
Salman: 
So every student works at their own pace. 
They literally do exercises at their own pace, they start at one plus one and they keep moving up all the way through algebra or trigonometry, however far they want to go. 
If they have trouble with anything the videos are there, they can actually watch them at home or in class time and the teacher when they come to class, they don't give lectures, they don't grade homework, they don't give exams. 
They literally just get a dashboard and they see where every kid in the class is and some kids may be ahead and some kids might be behind. 
And we actually see them flipping around, some of the kids that were behind race ahead later on and all the teacher does is look at the kids who are stuck, 
look at the kids where the video and the software isn't enough for them to get past that problem and then the teacher just intervenes on those kids or even better, gets one of the kids that are already proficient on that module, because they have all of the data to actually tutor their peers. 
So you can have a class where everyone's working at their own pace. 
Dylan: 
Got it, you say that instead of penalizing failure and rewarding test taking ability like our current system does right now, education should encourage failure and experimentation but demand mastery. 
Why do you think this model achieves that? 
Salman: 
Well what we do is we force... 
In a traditional model, I'll give you some lectures, homework, lectures, homework and then we have a snapshot exam and regardless of whether you get a 70 or 80 or 90 percent on that exam, we move onto the next concept and no one ever asks what was that 10 percent you didn't know. 
And so what we see happening in our school system is by the time people get to 8th or 9th grade, they're taking algebra, they're smart kids, they have a great algebra teacher, but they're still flunking algebra because they have that 10 percent gap from 5th grade math, that 15 percent gap from 4th grade math. 
So the way we're doing it is we're actually teaching math the way you would teach anything else. 
If you learned to ride a bicycle you would stay on that bicycle until you master the bicycle before you try a motorcycle or a unicycle or anything more advanced. 
So what we're doing is we're making sure every kid has all of their gaps filled. 
So they literally start at one plus one equals two and they don't move on until they have 100 percent mastery. 
Dylan: 
Very quickly, Ben, what do you see is the barrier to scaling this? 
Ben: 
I think it's money, getting Khan Academy the resources they need to fill out their programming and then getting school districts to adopt a pretty innovative solution. 
I think teachers are going to want this, it's going to help them do their job and I think given what we're facing, as I said 50 percent of a 600,000 person school district is looking to not graduate from high school, there aren't more jobs for high school dropouts right now. 
This must be adopted. 
Dylan: 
Listen I wholeheartedly agree and I thank you Ben Goldhirsh as America's thoughtful southern Californian for bringing that to our attention and Salman it's a true pleasure to meet you, congratulations on what you've achieved up to this point and do let us know what we can help you with in the future. 
Check out all of it, of course, on GOOD's website. 
The very active capturing a photograph digitally introduces some softness into the photo. 
If you shoot JPEGs, your digital camera probably tries to correct for that but if you shoot raw photos that was come out of your camera uncorrected and without sharpening treatment. 
To compensate for the inherent softness in a digital photo, particularly raw photo, you can specify sharpening settings here in the Detail panel of Lightroom's Develop module. 
This is the same Detail panel that 
I showed you in the last movie on noise reduction. 
If your Detail panel isn't open, you can open it by clicking the triangle on the right of the Detail header. 
Before you start with the sharpening settings you do wanna come down to the noise reduction section and tweak those settings because otherwise you might end up sharpening specs of digital noise. 
Now before I show you how to change the sharpening settings keep in mind that its fine in many cases to leave these settings at their defaults. 
There are couple of reasons for that. 
First of all if you're working with a raw file. 
The sharpening controls are on and by default they are applying some sharpening. 
And if you're working with a JPEG as I said your camera probably already applied some sharpening and in that case the default for the sharpening controls will be zero for that reason. 
Moreover, this is just the first stage of sharpening. 
This is sometimes call capture sharpening and as I said its purpose is just to compensate for the softness that you get by shooting a photo digitally. 
Later, when you're ready to output a copy of the photo for print or for viewing online, you'll do more sharpening. 
And that sharpening will be geared specifically toward that particular kind of output that you have in mind. 
You might be doing that in Lightroom's Print Module or Lightroom's Export Dialog box both of which are covered later in this course or if you brought your photo into 
Photoshop to do your final work there you'll do some export sharpening in 
Photoshop. 
So here at the capture sharpening stage you can often just stick with the defaults but if you do want a photo to look sharper here on your screen at this stage, here's how to work with the detail panel's sharpening controls. 
The first thing you wanna do is set up your previews. 
You have your preview of your sharpening -a live preview, here at the top of the digital panel. 
And if you don't see it, you can click this black triangle to open the Preview area. 
I can set this 
Preview to any part of the photo by clicking on the target and then clicking on the area of the photo that I wanna see in this preview. 
And I can even come in and Click and Drag to move that around. 
By default, this small preview is set to one- 
-to-one view. 
And that's really important because you cannot accurately preview sharpening unless you're viewing the photo at one-to-one. 
And that's also true in the other preview that you have which is out in the Image Window. 
Your Image Window has to be set to one-to-one view as well in order for you to judge your sharpening here. 
So, I'm gonna go up to the Navigator panel and I'll click the One-to-One button there. 
And then I'll use this small square in the Navigator panel to drag the image in the image window to the part of the photo that I wanna see as I'm sharpening. 
Now, let's talk about what sharpening does. 
Sharpening looks for edges in a photo. 
The edges between dark and light tones, like this edge here at the corner of the building. 
And then when you sharpen, that adds light pixels on one side of the edge and dark pixels on the other, those are called Sharpening Halos. 
These halos increased contrast at the edges and that creates the illusion of sharpness. 
To see that better, I'm gonna go over to the sharpening settings and I'm gonna drag the amount slider way over to the right. 
And, then I'm also going to zoom in, I normally wouldn't do this when I'm sharpening but I want you to see that along that edge, there are some white pixels and along the other side of the edge, some dark pixels. 
And those are the halos I just mentioned that create the illusion of sharpness. 
This amount slider determines the strength of sharpening, how brighter, how dark the sharpening halos are. 
The next slider, the Radius slider determines the thickness or spread of the sharpening halos. 
How far out from an edge a sharpening effect extends so you can see that if I drag the Radius slider to the right keeping your eye on these halos, they're going to move out from that edge as I increase radius. 
And if I decrease radius, those halos go back in toward the edge. 
Now if the Radius slider is up too high, you're gonna see a kind of a ghostly glow on the edge of the building when I go back in to a one-to-one view. 
I'm gonna do that now. 
Coming up to the Navigator panel and clicking One-to-One. 
So you can see I've still got that glow along the edge of the building and that means that my Radius slider is up too high. 
So, I'm gonna drag it down. 
Now, there is no formula about where to put any of these sliders, but in general, you want the radius slider to be less than 2.0. 
In this case, I'm going to drag it over to the 
left until I see a lot of that glow disappear, and I'm gonna take it down pretty far, maybe 2.6. 
And then I'm gonna go back up to the Amount Slider. 
And I'll move that back over to the left until I just like the amount of sharpening. 
And as 
I said, there is no perfect number and it's different on every image. 
This is really a subjective decision. 
But you do wanna be careful not to over sharpen at this capture stage because as I said, later you will be sharpening again when you output a copy of this photo. 
In this case I'm gonna bring that all the way down to around 50. 
There are two more sliders here, the Detail slider and the Mask slider. 
The Detail slider determines which edges are being sharpened. 
If I drag the 
Detail slider to the right, more edges get sharpened. 
And if I drag it to the left, fewer edges get sharpened, Now that's a little bit difficult to see, so, I wanna show you a kind of a map of which edges are being sharpened here as I drag the 
Detail slider and I can do that by holding down the Option key on the Mac or the Alt key on a PC, and dragging that detail slider over to the right, and now you can see what's being sharpened. 
If I go in the other direction, you can see that fewer details are being sharpened. 
So I'm gonna release the option or Alt key to go back and view the image and I'm just going to drag the detail slider to taste until the sharpening looks right to me. 
Now by dragging the Detail slider over to the right I've manage to sharpen lots of fine details including some that I really don't want to sharpen, here in the background in the hills and a little bit in the sky as well. 
And in that case I can use the Masking slider to protect areas that really aren't edges from sharpening. 
Again, I'm going to hold down the Option key or the Alt key in the PC as I drag the Masking slider to the right. 
And this is showing which parts of the image are being sharpened- the white parts. 
And as I drag the Masking slider over to the right. 
The parts that are turning black are being protected from sharpening. 
So, I'm protecting the sky and some of those hills in the background as well. 
I'll release the Option or Alt key so I can see my image again. 
And then I can tweak that masking slider while I'm 
looking at the image, maybe I'll drag it back a little bit. 
As I said, there really are no formulas. 
But in general, if I'm working on a scenic image like this, an image with a lot of fine detail, I will increase the Detail slider quite a bit and 
I may not have any masking. 
If I do, it will be fairly low. 
But, I were working on a portrait, someone's face, then I'd probably would lower the Detail slider and increase the Masking slider because I don't want every little detail in a subject's skin to be exaggerated by sharpening. 
Now I wanna mention that these sharpening controls affect the entire image but if you wanna apply more or less sharpening to a specific area you can do that using one of the two local tools which I'll cover in the next chapter; the adjustment brush and the graduated filter. 
And I'll also mention that sometimes you can apply a sharpening preset and that will do all the work for you. 
Lightroom does shift with the number of presets. 
Those are located over here in the left column in the Presets Panel which I'll open by clicking this triangle. 
The presets in Lightroom 4 are inside of 
Subject Matter folders. 
These are User Presets and in the User Presets there is a folder of Lightroom General Presets. 
And here, I have two Sharpening presets that come with the program. 
A Sharpening preset for faces and another for scenes like this one and you can certainly try those out at least as the starting place and then you can tweak the sliders to taste. 
Were you fooled? 
It's not that tricky. 
The answer is still the same. 
Energy is an amazing quantity, but before we can start making calculations using it, we're going to need to learn about something called potential energy. 
-What's happenin', forum? 
So imagine that you're in your bedroom, getting undressed and you're butt-ass naked. 
But then you look out your window and you see this pervert. 
Buhh... 
Now, I don't know this perverted cat's name, so we'll just call him Quagmire. 
Now, Quagmire's video got, like, a half million views and I don't know why. 
I mean, look at him. 
Just creepin'. 
Waiting for you to leave the room so he can sneak in and sniff your underwear. 
And what's with cats, you know? 
I mean, a dog might rape your leg, but he isn't gonna cut off your penis and wear it like a mask 
like this freakin' stalker. 
Buhh...excuse me while I go take a shower. 
Okay, I actually didn't want to review the next video, but like literally billions of you sent it to me. 
Literally, billions... or hundreds, but you know, who's counting? 
So this awful video got like a million-and-a-half views in a day after it was promoted on FailBlog. 
And you know what? 
Just here...enjoy. 
[people speaking foreign language] 
Yeah, speaking of Ass Violator. 
Oh no, it gets worse. 
You've been warned. 
[people laughing] 
Wow, that Ugandan pastor would not approve of such behavior. 
Ugh, this video is some s--t, ain't it? 
So to speak. 
Why did you guys make me review that? 
And more than that, why is the other elephant just sitting there like, 
-Yeah, go ahead. 
Stick your trunk in there. 
Oh, very nice. 
-Ugh, I don't know. 
Maybe that's how this guy gets his peanuts. 
Oh, why did I make that joke? 
All right, that's it guys. 
Don't make me review anymore videos of nasty turd-burgling elephants, all right? 
Okay, so I actually do have something interesting for you. 
It's one of those things that's kind of racist but kind of f--ked up, but also kind of funny. 
And it's just a commercial for a local mattress store. 
-Hi, I'm Gary. 
At the one and only Gary's Mattress. 
Now with locations in Koreatown and Little Tokyo. 
We are karate-a-chopping a-prices just for you! 
Oh cho! 
Even we would buy it. 
At Gary's Mattress, we're blowing up prices! 
Yayayaya! 
-Wow, that is unfortunate. 
I'm gonna go out on a limb here and say that I wouldn't buy mattresses from that guy. 
I mean, who's your target demographic when you trash everyone? 
And besides that, 
Gary's Mattresses are probably filled and stuffed with dead minorities. 
-We're stalking prices! 
-All right, so this video's old. 
It's been floating around the Internet for about two years. 
It's got about 2 million views and I don't know if it's real or not. 
I mean, look at that. 
Terrorist Gary? 
"I'm a suicide bomber and I'm so offended." 
But see, the address they give for the store doesn't check out on Google Maps. 
Also, the guy in it looks like a stand-up comedian that I've seen on TV. 
Which makes me think the video is fake. 
It also obvious seems a little too f--ked to have appeared on TV. 
-If you find a mattress at a better price, 
I'll kick a puppy and punch a kitten just for you! 
-All right, I've made up my mind. 
That is definitely not real. 
So there you go, guys. 
I gave you a perverted cat, a shit-eating elephant, and a racist mattress guy. 
That's it, I'm out. 
I'm gonna go have a beer. 
Oh, and the comment question of the day comes from a user named, bing!, and she said... 
-My comment question of the day is, where does steel wool come from? 
-So, where does steel wool come from? 
Leave your interesting or creative responses in the comment section below. 
Oh, you know what? 
Let's change it up. 
Let's open the comment section of the day responses to Twitter and Facebook as well. 
So, leave your interesting or creative responses in the comments section below or on Twitter or Facebook. 
But thanks for watching today's episode of =3. 
I'm Ray William Johnson and I approve this message. 
So tell me forum, why are you here? 
[Stalkin' Your Mom by Wax playing] 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
-If you find a mattress at a better price, 
I'll kick a puppy and punch a kitten just for you! 
So, the celebrities and all the movie stars and music people, they look amazing, right? 
They have beautiful skin, white straight teeth, and gorgeous hair. 
What do they use? 
Well, I know what they use. 
That's right, some of the companies and I, we've worked together and found out exactly what these celebrities and movie stars and all these famous people are using and I have some of those products to share with you today. 
So what I have is iLike, so if it's good enough for the queen, I say it's good enough for me and you. 
Queen Latifah, Rich Carrot Mask, that is what she uses. 
It is a great mask for anti-aging, to give you antioxidants. 
I mean, if you know how good carrots are for you internally, just imagine what those carotenes are doing for your skin on external, so the iLike Rich Carrot Mask works good enough for Queen Latifah; 
I think we can try it. 
And Epicuren's Skincare... 
Kate Bosworth loves herself some X-Treme Cream SPF45. 
This is one of my favorites, and I'm gonna keep using this in the wintertime, because, when I go to the park, even though it's winter, we still need to wear sunscreen, okay? 
I know some of you are thinking, "Oh, believe me, I don't need it where I live," but, most likely, you do. 
Even if it's cloudy out, there's still rays that are getting through, so wear sunscreen. 
I'm always gonna preach that. 
And I love this as well, this is off my bathroom counter. 
Again, Epicuren Kukui Coconut After Bath Moisturizer. 
This is loved by Gwen Stafani and we all know that she looks amazing. 
This is a body product, so a lot of body products are just hydating/nourishing-type products. 
Well, this, the difference is Epicuren's After Bath has anti-aging ingredients in it, so you're putting on anti-aging moisturizer on your body, which, those of us know, our arms, our shoulders, our neck, our décolleté probably could use some of that. 
And, Kim Cattrall, she loves Epicuren. 
She, you can quote her on this, she uses Epicuren Skin Regime at least once a week, a full Epicuren Skin Regime. 
I have the Ultra Rose in my hand, and this is an amazing moisturizer, super-super hydrating, as well. 
Love Epicuren. 
Image Skincare, a lot of movie stars are starting to use this product more and more. 
It's getting really popular. 
They're coming up on the Beverly Hills Housewives. 
They're gonna be talking about it, and I'm sure some of them are using it, 
'cause why else would it be on there? 
Now, Daily Microfoliant by Dermalogica. 
I've used this since it's come out, so for years and years and years and so has my husband. 
It is, like, our top favorite product. 
It is good for men and women. 
It is a daily product you can use. 
Hence the name, Daily Microfoliant. 
And, who uses it? 
Dun dun dun dun, Oprah. 
That's right, Oprah, another queen here. 
She uses it and you can see it's a little white rice powder and you mix it with water and--every day. 
It's a very very very gentle gentle gentle daily exfoliant. 
So that's the Dermalogica, and, in makeup, what I have-- 
I have Glo and I have the La Bella Donna. 
Now, the Glo Pressed Base is Hoda's favorite from The Today Show. 
She loves herself Pressed Base. 
This is the Honey Dark I have in my hand. 
Glo is great because there's Pressed Base, there's Loose, they have Satin, they have 
Barely Beige, like a sheer type coverage, so a lot of options in Glo for you. 
La Bella Donna, one of my favorites, of course-- pretty much all these are my favorites-- is Bella Foundation. 
I use it on a daily basis, and they also have compact and loose, and Alicia Silverstone loves La Bella Donna. 
She loves the Brow Kit, which I will tell you about the Brow kit over and over and over because you get four colors in one compact, and this is the one for brunettes, so we pick your--you know your hair color. 
Just pick the Brow Kit that matches and you're set. 
Your colors are already picked out for you; it's like a no-brainer here. 
So, La Bella Donna, ooh, pretty four colors, I love it. 
Love it. 
Now, last but not least, so you're using all of these products and you're like, yeah, 
I use these products. 
I do my skin care regime, I have the Fabulous Make Kit, makeup, 
I use it all. 
I'm good. 
Are you using this? 
Well, Gwenyth Paltrow is, 
Julianne Moore, 
Charlize Theron, and, oh, Hilary Swank, yeah, they're using this product. 
What it is is the Opal Eye Treatment. 
You use it on the eyes. 
It is amazing. 
I use this--both of these--every day. 
You can use this at morning and at night. 
Morning and at night. 
This helps with fine lines, wrinkles, puffy eyes, which I get a lot, because I have allergies and a toddler, so sleep is a precious commodity that I always always get, so I must, must, must use this in dark circles. 
Oh, the dark circles, they-- I don't think they're ever going to go away. 
And the Clarisonic, this helps them as well, so to fight all of my problems, here for my beautiful skin, this will take it to the next level. 
So, again, if you're already using all of these amazing products that I hear, you say, "I'm good." 
This is what you do to go to the next level. 
We've seen a number of techniques, some in previous lectures and some we talked about in this lecture. 
We've seen the Naive Bayes classifier, fairly in detail. 
We've seen some Probabilistic Graphical 
Models like Bayesian Networks. 
We've seen linear regression in detail, this time, we also heard about logistic regression neural networks and support vector machines, at least as to what they are. 
And, let's look at the problem and see which kind of techniques one would need to consider depending on the nature of the problem. 
We classify the problem in terms of the kind of features it has, whether they are numerical or categorical, that means numbers or classes. 
And the target variable, which is what we are trying to predict. 
We might be predicting a value, then it becomes a prediction problem where the value is numerical. 
We might be predicting a class in which, in which case it's a classification problem which is part of learning theory. 
Techniques can be used interchangeably across these two different types of prediction based on the kinds of features, of course, some techniques are more applicable than others. 
So, in the most straightforward case, 
If we have numerical features and a numerical target we want to predict, 
The correlation is stable and fairly linear, we'd use linear regression. 
Now, when I say stable and fair, fairly linear, even in situations like this, 
One would still prefer to use linear regression rather than some complicated non-linear function. 
Because using high order functions we'd, we'd say squares or cubes and sines and cos's, will tend to over fit the data and will not generalize to situations which may come up, arise in the future. 
So, right now you might have a great fit to the training data, but it really doesn't work in practice. 
So, linear regression is preferred unless you have some real reason to not use linear techniques. 
Similarly, even if your futures are categorical and your target is numerical, you can still use linear regression but you have to code the features. 
So, if the feature, for example, takes five different values or eight different values, you replace that feature with eight categorical variables, binary ones taking zero and one depending on whether, which value, which category value that feature took. 
It's better to do with, with binary coding as opposed to say, numerical coding because there's no reason why red being coded as five, blue being coded as six, and green being coded as seven. 
There's no reason to believe that red and blue are closer than red and green. 
So, using five, six, and seven is misleading and can make the regression technique go haywire. 
So, using three different features, eight, zero, one, to figure out whether something is red, blue, or green is better than using numbers. 
When we have categorical variables and numerical target, Neural networks can also be used just like they can be used for normal linear regression as well. 
But, they've sort of waned in their popularity except for certain situations which we will talk about in the next section. 
Now, let's come to the case where we have unstable or severely non-linear situations, which might look something like this, as we have seen before. 
There is no way one can fit a straight line to this para, this parabolic curve. and therefore, it's better to use a neural network which has non-linear elements, multi-level and hidden layers. 
So, a more complicated function can be 
learned, at the same time, one is not pre-supposing that it's going to be a problem. 
Because that, that would be kind of counter-productive because one is sort of pre-supposing the nature of f, rather than 
letting a neural network with many different possibilities discovered.. 
Next, we come to the classification situations where the target variable is categorical. 
Of course, when we have categorical features and categorical targets, when we have seen how to use naive-based and other probabilistic graphical models. 
These days, SVM's or Support Vector 
Machines are also very popular for even classification. 
Of course, for catagorical variables, one does have to do feature coding to a certain extent. 
So, we, we, We do need to do the same trick that we did for categorical features in linear regression because SVM essentially requires numerical inputs. 
Of course, if you have numerical inputs and categorical classification, SVMs are perfect. 
They are designed especially for those situations where you have unstable and severely non-linear correlations, and that's what they essentially do well, very well. 
On the other hand, if you have fairly stable linear correlations and you do have a classification problem, 
Then rather than using linear regression, as we have seen, one should use a logistic regression where one is bumping up or bumping down the, the difference form the separating line using the logistic function. 
So, take a look at this table. 
It will guide you, definitely in the problem set or the homework assign, the programming assignment for prediction. 
But, in general also, it's something that you should learn something from. 
We have not covered many techniques yet, we've only taken a very few techniques. 
Further, we've only talked about classification prediction, optimization, control, we haven't talked about those and we won't have time to get into those in this course. 
A backup copy that is because it is secure 
Because this'll have some positive value. 
It might have an insignificantly small value. 
We could make it 0.000001. 
But it's still going to have some positive value. 
So no matter what y we choose, as long as it's greater than 0, 2x minus 3y will be greater than 2x. 
So we could say that as long as if 2x is less than x squared for any x we pick, then 2x minus 3y is definitely going to be less than x squared. 
Why is that? 
Because minus 3y is going to subtract from the 2x, because we know that y is greater than 0. 
So let me ask you a question. 
Is 2x always going to be less than x squared if x is greater than 2? 
Sure. 
I mean whatever x is, on the left-hand side it's going to be 2 times--pick a random number--2 times xŁŹit could be 2.5. 
But on the other side, on the right-hand side, you're going to have 2.5 squared. 
So if you think about it, you're going to have 2 times a number. 
That's always going to be less than--ŁŹthat number which happens to be larger than 2 squared. 
The smallest possible is 2 times 2.0001. 
You could make a lot of 0's there. 
But I think you get the point. 
That's still going to be less than 2.0001 squared. 
Because you only have a 2 here instead of a 2.0001. 
So actually, statement 2 alone is sufficient. 
Hopefully that made sense. 
You just have to see oh, if y is greater than 0, then the 3y is definitely going to take away from the 2x. 
Then as long as x is greater than 2, 2x is always going to be less than x squared. 
If that makes sense to you, then you should realize that statement 2 alone is sufficient for this. 
That was interesting. 
Oh, no sorry. 
Either of them alone were sufficient. 
We did that in the first one, right? 
Statement 1 or statement 2, independently are sufficient to answer that question. 
120. 
A report consisting of 2,600 words is divided into 23 paragraphs. 
So 2,600 words and it has 23 paragraphs. 
A two-paragraph preface is then added to the report. 
Is the average number of words per paragraph for all 25 paragraphs less than 120? 
So this is interesting. 
So the average number of words per paragraph for all 25 paragraphs less than 120. 
So if we knew the total number of words in the document we'd be set. 
We would just take the total words divided by the total paragraphs they have now. 
They have the 23 original plus the 2 from the preface, you have 25 total paragraphs. 
Now it told you the average words per paragrah. 
Now, we don't know the total words, because the total is going to be equal to the 2,600 words in the body of the document plus the words from the preface-- I'll call that words sub preface-- all of that divided by 25. 
This is the average. 
This is what we really have to figure out, to figure out if it's less than 120. 
That's what they want to know. 
So statement number 1. 
Each paragraph of the preface has more than 100 words. 
So I guess we could say that the preface, the words from the preface are greater than 200. 
That's another way of saying that the total is going to be greater than 2,800. 
Now if the total is greater than 2,800, what does that tell us about the total divided by-- excuse me. 
So then the total divided by 25 is going to be greater than 2,800 divided by 25. 
What's 2,800 divided by 25? 
Let's see, 25 goes into 2,800. 
1, 25, 30, 1, 1 times 25, 25, 50, 12. 
So it tells us that the average is going to be greater than 112. 
So that doesn't help us. 
If it told us that the average was going to be greater than 120, we would be done. 
We would say oh, we have enough information to answer the question. 
Actually, the answer is no, that the average is going to be greater than 120. 
But here, this tells us the average is greater than 112. 
It could be 113 or it could be 121. 
So it doesn't answer our question of whether the average is less than 120. 
So statement one alone is not that useful. 
Statement number 2 tells us each paragraph of the preface has fewer than 150 words. 
So the total preface has less than 300 words. 
They say each paragraph of the preface, and there's 2 of them, has fewer than 150 words. 
So the total preface has less than 300 words. 
So we could do the same logic. 
So that means that the total is going to be less than what? 
The total is going to be less than the original number of words plus the preface. 
So it's going to be less than 2,600 plus 300. 
It's going to be less than 2,900. 
Then if you divide both sides by 25 to get the average, 25 goes into 2,900 really four more times. 
That's rightŁż 
The average is going to be less than-- let me make sure 
I'm getting that right. 
So 4, 25 goes into 2,900. 
1, 25, 40, 1, 25. 
Then we have 150. 
25 goes into 150 six times. 
So we have the average is less than 1/16. 
So statement 2 alone is sufficient. 
Statement 2 tells us that the average of the words per paragraph is less than 116,which is definitely less than 120. 
So statement 2 alone is sufficient, and statement 1 doesn't help us much. 
I'll run out of time. 
See you in the next video. 
What's up dudes? 
Freddy Wong and Brandon Laatsch here. 
What time of year is it, Brandon? 
Springtime. 
Springtime? 
I guess that means it's time for 
Rollercoaster Day 2011! 
We had our first rollercoaster day in 2010. 
And take a look at how awesome that went! 
Where is everybody? 
[indistinct] 
I dunno, they must not have noticed it's Six Flags Day. 
I guess we're the only ones. 
[yelling] 
Now that's what I'm talking about! 
Let's bring it in. 
You know, Brandon, Rollercoaster Day's not just about the thrill of g-forces and riding coasters with your friends, it's a lot more than that. 
It's about taking a day off work, taking a day off of school, and just going and having fun. 
We don't have to go and fulfill our commitments. 
We can take a day off and just ride rollercoasters together. 
Rollercoaster day this year falls on Wednesday, April 27th. 
That means you're gonna have to ditch class and call in sick for work. 
Rollercoaster Day is an international event, so here's what you're gonna have to do. 
If you're in the Los Angeles area, over here, 
Join as at Six Flags Magic Mountain! 
If you live over here, find a theme park near you and go there. 
If you live over here, your theme parks might not be open yet so you gotta do some other fun activity 
like snowboarding or ice skating or something, I dunno. 
If you're in the rest of the world, I'm gonna be honest - 
I have no idea what your weather / theme park situation is but the point is that you have to abandon your commitments and have a day of fun wherever you are. 
All of these details will be up at http://facerocker.com/rcday2011. 
Check over there to find a list of excuses to give your boss and also how to connect with other people in your area. 
It's time to goof off! 
I don't care! 
Say that you got food poisoning! 
Whatever it takes to have a day of fun. 
The best excuse, of course, is to retroactively show your teacher or boss this video. 
That's probably - 
That would win right there. 
That'd get you fired. 
[laughs] 
Don't do it to your boss, do it to your teacher. 
You can't get fired from school. 
After all this is done, I want you to send your pictures and stories to rcday2011@facerocker.com. 
And I want to hear about all the crazy things you did that day. 
I'll collect al of them and we'll use them in a follow-up video. 
So for those of you in the LA area, hope to see you out there on Rollercoaster Day this year, 
And for everyone else, 
Looking forward to your pictures and e-mails in my inbox! 
This is going to be a crochet earring 
Do you prefer a thread or yarn earring? 
Please share your thoughts. 
I am using size three crochet cotton, and a size one steel crochet hook 
I am going to attach the slip knot to the crochet hook take the loose end, wrap it over the main strand, now you have a loop take the loop, wrap it over the main strand put your hook below the center strand, back up the opposite side this creates the slip knot we will work a chain 5 1....2....3....4....5 join with the beginning chain joining is putting your hook right through the first chain wrap the thread over, pull it through, pull through the loop on your hook that joins your chain in to a ring 
I will be working twenty double crochet through the ring working a chain one, using that as the step up, that will not count as a stitch working twenty double crochet one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen 
seventeen eightteen nineteen twenty we will join with the beginning stitch 
I am putting my hook below the two loops at the top of the stitch wrap the thread over, pull it through that completes round one 
I had this lovely knot coming up my thread, so I had to cut it off what I am going to do is, wrap the thread over, pull it through, so I will have an extra tail that I need to sew in 
I will be re-attaching the slip knot, to the second round so if you wanted to change color, this is how you would do it 
I am putting my hook right below the two loops at the top of the stitch wrap the thread over, pull it through, pull it through the loop on the hook you have secured the thread to the stitch 
I am working a chain one 
I will not count that as a stitch working one double crochet in each of the next four stitches two three four in the fifth stitch, work three double crochet work a chain six - 1...2....3....4....5....6 in the same stitch work three more double crochet work one double crochet in each of the next four stitches - 1....2.....3....4 in the next stitch, work three double crochet chain six - 1....2.....3....4....5....6 in the same stitch, work three more double crochet this is what we have at this point work one double crochet in each of the next four stitches one two three four in the next stitch, work three double crochet - 1...2...3 work a chain six - 1....2....3....4....5....6 work three double crochet in the same space - 1...2...3 
I am putting my hook right through the top of the stitch or space, they both mean the same thing work one double crochet in each of the next four stitches - 1...2...3..4 
I am crocheting over the tail, that will save some time later on, when you are sewing in tails we are to the last stitch work three double crochet in the same stitch - 1...2...3 work a chain six - 1...2...3...4...5..6 work three more double crochet in the same stitch - 1....2....3 we will join with the beginning stitch, putting my hook right below the two loops at the top of the stitch wrap the thread over, pull it through, pull it through the loop on my hook that joins the round together wrap the thread over the hook, pull it through cut it off, pull it through, give it a tug this is what we have completed 
I am threading my needle 
I will be weaving the tail right through the stitches 
I am going to go down here to this row and weave right between the stitches like this 
I like to give it a little tug 
I like to go over a loop and back in the opposite direction you can do it what ever way you would like to do it what ever way works best for you cut it off give it a little tug the two remaining tails will be sewn in the same way this will show how to attach the crochet piece to the earring 
I have a variety of size jump rings, you will also find them under the name finding 
I have the earring, this is what I will be using 
I should have two jewelry tools, I only have one, so this may be a little bit challenging what I want to do is twist the ring sideways 
I don't want to pull it apart just twist it sideways a little bit just enough to slide it through the loop just like this 
I am going to slide the earring through like that 
I am going to twist it back shut you can lightly starch the earring press it with a iron you can do this before you attach the earring section 
[Carson] 
If we treat an encryption function--as the one in GSM--as something that takes a message, produces an encrypted message, and it consumes a key to perform that. 
There are different ways in which you can make this resistant against time-memory trails. 
Three different mitigations. 
First, you can make the message unpredictable. 
Sounds obvious. 
Why would you encrypt something predictable? 
But a lot of systems do just encrypt a whole stream of data, some of which is encrypted. 
Something is worth protecting. 
GSM mixes the two. 
[Dave] 
All of these attacks you know some--because of the GSM protocol-- there are some messages that are very easy to guess. >> [Carson] 
Exactly. 
[Dave] 
And you know what they are and can you those in this attack. 
To exchange a text message, for instance, between the base station and your phone, somewhere between 20 and 40 messages are exchanged, only one of which has the actual text message content. 
Another one may have some unpredictable set of information. 
All the rest is just management information--encrypted though-- and that management information is usually-- 
[Dave] 
Does it make sense as one solution to not encrypt the management information. 
[Carson] 
Clear, yeah. 
There's a standard extension that suggests exactly that. 
But basically the whole ecosystem would have to change to accommodate for that. 
Currently, it's just the encryption is switched on at some point and everything thereafter is encrypted, be it predictable or not. 
There are measures, though, to make predictable messages more randomized to create some wiggle room for how you send a message. 
That's currently being deployed--not in all networks, though. 
I've not seen--one of the two American networks I don't think has it. 
You need to know the base station is understanding if you change the protocol like that. 
The base station would have to change to go all the way of making all messages unpredictable, but even changing the base station controllers, bigger installations that control dozens of base stations that control dozens of base stations would do the job, and those are usually software updateable, because they have to accommodate for usually faster connections all the time. 
Now, more secure connections that could that, too, hasn't been seen too much yet. 
We do track that on gsmmap.org. 
The second way, of course, of making this system uncorrectable is to decrease the key size sufficiently so that none of these tradeoffs 
leads to practical values anymore. 
That is used, for instance, in 3G and 4G networks most of the time. 
Then a third way of protecting against these types of attacks that assume, if you predict a message you have a direct mapping between message out and key, is to introduce an auxiliary input. 
It's usually called either a "nonce" for random number or initialization vector. 
GSM, in fact, does have an initialization vector, so you would think that it breaks the correlation between key and message. 
Now you'd have to compute your table separately for every nonce. 
This is sort of like adding SALT to passwords. 
Exactly. 
This is the exact same system as adding SALT. 
This has been included in GSM. 
However, the nonce is only effective if the attacker has to go for the key to break the system. 
There are different encryption functions that are attackable with time-memory trade-offs in different ways, in particular for block ciphers. 
This protection measure works out of the box, because the block cipher consumes the key, crunches it in complex ways and outputs the message. 
Unlike those, stream ciphers take the key, do once more computation, do the same computation again, do the same computation again-- in the case of GSM 100 times--and then outputs the message. 
It becomes a function that's consistent over very many smaller functions and the nonce is, of course, only input at the very beginning. 
To make this now resistant against time-memory tradeoff their intermediate states--those results of the first round, second round, and so forth to the 100th round--have to be a non-attackable time-memory tradeoff. 
That sometimes is achieved by a large, internal state of the function. 
For instance, the GPRS functions or etch function--2.5G networks-- they also consume a 64-bit key, but they have an internal state of at least 96 bits. 
That is a protection, because now the attacker has to go for the key after all. 
However, if you use a small internal state, then the attacker can go to attack that internal state and GSM falls exactly in this category, and then the countermeasure doesn't work anymore. 
So the internal state is still 64 bits. >>Exactly. >>Combining the key and the nonce. 
Yeah. 
Message in, the key, and the message out as well as the internal state-- everything is 64 bits in GSM. 
Of course, adding a large internal state doesn't come at a great cost. 
It takes a few more flipflops and hyper-implementation or slightly larger words in the software implementation. 
This didn't prevent the attack that you described, but the attack you showed us would actually be better than this. 
To do the n lookups would have taken hours. 
You were able to show it working in a manner of seconds or minutes. 
To explain why JSM is more vulnerable, we have to go a little bit into this discussion we started earlier on the hundred little functions instead of one big function-- what makes this a stream cipher. 
This stream cipher consumes in the beginning both a key and IV, as we've seen, but does a computation 100 times to produce an internal state that is then mapped onto the output that's then XORed with the message is basically the output message. 
Interesting is this part, though. 
Each of these links is such a small computation that you can easily reverse it. 
It is nonlinear, meaning you cannot really reverse it without 100% certainty, but it's such a small computation that you can just kind of brute force the input space. 
[Dave] 
Okay. >>[Carson] 
Right? 
So little-- 
[Carson] 
But the input space is small. 
[Carson] 
Yeah, just a few bits change in each of these steps, so you can just go through all the possibilities of input space and see which ones map back to your output. 
Right? 
Now, you may end up with several, so it's not always that only one of the inputs would have produced. 
That's exactly the nonlinear property. 
However, this may look as a complication at first but does, in fact, help the hacker because each of these also generates a key for some given IV that you assume. 
Well, at least some. 
Some may be dead ends. 
But at least in a lot of cases you can track one point that you store in your table back to different keys. >>[Dave] 
I see. 
Different starting key IV pairs lead to the same output. 
Exactly, and on average, for each value that you store in the table you have 13 keys that you find every time. 
Only one of them will be the correct one. 
Sometimes even all 13 are wrong. >>[Dave] 
I see. 
[Carson] 
But if you do find a key it will just be one of them. 
However, storing this point in the table is equivalent to storing 13 points in this table. 
[Dave] 
Right, and now each lookup is the equivalent of doing 13 lookups. 
[Carson] 
No, the lookup is actually the same effort, but the storage is decreased. 
This is basically an inherit encryption function for rainbow tables that this system comes with. 
We are 13 times more efficient with this encryption function than with a generic 64-bit encryption function. 
Thirteen times and such a tradeoff with all the different tweaks is the difference between hours and seconds. 
[Dave] 
You're shrinking the table by a factor of 10, which is making all the lookups less expensive. >>[Carson] 
Exactly. 
Basically we're having 13 times more storage, and the crate of storage is quadratic. 
We're more efficient as an approximation by this factor, and that's the difference between seconds and hours. 
That's why SMS can be snooped in seconds. 
Hey guys, my name is Tim Schmoyer and I want to talk with you guys about some of the ways that smart TVs are, might be changing our industry here on YouTube and how we interact and engage and develop our audiences here with our video content. 
I'm going to 
link to an article below from AllThingsD and basically it is showing a couple different graphs and it's showing just how much smart TV purchases are continuing to grow and escalate over, you know, the past year. 
In fact, 2012 was the highest rate that we've seen of TV purchases and it looks like going forward into 2013 as TVs continue to get smarter and they continue to have more and more functionality and they do better, more things better connected to the internet and all that kind of stuff, we're going to see a lot more of these purchases being made, even during the recession and so what I'm thinking about is, "Okay, if people are going to be watching our content more and more on big screen TVs compared to, you know, mobile devices or desktop computers, what difference does that make for those of us who are video creators?" And I think there's seven ways I just thought of initially. 
If there's more, I'm sure there are, I want to hear from you in the comments below. 
Number one, I don't think we can rely on the annotations anymore to communicate something or to facilitate interaction or engagement because they don't work on smart TVs nor do they work on mobile devices either. 
So we had to be really intentional about saying things and showing things visually on the screen and not just relying on annotations. 
Number two, I think interaction is going to become way more difficult because there's no easy way on it if they're watching on a TV for them to comment, uh, they can give it a like, you know, a thumb's up and stuff like that, uh, but it's going to be really difficult with the exception of if they've had a mobile device paired to their TV and then they could control what videos they're watching on the TV from their mobile device and then also comment and like and share and do all that kind of stuff of there and if you guys missed the video, I gave you a complete walkthrough tutorial about how to do that. 
I'll link up to that video below, uh, so you can go check that out if you want to see exactly how to do that and I think it would be maybe even wise to encourage our viewers to do that if they're going to watch on their TV that way we can continue to interact with them like normal. 
Number three, I think sharing is almost impossible if they're watching on a smart 
TV because, like, Facebook and Google Plus and Twitter and Tumbler, 
like those aren't integrated into the smart TV apps, so basically they have to watch it and then they can move on to the next video in their playlist or in their queue. 
Number four, watching video content on a television makes it really easy for the viewing session to become way more passive than when it's on a desktop. 
In fact, people refer to this in this industry as lean-in experience, which on like a desktop computer if you're watching internet video like on YouTube, people tend to lend forward in chairs and put their, you know, elbows onto their desks and kind of become more immersed into the video, whereas if people are watching on a television that's called like a lean-back experience because people are probably playing on other devices or they're doing other things and they just kind of have the TV going. 
So it's much more like a passive experience and so I'm kind, I kind of 
like it that people have a lean-in experience hopefully with online video and I'm kind of like, it kind of bothers me a little bit, I don't know, it worries me that people that would change from being a lean-in experience to becoming a lean-back experience. 
But on the flipside, and this is number five, we might see audience retention scores go up because the same thing is true on a television, I'm assuming, as would be true on a mobile device, people have less distractions, there's less video thumbnails enticing for them to click away from your content like there are on a desktop version of YouTube. 
And so audience retention tends to be a lot longer, uh, on a mobile device and I'm guessing hopefully that would be same thing would be true on the television. 
However, it could also be true on a television because they're just passively watching and they could click play, but leave the room or be doing something else and not really watching your content, even though you got high retention scores, it might not actually review high eyeball retention score, if that makes sense. 
Number six, and I think this is just kind of a gimme, recording in 1080p and recording high quality audio, unlike I'm doing right now, is going to be very important if you believe in watching these in all their HD glory and have nice speakers and sound systems hooked up to them, you want to make that content as enjoyable and pleasurable as possible. 
And number seven, you can't really refer your viewers to click on links in the description below or refer them to information you put down there because finding that right now on a smart TV is really, really difficulty. 
It's really cumbersome. 
Now, hopefully as smart TVs get smarter and YouTube can develop the apps more, especially how television interact with mobile devices in people's hands while they're sitting in front of the television, 
I can expect that maybe a lot a lot of this will get better in the future, but as of right now, it's really not the ideal viewing situation for those of us who are trying to engage our audience and trying to, and trying to interact with them and illicit feedback and all that kind of stuff. 
I'd love to hear from you guys what you think some of the impact that smart TVs will have on our audience development and the content that we make here on YouTube and all that. 
Comment below and let me know! 
I'd love to interact and dialogue with you guys there. 
Also, if this is your first time hanging out, make sure you subscribe. 
We're continually talking about news and things and changes happening and the online video industry and what that means for those of us who are online video creators, so make sure you click on subscribe button. 
Got a lot of awesome stuff coming for you guys like Google Hangouts and an eBook and a whole bunch of stuff, so make sure you also check us out on Facebook and all the other 
links there below, Google Plus and all that kind of stuff for sure. 
So, looking forward to hanging out with you guys more and 
I'll talk to you guys soon, bye. 
I started working with a boy who had just got expelled from school. 
He had an interest in computers and at my office I noticed that there was a few lying around that nobody was using. 
I got it to this kid and it completely turned things around for him. 
Since that time we have been able to help thousands of people. 
Eighty percent of the people that get a computer system from us have never had one before. 
It's the ability to do a job search. 
It's the ability to write a resume. 
It's the ability to have access to the internet. 
By donating their equipment, local businesses and individuals get to be a part of that. 
So many times a business or organization will spend thousands of dollars to get rid of their computer equipment. 
For us we pick it up at no charge. 
All those chemicals don't end up polluting the environment and the best part of being it gets to someone whos never had anything. 
As this program has evolved we have established relationships with local colleges. 
Its a good learning experience for student interns, and work study students and service learning students. 
The mission of PCs for people is pretty simple. 
We basically try to help provide some hope and opportunity for people. 
I think it is important for people to have the opportunity that everyone else has. 
It's the right thing to do. 
Let's write 0.8 as a fraction. 
So 0.8... the 8 right over here is in the tenths place. 
It is the tenths place. 
So you can read this as 8 tenths and we can write that literally as being equal to 8 tenths or 8 over 10. 
And now, we've already written it as a fraction and if we want we can simplify this down. 
Both 8 and 10 share common factors, they are both divisible by 2. 
So lets divide both the numerator and the denominator by 2. 
We are not changing the value of the fraction because we are dividing both the numerator and the denominator by the same thing 8 divided by 2 is 4, 10 divided by 2 is 5 and we're done. 
0.8 is the same thing as 8 tenths, which is the same thing as 4 fifths. 
Welcome, hope you had a good summer. 
I just wanted to talk about the class since there's about a week or so left before it starts, believe it or not. 
I, I have put something on the set, on the web. 
And it's a detailed syilabus for the class. 
And I would encourage you to take the opportunity to read it. 
It's a big document simply because I want to give you clear sense of what you're going to get into. 
And you want to make a decision that this class is good for you or not. 
And even though you have resisted I encourage you to read it. 
It gives you a good sense. 
But what I'm going to do in the video is I though I would give you visual idea and talk to you about the class, and it reflects what's in the syilabus. 
But hopefully, easier to follow, and motivate you to go read the syilabus. 
The first main thing I will talk about are the objectives of the class. 
And to me, the main objective, the first one, is to learn how to value assets. 
Assets are what create value in the world. 
And if you know which is a better asset than the other in terms of creating value for the world, I think you're on board. 
You're going to make good decisions, and that's the second, if you may, practical. 
Purpose of this class, to understand value, to make good decisions. 
And if you can make good decisions, it kind of empowers you, to feel comfortable in a very uncertain world. 
You're not guaranteed to make great decisions, but you will probabilistically make better decisions and that's what you want. 
I want you to understand your environment and what public policy's all about. 
Why is that important? 
Because, as 
I said, Finance's beauty is about valuing assets but making real life decisions and all of this happens within a context and in fact the context is an outcome of our actions. 
So if you understand the interaction between decisions and what's happening and public policy, it will help you. 
Now will it be a perfect understanding? 
No. 
But I guarantee you when you read the popular press, you'll be able to understand things a bit better. 
And I would encourage you to read critically not just like a consumer. 
Finally. 
I hope this class motivates you to learn. 
Learning is a very powerful thing in life. 
And I, I, I'll talk about it a little bit later more in depth. 
But when you learn more, learn Finance. 
And the reason is, if you know Finance, you pretty much know most of anything you want to know in life. 
And I'm kind of serious about it. 
[laugh], You know that's, that's the funny part. 
So objectives, why you want to do, think about it. 
And I hope you're convinced that this is something that you really need to learn. 
What are the prerequisites? 
I've been receiving emails about, prerequisites. 
This is a question that we always get, here in life classes, and this is very tough for me. 
Because fundamentally, it could be everything in life, or nothing. 
Some prerequisites could be nothing, or everything. 
Why am I saying that? 
It's because if you're go into the detail of development of Finance, the first thing that's the basis of Finance is Economics. 
And Economics is actually called the mother discipline of Finance. 
It has borrowed mostly from that discipline. 
So, 
I would encourage you to know that. 
Behavioral Science is also becoming important over time, but economics remains the basic paradigm. 
Accounting. 
I must admit, Accounting, though I know some of it, is kind of boring. 
And, but it's a 
language. 
I mean, it's like, if you didn't understand me because I'm speaking 
English, there would be a problem. 
Similarly, if you don't understand accounting, you cannot understand what's going on. 
And because it's imperfect, like every other language, you really have to know it. 
I promise you, I will give you hints of what to do when we do accounting, because we can't do all of it. 
One last thing about prerequisites. 
Algebra and Statistics are other formal subject matters that we need and I think even this for everything. 
With so much data available on anything under the sun, knowing Algebra and Statistics is very important, and I hope my treatment of the s ubject matter will motivate you to learn a lot more. 
Rather than seeing it as a hurdle to understanding things. 
So these are the formal things you could think about. 
But don't worry about it. 
As I said, if you have curiousity and a bad attitude. 
And a bad attitude is one which says, you know, give me anything. 
I'll, I'll handle it. 
If you have that attitude, you will do very well in this class, and you'll learn a ton. 
Not just in this class, in life. 
And so, bring that attitude, and we'll be fine. 
Now, I'll talk about something that's very important and it's called Pedagogy. 
How do I conduct the class? 
This class, because of the value of Finance being both theory, framework, and practical, is all driven by problem solving. 
I will always force you to do problems, because that's how you learn. 
What does that mean? 
Everything I introduce in class will not be preceded by a formula. 
Finance is a lot of Algebra, a 
lot of formulas but I will always tell you why we are doing something not what it's all about. 
Why is far more important in life than the what, the what you can 
Google right? 
So if you can Google and get what I'm providing you in the class, I'm not providing you much. 
So because Finance is applied, we'll emphasize problem solving, and everything will be introduced with an example. 
However, I want you to recognize that you have to do most of the work. 
I'm a coach, you have to do the work. 
I hope I'm a good coach and I motivate you and give you the main issues you need to worry about, right? 
In life, there are not that many issues, four or five. 
One is love. 
The rest is, kinda follows a little bit. 
Number two is financing my book. 
But anyway, so you'll be doing assignments every week and I encourage you whether they're called quizzes or not, quizzes or assignment, do them. 
You'll have one per week and a final. 
You'll have deadlines for these 
like in a real class. 
And you must do these. 
Apart from getting a certificate you'll learn. 
Finally. 
I want you to know how I've structured the class. 
I think this is true of most courses or classes. 
Its highly recommended to mimic the real world or face to face classes on some dimensions. 
So one of the dimensions is, I will release material one week at a time. 
You will not be able to get into the ten week class and do the whole class in a week. 
Why am I doing that? 
For two reasons. 
One, I genuinely believe that you need time to understand new stuff and practice assignments. 
Problems within the videos. 
And if you understand the stuff, you are better off, you can go to the next step. 
Luckily Finance builds on stuff. 
So you have to know the first week to know the second week, and so on. 
Well, the second reason is probably more important of releasing one stuff, one week at a time. 
So synchronous, I mean not at a point in time, but for a week. 
The second reason is that learning happens from each other. 
So when I do these classes live, all assignments are on a group, and they evaluate each other, not everybody gets the same grade. 
So, this I can't mimic online, but you can. 
Join the forums and 
learn from each other. 
In fact, I believe you learn far more that way than you'll 
learn from my videos. 
And I actually hope that's the case. 
Now content and materials is important. 
The main material you will get from me is the video. 
For every week there would be approximately two week, two hours worth of video broken up into pieces. 
Because Finance is so applied you'll have many opportunities to pause the videos whether I ask you to pause or not. 
This is very important. 
Every time I put up a problem and you're reading it, please recognize that this is an opportunity for you to learn the stuff by doing the problem first and then starting the video and doing it together with me. 
This is my main advice to you, take every opportunity to do the problems in the videos. 
So you have lot of testing, self-testing opportunities. 
Having said that, video is the main resource. 
What do 
I mean by that? 
I am not going to give you Powerpoint versions of the video. 
To me, 
Powerpoint is great, but it also makes you go to sleep. 
Online learning, has huge advantages. 
You can make your own class notes, and I encourage you to, from the video. 
But be an active listener, not lay sitting back having a coffee. 
And you can do that too [laugh]. 
You know, I am too. 
Of course I can possibly watch. 
But I would encourage you to make, be an active participant in the video and hopefully if 
I am interesting enough right? 
But I will provide you very few notes, and these are 
largely geared towards stuff that you need to know at one place. 
So two or three of these. 
Review of Statistics, some notes on how to use Excel or a Financial calculator, and some formulas put together to. 
But I must emphasis, don't go by the how to do things. 
First understand what the heck is going on, and why. 
Another resource I'll give you is there are many textbooks written on Finance. 
Finance took off in the late 50s. 
And for the next 30 years, there were a lot of really great breakthroughs. 
And those breakthroughs from the fundamentals and great textbooks are available. 
And I'll give you some, I'll give you references. 
But there is one textbook which you may want to look at, which is free on the web, written by a colleague who allows you to read the stuff free not download. 
And so on. 
So please when you use this textbook, don't try to download the stuff. 
You're violating copyright. 
I also encourage you to look at the other textbooks and don't worry about which edition it is. 
The fundamentals are the same. 
So choose a reference for yourself, but please recognize I'm not following any specific textbook, page by page. 
If I were, this class wouldn't be very useful you know. 
So I am doing the 
Essence of Finance at an introductory level, but you need to have some references and there are several options. 
So make a choice soon. 
Finally the material that is kind of come second in importance to the videos is all the assignments and I've talked enough about them. 
But I would encourage you again to do the assignments. 
Try them even before looking at the video. 
You k now, that's a, that's a kind of a challenge to try to understand what's going on. 
Test yourself all the time. 
I'm going to now, talking about this thing, I'm going to move over to how do we evaluate. 
Why are we evaluating you? 
Because we will give you a certificate, and the certificate has to have some criteria, right? 
I'm not a big fan of grading. 
In fact, I feel that's the least enjoyable part of my life, and partly because it's kind of boring, but also because who am I, You know. 
I mean you are learning, you should be able to grade yourself, and so on. 
But the world is complex so lets talk about evaluation for a second. 
It'll be pass, fail. 
So how do I determine pass or fail? 
You'll get a certificate if you pass, you will not get a certificate. 
So my grading philosophy is very simple. 
It's not mine, it's borrowed from my reading of grading in particular. 
And basically the notion here is, do you know enough? 
Rather than do you get 100%. 
So in each assignment. 
You have to get 70%. 
If you don't get 70 percent on any one assignment, you cannot get a certificate. 
Similarly you have to get 70 percent on the final, which is in the last week. 
You don't have an assignment in the last week, but you have a final. 
The good news is, that you'll get feedback immediately from the computer as you're taking them. 
And, and for the assignments, you have the whole week. 
Whereas for the final, I'll let you know how much time you have. 
The real good news however, is because I'm interested in you learning rather than just testing you just once and saying, forget about it. 
This guy or gal doesn't know something. 
I'm more interested in what you know, rather than what you don't know. 
So I'll give you two attempts at each of one of these. 
Each assignment two attempts, final two attempts. 
But you have to finish within the deadlines, both attempts. 
Otherwise you cannot. 
The score cannot count. 
We have to have some criteria, right? 
Now, dealing with me or the teaching assistant and this is one of the things that I think is a little bit of a disadvantag e in the online class. 
This class is really large. 
I do not want to get into the numbers because I want you to think of this class as just for you and I mean I think that's the beauty of online class. 
So it's a 
large class, what can't we do? 
I would encourage you, please don't attempt to contact me, or my teaching assistant Nathan Brown. 
And the reason is you can easily find our emails and shoot an email. 
It's not that, we don't love you. 
I love you all. 
There's a heart that beats in each one of you and that's my requirement for loving, you know. 
And in fact even plants have lives, right? 
So, but in anyway, I'm coming back to the basics. 
I cannot afford to answer emails and Nathan cannot, because it would become unmanageable at our end. 
So we encourage you not to try to contact us. 
So what will we do? 
We'll provide all the resources on a weekly basis. 
They'll come, you'll know what you want, you'll know exactly what, what's needed to be done and the teaching assistant, Nathan, will monitor the class for any errors, and so on, so forth. 
But our goal is to make this class self-sufficient. 
How? 
There's only one teaching assistant, and only one of me. 
But there are 100's and 1000's of you taking this class currently. 
Your talking to each other is going to be more powerful, a learning tool. 
So say, for example, I make an error, and actually I have made errors in the videos, but I don't try to fix them and, you know, cut out that clip, simply because we all make mistakes. 
I correct them in real time with you, and usually they're small. 
And I guarantee you they will be small. 
But is you find something don't say, Oh, you know, Suwarth Gottum made a mistake. 
Well, you make mistakes, I make mistakes. 
Your attitude should be sorting out what that mistake is. 
Finally. 
This class is about ambiguity and learning. 
And I would encourage you to take that attitude towards it. 
Okay? 
One last thing, which I feel compelled to talk about because I have prepared most of the class, and I want it to share with you. 
Why did I say yes to it? 
Why did I choose to do something online? 
The first reason is I believe education should be accessible to all. 
Why do I believe that? 
Because I believe education almost is like a right. 
It's almost like a right to breathe. 
I do have strong views about it, but I genuinely believe that education makes you become empowered. 
The most valuable investment you could ever make is education. 
What do I mean by that? 
Remember, if you want electricity, which is good, you're willing to burn coal. 
However burning coal leads to some problems, some costs on society, and on you too. 
Education is an investment that 
largely gives your benefits. 
Why wouldn't you want to do that? 
Why wouldn't you to make an investment in yourself. 
My goal, in this investment, is to empower you not to be dependent on a coach like me or any other person. 
But to take this class and say, I can do it too, and that's the beauty of education. 
I'll make couple more points and then we'll see each other in about a week. 
This has been a real challenge for me as a teacher. 
I've always wanted to be able to teach everybody, every single person and that's not been easy and I don't think I can teach everybody. 
But this experiment, hopefully which becomes an ongoing activity in my 
life, I feel like this gives me the ability to reach out to you on a one to one basis and hopefully. 
Make you learn, and be excited. 
Finally. 
I love change and uncertainty. 
Because life would be pretty boring if I knew exactly what was going to happen when. 
I know sometimes in life you want certainty. 
But I'm talking about most of life. 
Uncertainty is what gives you value in life. 
So remember we are experimenting here. 
I want you to come with that attitude. 
I'm going to learn 
Finance in a new way, and I'm going to go with it. 
There'll be glitches. 
There'll be errors made along the way from your side. 
Maybe from technology, maybe from some errors in the assignments or so and so forth. 
I'm almost sure we'll try our best not for that to happen. 
But if something happens, remember, you are a pioneer, I am a pioneer, and we are working on it together. 
I'm looking forward to seeing you in a week. 
And may the force be with you. 
See you soon. 
Bye. 
Often times we think about the dangers of vehicles on the highways, but we rarely think about how dangerous they can be when we're parked in a driveway. 
You know, probably more children die every year than we'll ever imagine from being backed over, from a caring, loving, parent, or a visitor, who never intended to cause harm to that child. 
You know, with children playing, they're not paying attention to what the adults are doing, or the drivers are doing. 
And even from inside the vehicle, they could even check both mirrors, 
left / right, rear-view mirror, and think that they really are clear, and that they can't see anybody. 
But you'd be surprised how a child can somehow maneuver their way into the back of a vehicle, into a blindspot, and you may never even know they're there, until it's too late. 
Then the driver puts the car into reverse, backs out, and that's all it takes. 
It's going to be important for a person to know where the children are at, at all times. 
Maybe even to say, everybody could you move into the yard, or could you move onto the porch until we back away, and are out of the driveway altogether. 
It's just an ounce of prevention, worth a pound of cure. 
Especially when it comes to keeping one of these precious, lovely children alive. 
Let's go through the answer together. 
We definitely want to name our procedure t_string, and now the real trick to this is just writing a good regular expression. 
Here I've written a regular expression that starts with a double quote, ends with a double quote, and can have anything that's not a double quote-- remember that super useful carat character--0 or more times. 
[The Plum Village Online Monastery] 
[Thank you for your continued support of mindful online broadcasts like this.] 
[Donate at http://pvom.org] 
[Thank you for your generosity] 
Presence of my body, as the breath moves through the body. 
Present moment, smiling. 
(Bell) 
Dear Thay, dear friends, dear family, such a happy moment to be up here  and look down. 
Just to know that our togetherness  for the common purpose of education, this brings me a lot of happiness. 
I know that so many students  will benefit from this. 
That awareness really fills my body up, my heart, I am filled. 
I think, just that, already  gives me a lot of hope, a lot of trust. 
Thank you for coming here,  freeing time to be with us. 
It is very precious. 
Today, we have a few wonderful friends. 
We've got together already just to know what they will share. 
I am just grateful that they agree  to come here to share their experiences in the practice,  in bringing mindfulness, bringing the practice into the areas that they are involved with. 
I will sit up here just to be a time keeper. 
I have the big bell here. 
(Laughter) 
It is not threatening,  it is peace. 
But I will, once in a while,  remind our friends here. 
Because their stories  are very inspirational. 
And of course,  we live in a ... (inaudible) 
Our brothers and sisters, and Thay, in the Plum Village community, we took the initiative to bring  mindfulness into education, maybe 3, 4 years ago. 
Thay wanted to secularize the practice and bring it into society. 
But keeping who we are,  which is monastics, we are in a spiritual tradition,  Buddhist based, and so on. 
We are reaching out to friends and  communities who are doing the same. 
This is not new. 
It's a really broad area, it covers a lot. 
I do not think we could cover it all in 6 days. 
I think you know. 
What is special here is that we are face-to-face. 
We get to hear from a real living being and from our heart,  not on a website or something. 
You'll have time also afterwards  to approach our wonderful friends. 
So this is the living Dharma as they will speak from their experience. 
The panel is a way of reaching out and connecting and collaborating with others. 
We are doing similar things, bringing and helping education,  improving the purpose of education and creating techniques  and methods to help teachers, students as well as their parents and the whole overall. 
So we can just start with the classrooms and it will touch everything. 
That is the core  of our teacher's teachings, interbeing. 
When you touch one student, one teacher, naturally you will have to deal  with all the other issues. 
So we have here today our panel  that represents a very diverse area and they will share  their personal journey and how they have come  to the point here. 
Without any further ado,  I introduce brother Richard here, a wonderful friend in our community. 
He will be introducing each member. 
Richard Brady is also  a retired math teacher and he has inspired many people. 
Having him to come up here is a gift. 
I met his student  who came to Plum Village. 
After many years he came and  we asked him: 
"Why are you here?" 
He said; "I used to take a class. 
My math teacher is Richard Brady." 
So you can see, just one student's experience in a class, how later on in life,  he confronted suffering and he remembered the teaching and came to learn more about the practice. 
There are many stories like that  but I won't hold up the panel here. 
Thank you for being with us. 
(Richard Brady) Thank you brother. 
It is my honor to introduce some old and new friends to you. 
It is a privilege to hear from them this afternoon. 
Each will speak for  about 8 minutes, not very long, but we want to leave some time  for questions and answers at the end. 
So, just focus on them and if there is any questions that come up afterwards, be ready to ask them. 
Our first speaker is Jack Miller from OlSE, 
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, who has been involved for many years teaching holistic education and more recently,  mindfulness in particular. 
But let me just say, more complete  biographies of each our speakers, you will find it in your booklet. 
So, you can read that in your leisure time. 
Here are some interesting things about them that are not necessarily  in their biographies. 
Jack. 
(Jack Miller) Thank you Richard,  it is an honor to be here. 
I believe this retreat  could have tremendous influence on education in North America. 
And I have worked in Ontario  for 40 years and this could also have huge impact  on this province, the education. 
So, thank you for coming. 
We were asked to share a little bit  about personal story. 
I am a child of the 1960s. 
As a young American, I was facing the dilemma of the Vietnam war. 
The more I read about that war, I felt  it was wrong for America to be involved. 
So I had the choice when I was drafted that I went to Canada. 
The stress of that time, was when I began my spiritual practice. 
So, in 1969, I started doing yoga and I could feel the effects immediately. 
So I got interested in the philosophy  behind the yoga, and I started reading on Eastern thought. 
Then in 1974, I started  doing Vipassana meditation. 
I have been doing those things since those years. 
When I was doing the meditation, one of the things about the experience of meditation is that you begin to experience interconnectedness which Thay calls interbeing. 
You experience it at deeper level  than just intellectually. 
So this is what eventually lead me to holistic education. 
Because holistic education  is about interconnectedness. 
And unfortunately, our education system is very fragmented. 
We break things into courses, into pieces, into little bits of information. 
This basically causes suffering, this fragmentation. 
So, holistic education is an attempt  to have a curriculum that is connected. 
So I wrote a book called The Holistic Curriculum which is about that. 
There is a school in Toronto, it is originally called Whole Child School now called the Equinox Holistic School. 
We have some teachers here from that school. 
I was delighted to run into Kyle. 
Kyle, are you here? 
So, that is my work -to try to bring  a change in the vision of education which is basically about people  getting jobs and doing skills rather than becoming a complete human being. 
Holistic education is about educating  the whole person, the body, mind and the spirit. 
Gandhi said they are an invisible whole, as soon as you try to break off one, you commit a gross fallacy. 
And we have committed the gross fallacy in education. 
So, the aims of holistic education,  in my view, are the development of wisdom, and compassion and happiness. 
Wisdom and compassion. 
Not intelligence, but wisdom. 
That deep understanding of how things are. 
So in holistic education, what is really important, and I think in any education, is the presence of the teacher. 
And so much about teacher's education  and even in service education, is about technique, is about theory, but there is nothing about how  to enhance the presence of the teacher. 
So, how does one enhance  the presence of a teacher? 
It is simple, it is through practice. 
It is through practice. 
So, my practice has been meditation,  and so, in my courses, starting in 1988, 
I required all my students to meditate for six weeks, every day. 
Starting with five to ten minutes  and working up to about half an hour. 
And they kept a journal, they still do  keep a journal, cause I am still teaching. 
And at the end, they write  a one page reflection. 
Also I introduce mindfulness activity. 
I have them eat a raisin mindfully and then for the rest of the week, do something mindfully, take some  small thing and do it mindfully. 
The final thing is I start my classes  with loving kindness meditation. 
This is in a public university, University of Toronto. 
I think one of the reasons  I came to Canada, 
I do not think I could have done this in US. 
So, since 1988, I have been introducing meditation to over 2000 teachers. 
And to read those journals and  to read that one-page reflection, has just been one  of the greatest joys of my life. 
(Half Bell) (Laughter) 
So I taught this summer and I have one student that was in my summer class and I am really delighted  to see the students come up to me. 
But I just want to read the journal  of one of the students, just a few words. 
In the meditation,  he was counting one to four. 
So exhale, one... 
But inevitably,  you go on, you forget. 
So this is what he wrote, 
"The compassion came and it is simply doing nothing but to start over. 
Compassion was experienced here and  practiced on the most basic form. 
Compassion for myself  and for my breath, to be sure that the more life-altering and monumental expressions of compassion to be had, perhaps this is just a seed  of a strong foundation of lasting compassion to be applied and lived in any relationship  for the world at large. 
Things, plants, animals, people,  all act and leave their mark on this world and I cannot control them. 
I need to be able to experience their movements and their contributions to the universe, with compassion just as  I practice the breath compassion." 
What a wonderful thing that this simple practice brought this deep compassion and I have witnessed this in so many of my students. 
I am so grateful that I am able to do this work. 
Thank you. 
(R. Brady) Our next speaker will be Meena Srinivasan who is an international mindfulness educator. 
She has brought it to classrooms of both middle school and upper school. 
She has quite a bit to say about how to bring mindfulness into the classroom, she has much experience doing so. 
(Meena Srinivasan) Thank you Richard. 
I'd like to begin from a space of gratitude to all of my teachers, and to everyone who helped  make this conference a reality. 
And of course, gratitude to all of you, because there are so many other places  that you could be right now, especially during summer vacation,  yet you chose to be here and to spend a week sharing  in the practice of mindfulness. 
I think that this mindfulness  in education movement is really signaling a pedagogical shift, and a shift towards authenticity  and one that is infused with relationships and a shift towards the whole child that was so beautifully spoken about. 
It is just a real gift to be here  and to share in that with all of you. 
Earlier on, in my career as an educator, first of all, I became a teacher like many teachers because I had this motivation  to want to serve and to want to contribute and to want to make the world  a better place in some way. 
Early on, I was at a conference and I had encountered this pretty well-known  Thai intellectual named Sulak Sivaraksa, some of you might have heard about him, He is a well-known engaged Buddhist. 
I was asking him something theoretical about social emotional learning. 
He just looked at me and he said:"My dear, a good teacher must first be happy." 
I am going to quote Auden  and not the Buddha. 
I had read Parker Palmer and I had read that teachers teach you who they are. 
But it really wasn't until  I had encountered the Plum Village mindfulness practice that I was able to touch that peace in myself and really understood  how the teacher transmits their presence. 
A good friend of mine, once wrote that the unwritten curriculum in the classroom is the teacher's presence. 
Through the practice, I was able to get tools and ways in which I could really cultivate that happiness, that joy within myself. 
Of course, I was really eager to go back  and share with my students. 
But what Thay really emphasizes is that the way in which you really share is through your way of being  and it starts there. 
And then,  you will develop that authenticity where when you are sharing mindfulness practices, they come rather naturally. 
So, I am going to share one story of transformation that happened in my classroom teaching. 
Then with time permitting, share some specific practices that I share with my students. 
I was teaching in Oakland, most recently, Oakland California, for the past three years at progressive school where the organization Mindful Schools started. 
So I was in a really wonderful space  to be sharing the practice. 
And before that, I taught  at an international school in India where we had actually a group of educators that met weekly to share the practice. 
And in India I had this unique experience  of being an expat but obviously looking very Indian,  having an Indian name, and having Indian heritage but being the only teacher in the school that was of Indian heritage  but that was an American. 
And I had one student,  who was an adorable, sweet little boy. 
I was running an academic program  and in the process of hiring an assistant. 
When I shared with this student  that I was hiring an assistant, this boy said, "Is it going to be an Indian person?" 
At that moment, I could just feel so much pain inside myself and really touching the face of having  felt discriminated against growing up and feeling like an outsider. 
Before the practice,  I probably would have said to him, 
"That is unacceptable,  you can't say that". 
I would have reacted. 
But because of the practice, 
I went to my breath,  I recognised what was coming up, and I was able to respond, not react. 
And asked him, "Why would you not want to hire someone who's Indian? 
Talk to me about that." 
I realized he didn't want to come to India but was there because of his father's job and he had difficulty  understanding the accents and it was nothing about me  being Indian. 
But here I am, immediately  going to that place. 
I share that story because  it was really powerful moment for me where the practice made me realize... it helped me really develop compassion and understanding in myself  and not react. 
Really look at my student  as another human being and not sort of teacher-student  relationship. 
I think sometimes mindfulness can be sold  like a gimmick, as stress reduction, increasing focus, increasing attention. 
But this path that we are on,  when you are practicing mindfulness it is about awakening,  it is about liberation, it is about dissolving those identities of teacher and student, really developing authentic relationship. 
At that moment, when I had  that interaction with this boy in my class 
I realized the power of the practice. 
When I share the practice with my students I do a lot of things with them, most recently teaching middle school,  I start every class by inviting the bell. 
Two things I can offer from what I learned with sharing the practice is to always frame it as an invitation, especially with young people. 
I've never been dogmatic about it  but always frame it as an invitation. 
Authenticity is so key. 
When you are being authentic, the kids are more up to really be present, to being engaged and be available. 
So, I'll start the class saying, 
"Okay, our bodies are here  but where are our minds? 
Our minds could still be at Math,  our minds could still be at lunch. 
Let's take a moment, invite the bell and come back to ourselves so we can be here." 
And it is really helpful for me as a teacher. 
I read once somewhere, that we make more decisions  during the course of our work day than any other professions  except surgeons. 
No wonder we are so exhausted  at the end of the day. 
So, taking that time for me  with my students at the start of the classes  is tremendously helpful. 
I also do deep relaxation with them. 
I actually only want to do it  once every two weeks because of training, we have so much  that we need to go through, but they put together a petition  that said "We want deep relaxation at least once a week". 
Beginning anew is another practice  that you are going to learn about, and I use that to mediate conflict and  also I use it with my students when I want one-on-one conference with them. 
So, we have a clean slate with each other and also own up for any unskillfulness I've had. 
That is the authenticity piece. 
Naming, when you yourself  as a teacher have been unskillful, 
I think it is really powerful. 
The practice of loving kindness, often times, I also start the class with that. 
I'm really happy... (Bell) to be here and hear more questions about integrating practice into classroom, you can feel free to find me anytime. 
(R. Brady) Thank you, Meena. 
Our third speaker is Michele Chaban,  also from the University of Toronto. 
She is co-founder and co-director of the Inter-professional Applied  Mindfulness Meditation Certificate, which has five different strands,  it is a very large program. 
She is the one who got it going. 
Michele, why don't you share with us? 
(Michele Chaban) Good afternoon everybody, I'd like to begin with offering a blessing to you, for those of you who are teachers formally and for the rest of us  who teach informally. 
May you be well. 
May you be healthy. 
May you be whole everyday. 
May you be happy. 
May you be supported  from within and above you. 
And may you continue  with your good work, because together we will change the world. 
I am so pleased to be here  with you today. 
I guess we have been asked to speak  a little bit about ourselves,so here I go. 
I used to be a model for Elizabeth Art  in Canada and it was a wonderful life. 
And one day, a drunk-driver ran into me  and took my legs and my arms away from me. 
And in years that ensued,  I lost my ability to talk and walk. 
I kept my mind andI lost my body. 
And science didn't have the resources to be able to help heal me and I waited. 
I stared at white ceilings for good  eight years before the fMRI was developed. 
In the process of that, there was  no pain management in Toronto area. 
And there was tremendous suffering in my body. 
That one body could produce so much suffering was an amazing thing to me. 
You have a choice in that kind of suffering about whether you are going to stay alive, go mad or do something different with it. 
So I decided that what I do  is to study about suffering. 
I were a case of one and  I had lots of academic work that I could do every single minute of every day. 
So, rather than the fight-flight-faint kind of approach that people often have to stress, 
I, in fact, step in with the stress,  held it as one that holds a child  or a brand new puppy. and started to look how it changed me and made me. 
I appreciated every moment. 
I was like a snail walking on a razor's edge. 
Every single move hurt. 
When it finally got to the point that  scientists developed enough knowledge to know what is going on with me,  they asked me how I was injured, how I not going mad,  and I was able to say, 
I am in the process of it,  studying suffering. 
I took my pain and I tried  to shift it around a little bit. 
I use my mind inside myself to try and see whether there was a place  where there was no pain, whether there was an empty spot. 
So I have to say that the practice of mindful meditation  came to me through a drunk driver. 
And I am deeply appreciative for him  and all he has done. 
When I started walking again,  in my mid 30s, they asked me what is it  I wanted to do. 
All I had was a tremendous degree in suffering. 
(Laughter) 
So I took that and  I went into Palliative Care. 
There are some people here today  who remember my work in Palliative Care. 
I would speak about how the kind  of work that we do with the dying, which was pharma care, grief and  bereavement, was wholly inadequate. 
That this is an experience in life that is so profound that we need to be able to work  with it differently. 
So I started using mindfulness meditation in Palliative Care and got results that  are absolutely remarkable. 
I became a teacher in Palliative Care. 
I am a theologian and a social worker but I work in Faculty of Medicine  and Faculty of Social Work, also Bio-Ethics in the Dalai Lama's  School of Public Health. 
And I tried very hard to start  to bring changes in the system and we succeeded for a while. 
Then finally I left at the age of 55 and at about 6 weeks' mark into my retirement, the University of Toronto phoned and said, "Would you come and teach mindfulness meditation course, just one or two courses?" 
I thought I was kind of smart, I said, "Yeah, I can do that with my eyes closed." 
And he didn't get the joke, but I thought  I was being brilliant. 
(Laughter) 
So, anyway, we started and  because I have the disability, 
I asked a colleague to teach with me because there are days I just can't walk and there are days that  my voice is not so good, so I always worked with a colleague. 
So we started off about 8 years ago. 
We had no money and what we had to do  is we have to make sure that we have enough students  to be able to pay the teachers. 
So, that is one of the most important lessons for you to think about. 
We keep waiting for money and  permission to do this work. 
And you don't have to do that. 
You just have to step into it and  you have to find a way to integrate it. 
So whether you do luncheon learns for the teachers, whether you do it after school program, whether you integrate it into the teachers' morning coffee, however you are going to do it. 
There are so many different ways  to be able to start to integrate mindfulness  and mindfulness meditation. 
Jack is right; that  if you teach the teachers, it will be contagious and  it will go right through the classroom. 
So, now I teach at University of Toronto,  and I also teach APEC master. 
So, two universities  for the mindfulness program. 
That's remarkable. 
And why are they asking? 
Because they realize that in health care in particular, not in education that is our issue, my program is addressing the professionalism which includes education but largely is a lot  of health care professionals. 
We are suffering. 
I would say that right across the board, the society is suffering. 
I think the world is suffering. 
And we have forgotten how it is  that we are to attend this suffering. 
So this is my goal and I have 60 workshops at University of Toronto and  there are 40 faculties. 
Many of them who are here today. 
Okay, go ahead, hit the gong. 
(Laughter) 
That is another thing  mindfulness can do for you. 
It just allows you just a larger vision because you perceptual feel changes. 
(Laughter) 
So I want to say to you that this is easy. 
You can't be stuck in your demoralization  and we are all feeling demoralized. 
When you start to think back  to the early work of Thay around the Vietnamese war or Martin Luther King we worked with, you can imagine their demoralization  around seeing so many people injured. 
We have gone the longest  of any civilization without war. 
Steven Pinker actually says that we are becoming more peaceful. so we did better in terms of our nature, believing the statistics. 
In Toronto the crime rate has gone down. 
I am not saying that is because  40 faculties are teaching the world how to meditate. 
But Toronto is not the place where the crime rate should be going down. 
I am not going to put those 2 statistics together but they certainly are curiosities. 
So imagine the changes you can bring and  you don't have to wait for funding, you don't have to do anything more  than to start the practise yourself. 
And you started it already,  otherwise you would not be here. 
So in closing I am going to say... (Laughter) my five streams that  at University of Toronto are mindfulness and psychotherapy, East and West so that we look at integrating  eastern-western concepts so you don't throw out the baby with the bath water. 
Mindfulness in contemplative education. 
Mindfulness and the mind that works, in another word, how we can work more efficiently and effectively, by breathing and being mindful. 
I have seen the embracing of that at very  significant NGOs and corporate cultures. 
We also have the embodied mind, which is part of what Thay talks about and Dan Siegel. 
Yoga and mindfulness which  is being used in psychiatric facilities in downtown Toronto. 
And the last one is contemplative art, using art to be able  to bring our attention home. 
So, I am going to finish  by saying thank you very much and again much gratitude to the faculties  of University of Toronto, as well as to my masters for their  brilliance, their insight, their courage to be the change that we wish to see. 
(Phap Dung) Dear friends, please listen to one sound of the bell, and enjoy our breathing. 
Just simply breathing, smile to ourselves. 
(Half bell) (Bell) 
(R. Brady) Thank you Michele. 
Our next speaker is actually  one of Michele's teachers. 
And in her program, Theo Koffler,  who besides teaching in the program at University of Toronto, is the founder  of Mindfulness Without Border, which has done very wonderful work in very troubled countries around the world. 
And has now come back to Canada. 
- (R. Brady) Theo, - (Theo Koffler) Thank you, Richard. 
I feel so much of my story is part  of the stories that you have heard so far, and I can't wait to hear what happens towards the end. 
I just want to start off by telling you  that my heart swells with excitement. 
When I look out to you, 1300 educators, I think, in this room, all interested in bringing mindfulness into your life, taking it into your professional worlds,  into education or health care, wherever you are situated. 
And to know that, in 2005, I was part  of a small group of people that developed the first ever  symposium for contemplation education. 
And we were 35 people  around the table. 
And thanks to Thay and  his wonderful community, here you are, being offered the opportunity  explore the mindfulness and discover it by yourself and bring it on home. 
So, I am just so terribly blessed,  pleased and grateful at the same time to be here with you. 
So, as you heard, all of us has been asked a little bit how we got into mindfulness. 
So my purpose today  is to tell you that. 
And how not only did I arrive to mindfulness but how certain passion  would develop my circumstances, to create some social impact and  bring mindfulness out into the world. 
In 1985, I was diagnosed with Lupus. 
For those who don't know what lupus is, it is an autoimmune deficiency disorder. 
I can only say that  it is horrendous physical pain. 
Every aspect of who I was, was gone  like the water going down the drain. 
I just didn't know who I was any longer. 
I had been working and living in Israel, I had very little family support. 
And coming from Toronto, Canada, 
I had very little experience as if almost none, on living in a country of conflict, that was fragmented by war and violence. 
I was quite suspect that a lot  of the stress that came right of that, was really the catalyst  to my lupus. 
I couldn't get any western doctor to agree with that, that is besides the point. 
So, I was in tremendous pain  and it was very debilitating. 
And at the risk of getting dramatic,  had it not been a girlfriend who walked into my living room with this little white book by Thich Nhat Hanh, called 'Peace is Every Step',  I am not so sure I will be here today. 
It changed my life. 
I went that summer to Toronto, 
I bought another book  called 'The Miracle of Mindfulness', and it set me free. 
I came back to Israel because I was living there at that time, I had two children. 
And I went to my doctor and I said,  "No more medicine,I think I have the key." 
I started meditation, tai-chi,  a micro-biotic diet, and I practiced breathing,  breathing, breathing, staying centered in the present moment as  supposed to, resonating into my own story, my challenges, and so on and so forth. 
Mindfulness really helped me  navigate the obstacles in my life. 
So, as time unfolded,  I started to feel better. 
And in fact, my greatest obstacle  became my greatest gift, how about that? 
I am sure you all experience that, 
I am sure my story is similar to many of your stories but it ended up that this obstacle,  this loop was the gift that allowed me to open up and bring mindfulness to others. 
So it wasn't that I wanted my experience to be heard by others but what I did want to do is to discover and explore what is the role and relationship of mindfulness,  not just in every day living and healing but in countries of conflict  where societies are fragmented, where the people are growing up  in conditions that are horrific. 
And so I went to Rwanda and  did a mapping report. 
I found out that actually these societies generally fragmented by war really want to build community and  what better to all than using mindfulness as a way to bring people back to the present moment. 
After being encouraged to bring  mindfulness into health-care in Rwanda and actually in Kigali and only  in a selected number of NGOs... just to give the proportion, one small step at a time... 
After our workshops there,  we then went to Nigeria and to Uganda, and we found out that everywhere we went, what mindfulness was doing, was unlocking the human potential of people unable to look at their life as they are in the present moment, because they are so stuck and  horrified by their pasts. 
So when we were in Rwanda,  one of our teachers said, 
"Why don't you do this for youth,  especially youth in Rwanda." 
Because when they transition  at the high school, it is not like a lot of them go to higher education, as they do in Canada and the States and another developed countries. 
I thought to myself,  "That is a good idea." 
Mindfulness Without Borders not only develops programs  for health-care provider, professionals and the adults that surround youth, but let's do something for youth as well. 
And in time, with a group  of wonderful practitioners, and educators and lay people, and the younger generation thinkers, we developed curriculum called  The Mindfulness Ambassador Council. 
What separates us, I believe,  from the strictly mindfulness curriculum is that we wed social and emotional  competencies into the program. 
It is 12 weeks. 
We teach and facilitate conversations in a council, where we value everybody's voice equally,  where there is no discrimination. 
No discrimination. 
(Laughs) 
And where we appreciate diversity, where we build self-esteem and, more than ever, where we hear people, we hear anyone who is in our council. 
We hear their voices, and we value them. 
So, our core values in the organization  are core concepts of mindfulness. 
Our programs that we built  are core concepts of mindfulness. 
And we start off with breathing, 
We start off with using the breath  to bring us into the present moment. 
We move into understanding and  talking about some of the challenges that prevent us from being our best self. 
We develop conversation around being compassionate, empathetic, understanding. 
And all through the council process where  we just deeply listen to one another. 
It has been remarkable journey, and I think that if we all begin to take what we know best, model mindfulness to others, and advocate for that together as a community, 
I think we will be stronger. 
I know we are in 23 states of Toronto  capital and district school board. 
And had it not for two lovely women who  are here, Rita Mamon and Diane Benasco, we would have never gone  as deep as we have there. 
We plan to expand the roots  and we look to you as advocates. 
So, thank you and if you want  to learn more, we have a faculty here and we are in the bookstore there. 
Thank you very very much. 
(R. Brady) Thank you, Theo. 
Can we have one bell? 
(Half bell) (Bell) 
(R. Brady) Our next speaker  will be Jon Kristian Salunga. 
Jon is a classroom teacher  in a high school in San Diego. 
He teaches English and like many of you, he teaches in public schools. 
It is probably not so easy  to actually teach a practice so that may not be  the door you come in. 
We will hear from Jon  about the door he has entered. 
(Jon K. Salunga) I will read a little something for all of us here. 
I wanted to read that and have some other notes too, but I'll be talking instead. 
Dear beloved educators,  I am writing just to say I see you. 
I see you and recognise the fullness  of your life of service, your expertise, your care and hard work, your wakefulness,  your sacrifice, your great offerings found day in  and day out of your classroom, in your lecture halls,  in your offices. 
I see you here,  I see you breathing in and out, connecting with the source of innate wisdom and peace, and power of inner source called mindfulness, our inner curriculum. 
I see you breathing in and out  to give birth to the change, to be the teachers you wish  to see in the world, 
I see you here. 
Breathing in, I am aware  of the daily acts of compassion you contribute in the world through your classroom. 
All the seen and unseen things that you hold, you endure, you balance, you tolerate,  you skillfully negotiate, to keep open the paths of possibility, promise and potential for all our youth. 
Breathing in, I bow deeply  to your immeasurable generosity, fortitude and creativity. 
I see you, I know you are here, and I am happy. 
May we be fully present to engage the collective shift and transformation taking place during this time, this right time on our planet and may we courageously  and creatively participate in bringing the heart back  to the art of teaching. 
May we breathe this new life in ourselves and our work, in the most creative, affirmative, expressive or subtle of ways in countless places for the benefit of our students,  our communities and the planet. 
I offer a lotus to you,  the Bodhisattva Educator in you. 
Thank you for being here. 
I work at a high school in San Diego, 
I just want to share my experience  of practicing and bringing in the mindfulness practice more to myself and my work. 
Not necessarily to share with the students, but bringing the field of my own work into my scope of view from mindfulness. 
So, I am going to share something that  I learn from that, maybe might be helpful. 
I am working, in what we call an inner city school, with 95% of the students of color,  African-American students,Latino students, 
Filipinos, South-East Asian,  Somalian students. 
I am just sharing that because that is the context from where I teach. 
That is my cushion. 
(Laughter) 
And I am just sharing today - I have 10 years of teaching so I know there is a lot of other  experienced educators here. 
It is just to share my process  and to enter into a dialog. 
I guess I use a little of teacher-talk. 
I'll start with an essential question, that's kind of thing that  we say in our role, right? 
So, what shows up  when I bring my work life into the field of view of my mindfulness practice? 
And actually one of the things  that I have been experiencing is that actually there is a lot  of unlearning like I am doing, a lot of the habit energy that are part  of school, part of our work. 
I am unlearning that. 
The way that we are unlearning maybe, our relationship to eating very fast. 
Or even just walking and taking for granted the walking that we do. 
I feel like, maybe it is contradictory  but I feel like bringing my work into my mindfulness practice actually invites me to do a lot of unlearning. 
A lot of moving against the habit energy of how school functions. 
So I don't know if that is helpful, but I that's one of the things that I am finding out. 
One of my main motivations  for doing this is, 
I guess I feel like there is a lot  of things that are difficult about being a teacher. 
There is a lot of things that  are difficult about working with students in terms of where they are. 
I think one of the things that Thay shared in the very beginning of the retreat was about the mindfulness of suffering. 
And I know we all know somethings are complicated but I feel that there is a way to look into the students and to ask ourselves or to ask myself, what has really happened? 
So, in California, or maybe other parts where you teach, things have gone to the point  where we are doing a lot of teaching work, but I am not really quite sure what is actually being received by the students. 
I feel here is a lot of busyness that teaching and learning can look like we are very busy working, giving this, doing that,computers are out, but what are actually students getting? 
What are we actually cultivating  in young people? 
I feel that is a hard question, but I think in my mind, but I feel that is a thing  that I've been asked to look at. 
To look at that,  so young people are only test scores. 
But that's the things that  the conversations at my school are, that's the kind of conversation that we are welded to. 
I feel the mindfulness practice gives me opportunity not to feel overwhelmed by that,  but to look at it very clearly, so that I can understand  how to respond. 
I can understand how to respond. 
For instance - this might be  a small example- one of my students was sometimes  hanging out at lunch. 
One time he said: 
"Why do you always say Good afternoon to your fifth period class?" 
I guess I didn't really think much of it,  I guess I just want to say that. 
He was saying, "I don't ever hear that in my classrooms." 
I guess I just feel like - to me that's  a moment for me to listen, to listen to what are the experiences that young people are having in the classrooms. 
Sometimes - once again, hopefully your  work environments are much more healthy- 
I think sometimes schools are very  transactional for young people. 
You do your part,  I do my part. 
Don't get into my business, I won't get in your business, 
Time passes, turn something in, then bye-bye, bell rang. 
(Laughter) 
So we are in this thing,  more like tennis, it rolls that way,  'doing the schooling thing'. 
But what is really going on? 
What kind of young people  are we really preparing for the planet that we live in,  for the communities that they live in? 
I don't know, I feel like my mindfulness practice brings me closer to this conversation. 
I have to teach, right. 
The curriculum is not outside of this. 
There are ways that we can definitely skillfully use curriculum, the choices that we make, so that they nourish the young people. 
We don't just cover them with stuff,  this is the thing, we just deliver the lesson with this type  of languages that we have in the school. 
I am just sharing here. 
I think there is this moment where touching and  really looking clearly at what is there. 
And then, that also begins to tells us  what is not there. 
That begins to inform our practice in terms of other ways of being that we can occupy and  what we can offer into the classroom in the midst of the essay and  the pre-writing and the brainstorming and all the things that we are doing. 
I work in an English reading  and writing classroom, so I have been looking at how mindfulness is an expression of literacy of reading. 
What do you see,  what do I see as a teacher. 
Do I see just a student? 
Or do I see somebody that I don't like? 
Do I see my own perceptions,  and live through those perceptions? 
What am I listening to? 
What can I hear? 
Do I even have the space to hear? 
Maybe I feel really overwhelmed. 
So I just hear the noise and I get aggravated and I lash out. 
I think, I am using my professional practice and the language around teaching or the educationist things and trying to disrupt that a little bit,  to try to wrestle it back. 
Just like we are doing here. 
We are trying to reclaim walking  so that it is nourishing for us. and not just this thing that ends up  wasting our energy, aggravating it. 
So, in your classrooms, all the things that you do in your classrooms, so many tests right, just to even started in the day. 
When you get into your classroom, what are some things you can do to re-purpose, re-energize, re-use, re-strategize,  deal, adapt that moment for yourself. 
So for instance,  we just got new computers, so I have to check them everyday. 
So I can make that really aggravating for myself. 
Or I can sit, get my chair and sit there and breathe and take my time, right? 
I sweep in my classroom, this is one thing I have to do. 
But you know,do I get angry, "The kids, they don't know the trash can", etc. 
(Laughter) 
Or I take my time, I don't have to think, right? 
Even better. 
Even better, just sweep. 
You know what I mean? 
(Laughter) 
And I am energizing myself  while I am doing that. 
I don't know whether it is helpful, but I think finding times during your day, standing in the copy room... (Bell) (Laughter) 
Thank you brother. 
(R. Brady) One bell. 
That's fine sometimes. 
Sorry, I'll go a little more faster. 
So, I think there are ways to ... (Laughter) (R. Brady) Outline the summary. 
Okay, thank you. 
(Laughter) 
(Bell) (Laughter) 
(R. Brady) Thank you Jon, I think this brings up a question that many of us have, which is if we bring mindfulness into our classroom, will there be less time for the other things? 
(Laughter) 
So the answer is no. 
Katherine Weare is a professor at the Exeter University in UK. 
She has been very involved in social  emotional learning, creating curriculum, and more recently, has been involved  with the creation and evaluation of the .b (dot-be) Mindfulness Curriculum which is developed for secondary students in England by mindfulness practitioners who  are teachers in secondary schools. 
- (R. Brady) So, Katherine ... 
- (K. Weare) Thank you. 
Thank you for inviting me here. 
As you get that I am from England,  so I hope you'll understand the accent. 
(Laughter) 
It is great to be here and looking at these great crowded people can make you feel quite jumped-up really about yourself and feel you are very important  to be sat on this stage. 
I went home once after a do like this and I said to my son- he was in the kitchen- 
"I had a great time. 
Somebody came up to me afterwards and said, 'I could listen  to you talk all day'." 
He said, "Only because we don't have to." 
(Laughter) 
But I am afraid you have to, for 7 and half minutes, whatever I have left. 
Like everyone here, I have a mindfulness story and it is very similar actually, to some of the earlier ones. 
I was sailing along as a very successful, in inverted commas, academic. 
I am English so I find claiming to be successful difficult, we are very self-deprecating. 
But I was doing okay ( ) 
Then I got a condition like lupus,  an autoimmune condition called Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and I hope no one here ever gets it but if you do, it is similar, horribly painful. 
I was just outraged at this. 
I was in terrible pain and couldn't walk very well and my life was being very narrowed by this. 
My reaction to this was just to feel outraged, that my life was being spoiled in this way. 
Actually ugly enough I became quite suicidal in a sort of way. 
What is the point of life, really? 
You know, this is not right and  I became quite depressed about this and discovered mindfulness  which actually, to be serious about it, really did save my life and it gave me my life back. 
I took early retirement from a job  that was driving me nuts and decided to re-train in mindfulness  at the University of Exeter. 
Now, my job before this was in social and emotional learning and I was training to  be a mindfulness instructor for adults. 
Suddenly, it occurred to me that there might be a link between mindfulness for adults and mindfulness for kids and social emotional learning. 
I don't know what took me  so long to point that out. 
Then I started developing work on mindfulness in schools and discovered, of course, that there was a lot already happening. 
As it has been said, I got involved in a major program in United Kingdom which is a lovely program  called .b (dot-be). 
I became involved  with the work of Thich Nhat Hanh, by muscling my way into a educators retreat in London. 
I was just a substitute to a person  who was supposed to turn up, so I kept hoping that he  would turn up and take over. 
Recently, I have been advising  the Mind and Life Institute where the Dalai Lama is developing a very similar initiative to Wake Up Schools. 
So, rather like your car driver, in a way 
I thank the condition I got. 
It's strange really how life can turn out. 
How suffering can turn  into something such good. 
Anyway, to stop talking about myself which we the English find very difficult, 
-you guys find it very easy  but we feel embarrassed by all these hard stuff- I'll get more pragmatic now. 
And in a sense just give you a few messages from what I guess, 
I have gathered with working  with people in schools, particularly in Europe but across the world, really. 
I think it has been said many times but this is essentially about you, as teachers, educators and administrators. 
Just to add a thought to that, which  is to bring this kindness and compassion to yourself, including the bits where it doesn't work very well, where you are not as mindful  as you should be. 
Because we really need not turn mindfulness into another ought. 
So if we don't practice,  we don't feel very guilty. 
I know some of the adults that I teach, when they stop practicing  for a while and get back into it, the first rumination they say is, "Why I don't do this more often, it is awfully good for me, I am really  a bad person if I don't keep this up". 
So, let's be kind to ourselves, including when we aren't as mindful as we should be. 
Not turn the mindfulness  into another ought, because we can do that  if we are not careful. 
I guess I'll advice you to get support and to say that of course there is a great deal of it about, really. 
There is a lot of mindfulness happening  in many ways and under many titles. 
So let's not get obsessed with any  particular approach, sect or language. 
Let's reach out to people in social emotional learning. 
There are many mindfulness programs happening at the moment, very good curriculum being already developed. 
If you want to know what is around,  go on the Garrison website. 
There are 37 programs to draw and  lots of fascinating stuffs around. 
I think we should really see science as an ally, not the enemy and I am sure I am preaching to the converted here. 
But I think things like randomized control trials can be our friend not our enemy. 
I said that to someone  who is just being part of a group who published the randomised control trial or the .b program, and found very effective changes in terms of stress and anxiety and so on. 
Neuroscience is our friend, not our enemy. 
We don't want too much 'do-wellism' here. 
We don't want to start thinking  nice people teach mindfulness and nasty people teach physics and math. 
(Laughter) 
(Bell) 
It is the same in classrooms. 
I am going to take 2 minutes  to say a couple of things, if I may. 
The final thing I'd like  to say really is to make sure that we bring mindfulness to people, not to expect people to come to it. 
And to be aware that for some people, the kind of stuff we do is very off-putting and very weird and very odd. 
We need to stop where they are, not where we'd like them to be. 
If we want to talk to teens,  for example, it may be 'singing songs about flowers' is not going down well with some tough teenagers. 
(Laughter) 
Mad, dare I say. 
Don't we get any more minutes  for laughter time? 
No? 
Okay. 
(Laughter) 
Just to make sure that we express things in ways, in the language and imagery and use things like films and pop music and so on to really appeal to teens. 
Similarly, if we are talking to  administrators, let's talk where they are. 
Let's talk the language of stress  and number of days saved if people learn mindfulness, not to expect them to get into the spiritual side. 
They will get there, it is a path, we can start anywhere, as these people said. 
An image I quite like is that of being a Trojan mule, if you excuse my metaphor. 
What we are trying to do, is to get into schools, universities anyhow. 
Then the process does the work, really. 
But I'll just finish with the story about how off-putting mindfulness can be to some people. 
I have a lovely colleague, very eminent professors of University of Exeter, called Willem Kuyken. 
His daughter said to him after he  came back after one of these dos saying how well it went. 
She said, "You do know dad,  that mindfulness is for losers." 
(Laughter) 
He said, "Okay, you are sure about that?" 
She said, "Yup." 
Then she phone him later. 
She said, " I just want to clarify that a bit." 
He thought, "She is going to say, 'I don't really mean it, dad'". 
She said:"I just want you to know that it is not just me that thinks that." 
(Laughter) 
And this is a girl's experience  in home and so on. 
She is a teenager, anything her parents  do is automatically awful. 
It is important really to start where people are, and to make sure that we do this in ways that appeal to people and don't just gratify our own egos. 
Okay, thank you for your time. 
(R. Brady) Thank you, Katherine. 
(Half bell) 
(Bell) 
(R. Brady) Our next speaker is John Bell, who is the vice president of Youth Build USA. 
He has a long career working with young people in leadership development in a variety of different kinds of settings. 
We'll hear more about what  he is doing, from John. 
(John Bell) Dear Thay, dear friends, let's see who is in the room first. 
How many here are classroom teachers? 
Please raise your hand. 
Wow, just take a look around. 
Wave to each other. 
(Laughter) 
How many here are school leaders or school administrators? 
Wave to each other. 
How many work with young people outside of school settings? 
Ah, yes, wave to each other. 
How many would like to be working with young people? 
(Laughter) Alright. 
How many of you are parents? 
Look at that. 
Alright, I work with young people who have dropped out of the school systems. 
People from low income background,  ages 16 to 24. 
And what they say to us in the Youth Build program as they come into, is, 
"They didn't care about us in school. 
Nobody cared about me." 
So, I just want to say, from all  of young people in Youth Build, tens of thousand have been in Youth Build, who have experienced good teachers as I think most of you probably are. 
I know that you've started- 
Jon, your blessing to them was very appropriate- you started your career because you want to make a difference, I know that. 
From all the young people in Youth Build who know the teaching makes a difference, 
I am standing for them to say thank you  very much, it does make a difference. 
I am bringing some voices of some young people I work with. 
There are 3.5 million young people  who are between ages 16 to 24, who are out of school, out of work and raised in lower income communities. 
Here is one of them, Mike Dean. 
Well, so much for order. 
(Laugh) 
I am OK. 
(Laughter) 
Mike's is in here somewhere. 
Staplers are very useful. 
(Laughter) 
Mike says: 
"I've never had an easy year growing up in Columbus, Ohio. 
I lived in a drug-infested home  without a father. 
My neighborhood was drown  in confusion and negativity. 
The lack of positive goals and dreams led me to a life of crime. 
I dropped out of high school  with a baby on the way. 
I had no home, no money  and no help. 
I put my hope in the crime on the streets. 
At the time, that scene  was my only option. 
Crime on the streets eventually led me to jail. 
I came close to death many times. 
The lost that changed ... 
The lost that changed my life was the violent death of my younger brother." 
It was 1967, Mike found his way into Youth Build program in Columbus, Ohio. 
And today, 14 years later, he is the director of his own Youth Build program, he is a minister of his own congregation, he is the owner of his own  construction company. 
He has a family and 4 children  and he owns his own home. 
There are millions of young people who have this aspirations, they want  the same thing that you and I want. 
They want to know their true nature,  they want to know their value, they want to make a contribution, and they want to be able to support their families and be happy and safe, right? 
Yet, because of poverty and racism,  they have been denied that opportunity. 
And the schools have failed them. 
You all who worked in some of those school have tried your best to counteract that. 
Youth Build is developed  as a place for them to land. 
We started,my wife and long-time partner,  Dorothy Stoneman, who is right here, started Youth Build in 1978  at East Harlem, New York. 
We as young people had some adult  back-up and some money to do. 
So, I stared across the street and said, "I would like to fix up that building". 
It took us 5 years to do that first building. 
Starting there step-by-step,  there are now 273 Youth Build programs in the country's poorest communities and 16 other countries like South Africa, 
Serbia, Haiti, Mexico. 
They asked us to come  by Afghanistan lately, I said: 
"Wait! 
Get your things together first, then we'll think about that." 
They spent about a year in the program,  going to school, getting the GED diploma. 
Half the time they add and had the time building affordable houses for lower income people, learning leadership skills. 
In this process they reclaim their lives. 
Here are some elements that I think will work and we know about them here. 
One is caring and love. 
They come in pretty beat-up  by racism and poverty. 
And when I trained steps  to work with this program, 
I use Thay's story and some  of you may have heard this. 
He talks about -would you hold the mike for me so I can demonstrate this?- 
He talks about the flower and -no, for me.- (Laughter) 
- (K. Weare)There. 
- (J. Bell) Okay, here we go. 
So, Thay - a little more to this side. 
(Laughter) 
So, Thay talks about the flowers like tulips that close up at night. 
Every morning the sun comes up, beams down... (Laughter) 
It is not working. 
The flower is here, the sun is here. 
(Laughter) 
(K. Weare) What are you going to do now? 
And the sun beams down its photons indiscriminately on the flower and its natures open up. 
The story works  with young people. 
The young people came in  like this, all closed up. 
And our job as teachers, and parents, and Youth workers, is to beam down love and respect indiscriminately on what they've done. 
And they begin to test it out. 
Sometimes it goes like that. 
(Laughter) 
Sometimes it goes like that. 
Sometimes it goes like that again. 
But our job is their nature to open to their own health. 
And they will move towards that. 
Sometimes it takes years, we know. 
We get letters from students,  10, 15 years out of Youth Build saying, 
"Thank you, I couldn't get it then, but now I know." 
Thank you. 
(Laughter) 
So,respect and caring, one is going beyond what they expect, for instance, they said it was, "Oh yeah, they come and grab me. 
They knocked on my door  when I didn't get up for school. 
They sat by my mum's hospital bed  when my mum was in coma. 
They came and get me out of jail when I get busted for stupid stuff over the weekend. 
Nobody ever did that for me before. 
Nobody cared about me." 
So, that thing that Thay says  'goes in in order to go out'. 
It comes in from the staff of caring  teachers, people like yourself first, unrelentingly, fiercely,constantly pouring that love and attention and going beyond their expectations to care about them. 
To care about them. 
Here is a poem, 
(Bell) by Travis Daniels, a Youth Build student. 
He was at a conference and saw all people like you caring and talking about the program,  and how they want to help it. 
"His Hero, from being lonely and getting blunted to seeing concern and feeling wanted. 
From hating you because you stared, to loving you because you cared. 
In the pain, I am in a struggle, I need to talk, I need to hug you. 
I hope that you feel my heart and its words. 
Now, picture the youth that stand on the curbs. 
They have no hope, they see no change. 
They try to live but stuck in their ways. 
16 years old and suicidal,  you may not relate but trust me, I do. 
I reminisce about my cries for help,  no one noticed that I hit myself. 
As time went on, a lost soul grew and was welcomed by those who care for the youth. 
I know there is more that  you want me to be. 
I am still in the dark  but the light, I can see. 
Let it be known, I love what you do,  from now till forever, I'll pray for you." 
So, everything that everyone has said  is part of the picture, right? 
Taking care of ourselves,  appreciating each other, knowing that we can't do it all in one step. 
Taking the step, step-by-step. 
Pouring out the love. 
Mother Teresa, I want to quote her. 
She says,"Love until it hurts  and then love some more." 
I think that's what we're called to do and the more that we take care of ourselves, the more of our natural love we have available to share with our students. 
Thank you very much. 
(Half bell) 
(Bell) 
(R. Brady) Thank you John, thank you all. 
Thank you all. 
We now have about 25 minutes  for questions and answers. 
Please, there are some microphones in the center aisle. 
Please make your question brief, the answers also may also be brief. 
Please ask your question  of the whole group and whoever feels led to respond would do so. 
It maybe that no one feels ready to respond and your question needs just to sit with you, which is a wonderful form  of contemplation. 
Rilke talks about it in a very famous  quotation about living the questions. 
We all have questions that will take years for us to get answers to, so we might not get them today. 
Let's begin with the first question. 
(Man in the audience) Hello, 
I grew up and started practicing as a child in a discipline which is quite different  than anything you do. 
And actually I became a teacher  of this tradition. 
That tradition was alloted to and added to science. 
Science as a tradition, as a discipline, has become the dominant one  in our culture today. 
Now, one of the interesting things is that over the time that I was teaching, 
I was trying to teach the students one thing. 
That is to understand reality. 
And I find that the Buddhist tradition is essentially trying to allow you  to do the same thing, to see reality clearly  and to understand it. 
I wonder whether you teach the students using the Four Noble Truths, etc, to do that. 
(M. Chaban) The new science is going to be something that doesn't divide subject and object, is not reductive and all the paradigms  that went with scientific materialism have been proven inaccurate. 
We have lived for 500 years with one world view and we are at the tipping point of what Michel Foucault, a French  philosopher would say is a new episteme. 
If you look at and this is more... because I am sure you understand this if you are asking the question. 
But if you look at Dan Siegel's work,  he has done a breathless presentation  on what the new sciences will be. 
It would include the subject 'the voice'. 
So, part of what we did today  is we talked about ourselves. 
That wouldn't be allowed a few years ago in any kind of scientific presentation. 
Secondly of all,  we are polished scholarships. 
Some of us are Buddhists,  some of us are not. 
Yet, we deep into different traditions and use them because they counter and form each other in a positive way. 
His Holiness said that Buddhism  is very scientific. 
If the scientists find anything that  the Buddhists are incorrect round around the 2600 years old tradition in Buddhism, Buddhism will change. 
So far, science has changed  and it changes so rapidly because of how Buddhism is leading us  through the science with the understanding of what  has just been the meditation tradition. 
So, is that an answer to your question? 
(Man) What I am more interested in  is shifting the focus a little bit from happiness and suffering to the cause is that we don't see reality clearly, that is what creates the suffering. 
(R. Brady) I see that is an important question and we have heard it. 
Others may want to be thinking about it  and talking with you about it. 
But let us hear some more questions. 
(Woman in the audience) I just wondered if anyone could talk about on line learning and bringing mindfulness into that. 
I know that is on the rise,  I am an on line teacher, and I just wondered how to be mindful on line. 
(T. Koffler) Thank you for that question. 
It seems like keeping up with technology is also a very important way to spread any body of work, including mindfulness. 
We just recently, because of the many people around the world that were asking for our programs, as well as to learn mindfulness, addressed that through an on line training program. 
And we had a lot of resistance  from our faculty and quite a bit of discussion around,  'is that possible?'. 
Because truthfully, we all know,  mindfulness should be something that we want to share and learn  as a body of work between human beings. 
Either I develop community and so on  and so forth and develop the practice. 
From my short experience of teaching our first ever online training, which was 5 weeks for an hour and half each session, we discovered that it was something we could do as long as the participants were committed to developing their own practice at home. 
So, we are continuing on the way and  we are also know that many organizations, 
Dan Siegel for one,  Mindful Schools for another, many organizations outside of Mindfulness Without Borders are teaching their learning  and offerings on line. 
So, I think it is something to expect and  certainly still in development, a work in progress. 
(R. Brady) Thank you. 
(Man in the audience) Thank you very much to the panel, to each of you for insightful discussion. 
I think, in listening it refers to me that one of the biggest problems teachers face is, with increasing class sizes, will be the ability to give direct  one-on-one attention to the students. 
When you are standing in front of a class with 30, 40, sometimes even 50 students, it becomes a temporal impossibility  to give the attention that in my experience was always very formative, to have a teacher that really is there and even sees you and is working directly with you. 
Last year, I worked with a non-profit organization that makes it demanded to find spaces for teachers and educators to make that 1-on-1 relationship possible and teaching and learning institutes can have it in schools. 
So, when I heard Jack and Meena speak about teachers developing their presence for the classroom, as well as John Bell at the end speaking of how a lot of people who leave the school system feel like it was because they were not cared about in it, 
I wonder what can teachers do to really develop that presence for the students in the classroom. 
Of course that is for everyone. 
(J. Miller) I think one thing is that  we can use a variety of groupings. 
We can use small groups and moving  from large group to small group. 
It is going to be difficult  to do a individual when you have 35. 
Again, I am a believer in the circle. 
If you can set the class up as a circle,  and I have class up to 35, when it gets over 35, it becomes a problem. 
But you still can have a circle of 35. 
The circle comes from indigenous people's. 
It is a long tradition and this is the most healing way that we can actually be together. 
I am a strong believer  in the circle but also using other variety in things like tribes which is a way to do small groups, and there are kinds of support  mechanisms for that. 
Those are just a few little things that I would say. 
-(Man) That last one you said, a tribe? 
- (J. Miller) Tribes, yes. 
Jeanne Gibbs has written a book called 'Tribes'. 
Many of our teachers in Ontario  and Toronto are using it. 
It is a powerful technique for dealing with large groups and breaking things down. 
It gives a guideline to how small groups can work. 
Because you can't just put students in small groups and then give them a framework. 
(J. Bell) I would like to offer another idea. 
Sometimes I've seen teachers  scratch their heads. 
What should we do about this issue  when the answers are among students? 
I think if we change our model from thinking we have to control and set it up to saying, "We are building  a community together." 
This takes a lot of time up front, setting the rules together, making contracts, agreements for each other, how do we want to treat each other, to talk with each other. 
Establish all those things. 
What if somebody doesn't talk like that,  what should happen? 
We should bring that up, how should  we handle 'the discipline' issues. 
If you create a collective experience, they are getting that sense of ownership, of democratic decision making, a being mindful of how their behavior is part of the mix. 
It is much more and you have much less behavior problems if you have 35 students helping  to create the classroom culture. 
There are lots of other things. 
The use of constant appreciations and shout-outs. 
What I noticed Tommy doing well the other day. 
Jose, how did he do well as a leader. 
Keep building it a constant thing so they are inoculated with a sense of loving speech and respect and cooperation in the classroom. 
It doesn't eliminate every problem  but it goes a long ways. 
(Half bell) 
(Bell) 
(Man in the audience) I am trying to still sort my thoughts as what exactly my question is. 
Thank you first of all for the panel. 
My question is around working in a country or a continent like ours where there is so much social inequity. 
And those of us who are teaching, many of us are probably working in schools where much of the leadership and ourselves does not reflect the backgrounds of our students. 
We are probably dealing with folks who are coming from backgrounds and inherited ancestry of inequity in our area. 
My question is -and I was especially drawn towards Jon. 
He said in a biography in the book about working with creating spaces for sanghas of color in creating retreats even  for people of color practicing this. 
I am wondering what you can say  to us about what we can do to demonstrate our mindfulness and  our sensitivity to that with our students. 
But also encourage us to release. 
What we want to hold on to is our story of pain and suffering. 
How it is stopping us for going forward. 
And that is a very not politically  correct thing to say, encouraging us to release  what pain we can, especially when it is around our identity is being racial or ethnic one down to the rest of society. 
I am curious of what you  have to say to us about that. 
(J.K. Salunga) I think I'll try to respond, 
Maybe I can have a conversation with you afterwards to share my experience. 
I think the issue of difference is something that is definitely a very rich area for mindfulness practice. 
To be able to have that just like an area of contemplation. 
I think you even raising this question it is a very nice question. 
That would be the same even for me when I work with students that  might be second language learners and working through any sort of differences. 
So I really appreciate your question. 
I think, if I can share about the people of color, that are mostly my students, 
I think that space there is the space that sometimes people may not fully understand. 
But I think it is an issue of safety. 
So maybe I can ask you how do you communicate safety  in your classroom, so that students feel like whether they are different from you, there is a sense of safety there,  that they can do that. 
Or maybe you are being able to share  about resources that are available. 
I think those are just maybe  quick things that are coming to mind. 
But I think those spaces for me,  in terms of supporting that cultivation, it is way be safe, so that you can go in and be able to explore some other things that sometimes in other spaces that type of environment is not readily available. 
There are obstacles to being able to enter, and explore and work. 
So I can end here,  we'll talk later. 
(R. Brady) I'd like to add one thing to that, if I may. 
In our recent conference  of mindfulness in education, we had a psychologist, Sam Himelstein, who works with incarcerated youth. 
Most of the young people  are members of gangs, perpetrators of violence  and victims of violence. 
He talked about one of his colleagues  in his organization who he described as a nerd. 
He said, "This is the last person you would expect to be able  to relate to the clientele. 
But in fact, this man has a wonderful  relationship with the young people because he is completely comfortable with  who he is and he is completely authentic. 
And these young people  feel his authenticity and his authenticity allows them to be their true selves." 
And that is the most important, not the differences, but the authenticity. 
(Woman in the audience) Hello, 
I work in French and American schools. 
I do intervention, teaching meditation and yoga but I usually talk to the children, not so much to the teachers or bosses of the schools. 
And basically, I am looking for help and maybe resources to know to speech, to talk to teachers of big school. 
People give you some money, basically, to come in to the school. 
I am also looking for resources  to translate all the mindfulness that we learn in English in French. 
(Inaudible) 
(J. Bell) I wonder if anybody in the hall could answer her. 
Raise your hand  if you have some resources and then you could speak to her afterwards, okay? 
(Inaudible) 
Someone back there too. 
(M. Srinivasan) I also wanted to mention that collaborative academic social  emotional learning has a great resource. 
They have five competencies that  are specific taught sequentially of self awareness, self management,  social awareness, relationship skills and  helping decision making. 
If you just go to www.casel.org, there is a lot of information there including research about improved attention and focus, and students who have social  emotional learning interventions. 
The latest report had an increase of 11% top points on testings. 
This is all language and information that will be really effective for the administrators too. 
(K. Weare) And also to add, I actually imagine it is very typical. 
The dot-be program in the UK, if you go to it, has a paper  on the evidence based and the curriculum has been translated into French. 
I would imagine if you went  to the Garrison website and looked the various programs there, you would find quite a lot of resources. 
There are 37 programs. 
If you start clicking, you will find stuff, I'm sure. 
(M. Srinivasan) Richard suggests that I spell 'casel', it is C-A-S-E-L dot org. 
And they also have the evidence based  programs up there and research as well. 
(K. Weare) It is in the UK, it is called the Mindfulness in Schools Program. 
There is free download of a paper only evidence-based from mindfulness in school. 
It is just called Mindfulness in Schools, if you put UK, you'll find it, and it's called .b which  is a full-stop with the small 'b'. 
It means basically stop and breathe or stop and be, that's its logo. 
But I think the Garrison will also  have some evidence-based papers. 
So, there are quite a lot around  if you start google-ing. 
(R. Brady) Thank you. 
(Woman in the audience) You mentioned that singing about flowers may not necessarily reach teens effectively. 
So, I was wondering if one of you can express what might be the best way to mindfully communicate with teenagers. 
(K. Weare) I was not trying to say that nobody should sing songs about flowers with kids. 
But again, just taking the Mindfulness  in Schools Program from the UK, which is a Teens Program, it basically does things that are quite edgy, and exciting. 
For example, tasting. 
It's chocolate but it's also hot chili which excites some of the kids. 
The next workshop, we use a shock ball, which gives an amount of electric shock to illustrate aversion. 
(Laughter) 
It's very mild, I would say. 
(Laughter) 
We haven't lost too many yet. 
(Laughter) 
But things like using clips, some films, some current pop music, and so on. 
And using language,  so you won't use mindfulness. 
We use MindLab or Emotional Warrior, or something of that sort. 
You talk about sports, you talk  about surviving life in a club. 
You basically stop where they are. 
It comes down to knowing your teens and working how you talk to them about anything really. 
Translating the work of mindfulness  into the examples and language that you would use. 
There is a lot of stuff in pop music  that you could choose to play if you want to talk about being  in the moment, and ethics and so on. 
There is just a lot out there, you just need to get the head on, which is seeing the world  from the teen's point of view. 
And use the teen themselves to tell you  what works with that group. 
So there is a lot, it's really  about the spectacles you put on before you start teaching more than sort of specifics. 
(Woman) I am speaking from a parent's perspective rather than a teacher's. 
I would get someone else to teach, then. 
(Laughter) 
(J. Miller) Just bringing the mindfulness to boys, 
I think one of the things is sports. 
There are lots of people  in the sport world using this. 
The classic book is Phil Jackson's, who was coach of Chicago Bulls, Los Angeles Lakers. 
He brought mindfulness right into a working coaching. 
There is a book called  'Buddhism Boys'. 
It's about a teacher who taught mindfulnes to high school football players. 
I think, boys particularly can see the relationship to sports. 
That's a big inroad. 
(R. Brady) I don't think we will have time to answer more questions right now. 
But, there are going to be a lot  of opportunities to raise questions of various kinds  throughout the rest of the week. 
And after you leave here,  there is a worldwide community of over 1000 people who are interested in mindfulness in education, who are all part of the Mindfulness and Education Network listserv. 
How many people are already  on this list? 
Please, raise your hand. 
We don't have too many Canadian members yet, but it would be wonderful to have a large Canadian presence. 
The flyer is downstairs in the bookstore. 
If you have questions such as the ones you have been asking, you can just put them out on the network and you would get very thoughtful answers. 
It's not a very busy web service, you do not need to worry about being flooded with emails. but it's very thoughtful. 
So, I want to encourage all of you  to pick up a flyer. 
We also have a conference annually. 
We have Canadians who come to our conference, that gets announced. 
It will be March 14 to16  in Washington D.C. this next year. 
There is a lot of resources on our website that you will find also listed here. 
(J. Bell) I'd like to do one plug for a book that I found very nourishing. 
It's called 'Teaching With Fire'. 
Two teachers asked teachers to sent them poems to guard them through hard times,  to remind them why they taught. 
They talk about courage. 
There are about 100 poems in here. 
On one side is the poems sent by the teacher. 
On the other is the teachers' own story about why this poem is important. 
I have used this in my teaching, in my training work and for my own personal use. 
I've used poem to cry through, beautiful collection of poems, some of them written by famous people, some by teachers themselves. 
'Teaching With Fire'. 
(Br. 
Phap Dung) Thank you. 
(J. Bell) The author, the editors are Sam Intrator and Megan Scribner with Parker Palmer giving the intro. 
(Brother) Thank you John, thank you Richard, thank you panelists, thank you friends for being with us and... wonderful at my heart. 
I feel the energy, the heart filled, I see all of your faces, really just brightening up. 
We are going to end here and remind everyone to come back  to the basic practice. 
Because I know we have been stimulated. 
Don't let that pull you from who you are. 
I think we have touched that, the truth of who you are and your practice in the present moment. 
Don't let anything tempt you and lose that, even if it is about teaching  and education and all that. 
We just come back to our breath,  our steps, basic things that will... 
Actually all the things that we need  are already in us and with the practice, we can trust that. 
With the mother and... as parents too, the teenagers. 
I work with a lot of teens and the mindfulness has helped me a lot to really call out what it is that is really happening in present moment. 
You only can do that calmly  if you've done your own homework. 
So there is nothing that  you cannot solve or deal with. 
Mindfulness is just an energy, is not a technique, an energy we can cultivate. 
Just in present moment, you can recognize and call out to the teenagers to the students, what it is, what is happening. 
But calmly, with a lot of love  and compassion, miracles happen. 
We all have experienced that  wherever arena we are in. 
So that encourages you for the next hour, or as we eat lunch. 
Don't think about this,  let it go. 
Come back to your steps, come back to your dinner. 
What it is that you are looking for, it is already in there. 
I think we all know that already, that's why we're here,to actually cultivate that. 
So we learn the teaching mind,  a teacher's mind which is... more things, more pieces of paper. 
We just let go, come back. 
So, we'll end here  with three sounds of the bell for us to really enjoy this moment and to let this happiness and what we touched here for the sharings, giving us a lot of energy. 
We let that dissipate  into all the teachers, all the students, all the young ones, all the parents  out there, all doing their best. 
(Half bell) 
(Bell) 
(Bell) 
(Bell) 
May we end here? 
Can I teach you a song? 
I'll sing the first line, okay? 
#The sun, it shines on everyone. 
One, two, three, 
#The sun, it shines on everyone. 
Again. 
#The sun, it shines on everyone. 
Look at everyone. 
#No discrimination,  no discrimination. 
And the rain, okay? 
#The rain, it falls on everyone 
#The rain, it falls on everyone 
#No discrimination,  no discrimination. 
#My heart belongs to everyone 
#My heart belongs to everyone 
# No discrimination,  no discrimination. # 
(Small bell) 
(Small bell) 
[The Plum Village Online Monastery] 
[Thank you for your continued support of mindful online broadcasts like this.] 
[Donate at http//pvom.org] 
[Thank you for your generosity] 
In the last June 30, numbers of Egyptians went down on the streets of cairo and other cities to protest against the first elected Egyptian president Morsi 
The army interfered and did a coup against Morsi depending claiming that its decision was a respond to the call of the huge number of protesters on the street as army claimed and their numbers varied 
Army used a military chopper to take footage for the protests and market it to the media and the world 
And the number of the against President Morsi protesters were like stock market exchange 
The numbers race (variations) posed mathematical questions before being political 
Some used Google Earth to investigate 
Out of the ordinary, Google made a statement to deny all these claims 
Wael Fakharany, the regional manager of Google said 
"All the statistics that were cited to Google about the protest in june, 30th or pro president Morsi are fake" without going into too much mis-claims about the number of protesters 
Analysts, specialists and some western media websites tried to use the technology of Google Earth 
Not to count numbers but to measure the area, hence the capacity of the streets and squares to carry the protesters 
They found that the space of Tahrir square is at most 53,000 square meters 
By adding all streets surrounding the square , the area becomes at most 130,000 square meters which will fit at most 516,000 persons i.e., about four protesters for each meter square based on the international standards 
Protesters against Morsi were gathered in additional square which is the perimiter of the presidential house (AL-ETEHADYA) 
Thousands were around the perimeter that was around 1.4 Km and width of 45 m which means total area about 63,000 meter square 
And another protest at the north the presidential house with an area of 9000 meter square which means total protests area around the presidential house is 72,000 meter square that fits at most 288,000 protesters hence, the total number of protesters in the largest two squares is alittle more than 800,000 protesters i.e., less than a million protester over a total area of about 200,000 meter square 
which is 60% of the area of ALHARAM in Makkah (One of the largest gathering squares in the world) 
As the area of Alharam based on the Saudi government is 356,000 meter square fits about 1.25 million based on the official Saudi government release 
Investigators said some other cities had protests against President Morsi but the main protests were in Altahrir and Alethadya in Cairo 
Cairo has one fifth of the total Egypt population 
With another mathematical equation 
less than a million from one fifth of Cairo population were out to protest against President Morsi 
And if the same density were there in the rest of the Egyptian cities we will reach to the same result, that about 4 millions at most participated in the 6-30 protests 
[Justin Bieber music playing] 
-I know I know I know 
The hell? 
[Laughing] 
-I know I know I know I know I know 
-Leonardo Da Vinci 
-His actual name is Leonardo 
-cause his last name 
-he doesn't have a last name 
-Da Vinci means--Da means 'from' right?And vinci is where he's from 
-Thats nice 
[Justin Bieber music] 
-skin a marink e dink e dink skin a marink e doo 
-I love you 
-I love you in the morning and in the afternoon 
-I love you in the evening and underneath the moon 
-skin a marink e dink e dink skin a marink e dink 
[Mouths 'I love you'] 
-When I get in there,I'm gonna drive 
[Giggling] 
-We're getting ready to go 
-I've never driven one of these 
-She's a M.I.L.F. 
-She's a M.I.L.F. 
-get back in you cage! 
-I'm gonna change your grade kiddo 
-Justin,that's not even funny -asshole 
Subtitles By Lynna Nguyen 
My name is Autumn Moon. 
I quit school after junior high. 
I was no good in my study. 
But the education system was no better. 
It not only excludes me from further study... ...but produces juveniles like me. 
I've got nothing to do but hang around public playgrounds... ...playing basketball, talking part in brawls... being recruited as or recruiting triad members. 
Stop! 
No way! 
Can I have a shoot? 
This half-witted jerk is Sylvester. 
I never found out his last name. 
But I'm sure he's no Stallone. 
I "recruited" him from the street. 
He was being bullied by a group of students and I came to help him. 
Well, at least he was smart enough now... ...that I could provide protection for him. 
That's how he became my "junior". 
One brags about being a Big Brother. ...but one doesn't boast oneself of having a retard like sylvester as junior. 
If anyone of you will never bully him again... ...I'll make sure you pay for it. 
Well, you may think I'm worth nothing because 
I'm jobless and hang around all day... ...but that's not exactly true. 
My job is to help Big Brother Wing collect debts. 
I'm lone wolf type of person, doing whatever I like to do. 
To me, freedom counts first. 
I'm not like the rest of them because I have brains. 
I don't take orders. 
I won't kill when they tell me to... ...or risk my life just bacause that's an orders. 
That's sheer dumbness. 
The most important thing is to yourself with skills. 
That's my style. 
You mistake us... we're ordered to collect our money. 
Stop bullshitting me! 
Where're you from? 
We're from the Bank of Canton. 
last time because I was late... it selling my account in a couple of days. 
They were just do their job. 
I just lost 2000 bucks to you. 
Shut your fucking mouth! 
Move! 
We didn't do anything wrong, did we? 
You want us to take off you? 
Move! 
Move! 
Isn't it right? 
Serve them right! 
Come on, go back to your room. 
Serve them right! 
Wait a second! 
Who are you? 
Mr.Wing sent me to collect his money. 
What money? 
Take a look at this! 
Have you finished? 
You think it's fake. 
Just wanna make sure it's not. 
What's wrong with you, Sylvester? 
I know what's on your mind sex maniacal 
What do you mean? 
Take him to the hospital. 
He being bit by a stroke! 
Pay your debt first! 
Give me the money! 
He is dying and you're still thinking about your money? 
It's only his nose to big deal! 
The stroke is going to kill him. 
Let me call the ambulance for you. 
Ping, get me the phone. 
Anything wrong with your nose? 
Is it the police or the hospital? 
Just the same, anyway. 
I've got some loan shark here bleeding. 
Please come quickly. 
It's alright now! 
He's managed to stop the bleeding. 
Thanks. 
Mom was right in saying that everything is predestined. 
Ever since Sylvester picked up those two letters, ...bad things take place one after the other. 
Weird things that no one can explain! 
They just happen... 
Click! 
Just like that. 
Sylvester 
Moon, it's your pager. 
I've dehited $3,000 into your account. 
"The news-vendor kid called. 
Sylvester's being hitting. 
Come! 
Hurry! 
Look! 
I don't live here! 
So what? 
Things are expensive! 
Don't you have a job yourself? 
How much can I make? 
How about Moon? 
What can he do? 
I won't count on him. 
Go to hell and don't ever come back! 你干嘛挂啦? 
What are you doing? 
Why begged him for his money? 
I'll have money next week. 
Thank you very much! 
I don't want your dirty money. 
What do you mean my ditry money? 
You think his money is clean? 
Don't worry mon, I'm different now. 
You can ask Ms.Lee. 
I thought you said you'd go back to school. 
Did you do that? 
You're the same as your father. 
Are you OK? 
You may go home after 10 mins... 
When will she come back again to further consultation with a doctor? 
I'll call and inform you. 
Make your daughter have a rest. 
Hi there! 
Your daughter got a stroke? 
Stroke yourself. 
Let me remind you. 
You played me last time. 
Don't ever try play tracks with me! 
Pay! 
It's none of your business. 
Sit down. 
Look at your friend. 
Who got bit by a stroke. 
Yes, Sylvester. 
Gaze at her and make her pay. 
Pay money?! 
See... 
Stop laught at him. 
Hush! 
This is a hospital. 
What's the matter? 
Nurse, get him out of the hospital. 
Why you call me out? 
He's my buddie. 
Good, follow me, sir. 
Is it OK? 
Don't you play tricks! 
We contacted his family... ...but they denied know him. 
We found these in his pocket. 
Stop looking at him. 
What do you said? 
Shut your big mouth. 
You're a big mouth! 
What is this? 
These are blood-stayed but they aren't your friend's. 
Mom, let's go look for him. 
Look for who? 
Your husband. 
I saw him with a woman yesterday. 
He's got a mistress. 
Don't you know that? 
Let him! 
What do you mean? 
He's got a mistress! 
And a kid, too! 
You let him do that? 
Are you not going? 
Fine. 
I'll go myself. 
I'll chop him to pieces. 
No sweat! 
Don't do anything stupid, Moon! 
Moon, don't! 
Leave me alone! 
Stop it! 
What's are you doing? 
Then go with me! 
Listen to me, will you? 
Leave me alone. 
Listen to me! 
I approved him of doing that. 
Stop it! 
What? 
You approved of hime? 
You mean you had know it? 
You approved him for the sale of thousand bucks? 
Moon, get on the car. 
Where're you heading? 
I've no idea. 
In that case, I'll just drop you alone the way. 
I've to go to work. 
What did you say? 
Did I hear "work"? 
Absolutely. 
What do you mean by "work", Keung? 
You won't understand! 
I'm doing it for love! 
Tell me. 
I've became a different person ever since I met her. 
I've do whatever she ask me to. 
She wanted me to find a job. 
I found a job. 
I've ask her to marry me and she promised! 
Unbelievable, isn't it? 
You just love her big tits, don't you? 
You jealous? 
Hell, I'm jealous! 
In the past, I would have boasted myself so much... not anymore! 
I've something for you... 
Organic Contribute Form 
What? 
It's out of your mind? 
Read it first! 
Ms Lee gave it to me the other day. 
She looked at me in my eyes and said... 
"Keung, for guys like you who are in this killing business..." 
"...life may mean nothing." 
"But by completing this form..." 
"...you'll be able to do society some good." 
"You'll be saving someone's life even after you're dead." 
"By doing this, you'll make your life worth living." 
This Ms Lee whom Keung's talking about is a social worker. 
God knows what she sees in Keung that made her love him. 
It's just fuckingly incredible! 
Here she is, doing her endless research! 
She asked me to put her in touch with some juvenile delinquents. 
But I am a juvenile delinquents! 
She doesn't know that. 
To send her off, I introduced her to Sylvester. 
He's most probably the one and only dumb-writed triad member in HongKong. 
He's know for his capability to kill. 
He's getting a real reputation for that. 
Moon! 
Moon! 
Fuck you! 
How do you do, Mrs. Leung? 
Can I borrow some soya sauce? 
Sure. 
Come in! 
I'll get it for you. 
Thank you. 
My pleasure. 
Moon, who's she? 
She's from the social welfare department. 
A charming lady! 
I won't charge you for this. 
Thanks...More, please. 
Take the whole bottle. 
That's too much. 
He visits you often? 
Not really. 
He used to live in the shop he worked for. 
But he lost his job. 
That's why he hangs around with me. 
He got bullied a lot on the street. 
He has to find himself a job. 
What and how? 
You tell me. 
He family has abandoned him? 
I've had tried call them, but they denied knowing him. 
Moon. 
What? 
Hello, Ms.Lee. 
Brother is looking for us. 
I've got Mr Lee here. 
Go ahead and I'll join you later. 
See you arroud. 
Ms Lee. 
Where're you going? 
School. 
So this is the place. 
What's your old lady, cutie? 
She is out. 
Really? 
Come in and find out yourself. 
Sure I will. 
Look at you! 
You should be in school! 
Look at your nails! 
You think you're madonna? 
Where's your mom? 
She went play mabjong, I guess. 
She has the money to play mabjong but not the money to pay what she owes us? 
How much do we owe your bom? 
A few thousand dollars are no big deal. 
Just the inerest alone will cost you a lifetime to repay. 
A few thousand will soon turn into tens of thousands... ...which will then became hundreds of thousands. 
Here is 500 bucks. 
My father owed you $5,000. 
Let's call it even if I go to bed with you. 
500 bucks? 
You're not telling me that it'll cost $4,500 to get laid with you? 
What do you think you are? 
Julia Roberts? 
Let me get it straight. 
I nerver paid for getting laid. 
Come on! 
There's no one it the house except us. 
Relax! 
I won't hurt you. 
Answer me. 
What color is your panty? 
Guess. 
Black and white. 
Show me. 
What's that? 
This is no panty. 
What the best! 
Let's get on with it. 
Why are you laughing? 
Something funny going on here? 
Must be your mom, isn't it? 
She wants to put me into jail? 
You only listen to your mom, don't you? 
You'll regret this: it's my first time. 
Your first time? 
Are you pulling my leg? 
Every girl I've fucked told me it's her first time. 
You think this is the Middle Ages? 
First time my foot! 
It's my first time, too -- I mean for today. 
No wonder the world is left with on more virgins. 
I've more class than the rest of them all. 
Very high sounding! 
Your figure isn't too bad, though. 
I can see that you have a hard on. 
Have you made up your mind? 
If you want to do it, act fast before my mon returns. 
What? 
You're telling me to do it here? 
You want to do it in the corridor? 
Stop pulling my leg. 
Who's calling the shots here? 
You'd better find out. 
I've never counted how many wet dreams I'm used to having. 
I come twice that night. 
...which made it a bad night for me. 
Set the toxic fire. 
The net. 
Chief... 
If you try anything else, I'll blow the whistle, and the little snake will take a tour inside, and then emerge from your head. 
Do you think you'll be alive? 
Hurry, get them out! 
Let us go first, 
I won't fall in your trap. 
If I let you go, you won't help me. 
I don't trust you either. 
What about this, 
let Master Tuan go, he knows no martial arts. 
No. 
How can I leave you? 
Don't try to be a hero, 
Find Xiang Yaocha to save me. 
Where? 
Shigu Town. 
So? 
Let him go, and I'll get the snakes out. 
Fine, let him go. 
Stop it, or my head will fall off. 
Get the snake out. 
Let him go first. 
Go. 
Hurry. 
Now. 
Sikong Xuan, the snake has given birth to little snakes, if you kill me, they will remain in your body, for your whole life. 
How about this? 
Let me go, and I'll summon a snake out everyday. 
Lingerh told me to find Xiang Yaocha, what's that? 
A person or a herb? 
I have no idea. 
Old man, 
What's Xiang Yaocha? 
What? 
Xiang Yaocha? 
You're looking for Xiang Yaocha? 
That's right. 
Sorry, I don't know. 
Ask someone else. 
Wait. 
Hand over your money. 
I'll kill you if you make a sound. 
You can take everything you want, except this box. 
I must bring this to Xiang Yaocha. 
What? 
You're a friend of Xiang Yaocha? 
I'm sorry to have offended you, please forgive us. 
Sorry. 
Let's go. 
Old man, do you know what Xiang Yaocha is? 
What did you hit me for? 
Who are you, kid? 
Don't you have any manners? 
How dare you call Miss Mu by her nickname? 
You want to get yourself killed? 
Old man, what's going on? 
Lucky for you that you've met me, or you'll die. 
I don't understand. 
Let me tell you, 
Xiang Yaocha is the alias of Mu Wanqing, a martial arts expert of great reputation. 
Oh, so it's a person! 
She's as pretty as a peony, she is ruthless, can be quite scary, that's why she's also known as Xiang Yaocha. 
Where does she live? 
A deserted valley ten miles away. 
There have been many who went there, but none of them return. 
Is she a very good host? 
No, she killed them all, peeled off their skin to block the sun. 
Please sit down. 
What would you like to eat, master? 
Just a few dishes. 
Right away. 
Should I go or not? 
If I don't, then Miss Zhong's life is in danger. 
If I do, she might skin me alive to block the sun. 
Difficult decision. 
I wanted to rush over, and kill that bitch, Xiang Yaocha. 
Be careful, 
I heard her "Bone cutting sword" is lethal. 
Really? 
There're so many of us, we're not afraid of her sword. 
Right... 
Eat... 
They want to kill her, what now? 
If she dies, then no one could save Miss Zhong. 
Right. 
I'll send her a message first, then she won't kill me. 
Waiter. 
For the bill. 
"Shigu Town" 
This is it. 
Anyone home? 
There're eight people coming to hassle you, 
I'm here to give you this message. 
Anyone home? 
You are... 
Don't be so sneaky, get in here! 
I have... 
I know that they're going to hassle you, that's why I rushed here. 
But it's too late. 
What's your name? 
Tuan Yu. 
Any last wishes? 
You better tell me now. 
There's a young lady called Zhong Ling, she's trapped by the Poisonous Moths Clan... at Wuliang Hill, she sent me here for you. 
Don't waste anymore time, better go. 
Get out! 
I don't want to kill anyone today. 
What are you talking about? 
Go. 
After her... 
I told you that I don't want to kill anyone, why aren't you leaving? 
Have you forgotten our enemy? 
Charge. 
Follow me. 
Mercy, please 
I didn't know you're so able. 
Miss Mu, could you slow down? 
I'm afraid. 
Let me down. 
What was that for? 
Shut up. 
I didn't tell you to talk, shut up. 
Why? 
You are very violent. 
Let me go. 
I don't want to be with you. 
Shut up. 
I won't. 
Shut up. 
I won't. 
I'll curse if you don't let me go. 
Go ahead if you have guts. 
In my whole life, 
I've been cursed by many people. 
Why don't you? 
I pity you, that's why I won't. 
Don't think I'm scared of you, 
I'll kill you, are you scared now? 
I'm not scared. 
Miss Mu, wait, Miss Mu. 
Miss Zhong. 
Of all the people, you want her help? 
What now? 
Sikong Xuan. 
Let go of my sister! 
Godsister Mu. 
Xiang Yaocha? 
Xiang Yaocha's here. 
Sikong Xuan. 
How dare you call my alias? 
Sorry for not greeting you properly, I was poisoned. 
Miss Zhong is my Godsister, you know that? 
I had no idea. 
Let her go. 
I... 
You should know what happens... to those who won't listen to me? 
So? 
Will you listen? 
That's easy, show me your face. 
I think you want to get yourself killed. 
Get her. 
Yes... hurry. 
Wanqing. 
Don't let her go, hurry! 
Wanqing. 
I've offended you. 
Now you will listen to me? 
lmpressive. 
You asked for this. 
I feel bad. 
Thank you for saving me. 
Miss Zhong. 
Go home to Wanjie valley. 
Master Tuan. 
Take care. 
You... 
Yue Canglong is here to revenge for his senior 
Yue Canglong? 
Miss Mu, hurry. 
Hurry! 
You aren't going anywhere, 
I'll cut out your hearts and eat them. 
You're dead. 
You're awake. 
Do you want some water? 
Did you see my face? 
No. 
No? 
Really? 
Why would I lie? 
When I fainted, you could have lifted up my veil. 
I was cleaning up your wound, 
I wasn't aware of that. 
You cleaned up my wound? 
Then you saw my body? 
That of course. 
Come here. 
You want water? 
What was that for? 
How dare you see my body? 
I'll kill you. 
The blood is clear now. 
Let me find you some herbal medicine. 
Don't pretend to be kind. 
Red Python 
Tuan Yu, catch it. 
Bite its throat and suck up the blood. 
Suck up the blood, and you will be powerful. 
I heard that you've been wearing a veil, not letting anyone to see your face. 
If someone sees you, you'll either kill him or marry him; 
Is that true? 
Yes. 
Great. 
Now, remove the veil, and let me have a look. 
Hurry, if you don't, 
I'll strip you naked. 
You're the first man who has seen my face. 
I could only marry you, since I won't kill you. 
You're my husband. 
So pretty. 
After I've killed him, and you can be a merry widow. 
You saw that? 
If you dare to touch me, he'll kill you. 
Who cares! 
The Red Python is dead 
Who killed it and sucked up all its blood? 
I did. 
Great. 
The Red Python lives in the hills. 
It feeds on ginseng, and the deer antlers. 
After thousands of years, its colour has turned red. 
Whoever drinks its blood, exercises internally, and he will acquire "Red Dragon Soul" style. 
This is good news. 
I know martial arts. 
What are you laughing at? 
The "Red Dragon Soul" won't hurt me. 
All I have to do is suck up your blood. 
Then I'll be invincible. 
Once I've asked my senior here 
You will be sorry. 
Miss Mu, under the circumstances earlier... 
You had no choice, and needn't worry about your oath 
I've sworn, 
I can't take my word back now. 
If you don't like me, 
I will have to kill you, and then I'll kill myself. 
Do you want to be my husband? 
I'm willing to marry you. 
Good day, my master. 
Good day. 
Master? 
What kind of a master are you? 
It took us a while to locate you, 
let's go back to the palace. 
I was about to bring Miss Mu to meet my parents. 
Go ahead and tell them first. 
We've found our master. 
What kind of a master are you? 
Be patient. 
After we've reached the bottom of the hill, you'll know when you see my welcoming party. 
Who are you? 
We had a deal earlier, remember? 
After we've reached Dali city, 
I'll tell you the details. 
Senior. 
Where's Tuan Yu? 
Senior. 
Tuan Yu has killed the Red Python, sucked up its blood, and has now acquired "Red Dragon Soul" style. 
I was no match for him. 
What? 
Where's he now? 
Guess he's gone back home with Xiang Yaocha 
Who's Xiang Yaocha? 
Mu Wanqing. 
Mu Wanqing? 
Tuan Zhengchun & Qin Hongmian's bastard child! 
She's his daughter. 
What's the story? 
Qin Hongmian tried to avoid being a laughingstock, by changing her daughter's name to Mu. 
Xiang Yaocha as alias. 
Who would have guessed that her daughter... has found Tuan Zhengchun's son? 
I was there, when Mu Wanqing... promised herself to Tuan Yu. 
Really? 
That's good news. 
In other words, 
I'll be using those two... to get even with Tuan Zhengchun. 
Hurry, follow me to Wanjie valley. 
Not going after Tuan Yu? 
Of course we will. 
But first, we need to solicit help... of the Chief of Wanjie valley. 
I get it. 
I heard that Chief Zhong's wife had... an affair with Tuan Zhengchun once. 
He bears a bitter hatred for Tuan Zhengchun. 
And because of that, 
I'm sure he'll be more than happy to help. 
We shouldn't waste any more time. 
We'll leave right away. 
My father. 
Are you well? 
Well? 
I'm almost halfdead being mad at you! 
Father, this is Miss Mu. 
The General is your father? 
Yes, your future fatherinlaw. 
Let's go, your uncle is eager to see you. 
Your Royal Highness. 
No formality. 
Kneel. 
Arise. 
Thank you, your Highness. 
You're the Emperor? 
I'm the Emperor of Zhennan. 
And you're his uncle? 
He's told me that... he's worried about you being angry at him. 
So please don't beat him, okay? 
Miss Mu is very honest, and interesting. 
I was going to punish him with the cane. 
But since you've pleaded for him, then it's forgotten. 
Yu. 
Hurry and thank Miss Mu. 
Yes. 
Thank you for your plea, Miss Mu. 
Time for your family reunion? 
Yes. 
Goodbye, your Highness. 
Mother, let me drink to you. 
I can't drink. 
And you know that. 
Mother, this calls for a celebration, 
Come on, Miss Mu toast to you too. 
Come on, let's have a drink. 
We're a family from now on. 
Baifeng, have a sip. 
"The woman has a red mole on her left wrist. 
In case she's changed her name, you can identify her with the red mole. 
There's a huge grudge between us. 
Remember her." 
Are you Shu Baifeng? 
Miss Mu. 
I admire your boldness, but you can't address me by my full name. 
Don't you have any manners? 
I can't disobey my mother. 
My mother once said: 
Should I see her enemy Shu Baifeng, ...I must kill her. 
Who is your mother? 
Qin Hongmian. 
Then it's your mess. 
Leave us. 
Yes. 
You too. 
What a resemblance! 
I should have known... with your personality. 
What are you talking about? 
Follow me. 
How do you know Yi Yang Finger? 
That's my father's exclusive style. 
That's the master stroke of our Tuan Family. 
Hasn't your mother told you? 
You stole it from my father. 
Don't make up any excuse. 
Call Tuan Yu out, we must put an end to this. 
Lady. 
You can never marry my son. 
You forgot your word. 
I want to hear this from him. 
He can't see you right now. 
Why not? 
That's because he's your younger brother. 
You're my daughter. 
I'm your real father. 
Nonsense. 
I don't believe this! 
We have different surnames. 
My child 
No matter what your surname is, you're indeed my daughter. 
I have a jade pendant here, it's the same as the one you're carrying. 
They're the love tokens of your mother and l; 
Take a look. 
Mother. 
Mother. 
What's going on? 
It's all because of your father. 
Do you know that? 
Miss Mu is your elder sister. 
What are you doing? 
Royal Uncle asked us to keep you under watch. 
Yellow Robe Man... 
Canglong. 
Back off. 
I'll deal with them on my own. 
Move over. 
Let me deal with him. 
Moonlight Palm. 
If I jump, then there is nothing to worry about. 
Catch her. 
What are your wicked plans? 
Senior. 
Where are we taking them to? 
Wanjie valley. 
Feed them to the gorilla. 
Just kill them, why bother? 
You don't know about this. 
Tuan Yu has sucked up the Red Python's blood. 
The gorilla will be very powerful if it eats him. 
"Wanjie valley" 
Canglong. 
Push them down. 
I'll go talk to Chief Zhong. 
Yes. 
Yellow Robe Man. 
Whom have you brought here? 
Chief Zhong. 
I've caught Tuan Yu of Dali Kingdom, and Xiang Yaocha here. 
Go take a look. 
Great. 
My wish has come true, and I've got even. 
Open the door. 
Yes. 
Canglong, this is ridiculous. 
What do you think you're doing? 
Move over. 
Cover her up. 
Yes. 
Push her down. 
Yes. 
You both have a good chat. 
I'll go look for Lingerh. 
Please. 
I didn't expect to see... such a pretty girl here. 
What are you doing? 
Go! 
Father. 
Canglong, are you an animal? 
Lingerh. 
Mother. 
Shut up. 
If I get angry, 
I'll eat up all your hearts. 
Canglong. 
We're guests here. 
How could you be so rude to Miss Zhong? 
Down. 
Wake up. 
Where are we? 
Caught by the Yellow Robe Man and brought here. 
Right. 
You've sucked up the Red Python's blood, and you're endowed with "Red Dragon Soul". 
Climb up and look around. 
Maybe you can break the top, and we can escape. 
I'll try. 
The cover is very strong. 
I can't break it. 
Senior. 
Is Tuan Zhengchun coming for his children? 
Of course. 
I've brought them here... as bait for Tuan Zhengchun. 
Chief Zhong has a giant gorilla in the chamber. 
After it has eaten Tuan Yu, it will be a very powerful beast. 
No one can fight it. 
Not even the Yi Yang Finger... can tackle it. 
We can get rid of his whole family. 
Only then I'd have vent my anger. 
Judging from that Yello Robe fellow's expressions... he must have wicked plans for Wanqing & Master Tuan. 
No 
I must try to inform the Tuan family first. 
Go, little snake. 
Go to Dali Palace. 
A snake! 
What's going on? 
Snake... there's a snake! 
Your Highness, it's the gold snake from Wanjie valley. 
It must be a message from the Chief. 
"Master Tuan is in the Stonechamber" 
The Tuan family Chief is here. 
Please. 
Long time no see. 
Have a seat. 
You cut off my legs with your Yi Yang Finger then; 
Your children can pay for your debt today. 
Where have you imprisoned them? 
In the stone chamber; 
About to be food for the gorilla. 
Zhengchun, don't worry. 
I believe Tuan Yu is good enough ...to take on the beast. 
Wait and see then. 
Shameless old thief. 
Tuan Yu. 
Quick, eat up the toad. 
You've sucked up the Red Python's blood; 
And after you've eaten the toad, ...you will be invincible. 
We have to get out! 
C'mon, eat it! 
Hurry. 
Tuan Yu, now you have acquired super power. 
You can even kill with your bare hands. 
Zhengchun. 
Tuan Zhengchun. 
You took my wife. 
This is your doomsday. 
Tuan Zhengming. 
Don't gloat as yet. 
Let's see your dearest children. 
Tuan Yu. 
Charge up. 
I'm sure you can break through the top. 
Try it. 
Yu. 
Lingerh. 
Mother. 
Lingerh. 
Watch my palm! 
Red Dragon Soul. 
Red Dragon Soul. 
Moonlight Palm. 
Father. 
Sister. 
Sister. 
Wanqing. 
Tuan Yu. 
Father. 
Sister. 
Wanqing. 
Wanqing! 
Steve Payne Managing Director of Housing Improvements and Preservation for Washington State 
White House Briefing on Weatherization Supply Chain June 15, 2012 
Obviously weatherization creates jobs. 
But many may not realize just how deep and how broad that is. 
There's certainly the hands on labor and construction. 
The program significantly impacts the indirect job market as well; the job market created by the material suppliers, the product manufacturers, even the trainers whom weatherization depends upon. 
They're the supply chain for our weatherization technology and this panel that's next is going to help touch on that of the training and the technology the tools that we use. 
The weatherization program has been a technological breeding ground for over twenty five years, which enabled these suppliers to develop the cutting edge technologies that reduce energy costs for those homes that can least afford any inefficiency, as well as ensure that homes are healthy and safe. 
In so doing, these businesses are helping create green technology jobs that our country needs to compete in the global energy economy. 
Today we're seeing tools and techniques techniques that were introduced into the program as standard practice nearly twenty years ago, if not more. 
And now we're seeing them gradually being integrated into the broader construction and retrofit industry. 
The weatherization program creates jobs in technology, manufacturing, supply, training, and construction. 
One day we'll look back and see that the first round of jobs creation was just the tip of the iceberg. 
So let's try another quiz. 
This one's going to be quite a bit trickier. 
Here the question is, "What does the 'sum' procedure do?" 
And here's the definition of 'sum,' so here we're defining the procedure of sum. 
It takes two inputs, "a" and "b," and its body assigns to "a" the value of "a" plus "b." 
So the choices are: 
Nothing; that it takes two numbers as its inputs, and outputs the sum of the two numbers; that it takes two strings as its inputs, and outputs the concatenation of those two strings. 
So the final choice is that it takes two numbers as its inputs, and changes the value of the first input to be the sum of the two numbers. 
This is a quite tricky question. 
I would encourage you to try some experiments in the Python interpreter to see if you can determine for sure what the sum procedure does. 
We can see that there's a common factor of x minus 5 in the numerator and in the denominator. 
So we know those simplify to 1. 
This would leave us with x minus 6 in the numerator and x minus 4 in the denominator. 
Great job on that simplification. 
Once upon a time in a faraway land there was once a little girl who preferred to play instead of doing her math homework. 
Griselda, have you done your math homework? yes your majesty 
I did it this morning but.. my little one, obviously you do not know the difference between addition and multiplication. wouldn't it be better if you told the truth? 
Ha, I escaped the slavery of homework! 
Ay what a beautiful day. 
I have all day to enjoy. 
Ay, no more of 2 plus two is five and a half what a bore 
I know that two times two is the same. ay, what an entrance ah, there is the little girl grumbler no ,griselda, my name is Griselda ah, I knew that 
It was only a spelling mistake 
I am the Math Monster 
I am not very good at spelling and .. why are you here? why am I here? huh, why am I here? ...hang on a minute well, 2 plu2 is 4 and 2 times2 is also 4 it is obvious that you are confused  in your Math and I am here due to your lies. 
lies? lies?what lies? the lie where you said that you have done your homework and you have not done it. your'e the lier! ok then what is 2307.5 by one? 
2307 by one? no! 
2307.5 by one ah, 2370.5 by one? yes , tell me 
I know that one, I studied it no, you did not study it yes I did, no you didn't no, yes ay, couldn't we have entered in a more civilized manner? no , because we are not human we are not civilized 
Is this the castle of lies? no, yes make up your minds won't you? well of course it is. you could say it is this little girl is lying through her teeth this little girl said she did her Math homework but no, it is not true she has not done it , No! 
look, I am not a lier 
I have witnesses ay yes , of course , ah yes ok then I will go and get them 
I will go look for them don't take too long 
Ay Sir Pigwig , what good fortune 
Ah, Griselda,  how are you on such a beautiful day? super ah, this makes me very happy knowing that you and your family are very well very well, actually what is happening is that I did not do my Math homework and I need someone to say that I did . 
Do you think you could help me? 
Lie? 
Lie for you? in such difficult times? and for such a beautiful damsel as you 
YES 
Where are you Sir Pigwig? ah ha ha ha 
Now let's see...what is 2 plus 2? ah, ah and two times 2 4, 4 , but what have I done that you should treat me thus? 
You have colaborated with  the lies of grumbly girl 
Griselda, my name is Griselda 
OK, ok, Griselda aha, and now , what do you say? what is 2307.5 by one? think about it well did you do your Math homework or not? ahh so, you see ha, I knew it you don't know the difference between adding and multiplication well, I can see there is a relationship when I add a lie, my problems multiply ha,ha,ha... 
Griselda 
Griselda, the only solution add-subtract multiply-divide they are all opposites they cancel out add, subtract. 
Multiply, divide.. 
lies? what is the opposite of lies? ha, ha, ha... the truth is the opposite of lies and you need to say it before everyone. 
OK, I'll do it! 
Ladies and gentlemen... people of the kingdom 
I can see that I have caused anguish  with my lies 
I have caused anguish for everyone and so, I have decided to tell you all that I... 
I did not do my math homework! ha ha ha... what? huh? huh? hey guys guys... she confessed! she confessed! ay no! we're dead!!! 
2 times 2 is four that means that two plus two is 4 ah! 
2307.5 times one... is just that! 
2307.5 times one! 
Ah.. is there anyone here? heeeeeelp! 
I think you got it backwards there, buddy. 
The duck is the thing you love. 
The rabbit is the thing you hate. 
What? 
Yeah, I got to agree. 
Ducks up, rabbits down. 
Definitely. 
Ducks are better than rabbits. 
I, I get, ducks are, ducks are... 
Rabbits are adorable. 
Ducks are, they're, have you ever been in a fight with a duck? 
I mean, ducks are jerks. 
(offscreen voice) This led to one of the most intense arguments our group has ever had. 
Duck is delicious. 
Rabbit is all gamey. 
We're not talking about flavor, Ted. 
Flavor counts. 
Who carries around a duck's foot for good luck? 
Anyone? 
You wrap yourself in comforter stuffed with rabbit hair. 
I'll wrap myself in one stuffed with duck feathers. 
Who's cozier? 
Oh... 
No no no no no no. 
But who's cozier? 
Hold on. 
I have to get another book. 
I concede! 
You win. 
Say it. 
You have to say it. 
Ducks good. 
Rabbits are bad. 
Yeah! 
Welcome to "Pranks". 
Today we have brought accordions because we are making an Odd Nordstoga edition. 
Unfortunately we only had three costumes, so he had to use his own clothes. 
Welcome. 
Thank you, thank you. 
Are you ready? 
Yes. 
Ready! 
Hi. 
Hi, I was just trying to hide. 
Goodbye. 
Goodbye. 
Nice song 
One, two, three! 
I'm sorry, I'm just pulling pranks, you see. 
Don't I know you? ...Aren't you...? 
Eh! 
Hi. 
Hi. 
Hi Hi. 
Done! 
Thank you. 
Hi! 
I'm just pulling pranks. 
Yes? 
A Swedish tradition, you see. 
It's about pulling pranks. 
You've heard of that? 
No It's quite alright, but a bit cold in...from October and into November. 
So... 
"I like to pull pranks so much, tjomfallera, tjomafallera, hey!" 
I remember when 
I remember, I remember when I lost my mind 
There was something so pleasant about that place 
Even your emotions have an echo in so much space 
And when you're out there without care 
Yeah, I was out of touch 
But it wasn't because I didn't know enough 
I just knew too much 
Does that make me crazy? 
Does that make me crazy? 
Does that make me crazy? 
Possibly 
And I hope that you are having the time of your life 
But think twice 
That's my only advice 
Come on now, who do you 
Who do you, who do you, who do you think you are? 
Ha ha ha, bless your soul 
You really think you're in control? 
Well, I think you're crazy 
I think you're crazy 
I think you're crazy 
Just like me 
My heroes had the heart 
To live their lives out on a limb 
And all I remember 
Is thinking, I want to be like them 
Ever since I was little 
Ever since I was little 
It looked like fun 
And it's no coincidence I've come 
And I can die when I'm done 
But maybe I'm crazy 
Maybe you're crazy 
Maybe we're crazy 
Probably 
Now, mostly we're looking for correct code. 
If you wrote some more tests, you may start to have some more confidence in the code that we have. 
We're also considering efficiency to some degree. 
It seems like there's a big problem with the efficiency of the program we have so far. 
Let me show you one of the issues. 
Now we represented states as a (here, there, t) triplet. 
The problem with this is there can be two states that have identical here and there's but differ in the t, and they're going to be considered different states. 
Why is that a problem? 
Consider this problem. 
We have two people--one who takes 1 unit to cross the bridge, and one who takes 1000. 
It seems pretty clear there is an easy solution. 
The two of them go across together. 
It takes 1000, but look how we're going to explore this space. 
We're going to start out in the initial state that took time 0, and then we're going to start adding things to the frontier. 
Out of all the ways we could cross, the one that adds the least is for the 1 to go across by himself. 
Now he's on the other side with the 1 on the other side and the 1000 on the original side. 
That only took 1 step. 
Now what's the fastest thing we can do after that? 
We could take 1 more step and go back to the original state. 
Here we had 1 and we'll call K for the 1000 on the left-hand side. 
Here K was left behind and 1 went over to the right. 
Here we took one more time unit, and we had 1, K on this side. 
If we continue taking the fastest step we can, we'll get to another distinct state where K is on this side and 1 is on the other side. 
The flashlight is always going with the 1. 
We keep on going on like that. 
We'll go out 1000 different steps. 
Each of these will be a distinct state, because this will be the state with time t equals 0. 
Here time t equals 1, t equals 2, t equals 3. 
But really, although it looks like we're getting different states, in another way of looking at it, we're always getting the same state. 
We're just going back and forth from here to there and back to here and back and back. 
We're going around in circles. 
In order to recognize that these are in fact the same states, we're going to have to take t out of our state, and we're going to have to deal with the t someplace else. 
We want our representation of a state to be just (here, there). 
We've got to figure out someplace else to put the t. 
I'm not sure what the right way to do it is, but why don't we do it this way? 
We have a path, which is state, action, state dot, dot, dot-- keeps on alternating between states and actions. 
Let's change that so that the path is a state followed by a tuple of the action and the total time it took after applying that action, then the next state, then the next action and the total time after applying that, and so on. 
That'll be our new representation. 
States are going to look like that, and paths are going to look like that. 
Now, I want you to write the new successor function for the bridge problem. 
We'll call it bsuccessors2--the "2" just to keep it distinct from the first version. 
Again it returns a dict of state-action pairs. 
A state now is just a two-tuple of (here, there), and the here and there are still frozen sets. 
It's pretty much the same except we dropped out the time t. 
Go ahead and implement that for me. 
Hey Pokémon fans, I'm JWittz and for today's Pokémon fact of the day, we're going back to the Pokédex to talk about more reasons why it is NONSENSE! 
Now I've done plenty of videos in my extended series on weird and creepy Pokémon Pokédex entries (and I'm sure I'll do more of those in the future) but for now we're going to talk about something a little different: sizes and weights. 
They don't make any sense. 
Just how big is a Charizard? 
Big enough to ride, right? 
If you're asking Game Freak, you might be wrong. 
Despite Pokémon having the most successful long-lasting media franchises of the past two decades, size just seems to be one of the things they can't keep consistent. 
Most of the time, we think we have a good grasp on the size of Pokémon thanks to the TV show, other shows we've seen, and referencing Pokémon to real life animals. 
But when you look at the official, cannonical sizes from the games themselves, things are a little messed up. 
For starters, the anime differs from the games greatly by having the occasional giant pokémon appear. 
This never really bothered me as a kid, but today it just baffles me for some reason. 
Some Pokémon in the anime are just MONSTROUS, such as Dragonite and Tentacruel who are roughly the size of a BUlLDlNG! 
While these Pokémon are clearly meant to give the idea that some of these monsters have the potential to become massive, it is interesting that, on the flipside, most of Game Freak's official sizes are much smaller than what you'd expect. 
Let's get back to Charizard. 
In the anime, Ash's Charizard is actually a runt compared to others, but he's still big enough to give Ash a lift with plenty of space. 
But in the games, Charizard stands at just 5 foot 7 inches and just under 200 pounds. 
At 10 years old, Ash Ketchum is probably around 4 foot 3 inches, 70 pounds. 
So I can believe that Charizard is still flyable at the average size of a child. 
But, a big adult like me? 
We wouldn't be flying anywhere. 
The simple fact that Charizard and I can step on a scale and weigh the same is just it's just weird. . .I weigh a Charizard. 
It just doesn't sound right. 
But Charizard isn't the only Pokemon with a size you wouldn't expect. 
Let's take a look at some of my favorites. 
Nidoking and Nidoqueen are both a little over 4 feet tall. 
By the time you hit your teenage years, you'll probably already be taller than them. 
Yeah. . . 
When you start picturing them like this, they're just not nearly as cool. 
And speaking of Pokémon much smaller than you think, 
Rosalia, who's usually pictured to be around a couple feet tall, is just one. 
Yeah. 
It's just tiny. 
It does look hilarious in colosseum though. 
Also, I get that Joltik is a bug but- 4 inches? 
He'd fit in the palm of your hand! 
At a size that small, it's pretty unbelievable that he'd ever be able to battle with well, ANYTHlNG else. 
Also joining Joltik is the recently announced, 6th generation Pokémon, Flabébé. 
Not only does it tie for the smallest size at 4 inches, but also the lightest weight too at 0.2 pounds. 
With Pokémon this small, what do you even need pokeballs for? 
But when you look at Dunsparse, what do you think? 
I usually picture a little snake. 
Just look at the guy in 
Mystery Dungeon. 
He's TlNY! 
Even the mythical creature he's based on, the Tsuchinoko, is typically described as around 10 to 30 inches long- tops! 
But in the official games, little Dunsparse is- er- 
WHAT?! 
4 foot 11 inches??? 
But. . .uh 
Why you make him so little? 
I-I don't understand. 
Joining Dunsparce in the things-that-are-way-longer than-you'd-think club is Dratini, another serpant like Pokémon. 
He's the first pokémon in his line so I've always thought of him to be the little guy. 
WRONG! 
5 foot 11 inches. 
Longer than the average height of humanity. 
Also, this was always weird to me. 
Dratini: 
6ft long. 
Dragonaire: 
13ft long. 
Dragonite: 
7ft long. 
Where? 
Where does it all go??? 
Let's check out some spherical pokémon. 
I've always pictured guys like Glalie, Fortess and Gastly to be around a foot long or a little bit bigger than a basketball. 
NOPE! 
These guys are actually all 4 to 5 ft long. 
See this guy? 
See that giant ball? 
That's a 5ft beach ball! and THAT is what your Glalie is gonna look like in real life. 
And yes, It is terrifying! 
At last, at almost 48 feet long, Wailord is by far the longest pokémon in existence- over 17 ft longer than the second longest, Steelix. 
But weight-wise, Wailord doesn't make ANY sense. 
At 877 pounds, he is CRlMINALLY light for his size. 
Take a look at a real blue whale, which can grow to be up to twice as long as a Wailord. 
They weigh around 150-170 metric tons. or something around 350,000 pounds. 
The difference in weight is so astronomical that it's absurd! 
In fact, at that weight and that height, if you estimate Wailord's volume with around a 20 by 48 foot cylinder, 
Wailord is actually less dense than air. 
Like, he'd float! in the Air! 
Like a Blimp! and that's when you realize 
Wailord's the- the what? 
The FLOAT whale pokémon. 
AUGHHHHHHHHHHHH! 
The official pokédex is a strange one and it usually crushes my dreams every time I learn about a pokémon's true size. 
I might not ever be able to ride a Charizard but it's okay bec-. . .(begins sobbing) who am I kidding? 
T n T (sniffles) This isn't okay at all! 
I hate my life! 
Thanks for watching today's video. 
I encourage you: find your favorite pokémon in the pokédex and find out exactly how long they are and what they're weight is. 
I guarantee, 9 times out of 10 you'll be surprised. 
Let me know in the comments section below if one of your favorite pokémon was a size you NEVER would have expected. 
Also, I'm running a special give away with SwagBucks.com when you can win $150 gift card of your choice. 
All you have to do is sign up for SwagBucks by clicking the link in the video description. and clicking the portion that says, "I have a sign-up code" 
By entering the code "SwagWittz" you'll get an extra 70 SwagBucks to start. 
Anyone that signs up and earns at least 50 SwagBucks on their own by July 21st will be entered. 
They are easy to earn through the site by doing things like online searches, playing games, filling out surveys or watching videos. 
Look at that! 
I just got 10 SBucks from the search for searching "Fact of the Day" 
SwagBucks is completely legit and my girlfriend Renae has been using it on her channel 
RenaeCollects to get packs for her openings for a while now. 
On the 21st, one lucky winner will get a message straight through SwagBucks.com and get $150 giftcard of their choice. 
Don't have the 3ds for the upcoming x and y games? 
That would be a pretty good way to spend it. 
(Nobly) I'm Swagsire and I'm going to win a gift card. 
(Gravelly)Not if Swagron has anything to say about it! 
(Electronically) No way, man. 
Swagizo has got this one! 
(insecurely) Polly-swag. . . 
(chuckles) Yeah, I think we ran that one into the ground. 
Thanks Franz. 
My name is Vincent Vanhoucke. 
I work on the speech technology team here at Google and I thought I'd try to share with you a single piece of insight that we gain from working on speech technology at Google Scad. 
And that can be summarized basically as such and if you want to get a shot at super-human performance of machinery, maybe the first thing you should try and do is get rid of the humans. 
(audience chuckles) 
So, you might be questioning my premise already. 
You might be wondering, "[He's] talking about super-human speech recognition here. 
And we all know that speech recognition is not at human performance yet." 
The problem is that it's getting dangerously close. 
Let me just give you an example. 
Imagine- so one of the products is voice search so you can just speak to the search engine and we'll look for it. 
You can just talk to it. 
So imagine you can just talk to your phone, you can record that prompt and then we play it back either to yourself or we'll play it back to the speech recognition engine we find in research, okay? 
And we ask for the transcription. 
There is no question at this point that you will do a much better job than the speech recognition engine at recognizing your own speech. 
The picture changes when if you actually change this up and play the audio to a naive human. 
By naive human, I mean someone who doesn't know you, who doesn't necessarily have the same cultural references as you have, who doesn't necessarily live in the same neighborhood, who doesn't have the same context, then, it actually becomes a toss-up. 
If you just play it once to a user and ask them to transcribe it and they will do almost no better than speech recognition. 
So, why is that? 
Roughly, without going into details, speech recognition is too complex. 
There's an acoustic model and an English model. 
The acoustic model is what recognizes the sounds and we're not really at human performance yet in acoustic modeling. 
In fact, the fidelity is not yet at the level of a native human speaker. 
But we have this language model, and the language model is what predicts what words you are saying and which order you you are going to say. 
We train similar to machine translation, huge! 
On huge corpuses 
We train on 240 billion words for voice search and that gives us an edge that a single user might not have. 
So if a naive user, a naive human, is not from Canada, he might not know how to spell Scatchwood. 
If a person is not know from New York, he might not know how to pronounce "Schenectady, New York" 
And I'm not really sure I'm pronouncing it right either. 
(audience chuckles) but this edge really makes the difference. 
So, why is that a problem for us? 
Humans regain the wake. 
Franz just mentioned that the human evaluations switch volumes in translation. 
It's the same thing in speech recognition. 
The ground truth, the standard, the golden rule- the golden standard for speech recognition is human performance. 
We have humans transcribing these speech recognition and that's what we benchmark ourselves against. 
And if the benchmark is barely better than the actual system, then we really have a problem. 
The other issue is that, with the kind of growth that we've seen in terms of usage, we are getting a ton of data flowing throughout the system. 
Everyday we get about 2 years worth of data. 
You can't even start thinking about transcribing all that. 
We also have to support 27 languages. 
Internationalization is a big, big empahsis for us and we're trying to expand in all the languages of the world. 
So, I'm joking here but we're sort of- 
Fred Jilinek is a very famous person in speech recognition. 
He used to say that every time he fired a linguist, the performance rate improved. 
(audience chuckles) 
I want to fire all the humans. 
So, the key insight for us has been- speech recognition as I said is two different components and those two components try to, sort of, compensate for the deficiencies of each other. 
So the acoustic model can compensate for the deficiency of the language model and vice versa. 
The traditional way of doing it is that you have the Truth that's set by a human transcriber, that's the gold standard. 
And you benchmark your system against the truth. 
You compare your best system against the truth and you try to PUSH it. and learn towards that goal. 
If you remove the truth, you are out of luck. 
You don't have anything that you can compare against. 
The trick here for us is that we can actually cheat, and we can artificially make it harder for some parts of our system to function. 
We can actually weaken parts of our system. 
So for example, if I weaken my language model then I suddenly have a system that's actually. . . 
less powerful and I can compare against the best system. 
If we train our system and try to improve our linguistic model based on that, we're going to get something better. 
Then we can basically do the same thing with the language model using a weakened acoustic model and then improve our language models. 
The result is that we end up with a better system hopefully that become a gold standard and we can iterate from there. 
So, the message there is that there are ways to do iterative development without having human support. 
Unsupervised learning is not new, and has been done for a very long time, having a completely into a pipeline where you can do training, evaluation, tuning, entirely unsupervised without involving any human. 
At least in speech-recognition that's very new and very exciting. 
That's really the kind of thing that we are excited about because it really enables us to scale- models of scaling that we were not able to reach before. 
And so, while we're not yet at super-human performance 
It's possible that, by removing that ceiling of human performance, maybe that will enable us to get to that faster, that ascent towards the actual human performance that we see. 
So that was my bit of wisdom that we've been working on recently and. . . it's been a very exciting development for us and there's a little bit more in the paper that I quoted in the previous slide. 
Now, the next choice we have in agent design revolves around how adventurous he wants to be. 
One possibility is what's called the passive reinforcement learning agent-- and that can be any of these agent designs, but what passive means is that the agent has a fixed policy and executes that policy. 
But it learns about the reward function, R, and maybe the transition function, P, if it didn't already know that. 
It learns that while executing the fixed policy. 
So let me give you an example. 
Imagine that you're on a ship in uncharted waters and the captain has a policy for piloting the ship. 
You can't change the captain's policy. 
He or she is going to execute that, no matter what. 
But it's your job to learn all you can about the uncharted waters. 
In other words, learn the reward function, given the actions and the state transitions that the ship is going through. 
You learn, and remember what you've learned, but that doesn't change the captain's policy-- and that's passive learning. 
Now, the alternative is called active reinforcement learning-- and that's where we change the policy as we go. 
So let's say, eventually, you've done such a great job of learning about the uncharted water that the captain says to you, 
"Okay--I'm going to hand over control and as you learn, I'm going to allow you to change the policy for this ship. 
You can make decisions of where we're going to go next." 
And that's good, because you can start to cash in early on your learning and it's also good because it gives you a possibility to explore. 
Rather than just say: 
What's the best action I can do right now?-- you can say: 
What's the action that might allow me to learn something-- to allow me to do better in the future? 
how good you brought the kids of course, I didn't have heart to leave them because my family is the most important thing I have and in a year, when we come back I want us to still be together 
Yes! 
Today ouch oh where's your dad, something's happened to him! stop worrying mum, he's only been gone half an hour yes but in half an hour there's loads of things that could have happened to him what if he's been eaten by a beast or if he's fallen over a ranco or.. or what if a plant's got him -oh mum, there aren't any plants or ranchas on this island a man-eating plant or or maybe some cannibals go to him ye, those massive black ones ye, ye, one of those massive black strong muscular ones with their massive grabbing you and feeling you and... take me! leave him and take me! 
Eat me! 
Calm down, dad will be back soon 
Ok well it seems like your dad's going to leave us without food again you're wrong Federica -dad, dad. come on did you bring us fish this time, dad? erm, fish? no, well I found a few but they were all wet and full of bones what's more, seen as you kids have always loved coconuts I decided to bring you coconuts coconuts? for 4 years now since the plane crashed the only thiong we've eaten is coconuts don't lie Junior, we've also had coconut milk, coconut skin and the house speciality 'crazy coconut on the beach' hey dad.... 
Ludiquito, you're dad's not as stupid as you think this time I just stabbed myself in the foot with the... good at least your dad can say he's stabbed something on this island arg I hate being here don't start this again, saying you want to leave the island 
-get used to the good life, -the good life?! give me 3 good things about life on this island that I don't have to wash, I don't have to go to work, and our marriage is better than ever better? what are you on about? how long has it been since we've argued about leaving the toilet seat up yes because now you just pee like a dog under palm trees and it still gets to that you walk around in pee-soaked sandals ok but it's been ages since I've complained about you emitting toxic gases in the night yes because we pretty much sleep outside and the wind blows them away excuses, excuses, I can't make you happy with anything plus, you take for granted that I'm giving you all you ever wanted... to live by the beach ahh yes on the beach, but on a civilised beach idiot, in Puerto Vallarta or Xtapa 
I miss banana boats and paragliding and here there's no bananas and definitely no Paragliding well how's it fault that we landed on this island? don't you remember whose fault it is that we're here? 
-Nacho doesn't live here -sorry 
-who is it? 
-Capitan, the kids are here to see the cabin come on in here are the kids Capitan 
Welcome to the cabin my little friends, do any of you have any questions? 
How high up are we? 
We are flying at 36,000 feet kids' feet or adults' feet? -he snook in - any other questions, kids? and this screen with little lights on it, what's it for? it's the main computer which controls all the plane's systems 
-and it's fizzy-pop proof? -no, it's not fizzy-pop proof who's smart idea was it to ask that? the idiot's who spilt his pop on it it was only a little bit... and it was diet! well anyone could have spilt that you didn't drop a drink, stupid, you dropped a plane with 95 passengers well yes but it doesn't count  because nobody died plus they were all cowards who decided  to run away instead of forming 'Ludovic-Land' with us we should have done the same and gone to the other side of the island to get help but why if they never came back? they were probably eaten by cannibals! 
I don't think there's cannibals on the other side 
Bibi, why wouldn't there be cannibals on the other side, if there's actors on the other side modistos., even politicians. why wouldn't there be cannibals on the other side? 
Why aren't you a normal castaway girl? 
But dad, seriously, you have to get us off of this island, now! -yes -yeah ok ok I promise I'll have a plan before nightfall, a plan to get away from here this is the plan, look. 
ludoviquito, shut up with your drum hurry up dad, tell us the plan! 
look, the plan is to wait until a Russian submarine goes by, one of the old-fashioned ones when they stick the peroscope out  ludoviquito is going to smash the viewing glass with a stone and then they'll have to get out to repair it, AND WHlLE THEY DO THAT... 
Junior will distract them dressed as a woman and while he gives them a lap dance... 
I'll get in and nick an atomic bomb, which is when you'll enter Federica you'll talk to ... and say 'gentlemen, we have kidnapped your atomic bomb' and then they'll send us a raft/wooden boat to get off the island and you'll drive the submarine in circles until it runs out of petrol and blows up into millions of pieces how's that? wow what a great plan! or we could just wait for the sea to freeze over and we could skate off ahh, how did I not think of that? oii dad, and if the sea freezes can I skate off dressed as a woman? kids, will you give me a minute with your dad? 
(Right) Now! 
Ludovico P.Luche, we can't stay here! what will we eat when the coconuts run out? -have you thought about the kids? -eat the kids? what a brute! think about them, about what's happening, the poor things 
Ludoviquito for example now has... 
-Pelicans! -now he has his first few chin hairs he's a teenager now, and Bibi has grown... coconuts, the coconuts have run out already. 
Now what are going to eat? 
I don't know, ask your dad -Dad, what are we going to eat? ask your dad, you're adopted remember 
Ludovico, Ludovico -yes, I heard. 
It's the... again what do we do? -......... no, don't worry. sleep, I'll keep watch. 
Don't snore though, ok? 
A plane, dad, a plane! 
-Well kill it, let me sleep -A plane! we're saved. look! 
Quick! we need to make a sign.../get their attention not tath sign/not like that! 
I know, I need to fire the flare gun I was saving here it is 
-Dad, you hit the plane.  -what? and I didn't even aim! 
If I aim, I hit. something hit Ludoviquito on the head 
-is anything wrong?/is anything broken? -no, fortunately (Little Ludovic's) Ludoviquito's head broke its fall 
- It looks like a radio, no? -well.... 
-ow, ouch. -oh son, not so loud we can't hear a thing. which song can I play for you? 
-The one by Sepito -No, no. 
Ask for help stupid 
Do you have the one called 'help stupid'? 
-No, no. 
Ask to be rescued! 
No, I don't want to leave. 
Don't get me wrong Federica, but nothing could make me go back to the City Peluche, never ever... 
-"everyone remember that this weekend is the 
World Cup final between .... and .... 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Hello? 
Anyone? 
SOS? 
-SOS, or whoever. 
-Speaking... 
I'll put some clothes on. 
So you are the Major? 
I was the Major. 
I guess to some I still am. 
Now, Terry here was my right-hand man back in the glory days. 
That was a long time ago, mate. 
Why'd you get out of it? 
I was a crazy bastard back then. 
All I fucking cared about... ...was my reputation amongst the firms of England. 
I mean, you've heard all the stories about Millwall, yeah? 
Last match I went to was Millwall, West Ham. 
We're talking a good 10 years ago. 
I mean, we'd been waiting for this match all year. 
At Millwall. 
Yeah. 
Stepping into their ground. 
Completely outnumbered. 
We were fucking wired from the start. 
Now, Tommy Hatcher... ...he was their main man back then. 
He used to bring his 12-year-old boy to the grounds. 
Tommy Jr. 
Always banging on how he brought his kid up, you know, to be like a little pit bull. 
Well, we lost that match. 
Three-nil. 
And those Millwall cunts started laughing at us. 
And I just fucking snapped. 
I mean, I couldn't let it lie, you know? 
So I assembled all our troops, and we hunted them down. 
I saw that little lad go down. 
Tommy! 
No! 
And I saw his skull get crushed under the boots of the GSE. 
I never went to another match after that. 
And I left the Major behind. 
And that's when I met your sister. 
She was my angel. 
She really saved me. 
Showed me a new life. 
Helped me forget all this bollocks. 
And she swore... ...she'd leave me if I ever returned to it. 
And when it comes back to me-- 
And believe me, mate, it fucking does, that madness. 
I mean, when I hear, you know, the-- 
The roar of the stadium on match day, yeah, all the lads calling me down... ...to get pissed out of me fucking tree. 
When I think of that... ...I think about getting back into it. 
And Shannon and Ben, they remind me. 
There's more to life than all this. 
Get all those juicy details, mate? 
- Writing it all down? 
- What? 
- You fucking journo cunt! 
- Oi! 
Oi! 
Oi. 
- Sure you know what you're doing? 
- He's fucking undercover! 
- Don't tell him nothing! 
- I said, are you sure? 
What? 
You already knew. 
All I know is he studied journalism, right, at Harvard. 
But he's dropped out. 
We found his journal. 
Full of stories about all of us. 
That's just a fucking diary. 
Ned saw you at the Times with a couple of journos. 
That was my dad. 
He's the journalist. 
You knew that. 
His old man's a fucking journo, and you knew about it. 
- Look, that don't mean nothing, Bov. 
- You what? 
He studies to be a journo. 
His old man is a journo. 
What's the fucking difference? 
You let one of them get in with us. 
- I wasn't trying to get anything. 
- You shut the-- 
I don't care who he is or what he's done. 
You don't do someone on the deck. 
What's fucking wrong with you, eh? 
He'll bury us all and, what, you just gonna sit down and watch him do it? 
No. 
No, Steve, you're the Major. 
You started this firm. 
I'm speaking for all the boys, we got the biggest ruck... ...of our lives coming up and your brother's too much of a bottle job to lead us. 
The GSE is Pete's firm. 
All right? 
He calls the shots. 
Yeah? 
Well, fuck the lot of you. 
GSE? 
Get out of the fucking way! 
Move! 
Get yourself cleaned up. 
Tommy. 
This is it, mate. 
We'll finally get back at those fucking Hammer cunts. 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
Millwall! 
- What the fuck's he doing here? 
- Martin, sit down, son, sweet. 
- That's it. 
Do as you're told, you mug. 
- Fuck off. 
Bovver. 
You know we're gonna have to stop meeting like this. 
People are gonna start to talk. 
So, what you doing up so late, anyway, on a fucking school night? 
Shouldn't you be at home with your pals... ...all shitting at the thought of us turning you over? 
What, did you have a lover's tiff? 
Well, what do you want, Bov? 
Fucking Yank's an undercover journo. 
He's at our boozer now. 
Tommy, you gotta give him the chop. 
He's got them eating out of the palm of his hand. 
What makes you think I'd want to sort that out for you, eh? 
Because the Major's there too. 
Stevie Dunham's in there? 
- Oh, thanks, Pete. 
- Shut up! 
History student my ass. 
Who the fuck are you? 
Look, I'm sorry I lied about being a history major, but that's it. 
- I'm not a journalist. 
- Well, it don't look fucking good, does it? 
- Why are you keeping a record? 
- It's a journal. 
I've kept that my entire life. 
Are you working for the Times? 
No. 
Look, I'm telling you the truth. 
You've gotta trust me, Pete. 
Mate, you've put me right fucking in it. 
If I don't convince those boys... ...that the head of their firm was not just taken by a fucking Yank journo... ...the GSE is done. 
So I'm gonna go out there... ...and I'm gonna tell them that Bov's got it wrong... ...and that you're one of us. 
And I had better be fucking right. 
So, Bovver... ...is there anything else you wanna tell us? 
Listen, Tom, please. 
This is how it's gotta go down. 
You're the only one going down, little Bovver. 
Grass. 
Fuck. 
This shit with Bovver could tear this firm apart. 
Mate, I need you. 
Stay with us, just through Millwall. 
I'm not gonna help you. 
I made a promise to my wife and kids, all right? 
And I'm sticking to it. 
You know, there comes a time... ...when the best reputation you can have is the one where your family-- 
- What is it? 
- Get down. 
Get the fuck down. 
Hello, boys. 
Jesus. 
Pete. 
Pete, come on, man! 
Hello, Terry. 
Fuck off! 
Terry. 
Terry. 
Look who's back in the fucking Abbey after all these years. 
Hello, Tommy. 
Tommy, I'm done with all this, mate. 
Retired, did you? 
Got yourself a Yank wife, did you? 
Had a son of your own, did you? 
- Listen-- - I had a son once! 
- I'm sorry! 
- Do you remember him? 
- You fucking remember? 
- I'm sorry! 
It's too late. 
- You bastard. 
- Ah, fuck. 
No, Tommy! 
- You listen to me. 
- Tommy-- 
You die tonight... ...and me and you are even. 
It's done! 
Let's go! 
Pete! 
Pete, over here, mate! 
Quick! 
Jesus. 
The fucking punk. 
Bovver, what the fuck did you do? 
Get a fucking car! 
Get him in the fucking-- 
Get him the fuck in the car. 
Get in. 
Go. 
Go! 
Fucking go! 
Get out of the way! 
Move! 
Move! 
Somebody help! 
Help us! 
He's been fucking stabbed! 
- Come on, hurry! 
- Get him on the trolley. 
- Fucking hurry up! 
- Resus. 
Go. 
Infuse six units of O-neg. 
What'd he say? 
He's hanging on. 
Trusting lads. 
You always said trusting lads was my problem, Bov. 
I trust lads too much. 
Trust the Yank too much. 
This is how you prove your point? 
Backstabbing me? 
Teaming up with Tommy Hatcher to kill the Major? 
Kill my fucking brother? 
I'll kill Tommy. 
Just say the word, and I'll do it. 
I don't need you for that. 
I don't need you for anything anymore. 
Go. 
Away. 
Bruv, please, I fucked up. 
- Shannon. 
Shannon. 
- You asshole. 
You have to-- 
Sick! 
You're so sick! 
I'm so sorry. 
I know. 
The doctor said that you're gonna be okay. 
He said it's just gonna take a little time. 
We're leaving tomorrow. 
It's not safe for us here now. 
- You all right, mate? 
- How is he? 
He's hanging in. 
So, what now? 
You let Tommy know I want a straightener. 
- Tomorrow. 
- All right. 
We finish this once and for all. 
Somewhere quiet. 
Away from old bill. 
Ike, your mate runs security at Trinity Wharf? 
- Yeah. 
- Get hold of him. 
Set it up. 
Sure. 
Come on. 
What's going on? 
Ben and I are on the noon flight to Boston. 
You can't leave him. 
He was trying to protect us. 
- You can't do this to him, Shannon. 
- Yes, she can. 
She has to. 
So should you. 
I'm going with you to that wharf tomorrow. 
Jesus Christ. 
They crash our pub. 
- They put your brother in the hospital. 
- That ain't your problem. 
What are you talking about? 
I've got just as much at stake as you. 
Matt, listen to me. 
It's time to go home. 
I don't know where my home is anymore. 
I think we both know where it ain't. 
Mate, this is my fight. 
It's my brother in the hospital. 
I'll take care of Tommy. 
Go home, mate. 
I'm forever blowing bubbles 
Pretty bubbles in the air 
They fly so high 
They reach the sky 
And like-- 
You're doing the right thing, Matt. 
Yeah. 
You know that back home, nobody's gonna care about your rep here. 
You know that, right? 
I'm gonna call a cab. 
- Where's Matt? 
- Finally went home. 
Come on. 
This is Charlie-27, MPCP-501, at Brixton Road. 
Disturbance... 
The cab's on its... ...way. 
Matt? 
Matt? 
Matt? 
Now, at least one of you Dunham cunts are gonna pay for my fucking boy. 
Me old mate, Bovver. 
Never could turn down a good scrap. 
You know me, bruv. 
Get him up. 
Holy shit. 
Shannon! 
Shannon, stop! 
Shannon, over here! 
Matt, don't be a fucking idiot! 
Get her out of here! 
Shannon, stop! 
- Matt! 
- Shannon, stop! 
- Pete, what're you doing? 
- Fucking hell, Tommy. 
It's Steve Dunham's wife. 
If Tommy reaches that car, do you know what he'll do to her? 
He's a fucking animal. 
Hello, love. 
Matt! 
Come on, let me in the fucking car! 
Let me in, you slag! 
I'll smash this fucking window in! 
I'll smash this fucking window! 
- Are you okay? 
Is Ben okay? 
- Yeah. 
Matt! 
You're gonna get it now, you little Yank. 
Bov, you wanna make up for what you've done? 
Get my brother's family out of here. 
Tommy! 
Don't you want to finish me off, then? 
You're already finished, little Petey. 
The NTO will take care of you in a minute, you mug. 
We didn't kill your son, Tommy! 
You did! 
You should have protected him, mate! 
He was your son! 
- Don't you talk about my fucking son. 
- He was your son, Tommy! 
- Get in the fucking motor! 
Get in the car! 
- Get Pete! 
Only a poor little Hammer! 
His face was all battered and torn! 
He made me feel sick! 
I hit him with a brick! 
Now the cunt's not laughing or singing No more! 
- He's not laughing or singing-- - No, Tommy, he's had enough! 
I'll get us out of here. 
Go. 
- You can't leave him. 
- Pete! 
Pete! 
Fucking help him! 
Pete Dunham's life taught me there's a time to stand your ground. 
His death taught me there's a time to walk away. 
I would never have the chance to thank him. 
But I could live in a way that would honor him. 
It's too much. 
Well... ...congrats on the Epstein account, Van Holden. 
That should be a nice commish. 
I bet your father's election had nothing to do with it. 
Fuck you very much, Todd. 
Gentlemen, if you will excuse me... ...I must partake, once again, in this restaurant's fine facilities. 
Fucking lucky bastard. 
What the fuck. 
Matt Buckner? 
Is that you? 
Jesus, Matt, you look like shit. 
Hey, Buckner, do you mind? 
- You said you'd hook me up. 
- What? 
When I took the fall for you at Harvard, you said you'd hook me up. 
You gotta be kidding me, man. 
They were your drugs, and you said you had more to lose... 
- ...and that you'd hook me up if-- - All right! 
Yes, I said I would hook you up. 
Jesus, Matt, I-- 
I'm in a meeting right now. 
Call my office. 
Talk to Cindy. 
She'll make an appointment for you. 
You gotta be joking me, you spineless shit. 
- That you'd hook me up if-- - All right! 
Yes, I said I would-- 
- What the fuck is this? 
- Oh, this? 
- It's my ticket back to Harvard. 
- Give me that. 
I wouldn't do that. 
I'm forever blowing bubbles 
Pretty bubbles in the air 
They fly so high They reach the sky 
And like my dreams They fade and die 
Fortune's always hiding 
I've looked everywhere 
I'm forever blowing bubbles 
Pretty bubbles in the air 
United! 
United! 
To be new at TED -- it's like being the last high-school virgin. 
(Laughter) 
You know that all of the cool people are -- they're doing it. 
And you're on the outside, you're at home. 
You're like the Raspyni Brothers, where you've got your balls in cold water. 
And -- (Laughter) -- you just play with your fingers all day. 
And then you get invited. 
And you're on the inside, and it's everything you hoped it would be. 
It's exciting and there's music playing all of the time and then suddenly it's over. 
And it's only taken five minutes. 
And you want to go back and do it again. 
But I really appreciate being here. 
And thank you, Chris, and also, thank you, Deborah Patton, for making this possible. 
So anyway, today we'll talk about architecture a little bit, within the subject of creation and optimism. 
And if you put creation and optimism together, you've got two choices that you can talk about. 
You can talk about creationism -- which I think wouldn't go down well with this audience, at least not from a view where you were a proponent of it -- or you can talk about optimisations, spelled the British way, with an S, instead of a Z. 
And I think that's what I'd like to talk about today. 
But any kind of conversation about architecture -- which is, in fact, what you were just talking about, what was going on here, setting up TED, small-scale architecture -- at the present time can't really happen without a conversation about this, the World Trade Center, and what's been going on there, what it means to us. 
Because if architecture is what I believe it to be, which is the built form of our cultural ambitions, what do you do when presented with an opportunity to rectify a situation that represents somebody else's cultural ambitions relative to us? 
And our own opportunity to make something new there? 
This has been a really galvanizing issue for a long time. 
I think that the World Trade Center in, rather an unfortunate way, brought architecture into focus in a way that I don't think people had thought of in a long time, and made it a subject for common conversation. 
I don't remember, in my 20-year career of practicing and writing about architecture, a time when five people sat me down at a table and asked me very serious questions about zoning, fire exiting, safety concerns and whether carpet burns. 
These are just not things we talked about very often. 
And yet, now, it's talked about all the time. 
At the point where you can weaponize your buildings, you have to suddenly think about architecture in a very different way. 
And so now we're going to think about architecture in a very different way, we're going to think about it like this. 
How many of you saw USA Today, today? 
There it is. 
Looks like that. 
There's the World Trade Center site, on the front cover. 
They've made a selection. 
They've chosen a project by Daniel Libeskind, the enfant terrible of the moment of architecture. 
Child-prodigy piano player, he started on the squeezebox, and moved to a little more serious issue, a bigger instrument, and now to an even larger instrument, upon which to work his particular brand of deconstructivist magic, as you see here. 
He was one of six people who were invited to participate in this competition, after six previous firms struck out with things that were so stupid and banal that even the city of New York was forced to go, 
"Oh, I'm really sorry, we screwed up." 
Right. 
Can we do this again from the top, except use some people with a vague hint of talent, instead of just six utter boobs like we brought in last time, real estate hacks of the kind who usually plan our cities. 
Let's bring in some real architects for a change. 
And so we got this, or we had a choice of that. 
Oh, stop clapping. 
(Laughter) 
It's too late. 
That is gone. 
This was a scheme by a team called THlNK, a New York-based team, and then there was that one, which was the Libeskind scheme. 
This one, this is going to be the new World Trade Center: a giant hole in the ground with big buildings falling into it. 
Now, I don't know what you think, but I think this is a pretty stupid decision, because what you've done is just made a permanent memorial to destruction by making it look like the destruction is going to continue forever. 
But that's what we're going to do. 
But I want you to think about these things in terms of a kind of ongoing struggle that American architecture represents, and that these two things talk about very specifically. 
And that is the wild divergence in how we choose our architects, in trying to decide whether we want architecture from the kind of technocratic solution to everything -- that there is a large, technical answer that can solve all problems, be they social, be they physical, be they chemical -- or something that's more of a romantic solution. 
Now, I don't mean romantic as in, this is a nice place to take someone on a date. 
I mean romantic in the sense of, there are things larger and grander than us. 
So, in the American tradition, the difference between the technocratic and the romantic, would be the difference between Thomas Jefferson's 
Cartesian grids spreading across the United States, that gives us basically the whole shape of every western state in the United States, as a really, truly, technocratic solution, a bowing to the -- in Jefferson's time -- current, popular philosophy of rationalism. 
Or the way we went to describe that later: manifest destiny. 
Now, which would you rather be? 
A grid, or manifest destiny? 
Manifest destiny. 
(Laughter) 
It's a big deal. 
It sounds big, it sounds important, it sounds solid. 
It sounds American. 
Ballsy, serious, male. 
And that kind of fight has gone on back and forth in architecture all the time. 
I mean, it goes on in our private lives, too, every single day. 
We all want to go out and buy an Audi TT, don't we? 
Everyone here must own one, or at least they craved one the moment they saw one. 
And then they hopped in it, turned the little electronic key, rather than the real key, zipped home on their new superhighway, and drove straight into a garage that looks like a Tudor castle. 
(Laughter) 
Why? 
Why? 
Why do you want to do that? 
Why do we all want to do that? 
I even owned a Tudor thing once myself. 
(Laughter) 
It's in our nature to go ricocheting back and forth between this technocratic solution and a larger, sort of more romantic image of where we are. 
So we're going to go straight into this. 
Can I have the lights off for a moment? 
I'm going to talk about two architects very, very briefly that represent the current split, architecturally, between these two traditions of a technocratic or technological solution and a romantic solution. 
And these are two of the top architectural practices in the United States today. 
One very young, one a little more mature. 
This is the work of a firm called SHoP, and what you're seeing here, is their isometric drawings of what will be a large-scale camera obscura in a public park. 
Does everybody know what a camera obscura is? 
Yeah, it's one of those giant camera lenses that takes a picture of the outside world -- it's sort of a little movie, without any moving parts -- and projects it on a page, and you can see the world outside you as you walk around it. 
This is just the outline of it, and you can see, does it look like a regular building? 
No. 
It's actually non-orthogonal: it's not up and down, square, rectangular, anything like that, that you'd see in a normal shape of a building. 
The computer revolution, the technocratic, technological revolution, has allowed us to jettison normal-shaped buildings, traditionally shaped buildings, in favor of non-orthogonal buildings such as this. 
What's interesting about it is not the shape. 
What's interesting about it is how it's made. 
How it's made. 
A brand-new way to put buildings together, something called mass customization. 
No, it is not an oxymoron. 
What makes the building expensive, in the traditional sense, is making individual parts custom, that you can't do over and over again. 
That's why we all live in developer houses. 
They all want to save money by building the same thing 500 times. 
That's because it's cheaper. 
Mass customization works by an architect feeding into a computer, a program that says, manufacture these parts. 
The computer then talks to a machine -- a computer-operated machine, a cad-cam machine -- that can make a zillion different changes, at a moment's notice, because the computer is just a machine. 
It doesn't care. 
It's manufacturing the parts. 
It doesn't see any excess cost. 
It doesn't spend any extra time. 
It's not a laborer -- it's simply an electronic lathe, so the parts can all be cut at the same time. 
Meanwhile, instead of sending someone working drawings, which are those huge sets of blueprints that you've seen your whole life, what the architect can do is send a set of assembly instructions, 
like you used to get when you were a child, when you bought little models that said, "Bolt A to B, and C to D." 
And so what the builder will get is every single individual part that has been custom manufactured off-site and delivered on a truck to the site, to that builder, and a set of these instruction manuals. 
Just simple "Bolt A to B" and they will be able to put them together. 
Here's the little drawing that tells them how that works -- and that's what will happen in the end. 
You're underneath it, looking up into the lens of the camera obscura. 
Lest you think this is all fiction, lest you think this is all fantasy, or romance, these same architects were asked to produce something for the central courtyard of PS1, which is a museum in Brooklyn, New York, as part of their young architects summer series. 
And they said, well, it's summer, what do you do? 
In the summer, you go to the beach. 
And when you go to the beach, what do you get? 
You get sand dunes. 
So let's make architectural sand dunes and a beach cabana. 
So they went out and they modeled a computer model of a sand dune. 
They took photographs, they fed the photographs into their computer program, and that computer program shaped a sand dune and then took that sand dune shape and turned it into -- at their instructions, using standard software with slight modifications -- a set of instructions for pieces of wood. 
And those are the pieces of wood. 
Those are the instructions. 
These are the pieces, and here's a little of that blown up. 
What you can see is there's about six different colors, and each color represents a type of wood to be cut, a piece of wood to be cut. 
All of which were delivered by flat bed, on a truck, and hand assembled in 48 hours by a team of eight people, only one of whom had ever seen the plans before. 
Only one of whom had ever seen the plans before. 
And here comes dune-scape, coming up out of the courtyard, and there it is fully built. 
There are only 16 different pieces of wood, only 16 different assembly parts here. 
Looks like a beautiful piano sounding board on the inside. 
It has its own built-in swimming pool, very, very cool. 
It's a great place for parties -- it was, it was only up for six weeks. 
It's got little dressing rooms and cabanas, where lots of interesting things went on, all summer long. 
Now, lest you think that this is only for the light at heart, or just temporary installations, this is the same firm working at the World Trade Center, replacing the bridge that used to go across West Street, that very important pedestrian connection between the city of New York and the redevelopment of the West Side. 
They were asked to design, replace that bridge in six weeks, building it, including all of the parts, manufactured. 
And they were able to do it. 
That was their design, using that same computer modeling system and only five or six really different kinds of parts, a couple of struts, like this, some exterior cladding material and a very simple framing system that was all manufactured off-site and delivered by truck. 
They were able to create that. 
They were able to create something wonderful. 
They're now building a 16-story building on the side of New York, using the same technology. 
Here we're going to walk across the bridge at night. 
It's self-lit, you don't need any overhead lighting, so the neighbors don't complain about metal-halide lighting in their face. 
Here it is going across. 
And there, down the other side, and you get the same kind of grandeur. 
Now, let me show you, quickly, the opposite, if I may. 
Woo, pretty, huh. 
This is the other side of the coin. 
This is the work of David Rockwell from New York City, whose work you can see out here today. 
The current king of the romantics, who approaches his work in a very different fashion. 
It's not to create a technological solution, it's to seduce you into something that you can do, into something that will please you, something that will lift your spirits, something that will make you feel as if are in another world -- such as his Nobu restaurant in New York, which is supposed to take you from the clutter of New York City to the simplicity of Japan and the elegance of Japanese tradition. 
"When it's all said and done, it's got to look like seaweed," said the owner. 
Or his restaurant, Pod, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
I want you to know the room you're looking at is stark white. 
Every single surface of this restaurant is white. 
The reason it has so much color is that it changes using lighting. 
It's all about sensuality. 
It's all about transforming. 
Watch this -- I'm not touching any buttons, ladies and gentlemen. 
This is happening by itself. 
It transforms through the magic of lighting. 
It's all about sensuality. 
It's all about touch. 
Rosa Mexicano restaurant, where he transports us to the shores of Acapulco, up on the Upper West Side, with this wall of cliff divers who -- there you go, like that. 
Let's see it one more time. 
Okay, just to make sure that you've enjoyed it. 
And finally, it's about comfort, it's about making you feel good in places that you wouldn't have felt good before. 
It's about bringing nature to the inside. 
In the Guardian Tower of New York, converted to a W Union Square -- 
I'm sorry I'm rushing -- where we had to bring in the best horticulturists in the world to make sure that the interior of this dragged the garden space of the court garden of the Union Square into the building itself. 
It's about stimulation. 
This is a wine-buying experience simplified by color and taste. 
Fizzy, fresh, soft, luscious, juicy, smooth, big and sweet wines, all explained to you by color and texture on the wall. 
And finally, it's about entertainment, as in his headquarters for the Cirque du Soleil, Orlando, Florida, where you're asked to enter the Greek theater, 
look under the tent and join the magic world of Cirque du Soleil. 
And I think I'll probably leave it at that. 
Thank you very much. 
music 
To set your grasslin timer, turn the dial on the front until the dial pointing to the correct time 
Slide the tabs to the outside for the period you want the timer to be on and ensure the remainder of the tabs are all pushed towards the middle. 
In this example the timer will be on between midday and 6pm and off for the rest of the time. 
There is also a sliding switch on the timer, when at the bottom the timer is always off and when in the middle. 
It is governed by the tabs around the dial 
When this is at the top the timer is constantly on 
The Power of Thought. 
A person's thoughts are basically a processing of information and situations before him and we all have ideas and thoughts in our mind 
(Guitar music throughout) 
Music is a language. 
Both music and verbal languages serve the same purpose. 
They are both forms of expression. 
They can be used as a way to communicate with others. 
They can be read and written. 
They can make you laugh or cry, think or question, and can speak to one or many. 
And both can definitely make you move. 
In some instances, music works better than the spoken word, because it doesn't have to be understood to be effective. 
Although many musicians agree that music is a language, it is rarely treated as such. 
Many of us treat it as something that can only be learned by following a strict regimen, under the tutelage of a skilled teacher. 
This approach has been followed for hundreds of years with proven success, but it takes a long time. 
Too long. 
Think about the first language you learn as a child. 
More importantly, think about how you learned it. 
You were a baby when you first started speaking, and even though you spoke the language incorrectly you were allowed to make mistakes. 
And the more mistakes you made, the more your parents smiled. 
Learning to speak was not something you were sent somewhere to do only a few times a week. 
And the majority of the people you spoke to were not beginners. 
They were already proficient speakers. 
Imagine your parents forcing you to only speak to other babies until you were good enough to speak to them. 
You would probably be an adult before you could carry on a proper conversation. 
To use a musical term, as a baby, you were allowed to jam with professionals. 
If we approach music in the same natural way we approached our first language, we will learn to speak it in the same short time it took to speak our first language. 
Proof of this could be seen in almost any family where a child grows up with other musicians in the family. 
Here are a few keys to follow in learning or teaching music. 
In the beginning, embrace mistakes, instead of correcting them. 
Like a child playing air guitar, there are no wrong notes. 
Allow young musicians to play and perform with accomplished musicians on a daily basis. 
Encourage young musicians to play more than they practice. 
The more they play the more they will practice on their own. 
Music comes from the musician, not the instrument. 
And most importantly, remember that a language works best when we have something interesting to say. 
Many music teachers never find out what their students have to say. 
We only tell them what they are supposed to say. 
A child speaks a language for years before they even learn the alphabet. 
Too many rules at the onset, will actually slow them down. 
In my eyes, the approach to music should be the same. 
After all, music is a language too. 
PumaPunku is so unique in the way that it was constructed and shaped and positioned that it is the most intriguing ancient site on the planet 
While the 
Pyramids at Giza are an incredible feat of achievement compared to PumaPunku 
The pyramids are childs play in my opinion the most significant piece of evidence that we have in this entire ancient astronaut puzzle is PumaPunku in the highlands of Bolivia well if PumaPunku considered such a good evidence for the ancient astronaut theory we should probably start off by looking at it after all it's the one that they say was built directly by extraterrestrials 
Pumapunku is the only site on planet Earth that, in my opinion, was built directly by by extraterrestrials 
Ancient Aliens starts off with the false dilemma by making people think that it was absolutely impossible for ancient people to construct Pumapunku even to the point making outright false claims one of the most intriguing things there is that the stones that were used there were not sandstone their granite 
And diorite the only stones that' are harder that dirorite is diamonds so the only way that this could have been achieved is if that tools wereoit tipped with diomonds this is funny because it's totally wrong the stones are not granite or diorite at Pumapunku they are red sandstone and andesite but this is also funny because of the way that he says it the stones that were used werent sandstone there granite and diorite well yeah i actually it is sandstone you can't blame them though it becomes obvious that throughout the series he often just repeats things he's heard in Erich Von Daniken's books 
Von Daniken's books are what the Ancient Alien series is based on 
later we see Eric Von Daniken himself make the exact same totally wrong claim 
Of course is was made of stones found on Earth because you don't transport granite or diorite from another solar system Von Daniken continues building up this fall so wana one of these platforms is eight hundred tons. 
This is very incorrect. the heaviest block at Pumapunku is one hundred and thirty tons and most of the stones are much smaller than that so he's off by a whopping six hundred and seventy tons unfortunately we will come to expect this kind of thing from Von Daniken as we progress 
Ancient Aliens spends quite a lot of time pointing out the various features in the stone masonry at Pumapunku and then they declare it impossible to do without power tools. 
Each of these small drill holes are basically evenly spaced along this routed groove 
To me it's clear that power tools have been used on this unusual block of stone here. 
This surface is as smooth as a table top 
like in your kitchen 
There's no wave to it. 
This was machined. 
The sandstone and andesite stones at Pumapunku would have been easily worked with the most basic stone working tools the idea that diving trip power saws were needed is ridiculous the red sandstone was relatively soft an easy to work with and even though in the site is pretty hard because of the way it cooled it could be easily be flaked off using stones as soft as five point five in the most gail such counting stones were found all over the into site quarries in the area contrary to ancient aliens claims that archaeologists are baffled by poem approval archaeologists know the basics about how come upon crew stones or cut and shaped this is partly because there's evidence for this all over the site itself they actually used a method of almost all ancient stone workers used the used hard pounding stones to pound out trough like depression 
later on the used flat stones in sand to grind the stone to make a polished surface we will see you later on that this is also how the egyptians thousands of years before this made their flat surface granite monuments like obelisk stand as we will see later when we look at egypt's has extremely hard particles in it and if place between a flat surface in iraq can polish even the heart of stones known to man the harder the stone is the better it can be polished using sand we will also see house and can turn a piece of copper into a very efficient granites are or granite drill and that that which the egyptians utilized quite well sandstones approval conclude that agent aliens would never show the cameras are the ones that are in the middle of this process they show that at the same time a stone was being pounded by stone hammers which created these trough like depressions the grinding and polishing was taking place on the other end of the stone unfinished owns like this one clearly show how they were shaped and it wasn't with lasers there's also unmistakable evidence of stone hammers having been used in places that were never meant to be visible like we're certain stones would be connected with one another and because of that it's hard for me to believe you're going down again in this next clip because that would mean that the airlie in toolbox had a laser gun right next to a stone hammer a sucess hillside dissipation stansky only a small space-based weapons complex piece of the just to protect instruments teammate overnight we can take a moment it would be called based costly out sparked the because you don't want graphite hot sauces there is an issue a wala off their base camp dispute there it is true that still draws would not be enough to construct from the bronco especially for some of the finer points for that they would need medal chisels and the equivalent of a carpenter square entire studies have been done detailing how these cuts were made and nothing spectacular is required accepts a medal tools like chisels the arguments against this are usually either that a particular coulter did not yet know how to cast metals or that copper chisels would have been too weak on the first point we know that the pre inc in indian culture was very skilled at fashioning medals and creating metal alloys in fact the people who built a local group were even pouring copper alloys into molds right on site showing that they had more than enough capability to form all kinds of metal tools but the question is what about the tools strength well even if they were pouring pure copper into a mold it would still work but it would need sharpening often but because archaeologists actually found a few of these metal cramps used by them onsite we now know that they were using a very strong copper arsenic nickel alloy which made a much stronger final product arsenic axes d oxidant preventing the medal from becoming too brutal and nicole was used in copper alloys specifically to make strong chisels once you understand that they had the ability to make strong metal tools in a huge variety of shapes there is no part of probable crews still work they would have been too difficult for them well what about these ninety degree right angles that ancient aliens make so much about one of the amazing thing sir if ronald reagan precision of the blocks can see that as part of her and it that it's really been cut dairy accurate right to make flat services with right angles you don't need an alien technology you only need two square or simple equivalent it's important to keep in mind that boom boom grew would have been built thousands of years after the egyptians who had all kinds of squares and plum bobs in levels and so on it's a pretty basic stone working tool that being said despite what ancient alien says political guru is not all perfect right angles you can even see this ironically enough as the ancient alien screw goes around with carpenter squares you can see that some of them are simply not square also they make claims like all the h blocks are the same dimensions which they say suggest that they were made by a big machine but not only would that not be the only conclusion if it were true it's not even true the dimensions of the h blocs are not all the same though they are close it's probably the case that they were made using the same plans speaking of plans mainstream archaeologists say coolant tumko was built by the i'm mara indians and we would all have to agree third quarter to build something like come upon cool unique writing unit planning and you need some sort of a idea rear which peace goals and how important 
legal fits together but there is one thing that all the mainstream archaeologists victory upon declined mara didn't have any writing so how is it possible that they've built all this without plans the builders of probable group may not have had an alphabet but they didn't use the common i cannot refer your artwork of their culture called the idea mama although icons on the site reit a mama not secret alien code and this is but one of the many indications of the culture and time that it was built but my point is that like many cultures they used pictures instead of an alphabet and most building plans are done through pictures like blueprints for example so saying that no alphabet means no planning is pretty ridiculous in my opinion well what about moving the stones and lifting them into place surely that would have required levitation houses massive marks granite work from their laurie's and product here too would have required some clientele cooper technology 
levitation anti-aircraft paycheck aliens would have had if they did know how to liberty these stones then they put far too much effort into creating places in the stones to attach ropes too many stones at the local group have groups several centimeters in width and depth onto adjacent basis for holding ropes the even add special places cut into the stones that to look at the scholars call wasting grips all very strange things to do if they could simply levitate these blocks and to make matters worse for the ancient astronaut theory here according to archaeologists john pier protestant who is an expert on puma com group there's almost no stone at the political coup site that does not have what he calls drag marks on one of its faces where it has been weld drags to the site ajun aliens throws up another false dilemma here nobody talks about the stick to refute the fact we are altitude off thousand eight hundred feet which means we park above the national tree line known trees every in fact area no trees were cut down order to use alex the wouldn't approve theory falls by the wayside this is like saying that there's no way that the objections use word because trees didn't grow in egypt which is true the difference is is that while the egyptians had to import word from places 
like lebanon it would have been far easier for those at the local grew to solve this problem all they would've had to do is simply walk down the hill a little bit okay well what about this claim 
lunch it does not exist at houma cancun because they are we have mega lipstick structures which just lying about this entire site as if ripped apart by by some sort of a great followers i propose that logic still exists at permaplans and at the scattered state of the complex can easily be explained quoting from archaeologists alexi greenwich quote the high quality of the stones made it attractive building material for houses churches plazas even railways in other words the stones were pulled down and hauled off by locals for building material we have the four hundred year old writings of a visitor to provable group who said that the looting was in full swing even back then he wrote that at this site was closer to town he didn't think they would have been any stones left at all incheon alien says that puma prove who is seventeen thousand years old this is what brand instead of this claim the idea that he would not do is fourteen thousand years old is based on a rather faulty study done in nineteen twenty six since then there's been a huge quantity of work both on the archaeology and the geology of the area and all data indicates that he would not do exist in from around haiti three hundred to five hundred for more information on the faulty study he's referring to here i will quote it link from jason caller veto who has been developing ancient astronaut theories for years in his books and books he said the following about this claim to knock it is not seventeen thousand years old this state derives from the work of arthur pas minsky who tried to apply are keyless trying to be to the site but did so in ways that modern scholars do not recognize as legitimate buczynski propose a date of fifteen thousand bp before president i def thirteen thousand bc e which the geniuses on ancient aliens mis read as fifteen thousand bc adding an extra two thousand years onto parchment skis already flood dates here's what he did wrong buczynski assumed but the kala societe ability would not do was laid out with perfect accuracy to line to the equ knox is and solstice is that he felt but could not prove were important to the do you not to people that's on a certain day the sun was supposed to rise above one rock at the temple and set behind another uh... but which ruptured which is since the current ruins do not aligned with the celestial events accurately he concluded that the ruins must have been built at a time when they would have aligned with that event since the sundance kaya change positions and a predictable rate due to the gradual 
When I was a kid, my understanding of the seasons was that December and January were cold and covered with snow, 
April and May were bursting with flowers, 
July and August were hot and sunshiny, and September and October were a kaleidoscope of colorful leaves. 
It was just the way the world worked, and it was magical. 
If you had told me back then that one-third of Earth's population had never seen snow or that July 4th was most definitely not a beach day, 
I would have thought you were crazy. 
But in reality, seasonal change with four distinct seasons only happens in two regions on the planet. 
And, even in those two, the seasons are reversed. 
But why? 
A lot of people have heard of an astronomer called Johannes Kepler and how he proved that planetary orbits are elliptical and that the sun is not at the center of the orbit. 
It was a big deal when he figured this out several hundred years ago. 
His discovery solved a lot of mathematical problems that astronomers were having with planetary orbit measurements. 
While it's true that our orbit's not perfectly circular, those pictures in our science books, on TV, and in the movies give an exaggerated impression of how elongated our orbit is. 
In fact, Earth's orbit is very nearly a perfect circle. 
However, because Earth's orbit is technically an ellipse, even though it doesn't look like one, and the sun isn't quite exactly at the center, it means that our distance from the sun does change through the year. 
Ah-ha! 
So, winter happens when the Earth is further away from the sun! 
Well, no, not so fast. 
The Earth is actually closer to the sun in January than we are in July by 5 million kilometers. 
January is smack-dab in the middle of the coldest season of the year for those of us up north. 
Still not convinced? 
How about this: 
Summer and winter occur simultaneously on the surface of our planet. 
When it's winter in Connecticut, it's summer in New Zealand. 
So, if it's not the distance from the sun, what else could it be? 
Well, we need to also need to know that the Earth doesn't sit straight up. 
It actually tilts. 
And that axial tilt of the Earth is one of the main reasons for the seasons. 
The Earth spins on an axis that's tilted 23.5 degrees from vertical. 
At the same time, the Earth revolves around the sun with the axis always pointing in the same direction in space. 
Together with the tilt, the spinning and revolving causes the number of hours of daylight in a region to change as the year goes by, with more hours in summer and fewer in winter. 
So, when the sun is shining on the Earth, it warms up. 
After the sun sets, it has time to cool down. 
So, in the summer, any location that's about 40 degrees north of the equator, 
like Hartford, Connecticut, will get 15 hours of daylight each day and 9 hours of darkness. 
It warms up for longer than it cools. 
This happens day after day, so there is an overall warming effect. 
Remember this fact for later! 
In the winter, the opposite happens. 
There are many more hours of cooling time than warming time, and day after day, this results in a cooling effect. 
The interesting thing is, as you move north, the number of daylight hours in summer increases. 
So, Juneau, Alaska would get about 19 hours of daylight on the same summer day that Tallahassee, Florida gets about 14. 
In fact, in the summertime at the North Pole, the sun never sets. 
OK, then, it's all about daylight hours, I've got it! 
Well, no, there's another important piece to this puzzle. 
If daylight hours were the only thing that determined average temperature, wouldn't the North Pole be the hottest place on Earth in northern summer because it receives 24 hours of daylight in the months surrounding the summer solstice? 
But it's the North Pole. 
There's still icebergs in the water and snow on the ground. 
So, what's going on? 
The Earth is a sphere and so the amount of solar energy an area receives changes based on how high the sun is in the sky, which, as you know, changes during the day between sunrise and sunset. 
But, the maximum height also changes during the year, with the greatest solar height during the summer months and highest of all at noon on the summer solstice, which is June 21st in the northern hemisphere and December 21st in the southern hemisphere. 
This is because as the Earth revolves, the northern hemisphere ends up tilted away from the sun in the winter and toward the sun in summer, which puts the sun more directly overhead for longer amounts of time. 
Remember those increased summer time daylight hours? 
And solar energy per square kilometer increases as the sun gets higher in the sky. 
So, when the sun's at an angle, the amount of energy delivered to each square of the sunlit area is less. 
Therefore, even though the North Pole is getting 24 hours of daylight to warm up, the sunlight it receives is very spread out and delivers less energy than a place further south, where the sun is higher in the sky because it's more tilted toward the sun. 
Besides, the North Pole has a lot to make up for. 
It was cooling down without any sunlight at all for 6 months straight. 
So, as the seasons change, wherever you are, you can now appreciate not just the beauty of each new season but the astronomical complexity that brings them to you. 
In Digital Video Production we learn the process of creating a short film. 
We begin with the story, coming up with an idea that will be both narratively interesting and practical for us to shoot. 
We learn the basics of camera, sound and lighting techniques, combining classroom training with hands-on experience with the equipment and software provided by the Digital Arts Initiative. 
Professor Kolbe brings an incredible amount of knowledge, having worked in "The Industry" for many years. 
We study composition, movement, pacing and directing through critiquing our own work and analyzing popular movies and TV shows. 
During this whole process we are planning and story-boarding our own short films. 
This experience allows us to take the concepts we've learned and put them to work in the practical world. 
At the end of the class we collaborate with Damon Lee's Film Scoring class to create a music score that fits the style and tone of our film. 
This class was a great opportunity to learn the art of film-making and come out with a work of my own. 
SAVVAS KANTARTZlS 
I HAVE TRAVELED MANY MOONLESS NlGHTS 
COLD AND WEARY WlTH A BABE INSlDE 
AND I WONDER WHAT I HAVE DONE 
HOLY FATHER YOU HAVE COME 
CHOSEN ME NOW TO CARY YOUR SON 
SmokingStrobes 
Glamour Lighting Setups 
Catalogue Photo Biz Part 2 
Hey fellow photographer, how's it going? 
I'm Michael Zelbel. 
Welcome to Glamour Lighting Setups. 
Even though, today's setup is actually not so glamorous after all. 
We don't even have a model. 
What we have is two mannequins. 
And those are not even my mannequins. 
I just borrowed them from a fashion designer in the neighbourhood, who was kind enough to give them to me for a little fashion catalogue shoot, that I did for another client. 
I used that last time as an example in another video of mine in which I explained to you how I think that such a catalogue shoot is so much easier for us amateurs in case we want to earn some money with photography so much easier than let's say wedding photography or let's say microstock photography. 
If you didn't watch that video please go back, watch it right now, but what you won't find in that video is explanation of the lighting setup. 
But you told me that you want to have this explanation, so today I'm doing the video with the lighting setup. 
What you want to do if you want to do such photos really really good is: you want to enable the viewer of your photos the reader of the catalogue or the user on the website wherever your photos are, you want to enable them to really feel the fabric. 
You want to bring across the fabric and the three dimensionality of the garmet and what you also want is clear separation from the background. 
Ideally the background is 100% white. 
But be careful! 
If you too overexpose the background, then you easily get lensflare, and that really reduces the quality of the image. 
So look carefully when you are shooting. 
I will now show you the basic setup. 
What I used was a big white sweep, a paper backdrop, but you could also use a white wall. 
Just make sure nothing in the room is really colored and could throw a color cast onto your clothes. 
I had two speedlights in the background, one just hanging under the ceiling, attached to a ceiling lamp. 
The other one standing on the floor. 
Both shooting into the background, exposing the background so that it's white. 
The mannequin standing in the middle in front of it. 
The main light coming from left and right. 
It's exactly the same setup left and right. 
It's a white shoot through umbrella at roughly a height of 1.60 meter. 
Both speedlights, left and right, are on 1/4th, and because I don't want to have a harsh contrast, (there should be nothing in the shadows), 
I also have a fill light right above the camera. 
It's also going through an umbrella, filling in whatever shadows there could be. 
The camera is just on standard settings 1/200s, f/11 for nice sharpness, ISO 200 for good quality. 
And that's pretty much it. 
The white balance is set to "flash" however, don't trust the white balance. 
I mean, if you do catalogue photos you really really need to have an accurate white balance. 
So shoot with a grey card, ideally even shoot with a color calibration target 
like the color checker passport or something. 
But at least you need a neutral gray target like a gray card, or I used this gray cube and that helps for having exactly the correct white balance. 
You really need that. 
Alright. 
What other tips to I have for you? 
Before you put the clothes onto the mannequin, iron them! 
Use a steam iron. 
It is so much easier to iron clothes, iron out the folds in the clothes with a steam iron than it is to iron them out in photoshop later on. 
So do it upfront. 
Another thing: 
When you are shooting trousers, put the mannequin up onto a stool. 
That way you don't shoot so much ground, the paper that you have on the ground or whatever floor there is, you are shooting the trousers against the white backdrop. 
Just like you shoot the jumpers or the sweaters or whatever you have. 
That's already it. 
I mean it is really simple. 
It's that simple. 
So if you haven't done such a shoot, now you don't have any excuse anymore. 
So in the comments please tell me that you go right now, find fashion designers on Linkedln, on Facebook, and you turn them into your happy clients. 
Alright? 
If you think there is still any piece of the puzzle missing, then let me know that one in the comments as well, I will answer. 
Besides that, click on +1, click on "like" and then stop the video and go get your assignment. 
Alright. 
I wish you good light! 
[Wes] 
So I'm very happy to be here at Mozilla with Brendan Eich, the CTO of Mozilla, and the designer of JavaScript. 
So u could tell us how that language came to be. 
[Brendan] 
Sure. 
So I can say more about how I got ready to make JavaScript. 
It was when I wrote Netscape. 
I didn't have much time to do that, and I had to have the skills already. 
And I've been just seated writing programming language implementations for my entire carreer. 
When I got into Computer Science it was for Physics. 
First studying theory of formal languages and automata theory. 
Regular languages, regular expressions. 
This was the early 80ties and I loved the cleverness of the theory and rather direct way of implementing theories as algorithms. 
So you can make a parser or a lexer , semi-automatically or automatically. 
It was strange to me, and it was useful too. 
I think every practicer in programs should take some time to invent a language at some point. 
There's often a need you have that no typical language is perfect for, or you have some leasure time and you can use that. 
It's educational and can often solve your problem in a better way than any other language. 
And so, I encourage that. 
I did that myself and there is something that helped me to get ready to write JavaScript because when I got into Netscape and the heat of the moment was there, with Java looming. 
Questions about if we needed two languages: a scripting language versus a big language as Java. 
I had to go fast. 
I had to have all sort... in my muscles I had to have some practice already on the way. 
[Wes] 
So in this class we will learn a lot of the things he have just mentioned. in various points. 
Regular Expressions, 
Finite State Machines, adding a lexer that follows them automatically, 
Context Free grammars, parsing, having a parser thet flow through automatically. 
And I can only say that I really agree: 
I have written a number of little languages in my time to scratch various hitchies. 
I think it's a very important tool to have under ones' belt. 
Academic research can be deceptively difficult. 
Sure, there's a lot to be found on the internet, but how do you know which sources to trust? 
How do you find the specific information you need? 
And once you have your information, how do you go about starting your project? 
The Sheridan Library can help eliminate some of the guesswork. 
The library has more resources than you may realize to help you with your research. 
We have books to inform and inspire, or, put you at center stage. 
We have periodicals to keep you on top of what's happening now, 
and databases to put you on the leading edge; 
Videos to help bring information to life, 
or, to help you breathe life into what you imagine; 
quiet rooms where you can compose your thoughts, 
and friendly staff to help navigate it all. 
Of course, we can't guarantee you an A, but we can help you find the resources you need to succeed. 
Contact us through the web chat on the library website, by e-mail, by phone, or, simply come in yourself. 
We're here to help. 
Knock Knock 
Who's there? 
Holly Rae 
Holly Rae who? 
Oh, you know, just the fifth Dame that hasn't been around very much recently.. 
Sorry about that guys 
Hi! 
So this week we are discussing women and comedy. 
And you'd probably be forgiven for thinking that there aren't that many women in the comedy scene, 
Man: 
But that's just because women are biologically more funny than women, everyone knows that... 
Awkward. 
I am so tried of hearing this bullsh*t, Venus and Mars, 
Men and women are just wired differently, "logic", 
The reason that there are fewer female comedians in the popular imagination than there are male ones, is because the comedy scene is really misogynistic. 
Most popular male comedians taking cheap shots at women all the frigging time in their sets. 
Sure, we're talked a lot about in comedy, like we're the long and suffering house-wives, or we're the sluts, 
Or we're the victims of rape jokes, or we are the , you know, ohh, women are just so crazy, like, I'll never understand their silly little brains, 
And our experiences, no matter how varied and vast, are always marginalised into this really horrible little category, of niche, or women's comedy, 
The moment that you don't make a fart joke, which, coincidently, a lot of women are kind of shamed out of at a very young age, 
And instead want to talk about what you're going to do with your old wedding dress, post divorce, 
Is the moment that you're going to be quite ruthlessly heckled by the audience. 
The patriarchy is rigged so that we would believe that the universal experiences, white, able-bodied, cis, straight, middle-aged, are unquestionably logical. 
Man: 
And don't try trying to prove us wrong ladies, 
And of course, male. 
And you only have to look at the panel of many comedy shows on the telly, 
Like, 'Mock the Week', or 'Ql', just to see this demographic reflected back onto us, 
Hours and hours of prime-time telly, just dedicated to lines of white, middle-class men, just telling us about, well, their own experiences of the world, 
It's a social status thing. 
People with the most power will promote the comedy that most reflects their own, personal experience, 
And ignore the things that they don't identify with, 
And so any comedy that deviates from that very narrow experience of life is going to be put in a kind of, neatly labelled box, 
With it's appropriate viewing hours and it's sanctions. 
And so women comedians are entering an arena where if the talk about their own personal experiences that don't match up with this kind of, 
Hierarchical, masculine, view of the world, then they're going to be dismissed as 'women's' comedy, and will be used in a degrading way, 
And it's really cisexist to boot, because often, you know, men dismiss female comedians saying like, 
"Oh, well, you know, it's all just period jokes and diets. 
Ergh!" 
And ultimately if a woman f*cks up her comedy on the stage, then her entire gender is smeared. 
You're not just a woman who isn't funny, believe me, there are plenty of us, like, just ask me what my favourite joke is sometime, it's pretty dire, 
And no, you serve us this, lazy, short-hand kind of 'proof', that all women aren't funny, 
And this is only something that can be changed through socialisation, by encouraging children of all genders, 
To embrace their self-worth, and their self-esteem, and not to fear being laughed at. 
'Cuz I think for a lot of women, if you're laughed at then, that's like, the worst thing ever, 
Like, you can just never go outside again, because it's just so embarrassing, and horrible, as opposed to seeing it as like a social status thing, 
In the way that men have to see it. 
We can also change it by supporting our favourite women comedians, 
Sharing jokes, and humour with our friends, without kind of, fear, and supporting friends when they do make jokes, 
And just being brave and making up our own content as well, like things with, you know, youtube, we've got a vast media that we never had before, 
Which gives us a kind of, scope, to express ourselves, to an audience that will listen, because there are women out there who want to see comedy made by women, 
So on that note, how about you tell me what your favourite joke is? 
Maybe make a video about it? 
I'm going to post loads of links to like, people who I frickin' love, down below, 
And also some kind of, articles about humour and this whole idea of you know, women not being as funny as men, 
And I will see you next week, 
Bye! 
My name is Hugo Sanchez. 
I'm the president of Patagonian Fruit Trade. 
It's a company that represents over 750 hectares of organic production. 
We're dedicated to protecting the environment. 
We export approximately one million boxes of fruit every two years. 
We grow apples, pears, and stone fruit. 
continuing in the tradition of our Seyh 
Sahib ul Seyf Seyh AbdulKerim Kibrisi Hz ar Rabbani ar Rabbani 
Elhamdurillah that we're under him 
First let us renew our Sahadat 
Eshedu en La ilahe il Allah ve Eshedu enne Muhammad en Resullulah 
if the man begins his day with a Sahadat if the muslim the mumin if the murid begins his day with a sahadat renewing his sahadat renewing his religion renewing his promise to his Lord how can his Lord then let his whole day to be in disaster impossible because the man who says the sahadat he has already won dunya and ahiret he has renewed himself he has become pure he has become that one that if the angel of death would have take him right there he's going to be free from all wrong things from all sins that is a guarantee given to us by Allah SWT by his Prophet SAV tought to us by our Seyh if an unbeliever all his life he commits all wrong things he never remembered his Lord one time he'd never made secde for his Lord one time and someway somehow in his last breath something touched him through the mercy of his Lord maybe he said something that pleases that EvliyaAllah the friend of Allah, that his Lord likes in which in these days so many unbelievers they going to find safety because they like and they love the friends of Allah for no real reason but they're like the way he looks they like the way he speaks they feel good next this man, this is a holly man and we don't know anything about religion about spirituality but this man we feel good with him we don't know what holiness is but this is a holy man that one is going to find safety because Evliyaullah he's not going to 
leave him on his deathbed when he is loving that friend of Allah is putting that friend of Allah in his heart very easy for Evliyaullah to touch him and to bring out from the fire into safety by making his tongue and heart to turn to say as Eshedu en la ilahe il Allah ve eshedu enne Muhammeden Abduhu ve Resuluhu it's very simple for Evliyaullah to do there are so many in these days so-called 
Muslims so-called Mumins maybe even so-called Murids belonging two different Seyhs belonging to Sultan ul Evliya but they are looking to that one who's beloved Allah who is beloved to Prophet SAV and they're looking with bad eyes for no real reason too 
looking with bad eyes having wrong ideas having wrong suspicions and not sitting down to think to understand to have intelligence to show them the way but to let their ego trick them and not liking that friend of Allah having wrong thoughts t0 that friend of Allah possibility they may find themselves in a lot of trouble in a very dangerous areas before they passed and if they are in dangerous areas before they pass than in the grave and the judgment day 
Allah u Alem there are those too because Allah SWT he is not saying for nothing in the Quran-i Kerim he is not saying for nothing in the Hadis-i Kutsi in Hadis and in the sayings of Saints of Allah they're teaching us yes if you are enemies to my friends i will declare war on you if you are enemies to my friends 
Allah SWT is saying i will declare war on you 
For us whether we believe or we don't believe it does not change that reality for us saying that we are declaring war on Allah is very different from Allah SWT declaring if you touch that one that I love 
I will declare war on you 
Allah 
Celle Ve Ala, SWT declaring war on us inside each and every one of us there is that existence of that being that is worst then seytan that is worst then firavun that is worse than nemrut that one who is declaring war not only on the friends of Allah not only on the Prophets of Allah but they are declaring war on Allah that is called the ego that ego it's in you and me and that ego is never in a moment in gaflet station never in a moment is sleeping never in a moment to say let me just take a break that ego is always on the lookout day and night twenty four hours seven days a week three hundred sixty five days a year until we meet our judgment day until death until we reach to the grave he's never stopping and our Seyh is teaching us holy prophets they came to teach us from our Lord how to be careful out to be careful of this great enemy that we have inside of us inside, the enemy is not outside enemy from outside we can see and we can built so many walls we can built so many fortresses we can build so many barricades to try to stop of course it is for those walls those barricades our prayers they are they are our fasting they are our Zekat they are our Hacc they are all the actions that we are doing the principles of islam and the principles of the iman that we're doing to stop the enemies from outside to come to take the faith away but the enemy that is inside of us that ego that is worse than seytan worse than firavun and worse than nemrut that one you need a Prophet that one you need a Prophet to train you how to be aware first of that ego because billions of people they're not even aware that they have an ego they're not even aware that there is such a thing especially in the west they teach the ego to be something just something that exist something that is there something that is powerful something that is good ego, superego, this that, it, mit they're using so many words confusing all of that, they are taking from Islam anyway but they are taking from islam and they make another deviation for the task with a big uh... responsibility of taking control of our ego that is given to Prophets and those ones who are inheritors  of those Prophets those ones who are the friends of Allah those ones our Seyhs those ones who is going to make us to understand our ego make us to understand what is this creature that Allah SWT has created and has put inside of us that is always awake that is always on the lookout to trick us to bring us to the fire to trick us to bring us to become allies not with the friends of Allah but with the friends of seytan, with seytan 
This is a big job not too many are given this job not too many out of billions and billions and billions of human beings from the time of the Adem AS to the Holy Prophet SAV 
Only one hundred twenty four thousand Prophets and some of their selected inheritors and in this way in this Ahir of the Ahir Zaman in this second cahilliye in this nation of the Holy Prophet SAV for fourteen hundred years that specialty has given to the Naqshibendi Tariqat to the most distinguished order where, our Seyh is saying where the other Tariqats they finish we begin the end of their way is the beginning of our way finish, graduate from the other forty Tariqats when you're finished then you enter into the Naqshibendi Tariqat 
Naqshibendi Tariqat and these days 
Naqshibendi Haqqani Osmanli Tariqat the straight way concentrating on the ego when the Seyh is concentrating on the teachings of the Prophet SAv  to say do not let my ego 
YaRabbi to trick me for a blink of an eye, this is the seriousness of it they are not given everywhere too 
Elhamdurillah we have receive that teaching from our Seyh because the training of the ego identifying that enemy that is inside of us and controlling that enemy that is inside of us is the most important thing is the most valuable thing that the human that the muslim that the mumin that the murid can have you can have all the prayers and all the readings at all the Zikir  and all the Tilavet of the Quran of all the fastings all the Zekats and the Hajj that you're making which in these days twenty first century muslims it's a big question mark all these obligations all these principles of islam they are not fulfilling properly you don't believe me sit down and think 
Hacc has become a vacation 
Umra has become vacation people sitting in five-star hotels sleeping all day shopping every kind of luxury then to come back and to say 
I am transformed I've become holy 
Zekat 
Hahh, Zekat first, we have to ask ourselves how is the system of Zekat 
How is the system of the economy how is the system of currency or financials off money in Islam is? for us to say that yes we give Zekat big question mark but one thing islam is forbidding us to have paper money gold and silver something valuable that you have in your hands to exchange 
Ahir Zaman, ahir of the Ahir Zaman no one is even questioning this a few who are they've deviated from that it's become a main thing so Zekat which Zekat how you're paying the Zekat ? 
Who is the one who is responsible to receive and to give the zakat? big question mark there fasting where this month of Ramazan, alhamduilahirabbi alamin, Allah SWT, has given us this month may he gives us next year 
Ramazan also it will live that long for him for Allah and his Prophet this month, month of Ramazan check yourself sit out and say did i just stay away from food and drink? did i just become hungry and thirsty? or did I really fast? fasting from my animal characteristics because eating and drinking and relations it is belongs to the animal characteristics did i really stay away from the animal characteristics or when the sun goes down did i jumped into the food 
like an animal and now these days that are coming the hajj 
The Hajj's later. 
Bayram not uh... is coming, this eid al fitr is coming we're seeing millions millions of muslims getting very excited for that, good, we should, we should celebrate but the priority priority has to be doing it for Allah, how many their priority is for this month or these days, these holy days that alhamduilah, Sultan Awliyah declare yesterday to be laylatul qadr, and we do but it could be tonight too it could be tomorrow they could be any night like the turkish saying trade every night like it is laylatul qad, and treat every person as Hizir alayhi salam, that time you're not going to lose is the priority given to these holding nights? right now, are millions of muslims now priority is shop. spend money to get so wrapped up and to be so excited, about the Bayram. not for the sake of Allah and His Prophet,because if you do, you are going to first, your priority is these these holy nights that you are going to catch and you are going to worship and you're going to say maybe i'm not going to reach the next Ramazan but they're chasing after this dunya to spend a lot of money for the luxury for the enjoyment as if you're not going to reach the next Ramazan that is the attitude, prayers prayers that we are making we are making like these quickly praying and quickly leaving sit and think is that prayer a miraj that you have made because a prayer according to Holy Prophet SAV, for a believer, it is a miraj. did we just did miraj? did we just perform the mraj? all of that is to protect the shahadah for the sahadah and the prayer, the fasting, and the zakat and the hajj if it is not protected from the enemy that is inside you can be doing everything it's going to fall and we are going to fail who is the enemy inside? what is the enemy inside? our ego our number one enemy that is allies with shaytan that shaytan will not do anything, shaytan has not done anything, he has just whispered, he is making wes wes but it is our ego that takes that whispering that takes that counsel that takes that consultation and makes it into an action in the judgment day shaytan is going to say, as you know Ya Rabbi i did not pulled the trigger i did not perform that evil deed it is that one who did and i did not hold a gun to his head shaytan is not holding a gun to our head, to force us to commit the wrong thinks that we are doing he is not forcing us he is just suggesting is just making confusion we are following, so importance the importance the most important thing that jihad akbar that is not finishing that is not going to finish until we passed from this world that this world is not going to finish until 
Sahibul Zaman calls the takbir and Isa AS descends from the paradise that is not going to and until the world ends that Jihad al Akbar still continues who is concentrating on this jihadu akbar we should watch we should see, we should try to understand we should answer that question this is the second jahiliyah worse than the first jahiliyah this is the ahir of ahir Zaman this is the time of jababirah this is the time of great confusion this is a time of complete darkness this is the time of Dajaliyat if we are jumping up and down with happiness if we are ssaying this world is a paradise if we are happy with the way that this world is we need to check out for you we need to be happy, definitely with what Allah SWT has given us but we are not happy with how this world this country, our community, ourselves how we are living in this favor that Allah has granted to us we should not be happy we should say astaghfirullah, Ya Rabbi you have granted us everything in this ahir zaman you've granted us that so many millions and billions of people maybe they are not given but we are not saying shukr and we're not carrying that amanat and we are not saying astaghfirullah that we have taking you for granted we are happy, shukr for what you have given us but we're not happy with our ego we're not happy with our progress we are not happy because we are opening doors to shaytan we're not happy because we pass this Ramazan, and we should have done more we should have done more zikr we should have done more reading of the Quran, we should have done more meditation, we should have done more sitting and thinking and understanding what our ego is and how to catch it we should have done more listening to the sohbet of our seyh we should have caught our ego more tightly and we didn't what are you going to lose if you think like this? nothing. you are going to gain what are you going to lose if you are saying, well another month pass just like any other months you going to lose if you are going to pass through this month and see that well i'm satisfied with myself you are going to lose you must never be satisfied in pleasing your Lord that time when you are we have to check our faith who is saying that our Lord is happy you think in this ahir zaman in this second jahilliyah in this time of Dajjal in this time where there is no khalifah when there's no shariat, tarikat, question mark. when there is no faith, when darkness is taken all over this world you think that in these times it gives us happiness, no, it doesn't. it's not. it should not. 
Astaghfirullah hil azim wa tu bu ilah. we are asking our Lord, for forgiveness we are saying shukr Ya Rabbi, for what you have given us this month of Ramazan that has come and past and our intention is to make if you give us the life to make next Ramazan to be more blessed and to be better for us to make us to reach to higher stations to become obedient servants to you not for anything else we're not looking for anything else Ya Rabb. we are not happy we are not happy because you are not happy we're not happy because we understand that you are not happy with the situation that is in this world we have no right to be happy 
Prophet SAV is not happy. with the state of this ummah. uh...Awliya Allah, completely they are not. as a believer if we sit down we understand this it'll make us to understand what Allah wants from us. what our Prophet wants from us, and what our seyh wants from us. what is our job, what we have to do, check that enemy that is inside of you are you letting his leash are you letting his leash to be long are you taking his leash off we're putting the leash more tightly in the month of Ramazan 
Shaytan is all chained. after this month pass watch, during this time watch because the shaytan may be chained but maybe he has trained our ego better than the way that he could have done his job and a believer must be sad that this month is passing the believer must be sad that this month thiis holy month, these holy nights they're gone from our lives again for one more year the sultan of the months have passed this month of mercy this month of forgiveness this month of Rahmat month of blessings has passed. the believe must be said and the believer what he is sad in that way he must try to remember this month more, outside of this month remembrance means you must try to do as much as he did during the Ramazan outside the 
Ramazan definitely it is going to be a little bit difficult because this month comes with its own ease. he should not be so many muslims are so many saying Alhamduilah, Ramazan is finished taubah astaghfirullah now we can celebrate now we can eat and drink, isn't it? now we can buy new clothes now our lives can continue as normal now especially those secular minded ones, now we can go eat and drink in public, go to muslim restaurants and eat whenever that we want 
Where is the faith? the faith is gone because together with the ego we are only remembering the dunya and we want the dunya we wanted the dunya to be under our feet but do we had that kind of attitude we're putting the dunya on top of our heads without putting faith, 
Allah and His Prophet and our Seyh on top of our heads we're putting the dunya on top of our head, don't we are going to be crushed that time, 
Put Allah and His Prophet as priority don't waste these last few nights go to sajdah and ask Allah for forgiveness advice to you and to me we don't give advice anyway suggestion we don't even give sohbet, our Seyh his Sohbet we talk we give suggestion to one another 
Asking Allah, Ya Rabbi, this month that i passed, this month that i've passed i've made so many mistakes i did not treat this month as it should have been treated please forgive me for the sake of the holy ones that time inshaallah because you're stepping on your ego you, you not being arrogant and stubborn and 
letting this month to pass empty the blessings will reach to us inshAllah ar-Rahman that is what we hoping for the great confusion is coming it is not with money is not with technology it is not with too much reading and writing and intelligence that is going to save you from the confusion that is going to come and it's already here it is a connection that you've built to your Lord, your Prophet through his friends through the awliyah Allah. what we're teaching is for us to be obedient servants for us to take control of our ego, for us to understand ourselves for us to understand our Lord. 
May Allah forgive me and bless all of you for the sake of our Seyh, for the sake of our grandseyh, for  the sake of the holy prophet 
SAV 
Fatiha, amin. salam alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuhu. for those of you who didnt pray your uh... tarawih. we have already prayed, so pray your tarawih, pray your isha, pray your tarawih, inshAllah ar-Rahman 
If Allah give us the lives, we will see each other again, salam alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuhu.  have a good night 

Let's look at some of the options you can use with replica sets. 
The config we used earlier, we didn't use any options, we just used the defaults. 
And as you saw, that worked pretty well. 
But there are some options available for your use, so 
let's go through some of those. 
So, if we look at the configuration we used before, we'll see here we basically just have the host names we want to use. 
They have ordinal IDs, the name of the set, and that's basically it. 
This version field is added by the server, and it will just keep track of changes to the configuration and increment the version on each change, so that we can notice changes, and helps the different members the set know if they have the latest version of the config or not. 
They talk to each other, and if someone else has a newer version, they will grab it, then. 
So, for example, you can do re-configurations when a member is down. 
So, a set has a configuration, we might want to change it, right? 
Something's changed, new server, new replication factor, whatever. 
We may want to change. 
That can be done, of course. 
So if you imagine we had a set, we'll just go with the case where there's three servers again, which is the common case, and they're all running, it's all fine. 
Maybe something like this, primary, secondary, secondary. 
We're running along. 
Imagine the server goes down. 
Even with the server down, we can still do a reconfiguration of the set. 
To do a reconfigure of the set requires that the majority of the members of the set, of the voters, are up. 
So, we have a majority. 
We have one, two out of three. 
So that's a majority, proper majority, so we can do it. 
And what we'll do is we'll use the replSetReconfig command, which has helpers. 
For example, rs.reconfig in the shell is a helper. 
But you will send that command to the primary of the set, and if a majority of the set is up, you will have a primary, and then you can do that. 
So, if we consider now a reconfiguration occurring on the set, and we were on, say, V1 of the set's config, and everyone has a local copy of that in local.system.replSet collection, if the set's been initiated, they'll have that. 
So that document's currently on version colon one, which, 
I'm just writing V1 here. 
We do the reconfig with this member down. 
So now, these guys are on two. 
This one still has one, though, so when it comes back up, and it's trying to recover, it has an old version of the config. 
So it will communicate with the other servers, see that they have newer versions of the config, and grab that version from them. 
Then it will go into a recovery state, pulling data, rolling back, whatever it needs to do, and then eventually, it'll be back into that state and have the new configuration. 
So that's fine. 
So in general, our config object is ID, set name, members, and each member of the set has a series of fields, ID. 
However, we can add some extra options to give the system some extra instructions. 
So what we can do is after this host name here, we can then have some options. 
So let's talk about what these options can be. 
So, one of the most common options to use is arbiter, and it's actually called arbiterOnly. 
If you specify that, it indicates that the member of the set is what we call an arbiter, in MongoDB terminology. 
It means the number has no data whatsoever. 
If we have a set, we might have a primary, a secondary, and an arbiter. 
So there will be replication here, these servers have data and no data. 
However, the arbiter does get to participate in elections, because the challenge without the arbiter in a situation 
like this, with only two members, is how do you tiebreak on elections if they both want to vote for themselves? 
But consider a case like the following. 
You have a member here, a member here, and these are members of a set, and they're going to talk to each other, and they're trying to do an election. 
They're trying to get a consensus on who should be primary. 
They both just booted up, let's say. 
The problem is if the network is down. 
So this is our server one, server two, and then we have clients out here, client. 
And imagine we have a network here, and maybe we have some switches. 
It's all in one data center in this example. 
Now we have a problem, though, which is this link is broken. 
Well if this server is up-- the mongod process is running on here, yet it's unable to connect to the rest of the world. 
This server is up, its mongod process is running. 
It's able to connect to the rest of the world. 
So the question is then, who should be primary? 
And it seems kind of clear that this one should, obviously and intuitively. 
THE RUBBER CAN BE STORED UNTlL THE TlRE ASSEMBLY. 
AND THEY'RE READY TO ROLL. 
AN EMPLOYEE WlNDS THE NYLON-RElNFORCED RUBBER 
AROUND A METAL DRUM. 
SHE THEN APPLlES TWO STRONG, KEVLAR THREADS 
FOR THE TlRE BEADS. 
THE BEADS WlLL HOLD THE TlRE TO THE WHEEL RlM. 
ONCE IN PLACE, 
DEVlCES FOLD THE RUBBER AT THE SlDES OVER THE BEADS. 
SHE THEN WRAPS A KEVLAR STRlP AROUND THE TlRE CASlNG. 
THlS IS FOR PUNCTURE PROTECTlON. 
A MACHlNE NOW ROLLS THE TREAD RUBBER ONTO THE KEVLAR STRlP. 
WlTH ALL THE LAYERS OF THE BlKE TlRE IN PLACE, 
SHE REMOVES IT FROM THE DRUM. 
THEN IT'S OVER TO THE BRANDlNG STATlON. 
THlS WORKER ARRANGES LABELS ON THE TlRE RUBBER 
AND BONDS THEM TO IT WlTH HOT METAL PLATES. 
THE NEXT EMPLOYEE PLACES THE TlRE RUBBER 
IN A CLAMSHELL-LlKE MOLD. 
THlS MOLD CONTAlNS A LARGE BALLOON, OR BLADDER. 
THEY PUMP STEAM INTO THE BALLOON, 
CAUSlNG IT TO PRESS THE RUBBER AGAlNST THE SlDES OF THE MOLD. 
THlS SHAPES THE TlRE, INCLUDlNG THE TREAD, 
AND FUSES ALL THE LAYERS TOGETHER. 
IT ALSO TRANSFORMS THE TlRE FROM LlMP TO RlGID 
IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS VULCANlZATlON, 
AND IT'S QUlTE A TRANSFORMATlON. 
THlS IS THE TlRE BEFORE VULCANlZATlON, 
AND THlS IS THE TlRE AFTER. 
ONE TlRE FROM THE BATCH UNDERGOES A GAMUT OF TESTS. 
THlS ONE SlMULATES ROAD WEAR. 
THE TlRE SPlNS AGAlNST A METAL WHEEL UNTlL IT GOES BALD, 
USUALLY AFTER SEVERAL THOUSAND MlLES OF SPlNNlNG. 
THlS CONFlRMS THAT THE TlRES FROM THlS PRODUCTlON RUN 
ARE LONG-WEARlNG AND CAN GO THE DlSTANCE. 
THEY ALSO TEST 
FOR PUNCTURE RESlSTANCE AND PRESSURlZATlON. 
IF THE BlCYCLE TlRE PASSES ALL THE TESTS, 
THlS BATCH IS READY TO TEST HUMAN ENDURANCE. 
IF YOU HAVE ANY COMMENTS ABOUT THE SHOW, 
OR IF YOU'D LlKE TO SUGGEST TOPlCS FOR FUTURE SHOWS, 
DROP US A LlNE AT... 
[background music playing] 
The college of Arts and Sciences is there for students to seek who they are and to become who they can be 
Narrator: 
It's the largest college at the University of Alaska Anchorage the College of Arts and Sciences a place where world class instructors are exposing students to possibilities that will begin to define their future 
David Edgecombe, Ph.D. Theatre Professor: 
I was talking to a student about directing and directing is all problem solving 
It's all making decisions, sometimes spontaneous decisions to change and affect what you are seeing in front of you and those problems, I think, can be very easily transferred to real world situations 
Eric Murphy: 
Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology: 
Whether one approaches the problem from an arts perspective or a natural science perspective what we are giving them is pretty much the toolkit on asking the important questions and then pursuing the answers to those questions on their own. 
Charles Crew, CAS-Psychology Student: 
How I decided 
I really wanted to get into helping to teach as well as helping to conduct research here on campus, 
I started to conduct my own research project in 2009. 
I was definitely pointed in the right direction from faculty 
like Dr. Murphy 
LeeAnn Munk, Ph.D. Depart Head-Geological Sciences: 
We feel like we've succeeded most when the student gets to the point where they are making their own discoveries. 
Hillary Jochens, CAS-Geology Student: 
This semester, for example, 
I'm taking an economics class, which is so pertinent to geology, and all the English that I've done, and the art, and everything 
It does. 
It ties right together. 
Andy Puckett, Ph.D., Director of Planetarium & Visualization Theatre: 
And that's the beauty of the College of Arts and Sciences. 
It really exposes you to ideas and ways of thinking that you wouldn't necessarily have been exposed to. 
Jocelyn Krebs, Ph.D. Biology Professor: 
Especially for undergraduates, it's really important to get a balance of science and liberal arts education. 
I was a Creative Writing major before I became a scientist. 
And you can't be a successful scientist without being able to write. 
Narrator: 
The College of Arts and Sciences: 
Biology, Literature, Geology, 
Music, Philosophy, 37 different programs that together create a balanced, well rounded education. 
Alvin Amason, Native Arts Program Director: 
I personally don't care if they are an Arts Major, or Anthropology or something close to that. 
I think that what they can pull out or identify with in our program will help them through all their endeavors. 
All that education is very important to be well rounded 
Xio Owens, CAS-Alumni: 
As I've gone through my educational career, 
I've also found so many opportunities that 
I never would've thought were there. 
But they're right here. 
You know, in my hometown, in my home state. 
Steven DeLoose, CAS, Theater Student: 
I was looking around the country at some prestigious schools: 
University of Virginia, University of Michigan, places like that. 
And I decided to come to UAA. 
And I would not change it for the world. 
Chris Barnett, CAS-Biology Graduate Student: 
It's been a great benefit for me to be able to stay here and to be able to do world-class biomedical research and get papers published. 
Steve Johnson, Director of Seawolf Debate Team Associate Professor: 
The Opportunites that exist here are just outstanding because we are a relatively new state, because we are a relatively young university, because we embrace that ethos of Alaska so intimately in what it is we do. 
Narrator: 
The College of Arts and Sciences attracts faculty from around America and the world. 
Individually, they bring many unique and fresh perspectives, but they all share something in common: a love for Alaska and a passion to teach and inspire. 
Steven Johnson: 
You know, we get obsessed with things and we pursue them rabidly and that's a good thing when it comes to knowledge, and discovery and teaching. 
That's good, and that's what you want. 
Dr. Jocelyn Krebs: 
Undergraduate research is a great opportunity that students have at UAA. 
It can be very challenging to do, especially at large schools, and we create a lot of opportunities here and it's really essential for students that want to go on to medical school, go on to graduate school. and really for anyone that wants to be able to think critically about the world 
Chris Barnett: 
You know, I get to be here in the setting of Alaska and still be able to do the biomedical research 
I previously didn't think was available. 
I think it's the best of both worlds for me. 
Steven Johnson: 
We have grown as a university in just ways, that other, older institutions couldn't even comprehend. 
We have created an environment where students can thrive. 
Hillary Jochens: 
The attention that I get from faculty and small class sizes and the research opportunities have been remarkable. 
Steven Johnson: 
The students that we are turning out are extraordinarily good students. 
[background music ends] 
[Amy Goodman] 
I want to go back to that moment when Mitt Romney made his entrance on Thursday night. 
He walked down the aisle of the Republican convention, and as he was passing the New York delegation, he shook the hand of the state Republican Party chair, Ed Cox, and then he shook hands with David Koch, actually put his hand on his shoulder, pointed at him, and then shook his hand. 
While [Democracy Now!] was there on the floor, we captured the handshake on video. 
The pool feed that went out, that the networks broadcast, cut away just before the handshake, showing two enthusiastic young women supporters, and then an overhead shot of the convention center. 
Then the shot comes back to Romney further down the aisle. shaking hands as he ascended the stage. 
And we show that split screen. 
For our radio listeners, you can go to democracynow.org. 
I think it's an interesting metaphor for the money behind the scenes, not highlighted even by the media. 
Medea? 
[Medea Benjamin] 
Well I think in the last--past conventions, you'd see it more overtly: they'd be giving out the bags, would have the corporate logos on them, and it would be so easy to know who is [sic] the sponsors. 
Now, I think the parties are afraid, because people are so outraged. 
I would say, on the left and the right, knowing this presidential election is going to cost $2.5 billion dollars--obscene--the--if you add the congressional races, you're up to $5.8 billion--that just says that our system is broken. 
And I think that the two parties are worried about it, because the American people are starting to realize that it's very hard to keep calling our system a democracy when it's being run by a very small elite that is the shadow government. 
It's a little bit funny this feeling inside 
I'm not one of those who can easily hide 
I don't have much money, but boy if I did 
I'd buy a big house where we both could live 
If I was a sculptor, but then again, no 
Or a man who makes potions in a traveling show 
I know it's not much, but it's the best I can do 
My gift is my song and this one's for you 
And you can tell everybody that this is your song 
It may be quite simple, but now that it's done 
I hope you don't mind 
I hope you don't mind that I put down in words 
How wonderful life is 
While you're in the world 
I sat on the roof and kicked off the moss 
Well, a few of the verses 
Well, they've got me quite cross 
But the sun's been quite kind 
While I wrote this song 
It's for people like you that keep it turned on 
So excuse me forgetting 
But these things I do 
You see 
I've forgotten if they're green or they're blue 
Anyway the thing is what I really mean 
Yours are the sweetest eyes I've ever seen 
And you can tell everybody that this is your song 
It may be quite simple, but now that it's done 
I hope you don't mind 
I hope you don't mind that I put down in words 
How wonderful life is 
While you're in the world 
I hope you don't mind 
I hope you don't mind that I put down in words 
How wonderful life is 
While you're in the world 
Oh, yeah 
Thank you very much. 
Thank you. 
hey guys and welcome her to our tutorial "How to get Fraps Premium" 
We show how you get version 3.4.7 
You klick on the Download-Link in the description 
You put it into the Linkbox and Klick on "open file" 
Than you must safe it and we put them on the Desktop 
Than we open it with Winrar or 7zip the downloadlink to winrar ist to in the description and then is the a textdocument and folder than you must drop the .exe file on the desktop or in a folder 
Now you must install it 
Than you click on "close" and now you have the icon "Fraps" here are the most important commands you click on Movies and choose 60 fps for better quallity than make a tick to min7 sounds-> stereo than it recors your game sounds and here you choose "jpg" now you start your game normaly and than you see the framerate (on the right) so more that so better when you than press the button that you choose to start the video than are the framrates red when you than press it again its yellow and your video is ready 
and you found the videos at: computer/c/fraps/movie also you can change the video folder and we see us at our next video bye 
Hello, our final lecture on, Alzheimer's disease, is going to talk about animal models, and bio-markers, and therapeutic approaches, to Alzheimer's disease. 
Experimenters, in modern neuro science, have a series of, animal models, for 
Alzheimer's disease. 
Especially mice, especially mice that over produce, a p, p, amyloid, precursor protein. 
And other mice that have mutations in pre-senilens. 
Again especially with Alzheimer's disease associated mutations. 
So there is some progress. 
And the, challenge, is to make, data from mice, relevant to those with people. 
Now, in general, what does one want to do, for Alzheimer's disease. 
Well, as for Parkinson's disease, which we'll discuss in the, next series, you would 
like, to do two things, for Alzheimer's. 
You would like to find a person with early stage Alzheimer's. 
And stop that early stage Alzheimer's from progressing any further. 
And if you get it early enough. 
Why, that's a remarkable change in the time course of the disease, if you can stop it from progressing. 
The way to stop it from. 
Progressing early enough is either to have a very good neurological or psychiatric diagnosis. 
Or to have a so called bio marker. 
That is an objective measurement either bio chemical or physiological that tells you, yes this person has very early stage Alzheimer's without a doubt. 
Now we are not far along on either of those challenges. 
Some of the new data suggest that. 
If you take measurements of the tau, remember the tau protein, and phosphorilated tau, and of a beta 42. 
And look at the individual, values, or the ratios among these. 
You can get a fairly early diagnosis, of Alzheimer disease. 
Another, fruitful approach, has just been approved by the FDA, the US Food and Drug Administration. 
It's a molecule, called Florbetapir. 
It seems to bind to amaloid plaques that contain beta APP. 
Here's the structure and here is the F18. 
Which emits beta particles, that's why it's called Florbetapir. 
So here is a typical positron emission tomography. a person who, does not have Alzheimer 's disease. 
Very few plaques, very few places, plaque places for Florbetabir to bind. 
Here's a person who, by other criteria, does have Alzheimer's disease. 
Clearly, there is a lot more binding, of Florbetapir. 
So, one needs to be extremely careful about these scans, as they're called. 
And here are the words that the manufacturer uses. 
A negative scan. 
Sparse to no neuritic plaques, inconsistent with the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease at the time the image is made. 
So probably that patient does not have Alzheimer's disease. 
Since the patient goes to a neurologist in the first place for cognitive impairment among other complaints, then that cognitive impairment is not Alzheimer's. 
Now, of course, one needs to be very careful and say that a positive scan indicates moderate to frequent amyloid plaques. 
And that some patients with these kinds of plaques also have Alzheimer's. 
But. 
There are examples of people with other types of neurological conditions, as well as older people with normal cognition who show positive scans. 
So, the manufacturer says very carefully, Florbetapir is an adjunct to other diagnostic evaluations. 
More than this, we can't say at the moment. 
We hope for better biomarkers. 
Again, heterozygote advantage does not seem to exist for Alzheimer's so we'll leave that go until we get to depression and let's look now at therapeutic approaches. 
Suppose a person is diagnosed with early stage Alzheimer's, what can be done? 
Well the molecules that are in the clinic now, and that are the molecules of choice, are the 
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors because neurons that make acetylcholine. 
Are among the first to die in Alzheimer's disease. 
They're in the basal forebrain. 
And therefore, if one can prolong the life of acetylcholine by inhibiting its breakdown by acetylcholinesterase. 
One has more acetylcholine. 
And the lack, relative lack of cholinergic neurons does not matter much. the three that are on the market are. 
Somewhat effective. 
Interestingly enough, galantamine, may also be, a positive, allosteric modulator, of alpha four beta two receptors, so that, it could be acting, both, by preventing the breakdown, of acetylcholine, and by enhancing its action. 
Also on the market is one NMDA inhibitor, called Memantine, and the thinking here is that. 
Excessive activity at NMDA receptors may be excitotoxic. 
And so, it may be possible to slow down the time course of Alzheimer's using Mementine. 
For both of these types of medications, the slowing down is statistically significant. but. 
We need very much better drugs. 
So, because we've talked about that the various Secretase sites in beta APP, you can appreciate that. 
Beta-secretase inhibitors would also be useful if one could develop them with no side effects and specific action. 
There have been other drugs with unknown mechanisms that failed for Alzheimer's trials. 
Gamma secretase inhibitors might also be useful. 
The one that got the furthest along in clinical trials also failed. 
One could think about targeting the protease complex with notch-sparing gamma secretase inhibitors. 
Remember the. 
Probable natural function of gamma secretase is to, protealize Notch. 
So you'd need to develop a gamma secretase inhibitor which allows Notch proteolysis to go ahead. 
But blocks cleavage of the APP. 
And, other gamma secretase drugs. 
Modulators that shift the proportion of a beta peptides, in favor of shorter, less harmful, peptides. have been conceived, but not brought to the clinic. 
And then there's the topic of antibodies against a, beta APP, or, A-Beta. 
And the three that had been tried so far in clinical trials are listed here. 
The have been largely unsuccessful. 
Although one of them has been mildly successful in early stage of Alzheimer's. 
So, clearly, Alzheimer's therapy has a very long way to go. 
Next time we will continue or discussion of neurodegenerative diseases by talking about Parkinson's disease. 
Here's another nearest neighbor example, and now I'm going to ask a different question. 
Given all the black data points, 
I want to make sure that the red ones are classified as indicated and I am free to choose a different value for K. 
Say I can choose K to be 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. 
Check any or all of the K values for which you believe these 3 data points are classified correctly relative to the black training data set. 
In the celebrated example of Prisoner's Dilemma, we have this general scheme where the two prisoners can either cooperate or not. 
Defect, as it's called. 
If they both cooperate, they get some payoff A. 
If they both defect, they get a different payoff D, where A is greater than D. 
However, if they miscoordinate and one of them cooperates and the other defects, then the cooperator gets the lowest possible payoff and the defector gets the largest possible payoff. 
And that's true symmetrically here as well. 
And this very well known example has a rather counterintuitive paradoxical properties. 
Most games are not as conceptually confusing. 
Here's an example that's conceptually very clear and these are games of pure competition. 
The situation here is limited to two players, where one player's payoff is exactly the compliment of another player's payoff. 
So, they always add to some constant c. 
Often that constant we use is zero. 
And we call it, for that reason, zero sum games, as opposed to constant sum games. 
And since they do sum to zero or to a constant, we only need to remember one number, the pair to one of these and we can infer the payoff to the other player from that. 
Here's the most simple version of it. 
This is a game of matching pennies. 
So you and I each need to pick heads or tail for the coin. 
If we pick the same side, either heads or tails, I win. 
Which means that I get a payoff of one and you have minus one. 
If we miscoordinate, and so I pick heads and you tails or the other way around, then you win. 
A very straight forward game of pure competition. 
Here's another very well known similar game with three actions from both of us and that's the game of rock, papers, and scissors, also known as rochambo. 
So, if we pick the same action then it's a draw. 
And otherwise there are rules for who wins. 
For example, if I pick rock and you paper then you win. 
I picked rock and you scissors then I win. 
And so on. 
Again, the payoffs in both cases sum to zero. 
This parenthetically, this very simple children game actually has an annual competition that carries a nontrivial prize of $10,000 and it's actually a sobering thought that when we look at this trivial game then, perhaps, chuckle a little bit, if we actually participated in this competition we'd actually think hard about how to play it. 
Here's the other extreme, of games of pure coordination or pure cooperation. 
In this case, all agents have exactly the same interest. 
In other words, the payoffs for every action vector that they take is the same. 
And so the utility for player 'i' is always the same as the utility for player 'j' for every action vector that they choose. 
And so again we here, too, will need to write each cell of matrix only one number because it's common to all the players. 
It's drives home that perhaps the unfortunate term "noncooperate" game theory that describes this dominant strand of game theory that we are discussing for now 
It's, the name was suggested these are games for, that descibe situations that are inherently conflictual but as we see they apply also to games in which the interests of the players coincide. 
So here's a game that describes the purely cooperative situation. 
You and I walk towards each other on the sidewalk. 
We can each decide whether to go to our respective left or respective right. 
And if we pick the same side then all is good. 
We avoid a collision. 
If we don't, then we do collide and that's equally bad for both of us. 
Of course in general, games will be neither purelly cooperative nor purely conflictual and here's a game that exemplifies that. 
This is a game that's called "Battle of the Sexes." 
So imagine a husband and a wife who want to go out to a movie. 
There are two movies that they can choose from. 
Let's say "Battle of Armageddon" and "Flower Child." 
The one, a violent war movie, and the other is a romantic comedy. 
Above all they want to go together to the movie. 
If they go to different movies then they are equally unhappy. 
So they want to go to the same movie but they have conflicting preferences. 
The wife clearly would prefer to go to "Battle of Armageddon" and the husband, as romantic as he is, would like to go to "Flower Child." 
So, both cooperation and competition in this game. 
İyi ki doğdun, Fatmagül. 
[Glad that you were born, Fatmagül.] 
Happy birthday, halacığım. 
Thank you sweetie. 
Happy birthday, sister.May your face always smile. 
Thank you, abiciğim. 
I wish you a happy and healthy life. 
Amin. 
- Fatmagülcüğüm, may your wishes come true, my child.- Thank you. 
I am glad that you were born. 
Thank you. 
Kerim Abi, everyone gave their presents.But we couldn't see yours. 
He gave his present yesterday. 
Go on, cut your cake. 
You see what happened to you because you didn't listen to me. 
You'll do as I tell you from now on.What happened has happened. 
It can't be helped. 
Your blood will fade from the ground. 
But you will be left alone. 
It is already decided.Mustafa won't accept you anymore. 
Don't cry. 
Look. 
Don't cry. 
I was just outside for a minute.You know how everyone was staring at me? 
Like this. 
They're talking about you. 
They say that it happened with your permission. 
You did it with your own will, they say. 
- No...- Shh. 
- There were four people.- Shut up, someone will hear. 
I know their faces.They were four. 
Stop saying four.One was more than enough to ruin your life. 
Mustafa can't help you.But I will. 
I will help you get up.And we'll go home, okay? 
You're not safe here. 
They were four.Selim... 
Son of the Yaşarans', Selim. 
Shut up.Don't mention their names. 
They are very powerful people.They'll get out of jail in two days... ... and come back to do you even more harm.You hear me? 
They were all at the engagement party. 
I've given their punishment. 
I've punished them.I'll tell you everything once we're out of here. 
Please Fatmagül.Okay sweetie? 
- Who is it?- It's me. 
- Where have you been?- I'm back. 
Making me wait here for hours.Locked in this room. 
Kendin geziyorsun tabi maaşallah. 
Do you have to brush me downas soon as I'm back? 
I was busy with work and stuff.It's not like I'm late on purpose. 
You don't carewhat this woman is doing with no money. 
I didn't even eat anything. 
- Okay, okay. 
I'll order something now.- You're very generous, thank you. 
Hey, okayI am sorry. 
I said sorry, girl. 
Okay, I've acted like a jackass.I'm sorry. 
Okay, I won't be late next time. 
Mukaddes you're prolonging this. 
Look at me. 
Look. 
Smile. 
As if I could smile right now... 
Anyway, I shall go wash my face. 
And then we go and eat, okay? 
- So, did you go to the doctor?- Tsk. 
[No] 
I went to the nursery school, to see my son. 
- And I gave all my money to the taxi. 
- Why are you doing dangerous stuff like that? 
You're seeking trouble. 
They could have seen you. 
I can't bear the longing for my child.What can I do? 
Okay, this pregnancy really made you nervy.You better do something about it quickly. 
I will. 
Don't worry. 
I can come with you, to the doctor if you want. 
- Okay.- This week, I'll be a bit busy with work though. 
We can go next Thursday, okay?I'll be busy till then. 
Which day of month is next Thursday? 
Let me see...It's 8th today. 
16th it will be. 
16th... 
Don't waste time, if you ask me.Let us go and take care of it next week. 
Neither before you, nor after you. 
Fatmagül, shall we dance?Let us dance. 
How sweet of you. 
#Oh the separation. 
Stronger than even death. 
#Time stops flowing. 
#Neither my loved ones, nor the sweet memories are enough anymore. 
Abla, shall we dance?In honor of Fatmagül's birthday. 
# I'm caught up in your love. 
# I stole from my own life. 
- Let us dance as well.- No, baby. 
You know this is not my type of song. 
# Travelling around the seven worlds, 
# I have yet to find a remedy. 
Tonight is doing good for all of us. 
- It made Fatmagül so happy.- I wish her to be always happy. 
And always smile. 
- I'm sorry.- It's okay. 
We can sit, if you want.I keep stepping on your foot. 
Dance with Fatmagül.Go ahead. 
# I withheld my eyes,# Kept my words quiet. 
# Scattered my ashes, 
It's been so long since I last danced.Was never good at it.# While my flame is alive. 
Just leave yourself to the flow of the music. 
At least good things like this also happen in our life. 
Enjoying this night despite everything... ... the best way of fighting our enemies. 
- This is our second dance.- The first one was a reluctant one. 
I was excited that day at least as much as today. 
They were beautiful that day, but...Your eyes are even more beautiful now. 
- Mustafa where are you?- I am outside, what's up? 
I'm told you didn't come to work all day.I got worried. 
I had some matters to take care of. 
Good then, I was afraid of you and Kerim getting at each other again. 
- Nothing happened just yet.- What does it mean now? 
Nothing. 
I mean don't worry. 
- There's nothing I should be afraid of then.- Nope. 
- Alright, good then. 
See you later.- Laters. 
Damned bastard! 
He is acting all bravebecause he knows we depend on him. 
My hands are tiedGod damn it, I can't punish him right now. 
We need to remain calmuntil the trial. 
How dare he do that to me! 
No way Reşat... 
I don't think this could be true. 
- I expect anything from him... - But not from Meltem. 
I don't believe that Meltemwould do such a thing. 
Could she have gone there for another reason? 
Why do you always think aboutthe worst and ugliest possibilities? 
- Abla, you are being over optimistic.- Come on, please. 
Don't we all know Meltem? 
What are you talking about Hilmiye... 
Tell me, didn't we know our own kids? 
Nothing surprises me anymore. 
- Nothing...- Selim will be devastated if he learns about it. 
- Don't tell him anything about it.- Of course we can't say such a thing to him. 
Shall we change the music? 
- It's my turn now.- Floor is yours, abi. 
- Good evening, Fatmagül Ilgaz?- She's there. 
Thank you. 
Good evening, Fatmagül Ilgaz? 
Give me it. 
- From him?- Give me that. 
What is it? 
Abla, give it to me. 
"I'll send you my best wishes. 
At exactly 10 p.m." 
"All together, to many happy years. 
Mustafa." 
- God damn it, God damn it!- What is it? 
Hurray, hurray!Dad look! 
It's amazing! 
Kerim Abi, is this your present then? 
Hey stop!Stop! 
Fatmagül. 
Don't cry. 
My birthday has been ruined as well. 
Is this how it's gonna be?Will my happiness always be left unfinished? 
Don't let it demoralize you, Fatmagül. 
You've stood strongly on your feet till today. 
You should keep the same stance from now on as well.Better, happier days are awaiting you. 
No one can take them away from you.Very soon, girl. 
Your exam results will be announced soon as well. 
We will get your good news.You will succeed even more than that Fatmagül. 
My dear, don't let anything pull you down. 
Please. 
Let's go now. 
And then, the baby rabbit... ... in tears, apologized to his mom. 
- Are you asleep?- No. 
Okay, good. 
Then, his mom said to him, "My son..." 
"Lying is a very bad thing," she said. 
"Children shouldn't lie." 
"No matter what, they shouldn't lie," she said. 
"They shouldn't lie, even if their mothers wants them to," she said. 
You are lying to me as well, now. 
I know what you said isn't written here. 
- It is written here son.- The Baby Rabbit's story is different, I know it. 
Oh, this is the other *baby rabbit*'s story though. 
Which is much better if you ask me.I think it is very good. 
Children shouldn't lie. 
They should never lie. 
You don't lie to me either.Okay son? 
Okay then. 
Let us sleep now.I'm sleepy. 
Daddy, fireworks were so beautiful, aren't they? 
They were beautiful, son.Very beautiful. 
Close your eyes now. 
Sleep well. 
Kerim, come on.It's late. 
Good night. 
Kerim. 
Thank you. 
Thank you.You did a lot of preparation since the morning. 
It was tiring.But it was worth it. 
Everything was great. 
Yes. 
I worked hard for it. 
But you see.I didn't think about setting off fireworks. 
- Kerim, don't say this.- God damn him. 
- I'll make him pay for this.- Kerim please... 
It's obvious why he did it.Don't do anything please. 
- Listen to me at least this once.- Don't you see how he provokes me. 
Should I pretend that nothing happened? 
A wrong step you take with anger, may affect the whole lawsuit badly. 
Please don't do somethingthat would put our case on danger. 
- This is what he exactly wants.- He is doing it out of desperation. 
Because, he is so lonely, so helpless.He is well aware that he lost everything. 
He is actually taking revenge of himself.He's trying to hurt himself. 
I could very well help him get hurt... 
He's showing off. 
Trying to impress you. 
He is nobody for meeven if he pulls down the stars from the sky. 
You think he could impress me by showing off with the Yaşarans' money? 
He is a poor soul.You don't need to be jealous of him. 
I am not jealous, Fatmagül. 
I am afraid. 
Bastards as low and dirty as them... 
I am afraid of what they are can do. 
I'm afraid to loose you. 
Don't be. 
I love you so much. 
Good night. 
- Abi...- Huh? 
Okay, I'm coming. 
I am so excited Fatmagül.My heart is beating like a drum. 
Meryem Abla said the results aren't announced yet.I mean the page is down, she said. 
- Okay, I'll get it.- My hands are sweaty, can you take it? 
Alright... 
Fatmagül the page is open now. 
Fatmagül bring that number of yours.So we can check it. 
Give it to me, canım. 
It's so slow... 
New customers have arrived.I shall go greet them. 
- Hello, welcome.- Hello, do you have tea? 
- Of course we do.- Can we have two teas? 
- Coming right up.- Thank you. 
What's the matter? 
What's wrong? 
Fatmagül... 
- Well done girl.- What !? 
Yey, I passed it! 
I passed it. 
Abi, come here, I passed! 
Well done! 
Didn't I tell you? 
- I told you, you would be successful.- Well done my clever sister. 
Thank you, Meryem Abla.If it wasn't for you, I-- 
What did I do? 
You did it alone. 
- You gave me courage.- But the labor was on you. 
- Thank God.- Let's give the news to Kerim as well. 
Sure, he was waiting for your call anyway. 
- Ops... 
They wanted two teas.- I'll get their teas. 
You go on, call him. 
Take this over. 
- What's up?- It is declared. 
And? 
I failed. 
It happens Don't get your morale down. 
It's not like you had to pass it at the first time. 
Just don't give up.You can study harder and pass the next one. 
Next exam will be... of the next class's . 
What? 
Gotcha ! 
Why you..! 
You almost got me frozen here! 
- That wasn't nice of you Fatmagül.- It has just been declared, Meryem Abla checked it. 
- I can't believe I passed it!- I'm so happy to hear that, congratulations. 
- Shall we celebrate it tonight?- Okay, talk to you later. 
I shouldn't hold you more. 
Laters. 
- Teas are on me!- He got frozen, lost his tongue for a moment. 
- Naughty you.- Then he tried hard to comfort me. 
- You scared my son!- Who wanted the teas again? 
Number three. 
Easy, I'll spill them. 
- We should let Kadir Bey know about it as well.- Of course. 
You call him then. 
Fatmagül..! 
I'm busy right now.My börek is in the oven. 
Thank you God. 
Your hala will finish the school next year.Be successful like her. 
But he will finish his school without any break, right? 
- He will go to school and study hard.- Yes. 
I'm so happy Fatmagül.I hope we can celebrate the day... ...you graduate from university,all together. 
İnşallah, inşallah. 
I mean, I'm not getting out of your livesafter the lawsuit ends. 
I told Meryem Hanım as well. 
I see you as my family. 
I hope our faces will smileafter the trial as well. 
We're just leaving the house. 
No, we'll get there in time.Don't worry. 
Okay, will do, my dear. 
Your enişte is saying hello to you.He's already there, waiting at the airport. 
- Take care sweetie.- Have a nice trip. 
Thank you. 
Bye bye. 
Don't pout.You are going away from hell. 
- May God be with you.- Have a good trip. 
- There you go, miss. 
Your bill.- Thanks. 
You're welcome.Have a nice day. 
You too. 
Doing as I'm told.What else could I do? 
As you said, we delayed the abortion.We'll do it tomorrow. 
As if I don't have enough to deal with... 
But I am telling you, Münir.When this is done... ... 
I'll be done with this womanno matter how much money you offer me. 
Okay, okay. 
I got it. 
When is your trial? 
Okay, call me when it's over though. 
You too. 
Who are you?Who are you, God damned man!? 
- Stop yelling at midnight!- That bastard bought you as well, didn't he? 
God damn it! 
You are Münir's man.God damn you! 
- Who is Münir?- Don't play dumb! 
You did it just to keep me away from that trial. 
- Gather yourself !- I wrecked my home for you! 
- God damn you. 
- Stop it, you will wake everyone up! 
Get your hands off me!You sold out jerk! 
Damn you! 
- Shut up or I will --- Go on, hit me! 
- Damned bootlicker of the rapists.- What?! 
God damn you. 
You killed meto save the lives of three rapists ! 
Wait, wait... 
What?Who the hell am I saving? 
Explain it to me. 
Hay Allah, ya...Those bastards tricked me. 
Motherf*ers! 
Are you any different than them? 
How could you do this to me? 
I swear on anything you want me to. 
I didn't know about it. 
I asked him many times.He said it was a land lawsuit. 
He didn't tell me the truth. 
That pimp! 
I would spit on his faceif I knew the truth. 
And would this take away the guilt from you? 
Whether you knew the truth or not... ... makes you less guilty? 
But the stupidity is on me. 
I let you trick me again,although I knew what you were. 
Despite what you put me throughI fell for you again. 
I apologize so much. 
You shot me down really bad this time. 
I don't remember feeling more humiliated in my life. 
I wrecked my familyfor nothing, absolutely nothing. 
I don't have the face to say anything. 
But what happened has happened. 
I did it again. 
Forgive me. 
Forgive me and go. 
As if you left me anywhere to go. 
Who would accept me now? 
Who would forgive me? 
If you spoil those men's game...Maybe, your husband will get soften. 
Go girl... 
I'll buy your plane ticket.I'll put some money in your pocket as well. 
Go and testify.Be their doom ! 
Offf, days and weeks have passed here. 
But these minutes feel even longer.I'll loose my mind. 
- What if we come back here.- Stop being a merchant of doom. 
We'll end up here againif you keep attitude. 
Stop it! 
- What's wrong, man?- Don't touch me! 
- He is just shaving you.- I don't want him to. 
Fuck off then. 
- I'm not dying to touch your face.- Ibrahim... 
- If it wasn't for the orders I was given...- Just do your job. 
Sit down. 
Don't piss him off. 
- Sit down!- Come on, man. 
We need a shave as well. 
I feel dizzy.Must be because of high blood pressure. 
- Perihan, please get a grip on yourself.- Can we find some water? 
My mouth is also dry. 
I told you not to come hereand go directly to the courthouse. 
I will be the only one to see them anyway. 
You shouldn't have come here. 
Can't we see them as they're being taken out? 
- Maybe you will. 
But you can't talk to them.- That'll be enough for me. 
What about the girl? 
She's here under control.She departed from Istanbul early. 
- So she should be already here.- Be sure, and then talk to me. 
Okay, okay, okay. 
- Yes?- Where are you? 
I'm here.I've arrived. 
Okay, good. 
- See you at the courthouse.- Okay. 
- She is here.- What about that dog? 
He's on his way.He should be here shortly. 
I'm going inside now. 
Kadir Bey wants to talk to you. 
Fatmagül, my child.Look, this is a very difficult day for you. 
You have been waiting and preparing yourself for months, for this day. 
It was very important, and also difficultfor you to even come here. 
And you managed it. 
We will manage to get them punished as well. 
Together we will. 
You will feel very tense during the trial. 
This won't be a surprise. 
You will be hurt and affected negativelyby what's going to be talked about in there. 
Shortly it will shake you up badly. 
You may feel prepared for anything now.But during the trial, unexpected things can happen. 
It is okay, if you don't want to come. 
Trust me and believe methat I will do my best to represent you there. 
Don't come to the trialif you ask me. 
But the decision is yours. 
My child, it will be better for you. 
- So that you won't have to see them again.- I will come. 
I'm not scare of seeing them. 
I will come and look into their eyes. 
Deep into their eyes... 
It's time.Let's go. 
- Is the courthouse far from here?- No. 
- Has Mustafa come?- He must have, yes. 
- Does he know I am here?- No, are you scared of him? 
Don't be scared.He can't harm you as I'm here. 
I am in İzmir.I came here for some business. 
Sent by the companyto control a shipment. 
How are you? 
How is dad? 
I may visit you once my work is done. 
I won't come thereif you don't want me, mom. 
Okay, okay. 
I'm busy. 
Let us not talk about it right now. 
I'll call you later. 
Okay, see you later. 
Which flight did you say? 
Don't you have a sooner flight? 
Okay, book that ticket for me please. 
For 10 minutes, please.I'm on my way to the airport. 
Help me out. 
Please. 
I'm on my way to the airport.Yes, yes. 
I'm trying to catch that flight. 
Okay, okay thanks. 
- Fatmagül.- It's okay. 
I'm fine. 
- Come, Kerim. 
We're gonna be late.- Be a good boy in there, okay? 
Are you really okay? 
You look very pale, my child.Come, take my arm. 
- Are you here, jerk?- Kerim what are you doing. 
Collect yourself. 
I will make you pay for everything you did. 
- Come on, Kerim. 
What are you doing?- He can't stare at us from there. 
- Abi, it's okay. 
Not here.- Come on, walk inside Kerim. 
- He lost it again. 
Take him inside.- Okay, leave it to me. 
- Fatmagül...- We're come, we're coming. 
It's your turn Fatmagül, okay?Don't let them scare you. 
Be brave, stand straight. 
You will be victorious.We will be. 
My knees are shaking. 
My whole body feels stiff. 
I've waited for this day for months. 
I've waited patiently. 
It's time for revenge. 
It's time to stand against thosewho tried to take my life away. 
Why are you looking at me with hatred? 
Why? 
Because I didn't yield to you? 
Because I didn't loose against youand I didn't accept the life you forced upon me? 
You expect me to hang my head in shame as I walk before you. 
I'm not the one who should be ashamedand you know that well. 
Hence the hate in your eyes. 
You wanted to clean your dirty consciences by staining me. 
Even giving up your honors for it. 
*"We won't hurt you. 
Just tell us whether you are her, or not."* 
*"We'll find out now.Vural, pass the bottle here."* 
*"Pour it on her." * 
*"I recognize this body.It's definitely her."* 
You casted upon me the vilest violenceand the heaviest injustice. 
You soiled my life with your own filth. 
You brutally pillaged the life of someone you didn't even know. 
Now look into my eyes and say your lies. 
What the world wanted to see was how you would react. 
And you all have reacted with joy and resolve. 
You've shown that your power will not be intimidated by any power that they have, and that's the most important thing that's happened here this week. 
Because everything that went on inside that building tried to convince me that I was alone and that I was weak. 
They tried to convince me that I was like a little finger out there on my own that could easily be broken. 
And all of you out here where the reminder for all of us that I wasn't just a finger all alone in there, but that I was connected to hand with many fingers that could be united as one fist, and that that fist could not be broken by the power that they have in there. 
That fist is not a symbol of violence. 
That fist is a symbol that we will not be mislead into thinking we are alone. 
We will not be lied to and told that we are weak. 
We will not be divided and we will not back down. 
That fist is a symbol that we are connected and that we are powerful. 
It's a symbol that we hold true to our vision of a healthy and just world and we are building the self empowering movement to make it happen. 
All those authorities in there wanted me to think like a finger, but our children are calling to us to think like a fist. 
And we know that now I'll have to go prison, we know that now that is the reality. 
But that's just the job that I have to do. 
That's the role that I face. 
And many before me have gone to jail for justice and if we're gonna achieve our vision many after me will have to join me as well. 
[People shouting: 
"I'll join you" , cheering] 
Nobody ever told us that this battle would be easy. 
Nobody ever told us that we wouldn't have to make sacrifices. 
We knew that when we started this fight. 
Every wave on the ocean that has ever risen up and refused to lay back down has been dashed on the shore, but it is the very purpose of a wave to rise up, because once it rises above the horizon it finally has the perspective to see that it's not just a wave, that it's a part of a mighty ocean. 
[Cheering] 
And the sharpest rock on the wildest shore can never break that ocean apart, they can never wear that ocean down, because it's the ocean that shapes the shore. 
That's what we're starting to do here today. 
That's what we're starting to do here this week. 
With wave after wave after wave crashing against that shore, we shape it to our vision. 
Thank you all for being a part of that. 
[People shouting: 
"Thank you!", cheering] 
Well, how should I...? 
I don't actually think I've ever given a talk on the history of Mozilla to a large set of people, which is pretty shocking... 
Ok! 
So... 
I'm gonna give it a try. 
I'm not sure if I've actually given a talk on the history of Mozilla to this many people. 
So that's probably an indication that I need to do more of it. 
Mozilla's been around for a long time, since 1998. 
And I thought when we got started... 
I'd like to ask: 
Of the people here, how many have been in Mozilla for three months or less? 
Can you raise your hand? 
Ok, excellent. 
How many have been here a year or so? 
That's a pretty good group too. 
Ok, how about the five year? 
Pretty good and I'm gonna say the ten year. 
How many people? 
Who's around, though? 
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine... 
So there's nine people in this room that have been working on Mozilla for ten years and more. 
And there's probably another nine or ten people in this gathering today who have been here that long as well. 
And so I'm gonna explain the different roles that we had in the early days. 
I'll try to name some names as we go along, I won't get all of those names, but if you see this people and have questions about Mozilla or Mozilla's history, find a good time and ask them, because we all have many memories. 
So, Mozilla started in 1998. 
It came out of Netscape. 
Netscape at one time had been the almost monopoly browser vendor. 
It was the first commercial browser, so we had, I don't know, 99% of the market share at one time. 
And it was a pretty exciting time. 
That was when the Internet and the Web actually really exploded. 
Microsoft appeared. 
They started building its own browser. 
Microsoft did a couple of things that ended up eventually building a good browser. 
And it also engaged in a whole range of illegal activities. 
And so the combination of that changed the landscape drammatically. 
And Netscape management had the foresight to recognise they could not continue and be successful in the way they had been operating. 
And they realised with the help of the engineering folk set at Netscape that the best opportunity was to convert their typical proprietary closed commercial product into an open source product. 
This was radical in its day. 
Open source is mainstream now, but it was not then. 
Open source was deep in the technical community, it never surfaced in a product, it was all sort of odd and it was a very radical move. 
The second thing that happened is that the management team, 
I was there at the time, a lot of us were, but I was part of these discussions, realised that an open source project had to be real. 
So, inside Netscape there was created a small group of people who were charged with the job of building a successful open source project. 
And there was a larger group of people, engineering, that was charged with building a successful Netscape product. 
That Netscape product was designed to make money for Netscape and ultimately money for AOL, after AOL bought Netscape. 
So, in the very early days of Mozilla, through '98, '99, 2000, we had these two different groups. 
We had the engineering group, which was a 100-150 people working on building the Netscape navigator product managed by a set of people wanting to use that product to make money for AOL. 
Then we had the small group of people who were charged with building Mozilla as an open source project, building contributors from all sorts of different places and building a technology base that was useful for many different companies. 
The open source side. 
That was small in name. 
There were six or eight of us. 
Of those, Mick was one of them, 
Gerv was one of them, 
Dan was one of them, 
Brendan was one of them, 
I was one of them, 
Shaver was one of them and there was a few of other folks who aren't here any longer. 
That was one group, then we had this very large engineering group building the Netscape navigator product. 
And in there Chofmann was there, 
Johnny was there, 
Jonas was there, 
Dbaron was there... 
Dbaron came actually a little later. 
But there is a bunch of people here in that engineering group. 
That went on for a little while and it turned out to be not stable. 
It turned out that the efforts of the Netscape management group to build the product to make money for them came into conflict with how we wanted to manage the code base as a Mozilla open source project. 
That conflict simmered for a while and eventually it exploded. 
Yes, please feel free to ask questions at any point. 
[Question] 
No, it turned out there are lots of ways to build a browser that makes money that people don't like. 
So in those days, Netscape had been acquired by AOL and AOL was a website property. 
So to that management team, the browser was a tool to drive people to the AOL website. 
You can do that, but it doesn't mean you like the product. 
You can add user interface features to it, you can focus on new buttons and menu items that in those cases were AOL specific, you can put your resources there rather than on security and new features, you might not be interested in features that help people find things across the web, because AOL wanted them going to AOL. 
So we found that there were immense conflicts and also, in an open source project, you have contributors who have an "ownership stake", meaning that they put effort in, they are building a product, if they are using the product they have a set of needs that might be different. 
As part of the open source project we were balancing the needs of our employers, Netscape, with various other people. 
And eventually, 
that broke down. 
So for example, we'll take user interface which is always a contentious issue in a product. 
The single most contentious issue, way back in 1999 and 2000, was user interface, because Netscape would want a user interface that drove people to AOL and Mozilla wanted an interface that was good for people using the Web. 
I was the General Manager of the small group of people building Mozilla as an open source project. 
In those days we called ourselves staff@mozilla.org or mozilla.org staff. 
When the tension exploded over the interface, over really who controlled the code, we had long fights about what would the basic process is by which we build the product. 
So things we take for granted today, 
like you have to earn the right to be a committer, we fought with Netscape over that. 
Things like code needs code review, it has to be good enough; that being hired as an employee doesn't automatically make your code good enough; that even after you are hired as an employee your peers need to decide your code is good enough. 
So basic things like code review were immense fights. 
I was the representative of Mozilla and when those tensions came to a head, 
I was fired. 
Yes. 
Was Mozilla the open source browser in those days? 
Mozilla was in those days a technol.. 
Sorry, the question was "Was Mozilla the open source browser in those days?" 
Mozilla in those days was seen as a technology development organisation. 
And Netscape liked to think that it was building the browser. 
[Question] 
Did everyone hear Dan? 
The initial theory was like the Linux kernel, where Mozilla would be the technology development asset that builds the kernel and other organisation would build the commercial products from it. 
So we had this ongoing tensions and one of them was Mozilla was becoming a product in its own right. 
It turned out that as the Netscape and AOL management began building their product to drive traffic to AOL, more people started using the Mozilla version than the Netscape version. 
That was going on in the background and let to some of these tensions. 
So I was fired and the belief at Netscape at the time was that by getting rid of me, 
Netscape management would then have the ability to control the Mozilla open source project and could convert it into a set of people that helped Netscape build the product that they wanted. 
Essentially, to view the community as a free work force that would help build the Netscape product. 
Of course, the competing view is that we're all building an open source project that has to meet the needs of the community and that people who contribute and build the product have some say in what happens to it. 
What happened at that point was that the two groups of people, the small group of people that had been mozilla.org staff and the larger group of people which were all the engineers contributing to Mozilla reunited to form one shared outlook. 
What happened was that essentially the engineers working at Netscape were very clear that the leadership that they were following was Mozilla. 
And it was me. 
And it was not their management. 
So, everyone involved voted to continue to try to build an open source project. 
So I remained the General Manager of Mozilla. 
I remained the leader of the Mozilla project and the spokesperson for the development of the Mozilla project, much to the surprise of the Netscape and AOL management. 
We learned a lot of lessons out of that. 
We learned from that that leadership depends on who will follow you. 
You need to lead people. 
My own view is that you have to be leading in the right direction enough of the time, that enough people follow or enough people also lead in that direction. 
[Question] 
This would be... 
I was fired in 2001 and yes... 
Yes. 
Yeah. 
So that was 2001 when I was fired. 
[Question] 
Yes. 
The question was: 
"The open web is here today it's easy to see why it's important back then in those days before the open web, how did you know? 
What makes you willing to risk your job?" 
We'd been working on a browser for a while, so we could tell that the browser was important. 
It was clear at that time, when Microsoft had maybe 90-95% market share in the browser, in the operating system and in the productivity suites, 
Office and Excel, which were the only things that people used in those days. 
And so it was clear that in those days, 
Microsoft controlled access to the Internet. 
We didn't call it the open web then but it was the Internet and we knew it was great. 
It was very clear that by controlling the browser, 
Microsoft controlled how individual people experienced the Internet. 
That the server side of the Internet in those days was developing, growing and becoming richer and more capable. 
But the client side was deteriorating and through that client, 
Microsoft was able to ignore formats to make vast quantities of content unavailable to people. 
And to determine the business model through which you could access content and to have an immense influence over the entire structure of the Internet. 
So that much was clear. 
It sounds melodramatic but the future of the Internet was already an issue at that point. 
It was very clear the browser was the leverage point. 
We were very clear about our jobs. 
One second, I'm gonna tell a couple of stories and then I'll get you Chris. 
But we were very clear that our jobs were on the line. 
It wasn't just me. 
It was everyone I named and Marcia. 
Is Marcia here? 
I didn't see her hand go up. 
But we would have meanings as the small group that was mozilla.org when the tensions got really high and we would get together and we would say things like 
"What happens if AOL pulls the plug? 
What happens if we're all fired tomorrow? 
How do we keep Mozilla operating?" 
Those would be things like... 
Our release engineer at the time had the keys to the server room where the Mozilla machines operated. 
These are small details but they were really important at the time and we knew that if he could do it he would help us keep Mozilla operating and we knew that Chofmann was running the engineering organisation and we knew that he would be helpful as it turned out, we needed him. 
And Marcia had the keys to the closet that was our single supply of Mozilla t-shirts. 
Which I bought with my own money. 
Oh, no. 
That was later, nevermind. 
The ones I bought later. 
But she had that key and she had access to some other things. 
So we would sit and think how many machines do we need, how many employees do we need. 
If we have one employee, is it Leef who runs the build machines? 
If we have one employee, is it Brendan? 
Who is he? 
And what's the best way to keep Mozilla operating? 
But when it came to it I was the only one who was fired and so the rest of the Mozilla folks were left and Chofmann provided a haven for us to try and continue to be effective as well. 
So this was this first era. 
So after I was fired there were a bunch of people still at Netscape, working on Netscape navigator. 
As part of that we finally managed to ship our first product as Mozilla. 
Mozilla 1.0 we called it. 
And this had been a long time in coming. 
That was in 2002. 
We started Mozilla in 1998 and expected to have a product very shortly afterwards. 
But it turned out, when we got into it that the technology was pretty old. 
Brendan made the decision to really build the new technology base. 
That technology base is Gecko. 
It cost us years to get the rendering engine to a point where we could really build a good application on it and ship it. 
We finally did that in 2002. 
It was Mozilla 1.0 and it was technically a good product. 
It was technically a shockingly good product. 
Across the open source space, where people knew it they were retelling us they were really shocked to how good a product it was. 
But it was not a consumer product. 
It was really built by developers, for developers. 
It didn't have a clear designed aesthetic, it didn't have an approach to consumers. 
So it was a very powerful product and if you couldn't figure out what was really the best user experience you'd build both and have a pref for it. 
It was known as loaded and overweight and technically good, but a poor product. 
That was 2002. 
About a year later, 
AOL decided they were tired of investing in the browser. 
They still had, I don't know, 75 or a 150 people they were paying to work on the browser and they weren't really getting anywhere with it. 
At long last, they became interested in taking mozilla.org assets and giving them to those of us who'd been running the project. 
Again, to give you a sense of what life was like in those days, mozilla.org assets were the trademark, the name, mozilla.org, four big servers we fought for that ran all mozilla.org 
and some seed startup money. 
That was really it. 
Yeah, Mick. 
[Question] 
That's definitely the timing. 
Yes, so that was why it may well have been. 
What Mick said was 
"wasn't it the case that the reason AOL stopped investing in browsers and in Gecko is that they just completed a deal with Microsoft where they had agreed to use IE or the Microsoft rendering engine in their browser." 
Is that right? 
Yes, that's right. 
The AOL client, that I forgotten about. 
So Microsoft managed to buy AOL out of their own browser effort. 
But it was good for us. 
Because that didn't seem like a lot of assets, but it was really critical to us. 
We had thought before about starting our own effort at mozilla.org but without the name, it would have been really hard. 
And four giant servers doesn't seem like much today, but in that era it was a big deal. 
We also got some seed money from them, we got 2 million dollars. 
That was a funny story too because 
I had ended up working with Mitch Kapor, 
I don't know if you know, from Lotus, those who remember Lotus 1-2-3, and Mitch had come to see that open source was really important, after he left Lotus and he had his own open source organisation, and I was working with him. 
And he really stepped in to help us. 
So Mozilla has a history of things appearing when we need them. 
There is that saying that is it luck, or is it effort, or is it skill. 
And Mozilla has been blessed with all three: immense effort, tremendous skill and this luck that things appear. 
So, Mitch appeared and he essentially arm wrestled AOL for that seed money. 
We look at the 2 million dollars and we thought that we could support maybe 10 people for two years. 
Because we had set down as mozilla.org and thought that to be effective as a project, the minimum number of people we needed was 10. 
Running the machines was one person. 
You know, we keep the project alive but we couldn't be successful. 
And Mitch had pitched a little bit of other money and IBM and Sun were our first commercial partners and they pitched in some money and started maybe with 12 or 13 employees. 
What that meant was: 
Johnny Stenback and D Baron, that was the platform team. 
One person on Firefox for the front-end team, one person on Thunderbird, one release engineer, 
Chofmann as an engineering manager, 
Mick did the ultimate sacrifice and ran our systems for us, for a year or two before we were able to get him back into a role that really fit him better, we had one person helping us on sustainability, 
Brendan as Brendan, and me trying to be successful. 
And that was it. 
And that seemed like a lot to us. 
[Question] 
That's right, I forgot Asa 
How can I forget Asa? 
[Question] 
And project management. 
And still. 
From that day till now, phenomenal. 
Whenever I have a problem with my browser, Asa is always able to figure out what it is. 
So that's it. 
No one else can ever do that. 
[Question] 
All of a sudden, we had our own independence. 
It was pretty scary, 10 people is not really enough, there was no ongoing financial sustainability that we knew of, it was a gamble, but we had our own independence and we could make a product. 
We made phenomenal changes in that period. 
It was our second set of phenomenal changes. 
When we were founded we made up an organisation that was revolutionary, as Chofmann described. 
How do you work with a company? 
How did we do code review? 
How did you earn your authority? 
There was nothing quite like it before. 
When we started the foundation we remade ourselves over again. 
We were, as I said, a small number of people, we made a bet on a new product that was Firefox. 
We didn't have a product to ship at that time. 
And Asa with our community involvement continued to ship the Mozilla suite for fifteen months, as the only product we had in the marketplace until Firefox was ready. 
We made that bet, which is a scary bet. 
Imagine not to have a browser, 
I mean we didn't have a person working on the product we were shipping. 
But we did that because we knew that Firefox was our opportunity to make a commercial product. 
Our first five or six years of life taught us that technology alone will not change the industry the way we want to. 
Technology alone does not change people's lives the way we want to do that. 
Our opportunity with the browser is to have a product that touches people. 
Yeah. 
[Question] 
Yeah. 
So that's where I'm trying to get to. 
That technology alone is not enough, that raw power of technology is not enough, that if you really want to touch people, not us, not power users, not developers but if you want to touch consumers and change their lives, you have to be utterly committed to that. 
You can't build the features that you want just because you want them. 
You can't tell people: 
"Oh, you should behave this way, you should want to be this way." 
You have to build the product that is elegant and beautiful and powerful under the covers but that people love. 
That was the first thing. 
That is a big change. 
Many open source projects never make that change. 
I started calling it the tyranny of the product. 
If you are serious about wanting to touch hundreds of millions of people you have to be committed to those hundreds of millions of people. 
You can't just think they're stupid, or they don't understand. 
You have to really be committed to making their lives better. 
So that's what Firefox do. 
So we didn't rewrite all these switches, and all the preferences the way our first product had. 
We also made an initial experience for people they could relate to. 
That's our Start page. 
Before... 
[Question] 
Do you want to? 
You don't have mics, and there's no mic for that. 
How about... you (...) 
So I'm gonna step back. 
How did Firefox come into being? 
Firefox had started in a few years before, in 2001 maybe, where it became clear that the old products had a bunch of problems. 
Not only was it really built for developers and much too powerful, not too powerful but not elegant and not beautiful on how it displayed its power. 
And it was a combined browser, email client, IRC client, app launcher environment. 
This was a cause of intense fighting and so a small group of engineers went off and had an idea for doing something more elegant, just a browser, that was focussed on a product a family would want to use. 
So there were five or six of them. 
[Question] 
Yeah. 
So Dan says a couple of those guys were at Netscape working on the suite as their day job and during their spare time some were community members and some were not engineers like Asa was involved 
So that had been bubbling a lot for a while, and so on. 
It wasn't anywhere near done and it was both a source of a relief and some contention for the engineers working on it. 
Was there more you wanted to say? 
Ok. 
So it had been bubbling a lot and existed in a source code repository, 
I think when we formed the foundation it was 0.2 or maybe 0.3. 
That's probably a good time to tell the story of the name of Firefox. 
So when it was first started, the engineers thought 
"wow we're building a new browser out of the ashes of Mozilla 1.0" and so it was named Phoenix. 
[Question] 
For a really non-product but Mozilla/Browser when it came to have a name it was Phoenix. 
Well, there is a company, Phoenix Technologies, it's a BlOS company, it's been around forever, they once had a browser kind of thing and so the World of Trademarks contacted us and said we couldn't use the name Phoenix and we looked at it and they were probably right, they had a product that was pretty close. 
So of course, from Phoenix, the next obvious name is Firebird. 
So our browser was Firebird for one or two releases and it turns out there was, and still is, an open source database project by the name of Firebird. 
[Question] 
So, not really legally trademark violation cos it's distinct enough but certainly perceived as unfriendly, awkward and difficult. 
That went on for a while, and Brendan and the rest of us posted something that said 
"OK, you're right, we're gonna change the name we'll change it before we ship our next version." 
That was a problem, because it meant that the version was ready to ship before we had a name for it. 
Shipping it with no name seemed like a loss of momentum, 
Brendan had made a commitment and we had a really intense emotional survival fight 
like a couple of weeks, I think it was a couple of weeks, to try to figure out what we were gonna call this thing. 
The developer, Ben, 
liked the idea of doing something with fire in the name. 
So we went through a dictionary or a book 
looking for all the words that started with fire that might make sense. 
So we started going through them. 
On the side, we were doing a very professional process of thinking about "oh, what does the browser mean? 
How do you develop a brand? 
Is it navigation? 
Is it freedom? 
Is it these kinds of words? 
What are the values you associate with it? 
Is it trust or is it fun? 
And there was this very professional process on the side. 
But the reality was the name was chosen when Ben had a list of words that started with fire, we started looking at the ones we liked, and then taking the ones we liked and looking to see which of them didn't have trademark problems. 
And Firefox was the one. 
It turned out it had a slight trademark issue but we were able to resolve that one. 
We also knew that it had a mascot, we could have an image that would be good and I think it might have been Asa who first found the Chinese red panda, that there really truly is an animal called the Firefox and it's adorable or whatever. 
So there we were. 
We picked the name and then were able to ship Firefox 0.8. 
Seven! 
Seven? 
Ok, seven. 
So this would be in 2004. 
This is in the spring of 2004, we had the foundation for seven or eight months, we're burning through our money, we're trying to figure out how we're gonna support ourselves, we have a good size community, we have an office, a very funky sublet from some friends of the Mozilla project, who when the giant .com boom had gotten a lot more office space than they needed and so they'd given us this little funky sublet, there is one picture of it floating around if you've seen that picture of 10 or 12 of us at a table with the cables hanging down in the middle of it, it had no running water, you had to go back into the janitor's closet in the back of the building to get running water or to wash any dishes, we bought a portable dishwasher and we rolled it down to the janitor's closet to wash our margarine glasses, mostly. 
So we were finally able, in the midst of all of that, we have a name, we can ship our product. 
So we shipped our 0.7, and I think it was when we got to 0.8 with Firefox which it would have been on May or June of 2004, that we finally understood we had a chance. 
Like a real chance. 
Because 0.8 of Firefox was far enough along that people started noticing it. 
And the number of people using Firefox started to grow. 
Pretty soon there were more people using Firefox 8 than had ever used the Mozilla suite. 
Something like a million, or two or three million. 
And the other way that I knew that we were on the right track was Tim O'Reilly called us up. 
I mean I know Tim forever because I've been in the open source world for a number of years but this time he called up to say 
"Hey, we're hearing a lot about Firefox. 
Can we come down and talk to you?" 
Tim O'Reilly's greater skill is he has a phenomenal nose for what's new, what's coming and what technology is gonna be interesting. 
So there were a lot of clues. 
Then, the summer of 2004 was a long summer. 
Because in between 0.9 and 1.0 was five or six months, that's when the extension system was built and I think I've been the most nervous I've ever been in that phase. 
I remember speaking and I could not... 
I was on a panel but I walked across the stage constantly, 
I was sick to my stomach because we knew this was our big bet, we could see the stuff was happening but there was that pressure that you have to ship the product. 
So the final phases of Firefox, getting the first version out, were the start page and we... 
Before Firefox the start page had been a typical open source project: 
"Hi! 
Wanna help? 
Here is Bugzilla. 
Don't like Bugzilla? 
Here's Despot. 
You don't like that? 
Here's the link for Tinderbox." 
So when we made the commitment to ship a consumer product we realised that doesn't help most people. 
[Question] 
Unlike Bugzilla, which is smooth and lovely... 
That shows you our standards, right? 
So this was again an immense emotional intense, like knocked-down drag-out fight. 
What to do? 
How much commercial relationship do we have? 
There's the point of maintaining our values and doing things in a way that represents our values and be where people are. 
There's often no easy answer. 
In the past we had voted we will go where people are. 
That's how we have impact. 
We could be an open source project. 
We were a very successful open source project in 1999 where we had thousands of people already contributing to Mozilla. 
We were irrelevant to the marketplace. 
We were irrelevant to consumers' lives and irrelevant to citizen's lives. 
And we changed that with Firefox by consciously deciding to go where people are. 
We even did a commercial relationship with Google and Yahoo, which of course turned out after the fact to be what sustains us going forward. 
But we did those commercial relationships because we wanted their searchs and we thought that they would be good. 
Now, after the fact, it turns out they generated the money that allows us to grow. 
So sustainability is also an important piece. 
How do you build those relationships in a way that have Mozilla values in them? 
We've done that before and we'll continue to do that. 
And now I'm trying to think about... 
Do we wanna have questions? 
Has everybody asked the questions they have? 
I can keep talking or we can go on to questions. 
I do wanna close at the end, but go ahead. 
[Question] 
So we knew that... so we shipped Firefox 4... 
Firefox 1, in November 2004 and we had a goal of, I don't know, 10 million downloads in 30 days, which we past in 10 days. 
So we knew by December that the amount of money we would be getting was beyond our expectations. 
We didn't know how far it would go. 
So we had been hoping to be able to generate enough revenue to sustain those 10 people, or 12 people. 
At the time, we didn't even know how to sustain those. 
By January 1st, we knew that we would be able to do that. 
The response to Firefox 1 was sort of the stuff of dreams. 
Now, it turns out, those were also stressful times. 
What happened? 
We shipped Firefox 1 by February or March, there was a security issue that we didn't actually know how to fix right away. 
Like a lot of times when a security issue is reported it turns out that figuring out the problem is the hard part and fixing it is the easier part. 
But this was one, it was a class of vulnerability that someone, somewhere, is this the guy in Japan? 
I think someone had figured out a new way of attacking products. 
So we had this immense focus, attention and user base growing and this phenomenally difficult product to try and deal with it, really giant. 
So, someday if you see Johnny Stenback and you wanna know what immense pressure is really like ask him about that period, the one that... 0.5 and 1.0.6... 
So success has its own issues. 
That was one of things that we learned. 
That it is phenomenal to be at the centre and so we experienced that with Mozilla today, that success is phenomenal but it brings its own stresses and tensions, and if you're not careful and you just focus on the stress, it's easy to forget that is the sign of success. 
The sign of success in that era was that we had this product, 
like it was critical to fix this problem right away. 
And you don't know how to do it. 
Everybody's looking at you, you really have to be more than you thought you could be. 
It's immensely stressful, that's success. 
So if you find yourself in those settings today, of course try to step back, take a deep breath, be healthy, get some exercise, do all of those things but remember that that level of stress and tension reflects the importance that we have, how critical we are to people's lives and is a measure of success. 
Not the best measure, there's more fun measures but when you're in the middle of those settings it is important to remember that if we didn't matter then that stress isn't gonna be the same. 
Yes. 
[Question] 
Sure. 
When we started as a foundation there was never any question about that. 
AOL knew that would be the case, all of us who wanted to work for it knew it would be the case. 
So we set it up that way, and then, as in December of 2004, became clear that we were gonna get significant amounts of money. 
I think December was probably a 3 million dollar check, as I remember, something like that. 
So we had (...) that much in a year and suddenly we had it in a month. 
I know you're given a protocol, in other words you're given kind of a script for each week. 
Each week there's a certain script you sort of work through. 
But why don't we ask a current Speaking Partner how that works. 
Well President Clark is exactly right. 
It's really wonderful, you and your Speaking Partner will both go online and you'll pull up the same script from which 
largely he or she leads you in the discussion. 
And they understand that's their responsibility and so you sort of follow along, it's like being the junior companion. 
It's wonderful and it's a very well structured curriculum. 
As I said I just couldn't be more impressed both in terms of what it's doing for my partner Isaac, but for how I'm getting some of my old high school math back. 
Let's begin lesson six. 
We're going to look at human factors this week. 
A couple of things involving managing people in organizations and how to maintain information assurance. 
We're also going to be talking about. 
Good security awareness training programs and what they consists of. 
So, when you finish this lesson, you'll be able to describe how the human element factors in the information insurance planning. 
Additionally, you understand the role of security awareness in successful programs, and then you're going to be able to identify and describe the key principles that should drive security awareness programs, and we'll have a few other tidbits about people along the way. 
So, the people problem, and its impacts on IA planning. 
Well, we're the weakest link, for certain. 
How do we control the people factor? 
Well, we can vet them, we can train them and we can monitor them. 
So, as far as vetting is concerned, what we're attempting to do is to keep out the bad apples. 
So, 
The federal governments in the United States does have a process by which they give security clearances to people. 
Especially when they're in sensitive positions, whether they're designated managers. 
This affects their access and their clearance levels depending on the vetting process. 
And the depth of the background check varies depending on the sensitivity of the person's position. 
So here are the kinds of categories that might exist. 
Different government agencies have different names for these categories but we have non-sensitive, non-critical sensitive, critical sensitive, and special sensitive. 
Now industry, at large, doesn't have such a formal structure. 
However, they do have categories for information and for positions in organizations that are informally described. 
So you'll have things like company proprietary or company confidential, as opposed to public information. 
So some of the people controls that you can implement at an organization, is where do you place the Chief Information Security Officer? 
Obviously if the ClSO is in the C-Suite, they're in a better position to influence information assurance planning and get the other executives aboard who support, are needed, to do a successful program. 
And, you can also look at hiring. 
You have sight security plans from the Federal government, that deal with hiring policies and background investigations, you might even find that in the industry as well. 
As far as managing people is concerned, one of the key ideas is separation of duties. 
So that, if you have a sensitive function, there is never just one person responsible, for example writing a check to vendor From beginning to end of the paperwork series, you'd want to have more than one person, to ensure that someone is not tempted to write the check and divert money into their own account. 
There's access administration. 
How do you control passwords and who has access physically to certain systems. 
And there may be data destruction policies. 
This is important because information persists but it's important to have information on the life cycle and it's important to have proper destruction policies. 
I remember working for a company that was dealing with sensitive information a number of years ago. 
And. 
They were, discarding PC's, and not zeroing out hard drives. 
You may have seen a number of television documentaries or have read about instances where sensitive hard drives have ended up in the hands of the wrong people. 
Even when we see issues of dumping technology. 
In other countries. 
Loan of equipment or donation of, of aged equipment. 
There are markets for tech savvy folks in countries like that for hard drives that have not been erased, and may have sensitive information. 
And then of course you want to give consideration to firing or termination processes. 
You need to have procedures, you need to know how you're going to separate somebody. 
And how to deal with disgruntled employees. 
Because therein lie seeds of dissatisfaction that might cause people to do damage to corporate information or to steal information that is sensitive. 
So I'd like to refer you to special publication NlST-850. 
That clearly recognizes the people factor as the weakest link. 
And this is a standard that talks about effective security awareness training. 
While this is a. 
An equal module in the model that I've been using to describe information assurance in organizations. 
To you, this term, it's often an overlooked aspect of the information planning process. 
So it's important to note that to be effective. 
An awareness event or, or training program should be designed to a specific audience. 
You wouldn't want to deliver the same training to a technical audience that you would give to general staff, for example. 
And you want to be certain that you build the training around a clear message. 
And that you have specific outcomes in mind. 
This is good pedagogy regardless. 
But it's specifically true with security and awareness training. 
Because employees are saturated by company messages all of the time. 
And you don't want the reaction, oh well here they come again. 
You really want to have a clear message. 
And you, you want to understand what outcomes you want. 
And you want to get their attention. 
So they don't think this is just another flavor of the week. 
So you have to cut through the fog. 
And this particular publication does a good job of describing how you might do that. 
So here are. 
The NlST guidelines and then mapping them to an event that we held here couple of years ago to gain the attention of business and computing and community leaders in the city of Seattle, that really did not know or were aware of cyber-security issues. 
The message that we wanted to get across was the alarming vulnerability of public and private information on networks, if they are compromised. 
The outcomes we wanted is to gain attention and to influence legislation. 
In fact. 
The Attorney General who was brand new to his position at that time. 
Actually was enthused about this event and afterwards did quite a bit to make. 
Cyber crime. 
A factor in his agenda as attorney general. 
And he was successful in passing some legislation that was landmark. 
For example, a cyber stalking statute, the first in the country. 
As a result of some problems that the city of Seattle had experienced. 
And then you want to make sure that the, there is an awareness of roles and responsibilities. 
So at the event summation after we had the training we focused on who is going to do what and what peoples' relative responsibilities were for identity theft. 
Largely the care and feeding about own information that's out there on networks and various systems ends up being our responsibility. 
Once we turn it over to a third party. 
It's their's. 
And there are many agreements you, you might want to look at the service level agreement for Facebook for example, that discusses how your personal information will be managed. 
And so when you give your information to a third party, just assume you've lost control. 
So, as far as security's awareness training is concerned, it's a process of educating people. 
You want to wake them up to the risks and vulnerabilities they face, you want to talk about the tools that can minimize those risks, and you want them to understand that the company has a mechanism in place to keep people's knowledge current. 
So, those are the kinds of things you want to get across. 
So, let's look at this Google hacking event, it was an interesting training experience. 
Here's the problem. 
We'll, we recognize as a community at cyber-security experts, when I say we, we have a group that meets on quarterly basis that stays current on trends in cyber-security threats and the vulnerabilities that they attack. 
And so, we are aware that there is a growing problem in the community around identity theft We knew that one in twenty 
Americans suffer from identity theft as victims every year. 
Hundreds of millions of dollars are impacted in the economy. 
Most institutions will cover this as a part of doing business, although that is beginning to change. 
So consumers are coping with covering charges if they're not covered by an insurance policy of a certain amount, which can be significant. 
So, clearly, we had, at the time, a problem that deserved recognition. 
And we recognized that lack of awareness was impeding a solution. 
Dedicated to adults who once were kids 
And to kids who will one day be adults 
"Welcome" 
or 
"No trespassing" 
Screenplay: 
Semyon Lungin, Ilya Nusinov 
Stage manager: 
Elem Klimov 
Chief operator: 
Anatoliy Kuznetsov 
Art: 
V.Kamskiy, B.Blank Producer: 
K.Gakkel 
Music: 
M.Tariverdiyev, I.Yakushenko 
Sound: 
V.Zorin Conductor: 
E.Khachaturyan 
Operator: 
M.Koroptsov 
Special effects: 
Operator: 
I.Felitsyn, Art: 
N.Zvonarev 
Costumes: 
L.Ryashentseva Makeup: 
L.Baskakova 
Setup: 
A.Kamagorova 
Editing: 
N.Lozinskaya, N.Rudakova 
Director: 
G.Lukin 
Cast: 
Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev 
A.Aleynikova, I.Rutberg, L.Smirnova, A.Smirnov 
"Learning is enlightenment" 
V.Kosykh, Y.Bondarenko, L.Volkova, B.Demb, S.Kokorev, I.Kryukov, S.Tsarev, S.Mashovets, T.Prokhorova, L.Smeyan 
T.Barysheva, A.Lagranskiy, I.Mazurova, V.Uralskiy, N.Shatskaya, V.Burdukov 
S.Zhiveynov, A.Miniovich, S.Shappu, S.Baikov 
In mass scenes: 
Pioneers from Moscow, Vorkuta, and Novo-Mikhailovsk schools 
"Children are the masters of our camp." 
- Third troop! 
This is our swimming area. 
And locals swim over there, on the island. 
- Three... four... five... 
This is Mitrofanova. 
She's on counting duty today. 
This is our troop guide, Valya. 
These are Stasik, Dimka, Venka, Lena, Nelya... 
Our slippers... 
Oh yeah, guess who is her uncle? 
Comrade Mitrofanov. 
This is our gym teacher. 
Whoops, not this one. 
This one, with the cucumber, is our supplies manager. 
This is the gym teacher. 
He goes to the university in the winter, but works camps in the summer. 
We call him "Goose," but he doesn't seem to mind. 
This is the doctor. 
And this one is the camp director. 
Comrade Dynin. 
- Twenty two... 
- Twenty two! 
- Twenty three... 
- Twenty three! 
- Twenty four... 
- Twenty four! 
- Twenty five... 
Tw... 
- Twenty six! 
- One, two, three, four... 
- Boy! 
Hey, boy, get out of here! 
These locals are spoiling our whole regime. 
- Oh, relax, will you? 
- I heard there were cases of whooping-cough in the village. 
We must make sure our kids avoid all contact. 
- Avoid any contact... contact... contact... 
- Oh, dear, I shudder to think about the parents' day. 
As if we didn't have enough trouble with locals. 
Now we'll get some walking infections from the city. 
- So what. 
It's all good! 
- Why, why does he insist on this "parents' day?" 
- They say Mitrofanov will be coming. 
- Aaah. 
[counting] 
- ...24 ...25. 
- Put on your slippers! 
Everyone put on your slippers! 
- What's the matter? 
- Quick, everyone, hurry! 
Put them on! 
- Whose slippers are these? 
- Mine! 
- Hey, who's missing? 
- How should I know? 
- He got away. 
- Lost one. 
- Inochkin! 
- All together! 
- Inochkin! 
- Inochkin! 
- Inochkin! 
And that's me. 
That's my name -- Kostya Inochkin. 
I ran away with the locals to the island. 
I'm a very good swimmer. 
- You don't believe me? 
All right, one moment. 
I can swim across this river a hundred thousand times over! 
I'll have you know, I do 2:12 on the back. 
If I was a woman, I would be a state champion in women's swimming. 
- When I was a little boy... 
I, too, spent summers in camps. 
We had it tough back then. 
Had to sleep in makeshift shelters... 
Cook on open fire. 
Had to fetch our own water. 
And do our own laundry. 
In other words, none of the comforts of life whatsoever. 
And now? 
Look around. 
Look at those dorms you've got! 
Look at all those lawns! 
Plumbing! 
Television! 
Gas cooking! 
Greenhouses! 
Flower pots! 
Activities! 
Children. 
You are "masters of this camp." 
You are! 
What is required of you, my friends? 
- Dis-cip-line! 
- I expressly forbade swimming to the island. 
But Inochkin ignored the rules and did it anyway. 
- They all probably have whooping-cough there! 
- No they don't! 
- Quiet, third troop. 
- Try to be more like the second troop, will you? 
Who can guarantee now that Inochkin isn't infected? 
Who? 
And it's not the first infraction from him, either! 
On his first day here he started fighting with sticks! 
And after him everyone started doing it. 
Even girls! 
At night, under his blanket, he lit a flashlight and started reading a book! 
And everyone else started, too! 
And today he swam to the island! 
What now, is everyone going to swim to the island, too? 
What next? 
Do we start jumping across the river? 
And that's not all! 
In his things we found fishing lines, hooks and lures! 
What do you think he was going to do with all that? 
I think we've all had quite enough. 
I have therefore decided to expel Inochkin. 
I'm done. 
"No exit without permission." 
- Kostya! 
Kostya! 
- Come back to visit! 
- Come back to visit! 
- Comrade Dynin? 
- That's my name. 
- Comrade Dynin. 
- What "comrade Dynin?" 
- It's not fair. 
I think... 
- You think too much. 
- What's so horrible about what he did? 
- How long have you worked here? 
- All right, this is my first year... 
- Want some fruit punch? 
- But he's a swimmer! 
2:12 on his back! 
- Those who don't swim don't drown. 
It's the other ones who drown. 
You think it was easy for me to tear Inochkin from my heart like that? 
- Then bring him back, comrade Dynin! 
I'll take full responsibility! 
- All right, calm down. 
- Then I'll go get him? 
- Wait till I'm finished talking! 
- You're all flustered about this Inochkin. 
- And do you know how many "Inochkins" I've got? 
- 263. 
Understand? 
- I understand. 
- Want some fruit punch? 
- No. 
- Dismissed. 
- Let's go, kids. 
- Kids. 
- Hey, swimmer. 
Swam one too many? 
Too late now. 
Here's your ticket. 
- Got anyone at home? 
- Grandma. 
- She in good health? 
- Uh-huh. 
- That's all right, then, she'll do. 
Will you manage on your own? 
I ain't got time to play nanny all day. 
The milk will go sour. 
All right, let's say I get there. 
Grandma doesn't know anything. 
Probably singing some song. 
She'll see me and say... 
"Kostya. 
Did they kick you out of the camp or something?" 
- Kostya. 
Did they kick you out of the camp or something? ...and then, of course, "You'll be the death of me!" 
- You'll be the death of me! 
Yep, here we go. 
"Why did you kill your grandma?" 
Yep, and now they'll do speeches. 
"When he was a little boy..." 
- When I was a little boy... ...he, of course, "also had a grandma." - ...I also had a grandma. 
And in his whole life "he couldn't, and I could." 
- But in my whole life, I could not manage to disappoint her to death. 
But he could! 
And thus, Kostya Inochkin began his clandestine life. 
- Hey, Nelya. 
Do you know how to dance Charleston? 
- All girls here can. 
- Can you show me? 
- All right. 
- Can you teach me? 
I can teach you something, too. 
- Want me to teach you telepathy? 
- What now? 
- You know, make people do stuff with your mind. 
- Kosmos, Kosmos! 
Come here! 
- Try to make him do stuff. 
- Easy. 
Like what? 
- I don't know, something. 
- Hang on. 
- Dolt. 
- I swear, that wasn't me. 
He did that on his own. 
- There's something in there! 
- Smells like a wolf. 
Or a badger. 
- Have you ever smelled a badger? 
- A hundred times! 
- What are you guys doing here? 
- Get lost! 
Go on! 
- All right, all right! 
- Dima, let's lure it out. 
- One moment. 
Stand back. 
Kosmos, get him! 
- He's done for. 
- You fail. 
- All right, hold the latch. 
Now! 
- What did you do that for? 
- Kostya? 
- Attention! 
Listen to this information. 
Tomorrow is Parents' Day. 
Tomorrow, my friends, we need to aim for record heights. 
Yes. 
In being disciplined... 
In being orderly... 
In being talented. 
- Who's missing? 
- Inochkin. 
- Fill the gap. 
- So, what about talents? 
- I've got three. 
- From the entire troop? 
Don't tell me there are no talents among you, my friends. 
Sorry, I don't believe that for a moment. 
- Half a meatball, everyone. 
- And if you can't sing or dance, you can recite a poem. 
Do an interpretive dance with an accordion. 
And the best of you, the most worthy... 
Tell me, friends, who do we call the most worthy? 
- Those with a good discipline. 
- Good, who else? 
- Who leave nothing on their plates. 
- Who sleep during nap time. 
- Who gather grass for rabbits. 
- Very good. 
And so, the most worthy ones will be allowed... ...to join the circle of champions wearing masquerade costumes. 
- Is showing magic tricks a talent? 
- A talent. 
- Okay, I can show the "flying queen" card trick. 
- Good stuff, good stuff. 
Only no cards. 
Kids, everything goes: magic tricks, art installations, pantomime... 
It's all good. 
Eat, eat. 
- Mitrofanova! 
So, are the rumours true? 
- And Comrade Mitrofanov is coming as well! 
- My daddy is coming, too! 
- You eat, eat. 
Don't you know the rule? 
No? 
All right, children, let's remind him the rule. 
All together now. 
- When I'm at my plate  all talks can wait. 
- Nap time! 
- For them, but not for us. 
- Come on, come on. 
- Hey, guys. 
Let's put the meatballs in this magic box, just in case. 
- Okay, quick. 
"Comrade Dynin" 
- Come quick. 
- Hold it. 
- Well, what have you got in there? 
- Nothing, take a look. 
- Some pioneers you are. 
Torturing a poor bird. 
- Keep on pumping DDT, to destroy a bug or three! 
- Enough with the jokes. 
No masquerade until we sanitize all the costumes. 
- Won't that spoil them? 
- What's more important, clothes or the health of the children? 
- Nothing will spoil them any more. 
They've already been doused with formalin, scrubbed with pumice, and dunked into chlorine. 
- I heard at another camp they also fried them with soldering irons. 
- These clothes got dragged around various camps for about six years now. 
- They are well-travelled costumes. 
- What's all this, now? 
- The band got relieved from nap time. 
Let them practise. 
- All clear. 
- Hurry up, guys. 
Let's go. 
- Playing on the go! 
Virtuosos! 
"Boys" 
- Hurry. 
- What are you guys doing here? 
- Get lost, shoo! 
Go on! 
- All right, all right! 
- Come on. 
- What are you reading? 
- Chekhov. 
- Why? 
- He's funny. 
- You laugh too much. 
Go read the Counsellor's Magazine. 
Deal with your inexperience. 
- And here's the Queen of the Fields! 
Maestro, music! 
- Well, hello there Corn! 
- Did you win a cake at the factory? 
- Yes I did. 
- And a cake from the post office? 
- Yes I did. 
- And you'll win a cake here, too. 
- Indeed. 
- We sure won't be giving a cake to some Puss-in-the-Boots. 
- Comrade Dynin, these days the legumes are mentioned a lot. 
- Maybe the bean pod will be better? 
- Then they would have done so at the factory. 
Don't you worry. 
- Same old costumes all year 'round. 
So tired of seeing them! 
- Well, don't look at them, then! 
- Seriously, why can't kids make their own costumes? 
All you need is some construction paper and glue, that's all! 
- And our pride? 
Are we so poor that we wrap kids in construction paper? 
Let's better pick who should be our "queen of the fields!" 
- That's easy: 
Mitrofanova. 
It's her uncle who's coming, after all. 
- Quiet! 
- The worst is that tomorrow is Parents' Day! 
- Whatever, they all just come to swim in the sea. 
- And his grandma? 
- Look out! 
- Back to beds, you lot! 
- You're right. 
Kostya's grandma will be here tomorrow. 
- Where's my grandson? 
Is he putting on weight? 
- But he's not here. 
Can you imagine what happens next? 
- Hey, guys! 
We need to cancel the Parents' Day! 
- Do what? 
- Cancel it! 
- Yeah, like you can cancel it. 
- We can claim that, since it's "Parents' Day," only parents are allowed. 
- Right. 
- No, seriously! 
Right now it's grandpas, grandmas, uncles, aunts, and what have you! 
Like they have no other place to go. 
- Got it! 
I got it! 
- What? 
- An epidemic! 
- What kind? 
- Nettle! 
- Pull. 
- I've got the short one. 
- Look out! 
- I can hear someone breathing. 
- Where? 
- There's nobody there. 
- I tell you, I can hear like an owl! 
- Hey, Mitrofanova. 
Such an important uncle, and you are making a Babylon of your hair! 
You know what I'm saying? 
- All right, Marat. 
Go on. 
- Maybe it'll sting through the shirt? 
- Off with it! 
- And your pants, too. 
- Oh, come on! 
- What, you think epidemics leave tan lines? 
Rash all over, except the butt? 
- Go on, then! 
- Come on, guys, can't we do it all together? 
- We can! 
- Stings like mad! 
- Come on, guys! 
For the win! 
- Oh, man! 
- Okay... 
Interesting. 
- Pull! 
- And again! 
- Raise it up! 
- Stretch it out! 
- Stop. 
That's good. 
Tie it. 
"Pioneer's greetings to parents, mentors and elder friends!" 
- Guys, come here! 
- Mirror is gone, magazine is gone. 
We're dead! 
- If Mitrofanova was back, then she saw everything! 
- Enough moaning, let's go. 
- Here will be parents and guests. 
- Can they sit on the grass? 
It's better in the shade. 
- I'll think about it. 
- Where do I put this? 
- Not now. 
- Crocodile. 
- I can see that. 
- Here we'll hold the games. 
- Like sack racing? 
- That's right. 
From that spittoon to this lamp post. 
You're in charge. 
- How about we come up with something new? 
It's always the same: throwing balls, tossing rings, bobbing for apples... 
Something new, you know. 
I'm sure we can manage! 
- I'll think about it. 
- Where do I put this? 
- Not now! 
- All right, so. 
Here we throw the balls. 
Here we toss the rings. 
And here... we bob for apples. 
"For working life you must prepare: study, build, invent and share!" 
"Infection ward" 
- What are you guys doing here? 
- Come on, shoo, get lost! 
- All right, all right! 
- All right, time is tight. 
Let's begin. 
You there. 
Read. 
- Why me? 
- Because I said so. 
- "How to hold a costume parade." 
- Get to the point. 
- The director... advances... 
- Advances what? 
- Can't see, it's faded. 
- Hand it over. 
- That circular looks really old. 
- Old, yes. 
Obsolete, no. 
I might add. 
You know what I mean? 
- The director announces... 
Announces! 
"Attention, let the costume parade begin!" 
- Attention! 
Let the costume parade begin! 
Music! 
- You got it! 
- Get closer! 
You, out of the way! 
So there is no chaos tomorrow, we'll divide the square into sectors. 
Children separately over here, and adults over there. 
Slogan chanting can be done by the support staff. 
All right... "children in costumes orderly proceed to the square." 
And march! 
- Calm down, darling, calm down. 
- Oh, my goodness. 
- I'm Vostok Seven... 
Transmitting... 
- Tell me, uncle... 
- What? 
- Not in vain... 
Was Moscow, bound high in flame... 
Surrendered to the French? 
- Here "the spectators applaud." Applaud, everyone! 
- That will do. 
- Greetings to you, our masked comrades! 
We congratulate you on the occasion of the Parents' Day! 
- Parade, halt! 
One, two! 
- Cancel! 
Cancel the Parents' Day! 
Five kids passed out! 
Four with rash! 
Infection! 
Intoxication! 
Quarantine! 
Quarantine! 
- And Mitrofanova? 
- Okay for now. 
All five cases are boys. 
- What? 
What now? 
Which ones? 
What do you mean "naked?" 
Ah, I see. 
- Mommy... 
Daddy... 
Grandma... 
- He's calling for his parents! 
- Nikitin... 
Sharafudinov... 
Stolbovoy... 
The whole gang! 
- What are we going to do? 
- Hang on. 
- Sick. 
Sick with a disease. 
Waltz "Waves of Amur." 
And you said there were no talents. 
Artists! 
Straight from Bolshoi. 
Little liars. 
Fakers. 
Scoundrels. 
Out! 
"So it became obvious that there was no avoiding the Parents' Day." 
- "Children are the masters...", "children are the masters..." 
But who gets to make all the important decisions? 
- Stop worrying so much about it. 
Your life will be so much easier without Inochkin, you'll see. 
If you only knew how much bad blood there is between him and Dynin. 
- Hah. 
"Bad blood." 
Can you imagine what would happen if I spoiled even a tiny drop of his blood? 
- All of comrade Dynin's blood just went bad! 
Help! 
Help! 
And now the speeches again. 
- He urgently requires blood transfusion! 
Who? 
Who here will give their blood? 
What blood type do you have? 
- A! 
- And you? 
- AB! 
- And you? 
- B! 
- We need blood type "XZ!" 
It's an extremely rare blood! 
And here is where I come out. 
- Me. 
I have blood type "XZ." 
- And you will spare your rare blood? 
- I will. 
And here, of course, everyone will applaud. 
- Inochkin. 
Inochkin! 
You used to be my blood enemy. 
And now you are my blood brother! 
But I still won't let you come back to the camp. 
You went swimming in the forbidden area! 
Nothing I can do. 
Inochkin! 
Inochkin! 
- Inochkin! 
- It's movie night. 
We'll go all together! 
Nobody will see you in the dark. 
- You must be bored here. 
- I'm not bored. 
Sashka Belykh gave me a book of magic tricks. 
I've been practising. 
Wanna see the"Flying Queen?" 
- Sure! 
- That's where you are! 
Snitches! 
- Who, we? 
- And your stupid flowers! 
- Can't trust you with a secret! 
- Who told Dynin? 
- You are the snitches! 
- We? 
- Who else? 
Who took the mirror and Shagalova to Dynin? 
- They're not out there just killing for fame. 
- They just wanna be famous. 
- They should be in every major city. 
- Every major city. 
These guys are playing God. 
I mean, this whole religious twist? 
Who the hell do they think they are? 
Hell yeah, I believe in capital punishment! 
If they let me I'll pull the switch. 
Get 'em all! 
Kill 'em all! 
I'm all for it... because the more people they kill, the better it is for everybody 
No, ...you don't even know! 
- Sign me up man. 
- Sign me up. 
- Where can I sign up? 
- Who are they to be judge and jury? 
- No comment. 
- No comment. 
I'm afraid for myself. 
I'm afraid for my kids. 
I'm afraid to walk down the street. 
- I can't believe your saying that, that's crazy! 
- When did you turn into such a sissy? 
- I think they just get off on killing people. 
- Well, I have no comment. 
I have nothing to say, thanks. 
All this hubla with the media. 
You guys are making it worse, right now. 
Your giving them power. 
By sticking that microphone in my face your giving The Saints more power. 
- I don't wanna talk about it. 
- I really don't wanna talk about that. 
You walk into some kids bedroom and they're gonna be there. 
You've got Batman, Superman and these Saints. 
Are you loosing any sleep honey, 'cause you know what, I'm certainly not. 
- No comment. 
- They're damn good! 
For the owner of a call option with a $50 strike price, then the payoff at expiration ... we're talking about the value of that position. 
If the stock is below $50 we wouldn't exercise it, because we can buy it for cheaper than the option that the call option is giving us. 
If the stock goes above $50 we would exercise our option to buy at $50. 
Say the stock is at $60 the underline stock is at $60 on that date at the expiration date, then we would exercise our option to buy at $50 and sell at $60 and make $10. 
We would essentially get this upside above $50 on the stock. 
If we think about ... this is the actual value of the position, if we want to factor in how much we paid for the option, we would shift this down by $10. 
As the holder we would pay $10 for that. 
It would look this this. 
We would essentially ... if we don't exercise the option we loose the amount of money that was a loss that we have to pay for the option. 
Then above that we break even at $60 dollars, and then we make money above that. 
At $60 the value of our option is $10, but we paid $10 for it. 
That's our break even, but then we make money after that. 
This is from the perspective of the holder. 
This is from the perspective of the holder of the call option. 
This is the holder of the call option. 
What would it look like if you're the writer of the call option? 
If your the person selling the right to buy the stock. 
If this person right over here, if the holder has the right to buy at $50, someone must be selling them that right. 
Someone must be agreeing to say hey I will essentially sell that to you at that price. 
If you're the writer of the foot ... we have the holder in green. 
The holder in green. 
What if you're the writer? 
You're essentially the counter party on that option. 
You're the person agreeing to uphold that option. 
If the option never gets exercised, then the writer doesn't have to loose any money. 
If the option does get exercise, then all of a sudden, the writer starts to loose money. 
If the writer doesn't own the stock, and let's say the stock is at $60, this guy, the holder, can exercise his option to buy at $50. 
The writer would then have to go buy the stock on the market for $60 and sell it for $50. 
They would loose $10. 
The writers payoff would look something like this. 
Once again it's the mirror image of the payoff of the holder. 
If you think about the profit of the writer, if the option is never exercised, then the holder gets to keep the $10 that they were paid ... that they sold the right for. 
If the option is exercised, and they start to 
loose money, and their break even once again is at $60. 
Anything below that, then they start to loose more and more money. 
Once again these are the mirror images of each other. 
If you were to add up these two line it would be break even. 
These parties are the ones who are exchanging money between. 
If this guys makes $10 this guys loosing $10 or vice versa. 
Dr. Christopher R. Austin: 
Thanks, and it's great to be here. 
I just want to make a couple of points. 
The first is to tell you in a very personal why I'm so committed to this. 
Francis mentioned that I'm a neurologist, and the turning point for me was when I was a resident at Mass General and was taking care of a number of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, otherwise known as Lou Gehrig's disease, which, as you know, is a quite horrible neurodegenerative disease that kills its patients within about 3 years. 
I spent the evening, all of one night, sitting by the bedside of an ALS patient together with his family as he died in front of me. 
He had lost the ability to breathe, and I was there to turn off the monitors when he died and intervene if there was anything that needed intervention while this happened. 
As I sat there, a sense of rage overcame me that this was, as you've heard others say, this is simply unacceptable. 
We have got to do better. 
I went back to the lab and, like a lot of people, did genetics, and genetics has taught us an enormous amount about the underlying cause of these diseases. 
Then, my time at Merck taught me that there's a lot that we know about how to do that translation but actually a lot more that we don't know. 
Then, coming to NlH, I realized that ALS is not the exception, it's the rule. 
We've heard a lot of numbers tonight, but there are 6,000 diseases that affect the human family, and of those, there are treatments available for only about 500 of them all together. 
What that means is that if you were one of those people who has one of those thousands of diseases with no treatment, you get a doctor like I was who says, 
"I'm sorry. 
There's nothing I can do for you, but please stay in touch." 
I should say that back when I was in training, and it was only about 25 years ago, the research enterprise really hadn't gotten to the point where this kind of translation was really possible. 
That has changed due in 
large part to the efforts of a lot of the people in this room, and there are some epical efforts like the Genome Project that we all recognize as some time points that were particularly important in that development. 
I guess the way I would say it is that the basic research enterprise has delivered on its covenant to tell us how to make new therapeutics, interventions, diagnostics, devices, and what we're now struck with is a system which needs to be changed in order to make that happen. 
The system we have has delivered on what it was supposed to do, but the system we have was designed to do something else. 
It was not designed to do this, and that's one of the reasons that NCATS was formed. 
One of the principles of NCATS, and you've heard this over and over and over again, is one of teamwork. 
Well, why is that? 
Well, one of my favorite quotations was from a 
German pathologist named Werner Kollath 
-- some of you may know this -- who said in the last century that "much is known but unfortunately in different heads," and that's particularly true in the translational spectrum. 
One of the challenges for us is to figure out how to make these team efforts because translation is a team sport; it has to be approached that way, how to make that work better. 
It's the last thing that the NCATS is really focused on, is the fact that science and medicine is not really organized the way 
Mother Nature organized it. 
Mother Nature designed a holistic organism where all the pieces are connected, but for a variety of reasons, science and medicine is done in a quite reductionist way, where we have heart doctors and lung doctors and eye doctors and nose doctors, and similarly we have heart researchers and lung researchers and cancer researchers and eye researchers and nose researchers. 
But guess what? 
There is a lot of commonality among those systems, but those commonalities which can allow us to move forward remarkably fast at times, and you just heard Lou describe one. 
A drug for rheumatoid arthritis that is now usable for leukemia? 
That kind of thing happens all the time once you set up a system to allow it to happen, and that's one of the things that 
NCATS is going to do. 
[Applause] 
The last thing, just to illustrate how NCATS is going to do things differently and, may I say, better, 
I'm going to show you what real music is, and so let's take it away. 
I should say, how did I choose this? 
Glen and I chose this in a somewhat whimsical way but somewhat with a serious note, and it gets to what I started saying. 
This is an aria from The Marriage of Figaro by Mozart and, as some of you may know, Mozart died at the age of 37 of causes which aren't entirely known, but there was some sort of infectious disease, perhaps a urinary tract infection or tuberculosis. 
Just imagine if Mozart had not died at age 37. 
What could he have created that our world would have to enjoy? 
That didn't happen, and it doesn't happen for so many patients now, and we can change that. 
[Applause] 
I want to make little townhouse shapes with toothpicks. 
So this would be my first townhouse. 
I've used 3 toothpicks so far-- 4, 5, and 6. 
So that is my first townhouse. 
Now, let me make a little table here keeping track of things. 
So I'll do that in white. 
So here's my table to keep track of things. 
So this is the number of houses, and then this is the toothpicks that I'm using to make that house. 
So this first house here, took me 6 toothpicks-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 
Now let's make our second house. 
And these are going to be townhouses. 
They're going to share common walls. 
So I'm going to add 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 toothpicks for my second house. 
Now, why did I only have to add 5 and not 6? 
Well, they shared a common wall here so I didn't have to add another toothpick here for this left-hand side wall. 
So starting with the first house, 
I really just had to add 5 toothpicks. 
I had to add 5 toothpicks to get to now 11 total toothpicks if I want two houses. 
I think you see the trend here. 
What about 3 of these? 
Well, this is going to be another 5-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 toothpicks. 
So we're going to add 5 again and get to 16. 
Let's do 4 just for good measure. 
So the fourth one, we're going to add another 5-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
So the fourth one, we're going to add another 5 gets us to 21. 
Now, I want to think about, can we, using this pattern, figure out how many toothpicks it would take for us to, say, make 50 of these townhouses or even 500 of these townhouses, or even 5,000 of them? 
Now we just have to look at this pattern here and see can we come up with an equation for each of these actual values? 
So, for example, we see a pattern that-- well, we already recognize that we started with 6, and we're adding 5 every time we add a house. 
So when you add the second house, you add 5 once. 
The third house, you start with 6, and you add 5 twice. 
The fourth house, you start with 6 and you add 5 three times. 
So let's actually write that down. 
So 21 is equal to-- you start with 6, you start with this 6 here, and then you add 5 three times, plus 5 times 3. 
When you had the 3 houses, once again, you started with 6 and you added 5 two times. 
Let me do that same color. 
And you added 5 two times. 
Plus 5 times 2. 
When you had 2 houses, you started with 6 again. 
This is equal to 6 and you added 5 once, so plus 5 times 1. 
And then when you had 1 house-- and it'll fit the same pattern-- you started with 6, and how many times did you add 5? 
Well, you didn't add 5. 
You could say that you added 5 zero times. 
So you might see a little pattern here. 
However many houses you needed, you take one less than that and multiply it by 5, add that to 6, and you get the number of toothpicks. 
And actually, let me rewrite this. 
So I could rewrite this as 6 plus 5 times 4 minus 1. 
I could write this as 6 plus 5 times 3 minus 1. 
You could write this as 6 plus 5 times 2 minus 1. 
You could rewrite this as 6 plus 5 times 1 minus 1. 
And maybe that makes a pattern a little bit clearer. 
This 4 is right over here. 
This 3 is right over here. 
This 2 is right over here. 
And then this 1 is right over here. 
So now, I think we are ready to think about what would happen if we wanted to make 50 houses. 
So let's try to do that. 
Let me do that in orange. 
This right over here is our 50th house. 
So this is the shared left wall it has. 
This is the 50th house right over here. 
So how many total toothpicks for 50 houses? 
So if we have 50 houses, well, we can use the pattern that we came up with. 
It's going to be equal to, starting with our 6, the first house requires 6. 
And then we're going to add 5 for each incremental house, so plus 5 for each incremental house. 
And how many incremental houses are there going to be? 
Well, there are going to be 50 minus 1 incremental houses. 
Why minus 1? 
Well, you already built one of them with the 6. 
Then for every extra one-- so there's going to be 49 extra houses-- you're going to add 5 toothpicks apiece. 
So this is going to be equal to 6 plus 5 times 49. 
And that is 245. 
So 6 plus 245 is equal to 251 sticks. 
And what's really neat about this pattern we just came up with is you could use it to figure out how many sticks you would need for a million of these little toothpick townhouses. 
What is hypothesis testing in the constant expected return models? 
So what are the kinds of things that we can test hypotheses about? 
So our model says continuously compounded returns are equal to a constant mean return plus a random, noise component that represents news that enters the market. 
This noise component is assumed to be, independent identically distributed as a normal random variable with mean zero and a constant volatility. 
And we also assume that covariances, contemporary covariances between assets are constant. 
As well. 
So there are a number of things that we could test in this model. 
So here are some examples of. >> Possibly interesting hypothesis test. 
We can test for specific values. 
For example, we can test hypothesis that the mean return is equal to some particular value. 
For example we can say we want to test hypotheses that the mean return on 
Microsoft is two percent per month. 
Okay? 
And then the alternative could be the mean return is not equal to two percent per month. 
And this might be interesting if you have a, a, an expected return target. 
So, suppose you're saving, you know, for some particular purchase. 
And that savings, you know, you need to hit a certain amount of money, you know, say, in a year from now. 
And, in order for your savings to grow to hit that target, you need to have on average two percent per month. 
So you might be interested in screening all your assets and seeing which of those, you know, satisfy that particular condition. 
So that would be one example why you might wanna test something like this. 
You could also test whether or not the volatility of your acid is equal to a particular value. 
So this is like saying I'm gonna test the hypothesis that the volatility on, you know, Microsoft stock is ten percent per month. 
And, you know, again, why might you wanna do such a hypothesis? 
Well my experience in doing risk management for Black Rock is that when you 
look at portfolio managers and, you know, they have particular portfolios that they're managing, you might have a risk target on the portfolio. 
So you're going to market this portfolio to clients, and you want a and the clients you know they pick different portfolios in some respects based upon their risk characteristics. 
So you might say, you know, I have a target risk on my portfolio to be ten percent per month, right? 
And then you're gonna look at the historical performance of that portfolio, and see, did you actually hit that risk target? 
So that could be a reason why you might want to test the hypothesis that a volatility is equal to a particular value, okay? 
And then another kind of hypothesis you might wanna test is that, the correlation between two, two stocks. 
So the correlation between, say, Microsoft and the S and P 500, you know, is .2, or something like that. 
And you know, again, you're interested in, you know, a particular value of a correlation? 
Now, when we study portfolio theory we'll see that correlation is very important in terms of the diversification properties of your portfolio. 
And so, and, and in general the less correlated the assets in the portfolio the better the diversification properties. 
So if you want to create a highly diversified portfolio you might want to screen your assets such that they have correlation values that are low. 
And so you might use a hypothesis test as a screening device, to say, I wanna test hypothesis that. 
Say I wanna put assets in my portfolio that have a correlation of point, say, two or lower. 
And so then, you might be able to use a hypothesis testing approach, to determine which assets satisfy that criteria. 
So that's, testing for a sp-, particular value. 
Sometimes, you wanna test for a sign. 
So when we look at these hypotheses here, notice that the alternative hypotheses are two sided. 
I'm testing that the mean is equal to a particular value. 
And the alternative is that it's not equal to a particular value. 
Sometimes we're particularly interested in the sum. 
We might test that the mean is zero versus the alternative, that the mean is greater than zero or the mean is less than zero. 
And again this could be useful as a screening device. 
Because assets that have means that are positive are assets that are giving or making money. 
Assets that have negative means are assets that are losing money. 
And so if you're constucting a portfolio you wanna go long the assets that are making money and go short the assets that are losing money for example. 
So you can use, use hypothesis testing as a screening device in that context. 
And then similarly, you know, the screen device for assets that are you know, good diversifiers in a portfolio, could be correlation of zero versus the correlation is positive or, or negative. 
Another kind of hypothesis test is a test about one of the assumptions of the model. 
So, in the constant expected return model, the asset returns are assumed to be normally distributed. 
And we've done a lot of descriptive statistics to, get a feeling for how good that assumption is. 
Right? 
We looked at histograms, we looked at Q-Q plots. 
Now, we would like to have a rigorous test of this hypothesis, so we're gonna say, are the returns normal or not? 
Well we need to make a decision. 
All right? 
And so we would like to be able to test the hypothesis that returns are normal versus the alternative that they are not normal. 
Okay. 
So why is this important? 
Well. 
One of the reasons, well, when you assume a distribution for returns, that dictates, for example, how you compute value at risk on your asset. 
So if I assume returns are normally distributed, then I compute value at risk based on the quantile of a normal distribution. 
Okay? 
If the normal distribution's not appropriate, then I should be using some other quantile estimate, to compute value at risk. 
So, you know, again, we could, value at risk is an interesting risk metric. 
And how we compute it depends upon assumptions of our model. 
And so if we want to use the formula for normal value at risk, then we should test the hypothesis to see if the normal distribution is appropriate before we use that technique. 
So that's a reason here. 
And then also in portfolio theory we have the underlying assumption that returns are essentially multivariate normally distributed. 
And if that assumption is broadly not very good then we should perhaps look at an alternative way of creating portfolios rather than using the traditional portfolio analysis. 
And so that's, that's another reason. 
Now, another kind of test it, is based on another assumption of the model. 
In our constant expect to return model we expect assets are uncorrelated over time. 
And so we might wanna test that assumption. 
Now we've looked at sample autocorrelations. 
And, you know, kind of looked at the magnitude of them as a, as a rough gauge for this assumption. 
But we'd like to have a rigorous statistical test. 
We'd like to test the hypothesis that the 
J flag autocorrelation is truly zero. 
Versus the alternative that it's not zero. 
And you know again if we reject this assumption then you know that's evidence perhaps that there is some systematic time dependence in the data that we could use to forecast future returns. 
And if you can forecast future returns then you know you should be able to make you know better portfolio decisions make for money in terms of looking at our assets. 
So, This type of assumption is often used in the context of determining, you know, whether or not we can develop a systematic training strategy to make money. 
And in the general finance literature there's something known as the weak form of the efficient markets hypothesis. 
And the efficient markets hypothesis says, you know, asset return should correctly and fully reflect all relevant information about firm valuation. 
And one of the implications of an efficient market is that continuously compounded return should follow should be uncorrelated over time. 
That is, the news entering market should be unpredictable. 
And so this is another, another use of this hypothesis is, so it's a, actually test a form of the efficient-market's hypothesis. 
And then finally, and this is one of things that I like to emphasize in this class, is, Is testing the assumption that the parameters are constant over time. 
So, you know, the reason why I called this model the constant expected return model is that it emphasis that when we use the model we are assuming that the parameters are constant over the data sample that we are looking at. 
And, and this is based on the assumption of covariance stationary of our stochastic process and you know the underlying in covariance stationary is that the economic environment is constant. 
And we all kind of know that that's not true. 
I mean the economic environment changes over time. 
And, and the characteristics of assets change over time. 
So, so if we have five years of data, and we want to estimate the mean, well if we, the question is can we assume that the mean is constant over a five year period. 
If it is, then we can use all the data to estimate the mean, and so on. 
But if the mean is changing over time, then, you know, if we're estimating over a five year period, where the mean is, is actually increasing over time, then we're gonna make a pretty big mistake in assuming the mean is constant in, in how we estimate over a full sample. 
Same thing with volatility and correlation. 
You know, volatility and correlation are changing over time then we should adapt the way we estimate the model to try and to take into consideration how these things are changing. 
And so In this context here, you know before we go out and estimate parameters, we would like to know, are they really constant over the sample or not. 
And so we will talk a little bit about how we can, we can try to determine this from the data. 
Okay. 
So these are the kinds of hypothesis we are going to look at. 
And I will go through each one of these and given an example of, of how to do a particular hypothesis test with, with data. 
"At the beginning 
Pray... 
For every prophet delivered his message 
For every messenger completed his message 
And for every faithful one of us believe in his religion 
Pray for your chosen prophet 
And I don't fabricate excuses 
I am not a religious broker as well 
My words aren't Logarithm 
Nor secrets 
For God's sake let's pray 
Let's pray special pray 
Just like us ,Has an origin, thought, and meaning 
Without the Pill of sheikh 
Or a veil 
Or a cross 
My own prophet is close to me 
His voice in our injured nation brings us together 
By his cameo will heal every foreign 
So, let's pray for every darling..." (audience clapping) 
My name is Sary Sameer 
Slang poet 
And traveling 
This is what I'm talking about 
That Egypt has hundreds of things 
Excuse me for this tension 
(Folklore) existed in Egypt 
The journey started 3 years ago 
As a result of writing special poem 
For my passion about the southern culture 
I kept studying until I wrote it 
Then I went on my journey 
For the whole southern culture 
I reached - after Nubba & upper Egypt - 
All over Egypt 
Because in every Inch in Egypt they have Folklore 
They also have their own songs ,their own culture 
Fortunatly,our all cultures are audible 
We have 1 million kinds of singing every person in Nubba sings in his own way 
They sing in every dialect they have (el-Fonn) the oven 
The first upper Egyptian poem 
" I found my Grandma before the oven 
She was looking after its flame 
She caught a sight of me 
She asked:"what's the wrong with you, son?" 
Why I see concern killing you? 
Why I see sadness inside your eyes full long times 
And your voice... 
Is missing! 
I said:" O mommy my body is ailing 
And my heart is moaning loudly 
If my scream comes out 
Will makes farms forget its green color! 
Then I crouched 
I crouched beside her as usual 
And told her everything inside my heart 
I asked her many questions 
The answer 
The answer 
The sentry makes fun of the minister 
But my conscious grandma understood my words 
Then she told me "O son 
It was me who marched out to "Abdel Nasser" 
When he stepped down from authority 
And today it is me also who calls on the cursed 
Not to win either in this life or in the hereafter 
And his remain go to hell (audience clapping) 
"O son, our country looks like this oven which was cracked by mice " 
The ruler is like the burning fire 
The government is like firing 
And we just as the seared bread that became inedible "stand up my son!" "and let our neighbors hear what they didn't hear before " 
"and explain the whole issue for those youth" 
Then tell them the slaying of your old grandma 
If they didn't call for their rights 
Their end would be on the flaming land" (audience clapping) 
Many problems occurred after this poem 
We lost our jobs, and then we started traveling 
From Sinai to the southern side 
By everything inside it 
For 2 years & 8 months 
Every kind of singing in Egypt (El Nubba_ El Gaafra) (Luxur-Carabek) 
All of these are kinds of singing other than the nature 
I wrote before them (Ahwa sada)- black coffee 
"Ahwa Sada" 
" Black coffee for those who died in the foggy years 
Those who died are "we" 
Not the population of the grave 
Black coffee for such a city without clouds 
For the poor who sew the warm coats 
From mirage 
Black coffee for virgin who bear depression 
Black coffee for old branches 
That its water is youth! 
Black coffee with bitter test that injures throat 
Black coffee for the streets, that can't accommodate us 
O nation, as long as your dream not from our heart, 
As long as any dog barking shaking us, 
The coffee will always be black with that bitter taste 
O nation, flutter away 
And clutter the hill of coffee 
Melt the dead hearts and make it soulful again 
Because they have dreams like young beautiful girls 
O nation, it's enough black coffee for our hope 
I long to see the coffee defeated by your sugar 
Taste it, then kiss my sweetheart 
With your dream flavor 
O nation, flutter away and include me into your swarm 
O nation flutter, as the sweet taste is your own secret!" 
(audience clapping) 
After many travels 
I met someone called (Gehad) 
He was Lebanese 
Who adores Egypt 
He visited many places in Egypt 
And camping there with my knowledge 
I told him that people stop asking 
People used to ask before, but now, no one cares! 
Then he told me:" in order to be a good traveling 
You have to lose your feelings 
So that you can feel the other things that surround you carefully 
Like mountains, sands, and the signer girl from Nubba" 
Then I wrote (El Ghorba) "the exile" 
That exile, which mourn on that stranger 
Its call spreads between the wind & echo 
Crying, 
Stray, and the wheel of sadness loss its scope 
O exile, why your call lose its kindness? 
Why it doesn't have any kindness? 
Or being loved ? 
Answer me! 
Why exile left her son? 
I am the one who was exiled 
And lived in paths and its staleness 
I sang to your name's letters 
I stayed up for it 
It grew old 
It only cries that only left 
O exile, It's me who changed his name & became stranger! 
My dream made pain inside me 
That doesn't cured 
The cleft became a crack, 
The dream became flame 
And you want me to answer your call !! 
No sweetie, 
It is not different call 
I am not your lover anymore.." (audience clapping) 
After traveling, my sweetie appeared 
Who returns the soul? 
After that I wrote to (Ghagarya) "Gypsy" 
" O girl, gypsy girl 
Who has pure soul? 
Spin a bead for me from your eyes color 
Illuminate my path with it 
Protect me from envy 
With the bead nub 
Sing to me with your gorgeous voice 
A commend, that guide strangers to the far home 
That installment orphan 
That comes up dreams happily 
O girl, nymph girl 
Give me from the patience of years, 
Boon 
Pick for me from your hair, a quaff 
That coats me 
My whole poem and words aren't sufficient for you 
Your depiction needs special language 
Spun from my blood 
With my last call from my mouth 
With my dream paste 
Guarded with my pall 
And the dialect of your depiction 
Come out in one word 
O girl, gypsy girl 
Put your wound over me like tattoo or Henna 
Fall over me as tidings 
Blessed from heaven 
If death came to me, 
I swear I wouldn't hide 
Because I gained from life everything I want a quaff, a song , and a bead against envy,," (audience clapping) 
At the end, 
I want to tell that women, 
I really miss you 
It was my mother's death that stopped me from traveling 
I miss her very much 
I failed to write something about you. 
Thanks 
So Ghost Ship. 
Now Ghost Ship is a movie that gets better with every subsequent viewing and one thing about a Val Lewton film is it's generally very short. 
So you could watch this thing a couple times in a day, and start to really unpack its poetry. 
The sur, surface story of the film is quite simple. 
You have a young officer who comes on board a boat, finds that the senior officer is crazy. 
The senior officer tries to kill the young officer, and the senior officer dies instead. 
In fact, it's a story that's so thin, Frank Borzage might like it. 
And like Frank Borzage, Robsen and Lewten take this as an opportunity to embellish detail and atmosphere. 
In the film. 
The film is a web of repeated and varied motifs, like knives. 
There are knives in the window in the very beginning of the film, and then Finn has a knife as our hero goes on board. 
There's a bayonet on the wall of Stone's office, and of course the film ends in a knife fight. 
Or there's the picture of Ellen on Stone's desk, which is put on top of a navigation map. 
Which pretty much sums up Stones problem with his relationship. 
Or there's the way that the men have to be careful to coil the rope in just the right direction, which then echoes the way that 
Louie has to coil the chain the right way in the chain lock. 
And the reason I picked this film is that sound is so important to its texture. 
Just think about how many times hearing and sound are mentioned or made important to the plot. 
The film begins with a blind beggar. 
There's Finn who cannot speak but hears what other men can't hear. 
Our hero's best friend is a radio man who puts on his headphones to block out the madness of the captain. 
When Bound talks to our hero, he says he better pull in his ears and not criticize the captain. 
The crew on the ship, does their job by using sound, not by necessarily speech. 
On the bridge, someone will ring a bell, and on the deck, that bell will be answered. 
Fog horns are, of course, important becasue they turn sound into space, they tell, they map space and dangers at sea 
Through sound. 
Billy Rad sings on the boat, to entertain the crew, but he's also expressing the real feelings of the crew. 
And since this is an inexpensive film, they can't afford to show sailors in front of actual sea. 
The most we get is a sailor in front of a the backdrop with the cloud painted on it, moving up and down a little bit. 
So, sound takes over. 
The sound of the wind and the sound of the sea. 
And depending on where you are on ship, you're either the wind or the sea. 
Or the sound of the engines of the boat. 
And they become oppressive and meaningful across the film. 
It's also an excellent film for illustrating how most Hollywood film makers use sound. 
Mixing ambient sounds and side effects, keeping dialogue on top, then bringing in an underscore orchestral music score to tell us the character's emotions even if the character isn't directly expressing them as emotions. 
So I would like to take a look at. 
Bits of this film beginning at the opening scene, and think about how Robson and 
Lewton make sound important to their atmospheric horror. 
The film begins as a proper horror film with this mysterious ghostly ship coming through the mists. 
And the score cycles through all of it's motifs; there is a suspense score, and there is a mysterious music track. 
And then, The extra-diagetic music goes away and we start to listen to what's on the set of this dock. 
And that's where things start to get interesting. 
So let's watch and listen to how Robson and Lewton set up sound at the beginning of Ghost Ship. 
[music] 
It's the beginning of our score. 
[music] 
And now we hear the harpsichord and the blind man off screen. 
What we see are these knives. 
So that violent motif is set up right away. 
And there's a distance between what we see and what we hear. >> [music] 
Me, give me some time to blow the man down. >> Good luck. >> Thank you, sir. 
Being a sailor, you'll need luck. 
A young sailor, too. >> Now so, the blind man cannot see, but he hears very well. 
Speaker:[inaudible] >> And he seems to speak the truth. 
He knows that a hero is an officer by the sound of his bag, that will come in a moment. 
And he also knows that this is a bad ship. >> You've got a blind man's tricks for telling what men are like, but ships [inaudible]. >> So, it begins with this foreboding of a man who cannot see but hears, and as our hero walks up the plank listen. 
Blow the Man Down, the song reappears. 
Now Blow the Man Down is an interesting song. 
It's a song about beating a sailor who's been insubordinate and it's also a song about ships on rough seas. 
There's a song of great foreboding and terror. 
And yet it's introduced gently here as though it's just a man singing about a, a quaint song about going out to sea. 
Now, things get even stranger and more interesting when we are introduced to Finn. 
So listen to how the music works at this moment. 
Speaker:[music] 
I'm the third officer. 
Where can I find the Captain? >> There's our knife again. 
Gestures with the knife. 
Now watch when we cut around, and listen to the music. 
[music] 
Hear that as that smoke comes in, we get the mysterium theme. 
It has sort of the, these harps and a mysterious sound, and now. >> Another man I can never know, because I cannot talk with him, for I am a mute and cannot speak. 
I am cut off from other men, but in my own silence. >> So we have Finn's internal monologue. >> Here, know things they can never know. >> Which is an interesting thing, because here is a man who cannot speak. 
And yet, narrates. 
So who is he narrating to? 
In a way, the only people that he can speak to is the audience. 
And though he speaks in symbols and abstractions. 
He is the only one who speaks the truth. 
So, at the beginning of the film, Lewton and Robson are setting up a disjunction between image and sound, between what people say and the truth. 
Between what can be seen and what can be heard. 
Now a scene that really emphasizes this split, and plays with it, is the scene of surgery. 
Now watch and think about how the split between image and sound make this a powerful moment. 
It begins with the steady sound of breathing of the patient and the cold clinical sound of the radio. 
At the same time, because we're in the room with that characters, we're privy to the terrible truth that we have a man who's not a doctor that must begin cutting into this body. 
It's interesting, interesting stuff watch. >> Under anesthetic. >> Alter to Panama, patient is asleep breathing very heavily. >> If the patient is completely anesthetized you may proceed. 
Are you ready? >> Alter to Panama, we are ready. >> Panama to all tear. 
Capt Stone will bring his right hand to the point which we have already established. >> It's cold clinical and full of tension, but then we must begin cutting, framing moves in and we don't actually see the knife, we must imagine. 
Then we see it, then we don't. >> Inside to a depth of one. >> Inside to a depth of one. >> Now here comes a moment when other people in the room begin to notice what's really happening and we have the split between image and sound. 
We, and people in the room will know that 
Stone is not doing the surgery. 
But the doctors on the other end of the radio, think that he is because all they have is sound, and everybody's lying through sound here. >> Quarter inch, continue with the incision vertically 4 inches. >> In a way of course we're relieved that he can't do it because then we don't have to see it. 
But it's the complicity of everyone else in the room at covering up Stone's inability that it's troubling. >> Make the incision. >> I'll turn to Panama, wait a minute we're not ready yet. >> And now the lie begins. 
It's a game played between showing and hearing. 
We can see the truth. >> [inaudible] we are ready, please repeat. >> The doctors on the other end can't. 
But when the patient is off screen and the actual cutting happens we don't see it. 
We have to infer what is happening on screen, or off screen rather. 
This reminds me of Lewton's old maxim that what the audience can imagine is far worse than what he can actually show. 
Now here's a film that wants us to listen to it very carefully. 
It's also a film that's uses the typical strategies of Hollywood film fairly effectively. 
And I've got an example, since it's our first film that uses an underscore, and example of how underscoring works. 
[music] and it's quite good, so note how the soundtrack plays up the emotions that aren't expressed on the surface. 
This is a love scene, Ellen is hopefully and, and full of romance. 
Hopeful that it will finally happen between her and Stone, but he knows that he cannot commit. 
And the soundtrack tells us the story. 
It begins with a romantic score. 
But then, as he begins to doubt and explain his reasons, the track will change. 
And we'll slip closer into that mysterium score we had, which is associated with Finn and the ghost ship. >> I expected a different response Will. 
I thought we were both waiting for this. >> I had waited, I wanted this. 
Now this what I do and say, I'm afraid. >> Afraid of me? 
A very important scene, because it's our only exposition on his past. 
And it's our first insight into his mind, that he is questioning himself. 
[music] >> It was awful, Helen, I've never forgotten it. 
We were run down in a fog of the coast of. 
Now, of course, the audience is meant to be paying attention to the performance and the actors and the characters and maybe not notice the sound directly. 
But it's there and it's working on us. 
And it's one of the ways that this film chips away at happy surfaces and shows us that underneath. 
There's despair, there is fear and death. 
I mean this is a man who's already been consumed by his job who can no longer love. >> By this morning when the boy testified against me I could barely keep my seat. 
[music] 
Give me a chance to get over this, this feeling that I don't know myself. 
And he's going to try to make ammends, and offer a happy future, but we know better. 
And so he can try to make a moment offer a happy future, but we know better. 
We know, I think by this point that he is beyond, beyond hope. 
Now Ghost Ship is actually more innovative by using sounds within the film world to comment on and undercut the surface story to show the dark side while the rest of the crew seems to think things are, are going well. 
And I think this is mainly how Sir Lancelot works who plays Billy Radd. 
He's the calypso singer. 
And watch how it works in, in this particular moment, we're going to hear that theme of blow the man down come back in. 
And its coming in, right as the radio man is talking about how he keeps his nose clean, and he is going to ignore [crosstalk] the danger's by putting on his headset. 
Life is easy for him, now we have this. 
[music] 
Way blow the man down. 
Roll up your white canvas jib spanker and all. 
Give me some time to blow the man down. 
Then the breeze it blew gaily a terrible gale. 
It's actually a scene that's a simple ellipsis showing the ship traveling, right? 
But it's done over that theme of blow the man down which is about violence and the threat of squalls and storms at sea. 
And the fact that, that carries from the deck onto the drawing of the line on the map. 
Where that X is placed. 
Is a, is a very strong sense of, of foreboding. 
Something will go wrong, and then it brings us to the ship at night. 
Now this scene is a straightforward exhibition scene. 
It's interesting because the guy serving coffee seems to be really angry at the world. 
But watch what happens after it's done. 
Back to the ship at night. 
Now interesting, we don't need any voice over, all we need is the face of Finn, the sound of the wind, and the mysterium theme to come back to give us this feeling that something is a mess that all is not happy and easy on the surface, and that there are very, very deep and wrong things going on. 
And this is the, the secret of alludent film, that the atmosphere is always there undercutting even the easy placid moments. 
You can never get rid of the monsters. 
The monster or the monsteress. 
Now the sinister texture of sound all pays off in the climax of the film, which is quite troubling and disturbing, but beautifully, beautifully done. 
Now, the climax begins with something that we might expect, an orchestral score showing Stone's madness. 
[music] 
And his voice over, we're finally getting subjective access to his character's psychology and now we all know this man is completely cracked. 
It's going to climax when he's going to go back to that sign that we saw in the very first scene where he met his junior officer and no longer can face this, we see the madness in the strictness of his authority here. 
[music] 
Right, now that's the climax of the score for the moment. 
It's going to drift down now. 
And as he pulls that sabre off of his wall. 
We've been wondering what would happen to that. 
We cut away a little bit of exposition as the good guys. 
We guess they're good guys. 
They don't anything in the end. 
They're wondering about the telegram and get this. 
[music] 
Billy Radd, again starting his calypso. 
[music] 
And it was quite a jaunty, happy number as we see. 
[music] 
Stone standing over our hero, who's been drugged and bound and gagged. 
[music] 
And we have this fight. 
[music] 
It's an incredibly violent fight, but made much more tense, because no one in the scene can speak, our hero has been gagged. 
The rescuers mute and of course the captain dare not say anything cause he doesn't want to bring the attention of the crew to them. 
At the same time we hear off screen that calypso song. 
[music] 
Which adds more tension because it really illustrates the distance between what everyone else on the crew is experiencing, and the horrors that are going on in this cabin. 
How unaware they are. 
And also gives this counter point, which makes what we see on the screen all the more horrible. 
Compared to the happy song going on off-screen. 
Worse and wells would learn about this, would learn from this. 
[music] 
In touch of evil. 
[music] 
And Quentin Tarantino, of course uses the same technique of sound counterpoint to violence quite a lot. 
This is one of the first times, it's not the first time that I've seen it in a Hollywood film in 1943. 
[music] 
And it comes from this B film from Lewton and Robson made at RKO. >> This is secure. >> And of course, then, we come back to the voice over. 
And the odd thing is, Finn is supposed to be reassuring us that everything is fine. 
But if there's anybody who can't reassure us of anything, it would be Finn. 
Especially when it's combined with this 
low key lighting in the bridge, and on the ship. 
And I dare you to call this a happy ending, in the end we come back to a place that's like the one where the film began. 
And it's important that when our hero goes and meets the new girl, who we don't see, we see only her shadow. 
We feel the entire cycle beginning again this is our new Stone. 
Because becoming a captain of ship losing yourself in work leads to this isolated madness in this world. 
Now that is an overview how the film uses sound but the film also has these two set pieces. 
Two moments that are there to push the audience to the edge of sanity by terrifying them. 
And one set piece involves a hook and the other one involves a chain. 
Now I recommend you go back and listen and think about how the chain sequence works. 
But I'm going to look at the hook scene now because it's a fabulous example of how sound and image can create a monster where there's no monster there. 
Innocently enough, with a little hook, actually a big hook, swinging on a chain and the sailor noticing it. 
Just a little sound. 
Right, and so our hero mimics exactly what his officer told him. 
[inaudible] 
Now we cut to the sinister scene on the bridge and this lighting is just mad. 
We got this low lighting that comes right on their faces, the sound of the bells which is a motif across the film and quiet talk. 
So, we're going in to a dark, dark world here and that setting up the attack of the monster watch. 
Still in gentle sling, but now it's a massive beast that's intruding into the frame, and in the first attack of the hook. 
Watch by Stone using passes, and in-communicative and stern, and also simply wrong. 
[crosstalk] 
Now, the it's going to, to become the monster at night, attacking the night watchmen. 
We hear the crashing, off screen sound. 
We don't see it and he's going to use his flashlight to track it, there it goes. 
It explodes across the foreground. 
We can see its distance of the swing by how he moves the flashlight. 
We don't actually see how much it's swinging. 
And now the crashing becomes more complex. 
We hear it swing and then crash into something. 
And then swing again, but we don't see it. 
So sound is mapping the movement before we see it. 
Then we discover it, right? 
We discover all the parts, too. 
We see it swing past the man out over the deck, and then come back to hit this ladder. 
And any ladders that sound to crash[SOUND]. 
The climax that this is the boat and it illustrates the power of this things. 
Finally, we get it done to control that just variable. 
Disaster is averted, there really is too much potential energy to tie down this hook. 
Which mean this is not really about the hook at all. 
There's something on this ship that must explode. 
There is something troubling that will break through the surface, and harm men no matter how hard they try. 
And by using sound, I think what Lewton and Robson do is make it more than a hook. 
They make it a, a force that pervades the entire ship and that force of course centers on Captain Stone who's mad, but then infects everybody else, even our hero. 
So this is how sound more or less works in 
Ghost Ship it underscores the surface emotions. 
That's how sound generally works in Hollywood. 
The, the idea Orchestral score tells us how to feel. 
But in this film, sound also gives us access to subjectivity. 
It tells us what's going on in character's minds, even when they don't want to show it to other characters. 
And for Lewton and Robson, the one thing it gives us that's new is that tension between sound and image. 
And the entire film is about that. 
The tension between what we see and what we hear. 
And that's going to be in the tension, attention that informs the entire horror film for Val Luten. 
The difference between the surface that seems happy and the darkness which is always beneath. 
So sound in this film creates a foreboding atmosphere. 
It's the sound of the wind and the sound of the fog horn and the sound of the engine room. 
The sound of Billy Radd singing that cannot ever be taken out of the ship and that always points forward to the darkness and doom. 
If there is a ghost in the film it's I think the ghost of being a professional. 
This is a film about the horrors of being middle aged and having a job where you have to have authority over others, and you loose your sense of right and wrong and your ability to touch and understand the world at the very dark look at middle aged. 
And then the film has these great set pieces, theses scenes of terror, or suggested terror that loved, and we looked at the hook in which sound creates a monster out of. 
Of this, this object of the hook and makes it much bigger than just a piece of equipment on the ship and I recommend you look at the chain sequence and think about how sound works there because it does even more to turn that chain into, into a beast that is the monster of the film. 
Began this class with two silent masterpieces really the last gasp of silent film made right when sound was coming in. 
And in those films we saw transcendent images, images that were lifted out of time and space and were emotionally charged speaking directly to the audience and an abstract way. 
Sound then, changes things because it makes the world more solid, more concrete, more mundane. 
And we saw a different artists struggle with different ways of using sound. 
If sound limits abstraction one way to deal with it is to try to still go after silent abstraction, while having dialogue. 
And that's what Rouben Mamoulian did in applause. 
He really, kind of, split the difference between the inflexibility of the new technology. 
And its desire to have a more transcendent style. 
And in the end, the film works, but when it reaches after the silent, style it fails, because it can never become as fluid or dynamic as something like Street Angel, or Docks of New York. 
Vaudeville comedians like the Marx Brothers, took the concreteness and the solidity of the sound world and ran with it. 
They brought iwth them an ability to manipulate oral space. 
And enliven the soundtrack. 
And at the same time, the in congruence between their anarchy and the solidity of the world made things all the more funny. 
So they worked with sound instead of against it with Scarface and the gangster film. 
Howard Hawks brings sound more fully into service of character and drama. 
Sound is the way that Tony Camonte dominates the world. 
The sound of his voice on the soundtrack makes him the most powerful thing in that universe. 
And the gunshots are an extension of him. 
At the same time, Hawkes gives us the painful silences that follow the violent action. 
Something that Tony is unaware of until the end when he has to live within that painful silence. 
So manipulation of soundtrack of sound effects and ambiance becomes a way of tracing a characters rise and fall of giving a character arc for Hawkes and Scarface. 
And finally Ghost Ship shows us Hollywood the fully forged sound aesthetic. 
Sound is accepted in Hollywood by 1943. 
It's not novel or new anymore. 
And it does its job tt gives you a solid world with emotional underscoring. 
People accept what they see as part of the world, but sound is always there shaping the way you respond to the image. 
And sound becomes, more or less, unnoticeable. 
We're used to the orchestral sound track, we don't notice it but it's there working on us. 
Nonetheless, sound can rise out of the background, express emotion, psychology, and things like that. 
It's there, always there, it's a fact of seeing a movie. 
But it's there and can be tapped by filmmakers and brought forward. 
So what Ghost Ship shows us, is a film that takes sound, and really pushes it and experiments with it. 
This is a fact of film technology, you have a change in technology, from silent to sound. 
Sound is new and novel for several years and artists work very hard to make self story and they experiment with it. 
But then once they have the conventions they can rely on the default conventions and, and just let it get it's job done. 
But what we see in Ghost Ship is that the potential is always there for that technology to come forward and to become creative once again. 
We have a film that experiments with sound and image to create an unsettling atmosphere to move the audience and it's proof that the Lewton's films and Ghost Ship in particular is proof of the continued creative potential of sound or of any technology really any technique after it's become normalized. 
We see it with sound in Ghost Ship and we'll see it with color again at the end of that unit. 
So this has been an overview of how sound works in cinema by looking at the birth of sound and the vanishing of silence. 
Our next stop is to think about what happens when black and white is replaced by color. 
When young people see Dr. King caught in 1963 talking about his dream, what was that dream? 
When we look at the atrocious numbers of people that are poor and struggling today, King's legacy speaks to that. 
When we look at people who are dealing with 'How do we respond to a nation at war, King's legacy deals with that. 
But we want to expand his legacy to talk about other issues that he didn't necessarily address. 
So when we do all of that, King's legacy is alive, it's vital, and it certainly applies to young people right where they are today 
Do you have any advice following the Arab spring that just hit the middle east? 
For the rest of black Africa that is still facing some sort of oppression? 
We see a year later what's happening with the Arab Spring and now in the Arab world, in Egypt we see how difficult it is to really allow freedom to take hold, but you've got to start the process. 
You can't romanticize or demonize Africa. 
You've got to take it for what it is and then engage the larger world and use every resource available to try to change it. 
Well, Dr. King said injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. 
So he would have embraced people in the Arab Spring, he'd talk about Occupy Wall Street 
To hammer home the point that people should not be oppressed, and that we must open the doors of opportunity for all. 
His words seem to have the sort of premonition that is so poignant upon every relistening. 
Every time we hear them again, well I don't know what will happen to me now, but it really doesn't matter because I've been to the mountain top. 
And you can hear the people responding. 
Ha ha! 
And he said I've looked over and I've seen the promised land stretching, seeing out in a melismatic Sam Cooke like [singing] that's old school. 
That's for the old people. 
Don't worry. 
Dr. King would have warned against the kind of vigilant hyperbole that existed in the aftermath of Barack Obama's ascent to the presidency. 
From King's assassination to Barack's inauguration 
We know that the impact of King's death is monumental, opening up space for the very conception that the black man could lead this nation. 
He also would've been critical of him. 
That was his role. 
That was his job. 
He was a prophet, not a politician. 
Some people think that Barack Obama is Moses when his job description says he's pharoah. 
Which means then that you're in the business of occupying political space to bring about the greatest outcome for the most citizens in your nation. 
That means compromise in a way that prophets find problematic. 
I think that Dr. King would have been deeply troubled by the persistence of inequality and he would've pushed rather vigorously for the relief of the most vulnerable in our society. 
Neither the democrats of republicans speak about poverty. 
They keep talking about the middle class like everybody middle class. 
There are millions of poor people in this nation! 
And Martin Luther King Jr. loved them and died with poor people! 
Martin Luther King Jr. opened up this rhetorical resistance to American culture. 
At its best hip hop tells the truth. 
Elvis was a hero to most, but he never meant  to me. 
Straight up racist, the sucker was simple and plain. 
Mother your man John Wayne. 
Already I'm hyped cause I'm amped. 
Most of my heroes don't appear on no stamp. 
You want to find something that you are engaged with, that you are engaged in, that something that keeps your interest because some of you are going to look back at this time in your life when you were a revolutionary radical and then you grew up and you had kids and stuff. 
I was going to transform the world, now I'm a corporate lawyer with 10 clients, making half a million dollars. 
I want to come and visit you then. 
Because life is like that, but the point is you evolve. 
You grow. 
You deepen. 
Let's end the bigotry against young people. 
I know some of they sag their pants like they live in sag harbor. 
Maybe if you lift their hope, aspirations, and dreams they're pants will follow. 
[Applause] 
Martin Luther King Jr. didn't just change black people, he changed America. 
He made white people more human. 
He made white civilization more tolerable. 
And he brought the humanity of black people to bear. 
But he refused to give up on white brothers and sisters and said there is something dignified and beautiful in the consciences of America when we can appeal to those consciences to transform America. 
This rather unusual looking car can reach speeds of up to 180 kilometres an hour but that is not what makes it special. 
All is revealed when it unfurls it propellors; this car can also fly. 
The Personal Air and Land Vehicle or PAL-V is a gyrocopter that can both fly and is allowed on the road. 
So what do you need to drive this machine? 
Robert Dingemanse, CEO and founder of Dutch company PAL-V, said: 
"A normal drivers licence. 
And for flying a personal or private pilot's licence and that's something you get in around 20 to 30 hours worth of lessons. 
So it's pretty easy in a gyrocopter. 
It's a gyrocopter and that's the easiest way of flying, also the safest way of flying." 
If the PAL-V sounds like the answer to the traffic jam, there is a hitch. 
It requires 165 metres of runway to take-off, 30 metres to land and can only be flown from an airport. 
It is expected to retail for somewhere between 250,000 and 300,000 euros. 
But the PAL-V is not the only flying car - or driving plane if you prefer - coming on to the market. 
The US-based firm Terrafugia have just carried out successful tests on their own street-legal plane called the Transition. 
Terrafugia say around 100 orders have already been placed for the car, which will cost roughly the same as its European cousin. 

[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
It's impossible to ignore the parallels between being in the desert and driving a race car. 
The feeling of isolation, your having total control over every aspect of the experience, and if something goes wrong, there's nothing there to save you. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
Inde Motorsports Park is certainly remote enough out in the Arizona desert. 
The front straight doubles as a runway, so it's long, wide, and unforgiving. 
Rest of the two-mile circuit is bumpy, dusty, tight, and blind. 
And the AVI Racing Corvette GT1 is probably the fastest track car I've ever driven. 
Or if not, it's certainly the loudest. 
In-car audio not, so much. 
I have no idea if you can hear me or not, this is by far the 
loudest car I've ever driven. 
AVl's Wayne McKeen, after putting tens of thousands into a C6 Corvette CO6 to go racing, had a revelation-- if you want to build a Corvette for the track, why start with a Corvette that's meant for the street. 
That's like buying a casino when all you needed was a card table. 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
I love Corvettes. 
The geometry and the engineering that's went into the Corvette for a track car is unbelievable. 
And we needed a stiff chassis to complement the geometry of the Corvette. 
This car is a tube-frame GT1 Corvette race car. 
Essentially, a Corvette stock car, with a completely rebuilt, redesigned two-frame chassis that's extremely stuff. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
The body of this car is made out of-- this current car-- is made out of fiberglass the production cars will be out of carbon fiber and Kevlar as an option, which saves about 80 pounds to the weight of the whole vehicle. 
And the chassis itself, dry weight is about 23-30 the way it sits. 
So, getting a stock zero 6 down under 3,000 pounds for a race car is extremely tough. 
So we wanted to also widen the track width of this car. 
This car's eight inches wider than a C6 Corvette. 
So the track width and the turn-in and everything is so much better. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
Every bit of this car is designed the way it is for three specific reasons-- to be as fast as possible, as light as possible, and as simple as possible to fix, because you go to the track to drive, not to wrench. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
AVI Racing's mission was to develop a race car that was user-friendly, extremely reliable, and easy to work on. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
Removing the complete carbon and fiberglass body work takes two men only six minutes, revealing a skeleton that is more NASCAR than Woodward Avenue. 
A tube frame chassis with every bit of racing technology you would ever need lurks underneath. 
There's an adjustable brake bias with two master cylinders powering 14-inch Brembo brakes. 
There's a 28-gallon fuel cell, beefed-up [INAUDlBLE] suspension, and a triple-disc clutch. 
It has modular front and rear frame components, which means if you crash, you can replace the entire front or rear section for less than five figures in your own garage. 
Thanks to the ease of access, one man can change a clutch or transmission in under an hour. 
There's ducting, cooling, tons of down force, and massive square-stance 305 section slick tires. 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
Most people think of a race car as a Rolex or a World Challenge 253 $100,000 race car. 
We wanted to develop a track day car for $60,000-- a fraction of the money-- that will compete with those. 
MATT FARAH: 
And Wayne should know-- he benchmarked the GT1 against his LG Motorspots World Challenge car. 
And without the restrictions World Challenge cars face, the 
GT1 is faster-- much faster. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
We've taken our years of race car experience and developed an extremely fast, reliable, affordable race car that will compete with the top cars out in a track day. 
It's extremely nimble, it tracks really well, corners extremely well. 
It's so stiff that it corners like no other car. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
Under the hood, you won't just see a 505-horsepower LS3 engine, but a complete C6 Corvette drive 
line, including the cradles, which is not only effective at getting the power to the ground, but also robust with parts available in nearly every city in the United States. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
WAYNE MCKEEN: 
The driveline in this car, as well as all the suspension components, can be bought at your local GM 
Performance parts dealer, including the transmission, the diff, the engine itself is all available at GM 
Performance parts. 
So it's very easy to-- if something happens or breaks, to get new parts. 
They're not custom, except for the chassis itself. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
It's every bit as exciting as it looks stepping into this thing. 
It's visceral to the point of nirvana. 
It's fast, grippy, responsive, and has the best turn-in of any car I've never driven. 
It's wonderful, rewarding you when you get it just right, and kicking you in the ass when you overcook it. 
I stayed out, lap after lap, pushing the car as hard as I could, until I realized I was having so much fun, I'd run out of gas. 
While it's important to remember this car is a prototype, the production cars will be reaching customer hands at the beginning of next year. 
And I can't wait to drive one of those. 
Now that we found out how well it grips on the track, let's see what happens when you try and break it loose. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
I got no gas pedal. 
It's got no gas pedal here. 
I somehow snapped the throttle cable, and we didn't have time to repair it, [INAUDlBLE] 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MATT FARAH: 
Though we came to Indy to test the car, what we got was an experience. 
The people at AVI Racing are true professionals who brought us a great race car. 
And because it's Arizona, of course somebody brought a Mac 10. 
[GUN SHOT] 
MATT FARAH: 
This is why like shooting in Arizona-- the crew all brings guns. 
[GUN SHOTS] 
MATT FARAH: 
Is this thing shooting huge flames out of the barrel, or is it just me? 
[GUN SHOTS] 
MATT FARAH: 
Damn! 
[GUN SHOTS] 
[INTERPOSlNG VOlCES] 
MALE SPEAKER: 
Bleach on the ground, soap on the tire. 
MATT FARAH: 
Rental minivan burn out. 
[CAR ENGlNE ROARlNG] 
MALE SPEAKER: 
That worked so good, doesn't it? 
That's bleach and soap combo, man. 
Mini-Mobile Concerts project entails musicians who play on the streets 
We play not in a cafe or a certain space but on a street corner, next to a bus station, a train station... 
The musicians in Egypt, or in Alexandria, are very talented and people would like to listen to them 
However, the market does not give them the opportunity, people do not have access to them 
At the end there is a miss-communication happening 
What is happening on our streets is that they are full of noise full of headache, and full of harmful sights this makes us all agitated and impatient with each other we get angry at each other too we think we need music on the streets good music that can really reach our hearts to calm us 
The project's idea began in 2011, and the first concert was hosted in April 2012 
And we had 15 concerts during three months and we started again since January 2013 and the first concert was at the end of March and here we are now, and we plan to host 50 concerts 
Independent musicians, or the musicians presenting an art that is not necessarily targeted but is unique and original to be known more because people like them and the idea is not that people don't like them but it is that people do not know this art exists we made a website www.eventsrun.com so that when people on the streets like this music they have a way to reach those musicians again because they don't know where these concerts take place or when they are hosted the idea from this website is to present the different events happening in each city so you can go on the site and see what is happening in Cairo on any giving day as an example and you can know the different spaces that have music so you can attend something similar to what you saw on the streets 
Hi guys! 
Hi everyone! 
I'm Jana 
I'm Ju! 
Jana: 
So the time has come for us to talk about our favorites of the month! 
August! 
Ju: 
Get ready, guys! 
Make your list too and write down below, your choices and what you thought of our lists. 
Jana: 
Let's go, guys! 
First, my top list of the month! 
The songs that I listened to the most, most, most. 
I almost got confused with another list. 
Number Five: 
JJ Project- Bounce! 
Jana: 
Man, this is such a cool song. 
I shake my head so much until I have headache dancing to this. 
I like it! 
I love it! 
Jana: 
Number Four! 
I hated this song! 
EXO-K- Mama. 
Ju: 
So ironic! 
So ironic! 
Jana: 
It's really ironic because I didn't like this song and now.... 
I love it! 
I love it! 
When I'm at the gym if this song doesn't play, I get really mad! 
Jana: 
So Number Three! 
We did a MV reaction! 
Gwiyomi! 
It's Tasty- MAMAMA. 
Jana: 
I really love it. 
Love it! 
Number Two: 
It's my beautiful man Kang Seung Yoon- Wild and Young. 
Jana: 
I'm so in love with him, with his voice. 
Jana: 
His voice! 
Oh my! 
I'd wish I could listen to his voice every night before I fall asleep. 
Ju: 
Girl! 
Listen to G- Dragon's voice! 
That's what you're going to listen to. 
It won't be Kangie's! 
It won't be Kangie's! 
Period! 
Jana: 
Oh god! 
Moving on! 
Ju: 
First Place! 
B.A.P- BADMAN! 
Jana: 
I'm love with Zelo! 
That's it! 
Tell us your list Jujubis! 
Ju: 
Ok! 
Let's work! 
5th place for me is my man Kang Seung Yoon, ok?! 
Jana: 
Our... 
Ju: with "It Rains". 
Ju: 
Guys, since I listened to this song for the first time, I fell in love with him. 
I love his voice, the voice that doesn't belong to that 19 years old body! 
It's perfect! 
I like "Wild and Young "too, but every time I listen to this one... 
"Wild and Young" is good, but there is something especial about "It Rains". 
Ju: 
4th Place is Exo- Growl! 
Ju: 
What amazing song! 
Definitely, it is one of the best songs of the year. 
I have... 
Jana: 
Of the year? 
Ju: 
One of... it's not THE best song. 
The best song for me is still "Smoky Girl"  Jana: 
And one of Exo's best songs. 
Ju: 
Third Place F(x)- Rum Pum Pum Pum. 
Ju: 
We did a MV Reaction, and I wanted to listen to again to see if I could like this song. 
And that's what happened, I really like it. 
The choreography is weird and cool, the song too. 
The lyrics are weird, it's about the wisdom tooth, and I mean they compare the wisdom tooth to their first love. 
I thought that the lyrics were so crazy that that's why I liked Rum Pum Pum Pum. 
So 2nd Place... my divas! 
My band! 
My Band! 
2NE1- Falling in Love. 
Ju: 
Even though I like "Do you love me?" and I listen to it a lot. 
FlL has something different; it's more unforgettable than DYLM. 
So I love it, every time I listen to it I feel like I'm on the beach... 
I don't know ... it cheers me up. 
Jana: 
I feel like Falling in love and touch me over here, touch over there. 
Ju: 
Exactly. 
That's the feeling. 
So 1st place Infinite- Destiny! 
Ju: 
In our MV Reaction, when I saw the video and listen to this song, I... 
Jana: 
Fell in love. 
Ju: 
I did. 
The only that listened from them were "The Chaser", that we like very much. 
"Be Mine" and "She's Back". 
So after "Destiny" I'm listening to everything, watching variety shows with them. 
Jana: 
She became a stalker. 
Ju: 
Yes. 
I'm now 5% Inspirit, because I'm still a V.I.P , Shawol... 
Jana: 
Is that for real? 
Ju: 
I said 5%! 
A bit in my heart! 
Jana: 
What's the name of B.A.P's fandom and Exo's? 
Exo is Exotics. 
Jana: 
Me too. 
5% on Exo. 
Ju: 
B.A.P is Babies. 
Jana: 
I'm almost a Baby. 
Ju: 
Oh, Jana! 
Are we going through different paths now? 
Jana: 
It looks like. 
Ju: 
Well, I'm a bit Exotic too. 
I like B.A.P, but I don't consider myself a Baby. 
But as Inspirit, yes. 
So guys! 
That's our list of the month 
Jana: 
Yeah, tell us your TOP 5 of the month, or if you like any of our songs. 
Comment and share, so others can tell their lists too. 
Ju: 
Yea. 
Did you like our list? 
Did u agree with it? 
Jana: 
Is it boring, or cool? 
Ju: 
So that's it, guys ! 
Kisses! 
See you! 
Jana: 
Byeeee! 
Ju: 
Omg! 
This voice, guys! 
Ju: 
Sent from heaven to earth. 
Jana: 
It's going to be freaking noisy on the video! 
Great, Dan Garcia couldn't make it today, so I'm here to replace him. 
I am 
[INAUDlBLE] here at Berkeley I go by Rabbit and I'm one of the TA's, and today's lecture is about concurrency. today's news of the day is friendship paradox. 
Two weeks ago, a research project came to us, that they surveyed Facebook users. 
It's pretty cool. 
And they found one, along other things. 
One of the things they found is that on average, your friends are more popular than you. 
This is weird, but on average, the average Facebook user has 250 Facebook friends, while their friends on average have 350. 
Pretty interesting. 
What happens is this is actually a paradox that happens in real life everywhere and they are like gatekeepers that are, know a lot of people, and a lot of people know them, and they are very common, and chances are that you're friends with them and that would bring up the average rather than knowing the other people that know random people. other than that, personally, I'd like to tell you to double-check your Facebook privacy settings. 
Your Facebook privacy settings have been changed and they changed about once a month and they changed it for you. 
So, double-check it. 
Awesome. 
So, this is going to be hard. 
Okay. 
So, today, we're talking with parallelism and there are two main types of parallelism, intra-computer and inter-computer. 
Intra is inside one computer and this is the idea of having multiple course, multiple CU, CPUs inside one computer, and then, they work together to solve one common problem. this happens in most computers nowadays, anything you buy has [INAUDlBLE] of course. inter-computer is bigger. 
It's the warehouse scale computers where you have thousands, hundreds of thousands of computers working together to solve a common problem. 
This is called distributed computing and there are two main types, grid and cluster computing. 
Grid computer, grid computing is the idea that you just took lots of computing, of computers and put them together. 
And, now you use them as one big computer and very strong one. 
This is useful, but it's not as uniform. 
Then, we have cluster computing, which is, the common thing is, like Google, gigantic warehouse, and buys a 100,000 of the same computer, and puts it altogether, and houses it altogether, and that's called a cluster. 
And all the computers work together to do whatever you need them to. 
Cool? side note, personally, this isn't on Dan's lectures, this is mine. my definition cloud computing. 
Google has its own cluster, its own cluster of machines, but they don't always use all these computers. 
Sometimes, a lot of them are idle like in Christmas break, people are searching more, so they need more machines, but over the summer that people are searching less they still have the machines. 
So, what do they do with them? 
Well, came out the idea of the cloud that you can rent out these computers for whatever services other people need. 
And it's just opens up a world of possibilities. 
The ideas that because these computers are for you to use, you get to them over the internet, and you can get to them over the internet from your phone, computer, 
laptop, anywhere anytime. 
And this just opens the possibilities everywhere, but it's not actually that much of a new technology. 
It's just like, oh, a new way to use the Internet and the computer we already have. 
It's pretty cool, but it's just very applicable and really nice. 
Awesome. 
So, the five parts of the computer. 
[INAUDlBLE] is tower. 
A computers are usually split into five parts. 
The first being the processor, which has the control, the brain which actually does the work and the datapath which shares the wires that connects the different part of the brain. 
And, then there's the memory, which is the storage, both long term, short term, anything. 
Registers, caches, hard drive, whatever you can think is part of the memory. 
And then, there are the devices, the inputs and outputs. 
Keyboard, mouse, monitor, whatever you need. 
This is called, well, we'll get to that in a moment. 
This is called the Von Neumann 
Architecture. 
And you should know John von Neumann, I believe in the 60's, he came up with this architecture and he's a famous guy. 
John von Neumann came up with this architecture and is still used today, decaed and daecades later, and he's pretty famous. 
You should know him. 
He maybe tested on. 
Awesome. 
So what's inside the processor? we're back on hopefully. 
There is the processor, brain and datapath. 
As you can see at the bottom, there is the chip. 
I'm sorry. 
The middle is the chip, the bottom is in the package. 
It's usually the size of a quarter, which is not too big, sometimes smaller even. 
And this does all the work in your computer. 
Some key terms that you don't need to know are feature size. 
Feature size is the distance between two consecutive wires in the CPU. 
In this case, this computer has feature size of 45 nanometers. 
That's so small that it's way too close. 
And nowadays, I believe they have a 22 and maybe sixteen coming up soon. 
Who? other things you need to know about this, that the CPUs have hundreds of thousands if not millions of transistors on them so that they could do all the computation really fast. 
And they have a multiple layers, so just 
looking at the top doesn't make much difference. 
That's basically it. 
One of the biggest topics when you learn 
Computer Science and when you do research in work in the development is Moore's Law, and, if you take anything away from this lecture, it should be Moore's Law. 
And Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on your chip is doubled about every two years, actually every eighteen months. 
What's Moore did, sorry, Moore is the [INAUDlBLE]. 
What Moore did was that he plotted the computers before his time for like two years and he said, you know, this has been happening so far and I'm going to predict that it's going to happen in the future and so far it has. 
As you can see in the slide, you can see a really nice straight line in a linear-log curve. 
It's a line in a linear-log curve, as you, go along it multiplies by two as every increment. 
Again, Moore's Law is super important that the transistors of a chip are multiplied by two and then they're twice as small every eighteen months. 
Awesome. 
A very common mistake about Moore's Law is thinking that a lot of exponential growth in computers are also relevant to Moore's Law and that's not true. 
So, here are, are a few. 
Moore's Law only talks about transistors, the top graph, And you can see that over the years, say, you can see more data points that it's held true. 
Other things that have also held true is the power consumption How much power you take? 
And that has basically doubled over time. 
So has the frequency, how fast your computer runs, the clocksped. 
What happens to this computers, go, have steps and every time the clock changes, they take another step. 
And as you raise the clockspeed, you make the computer faster and that has gone up. 
And the single thread performance, the speed of the computer doing one thing has also increases exponentially. 
But all three that you can tell are leveling off. 
We in Computer Sceience, about seven years ago, hit a ledge and it was a problem. 
We couldn " t make the computers any faster. 
We couldn't make the frequency faster, we couldn't use more power, we couldn't make the computers as we thought we could. 
They couldn't follow this exponential curve anymore. 
What happen was we were making too much heat, way too much heat. 
And we'll get to that. 
But, we solved this problem by making multiple cores. 
If we have multiple cores, they could do multiple things at the same time and that's increase of speed the same way. 
And as you can see the Parallell, the 
Parallel Thread Performance has increased and while the Single Thread stays the same 
Awesome. 
So, heat, computers have this 0's and 1's transistors,, and every time you change it, it wastes heat, and capacitors, we'll get to that later. 
But it wastes heat and you can see this graph that over time we had some hot ones, and cold ones and so far we've been able to cool them with heat sinks and fans. 
Nothing too special. 
Around 2000, we started making really hot computers and back in 1995 [INAUDlBLE] was as hot as a hot plate. 
Loves this example, that if it's as hot as a hot plate, and you had an egg that size, you could fry the egg on your computer because it's that hot. 
Wow. 
Come on. 
So, computers have only gotten hotter. 
They've actually gotten to the heat of a nuclear reactor. 
Of course it's not gigantic, it's just the size of a quarter. 
But it makes as much heat as a nuclear reactor. 
And soon we're actually even close to rocket nozzles and the sun's surface. 
They're just going to get so hot. 
And we've made all kinds of cool cooling systems with hydration and water and air and just really crazy cooling systems, and we've found that we just can't keep this up. 
There's no way about it. 
So it ws like a game of chicken, who's going to give up first, and around 2004, 2005, we gave up and we got to the heat of a nuclear reactor and after that we just gave up. 
We can't cool it anymore, So we just moved to multiple cores. 
Cool. 
So let's see why this actually helps. 
Well having multiple cores actually makes it more power efficient. 
So as I said, power is proportional to C times V squared times f, or it's capacitance times voltage times frequency. 
Capacitance, I said capacitor, it's a circuit element and basically it's detrimental to how computers work and it creates the heat. 
But the voltage is like your power socket, so you can change the voltage to make your computer more power efficient. 
And the frequency is, again, the clockspeed and how fast your computer is working. 
So if we have this first machine on the 
left, and lets say its voltage is one, frequency is one, area is one, power is one, then its performance becomes one. 
And that's the baseline. 
Now if we want two cores, and we want to keep the power the same, we have twice as much area but we can decrease the frequency and the voltage just a bit and get almost two times the performance increased. 
So Amdahl's law says that no matter how fast we can, how many computers we have we cant speed up the serialized portion. 
And there's some math that we need to do about this. 
So if we assume that the time it takes from one machine is one, then s would be the fraction. 
So if s is the serial fraction, that means the fraction of the program that is serial, and T is the number of cores that we have. 
Number of cores or processors. 
So the speedup, how much faster we can do it with that many cores, is the time it takes with one core divided by the time with all the cores. 
So if we assume it takes one time, then the time it takes with multiple cores is the time for the, wait where's the 
[INAUDlBLE] is the time it takes for the serial portion plus the time for the parallel portion divided by the number of cores which parallelize it. 
That make sense? 
Now as we get more and more cores this one minus seth over P gets eh, smaller and smaller and smaller as P becomes in infinity we can just forget it. 
So the speed up is one over S. So if about a fifth of your program is serialized, sorry is serial not serialized, that's different. 
If a fifth of your program is serial then you can get a speed up of five times. 
If all you program is serial one, then your speed up would be one. 
You can't make it any faster. 
If point one of your program is serial then you can get a ten times speed up. 
That make sense? 
Threads. 
Threads of execution, a thread is a thread of execution and this is a single stream of instructions. 
So [INAUDlBLE] when you have a connection of blocks, that can be thought of as a thread. 
The idea is that every program eh, has a starting thread, usually often times it's called main, and this thread can split and fork back so that multiple threads can be running at the same time. 
And we could do this on one machine before we had multiple cores. 
How did we do this? 
We had many things running at the same time? 
But the computer can only do one thing at a time. 
People fixed this with something called Time Division Multiplexing and there are 
lots of different algorithms for how to do this but the idea is that the computer is so fast it can jump, it can spend some time on one thread, jump to the second, jump to the third, and then come back to the fourth and as the user we don't see the difference. 
That said, eh, yeah. 
And this multithreading has been around for decades too because we can do this. 
Okay, so there are some issues with using parallel programing. 
In parallel programing when you write parallel programing you run into a lot more troubles than just writing serial code. 
What kinds of troubles? 
Well first thing, you have to think how to divide the problem up so that you can run it in parallel because some, some problems aren't as easy. 
It's called embarrassingly parallelized, like I said the list of 100 that you just send 50 this way and send 50 the other way. 
Some problems just aren't that easy to parallelize. 
Some problems can't be parallelized. 
And then you have to, there's time to hand out work to different workers. 
Eh, what does this mean? 
We want, need to send the data around between the different cores. 
All the workers, each computer doesn't always work as fast. 
Especially when you work in cluster and cloud computing. 
Each computer, some computers die, some computers are slower, some computers fail. 
It happens. 
You have to deal with it. 
Eh, there may be contention for shared resources. 
If you try to use the list you can't be changing it all the time because you might get problems, and we'll talk about that in five minutes. 
Workers could be overwriting each others answers. 
That's the idea. 
You have to wait for the last, slowest worker to come back. 
And this is the weakest link. 
And there's time to put the data together after you've done all the parallel parts. 
Specifically, in lab this week we're going to have a compitition. 
Ooo, fun. 
We're going to see how fast you guys can sort a shuffled deck of cards. 
We'll have a classwide compitition and you'll actually tackle all these problems. 
So let's say, time to hand out small work" units" to workers, you have to maybe pass out cards between each other. 
Some of you sort slower than others and we'll see how it works. 
We'll give the whole class time to work with one deck of cards, 
All 30 of you together, and see how fast you can sort it. 
This will be interesting. 
We'll [INDAUDlBLE] lab. 
Eh, and we'll see all these problems. 
So there are some common problems with eh, parallel programming, and I will cover three of them today. 
The first one is called Race Condition. 
The idea is that if two people are trying to use the same resources at the same time. 
So let's look at this code. 
Let's say the balance is 100 and, the balance is 100. 
The amount is 100 and two people want to withdraw 75 dollars each. 
They could get a conflict in this code. 
So let's actually try it. 
We will set the balance to 500 and broadcast withdraw. 
Each sprite with will recive withdraw and withdraw 300. 
And this is the code, the same code. 
That if the balance is greater than the amount then set the balance to balance minus amount. 
And eh, so the buffalo withdraws 300 and the star withdraws 400. 
So let's see what could happen. 
Eh, oops. 
Edit. 
Make this bigger. 
Zoom in. 
Big, too big. 
Maybe. 
Still big. 
Okay, so what could happen, maybe the buffalo checks the balance, 500, is greater than his amount, 300, and it is. 
And then he sets the balance to 500 minus 300 which is 200 and reports true. 
And then the star comes along and checks if 200 is greater than 400 and it's no, so he reports false. 
And no problems right? 
But what could happen is that the star checks if the balance is greater than 400, and it is, and before it gets over here, before it gets to this set, the buffalo comes along and checks if 500 is greater than 300 and he says well, I, there's still enough money in there. 
And then they both come in and set the balance to whatever they think it is. 
And maybe eh, the star goes first so he sets the balance to 100, 500 minus 400. 
And then the buffalo sets the balance to negative 200, 100 minus 300. 
And you know what we just did? 
We just robbed the bank. 
[LAUGH] 
And then they both report true and you've got 200 dollars ahead. 
And that's not to good Actually BYOB will try to stop most of these, and this case it does. 
There's no raised condition here because 
BYOB fixes it but this code does create race case, Race Condition. 
There're two more problems of concurency problems that we want to talk about. 
The first one is a deadlock. 
The two people or multiple threads or multiple cores are trying to grab the same information but they won't give up the information that the other needs. 
So in this case, eh, two people are, need to draw a graph and one grabs the pencil, the other grabs the paper and the guy with the pencil wont let go of his pencil until he gets the paper and draws his graph. 
And the guy with the paper wont let go of the paper until he gets the pencil. 
And they're just stuck there, always waiting, and that's not to good. 
There's also this image of these cars that none of them can move forward because there's a car in front of them. 
I think if this guy got out it would slowly get fixed, but it's a bit hard. 
[LAUGH]. 
Similarly, there's a livelock. 
When, deadlocks are very common and eh, 
You say, okay if you've got the pencil or the paper and you can't get the other one maybe you can put yours down for a minute and come back, and that's a good way to solve it right? 
But what happens if both people, one grabs the pencil, one grabs the paper and tries to grab the other one but they can't. 
So they both put it down at the same time, they both go away for a minute, they both come back, grab the same one and they can't get the other one again. 
So they put it down, go away, they come back and they still can't do it. 
And that's a livelock. 
You're trying to get rid of it and, but because your algorithm eh, keeps matching itself, it actually doesn't work. 
The other very common example eh, that we love, and I'll let Dan and Luke show it to you guys when they do, is that if two people are trying to pass each other in a hallway sometimes you both lean in the same way and then the other, but livelock is that you infinitely do this. 
That you just can't get out. 
You're stuck in the hallway all night. 
What to do? 
Cool. 
So in summary this move to parallelism is a big sea" change". 
I don't know why we call it that but we call it that. 
And eh, we go from one CPU that does one thing at a time, maybe jumping between threads, to multiple cores where maybe each thread can be on each core or maybe each core is still jumping between threads. 
Ehm, the other two things that you should really know, and let me go back to them, are Moore's Law, that the number of transistors on a chip double every eighteen months and that's a prediction, it's not a fact, and Amdahl's Law, which is a fact that there's a limit to how fast that we can make a program by parallelizing it. 
Eh, thank you guys. 
Let's look at shortest tour but -how about we look at a bit more practical version of the shortest tour problem. 
So let's say first the shortest tour problem, instead of using 1 van which seems a little silly-- you'll realize, "Hey, let's just use a lot of vans," let's say we'll use n vans in order to deliver the mail. 
Now, if all vans start at the same time, well then how does this end up changing the behavior of the problem and the complexity of the problem. 
Well, let's take a look at two different questions. 
First, let's ask how much time until all the mails delivered and all vans return to the base in the n vans scenario and the 1 van scenario. 
Will the n vans take less time, less than or equal to the same amount of time, greater than equal to the same amount of time, or always greater than the time that 1 van will take. 
And similarly, for the sum of all individual times taken by the vans. 
Now, what I mean by that is--if let's say each van takes 8 hours to deliver the mail and then return back to base, then the total amount of time would be 8 hours times n where n is the number of vans. 
And is this total amount of time always going to be less than, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to, or always greater than the amount of time taken by a single van to do the same thing? 
Please check whichever is most appropriate for both questions. 
Odysseus has made his reunion with his son. 
Made a connection with the swine herd, in Eumaeus' hut. 
And now he's ready to, to start, reconnoitering. 
Moving his way into the next step which is going to be getting himself into the center of this town. 
And eventually into Odysseus' house. 
And from there, make his connection with Penelope. 
Telemachus, it shows at the beginning of seventeen, has learned the stuff that he was supposed to learn during that journey as he went around to see the great aristocratic friends of his father. 
He learns what it is to be a purposeful, now slightly angry man, who's in charge of a house that other people are abusing. 
He starts to move around more purposefully. 
He lays down markers to the suitors telling them that, that things that they're doing are not quite right. 
He guarantees statements that some people make in his own house, so he starts to take responsibility for other things. 
And we're going to watch this growing up of Telemachus on display in book seventeen. 
He, at the very beginning of the book lies to Eumaeus about Odysseus, doesn't he? 
So he is now in Odysseus's inner circle of 
lies, and he himself becomes a liar just like his father chosen as growing up to take a different role in his group. 
He says to Eumaeus, take this stranger. 
He knows that it's Odysseus, Eumaeus doesn't. 
Eumaeus, take this stranger to Odysseus' house so he can get some food begging there. 
I can't feed everyone that comes up to me so he's going to have to beg some scraps from the suitors. 
Now, in doing that on page 354, what Telemachus is doing is positioning his father, disguised as the beggar. 
And positioning his father in such a place that he can now get to know what the lay of the land is hanging around with the suitors. 
And then, Telemachus shows his responsibility, kind of stepping up a little bit more. 
His first conversation with Penelope, he says I need to go meet my friend, 
Theoclymenus, whom I brought with me and I need to take care of him. 
He says on page 356. 
So he's starting to, sort of, step up. 
He's been educated. 
Let's see here in this picture of the young Telemachus getting schooled. 
He's been educated and he's now ready to start taking responsibility for some of the things in this house. 
Closing off, book seventeen, there's a different statement that comes out 
Telemachus' mouth than the one that we're used to seeing him. 
Remember in those early books, he's constantly talking about how the gods are not on my side, if only the gods were on my side, the gods are giving awful things to me. 
He now says what heroes say at the close of seventeen, page 374. 
I'll tend to all things here, I and the deathless gods. 
Now this is what a hero does. 
Yeah, sure, it's up to the gods, but it's also up to me. 
There's an understood double determination in the events that go on for a hero in the events that a hero is responsible for. 
Yeah, sure, the gods steers all things but that doesn't mean that the hero is not, therefore, also responsible for what happens in, in the, the, the purview of the hero, what's going on in their terrain. 
The theme carries on in book eighteen. 
Telemachus is still hovering around the center of the city, and when he sees 
Odysseus as this beggar, and Iris, the other lowly beggar. 
The two of them are about to get into a fight and there's nasty words back and forth and they take oaths at the beginning So if I win, this happens. 
If you win, that happens. 
This all unfolds on page 377. 
Odysseus, Telemachus at that point steps up and says okay, you all can, can count on me to guarantee the oaths that you've just taken. 
I am going to be the guarantor of the oaths that you all just taken so go ahead and have your fight but under the understanding that I'm going to make sure that what you all agree to is going to get executed in the end. 
That kind of authority to execute on someone else's promises is the kind of thing that someone who's in charge of a situation takes. 
So Telemachus is showing himself to be that way. 
After Penelope in Book eighteen points out how this stranger Odysseus was abused by the suitors, he jumps in and starts to take responsibility for that situation too. 
And so at this point on, page 383, that 
Telemachus basically undoes any doubt that we had about whether he's grown up. 
Remember at the very beginning of the, of the epic, Athena comes up to Telemachus and says basically, just come on, grow up. 
It's time for you to get going, take responsibility. 
On book eighteen he says, I used to think as a child, but not anymore. 
My heart takes note of everything, feels it too, both the good and the bad. 
The boy you knew is gone. 
So Telemachus is now stepping into a different stage of life. 
And he is ready to take on responsibility for, not just his own messes, but other people's messes. 
That's probably a pretty strong part of what it is to grow up, is taking on other people's messes. 
Who knows, maybe there should be a universal law built into this one. 
To grow up means to take on other people's messes. 
But Telemachus is stepping up to do that and ready to, ready to do it. 
Others seem to notice that this is going on. 
At the close of eighteen, he makes threats on page 389 that the suitors take seriously. 
People are recognizing that he's talking more stringently. 
Page 419, we see another example of this. 
The suitors bite their lips, amazed at Telemachus stepping up and getting his, getting his more grown up person to take responsibility for what's happening around him. 
Then we also see some close-up with what the suitors are all about. 
We see this through Odysseus's eyes. 
We've heard from them, we've seen the misery and threats to Telemachus. 
We've seen Penelope have some very small interactions with them. 
But we really get to see them at work. 
See them, see the suitors being the suitors through Odysseus' eyes. 
And this starts opening up to us in this section of the, of the text through book seventeen and eighteen. 
Odysseus makes his way in and makes contact and we get to see what they're 
like. 
So these suitors, who are eating Odysseus out of house and home and helping themself to whatever they feel like that belongs to someone else. 
When a beggar comes in and ask them for their scraps, they turn him away similarly. 
The suitor's not only abused the xenia that they expect is going to be offered them as sort of guests who horribly overstay their welcome in Odysseus' house. 
But, they've not only pervert that xenia but they also refuse to offer the xenia they should offer to the stranger that washes up into their, into their region in this courtyard of Odysseus' house. 
They treated him with abuse. 
They don't give him any food. 
They surely don't wash his feet. 
None of the things that a great aristocrat is supposed to do when a stranger comes up on their shores. 
Even lowly ones should receive this treatment. 
Remember what Nausicaa said when she saw 
Odysseus at the beginning of book six. 
He was basically dead. 
He had no clothes on. 
He was totally bedraggled. 
He was in that beggar situation. 
Even worse off than he is right now. 
At least he has rags on when he approaches his own house. 
When Nausicaa saw that uh-huh, naked and destitute Odysseus, she said even this person deserves our respect because all guest friends come from Zeus. 
So she said in book six you got to be nice even to those lowly people, rode down to the totem pole. 
But the Suitors don't have any of the graciousness of this. 
They don't give him hospitality. 
They're busy you know, hoarding and taking Odysseus' goods without sharing anymore themselves. 
Page 366, that comes out. 
Then Odysseus, as he, as he works his way into this group has a chance to tell his story. 
We've seen him do this in the context of 
Eumaeus. 
When he offers a story, Eumaeus listens to all the details and makes a connection with them. 
Not so, with the suitors. 
Odysseus goes on, talks about being a 
Cretan sailor. 
They don't understand the meaning. 
They don't understand that, yeah, maybe there's a stranger here we should be nice to. 
They have no fellow feeling. 
No linkage with Odysseus. 
368. 
That comes off, they treated him very rudely. 
Contrast this with what Eumaeus does. 
Eumaeus is doing the right thing. 
The suitors are doing all the wrong things when it comes to xenia. 
When they cross this threshold and act so ugly, in such an ugly way to Odysseus. 
Yeah, they're, they're treating a beggar poorly, and they should have treated a beggar better. 
But they're also running afoul of this critical code that is built into what it is to be Greek. 
You ought to treat strangers well. 
So, it's not just that you're doing something that's a little bit rude to this one person, you're violating a core social custom of what it is to be a Greek. 
So these suitors are violating something quite strong here and being quite so rude to Odysseus. 
Also, they are violating a code that is a strong, strongly knitted into the Greek cultural fabric. 
But it also comes from Zeus himself. 
So they are committing a kind of offense against Zeus by not treating a stranger well. 
And this comes out. 
Gods arrive and disguised in every way. 
We hear again at page 370. 
Gods arrive disguised in every way. 
That person who you don't who it is could be god. 
You should treat them well. 
And if you don't, you are violating even the great authority of Zeus. 
Looking forward to book twenty, one of the suitors comes up and says, you want a guest gift, you beggar? 
Fine, I'll give you guest gift. 
And takes an ox hoof and he hurls it, hurls it at Odysseus. 
Further perversion of the custom of the xenia. 
What you are supposed to do is not take the hoof which can be used as a weapon, but take the meat which is nourishing. 
Give it to somebody who comes to your house, take care of them but they're not doing that. 
As this book, you know, carries forward book seventeen. 
We see further Eumaeus develop in his role as messenger. 
He brings a message from the stranger to Penelope at 371. 
Then comes back and, and talks to Odysseus and Odysseus asks then Eumaeus to bring a message back to Penelope. 
That message of Penelope, hey, stranger who has just washed into my house. 
I'm so far away from my husband. 
Maybe you'd like to have a private audience with me? 
And invites him to go ahead and come on in and talk to her. 
Already a little bit forward, that maneuver. 
Odysseus sends back the message, not yet. 
Let's wait until nighttime. 
Very interesting exchange of messages there. 
They're, they're easy enough to take on the plain surface level and may well be that all that's happened is Penelope has said, yeah, sure I'd like to talk to this stranger. 
I could find out about my husband. 
And this stranger says, well let's do it later on. 
It's more convenient for me. 
But, there's something also, the, the, the forwardness of Penelope may, asking to make an audience with this stranger whose nothing but a beggar. 
And then the stranger coming back and saying, rather than just sort of dropping everything and saying, oh my gosh the lady of the house is willing to speak with me. 
But rather, saying, hold off, wait. 
Let's do it at nighttime, when we can do it in a different kind of setting. 
Both those things I think are, it's possible that there's a subterranean back message being sent in the message. 
So, kind of like, metadata built into the message that's being sent that says "I want to pay some attention to you" on both sides. 
We'll see what that attention's going to be in the coming books. 
So, things start to unfold rapidly and quickly in seventeen through twenty. 
Lots of the good stuff starts to, unpack itself here. 
Looks Like her .. act like her .. 
Identifies with with her .. 
And might go further than that .. 
Then this famous person, starts to become the center of their lives 
Then, it controls their lives 
In looks 
In lifestyle 
And even in their thoughts .. 
They were Affected by her 
Ane became .. 
Little Monsters ! 
After the break .. 
" What ? 
It has just started ? " 
" oh God hurry up -_- " 
When some is identified, with a famous character .. 
A Controversial character .. 
Send your opinion on Facebook and on Twitter " @ahmar_LBCI " and on our website .. 
Why you no mention website ? " Skip to 2:08 for Little monsters (: " 
A Famous Controversial American pop singer, 
One of the most-selling artists in the world 
Has been listed as one of the most influential people in the world .. 
Who is she ? 
Mark: 
"Lady Gaga ! " 
How do people describe Lady Gaga ? 
Mark: " Crazy, Bold .. " 
Crazy ? - and bold 
How would YOU Describe her ? 
Mark : " umm, Role Model " 
Role model ? 
- Yes 
Lady Gaga ! 
Lady Gaga, sees herself as " Mother Monster " 
And she has her fans, and they are Little Monsters ? 
She calls them Little Monsters ? 
Mark: " Exactly ! " 
Are you a Little Monster ? 
Mark: " That's what she calls us ! " 
Mark: " But, it's not something wrong ! you see, it's a symbol of Courage " 
Good Evening Rachael ! 
Do you love being called a Little Monster ? 
Rachael: " Yes, it's not something bad to say ! 
Rachael: " Cause it's symbolize our Courage ! 
If we are monsters, we fear nothing ! " 
Rachael: " That's what she means " 
Didn't she Provocate you, when she called you a Little Monster ? 
Rachael: " No, I didn't feel there was something bad about that word ! " 
Good Evening Samia ! 
You wrote on your shirt " Mother Monster " she means, i AM your mother monster ! 
Do you accept this ? 
Samia: " Sure ! " 
What, sure ? 
Samia: " Yeah Sure, I want to be a Little Monster " 
Who are you saying that you're a Little Monster for ? 
Samia: " To the people who doesn't love me, AND The one who loves me ! " 
Why? 
How do people see you ? 
Samia: " When I tell them that I love Lady Gaga, They don't really like it " 
Why? what they say about Lady Gaga ? 
Samia: " They go like, Ew ! 
Gaga ? " 
Samia: " as if I don't belong to earth anymore if I love her ! " 
Why ? 
How do they see her ? 
Samia: " They think she's crazy, and that she doesn't know what she's doing ! " 
About Lady Gaga .. 
A young Lebanese singer, have the same as Gaga's style, and shocking songs ! 
Please welcome, Poly ! 
Poly, We were talking about Lady Gaga with those Little Monsters 
What is the difference between Gaga's songs and style, AND your style in your own art ? 
The shocking style 
As we just saw, and the shocking songs, we'll mention later 
Poly" I think that the only thing we share, and I respect, is the we have the Freedom to express ourselves " 
Poly: " like, I want to wear this or a pair of jeans, as long as I'm comfortable with myself " 
Poly: "and I wanna know why do they say, I look like Lady Gaga " 
You talk about looking like Gaga, and the shoking style you're having now 
Do you think this dress and look is shocking ? 
Poly: " Not for me ! " 
Poly: " for people maybe yes in Lebanon or outside Lebanon, but not for me " 
What do you think about Poly's look ? 
Shocking ? 
Samia: " It's pretty " 
Aren't you shocked ? 
Mark: " No, not at all " 
Who is more shocking ? 
Poly or Gaga ? 
Mark, Samia: " Gaga, of course :P " 
Poly: " We give our messages in many different ways " 
Why are you having this shocking look ? 
What you want from this ? being different ? or gaining fame ? 
I want the world to talk about me ? and my look ? 
Poly: " For me, If I was or wsn't a singer, that's what I want to wear " 
Poly: " that's I express myself , and of course it'll get you fame,but that's not what I'm looking for" 
You go out with this look with your friends ? 
Poly: " Basically , yes " 
Poly: " sometimes I wake up not feeling like wearing any wigs, but that's how I express myself " 
Poly: 
"Or I will feel like I'm Strangled, This is my loudest voice " 
You wear like this, to express an idea with your voice ? what's that idea ? 
What is he messages in your songs ? 
Poly: " about expressing youserlves, and I promote recycling " 
Poly: " and the youth, and the gay community " 
Later, you want to change this look, and talk about an another issue .. 
What issue are you gonna explain ? 
Poly: " Safe Sex " 
Poly: " That's what I'm gonna do " 
How ? 
Poly: " You'll see " 
Is it shocking ? 
Poly: " You'll judge later, you and everyone watching " 
Poly: " I have a message, about safe sex " 
How .. ? 
Poly: " by my outfits " 
Okay Poly, we'll get to you back later. 
We'll discuss later, if you're crossing some red lines .. all of that later 
Thank you so much, Poly 
Good evening Muhammad 
We're were talking to Little Monsters about Lady Gaga 
What does, Haifa Wehbi mean to you ? 
Muhammad: " first of all, Haifa is my role model " 
* btw Haifa is a Lebanese singer 
Muhammad: " I love her so much, I ca'nt express about what's inside me " 
What do you like about Haifa ? 
Muhammad: " her beauty, is the first thing that made me love her " 
Muhammad: " And her personality " 
Why haifa ? 
Not other character, like some other Guy ? and check his ideas ? 
Muhammad: " Every person has their own opinion, For me Haifa, is only Haifa 
*That's rubbish .. 
Skip the Haifa part please to 17:50 
One of the most selling artists in the world .. 
Lady Gaga .. 
Bloody Mary !! 
Mark, What is Lady Gaga's Message ? 
Mark: " Love, Don't bully and hate each other " 
Mark: " Just like in BTW God makes no mistakes " 
Mark: " He made you, the he wanted you to be, no one has the right to hate anyone else " 
Mark: " If they were different " 
In her latest albums " Born This Way " She says : " accept me, No matter who I am " 
What do you have and your cummunity can't accept it ? 
Mark: " My Look, My body, My hair perhaps " 
Mark: " I gained that confidence from Lady Gaga " 
Good Evening Nadeem, You're also a Little Monster 
When you say, i'm born this way 
What is the thing that your community can't accept about you, Lady Gaga does ? 
Nadim: " about " Born This Way I want to tell the world, that I was Born This Way " 
What way ? 
Nadim: " My personality is revolutionary in the community " 
What is that you don't like about the community ? 
Nadim: " The artistic things " 
Lady Gaga concentrates on Social issues too, What Issues are those ? 
What does Lady Gaga once did, and you said, I have that iddue in my community ? 
Nadim: " People's physical appearance " 
Nadim: " Relationship between people, who's based on lies, and they judge you for how you look like " 
Nadim: "and they lie about you, they always judge looks " 
What are Lady Gaga's ideas and thoughts ? 
We talked about the love lately 
Nadim: " When she strated, she cared about pop-culture " 
Who is she defending ? 
Nadim: " She's defending, people who are being abused, sexually, or physically .. 
" .. 
At schools and anywhere else, and also the gay community " 
She's defending the gay community so clearly, in every song ? 
Nadim: 
"Yes, Cause they humans too, we are all the same " 
Nadim: " And every where in this world, most of the artist, wants to help them and fight for their rights " 
Nadim: " Because those people, are the ones that understand art very well " 
Lady Gaga says : " You're free to do whatever you want to" right ? 
What do You want to do, and wish to do, but can't ? 
Nadim: " To be myself .. " 
Nadim: " The real person I dream to become " 
Why aren't you that person ? 
Nadim: " Cause I am living a stressed life, in school or home " 
Nadim: " But I have a lot of dreams, I want to develope but I can't " 
What kind of stress, that stops you from achieving your dreams ? 
Nadim: " I want my dreams to come true, and I want to express what's inside of me without any fear " 
Cherbel You are also one the biggest Lady Gaga fan ? 
In her new album Born This Way she said, Even if you were Lebanese, accept yourself " 
Cherbel: 
"No, definitely not, She said accept yourself from where ever you were from " 
Nijad I want to ask you, When Lady Gaga said accept yourself even if you were Lebanese 
How did you get this message ? 
Nijad: " That Lady Gaga doesn't care about Lebanon, and she's too arrogant " 
Nijad: " And for me, she's not even a Lady, She's a cheap copy from Lady Madonna " 
Monsters, Do you accept this ? 
Little Monsters: " definitely not ! " 
Who else understood this message ? " That Lebanon has a lower level than her, that's I what I understood " 
About all of the things she said about being Lebanese.. 
let's read some of Lady Gaga's song lyrics 
For example : 
Judas ! 
Rachael: " First of all, she didn'ttake Judas, as the person ! 
It was a symbol of betrayal " 
Rachael: " She said that Judas is the demon I cling to, but Jesus is my virtue " 
Nadim How you view Gaga's songs, that a lot of people think it's Infringement on the Religions ? 
Nadim: " I accept it with open mind, and I'm from the same religion she's talking about " 
Nadim: " I do my researches, and if there was something wrong, I won't change my thoughts for that " 
Nadim: " I know how my religion is " 
Lady Gaga Insalted Christianity because of Judas, and Alejandro's Music Video When she's wearing a nun 
What do feel about that ? 
Nadim:" Alejandro's music video, made a Confusion to all the people, and that was the point " 
Making a confusion, to be famous at the expense of religions ? 
Nadim: " She was already famous, she was on top, she didn't need that ! 
Rachael, how did You feel about Lady Gaga insulting religions ? 
Rachael: " She didn't ! 
Everything she does, she thinks about it, and studies it beofre " 
Rachael: " She doesn't get the idea and let's just do it " 
Mark: " Everything she does has a purpose " 
The church considered this in the category of blasphemy 
Mark: 
"It was a bit shocking, but it has an explenation " 
What is that purpose ? 
Mark: " All of the artist do stuff like these, all of them " 
Okay, But Lady Gaga made a mistake ! 
Mark: " No one's perfect ! " 
Samia what do you think ? 
Samia: " She maybe made a mistake, yes " 
Rachael: " you understood her wrong, you only see the outside image ! " 
When she's wearing a nun, and swallowed a rosary ! 
Mark: " That means she want to be pure, from the inside and outside " 
Katia: " I'm feeling sorry for this community we are living in " 
Katia: " We are living a west culture now ! " 
Mark: " so what ? " 
Katia: " Our culture, and our countries, even our religions are dissapearing " 
Katia: " You are defending Lady Gaga like that, Like she has a message " 
Katia: " What message is that ? 
A message of corruption, a message of obscenity ? " 
Rachael: " I'm feeling sorry that you're even Lebanese, you even get her message " 
Katia: " How come I don't udnerstand the message ? " 
Rachael: " How do you talk about something you don't even understand ? " 
Katia: " You are defending something wrong ! " 
Rachael: " You only see the outside image of her ! " 
Katia: " You are defending something no one accepts " 
Rachael: " You say that ! " 
Rachael: " If you respected a gay person, now that's unacceptable ? " 
Katia: " a gay person, God made him like that, but a person does it just like that, why respect him ? 
*What ? 
Rachael: " Now spearding peace to the world is wrong ? " 
Katia: " You are defending freedom of sexuality and equality " 
Rachael: " Okay so ? " 
They have some ideas, and they're putting it out as Gaga wants to ! 
Katia: " Of course, and there is clearly an insulting for religions " 
Katia: " Is that the religions messages ? 
Christians, or Muslims, does it say this ? " 
Mark: " If you don't like her, don't watch her ! " 
He's saying to you, if you don't like it, don't watch it 
Katia: " How can wake you up, if I didn't see that this and this and that are wrong ! " 
Katia: " I have to wake you up, and get you to the right track again ! " 
Katia: " They say one person can't do anything, but when this person becomes two and three .. 
Katia: " .. and more, we can do that " 
Mark: " Okay, but now you think that the west culture is wrong in our society ? " 
Katia: " of course ! " 
Mark: " Why ? you want us to stay behind ! 
This world is developing and moving on " 
Katia: " now that Americans are always the best ? and I'm not developing if it wasn't for them ? " 
Katia: " .. 
And that doesn't mean I don't belong to my society, we have no society like that " 
Katia: " What religion says that we should defend Lady Gaga and what she's doing ? " 
Katia: " That's really a shame " 
Do you think that Lady Gaga is dangerous on teens these days ? 
Katia: " Sure she is ! " 
Rachael: " You don't know her songs, you even know who she is " 
Katia: " I don't wanna listen to her " 
Rachael: " If you don't like her songs, that your problem " 
Rachael: " She has got messages, in her songs, costumes, everything ! " 
Katia: " What is the message that you have now from her ? " 
Rachael: " To love people, no matter how they look like " 
Katia: " To go outside naked in the streets ? " 
Katia: " To go naked is the streets, and say I'm comfortable with myself ? " 
Rachael: " Here is wrong to do that, but in the west life, they don't really care about that " 
Katia: " Then go and live there " 
Rachael: " I don't want to ! 
I'm happy here, and I didn't say I want to do those things ! " 
Katia: " In your society you have to obey the rules of that society " 
A person like that, will destroy us all 
Katia: " Yes, it will ! 
It's dangerous on society " 
Katia: " once she puts horns on her head, and other she wear animals " 
Rachael: " And now animals are wrong, too ? " 
Katia: " Defend animals in an organization " 
Once she wore an animal hat with horns, some people said it's devilish 
Sometimes she uses Devil symbolisms 
Mark, you say you imitate Lady Gaga, When have you done this ? 
Mark: " When I spread her message to everyone " 
And in the looks ? 
Mark: " On Halloween, not more than that " 
What happened in Halloween ? 
Mark: " I wore .. 
Yeah so what ? everyone wear different things ! " 
Mark: " I wore a Gaga costume, like anyone does on this earth " 
At those parties, Girls and boys .. 
All of them are .. 
Lady Gaga ! 
What I really love about her, is her Courage .. she does things, no one else has done before ! and that why I love her, I want to have this courage 
I love her, she gives me this power to live ! 
She pushes you to be crazy and live your life that way you want to live it 
Every song of hers, pushed me to be the person I am now, fearless 
Nadim, when have you tried to look like Lady Gaga ? 
Nadim: " I am Lady Gaga, when I am myself " 
And in Halloween ? 
Nadim: " Last year, I made a Gaga look " 
When you went out in Gaga look 
How did you free yourself ? 
Nadim:" I freed myself from the daily pressure " 
Nadim: " Because I can't express what I want every day, but at Halloween I did " 
Nadim, You love Fashion Designs, what is the most craziet Design Gaga wore ? 
Nadim: " For me, a lot of dresses made a confusion " 
Rachael, what do you think ? 
Rachael: " I think the meat dress " 
Is it beautiful ? 
Rachael: " it's nice, it's something strange " 
Samia: " I loved it ! " 
A dress that made everyone confused, a dress that Lady Gaga wore 
Made of raw meat .. 
Katia, Samia said that she loves the dress ! 
Katia: " Loved it ? 
I'm sick of it, I don't wanna eat meat anymore " 
What is Lady Gaga's message through this dress ? 
Samia: " That she can cross the red line, she can do whatever she wants " 
Samia: " They say she copies Madonna, Don't tell me Madonna wore a meat dress now ? " 
Mark what do you think is the message ? 
Mark: " That every artist, goes naked to gain the fame " 
Mark: " That's what she said in an interview " 
Katia: " Do you think Lady Gaga now, made her fame ? " 
Mark: " Yes sure ! " 
Katia: " What are defending ? what is the issue ? " 
Rachael: " The meat isn't for eating ! 
If you threw it away, or whatever, you can't use it " 
Katia: " Why do you wear something like this ? " 
Rachael: " If I had this dress I would wear it " 
Katia: " You can also kill a fish a make a dress out of it " 
I haven't expected tha the dress would be this good 
Sharifa, You are Samia's mom ! 
Goodevening 
Sharifa: " Goodevening 
Sharifa: " I want to say something first " 
Sharifa: " Because Katia was feeling sorry for this generation " 
Sharifa: " I'm so proud to have a daughter from this generation " 
Sharifa: " My daughter and I always talk about these things, she never hides anything from me " 
Sharifa: " i'm so proud of my daughter, and her generation " 
Thank you so much, and we're happy to have you, and your daughter here 
Now what's that you don't like about Lady Gaga ? 
Sharifa: " She really goes to the extreme, she does new things we never saw before " 
Sharifa: " Her songs, are not really acceptable for me " 
What do you think about her songs when she dicuss freedom of sexuality and infinite freedom ? 
Do you think it fits kids and teenagers ? 
Sharifa: " Those issues, everyone talks about them, not only Lady Gaga " 
Sharifa: " Before and after Lady Gaga, not only her " 
Sharifa: " but, all I do is I try to take it down for my daughter " 
Sharifa: " So she'll keep contacting me with everything she wants " 
Sharifa: " With me, not anyone else " 
Sharifa: " I don't want her to say, I hope my mom was like this, or like that " 
Sharifa: " I try my best to listen to her " 
Sharifa: " Maybe she is defending a meat dress, because she has negative opinion against her " 
Sharifa: " When I tell her, how Gaga does those things ? " 
Sharifa: " She'll start defending any thought, even if she knows it's wrong " 
Your daughter is dedicated to Gaga 
Sharifa: " only at home, not outside " 
Sharifa: " Everything my daughter loves, I try to give it to her " 
Sharifa: " Lady Gaga's make up I do it to her at home " 
Sharifa: " and I drew that tattoo on her wrist " 
Sharifa: " Then she removes them when she goes out " 
Sharifa: " Then I understand what my daughter is doing " 
Sharifa: " There's nothing wrong really so far " 
When did Lady Gaga worried you ? 
Sharifa: " at one show of yours, You had someone who is obssesed about Batman " 
Sharifa: " When you asked him, if batman is gone, what would you do ? " 
Sharifa: " He said, i'll kill myself " 
Sharifa: " Then I turned to Samia, and asked her, If Lady Gaga died, what would you do ? " 
Samia: " I don't know, I won't kill myself you know " 
Sharifa: " I told her, i don't want to you kill yourself even if I died " 
Sharifa: " I love to be really close to my daughter that's why I care about everything " 
Thank you so much Sharifa, and Samia 
Skip to 43:20 please ;p 
Welcome back, Poly 
You wanted to appear in a new look and to talk about an issue which is " safe sex " 
This dress, what is it made of ? 
Poly: " This dress was designed by " Farah Hourani " 
Poly: " This a bubble wrap " 
Poly: " The necklace, there are pearls, crystals, and condoms " 
Condoms ? 
Poly: " yes " 
Is it a bold dress ? 
Poly: " Not for me " 
Poly: " it is bold and shocking, but everyone has their own opinion " 
I respect your opinion 
But I want to ask you, in your songs, what do you defend, what do you talk about ? 
Poly: " I'll tell you my song lyrics " 
Yes 
Poly: " It's called tough " 
What does that mean ? 
Poly: " I'm telling this to anyone that has any issues in their lives " you defend the gay community, too 
Why ? 
Poly: " For me, Why not ? 
We are all equal " 
Not just that, are you talking about those issues and doing this to gain fame ? 
Poly: " Even if I wasn't an artist, I would be defending the same things " 
Poly: " not only the gay community, any color, race, which country, it doesn't matter " 
You are telling the world, about " Safe Sex " 
Do you think you've crossed the ine ? about sex before or after marriage ? 
Poly: " If we approved, or not, teenagers do have sexual lives " 
Poly: " Teenagers have their sexual lives, and it has to be safe " 
Do you think this idea will spread because a condom necklace ? 
Poly: " I'm not ashamed wearing it on my nick, so why people should be ashamed of using it ? " 
For how far would you cross the line, Poly ? 
Poly: " Depends " 
Being fearless for artists mean being naked or half naked in their arts and lives ? 
Poly: " Depends on the message " 
What the message that would make you do it ? 
Poly: " Right now ? 
Nothing.. 
But I wouldn't do anything that cross MY lines " 
Would you insult Religions ? 
Poly: " I say, anyone has the right to have any religion they want " 
Like we saw earlier, Lady Gaga insulted religions 
Would you do the same for a Message ? 
Poly: " My message, is anyone can believe of any religion they want " 
Without limits ? 
Poly: " your limits stop, when people's limit are involved " 
Katia: " What is the message you want to spread ? " 
Katia: " If they asked you to be a porn star, would you go for it ? " 
Poly: " I didn't say that " 
Katia: " You said that yeah, if I had an issue, I would " 
Poly: " I said, Today I don't have an issue " 
Katia: " One day, you had this issue, would you go for it ? " 
Poly: " I wouldn't do anything like that, I want to do what would help this world " 
Appearing naked ? 
Where is the respect to your body ? 
Poly: " I'm trying to understand your question " 
Poly: " I don't have an issue today to do these things " 
Katia: " If you had that issue you would ? 
761 01:02:19,800 --> 01:02:23,700 Don't do this! 
Don't, don't. 
762 01:02:23,755 --> 01:02:27,083 If you will cry like thisdon't play. 
763 01:02:27,172 --> 01:02:30,039 SUPRlSE!! 
764 01:02:37,800 --> 01:02:41,100 I couldn't leave him there. 
I paid his caution 765 01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:45,400 She will be staying with us until his mom is released. 
766 01:02:52,830 --> 01:02:55,106 Who's that women? 
767 01:02:58,200 --> 01:02:59,900 MOM?!! 
768 01:03:06,900 --> 01:03:11,900 MY SON! my sweetheart. 
769 01:03:12,024 --> 01:03:13,844 MOM... 
770 01:03:23,500 --> 01:03:27,000 Mr. Nevin was released today. 
771 01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:33,300 Thank you... 
772 01:03:49,832 --> 01:03:52,435 -You were awesome. 
-Thank you. 
773 01:03:52,496 --> 01:03:58,155 I am afraid that this talent will fall away between these four walls 
774 01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,000 But the music in my heart will never keep silent. 
775 01:04:02,100 --> 01:04:05,800 Because of I knowing that , I did something without asking you 776 01:04:05,942 --> 01:04:11,106 I wrote a reference letter for you to the New York Conservatoire. 
777 01:04:11,106 --> 01:04:15,395 I sent them one of your records too...- no.. 778 01:04:15,500 --> 01:04:21,400 Dear Mira, I want you to have an education which would make you happy. 
You are very talented. 
779 01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:26,600 But I don't want to be a concert pianist 780 01:04:26,700 --> 01:04:32,100 I just want to sing. 
I want to do my own music. 
781 01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,800 Do what you want! 
782 01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:38,800 Please don't set up dreams which will never come true. 
783 01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:41,000 It will make me unhappier after. 
784 01:04:41,100 --> 01:04:46,500 Are you going to be happy studying in the financial department of Asim Sekip Kaya University ? 
785 01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:51,700 My agenda was programmed, you know... 
It's impossible to fight with my mom 786 01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:56,200 I will study for finances at Asim Sekip Kaya University, later masters in America. 
787 01:04:56,300 --> 01:05:01,000 When I return, I will work in one of the companies until I get married 788 01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:08,600 Of course this is not a bad program but you you will be happy if you do what you like. 
789 01:05:15,428 --> 01:05:18,251 15 missed calls... 
Orkun (5), dad (2), mom (5), Mert (3 790 01:05:18,251 --> 01:05:21,668 Ohh there is the fair! 
791 01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:29,000 What happened that he took back his complaint? 
792 01:05:29,024 --> 01:05:31,404 We don't know. 
793 01:05:31,914 --> 01:05:34,521 No, no... my dad didn't let me give the money 794 01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:38,300 Which money? 
- I will tell you, long story 
795 01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:41,258 He must have been afraid.. 796 01:05:41,258 --> 01:05:45,600 Kenan won't stay in jail forever, he know , he is going to be out. 
797 01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,300 I have to see my brother. 
798 01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:52,800 Hello... 
Mira?... 
Hello? 
799 01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:55,800 Which Mira? 
-Yes, Mira? 
800 01:05:55,900 --> 01:05:57,064 You called me? 
801 01:05:57,064 --> 01:06:00,300 Ah yes.. 
Yaman is free now.I wanted to let you know. 
802 01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:03,000 -Ohh.. 
Where is he now? 
-Here. 
803 01:06:03,100 --> 01:06:04,703 Euhh at your home? 
804 01:06:04,703 --> 01:06:07,862 Wait, wait, wait, just a minute... 805 01:06:07,900 --> 01:06:11,700 Hold on Mira! 
Where brother? 
806 01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:15,878 Yes, don't hurry, let's talk a bit, let's know each other, 807 01:06:15,900 --> 01:06:18,900 After you will go. 
808 01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:22,900 He's here for now.. 
But for now... 
809 01:06:53,233 --> 01:06:54,231 -Hello. 
-What's up? 
810 01:06:54,231 --> 01:06:56,435 Fine... 
811 01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:02,100 Mira, where were you? 
Your phone was off? 
812 01:07:02,200 --> 01:07:03,900 I was on yoga. 
813 01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:07,000 I wish you were in hairdressing salon. 
814 01:07:07,500 --> 01:07:09,800 You're on your forum. 
815 01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:14,751 Miraaaa!! 
Mira you will not believe what's going on! 
816 01:07:14,751 --> 01:07:16,000 What's going on? 
817 01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:19,300 - Today I bought my bag. 
- Congratulations. 
818 01:07:19,351 --> 01:07:22,903 Guess what Orkun bought me?! 
819 01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:28,116 I wish there was a problem because you didn't buy the bag. 
820 01:07:28,116 --> 01:07:30,669 So.. 
I have two of them. 
821 01:07:30,669 --> 01:07:34,397 Let's put one in the fair, for the women who are victims of violence 822 01:07:34,397 --> 01:07:36,600 No, this would be violence against a girl 823 01:07:36,676 --> 01:07:38,560 Her heart would ache. 
824 01:07:40,929 --> 01:07:45,346 - Come with me Eylül and help me. 
- Okey. 
825 01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:56,700 I called you so many times. 
826 01:07:56,746 --> 01:08:00,466 I know... 
But I'm still not over. 
827 01:08:01,600 --> 01:08:03,433 What happened? 
What? 
828 01:08:03,433 --> 01:08:07,900 You should tell me. 
After me you were with him the whole night. 
829 01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:10,800 The house was on fire because of you two. 
830 01:08:12,200 --> 01:08:18,100 Look.. 
I don't know what you are talking about..I do not know what you're facing...You're being ridiculous. 
831 01:08:18,100 --> 01:08:22,500 By the way you can't do this to me... 
Because, I... 
832 01:08:29,500 --> 01:08:34,100 Really... 
Today, I don't wanna talk about this... 
Okey? 
Please. 
833 01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:38,600 Okey. 
It's better. 
834 01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:43,200 Everything is okey... 
And that guy is back to his place where he belongs. 
835 01:08:48,700 --> 01:08:50,900 Yaman is free. 
836 01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:56,600 He is by the Serez's. 
837 01:09:03,800 --> 01:09:07,900 It's obvious you become a mother very young, the same as me. 
838 01:09:07,909 --> 01:09:11,238 We were in the first year at university when we got married 839 01:09:11,238 --> 01:09:14,728 Anyway I was together with them, during school. 
840 01:09:14,757 --> 01:09:16,957 He's funny. 
841 01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:19,900 - Am I lying? 
- No, you're right. 
842 01:09:19,966 --> 01:09:23,428 I was 20 years old when I gave you the birth. 
843 01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:27,100 God bless you. 
-Amin! 
844 01:09:27,200 --> 01:09:30,000 No, I won't drink 
845 01:09:33,200 --> 01:09:35,500 It affects my mom. 
846 01:09:35,514 --> 01:09:40,433 When I drink It starts playing a clarion in my blood. 
847 01:09:40,433 --> 01:09:42,675 Everyone understood it! 
848 01:09:43,100 --> 01:09:44,741 : 
It affects my cousin too, 849 01:09:44,741 --> 01:09:51,400 she has an increased level of endorphin in her body or something like that, with a single glass she gets drunk. 
850 01:09:51,502 --> 01:09:55,303 I have that thing increased then too, right Yaman? 
851 01:09:59,904 --> 01:10:02,536 You're a sound artist. 
852 01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:06,712 Ah mister who lost the artistry so that I could find it? 
853 01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:08,700 I just sing songs... 854 01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:14,400 I brought up my children with my voice. 
I earned my honor and bread with my voice. 
855 01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:18,500 When you were young you won a voice competition... 
856 01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:23,269 err...in your childhood...I mean when you were major 857 01:10:23,269 --> 01:10:26,800 Be ate ease my kid, of course in my youth, I have wrinkles now 858 01:10:26,904 --> 01:10:31,871 Not at all! 
You're voice is very beautiful, Yaman told me. 
859 01:10:32,951 --> 01:10:36,227 Whereas he doesn't like me singing but 860 01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:40,000 Nothing like that, I just don't want you to work at night. 
861 01:10:40,179 --> 01:10:43,749 There is not any night club which works during the day, son! 
862 01:10:43,874 --> 01:10:47,831 Thank you very much, I bothered you .May your hands be blessed! 
- Enjoy it! 
863 01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:55,100 When you're done we will leave! -okay. 
864 01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:02,500 Yaman wants to walk away from us by running. 
- What a 865 01:11:03,000 --> 01:11:07,800 I couldn't imagine a place like this even in my dreams. 
Can one escape from here? 
866 01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:12,300 I wish I was this wall here so I would stay here . 
867 01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:14,978 We can wait as much as you want. 
868 01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:20,200 May God bless you. 
It's insufficient as much as I would thank you. 
869 01:11:20,359 --> 01:11:24,475 That day when police took me, I begged so much to Mr. Selim saying 870 01:11:24,475 --> 01:11:28,437 I entrust you my son. 
By God, God bless you! 
871 01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,500 You're really good people! 
872 01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:35,700 Mrs. Nevin, while you are here, 873 01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:40,400 I have a proposal for Yaman - Let Yaman stay here. 
874 01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:46,300 His average grade is very high, his placement scores are very high too 875 01:11:47,100 --> 01:11:51,500 in a good school you... -For example at Asim Sekip Kaya University... 876 01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:53,500 Yes. 
877 01:11:55,400 --> 01:11:59,400 He can gain the possibility for a 100% scholarship 878 01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:03,000 This is it! 
This is it! 
This is it man! 
879 01:12:03,010 --> 01:12:06,749 But if he isn't involved in trouble again... 880 01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:08,800 What do you say? 
881 01:12:08,800 --> 01:12:13,800 What can he say? 
He says God! 
Oh I thank you my gracious God! 
882 01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:15,300 Yaman. 
883 01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:19,508 What can I say, of course it's great, but only if it's 100% scholarship, 884 01:12:19,508 --> 01:12:20,971 if I succeed in exam 885 01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:23,758 You will succeed dot com dot tr (.com.tr). 
That's all! 
886 01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:27,500 As school is close to here you can continue staying here now 887 01:12:27,600 --> 01:12:30,400 No, I will come and go. 
888 01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:35,400 Here is the possibility for you. 
Work and win! 
Ok? 
889 01:12:35,500 --> 01:12:37,200 Okay..? 
-Okay. 
890 01:12:37,400 --> 01:12:42,100 My God, what kindness did I do for you that you brought these people in front of my son? 
891 01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:45,500 Ah thanks God! 
Thanks God! 
892 01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:49,600 God bless you... 
893 01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:15,100 Everything is ok, right? 
There is nothing to be taken or given. 
894 01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:18,400 This time you beat the rap Mr. Faruk 895 01:13:18,422 --> 01:13:23,704 but we won't be so tolerant with you next time. 
896 01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:28,200 There won't be a next time. 
897 01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,485 Wow, did you dress? 
I will get prepared right away. 
898 01:13:43,485 --> 01:13:46,715 Yes, you can dress up in my room, no one is upstairs. 
899 01:13:46,715 --> 01:13:48,000 Okay. 
900 01:13:54,342 --> 01:14:00,259 Mira, can you take Safari from us please? 
901 01:14:07,638 --> 01:14:12,433 Okay. 
Safari, come here buddy. 
Well done to you! 
902 01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:18,067 You won't be frowning like this all night, no? 
903 01:14:18,067 --> 01:14:21,300 I am sorry but I am not in a good mood. 
904 01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:25,635 Do you know what is your problem ? 
905 01:14:25,635 --> 01:14:31,900 You encountered love very early in your life, I mean each other.. 906 01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:34,585 It was the same with me too... 907 01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:40,000 but Faruk didn't let me from his hands. 
We got married right away. 
908 01:14:40,135 --> 01:14:43,580 And this was the best decision in our live. 
909 01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:51,300 As child he use to say he would become an engineer, architect... 
Thank you very much! 
910 01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,232 I said, i wish, i wish... 911 01:14:54,232 --> 01:14:55,320 Ok, mom, enough! 
912 01:14:55,320 --> 01:14:58,436 But now hope is born. 
I know he will make it now! 
913 01:14:58,500 --> 01:15:01,900 She will be an engineer and architect, like you. 
914 01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:05,400 Hopefully! 
My mom is excited. 
915 01:15:05,483 --> 01:15:07,351 You should get excited, you. 
916 01:15:07,351 --> 01:15:09,749 Of course dear, make everyone be ashamed, 917 01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:14,500 Make gumtree (Great surprise) to those who say: " He will be like his big brother" 
918 01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,600 Come Safari.. 
919 01:15:32,800 --> 01:15:36,700 Run, come on. 
920 01:15:42,700 --> 01:15:48,100 Safari, come here please ! 
921 01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:51,200 Come on, let's go! 
922 01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:58,900 Come here grass enemy, come! 
923 01:15:59,100 --> 01:16:02,984 I am sorry, he escaped again... 924 01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:05,700 Safari loves us. 
925 01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:08,000 Hello by the way...- Hello.. 926 01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:10,300 Look, it's Yaman! 
927 01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:15,300 I saw him. 
Are you okay? 
928 01:16:15,800 --> 01:16:20,200 I am fine, what about you? 
-You scared us... 929 01:16:20,547 --> 01:16:22,697 I was scared too. 
930 01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:34,800 Dad, please just a second. 
931 01:16:34,900 --> 01:16:38,148 How are the preparations going? 
932 01:16:38,148 --> 01:16:42,831 Don't ask from me something I can't do Mert 933 01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:47,500 Dad, please don't send Yaman like this. 
If you love me, let him stay here a night more please! 
934 01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:50,900 You will come without being late, right? 
935 01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:56,500 Your guest can come too, please! 
By the way, I am Mira. 
Hello! 
936 01:16:56,512 --> 01:16:57,759 Hello. 
937 01:16:57,800 --> 01:17:01,400 Mrs. Nevin, Yaman's mom 
938 01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:07,600 Is that so? 
Very pleased to meet you.- Me too. 
939 01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:13,500 What a beautiful name you have, just like you... 940 01:17:13,600 --> 01:17:15,273 Thank you.- Mira! 
941 01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:19,100 Come on Safari, sweet. 
Err he escaped again 942 01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:23,400 I came to see where were you but... 943 01:17:23,500 --> 01:17:27,500 I see that the problem still continues here . 
944 01:17:30,504 --> 01:17:37,199 No, the problem isn't continuing. 
To the contrary we're celebrating that we returned from a mistake dear Sude. 
945 01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:45,900 Don't worry, we will be at the fair together with our guests a little after 
946 01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:49,516 What fair? 
947 01:17:49,516 --> 01:17:54,980 The foundation where my wife's dad is president is celebrating his 80th anniversary. 
948 01:17:54,980 --> 01:17:57,890 and tonight there is an aid night. 
Everyone will be there. 
949 01:17:57,890 --> 01:18:02,000 I assume Mr. Asim will come too..- Of course he will be there too. 
950 01:18:02,060 --> 01:18:04,230 Wonderful .. 951 01:18:04,501 --> 01:18:07,827 We go get ready.. 
952 01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:14,900 Okay, then we are expecting you.. 953 01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:20,000 Come on ,Mira .- See you. 
954 01:18:22,240 --> 01:18:25,568 What happened? 
-We will talk with you later! 
955 01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:30,889 Come on, show your mom the room, I will take a shower 956 01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,500 No Mert , we are leaving.-Dad ! 
957 01:18:33,700 --> 01:18:36,334 Mr. Selim ,really we need to leave. 
958 01:18:36,334 --> 01:18:39,800 But look, if you go like this it will be like escaping as guilty, 959 01:18:39,915 --> 01:18:44,962 but if we go there as a whole family, all of us they will understand that all accuses are lies, 960 01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:48,100 and those who were up to something behind your back will be up a gum tree(surprised). 
961 01:18:50,588 --> 01:18:55,066 If I were you I wouldn't let Mert down.- I love you. 
962 01:18:56,900 --> 01:18:59,383 If that's so, let's go and give joy to the fair 963 01:18:59,383 --> 01:19:03,900 But I am in this state, I mean my clothes are not so suitable, 964 01:19:03,900 --> 01:19:06,200 let me not embarrass you later. 
965 01:19:06,295 --> 01:19:08,652 We'll take care of it. 
966 01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:20,400 : 
One feels their self rich inside of this . 
967 01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:22,800 I wrote this favor somewhere 968 01:19:23,005 --> 01:19:24,661 They even talk differently. 
969 01:19:25,828 --> 01:19:28,584 One could be accustomed easy to this richness, 970 01:19:28,623 --> 01:19:30,383 One from me, one from you 971 01:19:30,424 --> 01:19:32,891 I say we should give an end to these deeds now . 
972 01:19:32,891 --> 01:19:34,608 Agreed. 
973 01:20:07,962 --> 01:20:10,787 Have a nice time.. 
974 01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:29,300 Is this what they call a fair? 
- Easy! 
975 01:20:30,000 --> 01:20:33,900 We have 6 fairs per year in Tozluder.. 976 01:20:34,025 --> 01:20:36,100 all of them are ten times better than this. 
977 01:20:38,724 --> 01:20:42,106 Let's take fruit's juice . 
978 01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:46,100 Hello, dear Eylul, did you see your dad, he was looking for you... 
979 01:20:50,000 --> 01:20:52,500 Dear Gamze let's not walk around as a joint family. 
980 01:20:53,550 --> 01:20:56,308 See yin side of...° 
981 01:21:03,732 --> 01:21:06,438 I have never seen so many rich people together . 
982 01:21:19,300 --> 01:21:25,400 Mom, you stay here, okay? 
I will be right back. 
983 01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:54,900 I guess you would like this one in your hands to be real now. 
984 01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:58,700 It wouldn't be worth to spend my bullet for you 
985 01:22:00,100 --> 01:22:04,600 Are you begrudging Mira because of me?- Get out of my sight. 
986 01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:07,300 Nothing happened between us. 
987 01:22:07,719 --> 01:22:09,953 Got it.. 988 01:22:09,995 --> 01:22:12,295 the beating you ate was not enough for you 989 01:22:12,316 --> 01:22:16,238 If you want we can continue in a place, where is no risk of fire. 
990 01:22:16,866 --> 01:22:20,904 I don't expect you to thank me because I didn't give you away 991 01:22:21,000 --> 01:22:26,600 but I thank you because you returned and took me out. 
992 01:22:28,019 --> 01:22:30,393 Get out of my sight! 
993 01:22:30,500 --> 01:22:36,500 Someone who owes an apology to everyone shouldn't be so aggressive Orkun! 
994 01:22:36,600 --> 01:22:41,000 We are aware of what you did and asked Yaman . 
995 01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:44,900 I am sure your family feels like that too. 
996 01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:52,200 If they knew the truth they would have a big disappointment. 
I am sure. 
997 01:22:52,269 --> 01:22:55,430 But as Yaman prefers to keep quiet about this issue... 998 01:22:55,700 --> 01:23:00,500 I will respect his decision too. 
999 01:23:00,753 --> 01:23:04,071 I want to help in compensating the expenses 1000 01:23:04,110 --> 01:23:08,110 I am happy to hear this from you but... 1001 01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:13,500 I will be happier if both of you work to renovate the house. 
1002 01:23:23,989 --> 01:23:26,826 I don't have to give you any explanation , 1003 01:23:26,900 --> 01:23:29,900 but just for you not doing any injustice to Mira, I am saying it again... 1004 01:23:30,038 --> 01:23:34,956 really there is nothing like you think,... 
1005 01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:49,500 God, I got it again! 
1006 01:23:49,513 --> 01:23:52,635 Congratulations! 
- Thanks! 
1007 01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:56,600 Darling! 
1008 01:23:56,876 --> 01:23:59,556 Hello.. hello.. 1009 01:24:00,459 --> 01:24:02,917 Come on, another one! 
1010 01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:12,400 What kind of feeling is to walk around between your creations? 
1011 01:24:16,900 --> 01:24:18,800 With your permission! 
1012 01:24:24,313 --> 01:24:27,430 Now the time is ripe for introducing ourselves. 
1013 01:24:27,756 --> 01:24:30,033 I'm Asim Sekip Kaya. 
1014 01:24:30,860 --> 01:24:33,416 Hello. 
1015 01:24:38,869 --> 01:24:41,150 It means finally you met. 
1016 01:24:41,316 --> 01:24:44,581 Yes, finally I met with the protagonist of the incident 1017 01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:49,300 In the tiredness of the big storm he caused 1018 01:24:49,392 --> 01:24:52,316 he joined us in activities . 
1019 01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:57,700 The storm happened because of your prejudgments. 
1020 01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:00,100 Anyway the water stopped now. 
1021 01:25:00,200 --> 01:25:04,700 Let's hope that a reverse wind won't blow lateen! 
1022 01:25:04,900 --> 01:25:11,200 Let's during the time in what side blows the wind. 
1023 01:25:15,599 --> 01:25:18,264 Enjoy..- Where is Mert? 
1024 01:25:18,428 --> 01:25:20,760 He as around , but... 
1025 01:25:22,103 --> 01:25:24,830 Ahh, hello.. 
1026 01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:41,700 How can I be so unlucky? 
1027 01:25:54,054 --> 01:25:56,135 How're you doing? 
1028 01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:00,400 Pretty well.. 
1029 01:26:18,951 --> 01:26:21,839 This is my last night here . 
1030 01:26:23,059 --> 01:26:25,419 Really? 
1031 01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:30,200 It means that after tonight everyone will be back to their world . 
1032 01:26:30,381 --> 01:26:32,236 Exactly.. 
1033 01:26:35,785 --> 01:26:39,143 Super, then wish you good luck . 
1034 01:26:40,429 --> 01:26:42,229 To you too. 
1035 01:26:43,353 --> 01:26:45,736 See you.. 
1036 01:27:20,398 --> 01:27:23,083 Where were you? 
You took the day off too... 1037 01:27:23,200 --> 01:27:26,900 It was Nerges's birthday, I swear I stayed two hours. 
1038 01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:31,500 I swear, if your dad finds out, I won't be able to save you from his hands 1039 01:27:32,106 --> 01:27:34,512 You have been drinking, may you be save from the bad things! 
1040 01:27:34,600 --> 01:27:38,600 No, they gave us liquor chocolates, I swear 1041 01:27:38,767 --> 01:27:41,473 What happened? 
Didn't you prepare the table yet? 
1042 01:27:41,505 --> 01:27:43,470 Right away dear dad, just let me wash my hands 1043 01:27:43,483 --> 01:27:46,809 Wait, may you be save from the bad things, 1044 01:27:46,900 --> 01:27:51,300 may God make your final the best! 
What can I say? 
1045 01:28:13,838 --> 01:28:16,398 Don't, I am feeling dizzy, leave me please 1046 01:28:16,500 --> 01:28:20,500 Whenever I look at you I feel dizzy 
1047 01:28:21,909 --> 01:28:24,593 I am setting it Kjazim, be patient. 
1048 01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:29,500 As you're setting a Sultan's table, I am starving. 
1049 01:28:50,791 --> 01:28:53,240 I struggled a lot for this organization 1050 01:28:53,321 --> 01:28:54,987 but it looks like it was worth of it . 
1051 01:28:55,025 --> 01:28:58,547 Everything is wonderful but how can these come here? 
1052 01:28:58,576 --> 01:29:01,826 Ender is humiliating your party. 
1053 01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:08,200 A fair needs for street's colors you know... 
1054 01:29:20,275 --> 01:29:23,021 Ok mom, I will take care of it. 
- Are you in bad terms with Mira? 
1055 01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,100 No! 
- Why you're not with her then? 
1056 01:29:26,756 --> 01:29:28,967 Don't suffocate the kid! 
1057 01:29:30,268 --> 01:29:33,457 I will find the boys. 
1058 01:29:41,494 --> 01:29:43,825 Straighten your face now, please! 
1059 01:29:46,029 --> 01:29:48,186 The night you left me and went because of this blighter 1060 01:29:48,238 --> 01:29:51,536 : 
I didn't go for anyone. 
I left because you annoyed me. 
1061 01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:55,100 Don't blame the others for your mistake! 
1062 01:29:56,264 --> 01:29:58,864 In fact, do you know which our problem is? 
1063 01:29:59,727 --> 01:30:02,661 We encountered very early with you 
1064 01:30:03,751 --> 01:30:05,910 So... 
1065 01:30:07,312 --> 01:30:09,583 I mean.. 1066 01:30:10,500 --> 01:30:17,200 don't ever leave from my side tonight,don't allow anyone to come between us . 
1067 01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:41,200 Oh, oh the dices ... 1068 01:30:41,683 --> 01:30:43,014 Give it! 
1069 01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:53,400 Wow... 
Bravo Eylul! 
Bravo! 
You were great You were great -Finally! 
I 
1070 01:30:57,664 --> 01:30:59,729 What's your name? 
- Mert. 
1071 01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:02,900 Mert, blow again. 
1072 01:31:07,704 --> 01:31:11,538 Murat, you're perfect. 
I can't believe you. 
Please blow again. 
1073 01:31:12,200 --> 01:31:15,000 MERT. 
1074 01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:25,300 I can't believe this. 
Please stay here. 
1075 01:31:50,750 --> 01:31:52,915 Having fun? 
1076 01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:56,300 If I satisfy my stomach first then I will see if I'm having fun. 
1077 01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:01,200 About this kid.. 
I mean about Yaman... 1078 01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:04,600 It looks like I went a little far for that kid... 1079 01:32:04,867 --> 01:32:08,056 Everyone will apply the brakes now. 
1080 01:32:08,519 --> 01:32:10,519 Really, I'm so sorry. 
1081 01:32:10,572 --> 01:32:13,155 I know how much you like helping as husband and wife. 
1082 01:32:13,195 --> 01:32:15,513 Especially what Ender did for us, 
1083 01:32:16,851 --> 01:32:18,718 it's a wonderful thing. 
1084 01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:22,300 Without thinking at all she helped Faruk. 
1085 01:32:22,709 --> 01:32:24,624 Thanks! 
This is what I call a wise love 1086 01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,200 Think about it, 500000 USD 1087 01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:30,900 Who would give it to anyone nowadays? 
1088 01:32:30,984 --> 01:32:33,704 Thanks to Ender we breathed deeply. 
1089 01:32:34,821 --> 01:32:38,418 Thank you very much to both of you. 
1090 01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:44,800 Friends are for days like this Sude. 
Don't even mention it! 
1091 01:33:04,587 --> 01:33:07,706 Where am I going to put all this money? 
1092 01:33:07,741 --> 01:33:11,132 I sent the demon away. 
My luck turned around! 
1093 01:33:11,188 --> 01:33:13,549 We don't get the money we win 1094 01:33:13,554 --> 01:33:15,668 We put it in the contribution's case. 
1095 01:33:15,878 --> 01:33:17,665 Who says that? 
1096 01:33:17,712 --> 01:33:20,271 Am I stupid dear? 
1097 01:33:22,445 --> 01:33:24,611 Wait, wait, where are you going? 
1098 01:33:24,611 --> 01:33:27,224 Continue watching me. 
I am going to win even more. 
1099 01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:30,300 . 
I will take everything from you, everything! 
1100 01:33:52,139 --> 01:33:54,392 Take it brother, take it. 
1101 01:33:55,500 --> 01:34:00,600 I will be annoyed. 
There is something called your right dear, take it son, take it! 
1102 01:34:05,541 --> 01:34:09,422 I am decimating here around. 
1103 01:34:09,460 --> 01:34:12,181 My luck.. 
1104 01:34:15,142 --> 01:34:17,942 I think it will be better if you don't drink anymore 1105 01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:23,200 Yes, I drunk so much fruit's juice that it swell me .. 
1106 01:34:25,338 --> 01:34:28,968 : 
I was looking for you. 
Can we talk? 
1107 01:34:29,867 --> 01:34:32,826 Yes, of course go on! 
1108 01:34:34,110 --> 01:34:37,311 What happened? 
1109 01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:52,388 Finally I made it! 
1110 01:34:53,654 --> 01:34:55,654 Thanks. 
1111 01:34:55,739 --> 01:34:58,024 You won a panda . 
1112 01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:01,200 You must be joking! 
1113 01:35:05,462 --> 01:35:08,129 You know that Selim did not know about the money? 
1114 01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:10,100 You did not tell him, No? 
1115 01:35:10,795 --> 01:35:13,436 How was I suppose to know that it'sa secret? 
1116 01:35:13,517 --> 01:35:16,158 I wanted to thank him.I thought he knows it too. 
1117 01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:18,300 God damn you, Sude. 
1118 01:35:21,900 --> 01:35:24,300 500.000 dollars... 
Ender... 1119 01:35:24,509 --> 01:35:26,867 I'm talking about 500.000 dollars... 1120 01:35:26,921 --> 01:35:29,467 More money that I earn in a year. 
1121 01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:31,800 I gave my own money.. 1122 01:35:31,990 --> 01:35:34,629 I don't care...Wherever it is from. 
1123 01:35:34,685 --> 01:35:36,686 How can you take so much money and give it? 
1124 01:35:36,686 --> 01:35:39,015 I gave it to him as loan. 
Even if it's so, you did not tell me. 
Why did you hide it from me? 
Faruk didn't want the situation to be known. 
1128 01:35:51,860 --> 01:35:53,971 I'm not everyone, Ender. 
1129 01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:58,500 I'm your husband. 
1130 01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:01,800 You shouldn't hide it from me. 
1131 01:36:03,834 --> 01:36:08,559 Are you aware in which state did you put, to protect Faruk. 
1132 01:36:08,600 --> 01:36:12,800 Calm down, please. -... 
You didn't even deign to tell me 
1133 01:36:13,882 --> 01:36:17,550 Please! 
1134 01:36:18,754 --> 01:36:21,352 My wife and I are talking privately. 
1135 01:36:22,273 --> 01:36:24,230 Of course. 
1136 01:36:41,111 --> 01:36:43,989 - Did you see my mom? 
- Today it's my day. 
1137 01:36:44,054 --> 01:36:46,362 Can you imagine? 
Eylül kissed me. 
1138 01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:50,400 - Mert, where are you? 
- I'm coming. 
1139 01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:54,600 I don't care about the name, She wants me. 
1140 01:36:59,755 --> 01:37:01,808 Mom?! 
1141 01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:10,400 ~Neither the wedding attaches us nor the court separates us ~ 1142 01:37:10,674 --> 01:37:14,995 ~God protects us from the evil enemies ~> 
1143 01:37:15,384 --> 01:37:19,493 ~They say without wedding, let them say ~ 
1149 01:37:53,154 --> 01:37:55,322 Come on.. 1150 01:37:55,553 --> 01:37:58,936 Where are you bringing your mom, Yaman? 
1151 01:37:59,300 --> 01:38:02,000 Hold tight. 
- Yaman 1152 01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:04,500 Don't be annoyed with me... 
1153 01:38:06,956 --> 01:38:08,996 Come on guys... 
Lets continue to have fun. 
1154 01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,100 ~...You're the man... ~ 
1155 01:38:16,000 --> 01:38:21,000 ~ Why do we keep fighting all the time~ 
1156 01:38:22,247 --> 01:38:23,715 My bag !... 1157 01:38:24,349 --> 01:38:26,237 ... 
This is your creation! 
1158 01:38:29,251 --> 01:38:36,177 ~ ~ Why can't we break up in a humanly and friendly way ~ ~ 1159 01:38:36,727 --> 01:38:42,347 ~ ~ There's respect to all those years that we lived through ~ ~ 1160 01:38:42,434 --> 01:38:44,433 Mira, enough.. 1161 01:38:44,587 --> 01:38:49,505 ~ ~ If every day is a torture, if every day is this mess~ ~ 1162 01:38:49,869 --> 01:38:52,311 Mira, stop it! 
1163 01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:58,200 ~ ~ If you think that I'll be taking part in those quarrels ~ ~ 1164 01:38:58,700 --> 01:39:04,100 ~ Take a note somewhere, write, write , write all my words down ~ 1165 01:39:04,200 --> 01:39:06,200 Come , we are going. 
1166 01:39:06,402 --> 01:39:12,068 ~ ~ If I'm wrong, step ahead, show yourself ~ ~ 1167 01:39:12,500 --> 01:39:19,900 ~ ~ Maybe it'll be erased from your mind one by one ~ ~ 1168 01:39:20,117 --> 01:39:26,202 ~ ~You'll understand that so much time has passed in vain ~ ~ 1169 01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:33,400 ~Take a note somewhere, write, write, write all my words down ~ 
1170 01:40:24,730 --> 01:40:27,786 Are you already sleeping ? 
Do you miss me? 
1171 01:40:34,510 --> 01:40:36,471 I'm going to sleep. 
1172 01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:47,500 Dialling Hasan... 
@chastybelen 
1174 01:42:37,900 --> 01:42:39,800 Mom !.. 
1175 01:42:41,028 --> 01:42:43,348 Mom, where are you going? 
- Go back to sleep. 
1176 01:42:43,583 --> 01:42:46,017 MOM! 
1177 01:42:47,074 --> 01:42:48,868 Why is that guy here? 
1178 01:42:49,112 --> 01:42:50,991 I called him.. 1179 01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:54,000 What are you saying, mom?What did we talk about ,mom? 
1180 01:42:54,618 --> 01:42:57,000 We don't need nobody else... 1181 01:42:57,019 --> 01:42:58,218 And especially this jerk. 
1182 01:42:58,243 --> 01:43:00,498 I called and apologized. 
1183 01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:04,800 No ! 
- That's how I am, 1184 01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:07,700 This is the way i am. 
1185 01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,700 I can't let Hassan go... 1186 01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:14,800 I love him.. 1187 01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:17,800 You are lying.. 1188 01:43:18,478 --> 01:43:21,676 My way is obvious. 
My companion is obvious too. 
1189 01:43:22,290 --> 01:43:24,991 I will not let you mom.- No one asked you... 1190 01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:29,000 Look at this crazy boy. 
1191 01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:33,600 I don't deserve you. 
1192 01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,800 You deserve the best, my son. 
1193 01:43:42,465 --> 01:43:45,105 Mom.. - I love you. 
Are you going to teach me in a school? 
Are you going to make me sit in a desk all day? 
Is this what you are going to use to teach me with? 
Is this what you are going to use to teach me with? 
(echo) 
Do you know how to use a computer? 
Do you know how to use a computer? 
(echo) 
Are you a teacher? 
Are you my teacher? 
Are you going to teach me using the internet? 
Are you going to teach me how to be safe on the internet? 
Do you know what goes on on the internet? 
Are you sure you are my teacher? 
Are you sure you are my teacher? 
(echo) 
Are you going to learn how to use the technology? 
I am a digital native. 
Do computers scare you? 
Are you afraid to use them? 
Have you been on facebook? 
Have you been on twitter? 
Have you been surfing? 
Do you even know what is on the internet? 
Are you going to be my teacher? 
Or just that textbook? 
Because I want to know... what the world has to offer 
And if you are not on the internet... and know nothing about computers. you can't be my teacher! 
I said you can't be my teacher. 
Make room for somebody who knows how to use the internet. 
Do you think I am going to be ready? 
Do you think I am going to be ready? 
Do you think you are preparing me for the world that I have to live in? 
Do you think I am going to be ready? 
That's your job! 
That's your job! 
(echo) 
Do you really think it is possible to be an educator in the information age and not use the internet? 
Continue to pretend, maybe the internet is just a fad. 
Life was sort of stressful. 
I couldn't sleep because of the fact that I was always thinking about how I could pay the creditors. 
One of the ways that I thought I could solve it was having a lot of jobs. 
At it's peak I had six jobs. 
It was hard work because I was taking my annual leave and working weekends and evenings. 
All I was doing was paying off the interest on the debt I had, which was £30,000. 
I was basically rocking around the clock, really. 
My standard of living wasn't good at all. 
I didn't go out and the amount of money that I had for food was £40 for the month. 
I came to a time when I thought enough was enough and at the time I was working in a hospital. 
I started going to the chapel there and that's where I then found a book called 'Word for Today'. 
I read that book and at the back of it it had a salvation prayer. 
I read that salvation prayer and I gave my life to God. 
I put my heart and soul in a letter and I sent it off to the address that was at the back of that book. 
I got a phone call from somebody called Pastor Sheila. 
She invited me to the church and she counselled me and I told her about my debt problems and she gave me some information for Christians Against Poverty. 
At that stage I was so relieved because of the fact that I knew then that I would get support, and the burden just lifted. 
Any letters, any correspondance that I had with my creditors, 
I just directed them to Christians Against Poverty, which was a relief, basically; it just took away the stress. 
As a consequence to becoming a CAP client, I also now support people who are also in debt. 
I've learned how to budget, my standard of living has improved because I'm able to go out and socialise, which I couldn't do before. 
The fellowship with the people at church is crucial as well because they also offered support. 
When you are going through debt you sort of withdraw and you don't socialise because of the lack of money, but once the stress has been taken away you're able to talk about it and testify about how good God is and how stressless you are. 
The home stretch, we're on problem 18. 
And this diagram actually looks like something that this little tool I'm using is well-suited to draw. 
Let me try-- I'll draw the one in the back first, so I can do different colors and everything. 
So I'll do the one in the back in yellow, and it looks something like this. 
Goes like this, then it switches over like that. 
And then I'll draw the next one, this orange color, and it looks something-- no, I'll do it in a more drastic color. 
So it does something like this. 
It goes like this, crosses over, dips down, then it goes over again. 
And then finally, this last one, and it looks something like this. 
Crosses over and it goes like that, very pretty. 
Now let me switch to a smaller-- OK. 
Why don't we do white, I never write in white. 
In the figure above--so they say this is the start. 
And this is step 1. 
This is step 2. 
OK, what is this? 
In the figure above, three wires are braided. 
That is, by starting in the order A, B, C-- 
OK, so this is A, B, C-- and then the order changes to B right, because the yellow line is B-- A, C. 
And then we get B, C, A. Right? 
There's just the order of the strings, left to right. 
Or the braids, or the wires. 
OK. 
That is start with the order A, B, C, the outer left wire is brought over wire B, right? 
This is brought over wire B, to the middle position forming the order shown in step 1. 
Than the outer right wire C, this one, is brought to the new middle position shown in step 2 and so on. 
Alternately bringing each new left and each new right wire to the middle. 
At what numbered step does the braid first repeat the original order A, B, C? 
So what you do is, you first bring the left over the middle, then you bring the right over the middle, then you bring the left over the middle, then you bring the right over the middle. 
So at step 3, what do we have to do? 
So step 1 we brought the left over the middle. 
So we went from A, B, C. 
You essentially switch the left and the middle. 
And then step 2, you switch the right and the middle. 
So step 3, we switch B and C again. 
Because we're back on the left-hand side. 
So you get C, B, A. 
And then step 4, you're going to switch to the right-hand side. 
Step 3 we switched these two. 
Now step 4, we're going to switch these two. 
So you get C, A, B. 
Then in step 5, we're back switched on this side. 
So then you get A, C, B. 
And then step 6, you're going to switch to the right-hand side again. 
So you get A, B, C. 
So by step 6, we repeat. 
So that's choice D. 
The hard part here, as far as I'm concerned, is just understanding the problem and their diagram. 
And then just seeing the pattern that you're just switching the letters. 
First you switch the left and the middle letter. 
Then you switch the right and the middle letter. 
Then you switch the left and the middle letter. 
Then you switch the right and the middle letter. 
Until you get back to A, B, C. 
Next problem. 
White I don't think is colorful enough. 
Let me do magenta. 
19. 
In a set of 11 different numbers-- they're different- which of the following cannot affect the value of the median? 
So it's a set of 11 different numbers, they're different, so let's say it's 1 through 11. 
That's 11 different numbers. 
And in this case, what's the median? 
Well we have 5 on this side, 5-- the median is this, this is the middle number, right? 
6 is the middle number. 
Doubling each number-- well, if you double every number, the median's going to become 12, so that's not right. 
Increasing each number by 10-- once again, if you increase all of these numbers by 10, this number's going to be 16, so you would've changed the median. 
Increasing the smallest number only. 
Well, what if you increase the smallest number to, 
I don't know, 12? 
So then this 12 would go all the way on the other side right? 
And then the median would move to 7 because you would have to have 5 below the median and 5 above the median. 
So you can increase that smallest number. 
But if you increase it by a large enough amount, it kind of goes into the greater than the median column and then the median would have to shift to the right. 
Try it out, write out the list from 2 to 12, and then the median becomes 7. 
OK, so we know that choice B is not right. 
Choice C, increasing-- oh no, that was choice C-- choice D, decreasing the largest number only-- well, the same argument can apply. 
We could take the 11 and decrease it down to, 
I don't know, decrease it to 0. 
You decrease it to 0, then that'll-- and you could list them all out, 0 through 10-- and then the median number will shift to 5, so that will change it. 
E, increasing the largest number only. 
I can tell you that's the answer from deductive reasoning, but if we just take this 11 and we make it one billion does that change the fact that they're five numbers 
larger than 6 and five numbers less than 6? 
Ignore the 0. 
Five numbers less than 6? 
No. 
I can make it into a trillion. 
I can change it to any number, but the fact remains that I have the same amount of numbers larger than 6 as I do below 6. 
So choice E cannot affect the value of the median. 
E. 
Next problem. 
OK, something for me to draw. 
Let's see, they have a 1/4 circle, so I'll just draw a big circle, and I'll just focus on a 1/4 of it. 
Close enough. 
That looks like a 1/4 of a circle. 
They say that-- oh, and there's a rectangle there too fascinating. 
So this rectangle in this 1/4 circle, so this rectangle could look like this. 
I know theirs looks taller, but I think this will do. 
And then I think I'm almost done. 
I think I'm there, I think I can. 
And then they shade in some stuff, so if they shaded it, I will shade it. 
A suitably tasteful color. 
OK, so I have shaded what they have shaded. 
And now, what are they saying? 
They're saying that this is R, C, T, B, S, A. 
And then they tell us that is a 90 degree angle. 
And then they tell us that this distance, from here to here, from all the way to the top-- so it's essentially the radius of the circle-- is 6. 
The radius of the circle is 6. 
In the figure above, arc SBT is 1/4 of a circle with center R and radius 6 
Fair enough. 
If the length plus the width of rectangle ABCR is 8-- so the length plus the width, so ABCR. 
So this is the width, this is the length. 
So L plus W is equal to 8. 
What is the perimeter of the shaded region? 
Fascinating. 
Let's do it step by step. 
First we can just figure out what this part of the perimeter is. 
And that's the easiest part, right? 
Because what's the perimeter of the whole circle? 
Well, it's the circumference of the whole circle. 
Circumference is equal to 2 pi r. 
This is the whole circle we're talking about. 
So that's equal to 2 pi times 6, so that's equal to 12 pi. 
This is the circumference of the whole circle, so the circumference of this arc, of this piece, is going to be 1/4 of that, because it's 1/4 of the whole circle. 
So it's 1/4 of 12 pi, so that's 3 pi. 
Now, what we need to be able to figure out is L and W because if we can figure out L and W, we can figure out everything else about this circle. 
And actually, 
I'm going to continue this problem in the next video, because I think it might get a little involved, and I don't want you to get too confused. 
I'll see you in the next video. 
What's a fuck, lord, music store? 
Hi! 
Where's your compact disc departament? 
We don't care CDs, only vinyl. 
Only vinyl? 
Uau! 
What blast to the past 
The people's still listen to vinyl records? 
I don't know. 
Well, me nice still have... 
I am to interview a patient and I'd like to give you some thumbnail sketch of what 
Gestalt therapy stands for. 
The Gestalt therapy works on an equation awareness, equal present time, equal reality. 
In contrast to depth psychology, we try to get hold of the obvious, the whole surface of the situation in which we find ourselves, and to develop the emerging Gestalt, strictly on the I and thou, here and now, phrases. 
Any escape into the future or the past is examined with the likely resistance on the ongoing encounters. 
A modern man has alienated, given up so much of his potential but his ability to cope with his existence becomes badly impoverished. 
My aim is this: 
the patient should recover his lost potential, he should think it great the conflicting collarities, understand the difference between in pain, especially the pain of verbal games, on the one hand, and have genuine authentic confident behavior on the other. 
The civil war of inner conflicts weakens the deficiency of the conflict of the patient, that every bit of integration and strength. 
Now, in the safe emergency of the therapeutic situation, 
I repeat, in the safe emergency of the therapeutic situation, the patient begins to take risks. 
He does transform energies from manipulating the environment for support into developing greater and greater self support, but he relies on his own resources. 
This process is called Maturation. 
Once the patient has learned to stand on his own feet emotionally, intellectually, and economically this need for therapy will collapse. 
He will wake up from the nightmare of his existence. 
The basic technique is this, not to explain to things the patient, but to provide the patient with opportunities to understand and to discover himself. 
For this purpose I manipulate and frustrate the patient in such a way that he is confronting himself. 
In this process he identifies with his lost potential. 
For instance, through assimilating his projections by acting out. 
By acting out the irritating parts of himself. 
Principally, I consider any interpretation to be a therapeutic mistake as this would imply the therapist understands the patient better, than the patient himself. 
Takes a view from the patient himself of discovering himself, by himself, and prevents him from finding out his own values and stuff. 
On the other hand, I disregard most of the content of what the patient says and concentrate most on the non-verbal level as this is the only one which is less subject to self deception. 
And its verbal, pseudo self expression, on the non-verbal level the revelant 
Gestalt will always emerge and can dealt with in the here and now. 
We are going to interview for half and hour. 
Right away I'm scared. 
You say you're scared, but you're smiling. 
I don't understand how one can be scared and smile at the same time. 
And I'm also suspicious of you. 
I think you understand very well. 
I think you know that... ...when I get scared I laugh or I kid to cover up. 
Uh-huh. 
Do you have stage fright? 
Uh, I don't know. 
I'm mostly aware of you. 
I'm afraid that uh... ...that you're going to have such a direct attack that uh, you're going to get me in the corner, and I'm afraid of that. 
I want you to be more on my side. 
You said I'll get you in a corner, and you put your hand on your chest. 
-Mm-hmm. 
-Is this your corner? 
Well, it's like...yeah, it's...like I'm afraid. 
You know. 
Where would you like to go? 
Can you describe the corner you'd like to go to? 
Yeah. 
Uh...it's back in a corner where... 
I'm completely protected. 
And you would be safe of me? 
From me? 
Well, I know I wouldn't really, but it feels safe. 
[overlapping] 
But while you're in this corner you're perfectly safe now. 
What would you do in that corner? 
I'd just sit. 
-Just sit? 
-Yes. 
How long would you sit? 
I don't know, but this is so funny you're saying this. 
This reminds me of when I was a little girl. 
Every time I was afraid, I would feel better sitting in a corner. 
Not panicky. 
Okay. 
Are you a little girl? 
Well, no...but it's the same feeling. 
Are you a little girl? 
This feeling reminds me of it. 
Are you a little girl? 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No at last. 
How old are you? 
30. 
Then you're not a little girl. 
No. 
Okay. 
So, you're a 30 year old girl, who's afraid of a guy like me. 
Well, I don't even know if -- well, I don't know if I'll be afraid of you. 
You -- I get real defensive with you. 
Now what can I do to you? 
You can't do anything, but I can sure feel dumb. 
And I can feel stupid for not having the right answers. 
Now what would it do to you to feel dumb and stupid? 
I hate it when I'm stupid. 
What would it do for you to be dumb and stupid? 
Let me put it like this, what would it do to me if you were to play dumb and stupid? 
It makes you all the smarter and all the higher above me and then 
I really have to look up to you because you are so smart. 
Ah, yeah. 
Butter me up. 
No, I think you can do that all by yourself. 
Ah, I think the other way around. 
If you play dumb and stupid, you force me to be more explicit. 
That's been said of me before, but I don't buy it. 
I don't think -- 
Now what you are doing with your feet now? 
Wiggling. 
[giggles] 
What's a joke now? 
No, I'm afraid you're going to notice everything I do. 
Gee! 
I don't -- 
Do you want me to? 
I want you to help me become more relaxed, yes, but I don't want to be so defensive with you. 
I don't like to feel so defensive. 
Uh...you're acting like -- you're treating me as if I'm stronger than I am, and I want you to... protect me more, and be nicer to me. 
Are you aware of your smile? 
You don't believe a word you're saying. 
[laughs] 
I do too, and I know you're going to pick on me for it! 
Sure, you're bluffing, a phony. 
Do you believe -- you mean that seriously? 
Yeah, if you say you're afraid and you laugh and you giggle and you squirm...that's phony. 
You put on a performance for me. 
Oh, I...I resent that very much. 
Can you express this? 
Yes, sir. 
I most certainly am not being phony. 
I will admit this. 
It's hard for me to show my embarrassment, and I hate to be embarrassed, but, boy, I resent you calling me a phony. 
Just because I smile when I'm embarrassed or 
I'm put in the corner, does not mean I'm being a phony. 
Wonderful. 
Thank you. 
You did this work for the last minute. 
Well, I'm really mad at you. 
That's right. 
You didn't have to cover up your anger with your smile. 
Now in that moment, in that minute, you had not a not a [indiscernible] 
Well, at that minute I was mad at you though, 
I wasn't embarrassed. 
Now that's when you're mad you're not a phony. 
I still resent that. 
I'm not a phony when I'm nervous. 
Again! 
I want to get mad at you! 
I...I...you know what -- [mocking] 
I...I...I... 
I want you on my level so I can pick on you just as much as you're picking on me. 
Okay, pick on me. 
I have to wait until you say something that I can pick on. 
What does this mean? 
Can you develop this movement? 
It's a...I can't find words. 
I want to... 
Develop this. 
But since you've been dancing... 
I want to start all over again with you. 
Okay, let's start over. 
I know a corner I'd like to put you in. 
I'd like to ask you a question and because I have a feeling you don't like me right off the bat, and I want to know if you do. 
Can you not play [indiscernible] 
What would he say? 
He'd say that she's a phony, for one. 
So, you are a phony. 
You're a phony, and you're a flip little girl, and you're a show off... 
What would [indiscernible] have said to that? 
I know what I'd answer, 
I'd say, "I think you are too." 
Well then, tell this to me. 
Tell me what a phony I am. 
[laughing] 
Well, I... 
Save it for your performance. 
Well, phony's not quite the right word, but it's more like a show off. 
A show off? 
-Like you know all the answers. 
-Yeah. 
And I want you to be more human, and that doesn't seem very human to me. 
To know all the answers is not very human? 
Yeah, and right away find out how 
I'm kicking my feet, and why am I doing like this. 
Why are you doing like that? 
Oh dear, I've got eyes. 
I can see you kicking your feet. 
I don't need a scientific computer to see that you're kicking your feet. 
What's big about that? 
You don't need to be wise to see that you're kicking your feet. 
I know, but it seems like you're trying to find some reason for it. 
I don't. 
It's your imagination. 
Okay, I know what I'd like from you. 
Can I tell you what I'd like from you? 
Yeah. 
I'd like you to be aware that I'm kicking my feet, and to be aware that I'm giggling when I'm really nervous, and accept it instead of putting me on the defense of having to explain it. 
I don't want to have to explain why I'm doing these things. 
Did I ask you to explain? 
You said why am I? 
Or what am I doing? 
No -- 
Well, what am I doing, you said. 
That's right, kicking your feet. 
I didn't ask you to explain. 
It's your imagination. 
It's not this, but it's your imagination. 
It's a big difference. 
[sighs] 
Now do this again. 
Again. 
How do you feel now? 
I don't know. 
Playing stupid? 
I'm not playing stupid! 
I don't know the right answer. 
You see, "I don't know," this is playing stupid. 
You did something with your heel there. 
It's very chance [indiscernible] 
-No. 
-No. 
Okay. 
No, but your hair and your features go along with the feeling I had about you earlier. 
I had a feeling I could be afraid of you. 
And you're the type of person that seems 
like you demand so much respect, and you're...[sighs] 
Please tell me. 
I demand so much respect. 
Play this what you just saw. 
Well, you know how smart I am. 
I know more about psychology than you do, Gloria, so anything I say of course is right. 
Can you say the same as Gloria? 
Something similar as Gloria? 
Or like the same as Gloria? 
I demand respect because... 
I don't know. 
You don't know? 
No, I don't. 
I identify it with my father, but not me. 
I don't feel I demand respect. 
You don't demand respect? 
No. 
Should you? 
As a matter of fact, I'd like more. 
I'd like you to respect me more. 
Now you see, so you demand respect. 
Alright, yes. 
Yes, as a matter of fact if I could demand respect from you 
I would. 
So do it! 
Who's preventing you? 
Except yourself. 
'Cause if I feel I get myself out on the corner you're going to let me just drown. 
You're not going to help me one bit. 
And I know that I can't quite come up to standards with you. 
What should I do when you're on the corner? 
Encourage me to come out. 
Ah. 
You don't have enough...courage to come out by yourself. 
You need somebody to pull a little damsel in distress out of her corner. 
Yes! 
So anytime you want somebody to... ...pay attention to you, you crawl into a corner and wait until rescue comes. 
Yes, that's exactly what I'd like. 
And this is what I call phony. 
Pardon me? 
This is what I call phony. 
Why is it phony? 
I'm admitting to you what I am, and how is that a phony? 
That is a phony, because -- 
Oh! 
Oh! -- it's trick. 
It's a gimmick to crawl into a corner and wait there until somebody comes to your rescue. 
I'm admitting it. 
I know what I'm doing. 
I'm not being phony. 
I'm not pretending I'm so brave. 
I resent that. 
I feel like you're saying, unless I come out openly and stand on my own 
I'm not a phony. 
Bologna! 
I'm just as real sitting in that corner as I am out here all by myself. 
But you're not sitting in that corner. 
Well, I'm not now. 

We're on problem 27. 
They tell us if i is equal to the square root of minus 1, then what is 4 times i-- that's an i-- times 6 times i? 
Well, multiplication is associative. 
You can switch the order around. 
So this is the same thing as 4 times 6 times i times i, or the same thing as 24 times i squared, right? 
If we square both sides of this, you get i squared is equal to negative 1. 
So this is 24 times negative 1. 
So this is minus 24, which is choice C. 
Next problem, 28. 
They want to know what an equivalent form of 3 plus i is. 
A lot of times, people don't like either when you have a square root in the denominator or they don't like it when you have an a complex number in the denominator. 
A complex number is just something that has part real and part imaginary. 
So the way you can do it with this case is you multiply times the conjugate of this number. 
I know that sounds like a fancy word, but all it means is you take the opposite of the imaginary part. 
So what's the conjugate? 
Remember, the only way you cannot change a fraction is if you multiply the numerator and the denominator by the same thing, because then you're multiplying by 1. 
So what's the conjugate of this? 
The conjugate of 3 plus i is 3 minus i. 
You have to do 3 minus i over 3 minus i. 
I'm doing that because when you multiply a complex number by its conjugate, you end up actually with a real number. 
Then you're going to end up with a complex number up here. 
A conjugate, all it means is you keep the real part the same, and you change the sign on the imaginary part. 
That's all that word means. 
All right, now let's figure out what this is equal to. 
2 times 3, just same distributive properties as always. 
Let me do it in green. 
2 times 3 is 6. 
2 times minus i is minus 2i, all of that over 3 times 3 is 9. 
3 times minus i is minus 3i. i times 3 is plus 3i. 
Then i times minus i, you can view that as minus i squared. 
Let's think about what this is equal to. 
Well, this plus 3i and the minus 3i cancel out. 
What's i squared? 
Well, this is equal to negative 1. 
So you end up with a minus of a negative 1. 
Minus a negative 1 is a plus 1. 
So you're left with 6 minus 2i over 9 plus 1 over 10. 
Actually, we can reduce this some. 
We can divide the top and the bottom by 2. 
So that becomes 3 minus i over 5. 
We just divided both the numerator and the denominator by 2. 
That is choice B. 
Problem 29, these go fast. 
No systems of equations and all that. 
What is the product of the complex numbers 3 plus i and 3 minus i? 
They just asked us that. 
That was in the last problem. 
When we multiplied 3 plus i times 3 minus i, what did we get? 
We got 10. 
We did this whole thing. 
3 times 3 is 9. 
We did the whole thing. 
They're just repeating the same question. 
That equals 10. 
That's choice B. 
Rewind the video and see what I did here. 
3 times 3 is 9 times minus 3i plus 3i minus i squared. 
These terms cancel out and you get a minus i squared, which is minus negative 1. 
So you have 9 plus 1, so that equals 10. 
So that is choice B. 
That's crazy. 
They just gave us the same problem twice in a row. 
All right. 
They're giving us more and more imaginary problems. 
But these are fun, especially if they're going to repeat the same question. 
Problem 30, if i is equal to the square root of negative 1-- well, I'll just keep writing it because they keep writing it. 
It's good as a reminder. i is equal to the square root of negative 1 and a and b are non-zero real numbers. 
What is 1 over a plus bi? 
Well, once again, if they kind of want us to rewrite this, they probably just want us to get rid of the i's in the denominator. 
So we multiply times the conjugate of this complex number. 
So we multiply times a plus bi, the conjugate over the conjugate, a plus bi. 
The conjugate isn't this whole thing. 
The conjugate is just a plus bi. 
Oh sorry, we should be multiplying times a minus bi. a minus bi over a minus bi. 
The conjugate of a plus bi, just so you get the terminology right, is just the a minus bi. 
But I'm doing a minus bi over a minus bi. 
So I'm not changing this fraction because this obviously is 1. x over x is the same thing as 1. 
So let's see what this is equal to. 
Well, the numerator just becomes a minus bi times 1, which is a minus bi. 
Then you have a times a, which is a squared. a times minus bi, so it's minus abi. 
Then you have bi times a, which is plus abi. 
I'll write it down here. 
They cancel out. 
Then you have bi times minus bi. 
So that's minus b squared i squared. 
These cancel out. 
So you're left with a minus bi over a squared minus b squared i squared. 
We know what i squared is. i squared is equal to negative 1. 
You square both sides of that and you get i squared is equal to negative 1. 
So if we multiply, this becomes a negative 1. 
Every zero - this one, this one, this one and this one - that's sandwiched between them is significant. 
Are these guys significant? 
It's to the right. 
Is there a decimal point? 
There is. 
1-2. 
Every single one of them is significant - 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10. 
10 total. 
Wow! 
Let's look at this long guy. 
OK? 
Again, break it down. 
The 5, the 9 and the 6 we know are significant. 
Which means that any zeros sandwiched between them are also significant. 
The zeros coming to the left of significant numbers are never significant. 
We don't have to worry about them. 
There are zeros coming to the right. 
Is there a decimal point in the number? 
There is. 
So the zeros to the right are significant because of the decimal point. 
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 - total significant figures here. 
8 - 9 significant, sandwiched zeros also, 1-2-3 to the right. 
They are significant because there's a decimal point at the end. 
6 total here. 
2 - with 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 zeros to the right. 
Definitely significant because there is a decimal point in the number. 
1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9. 
9 total significant figures here. 
And finally, the number here. 
Zeros to the left of significant digits are never significant. 
Zeros to the right - these three will be significant because of that decimal point, which means that there is a total of six significant digits in this number. 
So to quickly review our three main cases - zero sandwiched between non-zero significant digits - always significant. zeros to the left, or coming before non-zero digits - never significant. and if zeros come to the right of non-zero significant digits, they're only significant if there's a decimal place in the answer. 
So - now I hope all this is crystal clear. 
I hope you're really comfortable with it. 
So now we'll go on to the next videos. 
We'll talk about how to multiply, divide, subtract and add numbers that have zeros and significant figures. 
Hello, my name is Ruben 
I'd like to show you the alpha compressor plugin 
let's have a little session 
Mid channel solo (sides muted) 
Darkening the sound... just a little bit 
Side channel solo (mid muted) 
Sidechain filter in highpass position 
Auto Fast: 
Semi-automated attack 
Onboard parallel compression 
Enhancing the high frequncies 
Seperate Auto Fast for release 
Warm Mode for gentle coloration 
Audio and sidechain filters in action 
Feed Forward - a little rougher, higher ratios 
Soft Clip Limiter reduces clipping: 
More Headroom! 
Special user interface fo mixing etc 
SC filter reduces influence of the kick 
Mix of dry and wet signals 
Fast and easy mix bus operation 
Download the free trial version from www.elysia.com 
Thanks for watching. 
My name is Tim Karges, I am one of the staff pilots at Life Lion at Penn State Hershey Medical Center, in Hershey Pennsylvania 
We are a flying ambulance, I'm the driver 
My name is Ella Kennedy, I am a flight nurse for Life Lion, we are a flying ambulance, a flying ICU 
We get them from point A to point B very quickly 
My name is Steve Weihbrecht, I a flight paramedic for Lion Line at Penn State Hershey Medical Center 
I work as a team with a registered flight nurse and a pilot 
We do interfacility transfers, calls, 911 emergency kind of thing as part of the team, I assist the nurse in any way with her care, perform duties up to my level as a paramedic 
We provide what is called womb-to-tomb care, 
I may go out on one flight caring for a tiny neonate, the next flight could be a 90 year old patient who is perhaps aseptic 
So I'm a jack of all trades, master of many. 
It's pretty much a flying computer, I punch buttons, I can take the aircraft, and lift off and do a hover and fly from here up to State College, and not touch the controls, and let the computer do all the work until we're 80 feet over the runway at State College 
It's pretty much almost all weather, we stay out of the ice, and we stay away from thunderstorms but otherwise I can go up in the clouds and fly on instruments (?) 
Two patients, pretty regular, we can take two without a total reconfiguration 
Normally we carry one, we carry a nurse, a paramedic, sometimes we carry extra crew 
We take a respiratory therapist if we're flying a baby out of a neonatal unit 
Working in the aircraft, with my partner and myself, it's only us 
Whereas in the hospital, you may have a physician at your side, in the aircraft it's just my partner and me 
The various medical devices we have on the aircraft are used to monitor the patient's defibrilation in case of cardiac arrest situations, maintain their vital signs, it's a very noisy environment. 
They also provide blinking lights and alarms which alert me visually because in the aircraft I cannot hear the beeps quite as well as I would perhaps an ICU emergency department 
My name is Greg Rupert, I'm the program manager at Penn State Hershey Life Lion paramedical services. 
The critical care transport system consists of communications link they provide coordination for our medical crews and our operational transport crews the drivers and the pilots, to complete the missions. 
As soon as they say go, we launch. 
Our communications center talk to the crew in the air 
The crews in the air actually will proactively prepare medication drips have them primied in tubing and in their pumps, and when they land at that facility, and go to that patient we've reduced that bedside time that you have with that patient 
We get a lot of people that stop by and thank us, come by after they're better but the flights, they kind of hit home a little bit more, are with the babies 
I had twin sons born prematurely, one didn't survive when I do that type of flight, when I can make a difference, when I feel like I can go out far, maybe to a smaller hospital, and pick up a baby, maybe give that baby a fighting chance that's the ones that last a little bit, make me feel a little bit better 
When I was in Nursing School, I was actually working here at the Hershey Medical Center 
I saw the helicopter land, and I had no idea that flight nursing even existed 
I'm an adrenaline junkie, and I saw that aircraft, and I knew that that was what I had to do 
I had a lot of people tell me that there was such a waiting list and it was so difficult to come on board to do this type of job, but, here I am. 
I've only been working as a flight paramedic for several years, but one of the calls we had was for C-response for a motorcycle accident with two patients down and just flying into the scene was kind of surreal because you're seeing the ambulances down there, you're seeing people scattered on the roadway 
On landing, coming up close to the scene and seeing the providers and just being part of that whole team from the basic life support all the way up to the trauma center just kind of put it in perspective that it's, all this working together to accomplish one main goal, which is patient care. 
Schizophrenia is a condition affecting 1% of the world population, regardless of race, gender or culture. 
In Spain, with 45 million people, this means there would be 450.000 individuals with schizophrenia. 
This disease is characterized by several clinical manifestations; some of the most important ones being delusions and hallucinations. 
Both of these main symptoms are called "positive", there are also "negative" ones, such as social withdrawal and loss of interest. 
Ultimately, it is caused by the overactivity of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. 
One of the most accepted hypothesis concerning the origin of schizophrenia is the alteration in brain development due to infections, which can affect us even in our mother's womb. 
The illness can become manifest during puberty and other stages of life, once this impairment in brain development has been produced, if there are certain psychosocial events such as severe stress situations. 
Fortunately, there are excellent drugs that control the symptoms of this disease, allowing many people to lead a nearly normal life. 
..and the winning lottery numbers are two! twenty-one! fifty-one! nine! twenty-seven! and forty-eight! 
(All) Yeahh! 
(sally) we won again! 
(dick) that was fun! 
A dollar well spent! 
(harry) If luck were money, we'd be rich! yes 
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 9.8 mols of solid NaOH - that's sodium hydroxide - in enough water to make 3.62 liters of solution. 
To find molarity, you take mols of solute and divide it by liters of solution. 
So to set our equation up here, we have molarity equals mols of solute, sodium hydroxide is the solute here, because it's getting dissolved in water, and we have 9.8 mols of that - divided by liters of solution, which is 3.62 liters, right here. 
So find molarity - 9.8, divided by 3.62. 
Round the answer to 2 significant figures, because I have 9.8 up here, and I get 2.7. 
What should the units be for this? 
When we find molarity, the final answer is in units of molar - M - 2.7 molar. 
But what 2.7 molar really means is that there are 2.7 mols of NaOH, of the solute, for every one liter of the solution. 
So 2.7 molar, but don't forget that means 2.7 mols for each 1 liter of this solution up here. 
You dissolve 152.5 grams of CuCl2 - that's copper chloride - in water to make a solution with a final volume of 2.25 liters. 
What is its molarity? 
So for molarity, as you know, we want to take mols of solute, divide it by liters of solution. 
CuCl2, copper chloride, is our solute in this case, because it's getting dissolved in the water. 
But the problem doesn't tell us how many mols of copper chloride we have. 
It tells us how many grams of copper chloride we have. 
So 152.5 - we can't use that number. 
Instead, we have to convert this to mols, then we can plug it into the molarity equation. 
So to convert this amount in grams into mols, the first thing we have to start with is the molar mass of copper chloride. 
And so to find the molar mass of copper chloride, we have to find copper and chlorine on the periodic table and take a look at their atomic masses. 
So copper - there is 1 copper atom in copper chloride, so I'll take the molar mass of copper - 63.55, and then there are 2 of these chlorines in copper chloride - so I want to take 2 times the molar mass of chlorine, which is 35.44. 
When I add these together, I get 134.45 grams per 1 mol. 
OK? 
That's like the molar mass of it. 
Now, we're going to have to use this as a conversion factor to go between grams and mols. 
Remember that when we have conversion factors like this we can always write them in two ways. 
We can write it like this, and we can flip it. 
So we can say 1 mol for every 134.45 grams. 
Both of these are ways to express the relationship between grams and mols for copper chloride. 
Now that I know how to go between grams and mols with this conversion factor, 
I can take 152.5 grams and I can multiply it by one of these two conversion factors. 
I want to use the one that gets rid of grams from the top of the equation up here. 
Since gram's on the top, I'm going to choose this conversion factor with grams down here. 
So now grams cancels out, grams cancels out, I'm left with mols - and I'm going to do 152.5 times 1, divided by 134.45. 
And that is going to give me 1.134 mols. 
I'm rounding to 4 significant figures here because I have 1-2-3-4 significant figures and I don't worry about the 1 because it's part of the definition. 
So now I know that I have 1.134 mols of CuCl2. 
Now I can go ahead and calculate the molarity. 
So molarity is going to be mols of solute - 1.134 mols, divided by liters of solution, equals 2.25 liters, and I want to crank through that, rounding it to 3 significant figures, because I have 3 sig figs there - it's going to be 0.504 molar. 
As I said before, don't forget that what that means is that there are 0.504 mols of CuCl2 for every 1 liter of this solution that we're making here. 
A solution has a volume of 375 mL and contains 42.5 grams of NaCl - sodium chloride. 
What is its molarity? 
This is kind of a challenging question because there are two things we need to calculate molarity - mols of solute, and liters of solution. 
We aren't given either of these two things in the problem. 
Instead of mols of solute, we're given grams of solute - sodium chloride is a solute. 
So we can't use that right away. 
We'll have to convert grams to mols. 
Then, instead of getting liters of solution, we get mL of solution. 
So before we can run this equation, we're going to have to convert mL of solution into liters of solution. 
Let's go step by step to show how we do these conversions, and then how we can do the molarity at the end. 
The first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to take this 42.5 grams of sodium chloride and turn it into mols of sodium chloride. 
I'm going to need to start with a molar mass of sodium chloride. 
We'll look at sodium and chlorine on the periodic table to get their masses, and I'm going to do 22.99 for sodium. 
I only have one sodium, and I only have one chlorine here - so I'm just going to do 35.44 here. 
Add those together, and I'll get the molar mass, which I'm going to be using as a conversion factor. 
So I'm going to write this as 58.44 grams over 1 mol. 
That's one way to write it. 
Or, I can flip the conversion factor and I can write 1 mole divided by 58.44 grams. 
Now I have the two conversion factors that I'll use for taking 42.5 grams of sodium chloride, multiplying it by one of these - it's going to be this one because I have grams up here, grams down there. 
So these cancel out. 
42.5 divided by 58.44. 
I'll put the answer down here. 
And that is going to give me 0.727 mols of sodium chloride. 
Now I know how many mols of sodium chloride I have, so I'm halfway there. 
The next thing that I have to do is take the volume, which is 375 mL, and multiply that by a conversion factor, so I can change it from mL into liters. 
So there are 1000 mL in one liter, which means that we can write these two conversion factors. 
I want to use the conversion factor that's going to turn mL into liters, so since it's on the top here, I will use a version of this conversion factor that puts mL on the bottom here. 
So - I'll cancel this out, cancel this out - I'll be left with liters, and when I do that - 375 divided by 1000 - I'm left with 0.375 liters. 
Now I know my liters. 
Now I have my mols of sodium chloride and my liters of solution, and I can finish this by saying - molarity equals 0.727 mols divided by 0.375 liters, and I'm going to get 1.94 - that's rounded to 1-2-3 significant figures, for my molarity. 
1.94 are the units, and as before don't forget what this really means. 
It means for every liter of this solution there are 1.94 mols, 1.94 mols per 1 liter of solution. 
So sometimes you won't always be given mols, you won't always be given liters, and you'll probably have to convert from grams to mols, or from mL into liters. 
So just make sure you've got your conversion factors set up straight. 
Now, in the next video, instead of having mols and liters and calculating molarity, you'll be given molarity and you'll have to use that as a conversion factor to move between mols in a solution and liters of a solution. 

So I'm going to draw up the length-tension relationship. 
This will be the key idea we're going to talk about in this video. 
And it's very related to some stuff we've already talked about. 
So we've talked about, for example, the Frank-Starling curve. 
And that was talking about how if you stretch out heart cells, and all of the things within heart cells-- all the proteins-- that it actually changes the force of contraction. 
And actually, force of contraction is very much related to this length-tension relationship as well. 
So I'm going to put that up here. 
Force of contraction. 
And instead of using that terminology, though, we're going to use the term tension. 
I mean, you can essentially think of them the same way. 
But classically, the word tension is what everyone uses. 
So we're going to use that same word. 
And then, as far as length, specifically the length that we're talking about is the length of a sarcomere. 
So I'm going to write sarcomere here. 
And the sarcomere, just keep in mind, is really going from one z-disc to another z-disc. 
So to draw this out, to actually write it out maybe, we can start with myosin. 
And so maybe this is our myosin, right here. 
And I'll draw some myosin heads here. 
And maybe some myosin heads on this side, as well. 
And, of course, you know it's going to be symmetric looking, roughly symmetric. 
So this is our myosin. 
And actually, I'm going to make some copies of it now, just to make sure that I don't have to keep drawing it out for you. 
But something like that. 
And we'll move it to be just below so that you can actually see, when I draw a few of them, how they differ from one another. 
So I'm going to put them, as best I can, right below one another. 
And we'll do a total of, let's say, five. 
And I think, by the time we get to the fifth one, you'll get an idea of what this overall graph will look like. 
So these are our five myosins. 
And to start out at the top, I'm going to show a very crowded situation. 
So this will be what happens when really nothing is spread out. 
It's very, very crowded. 
And you recall that you have actin, this box, or this half box that I'm drawing, is our actin. 
And then you have two of them, right? 
And they have their own polarity, we said. 
And they kind of go like that. 
And so, in this first scenario, this very, very first one that I'm drawing, this is our scenario one. 
We have a lot of crowding issues. 
That's kind of the major issue, right? 
Because you can see that our titin, which is in green, is really not allowing any space. 
Or there is no space, really. 
And so, these ends, remember these are our z-discs right here. 
This is Z and this is Z over here. 
Our z-discs are right up against our myosin. 
In fact, there's almost no space in here. 
This is all crowded on both sides. 
There's no space for the myosins to actually pull the z-disc any closer. 
So because there's no space for them to work, they really can't work. 
And really, if you give them ATP and say, go to work. 
They're going to turn around and say, well, we've got no work to do, because the z-disc is already here. 
So in terms of force of contraction for this scenario one, I would say, you're going to get almost no contraction. 
So when the length is very low, so let's say this is low. 
Maybe low is not a good word for length. 
Let's say this is, I'll use the word short. 
The sarcomere is short. 
And here the sarcomere is long. 
So when it's short, meaning this distance is actually very short, then we would say the amount of tension is going to be actually zero. 
Because you really can't get any tension started unless you have a little bit of space between the z-disc and the myosin. 
So now in scenario two, let's say this is scenario two. 
And this is my one circle over here. 
In scenario two, what happens? 
Well, here you have a little bit more space, right? 
So let's draw that. 
Let's draw a little bit more space. 
Let's say you've got something like that. 
And I'm going to draw the other actin on this side, kind of equally long, of course. 
I didn't draw that correctly. 
Because if it's sliding out, you're going to have an extra bit of actin, right? 
Something like that. 
And it comes up and over like that. 
So this is kind of what the actin would look like. 
And, of course, I want to make sure I draw my titin. 
Titin is kind of helpful, because it helps demonstrate that there's now a little bit of space there where there wasn't any before. 
And so now there is some space between the z-disc and this myosin right here. 
So there is some space between these myosins and the z-discs. 
In fact, I can draw arrows all the way around. 
And so there is a little bit of work to be done. 
But I still wouldn't say that it's maximal force. 
Because look, you still have some overlap issues. 
Remember, these myosins, right here, they're not able to work. 
And neither are these, because of this blockage that's happening here. 
This blockage. 
Because of the fact that, of course, actin has a certain polarity. 
So they're getting blocked. 
They can't do their work. 
And so even though you get some force of contraction, it wouldn't be maximal. 
So I'll put something like this. 
This will be our second spot. 
This will be number two. 
Now in number three, things are going to get much better. 
So you'll see very quickly now you have a much more spread out situation. 
Where now these are actually-- these actins are really not going to be in the way of each other. 
You can see they're not bumping into each other, they're not in the way of each other at all. 
And so all of the myosins can get to work. 
So the z-discs are now out here. 
My overall sarcomere, of course, as I said, was from z-disc to z-disc. 
So my sarcomere is getting longer. 
And you can also see that because now there's more titin, right? 
And there isn't actually more titin. 
I shouldn't use that phrase. 
But the titin is stretched out. 
So here, more work is going to get done. 
And now my force, I would say, is maximal. 
So I've got lots, and lots of force finally. 
And so it would be something like this. 
And so based on my curve, I've also demonstrated another point, which is that, the first issue, getting us from point one to point two, really helped a lot. 
Really. 
I mean, that was the big, big deal. 
Because you needed some space here. 
Again, this space really was necessary to do work at all. 
And now that we've gotten rid of the overlap issue, now that we've gotten these last few myosins working, we have even more gain. 
But the gain was really-- the biggest advantage was in that first step. 
Now as we go on, let's go to step four. 
So this is step four now. 
As we go here, you're going to basically see that this is going to continue to work really well. 
Because you have your actin, like that, and all of your myosins are still involved in making sure that they can squeeze. 
So all the myosins are working. 
And our titin is just a little bit more stretched out than it was before. 
And our force of contraction is going to be maximal. 
And you're going to have-- and so here, I'm drawing the z-discs again. 
They're very spread out. 
Our sarcomere is getting longer and longer. 
And our force of contraction is the same. 
Now let's just take a pause there and say, why is it the same? 
Why did it not go up? 
Well, it's because here, in stage three, you had 20 myosin heads working. 
20 out of 20. 
Up here, you had something like 16 out of 20 working. 
Here, we said maybe zero out of 20 right? 
And here, you again have 20 out of 20. 
So you still have an advantage in terms of all of the myosins working. 
But there's no difference between 0.3 and 0.4. 
Because again, all the myosins are working. 
You can't do better than 100%, right? 
So now in stage five, we kind of take this a little too far, right? 
So let me actually just make a little bit of space here. 
We take this a little bit too far in the sense that our actin is going to slip out all the way over here. 
And it's going to be out all the way over here. 
So we've got a huge, huge gap now. 
And, of course, our titin is completely stretched out. 
It's about as stretched out as our titin is going to get. 
This green titin protein. 
And now the question is, of course, would you get any force? 
And the answer's probably no. 
Because the myosins aren't even touching the actins anymore. 
So really, again, you have zero out of 20 myosins at work. 
And of course, that means that then the amount of force would be zero. 
So we go back down to zero. 
So this is part five. 
So you can see now, as we've gotten longer and longer, things were good for a while, but then they drifted all the way back down. 
And this curve that I'm showing you, this tension-length curve, is now based on exactly what you see on the right. 
It's based completely on the idea that as you stretch things out, the amount of force changes depending on the length of the sarcomere. 
[ape sounds] 
Meet the relatives 
These are our closest cousins, the great apes. 
We like to think we're different. 
But a few million years ago, we were just the same. 
Now, we dominate the planet. 
Somehow we humans have left apes far behind, or have we? 
Through a series of experiments we'll prove that apes are much closer to us than anyone thought. 
Startling images reveal that their instant memory is far superior to ours. 
Woman: 
"Lettuce." 
Apes can understand hundreds of words. 
[mimicking the sound of apes] 
They have a form of language. 
[high pitched ape sound by man.] 
And they use more complex tools than anyone realized. 
By looking at the differences and similarities between apes and us, we may find the secret ingredient that makes apes apes and humans human. 
We take it for granted but self-recognition is a fundamental building block of human society. 
We exist as individuals. 
Each with our own unique features. 
Scientists believe self-recognition is essential for our survival. 
We can live in large groups because we recognize similar features to our own in others. 
We can tell friend from foe. 
But is self-recognition uniquely human? 
Show a monkey a mirror and it thinks it's another monkey - it attacks. 
But how will our closer relatives the great apes react when faced with their own image? 
This 3 year old chimpanzee has never seen a mirror before. 
He's not sure what to make of it. 
Erect fur is usually a sign of fear or anger. 
But his fear is soon replaced by curiosity. 
When chimps see themselves in mirrors the first time, they naturally assume it's another chimp. 
The way a human being who's never seen themselves before does. 
And begin to play with mirror image. 
Soon, this chimp will know it is looking at itself. 
Just like these older chimps, they know exactly what mirrors do. 
This chimp appears to know that that's her tongue and those are her teeth. 
Chimpanzees seem to have a concept of the bodily self that allows them to look into a mirror and say that image is equivalent to this body. 
But how can we prove that humans and chimpanzees really identify the figure in the mirror as themselves. 
Psychologists have a well-known test for this. 
It's called the "mark test." 
A researcher marks a child's cheek. 
The child then looks in the mirror. 
He moves his hand up to the mark. 
He recognizes himself. 
By the age of 2, half of all children tested can recognize themselves. 
Soon, they all do. 
So, can our ape cousins pass this test? 
A keeper places a mark on a female orangutan. 
Next, they put her in front of a mirror. 
She has seen her reflection before but this time she notices that something has changed. 
Her hand goes to the mark. 
[music] 
All the great apes - gorillas, orangutans, chimps and bonobos can pass the mark test by a certain age. 
Welcome to Lecture six of Networks friends money and bytes. 
The question we're going to formulate and answer today is why does Wikipedia even work? 
Now the word work here is very vague but roughly speaking means that it achieves what it's sets out to do. 
To create a free, open, online interactive encyclopedia. 
And there are many reasons why it should not have worked. 
We're going to take a look at the challenges it faced and then zoom into a specific item of consensus formation. 
But before that, let's do a, a very quick recap of what we have been in the space of Work 2.0. 
We talked about Google's page rank, which turns a graph of webpage connection, into a single rank order list, according to the importance scores. 
Then, we talked about Netflix recommendation, 
Which turns a user movie rating matrix into many ranked orderless, one for each user. 
Then we talked about average rating on 
Amazon, or more generally speaking rating aggregation. 
That turns a vector of rating scores for each product into a single scaler. 
And then use that to generate a ranking for different products. 
The last lecture, or this lecture, we will be talking about voting systems that turns a set of rank ordered lists, many of them, into a single rank order list. 
In terms of ambiguity of the problem statement. 
Or perhaps this is in ascending order. 
Looks like all four of them are very heavily used in both online space in our other aspects of daily lives. 
Now to Wikipedia, which was launched a little over a decade ago in 2001. 
And is a result of three movements. 
One is wikis as a template for online collaboration. 
The other is free and open software movement. 
And the third is the emergence of online encyclopedia. 
Wikipedia is free. 
It also does not compensate for your contribution as writer to different articles. 
It is open. 
Anyone can write and edit and debate. 
And this dynamic changes both the number of articles and details of many articles very. 
Dynamically. 
Sometimes as soon as announcement is made in the public or event happens within a minute or sometimes right at the same time as that event unfolds, it is updated. 
It's interactive. 
There's talk page, there's history page, you can interact with the other contributors or the editors. 
And it is extensively linked. 
In fact, when you Google search certain kind of our keywords, Wikipedia articles are popped up. 
And then you can look at each Wiki article. 
There are many hyperlinks embedded in the text and a many footnotes at the bottom. 
So, the Wiki articles themselves also form. 
A very large and substantially linked network. 
There are perhaps more links per node than then the general web space and there are many such nodes. 
With in a decade since founding Wikipedia has already has 4,000,000 english articles and all together 27,000,000 articles in many different languages. 
So, by all accounts, wikipedia has been very successful. 
It is not, however, the first attempt to build an encyclopedia online, not even the first attempt to build it based on free open dynamic interactions. 
So there must be something that they did right and better than the previous attempts. 
We'll be looking at those momentarily. 
At the same time, we also recognize there are limitations. 
For example, there are misinformations. 
Some information on Wiki's are just rang, wrong, especially in articles with a very small audience. 
But what is important is that we can provide our effective, self-correcting mechanism. 
Usually the misinformation on Rose and 
Lily popular weekend articles are very effectively corrected by the community of contributors. 
There are also just mistakes, honest mistakes. 
But then again, everybody can edit an article. 
An edit can stay there as long as no other contributors can present a better, stronger case otherwise. 
Then there are also missing information. 
No encyclopedia can include all the information you want. 
Different people also have different definitions of what constitute an encyclopedic kind of article. 
But despite these limitations, Wiki has been, Wikipedia has been extremely powerful in certain fields like medicine the Wikipedia entries are extremely well documented. 
So now we have to look at some of the underlying reasons. 
Okay. 
Including forming consensus on conscientious articles. 
Among a community of possibly anonymous contributors. 
One way to look at the challenge of consensus formation is to look at the order of growth. 
For example, if we look at. 
A network. 
With many nodes and many links. 
We often say that there is a network effect. 
And a positive one, where something good Gross. 
As the square of the number of nodes and okay the something good for example could be the utility of the presence of a node. 
Now this implicitly assumes that every node is linked to every other node. 
Or at least the number of links a node has growth linearly. 
As N. 
So we'll later come back to this positive network effect, this n-square law, in various lectures. 
But today we'll also look at the complementary picture that is two to the n law. 
Suppose each one of these n nodes is just a binary state of mind. 
For example, do I support a certain political position or do I not support? 
Then out of N, knows that two to the N possibilities of configurations. 
And yet we would like to reach a consensus. 
This exponential growth two to the n in the number of people in the crowd or network highlights the difficulty of reaching consensus. 
There're just too many possibilities. 
And yet, consensus we must reach, and what 
Wikipedia practice is what they call the good faith collaboration. 
There are rules and guidelines. 
There are mechanisms . 
For encouraging collaboration. 
Consensus formation is one huge challenge, there are also three related challenges, one is that it is free. 
So how can something free, work in later lectures. 
And in fact in the first two lectures of this course, we say how pricing 
Information played a very important role in providing the right incentives. 
Well it turns out that free here does not mean the pricing is nothing. 
There is also implicit pricing, that is the amount of impact one can have. 
So you can call that fame. 
You can call that influential power. 
Basically those who contribute to Wikipedia believe that their reward, even though not financial, can be immense. 
In their articles and writing's might be read by tens of millions of people, might be quoted in various other articles and give them a very big sense of satisfaction and accomplishment. 
So that is one reason why many people contribute a lot. 
There's also a very strong positive narrow effect, this N squared effect, which is mentioned, 'kay? 
As more people start to read a certain article. 
It provides even more incentive for people to contribute cuz they know the audience is very big. 
So the difficult part of Wikipedia is at the very beginning around 2001 to 2002 when you didn't have as many audience. 
When people realized that googling the term usually returns Wiki article within the top three entries, then people will have, have much larger incent, big incentive to contribute. 
We'll later in the next lecture look at the different trajectories of growth of popularity of a certain product and services and how the now, if that place in shaping that curve. 
The second challenge is that, is open to anyone. 
Including those who are not experts. 
Non experts, including even those who are anonymous. 
And the saving grace for solving this problem is check and balance While you can write anything arbitrary, but probably within a few seconds, it will be corrected by somebody else. 
So having a large pool of community is very important to provide the checks and balance features. 
The third one is open to any subject. 
Including those that are sensitive, in terms of religion or political or other social subjects. 
So there must be some guidelines and rules and some mechanism to enable a meaningful writing process and editing process for these subjects. 
So what are the policy and guidelines? 
There are three key policies, and quite a few other guidelines, we'll just work through the top three policies here. 
One policy in Wikipedia is abbreviated as V, stands for verifiability. 
And this can be implemented in mechanism, which is external link. 
You cannot just claim something is true on a weekend article. 
If you want to contribute article or an article with something new, you have to provide way for people to verify it. 
If it cannot be forcified or validated, it that it cannot be stated. 
Another policy is abbreviated as NOR, No 
Original Research, because this is encyclopedia. 
It's not a peer reviewed journal article. 
So you cannot say, I, invented a new, theorem, or new law. 
Oh, I made some new observation and I'm going to go straight to write a wiki article about it. 
You can write about it but first you have to submit it to some say journals or conferences. 
Go through the peer review process that is based on scientific merits and back and forth. 
And then once it appears in some external link then you can write about that in the wiki entry. . 
The third of policy is abbreviated as NPOV, a neutral point of view. 
And unlike verifiability and no original research, neutral point of view is much harder to enforced, cuz it's not as. 
Clear cut as to whether this policy is observed or not. 
But roughly speaking, it says that, if you read an article, you should not be able to tell. 
What kind of people wrote it? 
For example, in U.S. 
Political articles, you should not be able to tell, is it a Democrat or a Republican who wrote this article? 
So the article must appear as, as objective and neutral as possible to the point that you cannot easily identify the kinda label. 
To the people who wrote this article. 
There're also quite a few other mechanisms here including having a history page where a few people would click that page but you can always check that out. 
Every single edit in the entire history of that hardcore is stored and you can check that for yourself. 
There is also talk page for discussion among the contributors and the editors. 
There is reputation system. 
If you enter using your ID then there's a reputation system of no ID, if you don't then there's a reputation system of the IP address. 
Later, in lecture thirteen we will talk about internet IP architecture but basically, this is the address of the device that you use to enter your articles. 
And then there is a hierarchical community. 
There are many, many contributors. 
And then there's a small set of people who are editors. 
And then there is a even smaller subset of that who are more senior editors. 
And they form like, juries. 
And they will debate and discuss and try to form rough consensus. 
On articles where the contributors hold a very different opinions. 
And eventually, it can pop up to the highest level of committee to debate and discuss. 
So thanks to these policies and guidelines and thanks to these mechanisms, some of these challenges faced by Wikipedia has been quite successfully tackled. 
So now what we want to go into more detail is how this, this kind of committee operates. 
And they operate it based on two kinds of mechanism. 
One is bargaining, and one is voting. 
Prof: 
Okay. 
Now we're going to talk about a different kind of ecology. 
We're going to talk about the flow of energy and matter through ecosystems. 
Up until now we have been dealing mostly with the biological interactions of organisms with each other, with organisms of other species, and with some physiological ecology where they're dealing with the physical and chemical problems presented by the environment. 
But now we're going to look at the energy and flow of materials through ecosystems and biomes, and in the world as a whole, as a paradigm that's driven primarily by physics and chemistry. 
Now there are differences between ecosystem and community ecology, and I think that this--you know, some of this is a little bit light-hearted; some of it is dead serious. 
So in ecosystem ecology, one is primary concerned about the flow of matter and energy, and in community ecology primarily with inter-specific interactions. 
The paradigm here is thermodynamics. 
So the mass balance equations, the second law, entropy increases, things like that. 
Here the issues are primarily competition, predation and history, and space. 
Okay? 
The kinds of measurements that get made are physical, chemical and geological here, and they're biological here. 
So you don't see Latin names and you don't see species names in ecosystem ecology; and they are definitely present and they're important in community ecology. 
The way that scientists chunk reality in order to make it manageable is quite different. 
In ecosystem ecology, they worry about ecosystem compartments and stuff that moves between them, and in community ecology they worry mostly about species abundances and how it changes in time and space. 
So the connection here is primarily to the biosphere. 
Here people are looking upward at larger, more complicated, bigger kinds of things; and in the community ecology they're mostly looking downward at how the community interactions are driving the population dynamics of the individual species. 
So the connection here is to biology and the connection here is to geology. 
And the two things definitely connect to each other, okay? 
So they have strong implications for each other. 
But, as you know, academic specialties themselves evolve, and people develop different paradigms and different language for dealing with problems, and they have tended to remain isolated from one another, and, unfortunately, sometimes they have even tended to denigrate one another, although they're both perfectly valid ways of trying to analyze the world; they're really just trying to answer different questions. 
So today what I'm going to do is I'm just going to outline energy flow, cycles of materials and biogeochemical cycles through ecosystems. 
I'm dealing with it at a fairly descriptive level. 
There are methods of making this paradigm very quantitative. 
And if you get interested in it, really the place to go is geology. 
Ruth Blake does this kind of thing. 
She's a biogeochemist in geology. 
This is a part of the world that has important implications for global warming, and which is driven mostly by things that have one cell. 
Okay? 
Whether they're algae or bacteria, they are the main transducer between life and geology. 
Now what is an ecosystem? 
Well it's one of those sort of abstract terms that gets operationalized in a lot of different ways, depending on who's doing the study. 
But generally speaking it's the organisms in a particular place, plus the physical and chemical environment with which they're interacting. 
And it's often a local example of some kind of biome. 
Okay? 
So it could be a local chunk of tundra, a local chunk of rainforest, a pond. 
It could be an upwelling area off Peru. 
It could be an alpine forest. 
It could be a lot of different things. 
And people study how energy flows, and so the paradigm basically, at least for things that are in the part of the planet that are driven by the primary productivity of plants, it starts with photosynthesis, and the annual production is usually determined by temperature and moisture; certainly for terrestrial ecosystems. 
Left out of this description is all of the chemosynthetic activity which occurs in deep, black, dark water at mid-ocean ridges, and which is occurring in the subterranean part of the biosphere that goes down- up to say five or ten kilometers, where there are bacteria that are living deep in the ground. 
And actually the pervasive influx of life, into the subterranean environment, is an important part in the biogeochemistry of the planet; that's not covered here. 
If we look around by, just by surface area, the planet's about 65% open ocean; it's about 5% continental shelf; desert's about 5%--that's extreme desert, okay, that's just about nothing on the surface; semidesert, so Sahel, that kind of area, about almost 3½, 4%; 3% tropical rainforest; and so forth. 
The idea here is you can take the planet and you can define different categories of the way things live on it, just by surface area, and break it down, and it looks like this. 
So here, if you were just to look at that, you would say, "Well, open ocean, continental shelf, desert and rainforest are the main biomes on the planet." 
That's just by surface area. 
If you look at net primary production per square meter, you get a totally different view. 
Okay? 
So this is just by surface area, and this is by primary production per square meter. 
Look at how lousy the open oceans are. 
Open oceans are deserts. 
Why are open oceans deserts? 
Student: 
No fresh water. 
Prof: 
What? 
Student: 
No fresh water. 
Prof: 
No, it's not that there's no fresh water. 
What do you need if you're going to make an ecosystem productive? 
Student: 
Zooplankton >. 
Prof: 
They need nutrients. 
Where are they going to get it? 
Student: 
Weathering or-- 
Prof: 
They could get it from weathering or they could get it from upwelling. 
Where does upwelling occur? 
Student: 
On a costal reef. 
Prof: 
Yeah, continental margins. 
Get out in the middle of the ocean and there's actually a tremendous amount of fertilizer there but it's five miles down, three to five miles down, and you just can't get it up. 
It's sealed off, because the top of the ocean is warm and the bottom of the ocean is cold, and there's no way that cold water can come up through warm water, unless you have Coriolis force or wind or something like that driving it. 
So that's why the open oceans are deserts. 
You'll notice that tropical rainforests are highly productive per square meter. 
In general forests are pretty productive. 
Swamps and streams are very productive. 
Algal beds and reefs are quite productive, and so are estuaries. 
So if you want to go someplace where you're-- you know, you're a naturalist, you like creepy-crawlies, you want frogs in your pocket, you want to see something new for Christmas, you go to these places; that's where you'll see a lot of stuff. 
Okay? 
So right there you already know where the prospecting is good, if you like to see lots of biodiversity. 
Now if you look at percent contribution to global primary production, the open oceans again crop up, and that is because there's just so darn much of them. 
If you're out there in space, looking at the world, you realize that you can fit all of the continents into the 
Pacific Ocean; it's bigger than all the continents put together. 
And most of it is open ocean; most of it is low primary productivity open ocean. 
But there's just so darn much of it that on the planetary scale it's making a pretty good contribution. 
And the tropical rainforests are big enough so that even though they're only 3 and a half or 4% of the globe, they have such high primary productivity that they're kicking in quite a bit. 
And the others, even though they are productive, occupy such a small portion of the globe that they're not contributing that much. 
Okay, so this is an overall view of energy flow on the planet, at least for the photosynthetically driven part of the planet. 
The sun is sending in the energy. 
And by the way, any idea of roughly how much of the sunlight that comes into the planet is actually captured by 
life? 
How efficient has the planet become at capturing photons? 
Does it capture 50%, 10%, 1%, 1/10^(th) of a percent? 
A guess? 
How many for 50% Hands up. 
How many for 10%? 
Hands up. 
A couple. 
How many for 1%? 
Hands up. 
How many for 1/10^(th) of a percent? 
Hands up. 
See the grad students think it's a 1/10^(th) of a percent. 
It's a small amount. 
I don't know the precise number, but it's down between 1/10 and 1% I think. 
So even after 3.5 billion years of evolutionary history, the planet has not become terribly efficient at capturing sunlight. 
Freeman Dyson has got this definition of different kinds of civilizations. 
One of the stages of civilization would be when you can put a sphere around an entire solar system and capture all of the photons coming off of the sun and harness it for running a civilization. 
That would capture the entire solar output. 
Well, you know, we are a tiny little dot on the face of the sun, and we're taking 1/10^(th) to 1% of its photons. 
So this isn't a very big number when you look at the solar output. 
What happens is that basically algae, primarily algae, but also trees and all other larger plants, are capturing this. 
Then the herbivores are eating the plants. 
The primary carnivores are eating the herbivores. 
The secondary carnivores are eating the primary carnivores. 
What do you think is in the red arrows, going off to the detritivores? 
In simple Anglo-Saxon, four letter words, what do you think is in the red arrow? 
Shit and corpses. 
Okay? 
That's the red arrow. 
It's pretty big. 
Any idea what Africa would look like if you got rid of the dung beetles? 
You would need hip-waders; especially in the Serengeti or any of the big national parks. 
A pile of elephant dung is about this big. 
Okay? 
So that's what's going off in here. 
We are deeply indebted to dung beetles. > 
Believe me. 
And to fungi. 
What's going off here is respiration. 
So that's energy. 
You know, you all use it up every day. 
You're using up somewhere between oh 3500 and 5000 calories a day, depending on whether you're on a sports team or not. 
And so that's what's going off out here. 
And this is coming off of every level here. 
Okay? 
So you can think of this as what's left over and this is the flow of all that ATP driven stuff on the planet surface. 
Now how does that look in space? 
Well if you look at tons of carbon fixed per hectare per year, where green is a lot and yellow is a little, you can see that the forests are really important. 
Okay? 
And the closer you get to the equator and the wetter it gets, the more efficient the forests are at fixing carbon. 
This is for the terrestrial part of the world. 
If you could put the reefs in, they would be fixing carbon, and they would be withdrawing it on kind of a different timescale. 
Because the tropical forests, although they fix a lot of carbon, don't actually cleanse the atmosphere of CO2, at least not at equilibrium. 
Why not? 
Student: 
As they're > they're actually they're also respiring. 
Prof: 
They are respiring, yes. 
What happens to a tree when it dies? 
Student: 
It releases a lot of carbon. 
Prof: 
It releases a lot of carbon, right? 
So in fact you could grow up a big forest but you only get the carbon benefit the first time you grow it up; after that it goes into an equilibrium where the trees are falling down and the logs are rotting and they're releasing carbon back into the atmosphere. 
So yes, you can temporarily fix a lot of carbon by planting a 
lot of trees, but in the long run it's not a stable solution because those trees get burned up; they either get literally burned up, or they get metabolized by the detritivores, and the detritivores put the carbon back into the system. 
What happens when you fix carbon in a reef? 
You make limestone, and limestone sticks around for a long time. 
And if you take a big reef and you slam it into a continent with a tectonic collision, you get marble. 
So the marble quarries of the world are the fixed carbon of 3 to 500 million years ago. 
So you can actually tie up carbon for a much longer period more stably by putting it into limestone than you can by putting it into wood. 
However, there are also some important things about different kinds of forests and how well they can grow, and a lot depends upon whether you have a deciduous tree or a conifer. 
And if you look around the world at the different kinds of forests, it turns out that the coniferous forests can actually fix more carbon per year than a deciduous forest, basically because they keep on growing at times when the deciduous trees have dropped their leaves. 
Okay? 
So their primary productivity, in terms of tons of carbon per hectare per year, is about 1 and a half that of a deciduous forest. 
And I mention that because there are-- these are the kinds of broad-scale biological differences that are important to pay attention to if you're doing ecosystem ecology. 
There are some that you can ignore, but this is a big difference and it's something that has to be kept track of. 
So I think you're getting an idea of the sort of filter that ecosystem ecology places on the details of other kinds of biology. 
Ecosystem ecology, it's going to be interested in keeping track of things that make big differences to the flow of energy and materials, and it's going to say we probably want to ignore the rest, just because life is complex enough as it is. 
Okay? 
So this is really what's driving that. 
And that's why, if you go back and you look at those biomes, you will see that when people make biome classifications, they keep track of whether they're dealing with a coniferous forest or a deciduous forest, and things like that. 
Okay, if you look across the world at grasslands, forests and the open ocean, you see a nice food pyramid. 
And the green is the herbivores--excuse me, the green is the producers, the yellow is the herbivores, the red is the carnivores. 
And if you just look at biomass, you will see that in grasslands you have a few big fierce animals, that are rare, and then you've got a bunch of grazing animals that are a bit more common, and there are more of them, and then you've got a lot of plants; pretty much the same in the forest. 
Out in the open ocean it's really quite different. 
You have a few large top predators; so these are the tuna and the sharks and the whales and things 
like that. 
Then you've got a big biomass of herbivores, and then not too many- not too much biomass of the algae, in the open ocean. 
If you look at the energy flow for the grasslands and the forests, it's pretty similar to the standing crop. 
This would be the standing crop. 
This is how much energy calories per square meter per day is flowing through it. 
But in the open ocean something is converting this kind of anomalous picture into a sort of standard food pyramid, when you look at energy flow. 
What's doing it? 
What's the difference between a grass and a single-celled alga? 
Student: 
The algae are more efficient. > 
Prof: 
Well you're getting at it. 
They are more efficient, but they're more efficient in a particular sense that makes a big difference to rates. 
Okay? 
This is the difference--this is a still photo and this is a movie. 
Okay? 
So there's--that's the difference. 
It's a difference in rate. 
Yes? 
Student: 
Algae reproduce a lot faster. 
Prof: 
That's basically it, yes. 
A single celled alga can probably have two generations per day and-- at least one per day--and maybe even in a warm estuary three per day, whereas a grass is probably going to be lucky to get through two or three generations per season. 
Okay? 
So there's a difference of perhaps a hundredfold in the rate. 
And the things that are eating them have a much, much longer lifespan. 
So down here what's going on is that the algae, there are not so many of them, but they're cranking over like crazy, and they're getting harvested 
like crazy by all of the planktivores in the ocean. 
So the krill, the copepods, everything that eats algae, is grazing them, and that's keeping the algae at a fairly low level. 
They're a long away from their own carrying capacity. 
They're in exponential growth rate almost all the time. 
So they're booming along, and it doesn't take so much standing crop to maintain a lot more biomass because they are turning over and reproducing and multiplying so quickly. 
So that is why you see this dramatic shift. 
Okay, so that's a bit of the overall description of the world's ecosystems. 
Now let's take a look at cycles of matter. 
Okay? 
The main compartments are oceans, fresh water, 
land and atmosphere, and they are exchanging materials all the time. 
You're already familiar with the upwelling patterns; 
I've mentioned that when I was discussing the Coriolis force. 
So this is where the nutrient-rich waters are coming to the surface. 
And in a place like the coast of Peru, you have millions and billions of seabirds, that are eating billions and trillions of anchovies and sardines, that are feasting on trillions and quadrillions of shrimp, that are eating algae, coming up there. 
Okay? 
So you have the cold Humboldt current coming up and bending offshore here, heading out for the Galapagos, and as it's moving out towards the west-- in the Southern Hemisphere, remember, it is coming up towards the equator; the equator has a greater angular velocity than the southern part of South America, and the water is getting kind of left behind by the planet, as the planet pulls out this way. 
And because you have a continent here, there's no water that's left there to flow over and replace it. 
So the only place it can come up from is the bottom, and it comes up from the bottom and fertilizes this zone off the 
West Coast of South America. 
Well over the course of hundreds of millions of years the seabirds that nest on islands offshore, so that they can get away from the predators that would their eggs on a continent, have built up a huge deposit of guano on the Chilean Islands. 
And this was a matter of international significance, prior to the First World War, because nitrogen was so critical in the manufacture of arms. 
You remember the Oklahoma City bombing, when Timothy McVeigh simply took nitrogen fertilizer and mixed it with diesel fuel, and put it into a truck and blew up a building. 
A lot of energy in nitrogen; okay, nitrate, powerful stuff. 
And this is where the world supply was. 
And, by the way, that repeats at many other upwelling areas around the globe. 
And just prior to World War One, Haber and Bosch figured out a way of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere, as ammonia and urea--they did it at high temperature and pressure-- and that was actually what kept 
Germany in the war between 1916 and 1918. 
Okay? 
So the reason I am mentioning this is that I'm trying to use a vivid example that shows you how the flow of materials between different compartments and ecosystems has actually influenced world history for human culture. 
And in this case it was basically the seabirds taking it out of the ocean and putting it on land; and putting it on in huge quantities. 
So now there's about 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer produced every year. 
It's about 1% of global industrial energy, and it sustains 40% of the global human population. 
So these kinds of processes actually are part of the substructure of our modern and post-modern culture, and it gives you some feel for an ecosystem service. 
Prior to the Haber-Bosch process, this fixing of nitrogen out of the atmosphere could only be done by biological organisms, and this is an estimate really of how big that ecosystem function was. 
Okay, so let's run through some of these cycles. 
Almost all the nitrogen that's on the surface of the planet is biologically inaccessible; it's in the form of 
N_2. 
N_2 is a molecule that is extremely difficult to react with. 
And there are--it can be converted into something that's biologically accessible, primarily by bacteria and by cyanobacteria and by lightening. 
So if you go out and simply have a lightening storm pass overhead, and you compare the rain that you get out of it, with and without lightening, in the five minutes or so after a lightening strike directly overhead, if you're holding a cup out there, you're going to be getting nitrogen fertilizer. 
It'll be fairly dilute, but it's over a huge area. 
Much more important are the bacteria and cyanobacteria that can convert nitrogen into nitrate. 
And most of that's going on in the soil, okay? 
So this is biological fixation. 
It's bringing it down into the soil. 
It gets processed and de-nitrified and goes back up as 
N_2. 
There's some industrial fixation; the Bosch-Haber process is doing that. 
This runs off, gets into the ocean and fertilizes the ocean. 
If we look at the impact of nitrate and sulfate on human problems and on terrestrial ecosystems, one of the big ones is acid precipitation. 
So this stuff right here, all of human industry and cars and so forth, which in the United States has been concentrated in an area mostly roughly between Chicago and Pennsylvania, right here, this area, because of the-- remember our Hadley cells and the jet stream and the reason that the air is flowing from west to east across the continent-- all of that emission is getting picked up and it's getting dropped on lakes in Canada and the Northeastern United States. 
So in 1955 the pH in this region of the country, in freshwater bodies, had dropped to 4.6; that's starting to get pretty acid. 
And by the way it was a much bigger problem for a lake that was sitting on granite than for a lake that was sitting on 
limestone. 
Why would it be more of a problem on granite than on 
limestone? 
Student: 
Limestone's basic. 
Prof: 
Limestone's basic. 
It's also a buffer. 
So limestone will basically put a lot of carbonate into the water and buffer this. 
So this was a big problem, and in fact some lakes were 
losing all of their fish populations. 
However, there were improvements in air quality control around the country, and this has spread, but in many places it's also been ameliorated. 
I'd say it still remains a serious problem, and it's a situation that also causes international tensions, because basically Eastern Canada is getting hammered by 
U.S. industrial and car emissions, because the flow of materials around the planet does not respect the arbitrary national boundaries that humans have created. 
It's even worse in Europe. 
In Europe the industrial production of Germany, which creates a huge load of acid in the atmosphere, gets dumped on Scandinavia, which is old Scandinavian basalt shield; so they don't really have any 
limestone buffer up there in Scandinavia. 
And that's one of the issues that gets talked a lot about in the European Union is how to equalize these kinds of costs. 
Because basically Canada is being treated as an externality by the United States, and Scandinavia is being treated as an externality by Germany. 
So that sort of thing needs conflict resolution. 
Okay, water. 
The hydrological cycle is critical because you can't grow plants without water, and you can't grow humans without water either. 
And as the human population has gone up over five, and now through six billion, fresh water on the planet is becoming very, very scarce. 
And, you know, we think we have it tough in this country because Arizona keeps screaming that it needs more water from California, and California says no, we're going to divert the Columbia River down to Los 
Angeles or something like that, and the people that live in 
Oregon get all up in arms. 
But that is nothing compared to the problems of the Middle East and North Africa, where water is actually one of the ground- the basic reasons for conflict among nations in those areas. 
And if you doubt that, look at where the dams are that 
Turkey has built on the Euphrates and the Tigress, and what that means for Iraq and Syria. 
Okay? 
Or look at all of the issues surrounding the 
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which are many and cultural and religious and many other things, but they also have a lot to do with water. 
So the water cycle is really quite critical. 
And I want to just mention a couple of things about it. 
The standard issue with water is that most of it's in the ocean, and it evaporates from the ocean; of course, it evaporates more when the oceans are warmer. 
Remember the El Niño effect-- right?--when that warm water from the Western Pacific flows back over towards the Eastern Pacific, then the evaporation of the oceans increases, you get a lot more water in the atmosphere, and rainfall goes up, from the Galapagos to Arizona, and right through to Connecticut. 
So the oceans are a very important source of evaporation. 
However evaporation off of freshwater lakes is also significant, and anyone who lives in 
Rochester or Buffalo will tell you just exactly how significant it is, after they've had a three-foot snowfall from lake effect snow-- right?--which is basically been driven by this process. 
So the water goes up and it cycles through the rivers, back into the ocean, and long-term basically the amount going in equals the amount going out, and as long as the West Antarctic ice sheet doesn't collapse, or Greenland melts, the level of the ocean stays about the same. 
By the way, the estimate on the Antarctic ice sheets is that if the ones that are currently grounded melt, that means there's an ice sheet that's offshore, but it's resting on the ocean bottom. 
And there are two big ones: one is the Ross Sea ice shelf, 
I think, and the other one is an ice shelf on the other side of the continent. 
If those two melt, then the ocean goes up about ten meters, about thirty feet. 
So the level of the ocean will go up and down a bit. 
So there's a very interesting thing that's going on with evapotranspiration out of forests, and I'm going to illustrate it first with a picture and then with a story about the Amazon. 
Okay? 
So if we go to the Mediterranean, and we look at the impact of what the dairying culture did, on the Mediterranean--so people started keeping sheep and goats, and goats are incredibly efficient at removing brush and grass from the landscape-- basically what the goats did is that they desertified the periphery of the Mediterranean, all the way around. 
They did it between about 5000 and 2000 years ago. 
So if you back, you can read in Greek and Roman commentary about all of the wonderful grain that was grown in North Africa, in places like Libya and in 
Tunisia and Algeria, and you can read descriptions of the wild forested habitat of Greece. 
And you go to those places today, many of them don't look quite this desolate, but they're certainly much more 
like this than they are like a nice deciduous forest or a chaparral. 
So goats had a big impact. 
And you ask yourself, "Well why does that happen?" 
Well we can actually, by looking the Amazon rainforest, we can get a pretty clear idea of what was going on in the periphery of the Mediterranean. 
So the transpiration from the trees, in the Amazon, is taking a huge amount of water out of the soil and putting it up into the atmosphere every day. 
So wherever you are in the Amazon Basin, usually by noon or about 2:00 in the afternoon, you've got a cloud sitting over your head, and that's the water that came out of the ground that day. 
And there's also moisture, of course, that's coming in from the Atlantic, and it's blown west, up towards the Andes, in the clouds. 
And because of this transpiration, if you look at a molecule of water that's coming in off the 
South Atlantic, by the time it hits the Andes it's gone in and out four times; it's rained four times by the time it gets to the Andes. 
So having the forest there is making very efficient use of that water. 
It is a positive feedback loop whereby the presence of the forest is maintaining the presence of the forest. 
And if you cut down the forest, the rainfall will decrease and the total plant growth will diminish, and that will accelerate the conversion of forest into savanna. 
So this is an extreme case of that process. 
In the Amazon there's enough stuff coming in off of the South 
Atlantic, and it's at--remember if you 
look at your Hadley cells, it's in a region of the world near the equator where you have warm moist air rising. 
So you're going to have planetary forces generating rainfall, whether there are trees there or not, but you move just 30 degrees north, to the Mediterranean, and you don't have that. 
Here, at the Mediterranean, you have got, in your Hadley cell circulation, you have got cold, dry air falling, and you don't get the planetary forces regenerating and replenishing the rainfall and the forests that had been there had been an important local source of transpiration into the atmosphere. 
So at the equator this is what you get, and boy is this stuff efficient at getting water up into the atmosphere. 
One that a lot of you have read a lot about I know is atmospheric carbon dioxide and greenhouse gasses and global warming. 
And it is the immediate source of carbon for terrestrial organisms, but it's really only a tiny part of the global carbon cycle. 
So if we look at the carbon cycle, and we look at storage in gigatons of carbon-- the storage here is in black and the flux in gigatons of carbon is in purple. 
So there's about 750 gigatons of carbon in the atmosphere. 
In the surface of the ocean there's about 1000 gigatons. 
In the deep ocean there's 38,000 gigatons of carbon, and so forth. 
Okay? 
So vegetation has got a bit less; all the vegetation of the globe has got a bit less carbon in it than there is in the atmosphere, and only about 1/50^(th) as much as there is in the deep ocean. 
And there is carbon which is moving between all these compartments. 
The fossil fuel and cement production of the world has got about 4000 gigatons stored, and it's putting about 5 gigatons per year into the atmosphere. 
So if we look at that flux, overall there's a big exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere. 
There's a pretty big impact of photosynthesis. 
Plant respiration is putting just about everything back into the atmosphere that it's taking out. 
So this is pretty much a wash right here. 
The increment from fossil fuel and land use looks pretty small compared to the overall process. 
But the critical thing is whether or not at equilibrium you're just pushing that equilibrium a little bit, because these are rates, and rates accumulate. 
Back in about 1955 or so, a forward thinking atmospheric scientist started measuring the carbon dioxide in the world's atmosphere right here at 11,000 feet on Mauna Loa on the big island of Hawaii. 
And he chose that because there you're about 2500 miles out from any continent. 
The atmosphere has been well mixed by the trade winds, and you're going to get a very, very well mixed sort of standard signal that's not contaminated by any local industry or anything like that. 
This is what it looks like. 
This is the Mauna Loa direct measurement signal over here, and these are inferences of past levels of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. 
This is parts per million by volume in the atmosphere, over here. 
And you can see that there's a signal that human industrial activity has been increasing carbon dioxide level arguably since the late nineteenth century-- okay?--and it's accelerating upward. 
These are from ice core measurements that are done mostly in Greenland by Danes and Swiss who go to Greenland and bore down through the icecap. 
Now let's put that in perspective, okay? 
So this is today and this is 500 million years ago, and these are all different kinds of measurements of carbon dioxide through the last 550 million years. 
And the 30 million year filter is--this is a moving average, a 30 million year moving average--and basically what it shows is that most of the time the earth has had a lot more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere than it currently has; much more than anything that has been contributed by human activity and industry in the last 150 years. 
This is estimated by various different methods, and it has a couple of striking features. 
Look what happens to carbon dioxide between the Ordovician and the Carboniferous. 
It is sucked out of the atmosphere. 
Where do you think it went? 
Student: 
Over there. 
Prof: 
Some. 
Some went into reefs. 
It went into your gas tank. 
That's when oil and coal were made. 
So when land plants first evolved--and that was when- that was the first big forest, planet covering forest, and it was warm and moist-- in those carboniferous swamps, you know, generation after generation, for thousands of generations of plants, built up. 
Then there's an interesting re-injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in the Permian, and it happens particularly at the end-Permian crisis, and this re-injection then does have the oceanic element. 
Okay? 
So some of that stuff did get stored, 
like in the Black Sea, right here, and then with the end-Permian extinction and the breakup of Pangaea and the re-ordering of the oceanic circulation patterns it got re-injected. 
Then throughout the Mesozoic--so throughout the time that the earth was dominated by dinosaurs and their other relatives-- it was pretty warm and plants could really grow. 
They were getting--by the way, carbon dioxide is a fairly good fertilizer; so plants do grow more rapidly when they have more of it, if they aren't being limited by some other nutrient. 
And then when we get into the last 65 million years, here, carbon dioxide is going down, down, down, until we get to what we perceive as the normal concentration-- right?--the normal concentration being down here. 
Well it was a lot higher, for a long period of time. 
I think there's an important message in that. 
The important message is that at the scale of life on the planet, global warming is trivial. 
Life has dealt with it and will deal with it just fine. 
There will be extinctions, but life will not go extinct because of global warming. 
There's been plenty of species that could deal with much warmer conditions on the planet, and those kinds of things will increase in abundance as things warm. 
However that doesn't mean that global warming is not important. 
Global warming is especially important because of sea level rise, and because of the increase in variation in weather patterns, which means that both periods of drought and floods will become more frequent at intermediate latitudes, and the intensity and the number of major storms will probably increase. 
It would be interesting to know what the hurricane strength was 
like back in the Silurian. 
You know? 
Katrina might have been just a little blip, compared to a 
Silurian hurricane, but unfortunately we don't know how big they were. 
Now the fate of the carbon that was in the original planetary atmosphere can be sketched here. 
And basically what you see is that it's mostly in limestone and in sediment, and there's a huge chunk of it sitting in the ocean as bicarbonate. 
So think about that the next time you buy a bottle of soda water or sparkling water. 
That's representative of 37 or 38,000 gigatons of carbon. 
Fossil fuel, organic sediment and so forth, you find that there's dissolved CO_2, which actually is the molecule CO_2, and not as the bicarbonate ion, in the ocean. 
Living biomass, fairly small; methane in the atmosphere pretty small. 
So when you look at that, you wonder well where is the biggest source of carbon that might get mobilized into the atmosphere? 
And in fact it's in methane hydrate. 
Okay? 
Methane hydrate will be a solid in cold water but it will melt and release methane with just a little increase in temperature. 
Okay? 
It turns out there's about 100 trillion cubic meters of methane hydrate stockpiled around the planet, sitting there in sediments, ready to be mobilized. 
So if the world's oceans warm up by a few degrees, there will be a very dramatic positive feedback effect as this methane comes bubbling out. 
And methane is a more efficient greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, by quite a bit. 
So its contribution to global warming could triple and really accelerate, if things warm up. 
And this is just a picture showing you that methane hydrate is stored in places like the sediments underneath deep water. 
So you have, say in the Arctic, it will be fairly shallow; off Louisiana it will be fairly deep. 
But there's a lot of it. 
The phosphorous cycle is different from the carbon and nitrogen cycles because phosphorous doesn't have a gaseous phase. 
It's a solid or a liquid. 
And it's the scarcest essential element. 
Of course, we need it for ATP, we need it to build the phosphate sugar backbone of DNA, and we need it for energy transmission and so forth; all life needs it for that. 
But it is really pretty scarce in the crust. 
So it is usually limiting. 
Now if you just go out there and you pour a bunch of phosphate into the landscape, this is what you get. 
Okay? 
You get lakes filled with algal blooms, and that is showing you the dramatic response of-- the algal population and plant population in lakes is showing you that phosphorous really is the limiting factor. 
So phosphate fertilizer is very important in agro-ecosystems, and phosphate fertilizer gets washed into lakes and fish die. 
Why do fish die in an eutrophic lake that has a lot of algae in it? 
What's killing them? 
Yes? 
Student: 
Because when the algae becomes decomposed, those > will take a lot of it and change it into nitrogen. > 
Prof: 
Well you've got it right about anoxia, but you got the mechanism wrong. 
By the way, the bottom of a eutrophic lake is anoxic and the process you described is going on there. 
But the algae don't have to die to do that. 
Student: > 
Prof: 
Well the algae certainly are taking the sunlight out of the top of the water. 
But when does the oxygen disappear from the lake? 
I remember the bad joke about the astronaut who was not so bright, who said, "Ah, we are going to take our new spacecraft and we are going to 
land on the sun." 
And he was asked, "How are you ever going to 
land on the sun?" 
And he said, "Don't worry, we are going at night." 
It happens at night. 
At night the algae are all there. 
They're not making oxygen because there's no photons coming in, but they still have to breathe themselves, and they just suck all the oxygen out of the water and the fish are asphyxiated. 
They don't have to die to do it. 
They're just naturally living their lives as normal healthy algae and they suck the oxygen out of the water at night. 
Okay, so some take-home points on ecosystems. 
Movement of matter and energy around the planet is really important, and there are some really interesting large-scale issues. 
And if you like big numbers and you like to calculate and look at flow models and compartment models and differential equations and stuff like that, biogeochemistry has a place for you. 
The contact here is with geology, physical chemistry and meteorology. 
The connections are important. 
They're not all well worked out. 
So there must be important connections between ecosystem ecology and community ecology, but they are still being explored, and this is not an area that's really mature yet. 
The part of ecology that analyses these processes really is the part that deals with the fate of the planetary environment, especially water and air, and that means it has important economic and political implications. 
So it's an area well worth worrying about and learning something about and remembering, because these are the processes that will affect the quality of human life on the planet, for forever basically. 
Okay, next time I'm going to discuss biodiversity, and about whether it matters or not, and about what extinctions mean. 
Now we enter Part Two of the Crash Course. 
Here you'll see the very information that led me and my family to make profound changes in our lives - where we live, my line of work, even where we get our food. 
With the background you've received to this point, you are now positioned to understand how the Three "E"s, the Economy, Energy and the Environment, intersect and seemingly converge on a very narrow window of the future, what I am calling "The Twenty-Teens". 
It's the data in these next parts 
leads me to conclude that the next twenty years are going to be completely unlike the last twenty years. 
A small warning: 
This material can be shocking. 
So we begin Part Two with "Debt". 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
Young man, if you are trying to impress me, you are not. 
It's not working. 
For him, that was the end of life. 
We had to do a little work to get him back. 
To cut the story short, my son went on to graduate with honors from Waterloo, one of Canada's top universities. 
(Applause) 
You need to have the bravado, to challenge the odds that life throws against you. 
OK, let's do a show of hands here. 
How many of you use Facebook? 
Wow, I'm really in the wrong business. 
(Laughter) 
Twitter, Google, I suppose everybody. 
How many of you know Aramex, Fadi Ghandour? 
Well, if you look at the background of all these people, they are just ordinary people like you and me. 
I hope Fadi Ghandour doesn't mind me calling him ordinary. 
I'll send him another bucket of Yemeni almonds, he loves Yemeni almonds. 
If you look at all these guys, they're just ordinary people who have good days, bad days, successes, failures, setbacks, everything. 
Where they differed is in the fear department. 
That's where they differed. 
They did not allow the possibility of failure to stop them from trying again and again and again. 
We have seen J.K.Rowling. 
Twelve times. 
That's the key. 
That's the key, right there. 
See, as long as you're still trying, as long as you are still in the game, the game hasn't ended. 
You are still working on it. 
You haven't failed. 
You fail when you throw in the towel, when you give up. 
And then, you are the one who has announced that failure. 
Nobody else has done it. 
You are the one who announced failure, yourself. 
In the mid 1970s, when I was in my 20s, 
- it's kind of difficult to believe I was ever in my 20s - but, yeah that did happen sometimes in the last century. 
I was in Abu Dhabi trying to build my life. 
I had to sleep in the beach, not because I love beaches, but because I was thrown out of my home by the landlord. 
We were 8 guys of us staying in one room, one day, the landlord came  and threw us out. 
He found another tenant who paid him more. 
So what do I do? 
Well, you do what you have to do. 
I went to sleep in the beach. 
In fact, my morning shower was in the mosque nearby, which helped me discover gold, and that's a different story. 
It took many years to happen. 
At that time, I was about 21, 22 looking at myself. 
I was looking at a failure. 
I mean, how do you actually build your life when you have no roof in an expensive city like Abudhabi at the age of 20-22? 
Many years later, it occurred to me that what I was looking at is not failure. 
I was looking at the building blocks of character that will make you one day appreciate, strive and if ever you succeed, realize that you succeeded. 
After all, the poison that doesn't kill you makes you stronger. 
I have a friend. 
He had another friend. 
They become business associates together. 
And they decided to expand their business into European expansion. 
My friend was responsible for it. 
While my friend was busy with the European expansion, he was hit by the news that his friend has committed a massive financial fraud, and ran away. 
And, we are talking massive, we are talking mega dollars, because the business was dealing with those kinds of sums. 
My friend was investigated, suspected, but anyway, at the end of the story, although the investigations proved that my friend was innocent, and in fact, he was a victim, it destroyed his life in the country where he lived, and he had to leave. 
In the other country, where he went maybe about 2-3 months later,  he was hit by another crisis that hit him in a very personal way. 
Something that only his wife and I know. 
Nobody else knows, not even his family. 
You'd say, by that time, he should be finished. 
He's done. 
Two major crisis in your life almost instantly. 
But he managed to stand up again. 
He managed to rise again. 
Right now, he is facing another crisis, another major disappointment. 
But I look at his face, and I see a defined man. 
I see a man who refuses to give up. 
I see a man who's still trying to build up his life. 
He reminds me of a story. 
And this is where I want to end this. 
My time is almost done. 
Of a man who enters into a fight, one of those ancient fights, there were no rings at the time, they used to fight in the open. 
And he gets beaten up in his face and he falls flat on the ground. 
He rises up again and is hit again. 
Every time he rises up, he is hit again, third, fourth time, he's down on the ground. trying to rise up, he thinks in his head, 
"If I'm able to stand up again, it's because I refuse to stay down. 
And if I do stand up, and I'm hit again and I'm never able to rise up at least it will happen while I was fighting. 
At least it will happen while I was on my feet." 
The Chinese have a saying, and I want to say this to myself to you guys, and to Yemen. 
The Chinese say, failure is not falling down. 
Failure is refusing to get up. 
(Applause) 
Thank you very much. 
In this segment I'm going to return to dependency parsing. 
Right in the first segment, I introduced the idea of dependency syntax, but let's look again at how that worked. 
So the idea of dependency syntax is you connect up the words of a sentence by putting arrows between them that show relationships of being modifiers or arguments of other words. 
So here, in this example, we've got the head of the whole sentence submitted and it's got its dependents, so it's got bills submitted by somebody and then also the auxiliary verb were. 
Now, not necessarily, but quite commonly the arrows are typed by the name of some grammatic relation. 
And so we can see that here, where we've got the subject of a passive, the verbal auxiliary, and the prepositional relationship. 
The other things that you should know about is just a bit of the terminology. 
So firstly when we have an arrow we always have the thing that is the head, or the governor, here submitted, and the thing that is the dependent, modifier, inferior; various words are used as you can see over here, here bills. 
So that they're the two ends, the governor and the governed thing of a dependency. 
Now, beyond that there's actually some inconsistency about how things are done. 
So in these slides and in the original dependency grammar work of Tesnière the arrows run from the governor to the dependent. 
But you can absolutely also find other work that points the arrows the other way. 
And actually if like here you're using height in the tree to show what's dependent of what, you actually don't need to have any arrows at all. 
You could just draw these on lines without any arrowhead on them. 
Okay, so, as in this example, normally what you find is that dependencies form a tree. 
So that there's a root node, and then, from there, everything heads down with words having a single head, and in a nice acyclic manner. 
I should mention also that it's actually quite common to add sort of one pseudo node at the top, often called root or wall which points at the head of the sentence. 
That actually makes things a lot cleaner, both in terms of the parsing algorithms but also in terms of things like evaluation and representation because then you get the property that every word of the sentence including the root is the dependent of one thing. 
And so you can think of it as doing an assignment process of working out what is the governor of each word of the sentence. 
How does dependency grammar relate to the kind of phrase structure grammar that we've concentrated on so far? 
Well, the central innovation is really that dependency grammar is built around the notion of having heads and dependents, whereas the basic case of a context-free grammar, there's no notion of a head whatsoever. 
And actually things have moved on from there. 
If you look at modern ex, modern linguistic theory, that means things like 
X-bar grammar to linguists, or our modern statistical parsers whether the 
Charniak-Collins or Stanford parser. 
All of them have a notion of head and use it extensively. 
So for example, in all these parsers, there's a notion of head rules where it'll identify some category as the head of a larger category. 
And as soon as you have head rules of the kind that we discussed before, well then you can straightforwardly get the dependencies out of a phrase structure representation. 
So, basically you kind of have a spine of head chains, and then everywhere you have something coming off that, that's a dependent. 
So we have a dependency from walked to Sue, and a dependency from walked into, this is another head chain, and then we've got another dependency from into store, head chain, and dependency, store the. 
So, we have the basis for a dependency representation inside a phrase structured tree if and only if, we have heads represented. 
What about if we go in the opposite direction? 
If you try and go from dependencies to phrase structure, you can reconstruct a phrase structure tree by taking the closure of the dependencies of a word, and saying that those represent a constituent. 
But it slightly changes the representation from what we normally see in phrase structure trees. 
In particular, in a situation like this, you can't have a VP node. 
Because actually, both 
Sue and into are dependents of walked, and therefore all three of those must have a flat phrase structure representation, where you have the three, the head and its two dependents Sue and into. 
How do people go about doing dependency parsing? 
A whole variety of methods have been used for dependency parsing. 
One method to do it is with a dynamic programming algorithm like the CKY algorithm that we saw for phrase structure parsing. 
Now if you do this naively by adding in heads, you end up with something similar to the lexicalized probabilistic context free grammars we saw earlier, and end up with a big O n to the fifth algorithm. 
But there's a clever reformulation of what the parse items are due to Jason Eisner in 1996 which makes the complexity of doing dependency parsing also N cubed. 
Which is kind of what you'd hope it to be, just thinking about the nature of the operation. 
But there are a whole bunch of other methods. 
So people have directly used graph algorithms to do dependency parsing. 
So, one idea from the algorithm's literature is that you can construct a maximum spanning tree for a sentence. 
Because, since you want all words connected together, to be the dependent of something, that means you have to build a tree that spans all the words in the sentence. 
And that's the idea that's used in the well known MST parser. 
There are other ideas of constraint satisfaction where you start off with a dense set of edges between all words and then eliminate ones that don't satisfy hard constraints. 
But a final trained independency parsing and actually what we're going to focus on here, is a way of doing dependency parsing where you head left to right through the sentence and make greedy decisions based on machine learning classifiers as to which words to connect to other words as dependents. 
And so the most well known example of this framework is 
MaltParser, and I'm going to concentrate on this just partly because it's very different from what we did for our approach to phrase structure parsing we looked at in depth, but also because it's been shown that this kind of method of doing dependency parsing actually works extremely well. 
It can work accurately, and exceedingly quickly. 
So it's just a good thing to know about as a different point in the space. 
No matter how we do dependency parsing we need some sources of information to let us choose between possible analyses and which words to take as dependents of, of other words. 
So here's a list of the main sources of information people use. 
So, the most obvious source of information is bilexical dependencies. 
So if we have something like a dependency between issues and the. 
Well we can look at the word that's the head and look at the word of the, that's the dependent and say is that 
likely. 
That's similar to the bilexical dependencies of our earlier lexicalized 
PCFGs. 
But we don't want to use that as our only source of information partly because lexical information is so sparse. 
And there are several other good sources of information. 
So let's just go through those. 
So one is the distance between the head and the dependent, And if you look at this picture, what you'll see is that most dependencies are short. 
They're with nearby words. 
There are a couple of exceptions. 
So, this dependency here is a pretty long one. 
But most of them are pretty short. 
Other sources of information are, what is the intervening material? 
So, in general, dependencies don't cross over verbs, and commonly they don't cross over punctuation. 
Some exceptions, commas are quite often crossed over. 
So, looking at the words in between can give information about whether a dependency is likely or not. 
A final source of information is looking at the valency of heads. 
And that's saying, for a particular word, what kind of dependents does it typically take? 
So a word like the typically takes no dependents on the left and no dependents on the right, as in this case here. 
On the other hand, if you have a word that is, say, a noun, it will take dependents like adjectives and articles on the left. 
But it won't take those kind of dependents on the right, though can take other kinds of words as dependents on the right. 
For example, take prepositional phrase modifiers or relative clauses as dependents on the right. 
So you can develop a quite rich typology of what kind of dependents words take. 
Okay that should give you a better sense of what dependency representations look like and it's the big picture of how we go about parsing with them. 
In the next segment we'll introduce a concrete algorithm for dependency parsing. 
[Chinese song] 
Happy Birthday, Hessian Theater academy, 
We wish you all the best for the next 10 years! 
This is a ground plan of the building in which we are. 
We entered here, at number 15, 
Then straight ahead through the corridor, 
At the left, the foyer with the works from the design school, 
Then in the corridor, the durational performance of María Fernández Aragón, "Voice over" 
And the door which you see here, this is the door through which you've just entered the room, 
This means I'm standing here on stage facing you, 
And you are in the audience, in your seats, facing me. 
You see the first row in the photo from the top here. 
This is a photo of the model that the architects built for the contest. 
The building changed a little during construction, but basically it still looks as you can see here. 
This is a photo of the National Theater of Somalia in Mogadishu. 
This building has been constructed by Chinese people in the 60ies. 
It was a gift of Mao to the young state Somalia. 
Therefor Mao-Bibles have been provided at the opening celebration 1967 for each visitor. 
There was a page marked, when you opened it, 
There was a quotation from Mao: 
An army without culture is an uninformed army, 
And an uniformed army can be defeated. 
A photo of the opening celebration. 
The photographer took this picture on the 4th of May 2012 from a steep perspective. 
Therefor you can see the stage tower well. 
From the stage, where I'm standing up to the rooftop are about 14 meters. 
This equates roughly the height of the opera-house in Bayreuth. 
The only difference is that this theater here is located in the heart of the city. 
Because of the angle which the photographer chose, you can see the prospect hanging there. 
This is the stage desgin of the opening play, which hase been written especially for this occasion. 
You can see 4 persons hugging each other. 
At the back up in the sky, here, this is the white star from the flag of Somalia. 
This flag resembles the flag of the UN. 
It has been designed that way as gratitude to the UN for their aid. 
The play has been written for this occasion. 
It is called Dalaarwin Walid - 
Dadaarwin Walid. 
This means advices by the parents. 
And this is a play about love. 
Somalia is a country in the east of Africa, which doesn't exist anymore. 
Anyway not as a state, because it fell apart in more than 20 years of civil war. 
Separated regions fight about borderlines, are reigned by different clans. 
Some of them seek independence. 
One could claim that the breakup of the state is related to the destruction of the National Theater. 
Most of you will know the movie Black Hawk Down by Ridley Scott. 
In one scene the US-pilots are flying over Mogadishu. 
Their mission is to destroy the arsenal in the National Theater. 
Ever since the theater has no roof. 
Only these metal bars are left as you see here, 
And everybody is sitting under the open sky, as in ancient greek theaters. 
Liu Xenfang is standing behind me. 
He is from Hongkong, about 55 years old, 
And he worked as a young man at the construction site of the National Theater in Somalia. 
When I'm standing in this picture, I always think: 
Please give the Peace Nobel Prize to this human being! 
I showed him the picture once and told him what I think. 
Lui, Peace Nobel Prize? 
He laughed at me and said, the only Chinese that got the Peace Nobel Prize, was a provocation of the West. 
Liu how are the real human rights conditions in China? 
Well, China is ok, much more stable, than other countries. 
But, Liu, stability and human rights have no bearing on each other. 
Well, I think it has. 
Liu, China is the state with the most executions. 
You know, in some occasions, politics must kill the people. 
China is such a big country, it's hard to establish discipline, but you need it. 
When the construction of the theater was finished, Liu stayed in Africa. 
Now he runs a shop here in Nairobi, where he sells lots of different things. 
Plastic bags, clothes, mobile phones, akkus, shoes and so forth. 
There is one bestseller, which is this: a multi-band radio. 
With slack joint. 
This is Ahmed, a friend of mine, from Somalia. 
He was born in Bonn, Germany, maybe he is not somali. 
We studied together in Berlin. 
He studied business and I studied economics and Sinology. 
When he finished his studies, he asked himself, what to do? 
Then he had the following idea: 
This is myrrh, a natural resin from the myrrh-tree. 
And this myrrh-tree finds extremely well climate conditions in Somalia. 
Therefor this is the resource - here you can smell it - please give it to your neighbors - 
- for which the world still needs Somalia. 
Then Ahmed had the idea to import myrrh from Somalia to Germany. 
This is used in shampoos, in many cometics, medicine as well. - the back rows will be happy if you pass it on. 
Ahmed founded a firm for this export business, here Mercatus GmbH, in Hobrecht Street 28, Berlin. 
This firm is also the kitchen of his flat. 
The business works well, but sometimes he looses control. 
Which is mainly due to Somalia and the civil war there. 
And now actually comes the main punchline of this evening. 
Mister Liu Xenfang from Hongkong, who built the National Theatre in Somalia, who now runs a shop in Nairobi, found Ahmed's firm on the internet. 
He had the idea to invest in this myrrh-business, buy myrrh from ahmed, sell it to the far east. 
But he heard that the myrrh from Somalia is often shit. 
There's goat-shit in it, or splints of shell or other shit. 
He didn't want this, therefor he wanted to check the situation on the ground himself. 
In summer 2011 Ahmed and Liu planned a journey to the Horn of Africa, in order to sort things out with the farmers there. 
And Ahmed asked me to join this journey, to make research there, and develop a theatre play out of it. 
And then I searched in Germnay for people to participate in this. 
Hello, my name is Chang Bee, I come from Taiwan. 
I studied classical singing in Taiwan, this means, learning to sing in the way that the european opera needs. 
Therefore I wanted to go to Europe when I finshed my studies in Taiwan. 
In order to learn it even better, where this aesthetic comes from. 
And I went to Berlin for an entrance examination. 
Somalia is not the kind of country where one can travel spontaneously. 
I wandered about security concerns in advance of our journey. 
I wanted to plan it well, wanted to know which places are really dangerous, then we could figure out a route which is not critical, or do I have to cancel it all, because it's to dangerous everywhere? 
When you make a good plan in Taiwan, you ask an authority which can tell you. 
I asked my teacher when I wanted to go to Europe. 
There are so many different countries, I don't know, where should I go? 
He said Italy? 
Never go there, it's no good. 
The Italians are as false as the Chinese. 
Everything depends on sympathy, if you sing well or not doesn't count. 
The teacher sais about France: 
France is super, everybody wants to go there. 
Paris is an excellent city, but when your no genius, you don't have a chance to get in there. 
Then he gave me a good advice: 
Germany is the best. 
Why is Germany so good? 
In Germany there are theatres everywhere. 
Also in the small towns. 
Therefore you build your career from place to place with endurance and passion. 
In the end you can stand on the big stage in Bayreuth. 
And in Germany, the teacher said, there is an important difference: 
In Germany the north is more liberal than the south. 
Therefore I wanted to go to Berlin. 
I then asked everybody who is concerned with Somalia for advice. 
Wolrd Hunger Aid, journalists in Africa, UN, foreign ministry, everyone said the same: don't go there, it's too dangerous. 
But then I found out, that noone I spoke with was in Somalia in the last years. 
Everything I found out was only hearsay. 
Entrance examination in Berlin, the next is Bee Chang from Taiwan, with an aria by Rossini: 
Semiramide. 
Semiramide by Rossini. 
This is really very beautiful. 
Wonderful. 
But I think you really can't sing Rossini this way. 
This was the sentence that the professors in Berlin said to Bee, when they rejected her. 
This european way of singing turned into a legend for Bee. 
She later sang a concert in a church in Germany and found out: there's also something about the architecture. 
My voice sounded just as the voices on the european CDs that I was always listening to in Taiwan. 
Unfortunately there are no such churches in Taiwan. 
And then Bee went to Hamburg. 
To the musical. 
When we planned our journey to Somalia, the media reported about a humanitarian catastrophe. 
Back then 20 000 people starved to death. 
Half a million Somalis fled to Kenia from the draught. 
And I saw a photo in a newspaper report. 
There is a small child on the ground in a bent position, about 4 years old, naked. 
Next to it, there is a vulture, waiting for the child to die. 
The photographer waited 20 minutes for the vulture to spread its wings. 
I would like to stage a play in the National Theatre of Somalia. 
It should be like this. 
So good, that the whole audience would be so enthusiastic, that suddenly there would be peace in the whole country. 
Then I made one more attempt. 
On the rehearsal stage I focused all the lightning on one place. 
I lay down there. 
I wanted to see, how long it takes that I get really thursty, and how long I could endure it. 
I made a performance as well. 
I wanted to feel the earthquake of tsunami 2005 in my body. 
I fell to the floor. 
I slipped over the stage with tap-dance-shoes. 
There were ugly scratches on the stage and it sounded ugly. 
And then much more text. 
Bee is still in Hamburg at the musical. 
I went to drink some water first and turned on the radio. 
In the National Theatre in Mogadishu a suicide-bomber blew herself up at an anniversary. 
Mogadishu doesn't need beautiful arts, but hard life. 
At the musical I realised, that the over-optimistic entertainment style doesn't fit my mentality. 
Ladies and gentleman: 
Bee Chang from Taiwan! 
[musical song] 
Then I took of my costume, and looked exotic enough for a part in Lion King. 
Every time when Ahmed comes back from Somalia. 
He tells terrible stories and says: 
I wil never go there again. 
But he also says: when Somalia needs a president in 10 years, 
I'm ready. 
When he went there for the first time, he met relatives, that he never saw before. 
And his uncle took him to the desert. 
Ahmed must sleep in the desert in order to turn adult. 
They go far out. 
It is cold. 
There is noone. 
Ahmed cannot sleep. 
Suddenly he hears an animal. 
A lion roars nearby. 
It is creeping through the camp. 
Ahmed tries to wkae his uncle. 
Hopefully he has his gun with him. 
The uncle wakes. 
The lion roars again, and the uncles tells Ahmed, that he should not wake him up because of a lion which is 20 miles away. 
This way Ahmed became a grown up person. 
The choreographer of Lion King didn't want us to imitate animal movements, as everybody does it. 
But we dance the souls of the animals. 
This a cow. 
No. 
This is a pig. 
No. 
A giraffe. 
No. 
A horse? 
No. 
This is a monkey. 
No. 
Again a pig? 
No. 
A lion. 
No. 
I have to say it, it is a stupid, racist sentence, but it is also true: 
Somali people are always shouting. 
It is always the real big drama. 
This was a german Reunification-Shout. 
This was a Bone-Breaking-Shout. 
I can't bare certain pictures. 
When I see a cruel picture, a bloody picture, 
I loose consciousness a fall to the ground. 
This happend for the last time in Berlin in the subway. 
There are screens called Berliner Fenster. 
They showed an advertisment for a CD recorded by the German Opera, Semiramide by Rossini. 
Then they showed a photo from Pulitzer Awards. 
It was taken in the National Theatre in Mogadishu. 
You see a man lying on the ground with summer clothing. 
The sun is shining, he smiles. 
There is a hole in his head, there's blood and parts of his brain everywhere. 
When I saw this I fainted. 
Oh God! 
I worked with cruel pictures as well. 
A serbian colleague asked me to participate in her performance. 
She experienced the Kosovo-war when she was 15. 
She described a footage that she saw. 
That was broadcasted in the TV. 
A prisoner was tied to a column. 
His skull was cut open alive. 
And the liquid from his brain was spooned out. 
I shoul dance a derwish-dance. 
That's a prayer of turkish monks. 
On my left hand I had an old tape recorder. 
In it, Jimmy hendrix played his e-guitar against the Vietnam war. 
Then she wanted me to imrpovise with my voice. 
She wanted me to see pictures from wars with my inner eye. 
She wanted me to apologise for mankind. 
It goes like this. 
In my hand I was holding a gong and I hit it during singing. 
In the end a long broad red cloth came down. 
When Ahmed brought the myrrh to Germany, the next steps are the following. 
These lumps are of no use in this way. 
In a plant in Hamburg these are destilled to take out the essence from it. 
We can easily imitate that, because we don't need it super-clean. 
I put some of the myrrh into this fountain, turn it on, and the essence is generated. 
This product is made in Taiwan. 
And it reminds me of my homeland, because the rocks in our landscapes look similar. 
And the sound from the water is really convenient, because in the hot summer, you only want to flee to the mountains to cool down. 
The most beautiful in Taiwan is the east coast at the Pacific. 
When you have time, go there, make a biking tour. 
It is very nice, noone around, you hear the waves. 
Myrrh gets credited with the power to balance body and soul. 
I wanted to try and answer some questions with this project. 
The first was: what are the difficulties with the product myrrh? 
I did my last performance together with a japaneese DJ, Hito, and a composer from Hongkong, Kimho. 
It was about things that only we understand. 
My second question was: 
When a person grows up away from his homeland, and later goes back there, how is this? 
Hito dee-yays with her orange kimono, Berlin-style minimal. 
Forth question: 
When I work with Somalis as a German, what should I know? 
I danced a taiwaneese dance hit, that everybody dances there. 
Primary school children, housewives, workers at the chinese new year party, 
Even the gods with their big masks dance it at festivals on the streets. 
It goes like this. 
Woo, woo, woo, you are my flower, 
I want to pick you and put you to my heart. 
Kimho played a wonderful melody from the cultural revolution of Mao in China. 
Behind me on the screen there was a big pictue with three people. 
A pilot 
A soldier 
I don't remember his gesture. 
And a girl with a red cap. 
Forth question: 
What must a somali businessman do to get his business running? 
On the picture there was a sentence in three languages. 
We must free Taiwan! 
Fith question: 
What happend indeed, when someone migrates? 
During this time I concerned myself alot with Taiwan. 
I watched lots of videos on youtube. 
One video shocked me, as I heard about it 30 years late. 
It was about a resistance fighter from Taiwan, who opted for absolute freedom of speech. 
The government said: we will catch you. 
He said: no you will catch my corpse. 
70 days he barricaded in his office. 
Then the police came to arrest him. 
Shortly before that he burned himself. 
Some minutes later the police entered and you saw a black burned corpse on the floor. 
You couldn't recognise him. 
He turned thin as bones. 
His skin turned to scurf. 
His arms were like this: fists towards the sky. 
His 9 year old daughter was at his funeral. 
She looked into the casket and didn't recognise that it is her father. 
She cried and didn't understand why she should watch that. 
She didn't talk about it for 20 years. 
Her face-muscles were motionless. 
Everybody treat her and her mother well in Taiwan, because her father sacrificed himself. 
But she says: 
I'm not him. 
Memory is the selection of images. 
Some elusive, other's printed indelibly on the brain. 
Daddy loves you, so much! 
I know we'll dance at every party. 
Each image is like a thread. each thread woven together to make a tapestry of intricate texture. when I first met Louis I said to myself 
He is a healer, he will take care of me. 
Do you still love her? 
Men fought each other for the privilege of speaking her name. 
And the tapestry tells a story. 
And I find out he's just a man. 
You're in trouble, they're really mad. 
Who them? 
They always mad! 
And the story is our past. 
I'll never forgive you. 
If you drive him away. 
The summer I killed my father, I was 10 years old. 
I saw daddy, 
Daddy and Mrs Munroe. 
That's a lie! 
What's wrong with her? 
Oh, she'll be alright. 
Have you told anyone? 
Cos if you tell I swear I'll do you harm. 
You know i love my sister but she's not unfamiliar with the inside of a mental hospital. 
It's sunday, which one of your patients you gonna see Louis? 
What was wrong with that lady? 
Some illness it's hard to put your finger on. 
It's now every night! 
I know he's not working, I know he's not 
She thinks I'm driving you away. 
She's a child! 
How do you kill someone with voodoo? 
I put his hair inside the wax coffin, buried it in the graveyard. 
That's ridiculous! 
You wanna raise the dead? 
But you can't kill people with voodoo. sometimes a soldier falls on his own sword. 
You speak to my wife again and I will kill you. 
Oh my god! 
No! 
Daddy! 
Bad girl 
I failed him. no! 
Milk, water, and dates 
Allah akbar Allah Akbar, I can't hear pass them water 
(Laughter of cousin holding camera) 
Shut up cocho... more laughing from camera guy... 
Go for it! 
Go for it! 
I'm gonna pay you another 20 pesos 
Go for it cochaso. 
Go for it cochaso. 
Look the work is waiting 
Go for it, get it out so you .. 
Oh yeah, that's it. 
Echo of voices ... 
Sounds of birds calling... 
older worker talking to boy... 
La verga (look it up in a spanish/english dictionary) 
Yes, the older cousin is laughing again 
Guffaw...ehg la verga... shouts - So, get to it! echo 
Birdcalls 
S: 
I'm here with Dr. Agus who is a professor of engineering and medicine here at USC. 
We're looking at pictures of things that seem very different to me. 
What is the commonality? 
Dr: 
The commonality is inflammation. 
Inflammation can be manifested by a runny nose or the flu, it could be manifested by an infection in your toes, it could be hitting your head playing football, or hitting your arm when you fall while playing a sport 
All of those can cause inflammation. 
S: 
Inflammation has a certain meaning in everyday language: 
It means something is swollen and red. 
But here we're talking about inflammation in the medical or scientific sense where it's not things are swollen and red BECAUSE of inflammation. 
Dr: 
Right. 
S: 
So what is inflammation? 
It isn't just swollen and redness. 
Football players get red and swollen. 
Dr: 
Inflammation occurs when your body senses danger. 
So when something is wrong--whether it be infection, whether it be trauma--in the case of football players your body senses danger and sends in its front-line soldiers which are its immune cells in order to fight whatever is causing it. 
So, if it's trauma, the immune cells go in there and they help rebuild the tissue that is damaged. 
If it's bacteria, they go in there and try to take away the bacteria so you can get over that cold or that flu. 
So, that whole process is what we call inflammation, it's the "danger process". 
S: 
So the immune cells go to the site of danger to either fight the danger itself or repair the aftermath of the danger. 
That sounds like a good thing! 
Dr: 
It's an awesome thing. 
The problem is your body, all of us; we care about what happens today, not down the road. 
One of the take home points that astonished me when I start to think about it, is that nature, evolution selects out for who has good kids, and that's what evolution is about: it's about having children; about progeny. 
It's not about what happens when we're 80yrs-old or 90yrs-old. 
And so, inflammation is fantastic at dealing with today's ramifications. 
The problem is if you get the flu today, your risk of cancer and heart disease a decade or a two decades from now are up. 
S: 
If I get the flu just once? 
Dr: 
If you get the flu once. 
So those five, six days where you feel horrible, your inflammation is through the roof. 
That's having ramifications down the road. 
S: 
This is already getting a little scary for me, because I've had the flu...so I already feel a little worried about my cancer risk. 
Dr: 
I can tell by looking at you! 
S: 
The symptoms we get when we have the flu or cold, it's not the virus that's causing it. 
The virus is causing the inflammation, which is causing the symptoms. 
Dr: 
Yes. 
That's what's wild. 
When you get a virus, your immune system attacks it, and then you get a fever. 
I still don't know why we get fevers. 
It's one of those things where cytokines, which are proteins the immune cells make to send out and get more reinforcements and tell the body what to do, it causes a fever. 
Is a fever good, is a fever bad? 
I don't know! 
We take Tylenol to lower a fever, but is that a good thing? 
Nobody has really looked at the long-term ramifications. 
We've looked at the short-term, but how does that effects will there be a decade from now? 
We just don't know. 
S: 
What you're saying is the reason we have inflammation is, something is happening to my body, 
I have some trauma or an injury, but I might have to run away from a lion tomorrow. 
So fix-fix-fix Sal now or fix David up so he can run away from a lion tomorrow, but in the wild I might not have lived to 40 anyway. 
So why even worry about whether that person might get cancer if they get to 40 or 50? 
Once they're past the point of reproduction. 
Dr: 
Right, the body has to choose priorities. 
The priority is today rather than tomorrow. 
An amazing study was done where we gave patients what we call a "statin". 
Statins are drugs that were developed to block the synthesis of cholesterol. 
We thought, you know, people with higher cholesterol--particularly the bad one, LDL--those people have a higher incidence of heart disease. 
So, if we block the synthesis, we're going to affect heart disease. 
What do you know? 
We did! 
A dramatic effect: 
We lowered the death from heart disease with these drugs. 
S: so it seems like they worked! 
Dr: 
Right. 
Then a company, or a very clever group did a trial where they gave people with normal cholesterol these drugs. 
It also had a dramatic effect, in that it delayed heart attack and stroke by almost a dozen years, 
Wow and it reduced the incidence of cancer by about 40%. 
S: 
So cancer, something we don't normally associate with cholesterol. 
Dr: 
So it turns out these drugs, which are the biggest drugs in terms of sells we ever had, worked by lowering inflammation. 
So the affected heart disease wasn't by lowering cholesterol, it was predominantly by lowering inflammation. 
And the affect on cancer was by lowering inflammation. 
In fact, remember when the swine flu came out a couple of years ago? 
If you got the swine flu, the only thing that protected you from your lungs collapsing going on what we call a ventilator, a breathing machine, was being on one of these statins. 
S: 
Because it would stop the inflammation. 
Because with swine flu, people were dying from inflammation going nuts. 
Dr: 
Yes. 
S: 
Fascinating. 
The people who are dying of heart disease, is it the cholesterol that's killing them or the inflammation? 
Dr: 
I think it's a chicken-and-the-egg phenomenon where the inflammation allows the cholesterol to deposit; and they go together. 
S: 
It's really the statins affect inflammation, which then reduces cancer by stopping the inflammation. 
Dr: 
Exactly. 
One of the problems we have in Biology and Medicine is what you can measure. 
So, I can measure cholesterol. 
I don't really know how to measure inflammation well. 
So while we can make these associations in big studies where we look back, if I had a metric, a blood test or something to look at for inflammation, I could optimize this. 
S: 
Can you not just measure the amount of cytokines or other inflammatory types of things? 
Dr: 
There are different types of inflammation. 
So, some inflammation can be good, some can be bad. 
Some can be really causal, some can be a little causal. 
So we're putting them all into one basket now, which is inflammation, the key is to start to tease them out, and be able to modulate them. 
You can develop a drug, but then you would have to optimize it for a particular purpose. 
So, these were optimized to lower cholesterol. 
They do that very well. 
It also lowers inflammation, and they work beautifully in that regard. 
But how do we optimize that going forward? 
It also means that when you look at your lifestyle and my lifestyle, we have to limit inflammation. 
So, what are the easy ways to do that? 
One is, which I think should be mandatory, is things like the flu shot. 
So again, the flu shot will certainly delay you from having or prevent you from having a bad flu... 
S: 
Which is good today and good tomorrow. 
Dr: 
Yes, it lowers heart disease and cancer down the road. 
S: 
I had no clue. 
I thought the flu shot was just a nice thing to avoid a week of the sneezing. 
But flu shot can actually reduce your cancer... 
Dr: ...and heart disease down the road. 
And we have to think long-term as a society. 
S: 
What about statins? 
I mean, it seems things like Lipitor, etc.-- 
no one should take medical advice based on a thing in a video-- but, are taking it, just for heart disease? 
Or are people taking it more broadly now? 
Dr: 
Listen: 
I'm a believer that these drugs have such a profound affect on cancer, heart disease, stroke, potentially Alzheimer's, that you should consider taking it to prevent these diseases. 
And again, giving no recommendations, but what I say is, you and parents should talk to your doctor and say, 
"Why shouldn't I be on this drug?	" 
S: 
And there are some side effects? 
Are they easy to test for? 
Dr: 
They test for them, and they're reversible. 
You have to do a risk-benefit analysis. 
Have to look at you and say, are you at high risk for XYZ? 
If you are, what can prevent it or delay it? 
The name of the game is not treating disease, it's preventing disease. 
S: 
This is fascinating. 
But no advice here, everyone should talk to their doctor. 
Dr: 
Btw, another great medicine that reduces inflammation is aspirin. 
S: 
Aspirin, I've heard of that! 
Dr: 
It's a helluva drug! 
Again, there are side effects to aspirin, it can effect bleeding, but at the same time, it gives dramatic effect by lowering inflammation. 
S: 
Right. 
And that is the main side effect, it's an age-old drug, and it's a blood thinner, if you get a cut or you bleed while taking aspirin, you might bleed more. 
Dr: 
Right. 
Blood thinner is a funny word, I'm not sure what it means. 
I keep thinking paint thinner when you say that. 
S: 
That's how I imagine it. 
Dr: 
It binds to the platelets and blocks them from activating, it stops them from working very well. 
S: 
It's more anti-clotting? 
Dr: 
Right. 
And platelets are one of the key components in clotting, and they certainly affect it. 
S: 
So your blood will have the same viscosity, it just won't clot as easily. 
Dr: 
Exactly. 
And you could certainly paint a wall with either one. 
S: 
That's a little morbid. 
Thanks so much 
For one of these things to be in the return value, two things have to be true. 
First, it has to actually match this regular expression. 
Second, it has to be in this string. 
So a1 does match this regular expression. 
We're looking for things like a1, a2, b1, b2, c1, etc. 
There's actually an a1 in this string. 
So, yes. 
2b does not match this regular expression. 
For this particular regular expression, the first letter always has to be a letter and not a digit. 
This doesn't work out. b2 looks very promising. 
It's one of the strings we would match, except that it's not actually found in our haystack string. 
It can't be part of the return value. cc doesn't match, because we're looking for things like a1, b1, c1 that have a digit in the second position. 
This is not a digit. cc3 does not match because it's three characters long and we're looking for strings that are two characters long. 
44 doesn't match, because it doesn't start with a through z. d4 looks very good. 
It's the sort of thing we would match from this regular expression, but it's not actually in our haystack string. 
Instead we have 44d. 
The empty string--this was a bit of a ringer or distracter thrown in-- doesn't match our regular expression. 
It's too short. 
It's zero characters long, and we're matching things that are two characters long. 
But finally c3 matches our regular expression and it's present in the string, so yes. 
And the answer is 88. 
It takes 7 steps to go from start to goal if we just count the go straight steps. 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
And we have to turn once in this spot right over here, which costs an additional -5, so we pay a total of -12. 
That plus 100 gives us 88. 
[ghostly moaning] 
-Shut up! 
[doorbell rings] 
-(Ian and Anthony) Trick or treat! 
-Are you a real Ghostbuster? 
-Well... not really. 
-I have a ghost in my house; I need it gone. 
I will pay anything. 
-Hell yeah, we're real Ghostbusters. 
-So where's this ghost? 
Die, ghost, die! 
-[making shooting noises] 
Aw man, she's such an idiot. 
[laughs] [makes shooting noises] 
-[grunts, urn shatters] 
Okay, the ghost is dead. 
-Oh, thank God. 
[gasps] 
My husband's ashes? 
-The ghost did it. 
-Money, money, money [microwave beeps] 
-I'll get it. 
-Mm, I'm rich, I'm rich. 
-Ooh! 
Hey, where are the scissors? 
Oh, here they are. 
-[shrieks] 
-What? 
[crunch!] 
-[groans] 
-S--t. 
-What the hell's going on? 
-Um... 
I guess I killed you. 
-Oh, thanks a lot, douche. 
-Well, on the bright side, we did make a butt-ton of money from that lady. 
-What do you mean, "we"? 
-Oh, dude, I just got an awesome idea. 
Maybe we should-- 
-Haunt people so we can charge 'em a bunch of money to get rid of me so we can get super rich? 
-Ghosts can read minds? 
-No, your ideas are always this unoriginal and half-baked. 
-[scoffs] 
Well, you know what? 
I wasn't thinking of going with that idea anyway. 
I was thinking that we should just-- 
-Haunt people and, while they're distracted, just steal their money? 
-Stop it! 
Yes, let's just do that. 
-Sweet, high five! 
-Whoa! 
[groans] 
Ow! 
All right, Old Man Blumpkin's house. 
-Yeah, but be easy on the old guy, okay? 
You know he's got that heart condition. 
[gun cocks] 
-What are you two turds doing in my house? 
-Old Man Blumpkin? 
-How can you see us? 
Only ghosts can see other ghosts. 
-Duh, a--hole. 
I just died. 
-Ohh. 
-Wait, what did you just say? 
-Ohh. 
-No, the thing before that. 
-Only ghosts can see other ghosts? 
-But then... that means... 
-You don't remember... do you? 
Last week, when you were driving... 
-No. 
-There was an accident. 
[horn honks] 
-Ah! 
No... no! 
-You don't believe me? 
Think, Ian. 
Think about earlier today. 
-I have a ghost in my house; I need it gone. 
-Hell yeah, we're real Ghostbusters. 
-So where's the ghost? 
-Aw man, she's such an idiot. 
[laughs] [makes shooting noises] 
-Hey, where are the scissors? 
Oh, here they are. 
-[shrieks] 
-No... no... 
No. 
[gasps] 
So that means... that I'm actually... 
Mexican? 
-(announcer) Double Facepalm'd! 
[Mexican Hat Dance playing] 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
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-I guess I don't have to wear underwear anymore. 
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Now we are going to look at the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and it's role on heart health. 
The Mediterranean diet has certainly been around for millennium and yet there is no one Mediterranean diet. 
It refers in general to the way the people in the countries of the Mediterranean diet, have traditionally eaten foods. 
There's a hypothesis that there are differences among these populations, for whatever reason. 
The way that these populations have eaten for centuries has actually lead to lower rates of heart disease that you might see in other parts of the world. 
So the first person to really study this relationship and to scientifically prove that eating a certain way impacted your heart health was an individual known as Dr. Ancel Keys. 
Dr. Ancel Keys lived to be 100 years old from 1904 to 2004. 
He was a researcher and a doctor working out of the 
University of Minnesota. 
And you might recognize his name, or perhaps you've heard of the K ration which is the type of food packets that the soldiers in World 
War two ate was named after K for Dr. Keys. 
He worked in a variety of different backgrounds in and round of nutrition, but we do refer to him as the father of the 
Mediterranean diet. 
Another thing that he was very well known for, was his book in his publication called The Biology of Human Starvation. 
This way published in the post world war two era, and he really did some of the seminal research on reef feeding, and how we feed an individual who has previously starved. 
But that, but back to his work in the Mediterranean diet realm. 
In the period from 1958 to 1970, he conducted what was called the Seven Countries Study. 
And he surveyed men in eighteen different areas of seven different countries, and these men were aged 40 to 59. 
He was the first person to scientifically explore what associations existed among diet, disease risk, in different contrasting populations. 
He did a very thorough chemical analysis of foods that people in these different areas ate, and also did documentation about the foods that they eat. 
He demonstrated the degree to which the diet and in particular saturated fatty acids and cholesterol 
levels, would predict present and future heart disease. 
Now to you, especially at this point in the course, you It might come as no surprise that a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol helps to reduce heart disease risk. 
But at the time, Dr. Keys was fascinated by middle aged American males who had really high risks of heart attacks. 
How come other comparable males in other parts of the world, weren't having the same experiences and the same rates of heart attack. 
And that's really what he initially sought out to study and he turned into really starting to exploit and really highlight the benefits of eating a Mediterranean diet. 
Sort of the basic principles of the mediterranean diet. 
It's primarily a plant based diet that includes herbs and spices for added flavor. 
There are some animal products but red meat intake in particular is limited, there is a focus on fish and on poultry. 
There's low intake on processed foods and the emphasis is on fresh whole foods. 
It includes fish and foods from the sea and a moderate consumption of dairy and wine. 
There's also the notion that activity is part of the healthy lifestyle. 
And as far as the fats go, there's a focus on good fats with the primary fat of the Mediterranean diet, being olive oil. 
What you see here is an image that's showing the Mediterranean diet pyramid. 
This is a visual teaching tool that was developed or introduced in 1993 and it's a collaboration between the 
Harvard School of Public Health, the European Office of the World Health 
Organization and the non profit organization called Oldways. 
It's based on the dietary traditions of the people of Crete. 
The island of Crete in the country of Greece in Southern Italy, around 1960. 
Now certainly you go to certain parts of 
Greece or Italy, or any Mediterranean country for that matter, and see that maybe the diet doesn't exactly reflect this. 
But in the period of 1960 this is what the Mediterranean diet traditio nally looked like. 
What do you notice, about this pyramid, that's different, than some of the other food guides, that you might have seen? 
Well to start out with, if you look at the base, the base of this pyramid focuses on being physically active, and the notion of enjoying meals with one another. 
But there's certainly a pscyhological component, and the sharing of foods among family and friends, that's integral, to this lifestyle. 
The base of the pyramid, as it pertains to food, is focusing on fruits, grains, vegetables. 
Mostly whole grains. 
And olive oil, beans, nuts, legumes, seeds, herbs, and spices. 
There's a little bit of protein that comes from fish and seafood. 
And even less focus on poultry, eggs, cheese. and yogurt. 
At the top, in very limited amounts, you see meats and sweets. 
Notice over here, there's inclusion of wine and it says, in small print, but it's there, in moderation. 
There's also the encouragement to drink water, which is a nice way of saying don't drink sugary sweetened beverages. 
One of the most interesting things about the Mediterranean Diet is that it's not a low-fat diet. 
Right, it's actually pretty moderate in fat intake, 25 to 35% of the total of the calories. 
Saturated fat's comprises no more than seven to eight percent of the calories. 
So, it's pretty decent in fat, but the fat's don't come from butter and cheese and meat. 
They come from monounsaturated fat. 
Things like olive oil, nuts, and seeds. 
With just a tiny amount of animal foods included in a diet. 
These monounsaturated fats are not alone protective against cardiovascular disease, but in combination, the lifestyle factors plus the dietary components, are what researchers think is the primary reason why we see lower rates of heart disease in people who eat this way. 
There also is inclusion in the Mediterranean diet on alcohol. 
Alcohol may be cardio protective in two ways. 
It helps to reduce clotting and it also slightly elevates your HDL 
levels. 
Now if you don't drink alcohol, its not worth picking it up or starting to drink alcohol to get these benefits. 
But if you do drink alcohol, there is an incentive to drink in moderation. 
Moderation, in nutrition science, with regards to alcohol consumption is referred to as no more than one glass of wine per day for women, and one to two glasses of wine per day for men, or another alcoholic beverage. 
But the point is that it should be, limited to one glass or serving per day for females, and one to two per day for males. 
What does the research show about the Mediterranean diet and heart health outcomes, and how does the 
Mediterranean diet which is not low in fat, compare to a low-fat diet? 
There is a study called the PREDlMED study that looked at 722 asymptomatic persons, who were age 55 to 80, who were at high cardiovascular disease risk. 
They were randomized to be in a group that ate either a low-fat diet, or one or two of, or one of two different types of Mediterranean diets. 
At the three month follow-up period, the weight and the BMI were the same in the three groups. 
But there were lower blood sugar levels, lower systolic blood pressure levels, lower total cholesterol to HDL ratios in the individuals that were in the two 
Mediterranean Diet groups than you saw in the people that were in the low fat group. 
Also, inflammation markers were lowered in those were who were following the two 
Mediterranean diets. 
And because there is a role of inflammation in heart disease, that's another reason why researchers think that this diet might be beneficial in protecting against heart disease. 
What about the effect of the Mediterranean diet on, Metabolic Syndrome. 
Metabolic Syndrome is a cluster of factors and it looks at how an individual's waist circumference their HDL level, triglycerides, blood pressure and glucose metabolism interface. 
And for individuals that have the 
Metabolic Syndrome, practitioners believe that they're are at higher risk, for developing other sorts of chronic disease. 
In 2011, researchers did a meta-analysis of 50, of 50 different studies, that had over 500,000 people. 
And they wanted to study the effect of the Mediterranean diet on metabolic syndrome and its components. 
They found that adhering to the Mediterranean diet, was found to be highly protective against the development of metabolic syndrome. 
So much so, that they were able to show a 31% reduced risk of developing metabolic syndrome for individuals who stuck to the principles of the Mediterranean diet. 
If you're interested in learning more, take a look at some of these resources. 
And, in particular, the Oldways site that explains in pretty good detail. 
The history of the 
Mediterranean Diet as well as some of the existing research about it's effectiveness in helping to prevent heart disease. 
Dornheigm a small village in Thüringia 
With a pretty little church 
A church where once of Europe's most famous musicians have walked down the aisle 
On 17 October 1707 JSB married his first wife in this church 
The church is a ... attracting people from all over the world 
It's group of supporters comprises 190 members from Germany Switzerland Italy Netherland USA and Japan. 
We are very happy to have not only the ... 
So it is no wonder that couples still come here to get married 
The church could well have decayed too. 
In the former GDR 
There was a lack of money to preserv it and perhaps a lack of interest on the part of the government 
The building decayed. 
In 1985 the church have closed as the roof has collapsed. 
It rained and snowed into the building 
It was hardly any ... left on the walls 
The benches ereased as they were all ... eaten and totally rotten 
Humidity was nearly constatly above 90% 
And the consequences was mold and decay. 
Whoever the community refused to throw in the towel. 
Together with ... supporters and craftsman from the region 
Reconstruction begun in 1996 and was also supported by DRYMAT. 
This has deffinetly helped to reduce humidity enormusly not only in the room air but also in the walls. 
It is checked continously the humidity value being determined and we were quite amazed to see such an effect 
You know we have already tried all kind of methods. 
We have drilled holes, put injections into the walls, and kept renewing the ... 
And at that time the water really run down the walls in ... 
Everything we did was useless 
So this is the only method which has really been helpfull for us. 
And it is persievable. 
Visitors who come into our church often say that the air has improved considerably. 
Finally the church where JSB got married could be preserved thanks to the supporters who spent countless hours working here after work and the weekends. 
Thanks to the many donations made by ... supporters from all over the world 
And thanks to DRYMAT. 
(Piano music) 
(Applause) 
On the second piece is also classical piece by Schumann (Applause) 
(Piano music) 
(Applause) 
The semantics of relational logic is not by itself to tell us which terms are equal and which are not. 
In fact, it's possible for every term to refer to a distinct object in the real world and it's possible for every term to refer to the same object. 
Well, the semantics relational logic does not constrain your quality relation. 
The idea of coreferentiality does. 
For example, it's not possible for us to believe a=b and b=c and at the same time, not believe a=c. 
We can capture these constraints through axioms. 
First of all the equality relation must be reflexive. 
This means that the relation holds of every term in the language for itself for all x, x = x. 
Relation must also be symmetric. 
If two terms refer to the same thing, it does not matter which one we write in the equation, for all x is equals y implies y=x. 
Finally the relation must be transitive. 
If we believe that a = b refer to the same object and we believe that b and c refer to the same object then a and c must refer to the same object as well. 
Let's see how we can use these properties to solve some problems of equality. 
Suppose we know that b = a and we know that b = c. 
Let's prove that a = c as well. 
As usual we start our proof with our premises. 
B = a and b = c. 
We add our axioms for equality First reflexivity then symmetry and then transitivity. 
Now we go to work on the proof. 
First, we use two applications of universal elimination on our symmetry axiom to derive the fact that b = a implies a = b. 
I'm substituting b for x and a for y. 
We then use implication elimination on line six and line one to produce a=b. 
We then use universal elimination again to instantiate the transitivity axiom this time with x replaced by a, y replaced by b and z replaced by c. 
We can join the result on 
line seven with the premise on line two to, to derive the conjunction on line nine. 
And finally we use implication elimination to derive our overall conclusion so it works as expected though it's a bit lengthy. 
We'll see a so much faster way to solve problems like this in j ust a short while. 
This exercise test, of understanding of equality by asking you to prove the results, using the basic equality axioms. 

Let's have the vector valued function r of s and t is equal to-- well, x is going to be a function of s and t. 
So we'll just write it as x of s and t times the x unit vector, or i, plus y of s and t times the y unit factor, or j, plus x of s and t times the z unit vector, k. 
So given that we have this vector valued function, let's define or let's think about what it means to take the partial derivative of this vector valued function with respect to one of the parameters, s or t. 
I think it's going to be pretty natural, nothing completely bizarre here. 
We've taken partial derivatives of non-vector valued functions before, where we only vary one of the variables. 
We only take it with respect to one variable. 
You hold the other one constant. 
We're going to do the exact same thing here. 
And we've taken regular derivatives of vector valued functions. 
The path in those just ended up being the regular derivative of each of the terms. 
And we're going to see, it's going to be the same thing here with the partial derivative. 
So let's define the partial derivative of r with respect to s. 
And everything I do with respect to s, you can just swap it with t, and you're going to get the same exact result. 
I'm going to define it as being equal to the limit as delta s approaches 0 of r of s plus delta s. 
Only finding the limit with respect to a change in s comma t. 
We're holding t, as you can imagine, constant for given t, minus r of s and t. 
All of that over delta s. 
Now, if you do a little bit of algebra here, you literally, you know-- r of s plus delta s comma t, that's the same thing as x of s plus delta s t i, plus y of s plus delta s t j, plus z. 
All that minus this thing. 
If you do a little bit of algebra with that, and if you don't believe me, try it out. 
This is going to be equal to the limit of delta s approaching 0-- and I'm going to write it small because it'd take up a lot of space-- of x of s plus delta s comma t minus x of s and t, I think you know where I'm going. 
This is all a little bit monotonous to write it all out, but never hurts. 
Times s or divided by delta s times i-- and then I'll do it in different colors, so it's less monotonous-- plus y. 
Where every-- those limited delta s [? approaches ?] 0 applies to every term I'm writing out here. y of s plus delta s comma t minus y of s comma t, all of that over delta s times j. 
And then finally, plus z of s plus delta s comma t minus z of s and t, all of that over delta s times the z unit vector, k. 
And this all comes out of this definition. 
If you literally just put s plus delta s in place for s-- you evaluate all this, do a little algebra-- you're going to get the exact same thing. 
And this, hopefully, pops out at you as, gee, we're just taking the partial derivative of each of these functions with respect to s. 
And these functions right here, this x of s and t, this is a non-vector valued function. 
This y, this is also a non-vector valued function. z is also a non-vector valued function. 
When you put them all together, it becomes a vector valued function, because we're multiplying the first one times a vector. 
The second one times another vector. 
The third one times another vector. 
But independently, these functions are non-vector valued. 
So this is just the definition of the regular partial derivatives. 
Where we're taking the limit as delta s approaches 0 in each of these cases. 
So this is the exact same thing. 
This is equal to-- this is the exact same thing as the partial derivative of x with respect to s times i plus the partial derivative y with respect to s times j plus the partial derivative of z with respect to s times k. 
I'm going to do one more thing here and this is pseudo mathy, but it's going to come out-- the whole reason I'm even doing this video, is it's going to give us some good tools in our tool kit for the videos that I'm about to do on surface integrals. 
So I'm going to do one thing here that's a little pseudo mathy, and that's really because differentials are these things that are very hard to define rigorously, but I think it'll give you the intuition of what's going on. 
So this thing right here, I'm going to say this is also equal to-- and you're not going to see this in any math textbook, and hard core mathematicians are going to kind of cringe when they see me do this. 
But I like to do it because I think it'll give you the intuition on what's going on when we take our surface integrals. 
So I'm going to say that this whole thing right here, that that is equal to r of s plus the differential of s-- a super small change in s-- t minus r of s and t, all of that over that same super small change in s. 
So hopefully you understand at least why I view things this way. 
When I take the limit as delta s approaches 0, these delta s's are going to get super duper duper small. 
And in my head, that's how I imagine differentials. 
When someone writes the derivative of y with respect to x-- and let's say that they say that that is 2-- and we've done a little bit of math with differentials before. 
You can imagine multiplying both sides by dx, and you could get dy is equal to 2dx. 
We've done this throughout calculus. 
The way I imagine it is super small change in y-- infinitely small change in y-- is equal to 2 times-- though, you can imagine an equally small change in x. 
So it's a-- well, if you have a super small change in x, your change in y is going to be still super small, but it's going to be 2 times that. 
I guess that's the best way to view it. 
But in general, I view differentials as super small changes in a variable. 
So with that out of the way, and me explaining to you that many mathematicians would cringe at what I just wrote, hopefully this gives you a little-- this isn't like some crazy thing I did. 
I'm just saying, oh, delta s as delta approaches 0, I kind of imagine that as ds. 
And the whole reason I did that, is if you take this side and that side, and multiply both sides times this differential ds, then what happens? 
The left hand side, you get the partial of r with respect to s is equal to this times ds. 
I'll do ds in maybe pink. 
Times ds-- this is just a regular differential, super small change in s. 
This is a kind of a partial, with respect to s. 
That's going to be equal to-- well, if you multiply this side of the equation times ds, this guy's going to disappear. 
So it's going to be r of s, plus our super small change in s, t minus r of s and t. 
Now let me put a little square around this. 
This is going to be valuable for us in the next video. 
We're going to actually think about what this means and how to visualize this on a surface. 
As you can imagine, this is a vector right here. 
You have 2 vector valued functions and you're taking the difference. 
And we're going to visualize it in the next video. 
It's going to really help us with surface integrals. 
By the same exact logic, we can do everything we did here with s, we can do it with t, as well. 
So we can define the partial-- I'll draw a little-- I can define the partial of r with respect-- let me do it in a different color, completely different color. 
It's orange. 
The partial of r with respect to t-- the definition is just right here. 
The limit as delta t approaches 0 of r of s t plus delta t minus r of s and t. 
In this situation we're holding the s, you can imagine, in constant. 
We're finding its change in t, all of that over delta t. 
And the same thing falls out. 
This is equal to the partial of x with respect to ti plus y with respect to tj, plus z with respect to tk. 
Same exact thing, you just kind of swap the s's and the t's. 
And by that same logic, you'd have the same result but in terms of t. 
If you do this pseudo mathy thing that I did up here, then you would get the partial of r with respect to t times a super small change in t. dt, our t differential, you could imagine, is equal to r of st plus dt minus r of s and t. 
So let's box these two guys away. 
And in the next video, we're going to actually visualize what these mean. 
And sometimes, when you kind of do a bunch of like, silly math 
like this, you're always like, all right, what is this all about? 
Remember, all I did is I said, what does it mean to take the derivative of this with respect to s or t? 
Played around with it a little bit, I got this result. 
These 2 are going to be very valuable for us, I think, in getting the intuition for why surface integrals 
look the way they do. 

So in problem 44, once again we have the exact same setup that we had in problems 42 and 43. 
But now they're asking us the number of A in T sub p such that the determinant of A is not divisible by p. 
Well, we've already done some work in problem 43 in figuring out some set of the members that are divisible by p. 
So why don't we just figure out the total number of members of T sub p, and then subtract the total members whose determinants are divisible by p, and then we'll get this answer right over here. 
So what's the total members in T sub p? 
Well, for a, I have p possible choices, right? 
If I'm picking between-- up to p minus 1, but I'm including 0, there's actually p possible choices. 
So I have p possible choices for a, p possible choices for b by the same logic, and p possible choices for c. 
So I have p to the third possibilities. 
So there are a total of p to the third members in T sub p. 
Now, what did the last problem tell us? 
This was number 43. 
It told us the members-- maybe I should write it this way. 
The number of members, numbers of A's, such that the trace of A-- this was the language I used in the last video or the last problem-- such that the trace of A not divisible by p, but the determinant of A is. 
And we got the answer as p minus 1 squared. 
Now, if you remember that problem, and even just to do that problem, when we thought about this statement, such that the trace of A is not divisible by p, we figured out that this was exactly equal to saying that A does not equal 0. 
So one way to view the result of problem 43 is if you assume that A is not equal to 0, there are p minus 1 squared members of T sub p where the determinant is divisible by p. 
So we're starting to count some of the A's whose determinant is divisible by p. 
But these are the only-- the matrix A's whose a entry is not equal to 0. 
So if we want to count all of them, we have to also count the ones where a does equal 0, so where a does equal 0. 
So let's think about that case. 
We can figure out how many matrices there are where a does equal 0, and the determinant of A is divisible by p. 
Add it to that. 
Then we have the total number of A's whose determinants are divisible by p. 
And we could subtract that from the total number of possibilities, and hopefully, we'll get one of the answers up here. 
So let's think a little bit about what will the determinant look like over here? 
So in this situation, the determinant of our matrix will be-- it's a squared. 
It's a times a minus b times c, a squared minus bc. 
Now, we're assuming that a is equal to 0. 
If a is equal to 0, it's equal to negative bc. 
And we need to think about how is this going to be a multiple, or how is this going to be divisible by p? 
So this has got to be equal to some multiple of p. 
So the first thing, just think about b's and the c's. 
They are both non-negative. 
So this value right here cannot be negative. 
So if you put a negative sign there, it cannot be positive. 
So it can't be any positive multiples of p. 
It could be 0. 
So we could have negative bc. 
We could have negative bc is equal to 0, which is equivalent to saying that bc is equal to 0. 
That's one possibility, where it equals 0 times p. 
That's still a multiple. 
Or maybe it could be negative. 
Maybe we could have negative bc is equal to negative 1 times p. 
But when you think about it here, if this was true, that would mean that bc is equal to p, so b or c would be factors of p. 
Now, we know that p is a prime number. 
Its factors are only 1 and p. b and c-- I mean, one of these guys could be 1, but then the other guy would have to be p. 
They can't be p. 
They only get as high as p minus 1. 
This is not an option. 
So the only possibility, if a is equal to 0, for the determinant of capital A to still be divisible by p, is for bc to be equal to 0. 
So let's think about how many possibilities there are over here. 
So let's think about all of the combinations. 
So there's the one situation, where b and c are equal to 0. b and c is equal to 0. 
Now let's think about the other ones. 
There's one where b is equal to 0 and c isn't. bc will still equal 0 in this situation. 
So how many possibilities are there? 
How many possibilities are there for this? 
Well, b is equal to 0. 
C over here can be any value, although we've already considered the case where c is equal to 0. 
So it could be any value so that we don't double count, any value where c does not equal 0. 
So it could be 1 through p minus 1. 
Or another way to think about it, there's p minus 1 possibilities. 
Now let's think about c is equal to 0 and b isn't. 
Well, exact same logic. 
Once again, we don't want to double count that they're both being equal to 0. 
So let me write it. 
And c isn't-- well, we're saying it isn't 0, so we are actually already putting that constraint there. 
So it has p minus 1 possibilities. 
So how many total possibilities do we have where the determinant of A is equal to 0 and a is equal to 0? 
So we have one here. 
We have one possibility here, then p minus 1 and p minus 1. 
So our total possibilities are p minus 1 plus p minus 1 plus 1, which is 2p minus 2 plus 1, which is 2p minus 1. 
2p minus 1 incremental possibilities when a is equal to 0 for the determinant of A to be divisible by p. 
So that's what we just got in this video. 
In the last video, we had p minus 1 squared possibility when a does not equal 0. 
So if we want the total number of A's, where the determinant of A is divisible by 0, we can add the number that we got in the last video to the number we just got. 
So let's do that. 
So if I were to rewrite this over here, this is equal to p squared minus 2p plus 1. 
And then I want to add this 2p minus 1 here, so plus 2p minus 1. 
And what do I get? 
These cancel out. 
These cancel with that. 
And these guys cancel out. 
So there's a total of p squared possible A's where the determinant of A is divisible by p. 
Now, we're very close, but this isn't what they're asking. 
They want the total members where the determinant of A is not divisible by p. 
So all we have to do here is take our total membership, which is p to the third, and subtract from that the members whose determinants are divisible by p. 
And we just figured that out. 
We subtract p squared. 
And now we'll get the number of A's where determinant of A not divisible by p. 
Now let's see if that's one of the choices, and it is. 
D, p cubed minus p squared. 
Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein. 
If there is one monster that you know by name, you may think its Frankenstein. 
Of course, if you remember the book, Frankenstein is actually the name of the individual who brings the creature to life. 
The monster is unnamed entirely. 
Not every memory is 100 percent reliable. 
For example, the most common image of Mary Shelley shows her as a mature woman. 
While you read the book, it might be worth bearing in mind that she was only eighteen years old when she began writing it. 
Also, there are two introductions to the book in most of the available editions these days, one written in 1818, one written in 1831, both nominally by Mary Shelley. 
Some people feel that the first one was written by her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. 
But since he died in 1822, the 1831 preface is certainly hers. 
These are not random additions to the novel. 
I ask you to read those before you read the text itself. 
Finally, as you read the book, you might be wanting to keep in mind that the book is constructed with different narrative voices, speaking to us, through each other. 
Are all of those voices equally trustworthy? 
Is every narrator truly reliable? 
What are their motives in saying what they say, and the way they say it? 
They do, after all, live in a world with monsters. 
I'm the trouble starter,  punking' instigator 
I'm the fear addicted,  and danger illustrated 
I'm a firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
You're the firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
I'm a firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
I'm the bitch you hated,  filth infactuated - yeeeaaaah 
I'm the pain you tasted,  fell intoxicated 
I'm a firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
You're the firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
I'm the self inflicted,  mind detonator - yeah 
I'm the one infected,  twisted animator 
I'm a firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
You're the firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
I'm a firestarter,  twisted firestarter 
The workflow for building a metaSL shader tree in 3ds Max is a little  like building one in Mental Mill, only easier. 
Here you will be creating a metaSL shader tree to apply  to this human head. 
The model is low-poly based, but will look like it has more detail  with proper mapping and metaSL shaders. 
Open the Slate Material Editor. 
Ensure that 3ds Max is set up to use the Mental Ray renderer,  otherwise you won't have access to metaSL shaders. 
Expand the metaSL rollout under Maps. 
There you will find about  a dozen shaders ready for use. 
You typically start with an illumination Phong shader, which provides  the basis for the metaSL tree. 
To start populating the tree, you drag in other metaSL shaders  and wire them to the proper channels. 
The Texture Lookup 2d shader is useful for defining bitmaps as textures. 
Start by defining a Diffuse texture; use the Head-diffuse.jpg bitmap  and wire it to the Diffuse Color channel. 
Use a Normals Bumpmap shader in the Normal channel. 
Use the image file: 
Head-normal.jpg. 
Add another Texture Lookup 2d shader and use the file Head-specular.jpg  and wire it to the Specular Color channel. 
At this time, notice that if you tried to apply the Phong illumination  node to the object in the scene, it doesn't work. 
You first need to convert the Phong illumination node into  a single-output "material". 
Luckily, you can use the Map to Material Conversion node to that end. 
Now you can apply the shader tree to the object in the scene. 
At this time though, the end results are dark in the viewport. 
Unlike Mental Mill, 3ds Max does not have a "Brightness" shader. 
Instead, you use the Gamma/Gain shader from the mental ray maps rollout. 
You need to insert that node by dragging & dropping it on the connection  between the Phong illumination Node and the Map to Conversion node. 
You can then adjust the Gamma/Gain parameters to suit your liking. 
If you wish, create a similar shader tree for the eyes,  using the supplied bitmaps. 
As you can see, building metaSL shader trees in 3ds Max  is a simple process. 
It is not as elaborate as Mental Mill but does provide you  with the basic tools to build simple shader trees. 
If you are interested in Mental Mill, you can view the How-To movie  entitled: 
How to Use Mental Mill. 
I do want to test this question we're all interested in: 
Does extinction have to be forever? 
I'm focused on two projects I want to tell you about. 
One is the Thylacine Project. 
The other one is the Lazarus Project, and that's focused on the gastric-brooding frog. 
And it would be a fair question to ask, why have we focused on these two animals? 
Well, point number one, each of them represents a unique family of its own. 
We've lost a whole family. 
That's a big chunk of the global genome gone. 
I'd like it back. 
The second reason is that we killed these things. 
In the case of the thylacine, regrettably, we shot every one that we saw. 
We slaughtered them. 
In the case of the gastric-brooding frog, we may have "fungicided" it to death. 
There's a dreadful fungus that's moving through the world that's called the chytrid fungus, and it's nailing frogs all over the world. 
We think that's probably what got this frog, and humans are spreading this fungus. 
And this introduces a very important ethical point, and I think you will have heard this many times when this topic comes up. 
What I think is important is that, if it's clear that we exterminated these species, then I think we not only have a moral obligation to see what we can do about it, but I think we've got a moral imperative to try to do something, if we can. 
OK. 
Let me talk to you about the Lazarus Project. 
It's a frog. 
And you think, frog. 
Yeah, but this was not just any frog. 
Unlike a normal frog, which lays its eggs in the water and goes away and wishes its froglets well, this frog swallowed its fertilized eggs, swallowed them into the stomach, where it should be having food, didn't digest the eggs, and turned its stomach into a uterus. 
In the stomach, the eggs went on to develop into tadpoles, and in the stomach, the tadpoles went on to develop into frogs, and they grew in the stomach until eventually the poor old frog was at risk of bursting apart. 
It has a little cough and a hiccup, and out comes sprays of little frogs. 
Now, when biologists saw this, they were agog. 
They thought, this is incredible. 
No animal, let alone a frog, has been known to do this, to change one organ in the body into another. 
And you can imagine the medical world went nuts over this as well. 
If we could understand how that frog is managing the way its tummy works, is there information here that we need to understand or could usefully use to help ourselves? 
Now, I'm not suggesting we want to raise our babies in our stomach, but I am suggesting it's possible we might want to manage gastric secretion in the gut. 
And just as everybody got excited about it, bang! 
It was extinct. 
I called up my friend, 
Professor Mike Tyler in the University of Adelaide. 
He was the last person who had this frog, a colony of these things, in his lab. 
And I said, "Mike, by any chance --" This was 30 or 40 years ago. 
"By any chance had you kept any frozen tissue of this frog?" 
And he thought about it, and he went to his deep freezer, minus 20 degrees centigrade, and he poured through everything in the freezer, and there in the bottom was a jar and it contained tissues of these frogs. 
This was very exciting, but there was no reason why we should expect that this would work, because this tissue had not had any antifreeze put in it, cryoprotectants, to look after it when it was frozen. 
And normally, when water freezes, as you know, it expands, and the same thing happens in a cell. 
If you freeze tissues, the water expands, damages or bursts the cell walls. 
Well, we looked at the tissue under the microscope. 
It actually didn't look bad. 
The cell walls looked intact. 
So we thought, let's give it a go. 
What we did is something called somatic cell nuclear transplantation. 
We took the eggs of a related species, a living frog, and we inactivated the nucleus of the egg. 
We used ultraviolet radiation to do that. 
And then we took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue of the extinct frog and we inserted those nuclei into that egg. 
Now, by rights, this is kind of like a cloning project, 
like what produced Dolly, but it's actually very different, because Dolly was live sheep into live sheep cells. 
That was a miracle, but it was workable. 
What we're trying to do is take a dead nucleus from an extinct species and put it into a completely different species and expect that to work. 
Well, we had no real reason to expect it would, and we tried hundreds and hundreds of these. 
And just last February, the last time we did these trials, 
I saw a miracle starting to happen. 
What we found was most of these eggs didn't work, but then suddenly, one of them began to divide. 
That was so exciting. 
And then the egg divided again. 
And then again. 
And pretty soon, we had early-stage embryos with hundreds of cells forming those. 
We even DNA-tested some of these cells, and the DNA of the extinct frog is in those cells. 
So we're very excited. 
This is not a tadpole. 
It's not a frog. 
But it's a long way along the journey to producing, or bringing back, an extinct species. 
And this is news. 
We haven't announced this publicly before. 
We're excited. 
We've got to get past this point. 
We now want this ball of cells to start to gastrulate, to turn in so that it will produce the other tissues. 
It'll go on and produce a tadpole and then a frog. 
Watch this space. 
I think we're going to have this frog hopping glad to be back in the world again. 
(Applause) 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
We haven't done it yet, but keep the applause ready. 
The second project I want to talk to you about is the Thylacine Project. 
The thylacine looks a bit, to most people, like a dog, or maybe like a tiger, because it has stripes. 
But it's not related to any of those. 
It's a marsupial. 
It raised its young in a pouch, like a koala or a kangaroo would do, and it has a long history, a long, fascinating history, that goes back 25 million years. 
But it's also a tragic history. 
The first one that we see occurs in the ancient rain forests of Australia about 25 million years ago, and the National Geographic Society is helping us to explore these fossil deposits. 
This is Riversleigh. 
In those fossil rocks are some amazing animals. 
We found marsupial lions. 
We found carnivorous kangaroos. 
It's not what you usually think about as a kangaroo, but these are meat-eating kangaroos. 
We found the biggest bird in the world, bigger than that thing that was in Madagascar, and it too was a flesh eater. 
It was a giant, weird duck. 
And crocodiles were not behaving at that time either. 
You think of crocodiles as doing their ugly thing, sitting in a pool of water. 
These crocodiles were actually out on the land and they were even climbing trees and jumping on prey on the ground. 
We had, in Australia, drop crocs. 
They really do exist. 
(Laughter) 
But what they were dropping on was not only other weird animals but also thylacines. 
There were five different kinds of thylacines in those ancient forests, and they ranged from great big ones to middle-sized ones to one that was about the size of a chihuahua. 
Paris Hilton would have been able to carry one of these things around in a little handbag, until a drop croc landed on her. 
At any rate, it was a fascinating place, but unfortunately, Australia didn't stay this way. 
Climate change has affected the world for a long period of time, and gradually, the forests disappeared, the country began to dry out, and the number of kinds of thylacines began to decline, until by five million years ago, only one left. 
By 10,000 years ago, they had disappeared from New Guinea, and unfortunately, by 4,000 years ago, somebodies, we don't know who this was, introduced dingoes -- this is a very archaic kind of a dog -- into Australia. 
And as you can see, dingoes are very similar in their body form to thylacines. 
That similarity meant they probably competed. 
They were eating the same kinds of foods. 
It's even possible that aborigines were keeping some of these dingoes as pets, and therefore they may have had an advantage in the battle for survival. 
All we know is, soon after the dingoes were brought in, thylacines were extinct in the Australian mainland, and after that they only survived in Tasmania. 
Then, unfortunately, the next sad part of the thylacine story is that Europeans arrived in 1788, and they brought with them the things they valued, and that included sheep. 
They took one look at the thylacine in Tasmania, and they thought, hang on, this is not going to work. 
That guy is going to eat all our sheep. 
That was not what happened, actually. 
Wild dogs did eat a few of the sheep, but the thylacine got a bad rap. 
But immediately, the government said, that's it, let's get rid of them, and they paid people to slaughter every one that they saw. 
By the early 1930s, 3,000 to 4,000 thylacines had been murdered. 
It was a disaster, and they were about to hit the wall. 
Have a look at this bit of film footage. 
It makes me very sad because, while it's a fascinating animal, and it's amazing to think that we had the technology to film it before it actually plunged off that cliff of extinction, we didn't, unfortunately, at this same time, have a molecule of concern about the welfare for this species. 
These are photos of the last surviving thylacine, Benjamin, who was in the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart. 
To add insult to injury, having swept this species nearly off the table, this animal, when it died of neglect -- 
The keepers didn't let it into the hutch on a cold night in Hobart. 
It died of exposure, and in the morning, when they found the body of Benjamin, they still cared so little for this animal that they threw the body in the dump. 
Does it have to stay this way? 
In 1990, I was in the Australian Museum. 
I was fascinated by thylacines. 
I've always been obsessed with these animals. 
And I was studying skulls, trying to figure out their relationships to other sorts of animals, and I saw this jar, and here, in the jar, was a little girl thylacine pup, perhaps six months old. 
The guy who had found it and killed the mother had pickled the pup, and they pickled it in alcohol. 
I'm a paleontologist, but I still knew alcohol was a DNA preservative. 
But this was 1990, and I asked my geneticist friends, couldn't we think about going into this pup and extracting DNA, if it's there, and then somewhere down the line in the future, we'll use this DNA to bring the thylacine back? 
The geneticists laughed. 
But this was six years before Dolly. 
Cloning was science fiction. 
It had not happened. 
But then suddenly cloning did happen. 
And I thought, when I became director of the Australian Museum, 
I'm going to give this a go. 
I put a team together. 
We went into that pup to see what was in it, and we did find thylacine DNA. 
It was a eureka moment. 
We were very excited. 
Unfortunately, we also found a lot of human DNA. 
Every old curator who'd been in that museum had seen this wonderful specimen, put their hand in the jar, pulled it out and thought, 
"Wow, look at that," plop, dropped it back in the jar, contaminating this specimen. 
And that was a worry. 
If the goal here was to get the DNA out and use the DNA down the track to try to bring a thylacine back, what we didn't want happening when the information was shoved into the machine and the wheel turned around and the lights flashed, was to have a wizened old horrible curator pop out the other end of the machine. 
It would've kept the curator very happy, but it wasn't going to keep us happy. 
So we went back to these specimens and we started digging around, and particularly, we looked into the teeth of skulls, hard parts where humans had not been able to get their fingers, and we found much better quality DNA. 
We found nuclear mitochondrial genes. 
It's there. 
So we got it. 
OK. 
What could we do with this stuff? 
Well, George Church, in his book, "Regenesis," has mentioned many of the techniques that are rapidly advancing to work with fragmented DNA. 
We would hope that we'll be able to get that DNA back into a viable form, and then, much like we've done with the Lazarus Project, get that stuff into an egg of a host species. 
It has to be a different species. 
What could it be? 
Why couldn't it be a Tasmanian devil? 
They're related, distantly, to thylacines. 
And then the Tasmanian devil is going to pop a thylacine out the south end. 
Critics of this project say, hang on. 
Thylacine, Tasmanian devil? 
That's going to hurt. 
No, it's not. 
These are marsupials. 
They give birth to babies that are the size of a jelly bean. 
That Tasmanian devil's not even going to know it gave birth. 
It is, shortly, going to think it's got the ugliest Tasmanian devil baby in the world, so maybe it'll need some help to keep it going. 
Andrew Pask and his colleagues have demonstrated this might not be a waste of time. 
And it's sort of in the future, we haven't got there yet, but it's the kind of thing we want to think about. 
They took some of this same pickled thylacine DNA and they spliced it into a mouse genome, but they put a tag on it so that anything that this thylacine DNA produced would appear blue-green in the mouse baby. 
In other words, if thylacine tissues were being produced by the thylacine DNA, it would be able to be recognized. 
When the baby popped up, it was filled with blue-green tissues. 
And that tells us if we can get that genome back together, get it into a live cell, it's going to produce thylacine stuff. 
Is this a risk? 
You've taken the bits of one animal and you've mixed them into the cell of a different kind of an animal. 
Are we going to get a Frankenstein? 
Some kind of weird hybrid chimera? 
And the answer is no. 
If the only nuclear DNA that goes into this hybrid cell is thylacine DNA, that's the only thing that can pop out the other end of the devil. 
OK, if we can do this, could we put it back? 
This is a key question for everybody. 
Does it have to stay in a laboratory, or could we put it back where it belongs? 
Could we put it back in the throne of the king of beasts in Tasmania, restore that ecosystem? 
Or has Tasmania changed so much that that's no longer possible? 
I've been to Tasmania. 
I've been to many of the areas where the thylacines were common. 
I've even spoken to people, like Peter Carter here, who when I spoke to him, was 90 years old, but in 1926, this man and his father and his brother caught thylacines. 
They trapped them. 
And when I spoke to this man, I was looking in his eyes and thinking, 
"Behind those eyes is a brain that has memories of what thylacines feel like, what they smelled like, what they sounded like." 
He led them around on a rope. 
He has personal experiences that I would give my left leg to have in my head. 
We'd all love to have this sort of thing happen. 
Anyway, I asked Peter, by any chance, could he take us back to where he caught those thylacines. 
My interest was in whether the environment had changed. 
He thought hard. 
It was nearly 80 years before this that he'd been at this hut. 
At any rate, he led us down this bush track, and there, right where he remembered, was the hut, and tears came into his eyes. 
He looked at the hut. 
We went inside. 
There were the wooden boards on the sides of the hut where he and his father and his brother had slept at night. 
And he told me, as it all was flooding back in memories. 
He said, "I remember the thylacines going around the hut wondering what was inside," and he said they made sounds like "Yip! 
Yip! 
Yip!" 
All of these are parts of his life and what he remembers. 
And the key question for me was to ask Peter, has it changed? 
And he said no. 
The southern beech forests surrounded his hut just like it was when he was there in 1926. 
The grasslands were sweeping away. 
That's classic thylacine habitat. 
And the animals in those areas were the same that were there when the thylacine was around. 
So could we put it back? 
Yes. 
Is that all we would do? 
And this is an interesting question. 
Sometimes you might be able to put it back, but is that the safest way to make sure it never goes extinct again? 
And I don't think so. 
I think gradually, as we see species all around the world, it's kind of a mantra that wildlife is increasingly not safe in the wild. 
We'd love to think it is, but we know it isn't. 
We need other parallel strategies coming online. 
And this one interests me. 
Some of the thylacines that were being turned in to zoos, sanctuaries, even at the museums, had collar marks on the neck. 
They were being kept as pets, and we know a lot of bush tales and memories of people who had them as pets, and they say they were wonderful, friendly. 
This particular one came in out of the forest to lick this boy and curled up around the fireplace to go to sleep. 
A wild animal. 
And I'd like to ask the question. 
We need to think about this. 
If it had not been illegal to keep these thylacines as pets then, would the thylacine be extinct now? 
And I'm positive it wouldn't. 
We need to think about this in today's world. 
Could it be that getting animals close to us so that we value them, maybe they won't go extinct? 
And this is such a critical issue for us because if we don't do that, we're going to watch more of these animals plunge off the precipice. 
As far as I'm concerned, this is why we're trying to do these kinds of de-extinction projects. 
We are trying to restore that balance of nature that we have upset. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
In memory of 
Nicolaas G. Pierson 
Nicolaas G. Pierson Foundation presents an Alalena production 
Marianne Thieme in 
Meat the Truth 
Thank you. 
Thank you. 
My name is Marianne Thieme and I'm a Member of Parliaments for the Party for the Animals in the Netherlands, and our party is the very first in the world to champion the rights of non-humans in a national parliament. 
However, there are other problems in the world aside from animal welfare. 
So tonight I am going to tell you some very hard truths about what we are doing to our planet. 
And I am so pleased that you are ready to face up to these realities ... 
If you look at the ten hottest years ever measured, they have all occurred in the last fourteen years. 
The world is heating up fast and we have ourselves to blame. 
Global warming is real and we humans are almost certainly the cause. 
Global warming, that's the world's greatest current concern. 
Everyone finds themselves in its grip. 
From scientists to politicians to the 
Secretary General of the UN and even Leonardo di Caprio. 
We face a convergence of crises. 
Industrial civilisation has caused irreparable damage. 
By the middle of the century, there may be 150 million environmental refugees. 
Not only is it the 11th hour, it's 11.59. 
But, it's that other film, made by Nobel Prize Winner Al Gore, which has truly succeeded in putting this global problem on the map. 
An Inconvenient Truth was a real wake-up call to the world! 
This was a great achievement for Al Gore. 
However, he forgot something rather important. 
The consequences of global warming are enormous. 
The climate researchers from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have estimated that by the year 2100 one to three billion people will be in dire need of fresh water. 
Hunger will increase throughout large parts of the globe. 
So, it should come as no surprise that global warming is currently our foremost concern. 
Everyone who has seen Al Gore's film knows that our Earth is in bad shape. 
Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced. 
This is on the agenda of every world leader. 
The causes of global warming must be dealt with now. 
And so together we must identify the greatest emitters of greenhouse gasses in our society. 
What do you think? 
What are the sources of greenhouse gasses? 
There's the cars we're driving and the water waste. 
And all the trash we don't care where we're throwing it. 
That's what I think. 
Cars, buses. 
It's industry, its gasoline, it's energy use. 
All the fumes from cars. 
Cars. 
Too many vehicles maybe. 
The fumes in the air. 
All the gas. 
And people driving in the city. 
Cars, factories, planes. 
I image the aviation industry hasn't helped. 
I mean one air plane can fly across country and its like 40 tonnes of carbon. 
40 tonnes, that's a lot. 
I think in one word I would say pollution. 
Coal power stations, gas power stations. 
People using more energy than they need to. 
We are wasting a lot ... 
An excessive use of gasses. 
And also coal burning stations, especially in China. 
All the pollutants that we pump into the air, day after day. 
Everyone says the same thing: it's the cars, the planes, the industrial plants. 
It's because we leave our lights on and take long showers. 
Always the same familiar answers. 
And yes: of course it's true, but no-one has yet won the grand prize. 
Because we're forgetting one extremely important factor. 
Eighteen percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are caused by livestock farming. 
That might surprise you. 
Farmed animals, 18%! 
And guess what percentage of total global emissions are caused by transport? 
Thirteen percent! 
Just think: all the cars, tractors, trucks, ships and planes in the world added together emit fewer greenhouse gasses than livestock farming! 
Oh really? 
Wow, I thought it was mostly cars. 
Wow! 
Wow! 
Wow! 
Livestock? 
That's crazy, so more than the cars. 
Are you serious? 
Yeah, I didn't know that. 
That's insane. 
No, I did not know that, no. 
That's news to me. 
I haven't heard that. 
I've never heard the livestock connection, no. 
Well I knew there was some, but I had no idea that it was so extensive. 
How does it come from livestock exactly? 
What do you call cow farts? 
What do you call that? 
OK ... 
Yeah, the methane gas coming from the cows. 
Yeah. 
It's cow shit, right? 
Doesn't cow poop? 
It's what the emissions, right? 
I thought it was just fat people here in the South, here in America. 
But no, apparently it's cattle as well. 
It's quite worrying. 
Well I saw an article and they say, because it is the cow, what they fart and then actually the farting they make the global warming. 
And how can it be that farm animals place a heavier burden on the environment than the entire transport sector worldwide? 
Well, actually it is rather simple. 
Once upon a time a farmer was someone who owned land and some animals. 
"Nice and quiet around here." 
If there was more land, then he bought some more pigs, a few chickens and some cows. 
"Well that's a fine kettle of fish." 
You know what! 
All that grubbing around outside takes far too long. 
We're going to fatten you up and fast. 
It's not a fairytale storybook. 
You're there to be eaten. 
"Errrrr ... not sure that's such a compliment, really." 
We'll squeeze you altogether nice and efficiently, and you'll all get sick right away. 
"You're telling me ..." 
Listen Piggy, I'm not interested in your personal vision right now. 
In the Netherlands alone, you lot produce 70 billion kilos of dung, do you know how bad that is for the environment and the climate? 
"Uh ... 
I'm sorry for living." 
Did you know that cows of all farm animals are the largest producers of greenhouse gasses, mostly through all that belching and farting? 
Do you know what the problem is? 
You're eating us out of house and home! 
"Who was here so pleased about fattening us up?" 
But all that food has to come from somewhere, doesn't it? 
So ... we destroy the rainforests and plant soya crops instead. 
But the rainforests are really important for the absorption of carbon dioxide. 
Then we spray the stuff with pesticides and we ship the soya off the Europe where it ends up in your feeding-troughs. 
So well-organised. 
What are you people up to? 
"Oh-oh, well that's not our fault. 
Who actually wants to eat meat anyway?" 
The consumer, OK, is there something wrong with that? 
Well. 
That's a good question, who actually eats so much meat? 
Eating meat is a luxury that we've got all rather too used to. 
Don't dare touch our steaks! 
Keep your hands off our barbecues! 
But ... once it becomes clear that all this meat is making a major contribution to the destruction of our earth, shouldn't we think again? 
And yes, I hear some of you thinking: 
"Here we go again, yet another vegetarian fanatic." 
But I'm certainly not the only one who is worried about this issue. 
I'm Huw McConachie, I'm farm manager of a farm with 1000 hectares of land in Mid-Wales. 
We have around 800 head of cattle, including 550 dairy cows. 
We have 3000 herd of sheep and we grow some arable crops. 
You can't deny as farmers, as agriculturalists, that methane produced by cows contributes to global warming. 
I'm David Davies, I work at the Institute of Biological, 
Environmental and Rural Sciences at Aberystwyth University. 
Cows have a very complex digestive tract, more complex than humans. 
Within their stomach, they are able to digest plant fibre and humans cannot. 
To do that, they need a very complex mix of bacteria and fungi and protozoa within their digestive system. 
Now these micro organisms do not have access to oxygen, and the food that we eat as people gets converted into carbon dioxide and water. 
Because ruminants in the rumen don't have access to oxygen, they need to produce a different range of end products. 
And one of the key ones from the rumen is methane. 
When you compare with carbon dioxide, methane is twenty-one times more potent. 
The cow eats the feed in front of it and it goes into its stomach and, as a result of that, the cow burps a lot. 
And this gas, which is produced when the animal burps, is one of the gasses linked to warming and the greenhouse gas effect. 
Every cow and every ruminant regurgitates its food into the mouth to chew and this enables the micro organisms in the stomach to actually get better access to that feed. 
And whilst they are regurgitating it, they are actually releasing methane. 
So every time the cud, as it is called, comes into the mouth, a small amount of gas will also be released and this will contain a large proportion of methane. 
Well we don't notice anything about it, because it is just a natural process, which occurs in all ruminants. 
The dairy cow that's producing 8.000 to 10.000 litres of milk every year will produce around 500 to 700 litres of methane every day. 
So your average cow will produce around 700 litres of methane per day. 
This is equivalent to the amount of greenhouse gas CO2 emissions produced by a big 4x4 vehicle travelling around 35 miles per day. 
The human population within the world is probably growing and it has to grow in line with the growth in population in order to feed that population. 
I think that it should concern everybody. 
In 2006, the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the UN, the FAO, published an important report, which first brought the link between livestock farming and climate change to light. 
I am now going to speak to Dr. Henning Steinfeld, the chief author of this report. 
Dr. Steinfeld, you have calculated that livestock farming is responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions. 
That's quite a lot. 
In fact 18% is quite a lot. 
And this has to do with the fact that in this assessment we took into account all the changes in land use that are related to 
livestock, the production of animals in terms of methane, the manure management in terms of also methane and nitrous oxides and the various steps of the feed production, livestock production, processing, transport and so on that have to do with livestock and feed commodities and this is how you get to 18%. 
OK. 
How did you respond yourself when you were confronted with these figures? 
I knew it was high. 
I knew also the impact on water and biodiversity was going to be very significant. 
I didn't expect it to be quite as high, but this is the figure we came up with. 
And what do you think? 
What was the most shocking amazing conclusion from your report? 
Well, I think one of the issues is that this huge environmental impact that 
livestock has is not well understood by the public, and not even well-understood by the farmers themselves. 
So there is actually a strong case for regulating the livestock sector much more than is currently the case. 
Thank you. 
Everyone is talking about global warming and trying to find out why its happening. 
But how can it be that livestock farming is hardly ever mentioned as one of its causes? 
Certainly when more and more scientists have made the link between livestock farming and climate change. 
It's not generally known, but between 40 and 50 % of cereals are not eaten by humans, but by livestock. 
And for soy, that's about 75%. 
If you consider that it takes about 7 kg of grain - that's corn and soya beans - to make just one kilogramme of beef, we are talking about hundreds and hundreds of hectares of soya bean planted in former rainforest to provide meat. 
That's not a very efficient way of producing protein food. 
The soya beans imported come from places like Brazil. 
Brazil has the biggest soy export market in the world, and there soy production has grown since the 1960s something like 57 times. 
So they're just producing more soy than ever before. 
And most of that soy is being produced in very environmentally sensitive areas, including the Amazon rainforest, and the Cerrado, which is woodland savannah. 
What can I say? 
It's a disaster. 
The main drawback is losing biodiversity, but indirectly it's also influencing climate change. 
It's speeding up the climate change that's already occurring. 
Carbon sinks are places in the world, like the rainforest or the Cerrado, some agricultural lands that soak up and sequester carbon, and when those are lost, we are losing a very important tool in the fight against global warming. 
Today there is nothing more important than trying to contain the problem of global warming. 
And to do that we cannot afford not to pay attention to agriculture. 
If we just want to achieve a fairly conservative objective in this sector, which is to stop this sector adding more by the middle of the century, then we have to take quite radical steps. 
Because the natural dynamic is that as populations get richer, they almost universally consume more animal products. 
In the global context at the moment, this argument really in a way focuses on China, because China is the biggest increaser in meat consumption. 
Its doubling every 10 years. 
The population of pigs and chickens in China is doubling every 10 years. 
These are mono-gastric animals, they don't create a greenhouse gas problem in terms of methane release, but they do create environmental problems because they have to be fed. 
And the feedstuffs have to come from global sources, and they come from soy bean production in Brazil, which comes from deforestation and so on. 
If the rich countries keep on consuming at their high level, and countries like 
China come up to our high level, then the situation will be much worse and that will make it very much more difficult to achieve global warming targets overall. 
So its rather strange that most governments only focus on quick fixes, like taxes on gas guzzlers. 
Certainly when you realise that research shows that in a year a cow in the Netherlands will produce just as many greenhouse gas emissions as a car that drives 70.000 kilometres. 
70.000 kilometres! 
This means driving around the globe more than one and a half times. 
In a medium-sized car, I should add. 
The image we get to see of global warming is always so one-sided. 
We only get to see factory chimneys and traffic jams. 
Where are the public information campaigns about the relationship between carbon emissions and eating meat? 
I certainly haven't seen them yet in the Netherlands. 
Despite the fact that we slaughter five hundred million animals here each year. 
Animals, however, discover exactly what factory farming is, very early on in their lives. 
Piglets, for example, are castrated without anaesthetics. 
Their tails are docked. 
They are forced to live in dark concrete stalls and usually only see daylight when they are taken to slaughter. 
It's not much different for other factory farmed animals: take laying hens, for example. 
They are crammed into battery cages and their beaks are trimmed to stop them from pecking one another. 
Since 2006, I have represented the Party for the Animals in the Dutch parliament and I strive to put an end to these kind of practices. 
But my work doesn't just stop at animal welfare. 
It's only recently that the Dutch Environmental Agency has sounded the alarm at the speed at which we're exhausting the Earth and its resources. 
The Netherlands uses four times its own surface-area to produce what we consume. 
Think of it like a buffet: we are heaping up our plates with enough food to feed four people, which means that there will not be enough left for those at the back of the queue. 
One billion people on our planet suffer from obesity, while elsewhere one billion people go to bed hungry. 
Every night! 
Something is seriously askew, and we should really talk about it. 
Right now, half of the total global wheat harvest is used as livestock feed to support our meat and dairy consumption. 
Half of the entire harvest, while, at the same time, people in poor countries are starving. 
And there doesn't seem to be an end to this. 
We keep on consuming more and more and more. 
And, in the future, we will have to exploit other people's natural resources even more than we do now. 
And this will be at the expense of those people, clean water, clean air and also our environment. 
So, let me sum this up for you. 
Scientists say that it simply takes far more land and energy to produce animal protein than plant-based ones. 
To produce animal products you need up to ten times as much land as is needed to produce vegetable products. 
And this is due to the fact that all this land is needed to produce feed for these billions of farm animals. 
Films like An Inconvenient Truth have made a very important contribution to the debate on global warming. 
Yet the only cow that I saw on-screen symbolised little Al's picture-perfect youth in Tennessee. 
In the whole Inconvenient Truth not a single word was said about 
livestock farming, or the impact of this polluting industry. 
Dr. Steinfeld, how is it possible that livestock doesn't play a role in the discussion about global warming? 
Well, I think that the fact is that in the climate change discussion much of the focus is on carbon dioxide, and the carbon dioxide emissions if you look at the livestock sector only make up about one third of the total greenhouse gas emissions. 
Nitrous oxides and methane don't come very strongly into the debate, but they are much more potent in terms of greenhouse gasses and carbon dioxide and they need to be factored in. 
But Al Gore didn't say one single word about the livestock industry in his documentary. 
What do you think? 
Didn't you miss the aspect as well? 
It is certainly missing; the entire aspect of food is missing. 
And I think that everyone needs to know that food and agriculture contributes to climate change and has environmental impact. 
And that one needs to make choices, if one wants to be environmentally friendly, that are in line with the environmental impact of producing various types of food. 
Well, I think that he should have said something about it. 
Have you ever tried to convince him? 
Well, I'm not someone who knows Al Gore personally. 
I think that at my level publishing results and talking at conferences, and talking to the media such as in this case is all I can do. 
Well, thank you. 
He doesn't know it either. 
So, I went to the United States to find an answer to this question. 
Unfortunately, Al Gore was busy but I did manage to speak to some other people who had quite a bit to say on the subject. 
You look great. 
Hello. 
- Hi. 
- Some information. 
Thank you. 
Have a nice day. 
Hi. 
- Hi. 
Nice to meet you finally. 
- Yeah. 
You do such great work. - Thank you. 
Having a good time? 
Yeah. 
What are you doing here at the moment? 
We're out here trying to show people that if they're eating meat, they're engaging in the number one environmentally most destructive behaviour they could engage in. 
And showing people that rather than cars and trucks, and SUVs even, rather than planes, meat is the number one cause of global warming. 
Do people believe that when you tell them? 
People are shocked to find out. 
We hear so much about cars, and trains and planes and energy, and people don't realise that it is actually the meat on their plate that's causing global warming rather than the car that they're driving even. 
Some information here. 
Thank you. 
- Thank you. 
How's it going? 
Check that out when you have a chance. 
Thank you. 
Check that out. 
Thank you. 
We use this catchy phrase "cli-meat change". 
Its really just a way of to grab attention and get people to look in our direction long enough for us to give them a leaflet and explain the issue a little bit further. 
OK. 
And get them to go home wondering how is it that meat causes global warming, rather than wondering what's on television tonight, or what am I going to have for dinner tonight. 
Hi there. 
Look on this. 
Thank you. 
Saying that power plants are the number one cause of global warming is like saying that humans are the number one cause of global warming. 
Power plants don't emit energy, don't create energy for the purposes of just creating energy for the sake of it. 
They create it for industries, and one of the industries that uses the most energy is factory farming. 
In the US, the meat industry uses about one third of all the fossil fuels that we generate. 
Headquarters of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, in short PETA. 
They have almost 2 million members and are active worldwide. 
I love this one as well. 
- Oh yes. - This is a very famous one. 
We've got this. 
I suspect that for Al Gore and for a lot of other people it's just too inconvenient of a truth. 
Gore was a politician and is beholden to a lot of industry people, in many different industries. 
Probably in the meat industry too. 
And while he certainly has done admirable work, its disheartening to say the least that he has continued to ignore the fact that the meat he's eating every night for dinner is the number one cause of global warming. 
I'm Alicia Silverstone and I'm a vegetarian. 
There is nothing in the world that has changed me as much as this. 
I feel so much better and have so much more energy. 
It's so amazing. 
There is a prominent environmental group in the US called Environmental Defence. 
And they recently wrote on their website that if every American replaced chicken with vegetarian foods for just one meal per week, it would be the equivalent in carbon dioxide of taking about 500,000 cars off the US roads. 
Here in the United States, big is beautiful. 
That applies to the cars and definitely to the steaks. 
The average American eats 124 kilos of meat a year. 
44 more kilos than the average Dutchman. 
At night, at the hotel, I watch a classic about American factory farming. 
(www.meatrix.com) 
Here you go, Leo. 
Psst, Leo! 
Who are you? 
How did you know my name? 
I'm Moopheus, and I know a lot about you. 
Have you heard of the Meatrix? 
The Meatrix? 
Do you want to know what it is? 
OK. 
The Meatrix is all around you, Leo. 
It is the story we tell ourselves about where meat and animal products come from. 
This family farm is a fantasy. 
Take the blue pill and stay here in the fantasy, take the red pill and I will show you the truth. 
Welcome to the real world. 
Whoah! 
What is this horrible place? 
This is a factory farm, Leo. 
Places like this are where most eggs, milk and meat come from. 
How did this happen? 
I'll show you. 
In the mid 20th century, greedy agriculture corporations began modifying sustainable family farming to maximize their profits at great cost to both humans and animals. 
Factory farming was born. 
Animals are packed as closely together as possible. 
Most never see sunlight, touch ground or get fresh air. 
Many can't even turn around. 
These cruel conditions cause fights and disease amongst the animals. 
To fix this, the corporate machine began systematic mutilation, practices such as de-beaking chickens. 
And they started adding a constant dosage of antibiotics to their feed, just to keep these poor wretches alive. 
This overuse of antibiotics breed super strains of resistant disease-causing germs. 
Every day we get closer to an epidemic that cannot be stopped. 
Eeeuw! 
What's that smell? 
12 million pounds of excrement! 
This pollutes the air and ground water. 
That's why communities near factory farms often suffer from high levels of related sicknesses. 
Well, it smells like shhhhh ... 
And what is more, Factory Farming corporations have been destroying communities and mistreating their workers for decades. 
Since 1950, over 2 million small hog farms have disappeared. 
If they continue at this rate there'll be no real independent family farms left. 
That is the Meatrix, Leo. 
The Lie we tell ourselves about where our food comes from. 
But it's not too late, there is a resistance. 
Count me in! 
Washington. 
City of politicians, policymakers, lobbyists and activists. 
Think of the seals when you buy your meals. 
Boycott Canada! 
Today there's a demonstration against the seal hunt is held at the Canadian Embassy. 
Think of the seals when you buy your meals. 
Boycott Canada! 
This demonstration was organised by the Humane Society of the United States, 
America's largest animal welfare organisation with 10 million members. 
30 minutes later I have an appointment on Capitol Hill with Wayne Pacelle, the president of the Humane Society. 
Hi. 
- Welcome to the United States. 
Welcome to Washington, our nation's capital. 
- Thank you. 
We are so proud of what you've accomplished in Holland with your election. 
We all took note last November of how you were elected and you're the first Party for the Animals in the world to achieve this. 
- Yes, that's true. 
So thank you and we look forward to learning about what you have done. 
Oh, OK. 
So nice to meet you finally. 
You are the biggest organisation on animal welfare? 
Yes, we are. 
We have ten million supporters here in the United States in terms of paying supporters, and then of course we have millions more who believe in what we are doing, and we are here to organise that sentiment to achieve political reforms for animals, among doing other things. 
We try to pressure corporations to do the right thing and we educate the public, and we do hands-on care of animals as well. 
But the political work here in Congress is very important. 
Factory farming is the biggest abuse of all. 
Because in the United States alone there are 10 billion animals raised for food. 
Its an extraordinary number and the average American eats 80 or 85 animals per year. 
And we want to see that number reduced and we want to see the animals out of these terrible confinement systems. 
And why do you think Al Gore didn't mention factory farming? 
You know I think that he probably thought that he was giving a lot of information already to people with An Inconvenient Truth, and maybe he thought that people would shut down if it affected them too personally. 
Because it gets very personal when you're talking about eating animals, and you're talking about something that is part of the American diet. 
He thought all this is going too far. 
But the public is slowly waking up. 
I do not believe that we can have a good situation for animals or the environment if we continue to eat as much meat as we're eating. 
But even if you reduce your total consumption by half and instead of eating 80 animals eat 40, you cut in half the greenhouse gas emissions. 
So we do think that our fork is a powerful tool. 
So, they're clear about this in the United States: the power lies with the consumer. 
As consumers, we can make a difference by changing our diets. 
Matt Prescott says that meat is the number one cause of global warming. 
And he gives a good example of this. 
If every American ate no chicken for just one day a week, then this would reduce just as much pollution as taking 500.000 cars off the road. 
Chicken? 
No thanks! 
We'd rather have 500.000 cars! 
It's funny. 
OK, I can hear you thinking: 
Meat and other animal products are bad for the environment. 
I get it. 
But don't we need meat and milk for our health? 
Where else do we get the calcium for our bones, the iron for our blood, and the vitamins and minerals we need to keep us healthy? 
Advertisers and food producers have done so much to indoctrinate us, that you'd nearly end up believing it. 
Go meat! 
Sides of lamb are only 1.99 a kilo. 
The message is clear: milk is essential, meat is good for you, cheese is healthy for us all ... 
But who benefits most from meat and dairy products, the consumer or the producer? 
Do we really need all that animal protein? 
Generally speaking there's not a real problem for health if we have much lower meat consumption. 
And there are potential benefits. 
I mean after all colon cancer is one of the commonest cancers in high income countries. 
And the risk of colon cancer is higher with high meat consumption. 
So there would be a real benefit in terms of colon cancer risk, for example. 
Going from our level of consumption to something that's just a bit below half of that would not involve any significant health harms and would almost certainly bring health benefits. 
As you have probably already guessed, I'm a vegetarian. 
I actually used to like eating meat quite a lot. 
But that was until around twelve years ago when I saw a Dutch TV documentary called "What the cow wants". 
It contained some really bizarre footage. 
This hole was made a few years ago. 
Cows can live very long with this. 
Sometimes more than ten years. 
This is a hole with a diameter of around 4 inches. 
Inside there is a silicone ring. 
With inside a lid. 
When I push, it should be possible to open it. 
Now it's open. 
The lid comes out. 
Here we have a part of the grass the animal just ate. 
When I saw this, for me that was the very limit. 
Animal diseases, animal suffering, animals that were no longer treated as living beings. 
I had seen it all and I thought: 
"No, not in my name! 
I want no part in this any more." 
And that's how you put the lid back on. 
In the factory farming industry, animals are adapted to the food that we choose to give them and the massive stalls in which they are forced to live. 
They are mutilated, they are given antibiotics to stop them getting sick. 
Pigs are now sometimes even given anti-stress pills to help them cope with their unnatural living conditions. 
Yet the fact that it turns out that livestock makes an enormous contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by belching, farting and defecating doesn't necessarily mean that we'll start keeping fewer cows, pigs and chickens? 
No, the industry will simply dream up something new. 
Would you believe it, they now even make fist-sized pills to stop cows from farting so much? 
But you know - consumer resistance against factory farming is steadily growing due to the increasing awareness of the animal suffering that it entails. 
And sometimes you come across people from an entirely different background who surprise you. 
It was in America that I met a man who is known as the Mad Cowboy. 
He was a factory farmer who got out of the livestock industry and went vegetarian around the time of the Mad Cow Disease crisis in Europe. 
Hi, nice to finally meet you. 
Nice to see you're un-lost again. 
- Yeah, finally, we made it. 
Welcome to my humble abode. 
- Thank you. 
It's nice and warm here. 
This is on the farm. 
And this is one of the dogs we had, which was Sam. 
Good critter. 
That's the farm ... 
I'm a fourth generation farmer, rancher, feedlot operator from Montana. 
At one time I had 7000 head of cattle, 12,000 acres of crops and 30 employees. 
I spent 45 years of my life in production agriculture. 
Not something I learned from a book. 
I learned it by doing it. 
I was a factory farmer. 
The worst of all. 
Not a family farmer, but a factory farmer. 
Never met a chemical I didn't like. 
We'd actually grind up animals and feed them back to our animals. 
Had all of the bad habits ... 
What are you doing here? 
- Branding. 
- Ughh. 
See there. 
I've branded hundreds of thousands of animals. 
It's still allowed in America? 
- Absolutely. 
1979 I ended up paralysed from the waist down. 
The doctor told me I had a tumour on my spinal cord. 
He said that if that tumour is on the inside of the cord, you have 
less than one chance in a million you will ever walk again. 
Made me stop and think for the first time in my life that I was part of the problem, not part of the solution. 
I saw the birds die, I saw the trees die. 
I saw the soil changed. 
And it was not until I was paralysed that I was willing to admit that I was the problem. 
I ended up with a one in a million operation. 
I walked out of the hospital, with a one in a million operation, but I walked out a much different individual than I walked in. 
I knew that what we were doing was wrong, was absolutely, totally non-sustainable. 
Here's a scone that my wife made. 
Try that. 
Vegan. 
Everything in the house is vegan. 
There's no animal products in anything that we have here. 
And it tastes good. 
Everybody thought the same way. 
It was mass hysteria. 
Everybody was doing it, it must be OK. 
You started and went on from the time you were a child. 
And can you imagine what it was like, when I first asked myself the question: 
"Should we be eating animals?" 
It was one of the most thought-provoking questions 
I had ever had in my life. 
Because I had never even considered that, and when you stop and think about it, it is so straightforward and open: 
"Should we be eating animals?" 
Absolutely not. 
"Do we need them for protein?" 
Absolutely not. 
"Are they good for us?" 
Absolutely not. 
Mr.Sameh 
The people were asking, do we stay or do we leave? 
Their presence now isn't really important I guess... 
Pay them and let them leave 
What? 
Nobody is gonna leave 
Assume he suddenly returns 
He has to return to find everything the way it was 
Yeah I agree 
If he returns, treat him just like you did at first 
Got it? 
Okay 
Let's go, looks like we wont find anything here 
It's no use, we've been looking for 2 weeks 
Now what? 
We're doing what we can 
All this is useless 
The court meeting is tomorrow 
And now what? 
It's a difficult situation, if the father isn't here, we'll lose the case 
We'll be jailed for at least 5 years 
No, we can't wait that long 
Karim, Sameh, you have to decide on something 
Can't we get another guy to pretend he's dad? 
This situation has other arrangements, we have no time 
And we can't postpone tomorrow's court session? 
That was the final postponal 
Can't you lend us money till we find dad? 
If I had money, do you think I would've been helping you now? 
Listen, when it comes to the bank we all took that loan 
Which means we'd all go to prison 
Don't say that, hopefully nothing bad will happen 
We've never even done anything bad to anyone for this to happen to us 
Guys, we need to calm down and figure out what we're gonna do tomorrow 
Isn't it your job to think about it? 
Hello? 
Yeah, it's me 
What? 
You sure? 
Okay, I'm on my way to you now! 
Thanks 
Dad is in jail! 
What?! 
Jail? 
Come on! 
Come on! 
Just like I told you, we heard about a fight and we saw this man, it looked like he was gonna kill the other guy 
What was the reason behind the fight? 
He told us he thought the man was gonna rob him 
The guy who dad hit was a thief? 
No, he wasn't 
We searched him but found nothing 
Just like you can see, he looks decent 
Yeah he looks decent and not like a thief, what's wrong? 
I've noticed that there's something weird about your dad 
His speech pattern is odd 
I think there's something wrong with him, right? 
Yeah he has Alzheimer's 
Oh yes Alzheimer's, I thought so 
Because when we saw Mr.Sameh's number, he didn't know whose number it was 
How do you just allow him to go out alone? 
Meem, get him out of the prison bars 
To be honest, he's been missing for a while 
He left the house and nobody knew where he was and we kept looking for him 
Thank god 
Most importantly, calm this man down because he's shocked 
Thief! 
You thief! 
You shorty! 
Dad calm down, it's no big deal that he's short egyptian singing 
Excuse me, prove what happened now at tomorrow's case 
Luck was on our side this time 
Mahmoud should be with you tomorrow morning at court and you're ready, right? 
Ofcourse! 
Today's case will really help us and I've made a deal with the officer 
I'd love to know, where has he been for 2 weeks 
It's just like you see it, his actions are odd 
I'm very worried for him 
What's the reason for this confusion? 
Let's hope he stays that way till tomorrow! 
What if he doesn't get confused tomorrow at court and told him everything? 
How would we solve that? 
We're ready for everything Mr.Sameh 
Medical statements, the guy who got hit yesterday. 
Everything! 
These will really help us 
As long as he's at court tomorrow 
Mr.Mahmoud, what do you have to say for what's being said about you? 
Mr.Mahmoud 
Yes? 
What do you have to say about this 'Alzheimer's' case 
I don't know 
How don't you know? 
This is a statement from your doctor 
With a list of medications you used to take 
Also, a court case from yesterday 
Which proves all this 
Look, my memory is perfect. 
I can remember anything even if it was 30 years ago 
And you can ask Sheheibar and Abo Doma 
Who are Sheheibar and Abo Doma? 
My children 
You mean Sameh and Karim? 
Isn't that what I said? 
You said Sheheibar and Abo Doma 
No I said Sameh and Karim 
Are you sure you didn't say Sheheibar and Abo Doma? 
Who's the one forgetting now? 
Ok Mr.Mahmoud, Thanks 
This case is closed for now 
You may go 
What did your dad just do? 
We all know he doesn't have alzheimer's 
Maybe the medication he's talking is affecting him? 
Talk, Shaker 
Didn't you say the medication would only make him unstable and confused? 
Yeah, that's the medical evidence we know 
But with old age, maybe the medication has affected his memory 
You mean he actually got Alzheimer's? 
Even if he did get Alzheimer's 
That's what we wanted 
Ofcourse not 
We just want to win this case, not hurt dad 
It's the same result 
You won the case, what else do we want? 
You're right, that's the most important thing 
If you're gonna empathise, remember prison and all that 
Once you get the money, just cure him using it. 
Just to feel better about yourselves 
Ahmed from the Bank 
Hello? 
Yes Mr.Ahmed 
What? 
When did this happen? 
Okay Mr.Ahmed 
I'll pass by 
Thanks 
What's wrong? 
Dad took all his belongings from the bank 
What? 
I don't know, let's go where to? 
To see why dad did this 
Mr.Sameh 
What's wrong? 
I wanted to tell you something before you go 
Just say it! 
I entered the room and saw him in the bathroom 
His bag was open, I don't know why, and I found a lot of contracts and papers and thought I should tell you 
What contracts? 
Donating the car and this house after he dies and he's gonna sell our land 
Oh god! 
And when did he do that? 
The dates took place the same period when he was gone 
And where are these contracts? 
Upstairs in his bag 
What have we ever done to deserve this? 
Where is he now? 
Upstairs 
No...we need to put an end to this 
Come on lets go 
What's this, dad? 
What's wrong dad?! 
What's this letter? 
This is an expulsion letter from school 
You skip classes? 
Dad, that was when I was in 7th grade 
Oh 
And that was a while ago? 
You ditched school? 
You failure! 
Dad it was a very long time ago 
No more allowance! and no more Belila (Egyptian food) 
I don't like it 
Help me Sameh 
I'll go get something from the car 
Why don't you be more like Sameh? 
Smart and clever and always studying really hard 
Thanks dad 
You smoke behind my back, you scum? 
What? 
You think I don't know? 
I know everything! 
Go upstairs so I can shower you 
What?! 
I'll shower you then I'll help you study 
GO 
Let's go! 
Go where? 
He said he's gonna shower us 
GO 
COME ON KARlM 
COME ON 
Come on we have to study! 
This is pampers for you to wear after you're done showering due to all the disasters you do at night when you're asleep 
What's happening, Sameh? 
They use this brush to clean the horses 
Shut up 
Let's get this over with 
See your smart brother 
Raise your arms! 
What? 
Your armpits! 
Go head 
Shut up 
Ok 
No this is clean 
I swear it's clean 
Shut up 
Okay 
No no! 
Daaadd 
Guys, isn't this what you wanted? 
Wanted? 
You didn't see what he did to us 
Like I told you before, we have to cope with it till the condition stabilises 
And when is that? 
He sold everything and withdrew the money 
That's Alzheimer's 
The patient acts in confusion and then stabilises 
Hopefully he'll stabilise and tell you where the money is 
Did he even have Alzheimer's in the first place? 
What about the medication we use to give him, Mr.Karim? 
Did you forget? 
Screw all this 
Calm down Karim 
How can I calm down? 
I can't sit down comfortably due to the diapers he made me wear 
This can't go on like this, time is passing by and the bank won't wait for us 
There must be another plan in order to find out where the money is 
This money is for you and the others 
It's more than what my kids would've given you 
I didn't think you'd be able to convince the others to do this 
Money can do anything but I didn't do this for the money 
I did this because I felt guilty for what I did to you 
I know, that's why I depended on you 
Take the money, mona 
And what do you intend on doing now? 
Listen, all this means that I couldn't properly raise my kids 
They're gonna decide to come stay with me and when they come, I'll re-raise them 
What if they don't come? 
They'll come, they're my kids I know them 
We came to stay here with you, dad 
To help you with anything you need 
We have to stay by your side especially due to your condition ofcourse we'll do anything you need 
What, Malak, why don't you come say hi to grandpa? 
Do you still remember me, grandpa? 
What did you tell her? 
Come give me a hug 
If I forget the whole world, I can't forget you Malak 
Let me show you how much I love you 
Take your time dad, we're waiting here 
You take your time 
Everybody look for the money, I'm sure it's somewhere 
Do you think he'd hide millions in the house? 
It's possible... 
Karim, we have no other choice 
There isn't one penny at the bank 
We could find the money here 
What if we don't find anything? 
I dunno, but I'm sure we'll find something 
Hopefully 
What's all this, grandpa? 
To know just how much I still remember you 
It's all mine? 
All of it is yours 
And when you get bored of it, I'll buy you more toys 
We'll play together 
And they won't play with us? 
No, they have another game they're playing, nevermind them 
Let's just play together random stuttering 
Grandpa 
What? 
They're all asleep 
Good, I needed to tell you a secret 
What secret? 
A very big secret but you can never tell anyone 
No-one? 
Yes 
Ok I won't 
No you'll tell them, but I'll tell you when to tell them 
Okay 
What's wrong dad? 
Are you gonna kill us?! 
Hunting season has begun! 
Hunting? 
Yes! 
Have you forgotten how great of a hunter I was? 
Come on, we're going to fayoum to go hunt ducks 
Now? 
Yes, now! 
Go change your clothes! 
Ok 
Until I wake up your brother, uh... 
What's his name?! 
Sameh 
Yeah, Sameh come on! 
Come on Come on! 
Wake up! 
I don't want any slacking off 
Okay Okay 
Come on wake up 
Come on let's go 
Wake up 
Collect any dead ducks, ok? 
Okay 
What's this? 
What are you doing? 
There aren't any ducks flying so I thought they may be hiding behind the boat 
What? 
We're sinking 
We're sinking! 
Every man on his own 
Don't leave me like this! 
I can't swim 
Sameh I'm your brother 
Stay with me Karim! 
Wake up 
Dad! 
Wait! 
Dad 
I can't take it anymore, move out of the way 
Mr.Mahmoud wants you 
What does he want? 
What are you doing, dad? 
Come on, world cup is approaching 
We're gonna fight now 
What? 
Come on Karim 
He never even played boxing 
Shut up Karim, why don't you just tell him about all of this? 
I don't wanna play! 
Man up! 
Stop 
Put your arms up like this yeah liek this to protect yourself and the glasses? 
Give me the glasses 
Raise your hands up 
Yeah protect your face well Karim 
Ok 
Come on, dress up 
Morning Ellen 
I believe you're going to give us an update on some of the work you've been doing? 
Yes - last time I did a blog I'd just began treatment on this beautiful lentoid and now I've actually finished it. 
And I've updated the housing for the object and now you can see all the beautiful features that are present. 
One thing I wanted to point out before we take a closer look at the object is that we actually take a number of samples of everything that we remove from each object and that includes the soil from the cells and it also includes things like corrosion products possible organic materials and if we do happen to find any tiny garnet fragments in the soil. 
So all those things are saved and I constructed this little housing so they don't rattle around. 
Just as an example this is the soil from the bottom and the left cloisonné cells in the object. 
Okay, can you just turn that round for us so we can just see the soil moving in there? 
Okay, so that's an example of all the soil that you've kept. 
And you were saying other things that you might of kept are just small fragments? 
Any tiny fragments that I discovered that are unusual or notable in any way so for an example this is sort of a green black lump that's a compressed possible corrosion product that I found in the cells. 
This is an interesting feature that I thought I would point out this is one thing that I found through excavating one of the central cells here and that's a remaining rivet. 
There are actually several rivet holes present and you can see those on the back of the object 
But this is the only rivet that we found between this lentoid and the previous lentoid that was cleaned. 
And you can see that the rivet is resting on top of a small silver divider and that's something that is a feature that is also present on the previous lentoid. 
And I am right in thinking - you were telling me at the other side you can actually see the holes where these pins may have been? 
You can. 
So if I pan over the central gold foil... 
You can see that there are two large rivet holes present on this side as well. 
And one small rivet hole sort of tucked in the corner 
looks like maybe they made a mistake! 
So what are we looking at here Ellen? 
You can see here the clean garnets and some of them are quite lovely and you can still see the inter play of light with the backing foils showing through. 
And I'm presently working on writing up a little blog for the website about this treatment so that you can see the before and after of images. 
hey guys how are y'all doing 
I was hanging out with a friend yesterday and he said something that "REALLY" hurt me! 
(Yesterday) 
Me:Hey man, you should go talk to her. 
My friend: 
No! 
Me: 
You, go. 
My friend: 
No 
Me: 
Just go, don't be scared My friend: 
Noooooo 
Me: 
Why not? 
(A:Don't know what's going on) (B:Yeah) 
My friend: 
Cuz she is white 
What? 
Are you racist or something? 
She is WHlTE. 
I am ASlAN, Man. 
Who cares? 
Dude, Asian guys are the bottom of the totem pole (Slap) Owwww.. 
"Bottom of the totem pole"? 
That is the most low self-esteem crap. 
I have ever heard 
This is a fact 
The only people that say Asian guys are the bottom of the totem pole are Asian guys! 
I have never heard a girl go 
I don't date Asian guys cuz they are 
The bottom of the totem pole 
Oh my god. 
You are so right! 
Never heard that before... from a girl 
Asian guys! 
Why are we so pessimistic? 
We are smart 
We are clean 
We don't sweat a lot. 
We are exotic. 
We are super exotic! 
Asian guys are really at the bottom of the totem pole which we are not it's not cuz we are ugly or cuz we smell bad 
It's cuz we have little..... 
Confidence 
Yeah. 
Confidence. 
You.. 
You were thinking something dirty, 
Weren't you? 
Asian guys, we need to stand up. 
We need to stand up and... and be brave. 
We need to stand up and grow a pair 
We need to stand up in that complaining all the time 
If I hear one more person go 
Oh my god. 
I am so sick of white guys dating all of our women 
I will slap you (slap) (slap) (slap) (slap) 
And if an Asian girl only dates white guys 
Who cares? 
There's billions and billions of women 
Even if you are not an Asian guy 
Let this be a lesson 
You tell yourself, you are the bottom 
You are usually right! 
So,,, Shut up with that negative attitudee 
Yeah... 
That's all I have to say. 
So.. 
Byeeeee (Waving) 
A Day for an Affair 
- Hi. 
- Hi. 
-What did you do today? 
- I went to the school and handed out lunch. 
-On my way home, I bought a couple of fish. 
-What are you wearing? 
My pajamas! 
-Why are you wearing a uniform? 
- I have a ceremony today. 
I'm buying a cell phone today. 
It's been ages since my old one broke. 
A cell phone? 
Your phone's right there. 
You said you didn't need it anymore. 
Then buy me a long line at least. 
About 500 meters long. 
So I can drag the line along to make phone calls. 
This is so awkward. 
This really is awkward. 
My face's burning. 
My lips are so dry. 
You look Handsome. 
Hey, I showed you my picture. 
I couldn't even see your face. 
You're really young. 
Are you sure you're married? 
I told you I married when I didn't know better. 
I am a young miss. 
You're very beautiful. 
Thank you. 
You're very handsome, too. 
And so honest. 
Nuts. 
This is nuts! 
Excuse me? 
Nothing. 
Just talking to myself. 
This is nuts. 
This coffee is strong. 
You're 21, then what year does that make you? 
Sophomore. 
- Have you dated before? 
- By that, do you mean... 
- if I slept with anyone? 
- Yeah. 
- Really? 
- Yes. 
But I'd still be good at it. 
Really? 
It's really big! 
- Really? 
- Yes. 
For real. 
- Take it out! 
- What? 
Your thing, pull it out. 
Here? 
Take it out, underneath! 
It's not so big. 
- Yes, it is. 
- No, It's not. 
When it's hard, it's really big. 
I don't think so. 
Yes, it is. 
It is big. 
- Then make it hard. 
- Here? 
Hey...let's go somewhere else. 
Don't make me laugh! 
No way... 
That thing, I doubt it can even get hard! 
No, It gets hard fine. 
-What's your major? 
- Astrophysics. 
You go to a regional college and you think you're going to build spaceships? 
Well, not exactly make spaceships but we study the creation and evolution of the universe. 
We also observe and research the cosmic space of the earth's mesosphere and 
- planetary movements... 
- Show- off. 
I'll just get a job probably. 
As if someone would hire you! 
You really sucked at high school, didn't you? 
If you didn't study in high school, you should at least study at college. 
Going after housewives! 
And what kind of name is that for a chat room? 
"Welcoming Dumpy Housewives" Weird taste! 
Miss Dewdrop. 
I think I'm just going to go home. 
Why? 
To go study? 
No. 
You're disrespecting me and I can't stand it. 
Let's eat first. 
Fine! 
Okay. 
But we're only eating. 
Well, of course. 
What else can we do with that thing... 
Total mental castration... 
My thing is fine. 
- Hey, why are you getting in? 
- Huh? 
I have to go somewhere. 
Take a taxi or walk. 
There' no taxi here. 
That's your problem. 
Close the door! 
You drive me crazy. 
Really. 
I was just kidding.. Get in. 
I want to go somewhere quiet. 
What about you? 
What's wrong? 
No. 
It's just... a bit uncomfortable. 
Is it very discomforting? 
The world seems strange, doesn't it? 
Don't worry. 
No one knows. 
Let's go some place far. 
It's so strange. 
I don't think I'll ever come to a place like this again. 
My heart is racing like a fish's. 
My heart's beating like a goldfish's, too. 
Are we really going to do this? 
We don't even have any protection, do we? 
Condoms? 
We come all the way here and don't do it? 
Okay. 
I'll go get some. 
This place is not bad. 
Look at you, getting nervous. 
Your face is burning. 
I'm not nervous. 
Wow! 
You're really sensitive. 
I am a little. 
I like sensitive women. 
Hey! 
That tickles! 
Don't! 
I'm gonna start from the toe. 
You, don't tickle me! 
Don't tickle me! 
Don't tickle me! 
I'm going to kill you. 
I have to start from the toe... 
This won't do, you make me laugh. 
Put on a serious expression! 
Serious! 
I bought some! 
This way. 
Oh! 
They're made in China. 
I can't trust them. 
They're okay. 
If you're nervous, I'll use two. 
I don't use any Chinese products even at home. 
- Wait! 
- Now what? 
The buttons can't get ripped. 
Wait. 
Let me catch my breath. 
I'm breathing so hard I think I'm going to suffocate. 
You're really nervous. 
Can't we just have a drink? 
You want me to go buy some? 
We can have it delivered. 
No. 
I'll go buy some. 
Delivery's expensive! 
Just have it delivered. 
No. 
I'll just go out and get some.. 
Let's just have a drink. 
Alright. 
I'll be back. 
- Slow. 
- Yes. 
- Slow. 
- Yes. 
What are you doing? 
We can drink with our clothes off. 
At least our tops. 
Let's do it when it feels right. 
It feels right to me. 
Okay, then I'll show... 
I'll show you up to here... so can't we just stay like this and just talk? 
No! 
You've changed all of a sudden. 
Humans are like that. 
Then undress up to there at least. 
Yes. 
What are you doing? 
Why are you undressing? 
Let's just do it once. 
Do what?! 
Just once... 
Come this way. 
Look. 
- This is funny. 
Really! 
- Let's just do it once. 
Look. 
Can you buy some more liquor? 
We've drunk all. 
I will after we do it once. 
I feel so refreshed. 
Thought I was gonna die. 
The dumber they are, the stronger they are. 
What did you just say?! 
What? 
Are you yelling at me? 
I mean, what did you say? 
I said you're good. 
I heard what you were saying. 
Dammit! 
I did you a favor. 
What did you say! 
You did me as a favor? 
What a crap! 
Where did you pick up such bad manners? 
Don't you think you're going too far? 
You're feeling pretty mighty all of a sudden. 
It wasn't good because you were good. 
It's because I was born sensitive. 
Still, aren't you being too hard on me? 
Alright, brat. 
Such pride... 
If you only studied like that. 
Dammit! 
Okay, okay. 
Enough! 
A man doesn't get pissed off over such things... 
Let's do it later. 
Let's just talk now. 
- About what? 
-What painters do you like? 
I don't like any! 
How boorish coming to a motel and talking about painters. 
I went get drinks and even condoms. 
You're angry. 
I understand. 
But you know what? 
It'll be better to do it when we really want to do it. 
I really want to do it 
Then let's do it when we really really want to do it. 
It wouldn't be hard doing it with you. 
But the fantasy will be broken. 
What fantasy? 
Of a good friend! 
A friend I can really talk to. 
We talked for six months. 
I don't think I've ever been happier. 
Do you know what the worst kind of woman is? 
Who acts like she's going to put out but doesn't. 
Do you really want to do it? 
Yes 
Then, do it with your mouth. 
Maybe later. 
When we want to do it. 
Then.. do it with your hand. 
Let's do it later. 
I'll do it later for sure. 
You can't even do it with your hand? 
Oh my god. 
Weren't you going to buy some mackerel? 
No. 
We have a lot of fish. 
Have some. 
- Is it hot? 
- Yes. 
It's very good. 
Have some. 
No. 
I'm full! 
Drink it. 
If you don't, it'll expire! 
Give one to your father. 
We better finish the pike, too. 
One more day and they'll be bugs. 
Hey, Sunghee, come here. 
Now what... 
- Have some milk, too. 
- I don't want any... 
Yes, you do. 
It's going to expire. 
I get diarrhea. 
Just throw it out! 
Brat. 
Throw it out? 
Why would you throw food out? 
Drink up! 
Flip over the kimchi that you've eaten! 
Flip it over yourself. 
It's too bright. 
Wait! 
- Tell me a story. 
-What story? 
Any story. 
What kind of story? 
A racy one? 
Any story. 
Tenderly, as if whispering. 
I'm busy here. 
I have nothing to say. 
I love...you. 
Not that. 
Something with a plot. 
Oh I don't know. 
What plot. 
Hurry... 
A long time ago... 
In my ear. 
Whisper! 
A long time ago, I was dating this woman. 
She was a real virgin. 
Really? 
Yeah. 
And so...? 
What do you mean, so? 
Once she did it with me, she was no longer a virgin. 
That's it? 
Yes. 
More specifically. 
How did you meet her? 
She lived next door. 
And then? 
Well, then, one day. 
Try to make it dramatic. 
Like a movie. 
Alright. 
One night, a night of brilliant moonlight, 
I was asleep... when the door opened quietly. 
She slowly walked into my room... 
Go on... 
OK. 
And one day... 
I saw a woman at a subway. 
I was following her secretly. 
When I turned the dark corner... 
Don't tickle me! 
Don't tickle me! 
Stop now, you brat. 
I've been doing some research. 
- Researching? 
- Yes. 
- Great. 
What? 
- A new style. 
- A new style? 
- Indian style. 
Indian style? 
Sounds fun. 
Let's do it. 
Do it again! 
No good. 
What kind of a style is this? 
Do it again! 
It's stupid... 
What a stupid Indian. 
- Wait. 
- What? 
Sorry, I'm sorry. 
That's a little strange. 
Tell me a different one. 
You're driving me crazy. 
Really. 
Not something forced. 
Something natural. 
I got it. 
I'll try again. 
It was gym class. 
There were students outside running around... 
So we secretly went into the closet. 
Pushed a girl onto a mat... 
But suddenly, the students were gathering, outside, the teacher is pounding on the door. 
But we couldn't stop. 
The girl's voice was getting louder and louder. 
And the door was about to open. 
But she was reaching orgasm. 
I'll have Sam- gae-tang. 
You don't even have any money! 
Aren't you gonna buy me? 
You just watch while I eat! 
Don't drool! 
You drive me crazy. 
Really. 
Don't pout. 
Alright, just for today. 
You always treat me. 
Next time, bring some money. 
You get free sex and now free food! 
That's too much. 
Sam- gae-tang. 
Are you always so quiet? 
I like people's voices. 
Why are you so attached to talking? 
I don't know. 
Maybe because I'm so lonely? 
Is your husband quiet, too? 
My husband? 
As he walked out of the wedding hall he closed his mouth and he's been quiet ever since. 
Ah, It's cold. 
Don't. 
You're going to get my clothes wet. 
Stop it. 
My shoes are all wet. 
So what! 
They're not mine. 
You look lonely. 
I'll buy lunch today. 
Whatever you want! 
But, at student cafeteria. 
They're freshmen, aren't they? 
How do you know? 
Because they look tacky. 
It's good! 
Back in my day, it wasn't. 
Did you go to college, too? 
Why? 
Anything say that I can't? 
No, of course not. 
What was your major? 
What do you think? 
I don't know. 
Philosophy. 
Huh? 
It can't be! 
Brat... 
What do you mean, it can't? 
Then name me three philosophers. 
What a joke! 
You wouldn't even know them if I did... 
Jacques Lacan, 
Gilles Deleuze, Claude Levi- Strauss. 
Herbert Marcuse. 
Miss Dewdrop. 
You're so cool. 
Even pretty and smart. 
I want to go back to school again! 
- It's awkward. 
- I like it. 
Wait. 
Now what? 
It's ridiculous. 
We've just met. 
You don't seem like the man I've been talking with. 
Yes. 
I'm that man. 
Your first kiss in 8th grade. 
First sex with your husband, age 19. 
In someone else's car. 
After drinking two cups of soju. 
What kind of a man remembers only those details? 
That's what men are like. 
I know that but... 
I liked you because you seemed different. 
I thought we'd talk a lot. 
Again talk. 
What talk! 
You're driving me crazy. 
If you don't want to do it, just say so. 
It's so tacky hedging like this. 
I'm not good at talking. 
You're driving me crazy. 
Really. 
Do you know howl feel every time I go home after we meet? 
No. 
What do you think? 
You don't think about that? 
No. 
Your underwear. 
Can't you give me a call when you're not coming home? 
It's not a big deal. 
- Eat before you go. 
- That's okay. 
I'll just go. 
Where are you going? 
I'm going to look for a job. 
You never last three days. 
Still, I'm going to look. 
I don't want to shrivel up and die at home like this. 
- It's tingling. 
-Why, why, why? 
Ah, My beard? 
- Yes. 
Go shave! 
- I don't want to. 
- Go shave! 
Go now! 
- Let's just do it. 
- Don't get it on me. 
- Come here. 
- Don't get it on me. 
How dare. 
- Come here you. 
- Just once. 
-What are you doing.. 
Oh, my nose! 
Am I good? 
- Is that so important to you? 
- Yes 
This playing with nipples is fun. 
It's really fun. 
I feel strange. 
Why? 
I think I might fall in love with you... 
Go Wash up. 
Uh..what's happening? 
What's happening? 
How did he know? 
Wait, wait. 
Shit! 
- Open the door. 
- Break it. 
- Where is he? 
- Find the evidence first. 
Evidence! 
-We got caught? 
- Hurry and take some pictures first. 
Don't you take any! 
Don't take any pictures! 
Don't take any! 
- Look at you. 
- Don't take pictures. 
You, fucking how old are you? 
You a student? 
Yes. 
I'm sorry. 
You are sorry? 
You bastard. 
Don't hit him! 
Filthy bastard! 
Embarrassing me like this! 
- Shut up! 
-You shut up! 
Filthy bastard. 
Fucking bastard. 
It's me. 
Fox. 
Open the door! 
Tweetie! 
It's me. 
Fox. 
A team got caught! 
Be quiet. 
That policeman is my husband. 
Your husband is a cop?! 
They're leaving. 
Today... 
Let's not do it and just get out. 
-You didn't forget anything, right? 
- I'll go through the mountain. 
Damn! 
What do we do with the beer? 
Get in. 
You. 
Move over. 
Let's go to the station first. 
I'm gonna throw them into the can! 
I'm gonna throw you into hell!! 
-You guys come along too, we need witness. 
- Ok. 
You stop! 
Stop there! 
You stop right there. 
Come here, you... 
Don't come any closer. 
Let go of me. 
Don't follow me! 
Stop right there! 
Man, I'm dumb. 
I should have ran downhill. if you don't have the smarts, the body suffers. 
Dammit, look who it is? 
Dear hubby. 
You bastard. 
You put someone after me! 
Where are you? 
Tell me now! 
I You're dead! 
You crazy? 
Tell you where I am? 
You think I won't catch you? 
I'll chase you to the end and throw you in the can. 
Sure. 
I'll just go to the ends of the earth and wait. 
We'll have it out there! 
Are you in your right mind? 
Making jokes? 
That's right, I'm crazy. 
You must have suffered living with a crazy woman! 
Do you think I have nowhere to go? 
There are men everywhere. 
Hang up, moron. 
Dammit, it's a mountain. 
Man... 
I'm at the top. 
I guess I have to go down. 
Bring me some money. 
Why? 
I got caught at a motel having an affair. 
By My husband, of course... 
He brought the cops. 
The moron got those errands people to follow me. 
They took my bag, too. 
I don't even have a damn coin. 
Who? 
College what? 
So what if he's young. 
So you're bringing some money or not? 
Listen, bitch, if you weren't gonna come, what's with the twenty questions? 
Bitch, you said you were jealous of me having an affair, too. 
Bitch... 
Being a friend means to help out in times of need. 
Bye! 
Hey could you lend me about 50 dollars? 
Me? 
If you have some money, Lend me about 50 bucks. 
30! 
That's all I've got. 
I'll pay you back 
Life is bitter. 
I told you to bring me some money, and you are staying home? 
I'm going to stay at your place for a few days for your punishment. 
No. 
My husband hates it when you visit. 
No he doesn't. 
He's just acting like it. 
- He really hates it. 
- Whatever. 
You don't know how much your husband likes me. 
Get out. 
Bring me a cup of water. 
I'm thirsty. 
You go get it yourself. 
Bring it to me. 
I'm tired. 
I'll tell you all about it. 
What happened? 
First, I want water.. 
Alright. 
Ah my leg. 
My leg. 
I'll tell you after a nap. 
Ah my leg. 
If you want to hear my story, massage my leg. 
Hello? 
Yes? 
Yes, I'm eating. 
I have to eat. 
Uh, Help! 
Help!! 
-Where are we going? 
- The ocean! 
- Really? 
-You'll be back by nightfall. 
Which ocean? 
A tumbling open Ocean 
We need to be careful. 
Since your husband's is cop. 
The back seat! 
-Why the flowers? 
- A present for you! 
What's this? 
You didn't wear any? 
Getting bold.! 
Why? 
Are you cold? 
Cold wind is getting in underneath. 
- Next time, let's really go to Manila. 
- Don't joke. 
- You don't believe me? 
- No I don't. 
Shall I make reservations now? 
In the summer, we'll go. 
Like a honeymoon. 
- I can't go. 
-You promised. 
I'm in front of my house. 
Okay. 
I'll be home soon. 
-What's wrong? 
- Did I leave the stove on? 
The rice cooker? 
- It only takes him 30 minutes to get home. 
- 30 minutes? 
We can get there before he arrives. 
How can we get there in 30 minutes? 
Don worry. 
Oh, just leave it. 
It won't explode. 
- It probably will. 
- Really?! 
Oh, no. 
Why is it so loud. 
Who is it.. 
What the hell? 
What's he doing here... 
How? 
- Don't open the door! 
Hey, why is he here? 
- He happened to call I told him you're here. 
- Go home and fight it out! 
- Crazy bitch. 
Hurry up and leave. 
Do you know how many days you've been here already? 
- My husband told me to send you home. 
- Crazy bitch. 
Tell him I'm not here. 
You're crazy. 
Hurry up and come out. 
- Hey! 
That man might kill me! 
- Then beg him to kill you first! 
- I beg him to do that, he might really do it! 
- Then beg for your life instead! 
Whatever! 
- Don't hit me! 
Don't hit me! 
- Come here right now! 
- Come any closer and I'll jump and kill myself! 
- Hey.. this is the first floor. 
You won't die. 
Ah.. 
It's the first floor. 
Don't come any closer. 
Don't. 
Come over here right now! 
Mom.. 
You dirty bastard. 
Why did you bring my mother? 
Why bring my poor mother here?! 
I'm gonna kill myself! 
Listen bitch! 
Do that in your own home! 
Why you! 
Bitch! 
You call yourself a friend?! 
You bastard, you fooled around, too! 
Remember? 
He secretly loved a woman for 3 years. 
And I couldn't even tell anyone... ...because I thought my mom would worry... 
-Why the hell are you here? 
- Come here now! 
- Do you have no shame? 
The neighbors! 
-What's the big deal? 
It's not our neighborhood. 
- Come on. 
Let's go now!! 
- He's gonna hit me. 
I promise. 
I won't hit you. 
You promise, right? 
I said I promise. 
- Honey, I'm sorry! 
- Please come to your senses now. 
You guys are made for each other. 
What a show. 
Go home and cry! 
-What are you throwing out? 
- The stew's too salty. 
It's burning! 
Eat up. 
I guess you realize you're mistake? 
Still, the only person I love is you. 
You know that, right? 
You too, for 3 years! 
- Wait. 
-Why? 
I have this. 
Let's go outside. 
Sit! 
This is strange. 
Take off your shoes. 
Man.. What? 
Let's go inside the car or a motel. 
I just want to sit around. 
Hey 
Wait. 
-What's wrong with you all of a sudden? 
- Let's do it here. 
Here? 
I don't think it's a good idea. 
-Whew! 
This is strange. 
- Never mind. 
Get up. 
Aren't you coming? 
Where? 
Where? 
Behind the phone booth? 
Supermarket? 
No. 
Don't cross the street. 
Just walk straight. 
Don't look back. 
Yes. 
Keep on walking. 
- Hide over there. 
Hide - Come closer to the sidewalk. 
Lean forward. 
Okay go. 
- Now, we don't have to talk through the phone. 
- Oh, Okay. 
- Now, where are we going? 
-Where?, We are going to kill ourselves. 
-What do you mean kill ourselves! 
- We must die if we love each other. 
-What were you thinking coming here? 
- I'm sorry. 
No one knows who I am. 
Open it. 
Can't you try it on now? 
It should suit you. 
No. 
Go home now. 
Alright. 
- Somewhere quiet... 
- I don't have time. 
Go and take this. 
If you don't like it, give it to a friend. 
I don't have any. 
Yes, you do. 
No, I don't. 
-Yes, you do. 
- No, I don't. 
Yes, you do. 
Wait for me downstairs. 
-Where are you? 
-Walk ahead 10 meters. 
Can't find me yet? turning left 
What is this? 
Are you playing games? turning right go right on 
Here. 
Look through the tree branches. the tree branches. 
Room 305! 
Why aren't you coming up? 
Room 305! 
Where are you going? 
- Don't call me! 
- Are you mad? 
-Why? 
Wait., come upstairs. 
- I think we should stop seeing each other. 
I go to my post abroad tomorrow. 
It's for a year. 
Why didn't you tell me? 
Let's meet and talk. 
- Let's talk later. 
I'm busy. 
-Wait, don't hang up. 
- Wait... 
-What do you want? 
I'm sorry. 
Call me later? 
Here. 
30 dollars. 
Have you had lunch? 
If you haven't, would you like to eat together? 
I'll treat, to thank you for everything. 
You look like a young miss. 
Isn't that your guy? 
Bastard. 
He told me he was away on business. 
Where are you going? 
You can't be too happy right now, let's go for some fresh air? 
I don't understand guys like him. 
Definitely not my type. 
What's with the sunglasses? 
They don't even suit you. 
-Wait here. 
I'll be back right away.. - I thought you were buying me lunch. 
- Oh... 
I didn't recognize you. 
Hello. 
- Don't pretend to know her! 
I'll wait outside. 
- I love you! 
- Are going to cry now? 
Lower the seat some! 
Are those brats following us? 
It looks like the car from the errands center from last time. 
What. 
Hey. 
Wait for me 
I'm sorry, I'm sorry. 
- I think my husband might have put a tail on me. 
- No. 
It's my husband. 
Drives me nuts. 
- Hey! 
This isn't gonna work. 
You, get off here! 
- Here? 
There aren't even any buses. 
Get out,Hurry. 
If we get caught together, we're dead. 
- How can I get out in this speed? 
- Get out! 
Get out! 
Get out! 
- Uh, no! 
- Get out, you dick head! 
Slower, slower. 
Get out. 
Yeah, you moron. 
I knew it. 
You did put a tail on me. 
If you can't trust your wife that much then go live happily by yourself. 
What do you mean who? 
It's my friend, Misook. 
Here check for yourself. 
Hear that? 
Bye! 
Oh my god. 
It flipped over. 
Uh, What happened? 
How old is your kid?! 
- Eight! 
- How old?! 
First grade? 
-You met him through the Internet.? 
- He was closer than my husband... 
I wasn't sure who my real husband was. 
I'd get so confused... 
You lived in a total illusion. 
Anyhow, love is an illusion! 
You liked him so much that he felt burdened, right? 
Or Are you...maybe a perv? 
Do you like to hit? 
Or like to be hit? 
Maybe to be bounded? 
- Um, isn't that the College guy? 
- Uh, it is... 
Hey! 
Hey! 
College Student! 
Are you just gonna ignore us? 
Why would I ignore you? 
I'm so tired I can't even see. 
Moron. 
Have you been walking all this time? 
Stupid.. 
Ugh, again with that! 
Crap... 
I'm dying here. 
-What's with the car? 
It's totally laid out. 
- So does that make you happy? 
Why are you hitting me?! 
You are pissed off again.. 
Ah, hot hot. 
What... 
Why he... 
Wow... 
I told you my major was Astrophysics. 
We make spaceships so a car's nothing. 
- Hey! 
You don't even have a license! 
- A driver's license? 
- All a student need is a student ID. 
-You funny. 
Oh, no! 
Get out! 
- What.. -Jump! 
What kind of person is your husband? 
A good person! 
But we don't love each other. 
My husband's a good person, too. 
He had an affair and so I did, too. 
And that's howl ended up like this. 
Who is it? 
Is it him? 
I thought you guys split. 
I sent him a message that I was in the hospital. 
You really like him, don't you? 
I don't know why I'm like this... 
Wow this room is warm. 
Wait. 
I'm sorry about last time. 
Damn, look at your wounds. 
I told myself...that this is the last time so if you have something to say, please say it. 
The last time? 
Then why don't we do it for the last time before we go on our way? 
Don't worry. 
I can be careful so you won't get hurt. 
Like this.... 
I went to an inn in the country and the woman next doorways screaming like crazy. 
- I cracked the door to listen to her. 
- Not interesting. 
Not interesting? 
Then I'll tell you another story. 
Let's just do it once. 
A long time ago, I was going up the mountain... 
A woman... 
Don't call me again. 
Fine, we don't have to see each other again. 
Let's do it for the last time. 
Come on! 
Fine. 
Do it. 
Then do it. 
Okay. 
A long time ago, I was going up this mountain... 
A woman by the water took off her clothes and... 
You love me, don't you? 
Don't talk nonsense. 
Love? 
In the chat room, yes. 
Not in reality. 
No. 
I love you, too. 
Alright? 
I love you. 
Don't go. 
Love, my ass! 
Bastard. 
Are you selling out love now, too? 
You bastard. 
You deserve it. 
I love you. 
For real. 
What happened with the college student? 
- He's going off to complete his army duty. 
-Why? 
All of a sudden? 
He's running off from my husband. 
That hurts. 
If the sun comes up will he come, When the wind blows he'll leave. 
When I look at you, you're ignoring me. 
Please wind stop blowing. 
Why are you eating everything? 
Stop eating the bone. 
It's no use holding you, you just go away. 
Please wind stop blowing. 
I don't know 
Please wind stop blowing. 
Please wind stop blowing. 
Now it's all in the past. 
What should I do if I miss you. 
I'm just crying like a fool. 
Please wind stop blowing. 
All right so QuickFind is too slow for huge problems. 
So, how are we going to do better? 
Our first attempt is an alternative called, Quick-union. 
This is so called lazy approach to algorithm design where we try to avoid doing work until we have to. 
It uses the same data structure or array ID with size M but now it has a different interpretation. 
We are going to think of that array as representing a set of trees that's called a forest as depicted at right. 
So, each entry in the array is going to contain a reference to its parent in the tree. 
So, for example, 3's parent is four, 4's parent is nine. 
So 3's entry is four and 4's entry is nine in the array. 
Now each entry in the array has associated with it a root. 
That's the root of its tree. 
Elements that are all by themselves in just, in their own connected component, point to themselves, so one points to itself but also nine points to itself. 
It's the root of the tree, containing two, four and three. 
So, from this data structure we can associate with each item a root, which is representative, say, of it's connected component. 
So that's the root of three is nine, going up that root. 
Now, once we can calculate these roots, then we can implement the find operation just by checking whether the two items that we're supposed to check with are connective where they have the same root. 
That's equivalent to saying, are they in the same connective component? 
So that's some work, going to find the roots of each item but the union operation is very easy. 
To merge components containing two different items. 
Two items that are in different components. 
All we do is set the ID of P's route to the ID of Q's route. 
Let's make P's tree point to Q. So in this case, we would change the entry of nine to be six to merge three and five. 
The components containing three and five. 
And with just changing one value in the array we get the two large components emerged together. 
That's the Quick-union algorithm. 
Because a union operation only involves changing one entry in the array. 
Find operation requires a little more work. 
So let's look at the Implementation, a demo of that one in operation first. 
So again we, we start out the same way but now the idea array entry really means that every one of these things is a little tree where the one node each everyone pointing to itself. 
It's the root of it's own tree so now if we have to put four and three in the same component, then all we do is we take the root, of the component containing the first item and make that a child of the root of the component, component containing the second item. 
In this case we just make four as parent three. 
So now three and eight. 
So again, we take the first item and make it a child of the root of the tree containing the second item. 
So now three, four, and eight are in the same component. 
Six and five six goes below five. 
Nine and four, So now four is the root of the tree containing four is eight. 
And the root of tree containing nine is nine. 
And so we make nine a child of eight. 
Two and one, that's an easy one. 
Now if we get our, our eight and nine connected, we just checked that they have the same root and they both have the same root eight and so they're connected. 
Five and four 4's root is eight. 
5's root is five. 
They're different. 
They're not connected. 
Five and zero. 
Five goes to be a child of zero. 
Seven and two seven goes to be a child of 2's root which is one. 
Six and one. 
6's route is zero 1's its own route, so zero becomes a child of one. 
Each one of these union operations just involves changing one entry in the array. 
And finally, seven and three. 
So seven's root is one, three's root is eight, one becomes a child of eight. 
Okay and now we have one connected component with all the items together. 
Alright, so now let's look at the code for implementing Quick-union. 
The constructor is the same as the other one. 
We create the array and then set each element to be it's own root. 
Now we have a private method that implements this process of finding the root by chasing parent pointers until we get to the point where I is equal to ID of I, and if it's not equal, we just move I up one level in the tree, set I equals ID of I and return it. 
So starting at any node, you just follow ID equals ID of I until they're equal and then you're at a root and that's a private method that we can use to implement the find operation or the connected operation. 
You just find the root of P and the root of Q and if you check if they're equal. 
And then the union operation is simply find the two roots I and then set the idea the first one could be the second one. 
Actually less code than for Quick Find, no fore loops. 
There's this one wild loop that we have to worry about a little bit. 
But that's a quick and elegant implementation of code to solve the dynamic connectivity problem called 
Quick-union. 
So now we're going to have to look at can this code be effective for 
large problems? 
Well unfortunately Quick-union is faster but it's also too slow. 
And it's a little different kind of too slow then for Quick Find, there's times when it could be fast, but there's also times when it could be too slow. 
And the defect for Quick-union is that the trees can get too tall. 
Which would mean that the find operation would be too expensive. 
You could wind up with a long skinny tree. 
Of each object just pointing to next and then to do a find operation for object at the bottom would involve going all the way through the tree. 
Costing involving in the ray axises just to do the find operation and that's going to be too slow if you have a lot of operations. 
Oh, Opalescence. 
Can you just picture it? 
Moi, stepping up in astounding new gown at the Grand Galloping Gala in Canterlot! 
Why, yes! 
I did make it myself. 
Thank you so much for asking. 
Oh, Opal, of course you can help me. 
Thank you. 
What's that? 
You wanna help me more! 
Oh, aren't you the sweetest thing? 
Careful now. 
Don't move. 
This shouldn't take long at all. 
Howdy, Rarity? 
Shh... 
Can't you see Rarity is trying to concentrate? 
What do you think she's makin'? 
Looks like a dress. 
Well, that makes sense. 
Since this is a dressmaker's shop and all. 
Is there something I can help you with? 
Oh, so very sorry to trouble you, Rarity, but I need a quick favor. 
Could you please fix the button for me? 
It's my dress for the Grand Galloping Gala. 
Oh, no, no, no! 
You can't wear this... old thing. 
You need a glamorous new outfit for the Gala. 
And I'll make it for you. 
No problem at all. 
It will be my pleasure! 
Oh, that's really sweet of you to offer, Rarity, but I can't let you do that. 
It would be so much work. 
This dress is fine. 
Twilight Sparkle. 
I insist on making you a new dress. 
-But... 
-No no, not a word! 
I won't take no for an answer. 
Well, in that case... 
Thank you for your generosity, Rarity. 
Knowing your handiwork, I'm sure it will be absolutely beautiful. 
Let me guess, Applejack. 
You don't want a new gown either. 
Gown? 
Shoot. 
I was just gonna wear my old work duds. 
You can't possibly be serious, Applejack! 
You absolutely must wear formal attire. 
Nah. 
What if I just spruce up your... duds for you a little bit? 
Okay, sure. 
Why not? 
Since you're up for it and all. 
Just don't make them too... froufrou-y. 
Deal! 
Look out below! 
Sorry. 
New trick. 
Didn't quite work. 
Idea! 
I'll make you an outfit for the Gala too, Rainbow Dash. 
Outfit for the what now? 
I'll make one for you and you and all of you. 
Oh! 
And of course Pinkie and Fluttershy too. 
Oh, and when I'm done, we can hold our very own fashion show! 
What a great idea! 
If you're sure you can handle it. 
Oh, it'll be a little bit of work, but it will be a wonderful boost for my business. 
Plus, fun! 
Oh, I love fun things! 
Then it's settled. 
We'll have a fashion show starring us. 
So all you have to do is make a different, stunning, original... ...amazing outfit for one, two, three, four, five... plus yourself, six ponies? 
And lickety split? 
Oh, Applejack. 
You make it sound as if it's going to be hard. 
Thread by thread, stitching it together 
Twilight's dress Cutting out the pattern snip by snip 
Making sure the fabric folds nicely 
It's the perfect color and so hip 
Always gotta keep in mind my pacing 
Making sure the cloth's correctly facing 
I'm stitching Twilight's dress 
Yard by yard, fussing on the details 
Jewel neckline Don't you know a stitch in time saves nine? 
Make her something perfect to inspire 
Even though she hates formal attire 
Gotta mind those intimate details 
Even though she's more concerned with sales 
It's Applejack's new dress 
Dressmaking's easy For Pinkie Pie something pink 
Fluttershy something breezy 
Blend color and form... 
Do you think it looks cheesy? 
Something brash, perhaps quite fetching 
Hook and eye Couldn't you just simply die? 
Making sure it fits forelock and crest 
Don't forget some magic in the dress 
Even though it rides high on the flank 
Rainbow won't look like a tank 
I'm stitching Rainbow's dress 
Piece by piece, snip by snip 
Croup, dock, haunch, shoulders, hip 
Thread by thread, primmed and pressed 
Yard by yard, never stressed 
And that's the Art of the Dress! 
That's it. 
Keep them closed. 
Don't look. 
Okay, you can look now! 
These are your new outfits. 
What do you think of your old duds now, Applejack? 
Pretty swanky, are they not? 
And Twilight! 
I made this dress for you... ...and I designed each outfit theme to perfectly reflect each pony's unique personality. 
Oh, it took me forever to get the colors right on this one, Rainbow Dash, but I did it. 
Oh, and it turned out BEAUTlFUL, don't you think? 
Ooo, and I know you are going to love yours, Fluttershy. 
It just sings spring! 
And Pinkie Pie, look! 
Pink! 
Your favorite! 
Aren't they all amazing? 
Wow... 
-They're... 
-Yeah, they're... 
They sure are... 
-...sumth'n. 
-Yes! 
Something. 
I love something! 
Something is my favorite! 
It's... nice. 
But what's the matter? 
Don't you like them? 
They're very nice... 
And we're plum grateful cause you worked so hard on them. 
Mine's just not as cool as I was imagining. 
She asked. 
I guess what we're all saying is that they're just not what we had in mind. 
That's okay. 
Not a problem. 
There's plenty more where that came from. 
They were only a first pass. 
You're my friends and I want you to be 110% satisfied. 
Not to worry, I'll redo them. 
Oh, Rarity. 
You don't have to do that. 
They're fine. 
I want them to be better that just fine. 
I want you to think they're absolutely perfect. 
Are you sure? 
I mean, we wouldn't wanna impose. 
Oh, it's no ???. 
Really, I insist. 
Well, in that case... 
Thank you again, Rarity. 
What have I gotten myself into? 
Hello? 
You wanted to see me, Rarity? 
Fluttershy! 
Your new-new gown's ready. 
I completely revised it and I know you're going to love it. 
What do you think? 
I... ...love it. 
Oh, you're just saying that. 
No, no. 
I do. 
It's... nice. 
"Nice"? 
Nice. 
If you don't like it, you should just tell me. 
Oh, but I do like it. 
Like it or love it? 
Um... both? 
Which is it? 
Please stop asking me this, I... 
Well, just tell me what you really think. 
No, that's okay... 
Tell me. 
No... it's fine... 
Tell me! 
I... like it... 
Tell me, tell me, tellmetellmetellme! 
All right! 
Since you really wanna know... 
The arm's sized tight, the middy collar doesn't go with the shawl lapel... ...the hems are clearly machine-stitched, the pleats are uneven, the fabric looks like toile... ...you used a backstitch here when it clearly called for a topstitch or maybe a traditional blanket stitch... ...and the overdesign is reminiscent of prêt-à-porter and not true French haute couture. 
But, uh... you know... um, whatever you want to do is fine. 
Now, the stars on my belt need to be technically accurate. 
Orion has three stars on his belt, not four. 
Stitch by stitch, stitching it together 
Deadline looms Don't know the client's always right? 
Even if my fabric choice was perfect 
Got to get them all done by tonight 
Pinkie Pie, the color's too obtrusive 
Wait until you see it in the light 
I'm sewing them together! 
Don't you think my gown would be more "me" with some lollipops? 
-Well, I think... 
-Balloons? 
-Well... 
-DO EET! 
Hour by hour, one more change 
I'm sewing them together, take great pains 
Fluttershy, you're putting me in a bind 
Rainbow Dash, what is on your mind? 
Oh my gosh, there's simply not much time 
Don't forget, Applejack's duds must shine 
Dressmaking's easy Every customer's call 
Brings a whole new revision 
Have to pick up the pace Still hold to my vision 
That constellation is Canis Major, not Minor. 
French haute couture, please. 
What if it rains? 
Galoshes! 
More balloons! 
Oh no, that's too many balloons. 
More candy! 
Oh, less candy. 
Oh wait, I know. 
Streamers! 
-Streamers? 
-Whose dress is this? 
Streamers it is. 
What? 
Aren't you going to tell me to change something too? 
No, I just want my dress to be cool. 
Do you not like the color? 
The color's fine, just make it look cooler. 
Do you not like the shape? 
The shape's fine, just make the whole thing... you know, cooler. 
It needs to be about 20% cooler. 
All we ever want is indecision 
All we really like is what we know 
Gotta balance style with adherence 
Making sure we make a good appearance 
Even if you simply have to fudge it 
Make sure that it stays within our budget 
Got to overcome intimidation 
Remember, it's all in the presentation! 
Piece by piece, snip by snip 
Croup, dock, haunch, shoulders, hip 
Bolt by bolt, primmed and pressed 
Yard by yard, always stressed 
And that's the Art of the Dress! 
Oh, Opal. 
These are the ugliest dresses I've ever made. 
Okay. 
I did exactly what each of you asked for. 
Now don't hold back. 
Let me know what you really think. 
-Oh my! 
-It's... perfect! 
-It's cool! 
Wow. 
They're the best duds I ever did see. 
It's exactly what I asked for! 
Thank you, Rarity. 
Are you as happy with the as we're? 
Well, I'm... happy that all of you are happy. 
I'm just relieved to finally be done. 
You are never gonna believe this! 
You've heard of Hoity-Toity? 
The bigwig fashion hotshot in Canterlot? 
Uh-huh. 
He heard about your fashion show. 
Well, maybe I happened to mention it to him... 
He's coming here all the way from Canterlot to see your work, Rarity! 
Whoa, Nelly! 
You could sell a ton o' dresses to this guy. 
You business will be boomin'! 
Hoity-Toity? 
He's coming here? 
To see THESE dresses? 
Yep! 
Get ready for all of your dreams to come true. 
There he is! 
Okay. 
Relax, Rarity. 
Your friends like their outfits and so will he. 
What's wrong with the lights?! 
Oh, yes. 
That means the show's starting. 
Good. 
Since the beginning of time the elite of Equestria have longed for pony fashions... ...that that truly expressed the essence of their very souls. 
Patiently waiting decades... no, centuries! ...for the perfect pony gown. 
Today at long last, Equestria, your wait is over! 
Let's hear it for the breathtaking designs of Ponyville's own... 
Rarity! 
Why's everypony lookin' at us like that? 
Oh dear. 
You think we overdid it? 
Nah. 
Okay, maybe a little. 
Those amateurish designs look like a piled-on mishmash of everything but a kitchen sink! 
It's a travesty, it's what it is. 
Those outfits are the ugliest things I've ever seen, oh for shame. 
Who is responsible for subjecting our eyes to these horrors? 
Not to mention wasting my valuable time. 
Hide me. 
Come on out and take a bow, Rarity. 
You worked really hard for this. 
Yes! 
Alright, woohoo! 
Go, Rarity! 
Rarity? 
You okay in there? 
You haven't come out for days. 
I'm never coming out! 
I can't show my face in Ponyville ever again! 
I used to be somepony. 
I used to be respected. 
I made dresses. 
Beautiful, beautiful dresses! 
But now everypony is laughing at me. 
I'm nothing but a laughingstock! 
You're not a laughingstock, Rarity... 
-She kind of is. 
-Shhh! 
Come on out and talk to us. 
Leave me alone! 
I vant to be alone! 
I want to wallow in... ...whatever it is that ponies are supposed to wallow in! 
Do ponies wallow in pity? 
Oh, listen to me, I don't even know what I'm supposed to wallow in! 
I'M SO PATHETlC! 
Now what do we do? 
Panic? 
That's your answer for everything! 
Well, we can't just leave Rarity like this. 
She'll become a crazy cat lady! 
She only has one cat. 
Give her time. 
Exile... 
I guess technically I'd have to move away to live in exile. 
Where would I go? 
And what would I pack? 
Oh, it's going to take me forever to do all of that packing. 
What are you supposed to pack when you go to exile? 
Are you supposed to pack warm? 
Opal? 
Opal, how did you get up there? 
Hang on, you poor dear! 
Mama's coming! 
Rainbow Dash?! 
How dare you strand my poor Opal on the tree. 
Well, how else were we gonna get you out here to show you... ...this! 
What is it? 
It's not... 
You... 
We all finished your dress for you. 
Thanks to Fluttershy's freaky knowledge of sewing. 
Do you like it? 
Like it? 
Like it?! 
Uh-uh. 
She doesn't like it. 
No, I don't like it. 
I LOVE IT! 
You ponies did an amazing job. 
It's exactly the way I imagined it. 
We just followed your brilliant design. 
Like we should have let you do for our outfits. 
Those first dressed you designed were perfect. 
We're so super sorry. 
You worked really hard to make our dresses exactly the way we wanted them. 
We all saw how well that turned out. 
Oh, I forgive you. 
Well, that's mighty big of you. 
But my whole career is still ruined! 
Oh, right. 
That. 
Maybe not. 
All right, I haven't got all day. 
Take two. 
Hello... 
Oh, this can't be the same designer. 
Simply magnificent! 
And suddenly I have a fresh craving for some Dutch apple pie... 
Candied apples on a stick? 
Apple turnovers? 
Apple cobbler? 
Brilliant! 
Oh, spectacular! 
Now this is a fashion show. 
All of these dresses are absolutely amazing. 
Who is responsible? 
Step forward, show yourself! 
Bravo! 
Bravo! 
Magnifico! 
Oh boy! 
Oh, thank you. 
Thank you! 
Oh, thank you so much! 
"Dear Princess Celestia." 
"This week my very talented friend Rarity learned..." 
"...that if you try to please everypony, you often times end up pleasing nopony." 
"Especially yourself." 
"And I learned this:" 
"When somepony offers to do you a favor..." 
"...like making you a beautiful dress..." 
"...you shouldn't be overly critical of something generously given to you." 
"In other words, you shouldn't look a gift horse in the mouth." 
Rarity, my congratulations. 
You are the most impressive fashion maven. 
Would you do me the great honor of allowing me to feature your couture... ...in my best of the best boutique in Canterlot? 
Now, I'll need you to make a dozen of each dress for me by next Tuesday. 
Synced by Nathan2000 http://mlp.wikia.com/wiki/User:Nathan2000 
This is not America 
Sha la la la la 
Little piece of you 
A little piece in me 
Will die (This is not a miracle) 
For this is not America 
Loss and fails to bloom the season 
Broadness up to stay true gone 
This is not America 
For this is not the miracle 
There was a time 
That no bad news of you 
This could go be the biggest sky 
I could have a thing 
'cause I deny 
This is not America 
Sha la la la la 
Sha la la la la 
Sha la la la la 
This is not America 
No 
This is not 
Sha la la la la 
Some man melting from the inside 
Falcon spirals to the ground 
This is freak, the freakest sky 
So bloody red, tomorrow's clouds 
A little piece of you 
A little piece in me 
Will die (This is not America) for this is not America 
There was a time 
I played that blues so young 
This could be the biggest sky 
And I could have the faintest idea 
But this is not America 
Sha la la la la 
Sha la la la la 
Sha la la la la 
Rational numbers, integers, whole numbers, and natural numbers were infinite but a particular type of infinite he called "countable". 
Irrational numbers were also infinite, but what he called "uncountable" a much larger infinity than the countable rational numbers. 
Cantor established a hierarchy of infinities. 
We saw that real numbers are formed by combining the rational numbers and the irrational numbers. 
Since real numbers include irrational numbers which are uncountable real numbers are also uncountable. 
In other words, the infinite collection of real numbers is the same size infinity as the infinite collection of irrational numbers. 
Unlike the rational and irrational numbers every point on the number line corresponds to some real number. 
If you randomly pick a point on the number line it will always correspond to a real number. 
There are no gaps in the real number line. 
This means that you can move smoothly between any two points and never encounter anything but real numbers. 
Since there are no gaps, the real numbers form a continuum a property which is essential for calculus. 
So now we know that between any pair of irrational numbers are an infinite number of rational numbers and between any pair of rational numbers are an infinite number of irrational numbers. 
And don't forget that there are infinitely more irrational numbers than rational numbers. 
If this makes your head want to explode then congratulations! 
You are on your way to becoming a mathematician. 
. 
Hi. 
I'm Richard Mckenzie. 
In past lectures, my focus has been on what competitive markets do right, or how they tend to maximize production, and efficiency. 
Efficiency. 
Giving the constraints of supply and demand. 
And make no mistake about it. 
Markets do a lot of good in this world. 
Just take a look around at all the goods at your disposal, at prices that are often surprisingly low. 
I remain dazzled by how much computing power I can buy today for a few hundred dollars. 
Frankly I'm amazed, at how little the equipment, and software used to produce these video lectures cost. 
To produce this video course, two decades ago would have cost a minor fortune. 
Involving any number of people who would need to 
labor away for weeks, to get each video, lecture, in final form. 
Thanks to the ongoing competition in technology markets over the past twenty years. 
The production of this course really is a one man show. 
Both on the screen, and behind it. 
I'm also impressed with how market prices summarize so much information on relative values in costs of. 
People around the country and world. 
And with how those, summary prices ease the problems of shopping. 
We don't need to know much about the cost of all the components that go into large screen televisions. 
All we have to do is compare the prices, along with their differing features, to make the choice. 
That we need to make. 
Over past lectures, I have also shown how some government policies that seek to interrupt or redirect the forces of supply and demand can often have unanticipated and even perverse effects. 
In this and the following lecture, I will seek to explore the conditions under which competitve markets will not work well, or with the full efficiency that we have described. 
In these two lectures, I will deal with problems caused. 
Caused by so called externalities. 
Externalities, for economists, are the positive or negative effects that exchanges may have on people who are not involved in market trades. 
They are sometimes called third party effects, or spill over effects. 
When su ch effects are pleasurable, they are called external benefits. 
When they are unpleasant or impose the cost on people other than the buyers or sellers, they are called external costs. 
In this, in the next lecture I will take up external benefits. 
In this lecture I will restrict my discussion of the effects of external costs on the competitive market in terms of their effects on production, prices, and efficiency. 
I will also take up possible remedies in the form of government regulations, taxes, and pollution rights. 
The classic case of an external cause is pollution. 
When people, either as consumers or producers, throw their waste in the form of fumes and trash into the airways or waterways. 
They imposed costs on others who are not parties to market trades. 
And who may not be compensated for the damage that they had to incur. 
Because of pollution bystanders to trade may have to incur a cost associated with For example, the worsening of peope's lung and heart problems, the repainting of the houses, dealing with a reduction in the value of their properties that can come with the stench in the air and the climate changes that give rise to for example. 
Then innocent bystanders have to suffer the anguish associated with species. 
Polar bears for instance, going extinct because of global warming. 
As you must know. 
During the past half century, environmental economics has grown in prominence within the economics discipline and public policy arenas. 
Because of the growth in world population. 
And because of the growth in production that increases demand on environmental resources worldwide. 
That, for many. 
Are becoming increasingly scarce. 
Environmental scientists and activists have reached, for them, a growing consensus that humans have been doing irreparable damage to the planet, and that the continued global warming is very likely during the next century. 
Nevertheless, as there are almost always two sides to any scientific debate, many of the policy issues surrounding global warming remain highly contentious. 
We will n ot seek to settle the scientific debate on global warming or any other environmental issue here. 
Rather I will seek, in this lecture, a more modest objective to describe how economists think about environmental problems and solutions for them. 
And my guess is that you have already surmised that economists think about external costs in the form of pollution through supply and demand curve. 
Which get us back to the same supply and demand curves we have used throughout a number of past lectures. 
I have put on my document camera the same supply and demand curves that we've used for illustrative purposes all along. 
In this graph, in this competitive market graph. 
We have heretofore assumed that all of the benefits. 
Achievable or captured by the demand curve, all the curves that are incurred are captured by the supply curve, as a result we come to an intersection of 
P1 and Q1 because of forces of, that will come to bear, if the price is either above or the price is below.Notice that there is certain efficiency outcome from this but we have indicated that is the additional value of all of these units through Q1 is indicated by the demand curve is greater than the additional cost of producing those units. 
As a result we get, in this market where the benefits are captured by the demand and the cost are captured by the supply, we get a net gain in benefits equal to this triangular area. here. 
But let's consider another market condition, one in which all of the benefits of consumption of the good are captured by the demand curve. 
But some of the costs that are incurred in the production the goods are emitted to the surrounding community. some of these costs can be pollution costs that are pushed off into the airways and the waterways. 
Let's go to another situation and another a graph. 
This time the demand curve captures all of the benefits that consumers received from the purchase of the good, but the supply curve does not capture all of the costs. 
There are some pollution costs that the suppliers Producers are able to emit on the surrounding community. 
This means that this curve just covers the private costs. 
But there is some higher, supply curve that looks like this. 
That it, we can call it S2, that captures, the, all costs. 
Private and social, private and external costs. 
The. 
Vertical distance A B is an indication of these external costs that are not captured, and if it's a truly competitive market these costs can't be captured by the producers. 
The producer tries to incur these internal. 
Internal costs. 
That is, if the producers try to abate the pollution, then their cost structures will be higher then their competitors. 
And, their competitors will be able to charge, lower prices than, than they do. 
So if there's an opportunity to externalize some of your costs on the surrounding communities. 
Then, in a competitive market producers must externalize those costs. 
Well this means though that the equilibrium market price is going to be P1 and the quantity is going to be Q1. 
But the true equilibrium 
Where all costs and all benefits are captured by the relevant curves should be this, this higher intersection, where the thin supply curve intersects with the demand curves. 
That is if all costs were captured by producers including the pollution cost, then the price would be P2 and the quantity would be Q2. 
Well that's not gonna happen without government intervention in a highly competitive market because again While producers are going to be pressured to externalize any costs that they can. 
That means that in this kind of market, where there are external costs involved, there is going to be overproduction. 
There is going to be also underpricing. 
Of the good. 
That is consumers are going to be able to get a price that does not capture all of the cost. 
So you can say part of the problem here is that these producers are emitting waste, emitting pollutants, but it's also, you can also say, well, pollution's are take, I mean, consumers are taking advantage, this pollution through lower A lower prices. 
Now notice that for each of the units be tween Q2 and Q1, the true marginal cost of production, the true marginal cost, where all cost are considered, those marginal costs are greater than these marginal values of these units, that is The costs of production exceeds, consumers evaluations, of those units. 
It means, that for every unit between Q2 and Q1, the additional cost, is greater than the additional, benefit. 
So, in a sense, there is a misuse of resources equal to this triangular area x, y and z. 
And that's what we refer to in economics as an inefficiency. 
We can get that inefficiency in another way and just basically say that the value of each of these goods is the vertical distance between the demand curve and the horizontal axis. 
If you add up all of the marginal values of all these units or if you just integrate across Q2, Q1 under the demand curve you're going to get, additional value of these units equal to Q2. x, z, Q1. 
If you add up all of the cost which are the vertical, the marginal cost of the vertical distances between this stanard supply curve and the horizontal axis, then you're going to get additional, cost of producing these goods equal to Q2, x YQ1. 
This additional cost exceeds this additional value by the tune of this triangular, area there. 
Well, you might ask, how can, this inefficiency, be remedied? 
Well there's an obvious way, that's been used, and that is that, the government can come in, and impose regulations, on the firms. 
Force firms to abate, their pollution. 
Force them to clean up. 
And enforcing them to obey, come, pollution, they force the firms to incur higher cost. 
Now back to the graph. 
If, in fact, firms are required to incur higher costs that is, the cost of their pollution or cost of abating the pollution, then the supply curve will shift from S1 to S2. 
And the equilibrium will go to P2. 
And Q2, the price will go up and the quantity will go down. 
So on, on environmental regulations is, is going to impact consumers. 
It's going to force them to pay a higher price and they're gonna get fewer units but presumably th e improvement in, in envrironmental quality exceeds the disadvantages of having to pay a higher price, for a smaller quantity. 
And it exceeds it by this, this triangular area. 
One other way in which the government can solve this inefficiency problem, is simply by imposing a tax on, on the firms. 
Back to the graph again. 
That is, if the government Were to impose an excise tax similar to the type of tax we considered earlier equal to AB, then the firms would consider their supply curve as equal to S2, not S1. 
The result is that the equilibrium would go to P2 and 
Q2. 
Consumers may in fact suffer from the excised task on the good they have to pay a higher price for a smaller quantity. 
But then again the reason for the excise tax is to improve the environmental quality and presumably the value of the added environmental quality is greater than the value of the goods that had to be given up. 
Because of the excise tax. 
If you are at all typical of my in-class students, you very likely have never thought that at the foundation of the pollution problem is the absence of defined and enforced property rights, as was the case in the 
Tragedy of the Commons we considered in terms of an open Pasture. 
Indeed, pollution is a tragedy of the commons. 
And you might not have considered the possible, solution to the pollution problem can be the assignment of rights to the now common airways and waterways. 
It's hard to imagine how property rights can be assigned to sections of the atmosphere or the waterways since those resources are always on the move and it's hard to tie them down. 
But the same end can possibly be accomplished by the assignment of rights to pollute, as measured in, say pounds of identifiable harmful flumes, fumes, and chemicals. 
Say units of CO2 that can be emitted by people who hold the right. 
That is, if you hold a right to pollute, you can emit CO2. 
If you do not have the right to pollute, then you can not use the atmosphere. 
And you likely have never ever think in the prospect that the government might be able t o achieve its environmental goal at lower cost through the selling of pollution rights than through government regulation of environmental quality. 
Now to see this possible outcome with some clarity, suppose that the Environmental Protection Agency establishes that the atmosphere in a given geographical location can safely absorb ten units of CO two. 
Suppose also there are five polluting firms, or for that matter government agencies and churches that pollute. 
They do pollute. 
Suppose there are only five firms, polluting firms in the area with different cost structures for eliminating each of their five units of pollution. 
EPA allows each firm to emit two units of CO2. 
Now these assumptions are captured in a table I have on my document camera. 
What I have here are five firms, just calling them A,B,C,D, and, and E. Each of these five firms is emitting five units of pollution. 
And each has a different call structure in the eliminating or the abating of the units of pollution. 
For example firm A, incurs a cost of $100 dollars. incurs a marginal cost of $100 to eliminate the first unit of pollution. 
Then it incurs $200 for the second, $400 for the third, $800 and $1600 for the fifth. 
B. Has a higher cost structure. 
B, incurs $200 in cost to abate the first unit. 
It's $600, $1800, $5400, and, and so on. 
I hope you get. 
Now, let's suppose the government comes in and regulates this environment, this geographical location and it tells produces that they can not emit more than two units of pollution. 
Well, that means that each fund is basically given. 
Two rights, two pollute there is a standard equal to the to the stash a line firms must incur the cause of the clean up for all units of pollution prior to this a dash line.Now this means,that firm A must clean up three units which is one hundred plus two hundred plus four hundred which is $700. 
Firm B must incur these three costs or 200+600, that's 800 and $2600. 
Firm C incurs these costs which add up to $1200. 
And firm D, that's 2000, $3000. 
And firm 
E, well that's $6000 there. 
Firm E is a very high cost pollution abater, cost firm 
E a great deal. 
In this table what I have done is taken, transfered the costs at each firm is going to have to Per, to abate the, the required three units of pollution. 
And the total cost is $13,500. 
In contrast to requiring each firm to clean up three units of pollution. 
What the government might do is simply, say that there are ten pollution rights. 
And, firms can bid for these pollution rights. 
In order to emit a unit of pollution, they must bid for these, these rights. say, made, made out in, in tickets or licenses. 
And if they do, we know that, they're going to bid based on their cost structure. 
We go back to our, our table. 
Well lets suppose that the cost of a ticket is only $50, that is the initial price at the auction is only $50. 
Well how many units of these pollution rights is A going to want? 
Well A would prefer to pay $50 for a pollution right, then to incur even the, The cost, the low cost of even abating the first unit of pollution, so A is gonna want five tickets, and of course if A wants five tickets at fifty buck, B is gonna want to buy five tickets. 
It's cheaper to buy the pollution rates than to incur all of these costs. 
Well, you can imagine that as you go through this table that all five firms are gonna want five tickets. 
That means the quantity of tickets available is going to be ten, the quantity of Tickets or pollution rights demanded is going to be 25, there is a serious shortage in the market and in an auction that shortage is going to be solved by an elevation of the rights. 
If the price of one of these tickets goes to $150 then you can imagine that A. will only buy four rights. 
Why? 
Because A would prefer to incurr the $100 cost of abating the first unit of pollution than to pay, to pay $150 for a right to pol-. 
To pollute or to emit that unit of pollution. 
So, the price, the quantity demanded of tickets is going to go down. 
As, the price at the auction goes up. 
As in all markets, there is going to be an equilibrium price for, these pollution rights. 
In thi s market on my document camera, we have the supply of pollution rights. 
This vertical 
line here. 
There are ten of them. 
Got it indicated there. 
This demand curve is actually drawn from the earlier table. 
That is, I just, if the price goes up, I just ask how many. tickets would firms a, b, c, d and e, buy, and this is actually how it turns out. 
That is, as the price of the ticket goes up, the number of tickets demanded, goes, goes down, goes down to zero at $5600. 
Well, the equilibrium price. 
Is going to be the intersection price and supply demand intersect at 1500 dollars. 
Now suppose that the government decides to auction off these rights and the equilibrium price is 1500 dollars as we've indicated from our graphical analysis and then we ask the issue how many. tickets or pollution rights with each of these firms obey. 
While A would prefer to clean up the first unit of pollution at a cost of a $100 and had to go by a pollution right and would enable it to avoid clean up. 
It would prefer to but. clean up the second one and the third one and the fourth one, but it would prefer to buy a pollution right at 1500 than to incur $1600 in costs. 
So A is going to buy one pollution right. 
B, on the other hand, would prefer to clean up these first two units, incur those costs as opposed to paying $1500 to avoid cleaning them up, so B Is going to want to buy, three pollution rights. c is going to want to buy none of, none of the pollution rights, and the reason is that it's cost of clean up is, is lower for each of these units, than the $1,500 ticket price, so c Is going to have zero tickets, quantity demanded. 
D, is going to want to buy two tickets. 
Why? 
Because it is cheaper to buy a ticket for 1,500, than to incur a pollution cost, abatement cost of 1,800 or 2,200. 
So D is going to buy two rights, and E is going to buy four rights. 
The reason is, it will clean up the first unit at $1000 as opposed to paying $1500 to avoid cleaning it up. 
It is cheaper to buy the rights here, so we have a situation here in which A. Is when a by one right D three, C0, D2, and A4. 
Well, at the end those up one, three, four, six, ten. 
Quantity demanded is equal to ten. 
Now we know where the distribution is. 
That is, this is going to be cut off point for A. This would be. 
B, and then this for, C, and, then, right here, for, D, and here for E. we can ask how much is, how much is A gonna incur in pollution abatement to clean up these first four units, cuz it's not, it's gonna buy one right, so that's 100 plus. 
200, 600, so that's three, six, $1500. 
I hope I have that right. 
Let's try again, 300, yes, 1500. 
B is going to clean up these first two units, which is going to be equal to $800. 
And C is going to include all of these which is $600, $1200, that is $3000, that C is going to incur in clean up costs. 
D is going to clean up the first three which is $3000 again. 
And E is when clean up only one unit or incur cost equal to $1,000.00. 
Each of these firms is going to incur from setting standards and selling rights. 
And A incurred $700 as we indicated earlier. with setting a standard. 
If we add this total up we're going to come up with $13,500 in total costs. 
Now if we sell rights. 
These five figures here are going to total 9,300. 
It is actually cheaper to, to, to achieve the, pollution goal through the auctioning of rights and by setting standards. 
And the reason is that the people who buy the rights are, are going to be the high-cost polluters. 
The people who are gonna be forced out of buying those rights are going to be the low-cost producers of pollution abatement. 
As a result, what we're going to do is achieve environmental. quality improvement by a la-, by encouraging the low-cost pollution abaters to do the pollution abatement. 
Now, the interesting issue is this, who would favor which. 
The method, the standard or the selling of rights. 
Well firm A incurs a cost of $700 here, $1.500 in selling rights issue. 
You can imagine that even without considering the cost of the one ticket that firm A buys that firm 
A. Will vote for the standard. 
And it's total cost over here is going to be $3,000, because 1,500 in abatement costs plus 1,500 for the standard. 
Firm B, well, it looks like the standard is, is going to be more costly than the pollution right. 
But notice that Firm B has to buy three pollution rights, that's 4,500 or 5,300, so B is going to favor the setting of the standards. 
C Well, right off the bat, this is going to be cheaper for Firm C. D has equal costs inclusion and in both cases, but C/D is going to have to buy two pollution rights which makesthis total over here $6000. 
So we get D voting for the setting of the standards and firm E 
looks like it's a clear winner for the selling of freights, but notice that firm 
E is gonna have to pay 1500 for each of four pollution rights, which means it's total cost of the year is gonna be 7000 dollars, which means that firm D. Is going to, is going to be a winner and in fact it will get the unanimous vote. 
What's really very interesting is that the selling of, of pollution rights is actually less costly in terms of resource use. 
But the politics of pollution abatement favor the setting of the standard. 
Now the problem here is that you have this selling of pollution rights as, as less costly than the setting of the standards. 
But yet the politics calls all five firms to vote for the setting of the standards and the issue becomes one of how do we. 
Courage firms to vote for the cheaper method of beating pollution. 
Well, there is one possibility that you can get concurrence from the five firms. 
To switch firm setting standard to selling the pollution rights. 
As opposed to just setting the standard for polluting two units, why don't we. 
Tell these firms that we're going to give you two pollution rights. 
And you can use these pollution rights or you can sell these pollution rights. 
What we know from pour graphical analysis that the equilibrium price. 
Is going to be $1500 and that is established by the intersection of the supply of pollution rights and the demand for pollution rights and the demand for pollution rights as a function of these, of these call structures and these call s tructures have not changed. 
So we know the equilibrium price is going to be $1500. 
When you give the rights to pollute to the firms and then allow them to resell, if they want to resell them, well what is going to happen? 
Well at $1500 per pollution right A is going to figure, well 
I would prefer To sell one of my tickets, collect the $1500, and incur the cost of $800 to clean up and I'll be better off to the tune of $1500. 
I will keep one right so I wont' have to incur this $1600 in cost. 
So a is gonna sell off one, one right. b is going to, Say B is going to do what? 
It's going to buy one right, why? 
Because it want's to lower its cost of abatement by 1,800 at a cost of the ticket for uh,1,500. 
C is going to, is going to. 
Well, C is gonna sell both rights. 
Why, because it can collect $3,000 from the selling of it's pollution rights, and then incur $1,800 to abate the pollution. 
D? 
Well D is gonna hang on to it's rights. 
And keep them so it won't have to incur these costs. 
Well E Is going to buy the is going to buy two pollution rights. 
The result is that you get the exact same distribution of rights if you give the firms the right to pollute and then allow them to resell them. 
You get the same distribution as we got when the government was selling the, The rights and if you don't believe it, go back and replay this video lecture and see that the distribution here is exactly the same. 
But we also have a distribution, have a, have a system here, that's likely to be an improvement. over the government auction, as least as far as the bi perms are concerned. 
Because bi perms get the rights free of charge. 
And they can either use those rights or they can sell them. 
And if they use them it's just like the standard method, but if they sell them they, they can collect the fifteen hundred dollar price for the ticket. 
So if a firm keeps the rights and uses " em, it must be better of then, then selling " em for fifteen hundred. 
If it buys The rights of 1500 it must be better off by buying additional rights than by incurring higher pollution abat ement costs. 
As a consequence, by giving the firms the rights to pollute in the form of two rights and then allowing them to re-sell those rights all firms can favor the selling of the rights to pollute. 
And the, benefit of that is, that the cost of pollution abadement goes down, and when the cost of pollution abadement goes down, there are more resources available for, upping the environmental quality. 
Improving the environment, over what you would otherwise be able to acheive. 
I noted in this lecture that global warming is a highly contentious, academic and, political issue. 
There are esteemed scientists on both sides of this issue, some with extreme views. 
Some might say the sky is falling. 
Others might say the equivalent, no problem. 
Why, why me worry. 
As I mentioned at the start I have not tried to settle the climatic debate. 
I couldn't even if I tried. 
Remember, I'm an economist not a geophysicist. 
What I've tried to do in the lecture is to explain how the pollution problem, the global warming, Warming problem included might be considered with the hope of developing solutions. 
If there is a real problem worthy of serious consideration, and that is a big if. 
I can add that if the global warming problem really does exist, there are serious obstacles to solving the problem. 
Partly because of the large number of nations that must cooperate. 
To clean up the global climate, and partly because of the mobility of capital and jobs around the globe. 
If one or a few countries tried to solve their pollution problem and contribute to solving the world's pollution problem by exacting taxes or imposing, imposing costly regulations on polluters, Polluters can move to, some, with some relative ease, to national venues, that do not impose such environmental regulations, and taxes. 
Indeed, other nations might put out, the welcome mat, to polluting industries, and add subsidies to entice them in. just to get, the manufacturing jobs, and income 
Incomes. 
But these nations might figure that they'll be worse off because of the poll ution but on balance they can be better off with a combination of more pollution and, and more jobs and more income. 
The forces of world competition can press firms to produce in environmental, environmental areas where constraints are the most relaxed. 
Remember, competition can give rise to the maximization of the production of goods that these things get value. 
That it can do the same with the production of bands, things that subtract from value like. 
Indeed if advance countries hike their environmental controls, polluting firms may move to undeveloped countries with more relaxed controls. 
With the end result being an increase in pollution, and they made need to make the move even when their in favor of improved environmental quality. 
Why? 
The pressure, of competition. 
The pressure of other firms moving, to more congenial, in, environments, in terms of regulation and taxes, who might then have a cost advantage. 
Needless to say, global warming is a rather large prisoners dilemma problem, that just might not have the easy solutions that environmentalist's want and seek. 
Remember that economics has been dubbed the dismal science, and for good reason. 
For now, I am pleased that you have been with me. 
-What's happenin' guys? 
Yo! 
Do people still say yo? 
Can I say yo? 
Well, I'm sayin' it. 
Yo! 
Dawg! 
Check out this awesome attempt at this assisted backflip. 
-One, two, three... [groaning] 
-Fayul! 
That's my new thing. 
Fayul! 
That's not my new thing. 
But this attempted flip was a fail. 
Now, the original video was relatively hidden, but I guess the guy submitted it to FailBlog and now it has over a million views. 
But most of the comedy comes from the poor dude here who gets kicked in the head and then busts his face on the fire extinguisher. 
[crash!] 
Did you hear that sound? 
It sounded like a f--king car wreck. 
[laughter] 
And then you got the friend over here who literally ROFLs. 
That ROFL would make an amazing GlF, wouldn't it? 
-Rahahaha, rahahaha... 
-All right, that's it. 
I'm done with that video. 
Yo. 
Sometimes, you know, your friend gets herself stuck in the dryer. 
And it's cool, you know, it happens to the best of us. 
-Whoo! 
-Come on, get out! 
-I can't! 
[laughter] 
-Get out of the dryer. 
[laughter continues] 
-You know, when I wash my bitches, I make sure to dry them on medium heat. 
And I always make sure to throw in a dryer sheet, 
'cause, you know, you don't want your bitches to get too clingy. 
Why was that chick in the dryer anyway? 
Was this a dare of some sort? 
Either way, this got about 100,000 views in over a month. 
If you notice when they pull her out, it looks like the dryer is giving birth to Snooki. 
And props to the guy who uploaded this footage, because you know, when your friend gets stuck in the dryer, your immediate reaction should be to be to pull out your cell phone and film it, 
'cause that's what friends are for. 
I also noticed that one dude took full advantage of the situation and was like touching her ass. 
Now, I'm not condoning that, I'm just saying it happened. 
You know, I'd say this video deserves more than 100,000 views. 
As long as you aren't watching it like... 
"Oh, s--t. 
That looks like a good idea." 
Yeah, stay out of the dryer guys. 
Your dirty ass will leave all kinds of s--t in the lint trays. all right, this last video, I didn't want to cover it, 'cause it's kind of dumb, but admittedly, it's got over 8,000,000 views in four days. 
Geezus. 
And I don't know why, but maybe you'll think it's funny. 
So there's this Chicago news show, and they're trying to get the destruction of this bridge live on film for their show. 
So they're live and they wait and they wait and they wait and they wait but the bridge doesn't blow up, so they cut away for a second. 
-When we did the live remote of the guy dressed as a taco parachuting out of a plane into the plastic pool of salsa. 
-While we're stalling, go ahead and show the picture, but today, as we get going... 
-Are you kidding me? 
Who did that? 
-Wow! 
-Are you kidding? 
-Yeah, they missed it. 
Yeah, fayul. 
See that's my new thing, it's not my new thing. 
And they're like pissed. 
Well, as pissed as a news anchor can be. 
-Boy, that interview on osteoporosis on Good Morning America sounded a lot better now than it did a few minutes ago. 
[laughter] 
-I'm like an angry troll. 
-Don't be trolling girl. 
So naturally my question is: so you missed the bridge falling; you can't rewind the tape and watch it? 
I mean, you're a news center. 
Do don't have that kind of technology? 
Or you couldn't do a split-screen? 
Even I can do a split-screen. 
Hell, I can do a triple screen with the troll. 
"Triple screens are gay and so is your face... yo." 
I don't know, I don't want to rip on him 
'cause I don't know how news stations work. 
But anyway, back to my original point. 
This video's funny, but why 8 million views? 
I don't get it. 
Maybe if they took her and crammed her into a dryer or if they took him and rammed his head into a fire extinguisher, then it would get 8 million views and we would all go 
"Yeah, I get it." 
Not that I recommend ramming a news anchor's head into a fire extinguisher, 
I'm just sayin'. 
If such a thing did happen, the video might go viral. 
But you know what else you should cram into a dryer? 
The comment question of the day, which comes from a user named, bing!, and she said... 
-If you were to have your own holiday, what would it be called? 
-So invent a holiday. 
What's your holiday? 
Leave your interesting or creative responses in the comments section below or on Facebook or Twitter. 
Thanks for watching today's episode of =3. 
I'm Ray William Johnson and I approve this message. 
Oh real quick, 
I did this cool collab video with my boy Dave Storm. 
Bam! 
Go and check it out. 
It's freakin' awesome. 
He has an awesome idea for a channel. 
He takes suggestions from the audience and makes songs out of them. 
It's really cool; he's a really talented guy. 
So anyway, go check out the video. 
If you like his stuff, be sure to subscribe and I will see you guys after Thanksgiving. 
So tell me guys, what would you do? 
[Stalkin' Your Mom by Wax playing] 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
I only checked out to see how short Ray is in real life. 
F--k you, guys. 
Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org 
She looks at me every day. 
Mary Jane Watson. 
Oh, boy. 
If she only knew how I felt about her. 
But she can never know. 
I made a choice once to live a life of responsibility. 
A life she can never be a part of. 
Who am I? 
I'm Spider-Man, given a job to do. 
And I'm Peter Parker, and I, too, have a job. 
Parker. 
Parker! 
No, no, no, stop! 
Stop! 
Parker, you're late, man. 
Always late. 
I'm sorry, Mr. Aziz. 
There was a disturbance. 
Another disturbance. 
Always a disturbance with you. 
Come on, 21 minutes ago, in comes order. 
Harmattan, Burton & Smith. 
Eight extra-large deep-dish pizzas. 
In eight minutes, I am defaulting on Joe's 29-minute guarantee. 
Then, not only am I receiving no money for these pizzas... ...but I will lose the customer forever to Pizza Yurt. 
Look, you are my only hope, all right? 
You have to make it in time. 
Peter, you're a nice guy. 
But you're just not dependable. 
This is your last chance. 
You have to go 42 blocks in 7 1/2 minutes or your ass is fired. 
Go! 
Hey, what, are you stupid? 
Whoa! 
He stole that guy's pizzas! 
I'm gonna get it! 
Hey, you guys. 
No playing in the streets. 
Yes, Mr. Spider-Man. 
See you. 
Way to go, Spidey! 
Pizza time. 
You're late. 
I'm not paying for those. 
Joe's 29-minute guarantee is a promise, man. 
I know to you, Parker, a promise means nothing. 
But to me, is serious. 
Is serious to me too, Mr. Aziz. 
You're fired. 
Go. 
Please, I need this job. 
You're fired. 
Look, give me another chance. 
You're fired. 
Parker, hello. 
You're fired. 
Why? 
Dogs catching Frisbees? 
Pigeons in the park? 
A couple geezers playing chess? 
Boss. 
Not now. 
The Bugle could show another side of New York for a change. 
We got six minutes to deadline, Jonah. 
We need page one. 
I don't pay you to be a sensitive artiste. 
I pay you... 
Still not now! 
I pay you because that psycho Spider-Man will pose for you. 
He won't let me take any more pictures. 
You turned the whole city against him. 
A fact I'm very proud of. 
Get your pretty little portfolio off my desk before I go into a diabetic coma. 
Is your wife, she lost her checkbook. 
Thanks for the good news. 
Please, isn't there any of these shots you can use? 
I need the money. 
Miss Brant. 
Get me a violin. 
Five minutes to deadline, Jonah. 
Run a picture of a rancid chicken. 
Here's the headline: 
"Food Poisoning Scare Sweeps City." 
Some food got poisoned? 
I'm a little nauseous. 
All right, Mr. Jameson. 
It stinks. 
Robbie, there's your page one. 
"Masked Menace Terrorizes Town." 
I told you, he's not a menace. 
I told you... 
I'll take care of it. 
I'll give you 1 50. 
Three hundred. 
Thas outrageous. 
Done. 
Give this to the girl. 
Thank you. 
Bye-bye. 
Hi. 
Hey, Pete. 
I don't think this covers the advance I gave you a couple weeks ago. 
Right. 
Sorry. 
Hey. 
Chin up, okay? 
Watch it, jerk! 
Dr. Connors. 
Sorry. 
Where were you headed, Parker? 
To your class. 
My class is over. 
See me standing here? 
I'm sorry. 
I'm trying. 
I wanna be here. 
Then be here. 
Look at you, Peter. 
Your grades have been steadily declining. 
You're late for class. 
You always appear exhausted. 
Your paper on fusion is still overdue. 
I know. 
I'm planning to write it on Dr. Otto Octavius. 
Planning is not a major at this university. 
Octavius is a friend of mine. 
Better do your research, Parker. 
Get it done, or I'm failing you. 
Surprise! 
Well, say something. 
Whas the occasion? 
Really, Peter. 
Is your birthday! 
Whether you want to remember it or not. 
He lives in another reality. 
Don't you, Pete? 
Hi, M.J. Hi. 
Hey, buddy. 
Hey. 
Long time, no see. 
So how's the play? 
I read a great review. 
Is going fine. 
Is going good. 
She's brilliant in it. 
Harry sent me roses. 
So where you been, pal? 
You don't return my calls. 
I've been busy. 
Taking pictures of Spider-Man? 
How's the bug these days? 
The less you see of that man, the better. 
Now, les all go into the other room and have something to eat. 
I'll get the hors d'oeuvres. 
So how are things going at Oscorp? 
They're great. 
I'm head of Special Projects. 
We're about to make a breakthrough on fusion. 
How lovely, Harry. 
Your father would be so proud, rest his soul. 
Thank you. 
We're actually funding one of your idols, Pete. 
Otto Octavius. 
I'm writing a paper on him. 
You want to meet him? 
You'd introduce me? 
You bet. 
Octavius is gonna put Oscorp on the map... ...in a way my father never even dreamed of. 
M.J., could you give me a hand? 
She's waiting for you, pal. 
What do you mean? 
The way she looks at you or doesn't look at you. 
However you want to look at it. 
I don't have time for girls right now. 
Why, are you dead? 
I've been kind of busy. 
Taking pictures of your friend? 
Could we get off that subject? 
I want us to be friends, Harry. 
I want us to trust each other. 
Then be honest with me. 
If you knew who he was, would you tell me? 
May. 
Oh, what, Ben? 
Wait. 
Aunt May. 
Oh, my. 
Oh, Peter. 
Oh, for a second there, I thought I was years ago. 
Everybody's gone, aren't they? 
Did they have a good time? 
I'm sure they did. 
You okay? 
Of course. 
But you go home. 
And be careful. 
I don't like that scooter thing you drive around. 
I'm worried about you. 
You're so alone. 
And I saw the letter from the bank. 
Oh, my. 
You did? 
Oh, well. 
So? 
I'm a little behind. 
Everybody is. 
Anyway, I don't want to talk about it anymore. 
I'm tired, and you better start back home. 
Here, kiddo. 
Happy birthday. 
You need it more than I do. 
No, I can't take that from you. 
Yes, you can! 
You can take this money from me. 
For God's sake, is not much. 
Now, take it! 
And don't you dare leave it here. 
Oh, I'm sorry. 
Is just that I miss your uncle Ben so much. 
Can you believe that is two years next month since he was taken? 
I think to myself at times... ...were I to face the one responsible for what happened, I'd... 
Oh, I don't know what I'd do. 
Now... ...you better take the rest of your cake home. 
Hey. 
Hey. 
You're still here. 
I saw your billboard on Bleecker. 
Isn't it funny? 
I'm really kind of embarrassed. 
Don't be. 
Is nice. 
I get to see you every day now. 
I liked seeing you tonight, Peter. 
Oh, boy, yeah. 
"Oh, boy, yeah" what? 
Nothing. 
Do you want to say something? 
I... 
...was... ...wondering if you're still in the Village. 
You're such a mystery. 
Peter. 
What? 
Happy birthday. 
I'm seeing somebody now. 
You mean, like a boyfriend? 
Well, like I like him. 
What? 
Nothing. 
Thas good, you know? 
Companionship... 
May be more than that. 
More? 
I don't know. 
I'm coming to see your play tomorrow night. 
You're coming? 
I'll be there. 
Don't disappoint me. 
I won't. 
Rent. 
Hi. 
Hi. 
Whas "hi"? 
Can I spend it? 
I have a paycheck due this week and... 
You're a month late again. 
Again. 
I promise as soon as... 
If promises were crackers, my daughter would be fat. 
I'm really sorry, Mr. Ditkovitch. 
All I got is this 20 for the rest of the week. 
"Sorry" doesn't pay the rent. 
And don't try to sneak past me. 
I have ears like a cat and eyes like a rodent. 
Thanks, Mr. Ditkovitch. 
Hi, Pete. 
Hello? 
Rent? 
Doctor? 
Mr. Osborn's here. 
Nobel Prize, Otto. 
Nobel Prize. 
And we'll all be rich. 
Is not about the prizes, Harry. 
But you need money. 
You need Oscorp. 
Who do we have here? 
This is my good friend I called you about. 
He got me through high-school science. 
Peter Parker, sir. 
I'm writing a paper on you for... 
I know what you're doing here... ...but I don't have time to talk to students now. 
But Oscorp pays the bills, so... 
Thas why I have to take off. 
Board meeting. 
But my job is done here. 
Got you two geniuses together. 
Good luck tomorrow, Otto. 
Nobel Prize. 
We'll see you in Sweden! 
Interesting fellow, your friend. 
I won't take much of your time. 
Now I remember you. 
You're Connors' student. 
He tells me you're brilliant. 
He also tells me you're lazy. 
I'm trying to do better. 
Being brillians not enough, young man. 
You have to work hard. 
Intelligence is not a privilege, is a gift. 
And you use it for the good of mankind. 
You want to try it back there? 
So is that it? 
Yes. 
My design to initiate and sustain fusion. 
I understand you use harmonics of atomic frequencies. 
Sympathetic frequencies. 
Harmonic reinforcement? 
Go on. 
An exponential increase in energy output. 
A huge amount of energy. 
Like a perpetual sun providing renewable power for the whole world. 
Are you sure you could stabilize the fusion reaction? 
Peter, what have we been talking about for the last hour and a half? 
This is my life's work. 
I certainly know the consequences of the slightest miscalculation. 
I'm sorry. 
I didn't mean to question you. 
Rosie, our new friend thinks I'm gonna blow up the city. 
You can sleep soundly tonight. 
Otto's done his homework. 
Come to the demonstration tomorrow, and you'll see for yourself. 
And you need to sleep soundly tonight, Otto. 
Did Edison sleep before he turned on the light? 
Did Marconi sleep before he turned on the radio? 
Did Beethoven sleep before he wrote the 5th? 
Did Bernoulli sleep before he found the curves of quickest descent? 
Rosie, I love this boy. 
Peter, tell us about yourself. 
Do you have a girlfriend? 
Well... 
I don't really know. 
Well, shouldn't you know? 
I mean, who would know? 
Leave him alone. 
Maybe is a secret love. 
Love should never be a secret. 
If you keep something as complicated as love stored up inside... ...gonna make you sick. 
I finally got lucky in love. 
We both did. 
But is hardly perfect. 
You have to work at it. 
I met him on the college steps, and I knew it wasn't going to be easy. 
He was studying science, and I was studying English literature. 
Thas right. 
I was trying to explain the theory of relativity. 
And Rosie was trying to explain T.S. Eliot. 
I still don't understand what he was talking about. 
Yes, you do. 
I'm serious. 
T.S. Eliot is more complicated than advanced science. 
But if you want to get a woman to fall in love with you, feed her poetry. 
Poetry. 
Never fails. 
A tall and slender maiden All alone upon a prairie... 
Brightest green were all her garments... 
And her hair was like the sunshine... 
Day by day he gazed upon her... 
Rent! 
Where is my money?! 
You seem jittery tonight. 
You never know who's coming. 
Ladies, five minutes. 
Five minutes. 
How'd you do that? 
Work out, plenty of rest. 
You know, eat your green vegetables. 
Thas what my mom is always saying. 
I just never actually believed her. 
Come on. 
Go. 
Keep it steady. 
Is a web. 
Go, Spidey, go! 
We got trouble! 
Get me down! 
I am more than content with what Mr. Moncrieff said. 
His voice alone inspires one with absolute credulity. 
Then you think we should forgive them? 
Yes. 
I mean, no. 
Hey. 
Hey. 
Hey, chief. 
You park there, I'm towing it. 
Whatever. 
Shoelace. 
You might want to... 
Can I help you? 
Yeah, I've come to see the show. 
Oh, I'm sorry, sir. 
No one will be seated after the doors are closed. 
It helps maintain the illusion. 
Miss Watson, she's a friend of mine. 
She asked me to come. 
But not to come late. 
I have to see this show. 
Just let me in, I'll stand in the... 
A Spider-Man A Spider-Man... 
A-does whatever a spider can... 
A-spins a web, any size... 
Catches thieves a-just like flies... 
Look out Here comes the Spider-Man... 
You sure you don't wanna come tonight? 
Yeah, I'm sure. 
Okay. 
Call me. 
I will. 
You were great tonight. 
Thanks. 
May I have an autograph, please, miss? 
What are you doing here? 
You hungry? 
Starved. 
What was that? 
Okay. 
Cool Spidey outfit. 
Thanks. 
Where'd you get it? 
I made it. 
Looks uncomfortable. 
Yeah, it gets kind of itchy. 
And it rides up in the crotch a little bit too. 
Hi. 
Is me. 
Sing your song at the beep. 
Hi, M.J. 
This is Peter. 
I was on my way to your show and... 
Well, I was on my bike... 
Are you there? 
I really was planning on it all day. 
And... ...I know you predicted I'd disappoint you. 
Bingo. 
Is amazing, isn't it? 
How complicated a simple thing... ...Iike being someplace at 8:00 can become. 
Actually, there was this obnoxious usher. 
Somebody has to talk to that usher, M.J. 
Your time has expired. 
Please deposit 50 cents for the next five minutes. 
I wanna tell you the truth. 
Here it is. 
I'm Spider-Man. 
Weird, huh? 
Now you know why I can't be with you. 
If my enemies found out about you... ...if you got hurt, I could never forgive myself. 
I wish I could tell you how I feel about you. 
Ladies and gentlemen... ...my wife Rosie and I would like to welcome you this afternoon. 
But first, before we start... ...has anybody lost a large roll of 20-dollar bills in a rubber band? 
Because we found the rubber band. 
Is a terrible joke. 
But thank you for coming. 
Today... ...you will witness the birth of a new fusion-based energy source. 
Safe, renewable energy and cheap electricity for everyone. 
And now let me introduce my assistants. 
These four actuators were developed and programmed... ...for the sole purpose of creating successful fusion. 
They are impervious to heat and magnetism. 
These smart arms are controlled by my brain through a neural link. 
Nanowires feed directly into my cerebellum... ...allowing me to use these arms to control fusion reaction... ...in an environment no human hand could enter. 
Doctor, if the artificial intelligence in the arms... ...is as advanced as you suggest... ...couldn't that make you vulnerable to them? 
How right you are. 
Which is why I developed this inhibitor chip... ...to protect my higher brain function. 
It means I maintain control of these arms, instead of them controlling me. 
And now on to the main event. 
Give me the blue light, Rosie. 
Precious tritium is the fuel that makes this project go. 
There's only 25 pounds of it on the whole planet. 
I'd like to thank Harry Osborn and Oscorp lndustries for providing it. 
Happy to pay the bills, Otto. 
Ladies and gentlemen... ...fasten your seat belts. 
Doctor, we have a successful fusion reaction. 
This is a breakthrough beyond your father's dreams. 
Thank you. 
We're producing a thousand-megawatt surplus. 
The power of the sun... ...in the palm of my hand. 
Keep calm! 
Is only a spike! 
Iil soon stabilize! 
Ladies and gentlemen, please clear the room. 
We have a containment breach! 
Otto, please get back! 
Shut it off, Otto! 
Shut it off! 
It will stabilize! 
Is under control! 
I'm in charge here! 
Is my money! 
I'm in con... 
This doesn't change anything. 
What are you doing? 
Pulling the plug. 
No! 
Rosie! 
Watch it. 
That was too close. 
If he had more than a drop of tritium, he could have destroyed the city. 
I'm ruined. 
I have nothing left, except Spider-Man. 
He saved your life, sir. 
He humiliated me by touching me. 
The press will be here soon. 
I suggest we move on. 
What was he doing here anyway? 
Molten metal penetrated the spinal cavity... ...and fused the vertebrae at multiple points... ...including the lamina and the roof of the spinal column. 
We won't know the extent of the damage until we get in there. 
I suggest we cut off these mechanical arms, slice up the harness... ...and, if need be, consider a laminectomy... ...with posterior spinal fusion from C7-T1 to T1 2. 
We're ready, doctor. 
Anybody here take shop class? 
Help me! 
Help me! 
No! 
Is all over town, Robbie. 
Gossip. 
Rumors. 
Panic in the streets, if we're lucky. 
Crazy scientist turns himself into some kind of a monster. 
Four mechanical arms welded right onto his body. 
Guy named Otto Octavius winds up with eight limbs. 
What are the odds? 
Hoffman! 
What are we gonna call this guy? 
"Dr. Octopus." 
Thas crap. 
"Science Squid"? 
Crap! 
"Dr. Strange." 
Thas pretty good. 
But is taken. 
Wait, wait! 
I got it. 
"Dr. Octopus." 
I like it. 
Of course you do. 
Dr. Octopus. 
New villain in town. 
"Doc Ock." 
Genius. 
What, are you looking for a raise? 
Get out. 
Chief, I found Parker. 
Where you been? 
Why don't you pay your phone bill. 
Mad scientist goes berserk, we don't have pictures! 
I heard Spider-Man was there. 
Where were you? 
Photographing squirrels? 
You're fired. 
Chief, the planetarium party. 
You're un-fired. 
I need you, come here. 
What do you know about high society? 
Oh. 
Well, I... 
Don't answer that. 
My society photographer got hit in the head by a polo ball. 
You're all I got. 
Big party for an American hero. 
My son, the astronaut. 
Could you pay me in advance? 
You serious? 
Pay you for what? 
Standing there? 
The planetarium, tomorrow night, 8:00. 
There's the door. 
My Rosie's dead. 
My dream is dead. 
And these... ...monstrous things should be at the bottom of the river... ...along with me. 
Something... ...in my head. 
Something talking. 
The inhibitor chip! 
Gone. 
Rebuild. 
No. 
Peter was right. 
I miscalculated. 
I couldn't have miscalculated. 
Tomorrow we'll go see the house, okay? 
I have to help them. 
I promised. 
Please... 
Things can be changed, you hear me? 
Things can be changed. 
Hello. 
Are you closed? 
- Yes. 
- They told me they'd sent the papers from my father's office to this storage room. 
I have to see a lawyer tomorrow and if I don't take a copy of the birth certificates along, they won't... 
Please! 
Whose name was it under? 
Doctor Gabriel de Luca. 
Come on in. 
Hello? 
Mr. Kleinman? 
If it's okay, I just wanted to ask you a few questions... 
About an article of yours on Manuel Leonardi. 
REMAlNS FOUND ARE THOSE OF MANUEL LEONARDI 
It says here they only found the father's body. 
What happened to the mother and daughter? 
They never found the bodies. 
I don't understand. 
What were they doing at the hotel? 
They didn't have a house? 
- They were running away. 
- From what? 
LEONARDl'S DEATH COULD BE CONNECTED WlTH THE "DOCTOR" 
The "doctor". 
POLlCE UNABLE TO FlND DOCTOR INVOLVED IN SERlES OF MURDERS 
Manuel and Amalia Leonardo went missing. 
They were taken from their home on February 3, 1980. 
What do you mean "went missing"? 
"Relatives of more than 30,000 who disappeared during the dictatorship ask for justice." 
DOCTOR LERHMANN, SANTA CRUZ MlLITARY HOSPlTAL. 
FEBRUARY 1978. 
Excuse me. 
Are you all right? 
Would you like to come in for some coffee? 
POLlCE STlLL CAN'T IDENTlFY REPRESSOR, INVOLVED IN MANY CRlMES. 
This one here... the teacher, is my husband, Mario Portela. 
We got married in 1976. 
For me it was stupid having a white wedding because I wasn't a virgin. 
But you know people. 
Sometimes you must pretend to be what you are not. 
I had already made love with Mario for the first time on October 3, 1975. 
It was beautiful. 
Though I haven't got the photo. 
And this thin kid here is Sebastian Garcia. 
When he was 16 years old, the "Triple A" kidnapped him. 
The "Argentine Anticommunist Alliance". 
They said he was a subversive. 
He went to a rally and they took his picture. 
The thing is when they tortured him, the poor kid, they wanted names and he didn't know what to say. 
So they used a cattle prod because he was silent, and he just said the first thing that came into his head. 
The names of his classmates, his teacher... 
I remember coming home that day. 
They'd broken the door down, they grabbed me, and I saw Mario with a hood over his head. 
Amanda, you don't have to tell me this, or hurt yourself. 
No, honey, you're wrong there. 
This doesn't hurt. 
It shouldn't hurt me. 
What I... 
You know what hurt most? 
Not the cattle prod, or being raped, or that son-of-a-bitch... flaying the soles off my feet with a razor blade... 
What hurt most was seeing Mario alive for the last time. 
They brought him back after a session... two or three minutes... 
I remember he looked bad, and I thought I must look like that too. 
Like looking in a mirror. 
He could barely stand up. 
His body was mangled. 
And I thought... how that was the same body as the one that had... held me so many times before. 
And... we didn't say a word. 
They took him away again. 
I remember I cried because they'd taken away from me the only thing that gave me hope. 
In 1982, 
I came here... to Tierra del Fuego. 
I opened this storage room... and I... tried to forget. 
But... the doctors had nothing to do with that, right? 
Yes, there were... military doctors making calculations. 
They... measured the voltage people could take from the cattle prod. 
In other words, they measured the amount of pain a human being could take without the heart stopping. 
It isn't here. 
Come here. 
You're alive! 
You're alive! 
Let my daughter go! 
Let her go! 
Let her go or I'll kill you! 
I said let her go or I'll kill you! 
Put that knife down! 
- Put it down! 
- Please let her go. 
It's okay. 
- Please don't take her. 
- Where are the others? 
Who?. 
Please don't take her. 
Let's get out of here. 
Please don't take her. 
Let her go, you bastard! 
It's okay, honey. 
You'll be okay. 
- Don't hurt her. 
- I'm not going to. 
We have to get out of here. 
They won't take me. 
They won't take me. 
Not again. 
No! 
No! 
Manuel! 
No! 
No! 
Manuel! 
Hello? 
Pablo, where are you? 
Malena, listen. 
The son-of-a-bitch who's behind this is connected with the military. 
Where did you find the diary? 
What the fuck does that matter? 
- In the car, right? 
- So what? 
Pablo, do me a favor and just for once try and think with your head. 
Who could have written that diary? 
Think about it. 
No, not that, Malena. 
Dad was a son-of-a-bitch. 
He may have been a son-of-a-bitch to you, but not to me. 
I was thinking... 
Imagine he had the diary, but he found it and it wasn't his. 
Whose was it otherwise? 
Some other doctor's. 
How should I know? 
Give him a break. 
Even if just for me. 
Imagine it wasn't him. 
He tried to find out the truth but ran out of time. 
Now he wants me to do something, Malena. 
Pablo, that doesn't make sense. 
Know what really doesn't make sense? 
Trying to save a dead person's life. 
You know what? 
They had been locked up for 4 months. 
And tortured. 
But they managed to escape. 
They picked up the girl and ran. 
They tried to start a new life. 
But that son-of-a-bitch... found them again. 
He went after them and killed them. 
Pablo, are you okay? 
No, I'm not okay. 
What did you expect? 
How could anyone do something like that? 
You know what really gets me? 
I don't know anything about them... about what they did before. 
I'd like to know who they were, Malena. 
Time's up. 
I'll take the ferry back tomorrow and meet you, okay? 
Pablo, be careful. 
Stay here, okay? 
Mommy. 
Where's my mommy? 
It's okay. 
Your mommy's okay. 
Stay here. 
Don't move. 
I said stay there. 
You hear me? 
Where's my mommy? 
She's gone, but... 
I can't do it. 
I can't fucking do it! 
Your mommy... told me she'd be back soon. 
She said you have to be good... and wait for her here. 
Okay? 
- You're a liar. 
She's not coming back. 
- I promise she is. 
I'm scared. 
Don't leave me here alone. 
The son-of-a-bitch! 
Stop, please! 
Where are you? 
I don't want to see her die again! 
Please, I beg you. 
Help me. 
Please. 
This is yours. 
January 11, 1974. 
There's a problem with your brother's certificate... we couldn't find it. 
You said he was born in June 1980, but it's not here. 
What do you mean it's not here? 
He may not have been born here, or it could be a mistake. 
However, we just moved here and everything still has to be saved on the computer so... 
Pablo? 
God. 
We found your brother's car this morning in the woods 20 miles away from Tolhuin. 
It'd been there all night. 
We searched the car and found this photograph. 
I have to fill in a report now. 
Come with me later to report your brother's disappearance. 
What's the matter? 
Is something wrong? 
There's blood there. 
Where? 
The car's beat up, but blood? 
Okay. 
I'll take it away. 
- You'll take it the way it is? 
- Thanks. 
Well... 
Pablo! 
This is the Rio Grande Police Department. 
Your call will be attended to in a few moments. 
Please hold the line. 
Rio Grande... 
Pablo! 
God! 
My God! 
God?. 
You communists spend half your lives trying to prove God doesn't exist and when things go wrong, you call his name. 
But he won't hear you because you're on the wrong side. 
Dad, please don't hurt me. 
I'm your daughter. 
What's that? 
You're my daughter? 
My daughter Malena is 6 years old and she's at home with my wife. 
You are not my daughter. 
You're just a subversive piece of shit. 
We're here to educate you people. 
So you won't stray again. 
What you have to understand is that the church and the state are the parents of the motherland. 
That requires a sense of responsibility... and deserves respect. 
You people don't respect anything so we have to take a hard line. 
Nobody cares that you're here. 
Your family and friends don't give a shit about you. 
You won't get out of here alive. 
I won't let you. 
And even if you did, I'd come find you. 
I'd come find you. 
You're cracking really fast. 
This isn't happening! 
You can't hurt me! 
I can't hurt you? 
No! 
What I just did, didn't that hurt? 
Dad, please... 
It's me... 
Malena. 
I know you remember. 
Please. 
Don't hurt me anymore. 
You know what? 
Maybe you're right. 
Remember the story of Abraham? 
No, you wouldn't. 
God told Abraham to kill his son, lsaac, and Abraham didn't hesitate for a second. 
He looked at his son and saw an enemy he had to wipe out. 
He took him to the mountain top, drew a knife to cut his throat... and just when he was going to do it.. 
God told him to stop. 
If I'm your father as you say, then God should tell me to stop. 
Shall I tell you a secret? 
God doesn't exist down here. 
Wake up. 
Wake up. 
Pablo. 
Wake up. 
It's a boy. 
A boy. 
My son. 
Yes, a boy. 
Your name will be Pablo. 
It's an internal hemorrhage. 
We haven't got the equipment here to help. 
We've done our best, but if he isn't operated on within 6 hours, he may die. 
There's internal hemorrhage. 
Notify the ER. 
Let us take care of him, OK? 
He's going to the ER. 
We need your details. 
I'm Malena de Luca. 
That's my brother. 
We came from Barcelona because my father's dying. 
He's here! 
Let go! 
He's going to kill my brother! 
Pablo! 
Pablo! 
Let me go! 
Shit! 
Pablo! 
He's going to kill my brother! 
Pablo! 
Take it easy. 
You don't want us to call the police, do you? 
Doctor, he's going to kill my brother. 
Calm down, Malena, please. 
The doctor isn't pressing charges. 
Why not tell me what happened? 
My father... 
I don't know how he can still be alive... 
Excuse me, but you didn't get my message, did you? 
After you left, your father's brain activity shot up. 
He's in a coma, of course, but his brain's active. 
What? 
I'm telling you that we didn't disconnect your father yet. 
He's alive! 
God! 
The son-of-a-bitch... 
The son-of-a-bitch! 
Calm down, Malena. 
You have to think of your brother. 
That's what I'm doing! 
Please let me go. 
He's going to kill him. 
Pablo, do you understand? 
Please. 
Please. 
Wait. 
What is it now? 
How can anyone hate like that? 
And hurt another human being without feeling remorse? 
What do you mean? 
I'm talking about the torture, the diary... the photographs of you with my father. 
Let me go. 
I said let me go! 
Let me go! 
Please! 
More compresses. 
Is he stable? 
It looks like he's responding. 
The doctor told me not to call the police, but to keep you here for the moment. 
I'm better now. 
I need some coffee, please. 
One, two, three... 
One, two, three... 
Third discharge. 
One, two, three... 
He's gone. 
Doctor! 
Mom? 
No, I was awake. 
Yes, I know I said we'd take a plane this week but... 
Pablo can't talk. 
He's... asleep. 
Mom, hold on. 
Listen. 
I want to read you something. 
"Manuel Leonardi was a writer and journalist. 
He wrote stories. 
His wife Amalia... studied fine art but quit her studies when she became pregnant with her first child. 
The last thing Amalia painted was her daughter's bedroom. 
She painted it blue with colored fish." 
Her daughter's name was Andrea. 
A beautiful name, isn't it? 
Nothing to say? 
No, not now. 
We'll talk again later, okay? 
Bye. 
Excuse me... 
My brother? 
- What's the matter? 
- Where is he? 
Tell me what's wrong. 
I talked to the doctor and he told me everything was okay and he was stable in a coma. 
Was his condition serious? 
I haven't been told anything about a transfer. 
Shit, Malena. 
- What's the matter? 
- Son-of-a-bitch! 
You son-of-a-bitch. 
What is it? 
I feel fucking fine. 
What day is it today? 
September 10. 
2001, right? 
I mean I didn't sleep til 2007 or anything, did l? 
You were out for 2 weeks. 
You know what? 
I have a feeling things are going to get better from now on. 
Shit, this is the 21st century. 
We can learn from what we did wrong in the 20th. 
Starting tomorrow, the world will be a better place. 
Trust me and you'll see. 
Pablo, there's something I haven't told you that you should know. 
THE APPEARED 
We are just doing future value of annuities. 
And I'll show you now, why this is such a cool thing. 
And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to do two examples, both for future value of an annuity. 
And whats the other thing we do? 
Present value for an annuity. 
And remember, annuities, the amount of the annuity when you write could be called C. But when you go to a calculator or a spreadsheet we will call it PMT because that's what it, they call it, right? 
Makes sense. 
Okay. 
I would like you to stare at this problem and I know you have the ability to pause and so on, but I'd like to pause with you and what I'm going to do, for every example, and if 
I don't, you should do this, is I'm going to read out the problem for you and we'll talk about it a little bit. 
And then I would really encourage you to try to do the problem, I'll do it with you but I would encourage you to kind of think actively and be participating in it because I can't, you know, I can't see whether you're doing it or not but I hope you do. 
Okay, so what will be the value of your portfolio? 
What is the portfolio? 
Portfolio and, that's a lingo in Finance. 
Portfolio means whatever your investment is, wherever you have put your money. 
So, the word portfolio is used generically because you'll, you'll, you'll see later, it's a hangover from the fact that life has risk. 
And if life has risk and you do not like risk, which most people don't, you tend to not put all your eggs in one basket. 
So, the fact that you hold a basket of different things is called a portfolio. 
Okay, I'm. 
I try to emphasize words which are I take for granted because, you know, I mean, if you're new to Finance, which most of you probably are, you need to understand why certain language is used in, in very commonly. 
At retirement, if you deposit $10,000 every year in a pension fund. 
Now, if you are really young, say, you are fifteen and taking this class which I hope some of you are, don't worry too much about retirement, you know, have some fun. 
You're in high school, you haven't even be gun earning hopefully, just having fun. 
So, but this is something that you will do at some point, most people do. 
So, what I would recommend is just think of it as an intellectual problem but actually it's a very rare problem. 
So, what will be the value pf your portfolio over time and you deposit $10,000 every year in a pension fund? 
What is a pension fund? 
Pension fund is a place or an account which hopefully has multiple assets, if you're risk averse. 
Multiple kinds of investments, a bond, a stock, and we'll talk about those. 
You put $10,000 every year, why 10,000 fixed amount? 
Well, nothing is forcing you to put 10,000 every year. 
It can be 11,000 one year, 9,000 the other. 
But oddly enough, to make life simple perhaps, many people tend to put away a certain amount of money every year for things they need in the future. 
So, the notion of a pension fund is at some point I'm going to retire and I need some money. 
So, you put away 10,000 every year. 
You plan to retire in about 40 years, and expect to earn eight percent on your portfolio. 
So, what have I given you? 
I have given you everything you need. 
I have given you PMT, RC, which is 10,000. 
I've given you number of years 
left for you to retire, 40, and I've given you an interest rate that you're likely to earn on your portfolio, which means, where you put your money. 
A bank, whatever. 
We'll talk about that in a second. 
But let's just focus on this, and try to do this problem. 
I hope you've been listening to me, and I hope you've been paying attention. 
Because if you pay attention to a problem, it gets to be a little intense. 
And I'll do the problems with you. 
And I have promised myself, today, I'll spend a 
lot of time just doing problems with you because that's how you learn. 
And I, another piece of advise. 
I've given you textbooks to read, that you can go, get and read. 
They can be second hand. 
They can be, whatever. 
The fundamental principles of Finance have been known since we were in the cave. 
So, it's a, it's a, just remember that what you're trying to do is focus on the fundamentals. 
So, read whatever you want if the video doesn't satisfy your curiosity. 
But the video is trying to be self-sufficient. 
So, let's do this, let's now start doing the problem. 
And what I'm going to do is I'm going to do two problems for future value, two problems for present value. 
But I'll take breaks with you. 
So, I'll let you know that maybe it's time to take some time off. 
Get some coffee, go jog around the apartment building where you live, or talk to your friend, or watch a video on 
YouTube, you know, why not? 
Okay. 
So let's get started. 
I'm going to draw a timeline right here. 
You can use the box I gave you or you can use, I prefer this. 
And how many years? 
40. 
So, please re, remember there's always one more point in time than the number of periods. 
If you remember that or if you recognize that, you'll be okay. 
So, how maNy points in time, 41. 
Zero, one through 40. 
How many periods of time? 
Well, it takes two points of time to make a period, so there one less. 
One, two. 
So, what we'll do to make our life simple is we'll assume that the first $10,000 is at the end of the year. 
Why did I do that? 
I could always start saving at this point. 
But I'm doing it simply so that I can use the formula and, just directly, you know. 
Use the calculator, and do it, and setup. 
We can change that, so don't worry. 
You can start a payment today, and change it. 
It's just a minor difference. 
How much? 
Another thing that seems a little bit odd or manufactured in this formula is that you are saving at year 40 too, right, you may not be, right or actually messed up saving in between. 
So, but for convenience, we are trying to understand the problem which is got 40 of these guys, alright. 
So, the good news is even though this formula is very complicated, right, you divide this by how much? 
I mean, you carry it forward by how much? 
One period but there's no money. 
How much do you carry this forward by? 
39 periods. 
How much do you carry this forward by? 
38. 
Which is the simplest piece of this? 
This guy. 
Why? 
Because I'm askin g you, what is the future value at this point in time, alright. 
So, the future value of this point in time of this guy is just itself. 
That's the, that's what I mean, if you learn how to travel in time. 
If you are at 40 and you are imagined you are at 40, point number 40, the last PMT or C is $10,000, so at time 40, it's exactly ten, but when you look back if you were to, you have to carry past money amounts you've invested as earning money, which is good news for you, right? 
And it's earning how much? 
Eight percent and let me, let me tell you, that's not bad at all, aleight. 
And we'll talk about that when we talk about risk and return in a second. 
So, do you understand the nature of the beast? 
The beast is not easy. 
It's not easy, it's like doing 39 future values and adding them up, right? 
So what I'm going to do is I'm going to now shift to using a calculator. 
Okay, Okay, so, if you notice I am on the top panel and I am going to use the formula of PMT. 
Remember, whatever you don't know, you type in here. 
So, that's yeah, PMT, alright. 
And the one thing, you have to do before you do PMT and not get excited like PM, Mr. Hyper, you have to put equal sign so that, otherwise, you will get all kinds of garbage. 
Okay, you open it up. 
What is the first number that shows up? 
The first number that shows up is the rate of return and we know how much are we earning. 
We earning 0.08. 
Again, emphasizing this. 
The only reason I'm using Excel right now is what? 
Simply, because the calculation is very difficult. 
But I've explained to you what's going on. 
You're doing 40 going forwards, but actually only 39. 
Because the first one is zero and the last one is just itself. 
So, so that's why, that's it, okay? 
So, you put a comma, and what's the next one? 
40. 
Number of periods, right? 
And, actually let me just back track a 
little bit. 
The thing that we want to figure out is FV, so put an FV and now I want rate 0.08. 
You see what I was doing we will do next time. 
So, the number of periods is 40 and in this case, I know my PMT and my PMT is $ten, 000, right? 
And what is PV, don't worry about it, it's not in there and just hit, okay? 
So, what do you get and if you get a lot of money basically, you get two million dollars, 2.59 million dollars, arlight. 
Its two, five, nine, zero, five, six, five. 
So, what does this tell you? 
This tells you that if you invest $10,000 in a bank 40 times, the future value of that will end up being 2.59 million dollars. 
So, what 
I'm going to do, I'm going to try to talk you through the problem again. 
So, just, so that we are working together. 
What did I do? 
I calculated Future Value. 
So, in order to calculate Future Value of something that I don't know, I have to use the Future Value function in the calculator or in the spreadsheet. 
And out popped, I gave this information $10,000 was the PMT, 40 was n. 
But most importantly eight percent was r. 
So, I gave all this information to Excel or a calculator, whatever you choose to be using, simply because it's a very complicated calculation. 
Conceptually, it's not that difficult. 
And we got 2.59 mil. 
And I'm going to just use it approximately because I'm not going to calculate, write all the digits and so on. 
So, what has happened here? 
Let me just walk you through this problem. 
First of all, remember yesterday, remember I asked you, what is the answer to a Finance question or anybody asks you what, what should you say? 
Compounding. 
But you always have to pause because you want to 
look smart, right? 
So, you take a pause, and you say compounding. 
And so, so let me ask you the following question. 
Suppose there was no interest rate or, in other words, how much of the 10,000 are you throwing in? 
And suppose the interest is zero. 
This problem is very simple to do. 
Why? 
Because you do 40 times 10,000. 
You have $400,000, right. 
So, the interest rate, time value of money is zero, you will have a lot of money in your bank account but how much will it be? 
400,000. 
How much do you have, if the interest rate is eight%? 
2.59 million. 
Huge difference in magnitude and who's the culprit? 
Compounding. 
In this case, the culprit is helpi ng you. 
But in the case of if you are paying it, it hurts. 
So, we'll do a loan later. 
So, here it's helping you. 
So, let's talk through this problem a little bit. 
And so that you understand how empowered you are. 
How empowered actually you are and Finance will make you feel liberated in some, in the simple problem. 
So here, here you go. 
Let me ask you, who decided the 10,000? 
Think about it. 
Who should decide the 10,000 every year? 
You? 
Or a financial adviser? 
Who? 
I hope the answer is you. 
So, 10,000 if you have, I know it's not easy to figure out. 
But I would encourage you to think about what your needs are in the future so that you could figure out how much you need to put away. 
And we'll talk, do a problem quite the reverse in a second, say you put away $10,000, who decides that? 
You decide that. 
Second question, what is the other number in this problem? 
It's 40. 
How many years to retirement? 
I know you can say that a job may have a retirement age or some sort of, but I, I challenge you in that. 
Hopefully, you will have much more control on when you retire. 
Then you think you do. 
By that, I mean you should keep learning in 
life so that you will always have the opportunity to do something, right? 
And we are talking about the money problem but it could be about anything. 
So, let's take the extreme case scenario, you are doing a regular job and you know 40 years from now, you are going to retire. 
My point there is, you have more control on that, but sometimes people don't. 
People have jobs where they are dependent on their employer on how many years they work? 
But forgiven, I mean you won't go to a financial advisor and say, how many years do I retire? 
The person will give you an answer but [laugh] , you know, will charge you a lot money for giving the answer, right? 
So the 40 is also information that you should know, 10,000 is the information you should know and now the eight%. 
I'm going to violate the assumption that I said make at the back of your mind. 
But to be fair, I never said assume is not there. 
I said, I know it's there, keep it in the back of your mind, but for convenience's sake, ignore it. 
And that is risk. 
So, let me ask you this, who determines the eight%? 
And if you can answer that, you have arrived. 
And the answer is simply nobody. 
If, if anybody knew what the interest rate was in the future for the next 40 years or something, you know, they would, they would be omnipresent. 
They would know the future. 
We are wanting to be like that. 
But I think the beauty of 
life is nobody knows. 
And in fact, one of the most profound developments in Finance in recent years, I, I should recent say last 40, 50 years that gets challenged because it's a good idea. 
Bad ideas don't get challenged, right? 
Good ideas get challenged. 
So, the notion there is that nobody in a good market should be able to tell the future because everything we know is already in the marketplace, right? 
That's why I said competitive markets at the beginning are extremely important to what we do. 
So, quick question. 
Who determines the eight%?. 
And the answer is you. 
And this is where I have to bring in risk a little bit. 
Why? 
Because eight percent let me tell you, if you get over the next 40 years, may the force be with you. 
[laugh]. 
Because it is not going to be easy. 
You have to take risks to get high rates of return, and with risk comes volatility. 
So, the eight%, the higher returns, the more likely it is that you are jumping all over the place, like the stock market. 
So, if you want to be safer, what you have to do? 
You have to lower the interest rate to say, four%. 
Put it in a bond issued by the government, in the long run, and you'll be safer. 
But what will happen to the 2.59 million? 
Do this exercise for yourself. 
Let's, after this class is over, use four percent instead of eight%. 
And what will you see? 
A dramatic drop in the amount of money that you have at the end. 
So, what, why am I emphasizing so much in one little problem? 
Because that's what Finance's beauty is, you know. 
If you understand these problems inside out, and you know how to use the Excel spreadsheet to calculate the answer, you've arrived. 
So, if you use four%, what happens? 
You kind of get rid of your nervousness about risk. 
But what happens to the amount of money you have? 
It'll drop dramatically, right? 
We know that. 
We know the power of compounding. 
It helps when an interest rate goes up, it hurts when it goes down. 
So, having said that, if the interest rate is four%, you're going to suffer. 
What, what can you say about the eight%, four percent choice? 
Neither one is good or bad. 
Neither one is good or bad. 
What's important is you have control over the four and the eight in the following sense, not that you can predict it but you, if you choose to put four percent in your calculations, it has to be matched by your investment strategy. 
So, if you are thinking you're going to earn eight percent and put it in the bank, especially today, and if this low interest rates go on, you're dreaming. 
You'll have closer to $400,000, if the bank is still there after 40 years, right? 
So, so think 
like that. 
Everything is under your control and the beauty of markets is for most of us, we do not need to second guess what the interest rates are. 
All we need to do is match our preferences of risk with our investment strategy and then not worry about it too much. 
Hi, wo shi 
We now know what an oxidation state or and oxidation number is and what it means when things are oxidized or reduced and lets see how that actually happens in reactions so what we're going to study is this video is oxidation/reduction reactions and all that is a reaction where somebody is being oxidized, which means electroons are being taken away from them, and someone's being reduced, which means they are being handed electrons or they are taking electrons away from someone else, and sometimes this has been termed, because you have the red in reduction and you have the ox in oxidation an they switch them around and they call i it a redox reaction, and it sounds like a very fancy chemistry term but it just means a reaction where something is getting oxidized and if something is getting oxidized, something else is getting reduced, so lets study a bunch of them. 
So right here I actually have combustion, this is actually methane, and you know, methane is a fuel because it used to make a moter powered on methane, right there, its a hydrocarbon, most fuels that we use are hydrocarbons, most fuels that we use are hydrocarbons which just means carbons , bonded in a bunch of different ways to hydrogens and if you add enough heat for the reaction to happen, so its activation energy if we put it in there with some oxygen around, its going to combust, its going to produce carbon dioxide and water, and i didnt put it here, and even more heat than ou put into it so this is an endothermic reaction, it produces more heat than you put into it and ill do a lot more on that in future videos, about endothermic and exothermic reactions, but anyway, we care about the oxidation and the reduction, so lets see if anyone is getting oxidized or anyone is getting reduced here, so, lets 
look at their oxidation numbers, or their states, here carbon is bonded to four hydrogens, who's giving, who's taking? the carbon, lets go to our periodic table, carbon is here, hydrogen is here, carbon is more electronecative, its kind of, its adjacent to the three musketeers of electronegativity, these guys are the most electronegative, we always ignore the halogens, not the halogens sorry, the noble gasses because they pretty much dont react at all, they are pretty much happy with their 8 valence electrons, these guys love to gain electrons, they're small molecules, their outermost shell is close to the nucleus and they're so close to becoming noble they just love hogging electrons. carbon's almost there, carbon is much further right on the periodic table than hydrogen, so if you have carbon bonding with hydrogen, carbon is going to be the electron hog of this situation, lets go down here, so if carbon is the electron hog, and hydrogen is having its electrond taken away from it, remember this is all kind of hypothetical, its more partial is the reality, but if you had to pick or choose, hydrogen is going to lose an electron each, so its going to have an oxidation state of plus one for hydrogen, you have four hydrogens each giving up an electron, so the carbon must be taking four electrons, so it's oxidation number is minus 4, its taken 4 electrons so its charge will go down by 4, so that's why its negative, fair enough, now whats the oxidation state of this oxygen right there, well its just bonded to itself, there's no reason to believe that one oxygen should be able to take any electrons from another oxygen, so it has a zero oxidation state, its not hogging more than its fair share of electrons that it was initially kind of born with, now after the combustion occurs, what are the oxidation numbers, well I have oxygen bonded with carbon, two oxygens bonded with carbon, now we know oxygen, i mean oxidation was something named after oxygen, it is one of the most electronegative, almost anything bonded with oxygen is going to be giving up its electrons, we also know that oxygen likes to take two electrons because if it takes one, two electrons, then it starts having a, it takes one it gets here, it takes two it gets here, it has 8 valence electrons, so it's typical oxidation number is negative two, so, carbon, in this situation, each oxygen is going to have a minus two oxidation number, each carbon dioxide molecule is neutral, so everything has to add up to zero, so the oxygens, you have two of them, each one of them with a minus two for a total of minus four, so carbon must be plus four, plus four, which means that it has given up four electrons, right, and really it only has four electrons to give up, it has one, two, three, four valence electrons, in its second shell, which is its reactive shell, so its oxidation number is plus four. 
Now lets look at the water, we've done that a bunch, where the hydrogens each give up and electron and they have and oxidation number of one, each oxygen takes two electrons, there is only one of them, so its minus two, so whats going on here? 
Whats getting oxidized and whats getting reduced? 
You have the carbon, which went from an oxidation number of minus four to an oxidation number of plus four, so 
let me just draw whats happening to the carbon, carbon goes from minus four which means its hogging four electrons to a situtation where its having four electrons being hogged from it, its kind of giving away four electrons, so somewhere in this process, this guy must have given away eight electrons, this is a difference of eight electrons, so plus eight electrons, so what's happened to carbon, carbon has been..., has it been oxidized or has it been reduced, its charge had gone up, so it hasn't been reduced, another way you could say electrons have been taken away from it so it has been oxidized, oxidized, carbon had been oxidized, now lets look at the oxygen, oxygen, over here you have four oxygen molecules, I'll just write four oxygen molecules, and they all have an oxidation state of zero, because from an oxidation number point of view they are neutral, and on this side we have two, no we have four oxygen molecules, and what's there oxidation state? 
They're all minus two, they're all minus two, so oxygen, each of these oxygens must have gained an electron, actually, let me rewrite this reaction, let me erase a little bit of it, so each of these, actually even better let me just move this over, much better, move that over there you go, and move that over, now let me fill in that so asthetically its pleasing, there you go, alright, so we have four oxygens witha zero oxidation state turning into four oxygens with a minus two oxidation state, so each of those four oxigens took two electrons, there's four of them, so we must have we must have gained eight electrons, so what happened to oxygen, its oxidation number went sown, or its hypothetical charge went down, it was reduced, its charge was reduced, reduced, ocygen was reduced, what was it reduced by? 
It was reduced by the carbon. 
What was the carbon oxidized by? 
It was oxidized by the oxygen. 
Which oxygen tends to do, it oxidizing things, what is the oxidizing agent, well its the thing that did the oxidizing. 
So oxygen is the oxidizing agent. 
What is the reducing agent? 
What is the thing that did the reducing? 
It is the reducing agent, this is the carbon. you see in this redox reaction, carbon was oxidized was oxidized, it gave electrons from this state to that state, hypothetically, and oxygen was reduced, its charge was reduced by a total of eight electrons but two for each oxygen and so its oxidation number went down. 
Lets do a couple more, and each of these things i wrote, just to do a side note, this is called a half reaction because here I'm writing just what happened to the carbon , and here I'm just what happened to the oxygen. 
And I did ignore something, I did ignore the hydrogen, and I encourage you to do something like this with the hydrogen, but you'll see the hydrogen was neither oxidized or reduced, on both sides of this equation, all of the hydrogens had a plus one oxidation state. 
Let 
Let's do another one, this is another combustion situation, this is what happened to the hindenburg, they filled a balloon with hydrogen because they wanted it to float because hydrogen is a very light gas, unfortunately there must have been a spark, and in the presence of oxygen, and it combusted. and actually, this is for rocket fuel as well, if you have liquid hydrogen and, actually i don't think they have liquid hydrogen. 
Well, I don't know enough about rocket science, I'll have to do another video on that in the future, but lets look at the oxxidation states, well lets look at the oxidation state of hydrogen here in its elemental form, its zero, two hydrogens bonded to each other no reason why they should hog or be hogged by another hydrogen, two oxygen molecules or atoms bonded to each other, once again zero oxidation state, once they combust and form water, what's their oxidation states? 
Weve done this multiple times. 
This oxygen has a minus two oxidation state, each hydrogen has a plus one, so lets write the half reactions. 
We have two hydrogens that are just happy as they are; neutral state. 
And they end up with, being, no sorry, two H twos, they turn into two hydrogens, two hydrogen molecules cuz there's actually four hydrogen atoms,with a plus one oxidation state, so they must have each given away one electron, now hhow many total hydrogens are there? 
There are four. 
So we must have given away four electrons. 
Plus four electrons, and this is the half reaction for hydrogen. 
Now lets do the same thing for our oxygen, we have some oxygen here, on the left hand side it has a neutral oxidation state, and then it ends up with a , we end up with two oxygens on the write hand side, I can write it, I'll write it like this.Two 
O each with a minus two oxidation state so eac of these oxygens must have gotten two electrons, so it got two electrons each or it gained four electrons. 
So what was oxidized? 
Oxidized means electrons were taken away from you. the hydrogen was oxidized. 
This was oxidized, oxidized by oxygen. 
What was reduced? 
The oxygen was reduced by the hydrogen, and if you actually add these two reactions up, if you make this the left hand side of your equation and you make this your right hand sade of the equation, you can say 
"Ok" Let's remove the electrons from both sides and you'll end up with your original reaction. 
What was, and just to make sure our terminology is right, what's our oxidizing agent? 
It's the thing that did the oxidizing, it's the oxygen. 
What's the reducing agent? 
It's the hydrogen. 
Ket's do one more. 
So here 
I have iron, plus some Hydrochloric acid, let's say this is in an aqueous solution, and you end up with iron (Il) chloride plus some hydrogen. 
So let's do some oxidation numbers, and I'll do it fast this time. iron is just by itself it's got a zero oxidation state. 
Hydrogen with chloride, chlorine's a halogen. haloge, these guys love to take electrons-they love to take one electron, they typically have a minus one oxidation state, so the chlorine is going to have minus one, the hydrogen is going to be plus one. 
Add them together you get to a neutral compound, fair enough. now you go on this side, what is chlorine's oxidation state? 
Well once again it always likes to take one electron. 
So this is minus one, but I have two chlorines here, this is a neutral compound so the iron oxidation state must be plus two. 
Plus two. 
What about the hydrogen? 
Well now it is jus in its elemental form, so it's going to be neutral and have a zero oxidation state. 
So what was oxidized? 
Our iron, our iron went from neutral to being, to having two electrons taken away from it which gave it a positive charge, so plus two electrons got taken away, so this was oxidized. 
This is oxidized. 
What about the hydrogen? 
The hydrogen went from two hydrogens with a plus one oxidation state and essentially they went to two hydrogens with a neutral state, so two electrons must have been added to the hydrogens. two electrons were added, their charge was reduced, so they were reduced. 
And what were they reduced by? 
They were reduced by the iron. 
What was the iron oxidized by? 
It was oxidized by the hydrogen. 
What about the chlorine, the chlorine has a minus one oxidation number here, it has a minus one oxidation number here, it was neutral relative to the redox reaction, anyway I think you get the point now, and you can do this with a bunch of reactions, but this will give you a little more insight of actually whats going on and who's gaining and who's losing electrons and in the future it will also help us think about alot of the structures of molecules. 
Anyway, see you in the next video. 
It feels like a perfect night, 
To dress up like hipsters, 
And make fun of our exes. 
Oh-ah, oh-ah. 
It feels like a perfect night, 
For breakfast at midnight, 
To fall in love with strangers. 
Oh-ah, oh-ah. 
Yeah! 
We're happy, free, confused, 
And lonely at the same time, 
It's miserable and magical. 
Oh yeah! 
Tonight's the night when, 
We forget about the deadlines, 
It's time, uh-oh! 
I don't know about you, 
But I'm feeling twenty-two! 
Everything will be alright if, 
You keep me next to you. 
You don't know about me, 
But I'll bet you want to, 
Everything will be alright, 
If we just keep dancing, 
Like we're, twenty-two, twenty-two! 
It seems like one of those nights, 
This place is too crowded, 
Too many cool kids. 
(Who's Taylor Swift anyway? 
Ew). 
Oh-ah, oh-ah. 
It seems like one of those nights, 
We ditch the whole scene, 
And end up dreaming instead of sleeping. 
Yeah! 
We're happy, free, confused, 
And lonely in the best way, 
It's miserable and magical. 
Oh yeah! 
Tonight's the night when, We forget about the heartbreaks, 
It's time, uh-oh! 
I don't know about you, 
But I'm feeling twenty-two! 
Everything will be alright if, (Ooh), you keep me next to you. 
You don't know about me, 
But I'll bet you want to, 
Everything will be alright if, (Alright), we just keep dancing, 
Like we're twenty-two, (oh-uh-uh-uh-oh), 
Twenty-two! 
(I don't know about you)! 
Twenty-two, twenty-two! 
It feels like one of those nights! 
We ditch the whole scene. 
It feels like one of those nights! 
We won't be sleeping. 
It feels like one of those nights! 
You look like bad news, 
I gotta have you, I gotta have you! 
Ooh-ooh, ooh-ooh, yeah, hey! 
I don't know about you, (I don't know about you)! 
But I'm feeling twenty-two! 
Everything will be alright if, (Ooh), you keep me next to you. 
You don't know about me, (You don't know about me)! 
But I'll bet you want to, 
Everything will be alright if, 
We just keep dancing, (dance like we're), 
Like we're twenty-two, (oh-woah-oh), 
Twenty-two, (dancing like), 
Twenty-two, (yeah, yeah)! 
Twenty-two, (yeah, yeah, yeah)! 
It feels like one of those nights! 
(Twenty-two), we ditch the whole scene. 
It feels like one of those nights! 
(Twenty-two), we won't be sleeping. 
It feels like one of those nights! 
(Twenty-two), you look like bad news, 
I gotta have you, I gotta have you! 
We all have brushes called "being ourselves" 
Look, with just a little bravery you can change it into any color 
Let's draw our hopes 
How far does this sky continue? 
The world we know is so narrow 
When we hear somebody's voice asking for help, we decide to pretend we didn't hear it 
By fighting we reaffirm the worth of our existence and then find doubt in our hearts 
Finding differences to not be "individualities" but "enemies", we become stubborn and push others away 
Our relationships with people became dominating and not something that ties together 
Hold my hands and listen to my voice 
The world becomes colorful, you don't have to hate since you can bond beautifully 
There are no useless lives, let's accept each other 
The infinitely extending canvas becomes dyed in hope 
We all have brushes called "being ourselves" 
Look, with just a little bravery you can change it into any color 
Let's draw our hopes 
[music begins] 
Empty spaces, what are we living for 
Abandoned places, I guess we know the score 
On and on, does anybody know what we are looking for 
Another hero, another mindless crime 
Behind the curtain, in the pantomime 
Hold the line, does anybody want to take it anymore 
The show must go on 
The show must go on 
Inside my heart is breaking 
My make-up may be flaking 
But my smile still stays on 
Whatever happens, I'll leave it all to chance 
Another heartache, another failed romance 
On and on, does anybody know what we are living for 
I guess I'm learning, I must be warmer now 
I'll soon be turning, round the corner now 
Outside the dawn is breaking 
But inside in the dark I'm aching to be free 
The show must go on 
The show must go on 
Inside my heart is breaking 
My make-up may be flaking 
But my smile still stays on [guitar solo] 
My soul is painted like the wings of butterflies 
Fairytales of yesterday will grow but never die 
I can fly, my friends 
The show must go on 
The show must go on 
I'll face it with a grin 
I'm never giving in 
On with the show (show must go on) 
I'll top the bill, I'll overkill 
I've got to find the will to carry on 
On with the 
Show (show must go on) The show must go on 
So in this last module, since we're talking about the writing process. 
I want to make sure to just give a few last tips for the very final draft, 
Before you send something off to your editor before you send something off to be peer reviewed, there's a little check list you ought to go through on that very final draft. 
Once you revise it and the prose is sounding good, there's a few other things that I want to make sure that you think about and check. 
So my little checklist for the final draft, got to check for consistency and in particular for numerical consistency. 
You also want to check and make sure that your references are not what I call references to nowhere. 
And I'm going to talk a little bit more about. 
So those are kinds of things that kind of a high level that you want to make sure you've, you've checked off your list before send something out. 
So, checking for consistency just means, make sure that you don't have things that are totally contradictory in different parts of the manuscript, and, and this happens often. 
I was recently editing somebody, somebody's work, and in the methods section, they said, we followed participants for a minimum of two years. 
And then later on, I went over to the results section, and I read, the average follow up time was 1.5 years. 
So I was going, huh. 
If every participant was followed for more than two years, how could the average be 1.5 years? 
It didn't make any sense. 
So they probably had an incorrect word choice there. 
They didn't need a minimum of t2wo years. 
They actually were. 
Their, their goal was two years. 
So that was a little inconsistency. 
So try to pick up on those, because reviewers will look at those in with, with great, you know, it raises a lot of questions, a lot of red flags. 
Even more importantly. well I think it's more important cuz I often focus on the statistics and the numbers of papers is make sure that you check for numerical consistency. 
So do the numbers in your abstract. 
Match the numbers in the rest of the paper. 
And I put that one up first because it's a frequent thing that I see. 
The papers I'm reviewing, or even in papers that are actually published in 
literature, that sometimes for some reason the abstract numbers don't end up matching things in the rest of the paper and I don't know why that's such a frequent occurrence. 
I think it's possibly that people write the abstracts first for like a presentation before the data analysis is really final. 
And then, they end up cutting and pasting that abstract and they forget to change all the numbers or maybe there's a cutting and pasting error just from going from the tables and figures in the text to the abstract. 
Or, I don't know why it is, but there, there seems to be often a lot of inconsistencies there. 
I've seen many examples also, where the numbers and the text don't match exactly the numbers in the tables and the figures. 
So for example, I was doing a statistical review of a paper just this week. 
And, I got very confused because I read the numbers in the text and then I went to table two, where they told me to go, 
And the authors had basically subtracted column one from column two to come up with the numbers in the text. 
They had just done a subtraction. 
Well, I subtracted those two numbers and I didn't get the numbers that they had in the text. 
I didn't get anything close. 
So, it was like, huh, Well I, I'm totally confused here. 
And then even worse, they calculated percentages also from table two and, and they came up with totally different percentages than I did. 
So since it's simple arithmetic, I'm thinking that they used different numbers to calculate the figures and text than they did for the tables and figures and that raises a big red flag. 
Why are those numbers, why don't they match? 
And then I've also seen the case where so numbers in one table are figured don't match, this, this what's suppose to be similar number in another table, I figure. 
So, the very common case of that you will have some numbers at a table and then somebody will also present those numbers in a graphic. 
And if I kind of look at the graphic and try to figure out the exact values in the graphic and then I look at those numbers in the table, those often don't match. 
So again, it raises all sorts of red flags and I don't know exactly why these kinds of, things happen. 
It might just be human error. 
It might be that people are using different iterations of the data set, But all of those things, raise real red flags for a reviewer, especially, a statistical reviewer. 
So you want to make sure that you are consistent throughout your paper and that those things match. 
And then, the final thing to think about is your references and you wanna find out and kind of nature you pay attention to whether or not you have what I call references to nowhere. 
And these are references that when you go to the reference, 
If you're reading the paper and then you go to the reference to try to find the information that the authors indicate is available in that reference. 
In fact, it turns out that, that information is not there. 
And I have to tell you that I do a lot of this for various reasons. 
I end up wanting to get the information from the original source. 
And I go back from a reference from a paper I'm reading. 
I go back to the paper they've indicated is the citation and it's more often than not the case that the reference does not if fact provide the indicated information or fact that what the authors are saying in their paper it provides. 
So this is the rule, not the exception. 
So you should know that, 
So that you don't end up accidentally citing somebody's mistaken citation. 
So there's a number of reasons this might happen. 
So often times authors will sort of misinterpret or exaggerate the findings from the original source. 
If you go back to the original reference, it turns out that they were selective in the information that they chose to cite in their paper. 
Or they're, they're referencing a paper to back up a particular statement and that statement is not exactly supported by the original reference. 
It might be supported in some roundabout way but not directly. 
So oftentimes, those sources really don't back up the statements that the authors are writing in their paper where they are citing the source. 
Another really, really common problem is that the reference that the authors have cited actually is a secondary source and it's not the primary source. 
I call this citation propagation and I'm going to talk about a little more. 
So somebody, you know, Jones et al, Smith et al does the original study, They come up with a number of figure or statistic. 
Jones et al cites Smith et al. 
Okay, now Beery et al goes to give the statistic in their paper. 
Well, they found that statistic in Jones et al, 
They read it there, so they don't bother to go back to Smith et al and get the original reference, they just reference Jones et al. 
Okay, well then what happens, well. 
James et al now wants to say Beery et, you know, it reads the statistic and Beery et al, Now, they say Beery et al. 
So, now this citation, this statistic has gone through multiple, it's been propagated across the literature. 
And it reminds me of the game telephone, that children play. 
So, if you're not familiar with that game, that's the game where the children sit in a circle. 
And the first person who comes up with a sentence. 
And they whisper that sentence in the ear of the next child. 
And then, that child whispers into the ear of the next child, and so on and so forth until you go around the circle. 
You get to the last child. 
And that child said, says out loud what they heard. 
And it's always something that's very garbled and funny that has little resemblance to what started the statement that started the whole game. 
And this is just what happens in the scientific literature when you propagate citations. 
You get, you lose important pieces of information from the original source down, down the chain. 
And so be, pay attention to that. 
I'm going to talk a little bit more about that give you an example in a minute. 
And then, sometimes others just miss number references. 
A way to avoid this is if you have available to you a reference management program like EndNote. 
It's highly recommended that you use that cuz that can avoid these kind of mistakes. 
But I'll give you an example of a paper I was working on a few years ago. 
There were multiple authors in the paper. 
We were not using a reference manager since there were multiple authors across different institutions looking at the paper. 
There was, and the writing had some problems in it, so a number of authors rewrote the paper, did some heavy editing on the paper. 
And in that process, a few of the references, the reference numbers got garbled. 
So, reference what we were calling reference three on draft one, you know, became reference five on draft two and nobody made the correct change. 
So, when that paper went out for a review with misnumbered references, because all sorts of confusion among the, one of, in particular, one of the reviewers, in terms of they were confused. 
And I initially thought that the reviewer just didn't know the literature, but actually when I looked carefully, I finally realized that the reason that the reviewer's confused because our number references are misnumbered. 
And so luckily we've caught it but it can happen pretty easily, especially if you're not using an automatic reference management program. 
So, watch out for that kind of thing, especially the multiple people have looked at the draft and edited the draft, references tend to get lost in the shuffle. 
So here's an example of the first kind of thing I was talking about. 
So you, some authors give a reference to back up a statement. 
You go to the original reference and it just doesn't back up the statement. 
So here's an example. 
I'm going to pick on a particular example from something I was reading lately but again, These authors are by no means the only ones who do this. 
This is very, very common. 
So, I read the sentence. 
These data are particularly disturbing as the UVC emission is even larger than ambient sunlight on a mountain. 
Now, I was writing about this for the lay public and so I thought, well great, here 
I've got a comparison that anybody can understand. 
The amount of UVC, if you're exposed to sunlight on a mountain. 
Well, that's a great way to put this in my piece. 
So I wanted to get more information about this. 
I thought that was an interesting and cute fact, a good fact to use for a piece for the lay public. 
And I also had a question, because when they say it's larger than ambient sunlight on the mountain, they didn't give any time frame. 
So, is it larger than the amount that you'd get in one minute? 
Is it larger than the amount that you'd get in an hour? 
So there was no reference right there. 
So I needed to go back to the original references to get more information. 
And again, I, I'm doing this often for various reasons like, like we've been writing something for the lay public and I see an interesting statistic or fact that 
I wanna trace back. 
Alright. 
So, to go to reference thirteen, Well, it's, it's you know, a URL. 
It's, it's a website link and it was broken. 
So, the, the link doesn't work. 
I get, you know, an error message. 
It does bring me to a site. 
So I search on that site and there's no relevant information about UVC emissions on a mountain on that site that I can find. 
Maybe I didn't do a great search. 
So maybe, you know, the URL, link got broken, you know, between the time the authors wrotethe paper and, the time it was sent, it was published. 
Could have happened, But anyway, it's a problem because again, 
I'm not able to trace that reference. 
Alright. 
So I said, well, well good. 
They gave two references, so I have hope here. 
So I went to reference fourteen. 
Pulled up, the paper. 
It was a paper. 
Scanned through the paper, did a search on the paper. 
It did not contain the words the ambient sunlight, the word mountain, or the word 
UVC and I didn't do UVC lighting, I just did UVC. 
So there was no mention of any of those things in that paper. 
So, it was a reference to nowhere, because what the authors were giving me as their backup for that statement, it just didn't exist at least not in those references. 
So I wasn't able to ever get that information, cuz it wasn't at least where the authors told me it was. 
So that's an example of references nowhere and again, I think this happens a lot. 
So, you know, if you can avoid it in your own writing, hopefully, by doing a good prewriting step, by carefully organizing your information before you start, and keeping your, you know, that information with the references early on you won't make these kinds of mistakes where you just have references that don't actually back up what you're saying. 
And then finally, the citation propagation concept like telephone I was, I was saying before. 
This was one of my pet peeves and so I just want to point out an example of this and caution you to avoid citing secondary sources. 
So, when I was a graduate student, I worked on, something called female athlete triad. 
And one of the components of that triad was something we called disordered eating, which itself is kind of poorly defined, but in any case, a part of the triad is disordered eating. 
So people would always want to say, well, how common is disordered eating in female athletes? 
And at the time that I was a graduate student and writing out papers on this, 
In the late 90's or early 2000's, there was Hallmark statistic that everybody cited. 
It's, the statistic was that fifteen to 62% have disordered eating. 
And that was just in every paper on female athletes triad eating disorders in athletes. 
That's just the one that everybody gave. 
However, it wasn't like they all cited the same source. 
If you, I was trying to trace back at one point where that statistic came from and I found about 50 different attributions for where that statistic came from. 
So one paper would cite Smith et al., another paper would cite Jones et al and they all cited different things. 
Well obviously that statistic came from somewhere. 
So, everybody's citing secondary sources. 
So, I want to give you some examples. 
So, this was from a paper in the Journal of General Internal Medicine. 
I like the white, white pages. 
White, easy to read white stuff. 
We get some people in here that like to work too much. 
White on the dark, and making him really dizzy. ,, . 
I used to, um, I used to be in charge of a lot of the websites for a university. 
And I imagine that dealing with academia is very similar to dealing with the government. . 
Oh, yeah. 
Well, science is academia, science at Stanford. 
Exactly, it is. 
Really challenging, and I feel your pain. ,, . 
Yeah, but it's, it's, it's, yeah. 
It's a, it's a challenge.'Cause I do want done. 
And, you know, it is hard to work on a team. 
Because everyone has a different, uh, view of what a website should look like. 
Well, and I think that the biggest challenge for me was getting, getting. 
People to understand that the website isn't about them and it shouldn't be what they want. 
It should be for the audience, who is going to the website and how do they consume information in, in the easiest, most efficient way. 
Yeah. 
Right. 
And that's what the content management system department. 
Exactly. , can be the other way around. 
But um, I, like I said, you're side is very helpful, I, you guys have so many good programs I wish I had more time to just sit and just watch some of them. 
And then I got this new DA 100 camera but there's really not much happening there for that one. . 
But uh, we do have some digital uh reflex uh, it's at least for the moving piece, um, that's the part I. Used to. 
I mean, I bet my constant was a negative 79. 
I mean, forever. 
But uh, there's digital ones that are, they, they have a lot more stuff, they're a 
little more complicated. 
They do. 
I have um, a 90, a D 90. 
The, oh yeah, yeah, the 
D 90. 
I have D, I have a D 70 too, earlier with the, the. 
Yeah, the, but this new one's nice, very nice, the, the busier ones now, although I really help with the multimedia stuff. 
Um, I'm gonna look and see if we have something coming up on that. 
Um. 
While I'm looking up the D800, what types of courses would be most helpful for you coming up? 
Um, do you, do you I ike the longer courses where you can just go in and pick out a movie? 
Or would you like shorter more direct project type courses? 
Um, I would say well, for the subject matter, I mean I think you guys do a pretty good job, at least I think with a lot of thee a Adobe ones, which I, which thee, I think those are my, the ones I've been using a lot, on there. 
Uh, how they connect with each other, that would be helpful because they go into the multi media, there is after effects photo shop, and premiere, and the audio piece, what is it, the um, audition. 
Uh huh. 
Here I have one that shows how they all connect with each other, how you place to using one thing and go back to the other set, for saying, mention " em briefly in one or the other. 
And stuff. 
Don't really have anything to actually. 
So the true relationship, because all these have, are connected that you can use them in a way where they all complement each other, but 
I don't really, it offends me to figure them out. 
Within each one, they might mention, it might mention a little piece on after effects. 
Sure. 
Bye. 
But not like the total workflow. 
My might mention a piece on premier. 
But there's no real slow connection on how all of this production piece, that production piece works all together. 
Same with the way of uh, design is really easy to figure out on that one. 
It's just opening photoshop illustrator. 
That's not that complicated. 
But far as the . 
Uh-huh , a lot more complex on there. 
Okay. 
Okay. 
Um, yeah that's good feedback. 
Those areas are mostly outside of my segment. 
But it's really good information for me to, to talk to the audio and video guys about. 
And uh. 
I think because now, because even connected to the web uh, I do multimedia for my work too. 
So if I created something in there. 
There's gotta be finally in the end exported as a. 
Multimedia page. 
Right. 
On there. 
Connecting that. 
Yeah. 
You know, it would be a lot of free, free videos. 
And I've searched for educational page on energy so I have some fun ones that I'd really I ike to put together for kids stuff. 
And, um, there's a lot of, you know, do it, uh, to be able to watch a video and have it actually. 
Get it all together. , out there. 
Yeah that's a great idea. 
Okay. 
And would you, um, would you find project type courses, maybe past the beginner stage, um, helpful, where you could practice your skills in a certain, um, in a certain environment or piece of software? 
I think... 
Um, I don't usually do the downloads. 
I, I only have a subscription just to watch the videos.'Cause I really never, have never had the time to be able to do one of those full class ones. 
Uh-huh. , The files to work with . 
Um, I don't, I just don't have that kind of time to be able to use those true detailed trainings. 
Sure. 
Um, I mean, if I did I probably would have signed up for that but I only did the one with the crash course videos. 
Just the three videos. 
That's my subscription on the space there. 
Um, yeah, even with the subscription that you have you still, uh, you can watch all of the different videos. 
Yeah. 
Mm-hm. 
Um. 
Yeah, we're just um. 
We feel that. 
What we're looking at is expanding from a, uh, a more beginner and foundational level of knowledge. 
And how do we start to take deeper dives now? 
And um. 
It sounds like the level of reference is working well for you, right now. 
Yeah. 
You don't have on your website like, if you're an advanced person, or a beginner. 
You don't have those kind of groupings? 
We don't. 
We're working on it. , I don't know if you've seen some of those websites where they actually have kind of portals to deal with beginners and things like that. 
Speakers: 
Yeah. 
But you don't have it, like tailored for those kind of. 
Things on the site. 
Would that be helpful for you as a user? 
Yeah, I think that would be helpful for me.'Cause I am, I've been using a lot of these programs that I would not. 
I mean, some of those are really very basic beginning stuff. 
I mean, I mean, stuff, stuff will cross over, of course. 
Like, , when you have a new. 
I need product and stuff, they probably want an analysis, start to get in what those things are, and upgrade. 
But on the other things, too. 
I also like, too, that, you know, when you have those ones that show pictures of artists. 
Creative, um... 
Oh, creative inspiration? 
Yeah. 
I do like watching some of those and the artists. 
Those are very, very nice. 
It's, it's weird the way that you guys have them listed, though. 
Ah, it. 
It's always hard for me to remember how to find it. 
Mm-hm. 
Let's call it documentary, but this . 
Yeah. 
Navigation wise subject, like I wasn't to know that when I sort of, of , something. these guys beginning. . 
Where, the, the, the stories. 
The kind of artists . ,, . 
I said I know they're on here somewhere cuz I watched a really good one. 
Cuz I, I only got to it through the newsletter that's why, I, I saw I clicked and went to that, you know greatest artists or something like that. 
But then that's why I'm actually going to find him. 
Like what do, what do they have that under? 
The documentary to me is uh, is kind of more like the. 
Plus something for me to learn how to do a documentary. 
Uh, right. 
Yeah. 
Which is, it actually being an inspiration story. 
Huh, that makes sense. 
Right, of artists. 
And a featured artist or something like that would be a great place for a start. 
Okay. 
This is so helpful. 
You know, sometimes we just get so insular in how we loko at information that it's so helpful to hear how other people. 
Consume. 
Right. 
Well like I said if I meet with engineering teams, and we always get to see it then. 
It's a terrible job on your, on your back. 
Um, people like to go hiking and stuff and there's , too. 
Oh. ,, , so even we, we don't a very good job on stuff. . 
Yeah. 
We all do the best we can, and then we re-evaluate and start again. 
Right. 
Yeah, but you had some good stuff too.'Cause my Dad said I'm, I'm creative on the outside . 
I do children's illustrations, and things like that. 
So you have, like, some children's book illustrator. 
Mm hm. 
Programs. 
The illustrating stuff is good. 
I don't think . 
I don't think you have any, I don't seen Corel draw . 
You know, I don't think that we focused. 
In that case , I mean Painter, which is actually used for children's publications. 
Oh, really? 
Yeah, we haven't, I don't think that we . 
Oh, no. 
You do have . 
I can tell with the others as well. 
Uh, I missed the update, so you do have essential training in teacher twelve, not four, this came out the, 
February, the fifteenth. 
Yeah. 
So I do, I did have not. 
All right. 
And we. 
Yeah, I just realized that, I'll have to go back take a look at that again. 
And we have um, finished shooting, um. 
Uh, course the shooting with the Nikon D800. 
So that will come out in November. 
Oh, November. 
Okay, great! 
Yeah, yeah. 
So you can spend your um, your holidays. 
Watching movies. 
Okay. 
Exactly. . 
Uh, that's good. 
That's good. 
That's good. 
Um, okay. ,, . 
Uh, do you have any questions for me or anything that you would like to add that you feel would be particularly helpful for us as we look at 2013? 
Um. 
No. 
I, I think, I like how, that you guys are . 
The teacher organizes nice, and bookmarks things and stuff. 
I think that's a great idea, so I can always go back to. 
It is, and also I, I haven't had a smart phone for very long. 
Um-hm. 
And I was surprised. 
I went on there and that was really good. 
And it actually had the, uh. 
And then actually be able to watch it um, . 
Oh cool. 
Yeah. 
At first it had a mobile version on it. 
Yep. 
Beta something. 
I. Yep. 
So the first time I had ever looked at it and actually that worked really nicely so the mobile when . 
And we have to. 
That's the way the world is going. ,, . 
I wanna let, I mean I haven't installed, I haven't used it very frequently for that kind of purpose. 
I still have my old . 
I, I'm like, wow. 
We always having to do that stiff, stuff as well, and uh you guys did that pretty nicely, the way it sits on it, ? 
Are you, as you're looking at the USGS. 
Uh, we. 
Redo. 
Mm hm. 
Are you talking about responsive design and the need for mobile compatibilit y? 
That's come up. 
I know that the directive of the White House wants the government to start making mobile devices stuff and there is a plan in place. 
It's a matter of how you take all that content because there is a lot of it, there is a large bit of it. 
It's really, it's very hard to design for it because they do every science in the world, right? 
Every type of science? 
Yep. 
And trying to gain some control on showing all that different science. 
In all those different categories? 
In an easy way and getting all the. 
And, you work, you work in Academia, you work in Academia uh, (that) are getting all those reports and stuff and (do). 
I think everybody's doing our thing. 
Absolutely yeah. 
It's hard, it's hard for. 
The publications group said well we've already set our money on doing this. 
But it's terrible. 
That's uh, . 
The, for the interface, they contracted out. 
Or, um iii.... 
Which they did on their own. , Yeah, they would have been better doing it on their own. 
And, so, the desired for a straight test is very simple in nature to do. 
They do a lot of stuff at 
PBS, of course, because of their, um. 
Sure, exporting it out quick would either faxing back. 
Uh-huh. 
But they should, but they should make it so there's a choice so people could have a responsive design and be able to read those things very quickly. 
Yeah. 
Um, so I, so I do our newsletter so and the spell check, so. , people are just going to scale down hopefully, on the phone and stuff like that, but we still need to rethink the whole ,, . 
I don't know if you could share this information, but do you have any idea how many people your newsletter goes out to? 
Um, I think we have, uh, 1,300, I think. 
Okay. ,, . 
Just curious, um. 
So this, you're bringing up an int... 
We've only had a newspaper, newsletter for so, so long, so... 
Yeah. 
You're bringing up an interesting course idea for me. 
Which is, um. 
Taking an existing website and going through a redesign to become more responsive. 
Because. 
But yeah. 
Uh, we're thinking. 
Okay. 
You kno w, as. 
Responsive design, it's kind of a buzzword but it is also a necessity. 
Um, and... 
And lot of designers are now saying, well, everything I design, by default has to be responsive. 
And now it's fine when you're starting fresh. 
But um, when you have to look behind you what's already been done since, you know, in a lot of cases. 
Your content. 
The content you are working with has existed since the beginning of internet. 
And things were not pretty then. 
Oh no. 
In fact, we still have sites that look like 1993. 
And that was my biggest, even iii... 
Ah, I have no doubt. 
But we're not going to redesign another 1993 looking website with all those blocks and squares. we gotta get away from that, please. 
Yeah. 
To try to be a little more hip. 
In fact, the girl was just showing us . 
We, we were looking at, um, presentation on the 
Tuesday on of the pages that they had ah, doing test on. 
And, and that was one of the web comments there. 
I said, yeah, yeah. 
You don't have to stick with those 1995. , Mm-hm. 
No. , I said, oh no, is he? see how terrible we are. 
We are like the, we've got to get, we've got to get this stuff. 
I mean, they have some of the coolest science around and they show it and. 
And those interval waves sometimes. 
I mean, our site looks pretty good. 
Um, cause we did the redesign at MPS and stuff. 
Uh huh. 
And it doesn't look bad on the phone, we still, we still probably, we're still gonna add a um, MPS piece, and try to get involved, to be more responsive probably the next day. 
But uh, yeah the night that some of these people that were on our team that, that are really. 
You know the staff from the responsive design and the nine sixty, you know that Mh-hm And all those kinds of things, you know, we don't have a lot of information, I would think and a lot of information that is going to come and that kind of that and that would be really helpful What's the next, what's the direction of the website? 
It'd be kind of nice if you guys had something about it, a little discussion could start, th e future of the web and things like that. 
Yeah, we are definitely focusing much more on that in the coming year. 
We want to do a lot more, we have a user experience fundamentals course coming out, content strategy. 
We're looking at doing usability testing, a lot more. 
Fundamental information that will help as you approach your project. 
Whether it's a redesign or a new, a new site. 
And um, we've really focused on tools in the past. 
How do I use Flash to do what I'm trying to do? 
But I think that um. 
An area that we really want to look at is, now that you are in conjunction with tools, it's, it's just as important to understand why you are doing what you're doing. 
And to, to make the best decisions for your site and, and your membership, or your viewership. 
Right, mm-hm. , That is very interesting. 
And especially because the way, technology is being consumed, has so fundamentally changed, with mobile devices. 
People are actually having these conversations now. 
You know, people are talking about responsive design, or they're talking about, uh, user experience. 
And it, it wasn't, much of a conversation a year ago. 
And, um, I think that people really, are. 
Are looking for this type of information, and it sounds like this would be beneficial for, for your project as well. 
Yea, particularly right now cuz I think that everybody I think is going to be redesigning their web right now. 
Trying to get moving towards. 
See the social media kind of stuff. 
Right. 
Yeah. 
How do we integrate social media effectively. 
How do we. 
Yeah. 
Yeah. 
And then we, and then we. 
Good. 
Um. 
Two uh, galleries, online galleries, and stuff like that. 
Mm-hm. 
But, I have some real good stuff on there, but. 
You know, we have um, an interesting series, it's, it's um, Wordpress. 
But, we are doing an interesting series with one of our authors, uh, Morton Ran Hendrickson. 
And he's doing this series called Start With A Theme, and he looks at three free Wordpress themes. 
And ah looks at how to tweak them best for your website and the one that j ust released was on creative portfolios. 
Oh so you can actually, so you know if there's some advice on how to tweak them. 
Oh, that'd be great. 
Yeah, so, he did one on um, photography portfolios, and then the one that just came out yesterday I think is creative portfolios, and then he's doing another one this fall, on, um. 
Magazines. 
Styles. 
Oh. 
Magazine work. 
I'd be interested in that one. 
Yeah. 
My husband and I have a podcast, uh, uh, and we're using WordPress to kinda fix the audio thing. 
Uh. 
It's very hard to find a WordPress that actually has a good audio for the internet. 
Um. 
We're having an earthquake. , Hm? 
We're having an earthquake. 
Usgs? 
What? 
Yeah. 
Oh right now? 
Uh-huh. , check on the USGS's website. 
Have you been on the earthquake site? 
I always am on the earthquake site. 
Is there, is there an immediate uh? 
It's a great site. 
Earthquake's got a thing on there, oh my god. 
Oh, I know, I always go. 
That's another thing too, there's like, there like a top link on their US business site, so that the, like, uh, the top thing that's come out. 
Visited. 
Yeah. 
Let's say, right now. 
Have you ever been to 
California? 
4.5. 
There was one last night too. 
It's So it, so it just ended? 
It just happened right now? 
Yeah. 
Just now. ,, , What part of California do you live in? 
Los Angeles What? 
Oh, okay. 
Oh yeah, I see where it came from. 
I'm just looking at the epicenter. 
Yup. 
Or we can do it online, god, geez. 
Yeah, we're coming to 
California in a, a few weeks here. 
We're in the middle of a heat wave right now and we had an earthquake last night and, and earthquake today. 
And I'm just hoping that this earthquake is not a harbinger of a big one. 
Oh, oh. 
I hope not. 
Yeah. 
Oh. 
Oh, the, the, yeah. 
Cuz that's. 
A big earthquake. 
They made me scared. 
I'm coming to um, California in September. 
Well it should be nice when you come. . 
Yeah. 
I'm coming to Monterey area. 
Oh that's so nice. 
My mom lives in uh, Santa 
Cruz. 
Oh, okay. 
Yeah so um, I've, I've only been to but I didn't. 
only for education 
LEARN ENGLlSH WlTH SONGS 
WWW.VlDENG.BLOGSPOT.COM 
You used to call me 
Just to say I love you baby 
You would always treat me like a lady 
Everyone was jealous of the way 
We kept keeping on, feelings were so strong 
Always knew that I would occupy your mind 
You could always find a little more time 
To show me I was number one 
Sitting there on my throne 
Lately where's the feeling gone 
When it was good 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No I never wanted nobody else 
When it was right not like tonight 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No we didn't have a cent to our name 
When it was good 
We were happy in the pouring rain 
I wish it would would be that good 
When we were sitting on top of the world 
That picture of everything I ever dreamed 
Now the picture's crashing down around on me 
Calls are coming in and we're looking at our friends 
Wondering who's it gonna be 
It was so good once upon a time 
It was a simple time 
It was a good time 
Now we got the perks and all the crème 
And it's tearing us apart at the seams 
But I remember 
When it was good 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No I never wanted nobody else 
When it was right not like tonight 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No we didn't have a cent to our name 
When it was good 
We were happy in the pouring rain 
I wish it would would be that good 
When we were sitting on top of the world 
Once upon a time it was real 
Once upon a time I was thrilled to get yo call 
Then I could get yo all 
Then I could get your heart 
Now ain't the same 
Seem like now it's a game 
Once was reckless but now it's tame 
Once was real love and now it's fake 
Who would've known this path we'd take 
When it was good 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No I never wanted nobody else 
When it was right not like tonight 
We were sitting on top of the world 
When it was good 
No we didn't have a cent to our name 
When it was good 
We were happy in the pouring rain 
I wish it would would be that good 
When we were sitting on top of the world www.videng.blogspot.com 
Hi guys. 
This is Max Tapper again, for Howcast. 
What I'm going to do today is talk about a set. 
So, what exactly is a set? 
A set basically is just a certain number of repetitions that you choose to do in any exercise. 
So, say if I pick up a dumbbell and I want to work my chest and I'm going 10 to 12 repetitions, after 12 repetitions, that is one set. 
Okay? 
Now, you can choose different repetitions for different reasons, depending on what you're trying to achieve. 
Let's say your goal is just complete strength. 
A lot of times they'll do six sets of repetitions. 
If your goal is to build muscle, like hypertrophy, then we'll work somewhere between 10 - 12 repetitions, and that's one set. 
If your goal is for endurance, then you're doing 15-20 reps, and that is still one set. 
So, a set basically is just a certain amount of repetitions. 
That's all. 
All right guys? 
Get out there. 
Do your sets and be safe. 
(Music playing) 
CYNTHlA: 
It's just wonderful to have the opportunities that we have here in Austin 
locally. 
It's hard, you have a family and it's hard to get out of town and travel a lot but, 
Texas Performing Arts brings everything to us. 
(Singing: 
En mi beso la ...) In order to really fully find the joyful moments in life, you can also just stop a little bit and enjoy the balance that the arts can provide to your life. 
And if it's right here, then you can do it even more often. 
DWlGHT: 
I like staying home when I'm on vacation. 
That's the beauty of this whole situation. 
This serves as a magnet. 
Instead of going there, it comes to you. 
(Singing: 
Que vuelas en mi cielo mariposa) 
I've learned early on that you should kind of pay things back, or forward if you felt that there was a chance to become part of the community and what better way to do that than to provide support. 
(Singing: 
Mariposa, me matas de amor) 
Click on the right side of a menu item to make edits. 
For example I could rename or hide a link. 
Like menu items I can rename or edit a folder or item the same way. 
Just hover and look for the arrow on the right side. 
Then click submit. 
*Sheik Sadeg Al Gheryani, Tripoli* 
In the name of God the merciful, praise be to God the creator of the universe and peace be upon our prophet and his people and all who were guided by his guidance 
I have been asked, from within the country, from our cities, Misrata and Tripoli and other Libyan cities to clarify what the Libyan people should do in this current situation, in these difficult times. 
I say that what Gaddafi's security brigades are doing in their violent, deliberate indiscriminate attacks on Libyan cities can only make hearts break and is scarcely to be believed 
The Libyan people, who began their uprising peacefully asking for their rights and still want it to be peaceful, even though the regime has forced them to take up arms the Libyan people must now bear their responsibility. 
In the following way: in the liberated cities, the people must continue to go out in protests to call for their rights and to stress the unity of the country, and to support the countries which have declared their support for the Libyan people, and condemn those countries which have taken an opposing position, and those who are still in the position of spectators, especially the Arab nations must be urged to take a position. 
Libyan ex patriot communities must also take on this role. 
In European countries, in Arab countries, in front of embassies. 
Because international movement is connected to the popular movement. 
If within the country there is a consistent and strong message, the international community will reflect it 
As for cities still under the iron fist, Tripoli and up to the Tunisian border and eastwards, Kums, Zlitan, Msilata, Tarhuna and Bani Walid - but especially Tripoli and the densely populated areas of Tripoli, Bu Sleem and Hadba, must also prove their presence and go out in protests supporting the besieged cities. 
They must help their brothers in Misrata and the western mountain and Zintan. 
They see what the regime is doing to these cities, blocking water, medicine and food and bombaring them continuously, destroying and terrorising and starving the people, without discriminating between women or men, children or adults. 
No Muslim can stand and watch these horrendous scenes. 
They must all rise to support them. 
The prophet says: 
Every Muslim is the brother of every Muslim, he does not fail him and he is not unjust to him 
We hold each other up. 
The prophet warns us that if people see tyranny and do not speak out 
God will judge them. 
The other reason for the need for peaceful protests in these cities is to assure the unity of the country, so the regime can't use this excuse to call for splitting the country, which would be a disaster 
Another reason is to defend themselves, for the orders which are publicly given to these brigades say: kill, burn, destroy, do what you will. 
These orders don't discriminate. 
Every individual in Libya is threatened with these orders. 
These orders cannot be defined, legally, other than as outlaw actions so people have to defend themselves, and this is a duty. 
The prophet says "those who are killed defending themselves or their property are martyrs." 
So these cities must 
Welcome to lesson 15. 
In this lesson, we will be covering basics of social security as a retirement benefit. 
Now social security is and always been an insurance program meant to provide income to workers in the United States who can not work because of age or disability. 
Nearly every worker in the United States is impacted by social security. 
And the vast majority have some sort of established benefit payable debt to them in retirement. 
However, this is not a retirement plan. 
It was created initially as a benefit to keep the elderly out of poverty. 
If you have a social security number then, and you have paid into social security, meaning you paid social security taxes which are FlCA taxes on your paycheck then you can find out your, about your benefits by going to the social security website or contacting the socials security administration by phone. 
In addition to all literature you could want there is a place to request an estimate of the benefits dued to you. 
People over age 60 receive a copy every year in the mail, this is a recent change. 
Prior to a few years ago everybody received a benefit summary every year. 
This is a recent change, so that now people only age 60 and over, receive that hard copy. 
In addition to the benefit estimate, you can check your, you can check to see that all your wages have been recorded. 
If you're working for a small business, it's a good idea to make sure that the amount is reported. 
If you're not paying into social security and not paying FlCA taxes, those dollars are not recorded by the Social Security Administration. 
Your retirement benefit is based on your average indexed monthly earnings for your thirdest, your 35 highest earning years. 
In practical terms this means each year earnings is indexed or increased by, By the total inflation experience until the age of age 60. 
Then the 35 highest years are added together. 
If you do not have, if you do not have earnings in 35 years, the missing years are replaced with 0s. 
That total is divided by 35 and then divided by 12 and rounded down to the nearest dollar. 
That is the basis for calculating your benefits. 
Again, social security is based upon your highest 35 years of earnings. 
Any sort of years where you do not work or pay the social security, there's a zero. 
That would dramatically decrease your, er your average indexed monthly earnings. 
The primary insurance amount is the amount that you'd be paid each month if you retire at the full retirement age. 
People who, people suggested that Social Security should be means tested. 
That is, reduced for people that make a lot of money. 
The facts are, the formula used to calculate the PlA is a defection means, is a defective means testing, in that it rewards a higher percentage of Al, AlME To 
lower paid workers. 
As you can see from the calculations here, the more money you have made, the less you get back on a percentage basis. 
Therefore, social security is already more or less means tested; however, this is not to say that means testing may not come up again in the future. 
There are exceptions to the plan. 
The Railroad Retirement Act, Railroad 
Retirement Act Employees have a parallel system that is nearly identical. 
State and Local Government Employees that have not participated in Social Security for a total of 30 years and will not be receiving a pension from that, from that employment will have their benefits systematically reduced by the windfall elimination provision. 
This means that again, state and local employ, government employees that have not paid into social security, will not be receiving a benefit necessarily by social security. 
Or if that benefit is there it may be reduced in order to eliminate a windfall to that employer, employee of receiving two government benefits. 
Their spouse benefits may also be affected by the government pension offset rules. 
If you are working and drawing benefits before your full retirement age, your benefits will be reduced. 
It is very important that before you go to retire, you begin to examine your social security statements as previously discussed. 
Many employees are in the assumption that just because they were working and paying taxes, they are actually paying in to social security, but again, many government employees, state and local do not pay into social security and therefore their benefits may be lowere than they expect. 
Full retirement age is currently un, undergoing a planned increase. 
And just as it did a few years ago. 
As you can see, full retirement age for nearly, for early baby boomers is 66. 
While the late benefit, while the, while the late baby boomer generation will have to wait until they reach age 67 and a half. 
67 years of age. 
Sorry. 
As Baby Boomers start to enter social security age, claiming strategies have been a popular topic. 
The decision can, can be both emotional and rational. 
The emotional decision is about getting your money now, so you can retire. 
The rational decision is whether you should, will you need insurance payments down the line or not. 
If you're worried about the amount of money, you will have at retirement, you should wait. 
If not, you should direct your decision toward the best chance of getting the largest total amount. 
There are calculators available for this. 
Many financial planners actually specialize in this strategy. 
As an eligible person can start ret, start their benefits as early as, as an, an eligible person, I'm sorry, can start the benefits as early as age 62 years of age. 
However, the benefit will permanately be reduced by the formula indicated above. 
For early Baby Boomers, starting benefits at age 62, will reduce their benefit by 20%. 
For later Baby Boomers the benefits will reduce by 25%. 
Delaying retirment by a full year. 
By a year, full, I'm sorry. 
Delaying retirement by a year beyond full retirement age, increases the benefit by 8% each year up to age 70. 
This is a straight 8% increase for each year. 
And is not a compounded benefit of 8%. 
All of these increases and decreases are figured on a monthly basis. 
From[unknown] point of view it does not matter when you take your benefits. 
The deduction is calculated as such that the break point, point, the break even point for various choices is approximately average life expectancy. 
Choosing an early, choosing early or choosing late does not matter to the system it only matters to the individual. 
Here's a good time to be reminded that 
Social Security is an insurance against poverty at an old age. 
If you are lucky enough to live to a very old age it may be the only thing left for you. 
Thus, taking benefits early is a risky choice when considering the rate at which longevity is increasing. 
As a nod to the homemaker, so prevalent in the early years of social security nonworking spouses or spouses with low, significantly lower wage bases than higher earning spouses. 
Can receive up to 50% of the higher earning spouse's benefit. 
The spouse's total benefit is a combination of the lower earning spouse's own benefit and the spousal benefit to make up the difference. 
However, the higher earning spouse must have to filed, must have filed for, I am sorry the higher earning spouse must have filed for benefits in order for the spouse to receive a spousal benefit. 
And if the lower earning spouse is less than his or her retirement age. 
Full retirement age. 
Their benefit as well will be reduced. 
For a couple, the surviving spouse will receive the larger of the two benefits that the couple is eligible to receive. 
This dramatically changes the break even calculation for a potential higher benefit member. 
On average, benefits are going to be payed to one of them, approximately five years 
longer Then the benefit paid the lower benefit member. 
This decreases the desirability of the higher wage earner to wait. 
The flood of baby boomers currently reaching full retirement age has brought the interest in maximizing benefits to the forefront. 
When one spouse reaches full-retirement age, they can file suspend their benefit. 
This allows the other spouse to claim a spousal benefit while the first spouse continues to work maximizing their benefit. 
Similarly a spouse can do restricted filings for spousal benefits which while allowing their own benefit to increase With many, with many baby boomers being two worker families, the combination of restricted filing, and file and suspended strategies, has yielded some interesting opportunities for couples. 
There are various articles on the reading of this possibility. 
No dogs or Captivas were harmed during this test. 
Do not attempt. 
Can a car's dexterity match up to a dog's? 
Let's put it to the test. 
Madrid | Spain � 
Let's go through this one in parts. 
Any regular expression starts with r' or r". 
I'm going to use the single quotes this time so that I won't have to escape quite as many of these. 
Then we want to match the blue " here at the beginning, and somewhere way at the end, we'll want to match the closing one, and that will be the end of our regular expression. 
So now we just have to think of what goes in here in the middle, and this may not be enough room. 
I may have to erase it and write it again. 
Now whatever it is, it's going to be 0 or more of something, and as we're going across the string, there's sort of backslashes, which are important, and everything else, which is not so important. 
So if there's any character that's not a backslash, and here I'm escaping the backslash, we can just read right over it--that's no problem inside of our string-- or you could actually have an escape sequence, like this \". 
That looks like a literal backslash, followed by anything, and then it's done. 
So let me just diagram this a little more. 
Say this opening quote is 1, that matches things like this opening quote in the string. 
Then in here, we have anything that's not a backslash--that's 2. 
That's I-space-say-s-a-y-comma, but then eventually we do get to a backslash. 
Over here, we have a 2-character sequence that's a backslash followed by a dot. 
These 2 characters--the backslash, followed by the quote--they are 3, and then we're back to matching 2's--h, e, I, l, o, dot. 
Now we have another backslash and a quote, so these 2 together will be another 3, and then this part at the end is number 4. 
So I have 0 or more copies of my string body. 
The elements of my string body are either normal characters or 2-character escape sequences. 
All of this looks like 3 characters. 
It's really just 2. 
I have to escape the backslash. 
As a minor aside, after the Beatles and Sound of Music examples from above, you may not be surprised to know that a number of English songs of enduring popularity--ABC 123, BlNGO--seem to have a regular expression sort of feel. 
Repetition is very common in songs, and you get the same thing out of it that you get out of a regular expression, a concise notation versus in choruses, but then when you expand it out, it takes a long time to sing. 
However, there is 1 song that is actually too complicated for regular expressions-- the dreaded 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall. 
If you actually want the counting to work out correctly-- 99 to 98 to 97--we can't fit it in a regular expression framework. 
We'll have to return to that later, and eventually we'll be smart enough to sing this song. 
For more info on this, Don Knuth, the computer scientist has written an essay on the complexity of songs. 
Let's take a look at the first step of customer discovery. 
You're going to be living this for the next couple of weeks if you're doing this for real. 
Phase 1 is you state your hypotheses and you draw the business model canvas. 
And again, you put the canvas on the wall, you and your team get around and put up yellow stickies. 
But the next step is you get out of the building. 
You're going to test the problem. 
You're going to test your understanding of the customer's problem or need, and you're going to figure out how to build the prototype. 
The next thing is you're going to test the solution, and you're going to test the solution if you're on the Web by building a low fidelity and then a high fidelity prototype, and you're going to again test your understanding of the customers' needs and whether your solution matches this. 
And this match, again, is called product market fit. 
That's the holy grail for entrepreneurs. 
Am I building something that people can't get enough of or are just willing to open up their wallets and empty it in front of you to get their hands on? 
And the fourth phase in customer discovery is you verify your pivot. 
Do people agree that you're solving a high value problem or need, and do you understand your business model enough to start test selling, which is the next step in customer validation. 
Now, what's really depressing to most entrepreneurs is the answer most often the first time you go through this is, "Heck no." 
And what's worse is, "Well, they kind of, sort of like..." 
Well, kind of, sort of is not a startup. 
Kind of, sort of is people have been nice to you. 
The only time you know that you have something that's worth investing your time and money in is if people are literally trying to force their money on you or can't use your product even in its buggy, uninitialized form enough. 
This is what you're looking for. 
And if you haven't found it yet, that's why the customer development process is an iterative circle. 
It assumes you will be going through this multiple times. 
And when you finally, finally think you do have something that matches customer needs, you get to the next step, which is customer validation. 
An Advaita Song 
Satsang with Mooji 
[Mooji:] 
Hari Om. 
[Questioner:] 
When I came to Lucknow in '96 
[M:] 
They want you to put the microphone more close. 
[Q:] 
Yes. 
When I came to Lucknow in '96, it was a little... scary for me. 
and I had the great grace to meet Papaji at that time and you remind me very much of him. 
[Mooji laughs] 
[M:] 
He's here you know? 
[Q:] 
Yes, I do. 
And so at that time I wasn't quite ready to sing for him. 
So I wondered if maybe I could  sing for you just a little bit. 
[M:] 
Oh yes. 
[Q:] 
A song that was in my heart  but never made it to my mouth. 
[Mooji laughs] 
[M:] 
Oh yes, please. 
[Q:] 
It seemed childish and simplistic. 
It was embarassing, and I felt I just wasn't ready at that time. 
So, we go. 
Row, row, row, your boat gently down the stream, merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, 
life is but a dream. 
Row, row, row, your boat gently down the stream, merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, 
life is but a dream. 
Row, row, row, your boat gently down the stream, merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, 
life is but a dream. 
Row, row, row your boat gently down the stream, merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, 
life is but a dream. 
Row, row, row your boat gently down the stream, merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, 
life is but a dream. 
[M:] 
Om namah shivaya. 
[Laughter and clapping] 
[M:] 
Totally perfect. 
[Q:] 
Thank you so much for listening. 
[M:] 
Very great. 
I remember this song. 
It's an Advaita song, in fact. 
[Laughter] 
[M:] 
Very great. www.mooji.org 
[M:] 
Thank you www.mooji.org 
Astro Boy 
Over the sky, la-la-la 
Beyond the stars 
Let's go, Atom 
Until the jet limit 
A heart-warming la-la-la 
The child of science 
It's a million-horsepower engine 
Mighty Atom 
Listen carefully, la-la-la 
Open your eyes wide 
That's right, Atom 
Don't be off your guard 
A righteous la-la-la 
The child of science 
It's a seven-force power 
Mighty Atom 
Don't miss that elephant. 
Gotcha! 
My! 
It's coming here! 
Hey,this is a real elephant. 
Where did this come from? 
This is a real baby elephant. 
I'm going to make it my pet. 
Stop it! 
It's prohibited to capture real animals. 
Don't you dare to stop me, stupid robot! 
I'm sure it came from some hunting prohibited area nearby. 
This is a safari park made only with robots, right? 
It's his fault for coming here. 
Why can't I hunt it? 
Wh, what are you! 
I'm Atom. 
Stop it! 
You are a robot, right? 
Hey! 
Come here. 
The Little Elephant Pura 
This place is quite big for a robot safari park. 
Ah, there's the border. 
Hello! 
A real elephant has come here. 
What are you talking about? 
But look... 
-Then go over to that side. 
-Yes, sir! 
There is an invisible beam fence around this place. 
Then where did this elephant come from? 
It can never enter this place! 
It must be a robot. 
No, this is a real... 
Leave. 
I'm busy. 
This is a real one for sure. 
But it is true that it did come from somewhere. 
Hey, where did you come from? 
Hold on. 
Atom, Atom. 
He's late. 
Where did he go? 
Doctor Ochanomizu. 
Welcome to our safari park. 
Hey, Doctor Hura. 
How is it? 
Isn't this a wonderful park? 
I feel reluctant to use animals for hunting even if they were robots. 
You are still too serious. 
Real animals are decreasing in its number recently. 
So I developed animal robots that's the same as real ones so tourists can observe them and enjoy hunting. 
That's why I opened this safari park in this vast field of Africa. 
This is the improved version of flamingo. 
If you insert money here... 
-How is it? 
Do you want a glass? 
-I'm all right. 
I got rid of three lions today. 
Wow, I caught a leopard and two hippos. 
Everything you need for safari, from guns to clothes, you can borrow here. 
There are different classes; Class A gets a jeep and two assistant robots. 
Class B only gets a jeep, and Class C gets one assistant robot. 
This is just beyond my imagination. 
Thank you for inviting, but I'm leaving now. 
Wait, I called you because I wanted to ask you a favor. 
Please come here. 
Hey! 
Wait! 
Where are you going? 
I see. 
He thinks I'm his mom. 
Watch out! 
One, two, three. 
This was a robot as well. 
Hey! 
Come out now. 
It's not scary anymore. 
Look, bad snakes are... 
Hold on! 
I can't leave you alone since it's so dangerous around here. 
We robots are also friends with animals, as well as with humans. 
All right. 
Since it's hard to call you, I'm going to name you Pura. 
Pura. 
How is it? 
Isn't it a good name? 
Would you guide me to where you first entered this park? 
It would be tough if another animals enters. 
This is a place for repairing hunted robots. 
Anyhow, Doctor Ochanomizu, please take a look at that. 
It's a very aggressive elephant called Zora. 
Very aggressive? 
All animal robots here are designed not to take people's lives. 
However, this Zora is different. 
It kills people ruthlessly. 
Why did you build such dangerous thing? 
It's thrilling. 
There wouldn't be any thrill if there weren't a crazy beast. 
But this one is too dangerous. 
I need your help. 
My help? 
Please rebuild this Zora to listen to what workers here say at least. 
Do you think I'm going to help you? 
Please, Doctor Ochanomizu. 
Visitors are also expecting a lot from Zora. 
It sure leaves me some profit as well. 
This is not right. 
You are doing this for the sake of money... 
That's right. 
I became a scientist to earn money. 
A man like you is not suitable for the world of science. 
Doctor Hura, a real elephant is shot dead near the spring. 
What? 
Is that true? 
There are real animals outside this park, right? 
Then there must be some place where they enter through. 
-That's impossible! 
-How come? 
That's the surveillance panel. 
It can detect even a little bird. 
Then how did the elephant enter? 
We will investigate it later. 
Later isn't enough. 
Another similar accident will... 
Anyhow, you should hurry and finish rebuilding Zora. 
I can't take it anymore! 
Doctor Hura, so you don't mind getting wild animals killed? 
If I didn't invent animal robots, more wild animals would have been killed by humans! 
Help! 
Wow, Zora moved. 
Help! 
Help! 
My gosh. 
I can't do anything now. 
It's beyond curbs. 
Atom is the only one who can take care of this situation. 
Pura, not ready yet? 
It's evening already. 
Pura, do you understand? 
I don't want Doctor Ochanomizu to worry, so I'm going to go tell him what happened and come back. 
So please wait here for a moment. 
I'll soon be back. 
You are late, Atom. 
Sorry? 
So Doctor Ochanomizu already went out with Doctor Hura to find me? 
This is great. 
Where would Doctor Ochanomizu be? 
Ah, that's... 
Where did that robot take the baby elephant? 
I'm going to find it no matter what. 
Ah, he hasn't given up on Pura yet. 
Ah! 
There it is! 
Good, catch it! 
Yay! 
I got it. 
Pura! 
Dang... 
It's that robot again. 
All right. 
I'll let you go. 
Pura, it's your bed. 
Good night. 
You are safe here. 
I have to go find Doctor Ochanomizu now. 
Do you feel alone? 
I'm here next to you. 
Relax and sleep. 
All right, good boy. 
My, my. 
You are such a baby. 
Doctor Ochanomizu. 
I'll spend the night with Pura tonight. 
Please do understand. 
Wow, it's pretty cold during the night. 
What's wrong, Doctor Hura? 
Doctor, it seems like we got into trouble again. 
Wh, what? 
Wh, what is it? 
Doctor Hura, what in the world has happened here? 
What are cannibals doing here? 
Those are also the robots I built. 
-Then stop them! 
-Well that is... 
They will let you go if you pay $100. 
This is too much. 
Making money even with this? 
If you pay extra $500, they will make you their chief. 
How does that sound like? 
Atom, where in the world are you? 
Hey, Pura. 
Where are you going? 
Don't go too far. 
Pura! 
Watch out! 
You must be Zora, right? 
What a suction power! 
I could get rid of it if Pura weren't with me. 
It's not that smart. 
That's not your mom, Pura. 
There it is! 
Follow it immediately. 
Don't lose it! 
Huh? 
What is that? 
Waterfall... 
Let's take a rest. 
Ah, Pura. 
Where are you going? 
What's wrong? 
Is something there? 
All right. 
I'll go check it, so you wait here. 
Ah, it's a cave. 
There was a passage in this kind of place. 
Pura and his mom must have entered through here. 
Pura! 
Don't do anything suspicious. 
If you do, the baby elephant won't survive. 
Pura! 
Atom, right? 
What's behind that waterfall? 
Are you not going to tell me? 
There is a passage leading to where wild animals are... 
-What? 
Real animals? 
-Is that for sure? 
All right, guide us to there. 
Hey, surely they are not going to cut our heads off for real, right? 
They will just pretend to do it, unless they have some kind of breakdowns. 
Breakdowns? 
My, that's horrible. 
It's Zora. 
It's looking this way. 
Hey! 
I made you! 
Help. 
My blood is draining to head. 
You will fall if you keep wriggling. 
Stop! 
Hello, hello. 
Control Center! 
Zora has escaped the surveillance and has invaded the wild animal protection area! 
Atom, don't do anything suspicious. 
If you do, I'm going to shoot you. 
This is great. 
-Look at that. 
-Oh, that's a legion of elephants. 
I'm going to enjoy a real safari after not having one for a long time! 
Huh? 
Are you guys really going to shoot real elephants? 
There was a passage behind the waterfall. 
We can just say that we thought this place was also a part of the park. 
Atom! 
Don't cut in. 
This is the place for perfect aim. 
Pura! 
Zora. 
Good! 
Zora! 
I'm going to fight you! 
Here, Pura. 
Now it's time to say goodbye. 
Go ahead. 
You can be happiest when you are with your kind. 
I had no idea there was this kind of natural passage behind the waterfall. 
I should have investigated it more thoroughly. 
I just didn't know about this passage, but Pura's mom was... 
She's beyond recovery now because of Zora. 
No, it's all good now, Doctor Hura. 
Ah, that's right! 
Let's build an ocean safari next time. 
It will be a great item! 
Cannibal whale this time? 
Don't invite me. 
Atom! 
Where are you? 
Let's go back now. 
Pura, you really are doing your best to live on. 
I'm relieved now. 
Goodbye, Pura. 
The Bee Island is full of all kinds of flowers! 
It's a beautiful island. 
Uran! 
You will go missing if you run around like that. 
Odd things keep happening on this island. 
There is a huge underground city in that creepy cave there... 
Swarm of honeybees ruling over people. 
Queen Bee, you are here now. 
Let me deal with you! 
Next on Astro Boy, "The Secret of Bee Island." Please look forward to it! 
Next on Astro Boy "The Secret of Bee Island" 
My arms and legs fly over the sky with a jet 
Astro Boy 
Mighty Atom 
Inside my waist, a machine gun's light 
Astro Boy 
Mighty Atom 
Searchlight's eyes 
Laser Blast's hands 
Seven powers, Wa Wa Wa Wa 
We fight for the peace 
Come on, let's go together 
For this quiz, let's consider an example where we're selling business intelligence software into an enterprise customer, a large business. 
Why don't you match the titles below with the roles of the customers? 
(C'est pas possible cet amour C'est incroyable Tu me fais transpirer C'est parfait) 
Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back Trying so hard, saving up the paper Now we get to lay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back The pay back, the pay back Champagne kisses, hold me in your lap of luxury I only wanna fly first-class desires, you're my limousine So elegant the way we ride, our passion it just multiplies There's platinum lightning in the sky Look I'm livin' like a queen This kind of love is getting expensive We know how to live, baby We're luxurious like Egyptian cotton We're so rich in love, we're rollin' in cashmere Got it in fifth gear, baby Diamond in the rough is lookin' so sparkly Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back Trying so hard, saving up the paper Now we get to lay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back The pay back, the pay back You know you are my treasure chest It's pure perfection when we kiss and You're my Mr., I'm your Miss Gonna be until we're old This kind of love is getting expensive We know how to live, baby We're luxurious like Egyptian cotton Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back Trying so hard, saving up the paper Now we get to lay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back The pay back, the pay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back Trying so hard, saving up the paper Now we get to lay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back The pay back, the pay back Cha-ching, cha-ching We're loaded and we're not gonna blow it Cha-ching, cha-ching We're hooked up with the love cause we grow it Cha-ching, cha-ching We got hydroponic love and we're smokin' Cha-ching, cha-ching We burn it, you and I, we are so lit We're so rich in love, we're rollin' in cashmere Got it in fifth gear, baby Diamond in the rough is lookin' so sparkly Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back Trying so hard, saving up the paper Now we get to lay back Working so hard, every night and day And now we get the pay back The pay back, the pay back (T'es si jolie c'est pas possible C'est jamais assez C'est jamais assez pour me faire plein Toutes les choses Tu me fais sentir C'est parfait, je suis plein avec toi Je suis plein) 
Hey folks, today I'm talking with Eduardo Costa who's the director of the Abril Press and who has extensive knowledge in communication. 
We're going to talk about Brazil within our spirit of discussing interesting topics with intelligent people, such as Eduardo. 
But before that, let's watch a video so we can get to know Eduardo better. 
so you have a career growth that is sustainable. 
Sustainability is a very complex subject, as in doing something that will affect your future. 
Do the many workers at your press understand this? 
How have you shared these concerns with them? 
From what I have noticed, this concern has grown in society, and we're still not on ideal ground here. 
There is still much to be done, and this concern has begun to appear more spontaneously in people. 
There is a bigger discomfort in people about this. 
Even our own employees worry about things such as what does the press do about the ink residue, what does it do with the paper, or what does it do to reduce the amount of wasted gas. 
We are making a rationalization program to reduce the costs of electricity, water, and gas, and we always seek to involve everyone in here, so they know that it's not just about economics, but also about sustainability. 
To use these resources well is to be sustainable. 
We have began to learn more and more that being sustainable means administering resources, and using them well and intelligently. 
We noticed that, in several different companies, the level of the workers' awareness has increased, especially this year, after the manifestations in july. 
It seems that after we saw these things on social networks, such as the Facebook pages, and the protests for better public services, it made the people more aware of these things. 
We also have noticed a different communication between the workers, there is a lot more equality. 
There isn't that old and archaic submission anymore. 
It seems that there is a new model of cooperation, of helping each other instead of ordering or obeying. 
Do you feel that change in your team? 
Yes. 
As you said, in the past, it was a lot more of this situation of one person orders, the other obeys. 
It wasn't possible for it to be that way anymore. 
If a company wants to be competitive and efficient and have good results, it can't work that way. 
You need everyone's participation, and you need them to bring not only their arms, but their brains, their will, and their knowledge to the company. 
And it's only possible to take advantage of that in a cooperative environment. 
As a director of the Abril press, what is your biggest professional concern right now? 
There is a market with clear and valid rules to all of those who want to compete here, and it's very important, for a businessman, to create a market this way and to keep it this way. 
Everyone in my position has wondered exactly that. 
Which path should we follow, what is the impact of social media or of other means of communication, and I think it is very interesting that we are living in a period of transition, and because of this we need to know what our opportunities are. 
Because I think with change, opportunities emerge, and by taking these opportunities, we grow stronger. 
You mentioned your professional concerns, now I would like to know your concerns with Brazil, and the direction that it is going, in your opinion. 
What are your concerns with the country? 
If we take a look at our past, about 20 or 30 years, 
Brazil was living an era which it was open and eager for democracy, for free speech, like we have now, and we achieved them, and no one wants to lose it. 
I think that is absolutely legitimate. 
But what we need to do now is ethically evolve, and build evolved values, and to me, we still need to begin moving towards that. 
But that's just an example, so what's left for society? 
I absolutely agree, there was a philosopher who said that example isn't the best way to change character, but the only way to do so. 
And if the example that comes from above is worst, we are already lost. 
I believe in that, and if we take a look at what it takes to change a society, we need to look at other societies, the ones that work, that are evolved and developed. 
They were shaped with good examples, so, we also need to create good examples. 
Eduardo, it was wonderful having you here, 
I want to thank you, and to conclude our chat, 
Veja Online magazine published an article which took a look at how people were rooting in social networks for Sarney to die when he had the bacterial infection in his eyelashes. 
And the article was saying that it was wrong for people to be rooting for Sarney's death. 
I'm not going to ask you if you rooted for his death, but I will ask you this: 
There is a Canadian doctor who's taking one of John Lennon's teeth, and he's promising to make a clone out of him. 
Are you in favor of making a clone of Sarney? 
[music]. 
The more you shoot, the more you learn. 
You know, that you either will or won't incorporate in the next shoot. 
[music]. 
I mean style is everything, style is why people hire you. 
Getting to know your camera so you're not thinking about it. 
I can focus on the creative stuff and I don't have to think about technical stuff because that's what I'm paid to do, the creative stuff. 
[music]. 
So this is my inspiration wall. 
Deconstructing that photo helps you figure out what you like, and you can incorporate that into your own work. 
[music]. 
Photo Trekking was birthed out of the travel photos that I've taken over the last few years. 
And the travel stuff that you're seeing here, I've never really been paid for. 
You know, working with charities or shooting my own personal work on vacations or, you know, walk around with a camera, that kind of thing. 
You never know, it could turn into a book,[LAUGH] and that's kind of what happened. >> Nick's photos are the story of Pencils of Promise in a lot of ways it's also the emotion of Pencils of Promise. 
It's going to tell our story going forward. 
[music]. 

So let's get going today. 
And what we were talking about 
last time is the discovery that the atom was not the most basic constituent of matter, that there was a particle that was even less massive than an atom. 
And that is the electron. 
But today, we're going to discover the nucleus. 
And so this is 1911. 
And this is Ernest Rutherford in England. 
And what he was interested in doing was studying the emission from these newly radioactive elements that were being discovered. 
So the emission from radium, for example. 
What he did was he got a sample of radium bromide from his friend Marie Curie. 
And what was known was that this radium bromide emitted something called alpha particles. 
And the exact nature of these alpha particles was not known. 
However, what was known was that they were heavy particles, that they were charged and that they were energetic. 
And, of course, today we know what these alpha particles are. 
They are helium double plus, a helium with two electrons removed. 
All right. 
So he got this radium bromide. 
And alpha particles are being emitted from the radium bromide. 
And he had some kind of detector way out here, which detected these alpha particles. 
And what he found was that at the detector there were about 132,000 alpha particles per minute. 
That was the count rate that he was able to measure. 
And then, because he was just trying to figure out what is the nature of these particles, he did this experiment. 
He took a gold foil, a really thin gold foil here, really thin meaning 2^10-5 inches. 
That's two orders of magnitude thinner than the diameter of your hair. 
I've always wondered how he handled that. 
That is pretty thin. 
But he put that in there. 
And lo and behold, the count rate that he measured once this gold foil was in place, the count rate was still 132,000 alpha particles per minute. 
It appeared that all of the alpha particles that were being emitted just went through the foil right to the detector. 
It didn't even seem like those alpha particles knew the foil was there. 
The same count rate. 
It doesn't sound like a very interesting experiment, but at that time he was working with a person named Geiger, a post-doc named Geiger. 
The same Geiger as the Geiger counter. 
And Geiger wasn't too happy about the results of these experiments. 
And in addition, 
Geiger had this undergraduate student hanging around the lab. 
This undergraduate named Marsden. 
And Marsden was really excited about doing science. 
He just hung around there. 
He really wanted to do something. 
And Geiger was, jeez, what am I going to do with this guy? 
Geiger goes to Rutherford and says I've got Marsden here, he really wants to do something, what should I do with him? 
And Rutherford said well, okay, let's have him build a detector that can swing around that gold sample. 
Let's have him build a detector that will rotate around such that the detector can be positioned this way, so that we can look for any alpha particles that might be backscattered, backscattered meaning scattered back in the direction from which they came. 
And Geiger said ah-ha, this will keep this guy busy and not in my hair. 
No problem. 
So he goes down to Marsden, 
Marsden is all excited to build this detector. 
He builds the detector and gets Geiger, okay, we're ready to go. 
Let's try this. 
And so they put the radium bromide there in this arrangement. 
They're sitting there at the detector and they hear tick, tick, tick, etc. 
Hey, particles at the detector. 
And they go, oh, well, that must just be a general background. 
So what they do then is they take this gold foil away, so that presumably all the particles are going in that direction and they listen and they hear nothing. 
And they put the gold foil back. 
And they listen and they hear tick, tick, tick, etc., 20 alpha particles per minute. 
And they then pick another foil, platinum foil, basically the same result. 
They go up to Rutherford, they get him down in the laboratory. 
Rutherford's looking over their shoulder, tick, tick, tick, etc. 
Hey, there are some alpha particles coming off. 
Not many. 
Look at what the probability here is of the backscatter. 
Hey, that probability, we can calculate that. 
The probability is simply the number of backscattered particles, 20 (the count rate of the backscattered particles, 20), over the count rate of the incident number of particles, 132,000. 
That probability is 2x10^-4. 
Not large, but not zero. 
There is something coming off. 
And Rutherford was amazed. 
And what he wrote later on was that this experiment was quite the most incredible event that has ever happened to me in my life. 
It was almost as incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and bit you. 
So how does he interpret that experiment? 
Well, what he said is that since most of these alpha particles went right through this foil to the detector, that must mean that those gold atoms that make up that gold foil must be mostly empty. 
So the picture is that you've got this gold atom here. 
And he knew, roughly speaking, how large that gold atom was. 
He knew it to be about 10^-10 meters. 
But what he was proposing is that these helium ions going through, these alpha particles are just going right through that volume because most of the atom, -- 
-- and he knew that there were electrons in this atom because he knew about the electrons already, most of that atom is empty. 
However, occasionally, once in a while, not very often but occasionally these helium ions, these alpha particles, what happened? 
Well, occasionally they hit something very massive in that atom. 
And when it hit that massive part of the atom, it reflected, it scattered back into the direction from which it came. 
And from knowing what these scattering probabilities are and from knowing roughly the size of this atom and the thickness of the gold foil, he could calculate what the diameter of this nucleus was. 
And that number came out to be about 10^-14 meters, the diameter of this heavy massive part of the atom. 
Now, he called that massive part, he called it the nucleus. 
He called it a nucleus in analogy to the massive center of a living cell. 
That's where that name comes from. 
And this number of 10^-14 diameter, that's a good number to know, the relative size of the nucleus. 
All MlT students should know that. 
He also knew that that nucleus really had to be positively charged. 
Why did it have to be positively charged? 
Well, because he knew that these atoms were neutral, he knew already that an electron was part of an atom. 
And so this nucleus had to be positively charged. 
And, in addition, he made some very sophisticated measurements of the angular distribution of the backscattered alpha particles. 
And from those measurements of the angular distribution, he was able to back out the fact that this nucleus had a charge of plus Z, where Z is the atomic number, times unit charge e. 
So his model is the Z electrons filled this volume, this sphere effectively of 10^-10 meters in diameter. 
The electrons filled that up, but somewhere in the center there is something that is very small and very massive that has a diameter of 10^-14 meters. 
Because occasionally that alpha particle hit that massive part so most of the mass of the atom is in this nucleus. 
Now, isn't this a great UROP project for Mr. Marsden? 
What did he do? 
He discovered the nucleus. 
Fantastic. 
I also want to tell you that this kind of Rutherford backscattering experiment here is also the basis of the experiment that was done to discover the quark. 
The quark which is the elementary particles that make up the proton, the neutron. 
Same idea. 
There is a high energy particle that comes into the proton and backscatters from the quark essentially. 
That is an experiment carried out by one of my colleagues in the Physics Department, Jerry Friedman and Henry 
Kendall. 
Henry Kendall has since passed away. 
But the same idea. 
It's really the Rutherford backscattering experiment that was done. 
All right. 
Well, now it is time for us to do our own Rutherford backscattering experiment. 
And the way we are going to do that is we're going to be scattering off of this lattice here, this lattice of these Styrofoam balls. 
These Styrofoam balls are gold atoms, gold nuclei, and then the space around them is where the electrons are. 
So this is one monolayer of gold atoms. 
Now, this scale is a little wrong. 
The real scale would be if we had a pinhead in the center of this room and then the rest of the room was the atom and then there would be another room 10-251 with a pinhead in the center of that. 
That's the real scale, but the fact that the scale isn't right, that's okay. 
We are going to be able to understand the principle here. 
And what we want to do is we want to be able to measure the diameter of these Styrofoam balls or the diameter of those gold nuclei. 
And we're going to measure it by measuring the probability of backscattering. 
And the way we're going to measure the probability of backscattering, the way we are going to do that, is we're going to take these ping-pong balls, and they are going to be our alpha particles. 
And we are going to aim them at the lattice. 
And we are going to have a total of 287 ping-pong balls, or 287 alpha particles. 
And so the probability of backscattering will be simply the number backscattered over the total number incident, which will be 287. 
So this is what we are going to measure. 
Now, the next thing we have to do is that we've got to relate this probability of backscattering. 
We are going to have to relate it to the diameter of those nuclei. 
How do we do that? 
Well, the probability of a particle backscattering is simply going to be the total area of this crystal, there's our crystal, the total area of this. 
Now, you've got to ignore these aluminum blocks here because this piece of equipment comes from my laboratory. 
And I pressed it into service for this demonstration. 
This has nothing to do with the demo that we're going to put here. 
It's just structural because this is my manipulator puller-outer from our machine. 
So you've got to ignore those, but that whole area there is equal to 2,148 square inches. 
And now the probability of that backscattering is this total area of the nuclei to the total area of the crystal. 
And the total area of the nuclei then is just the sum over all nuclei, and there are 119 of them here. 
So i=1 to 119 of the area of each one of the nuclei. 
And so that is just 119 times the cross-sectional area of these nuclei actually, which is pi d squared over 4, and this is all over 2,148. 
That's the probability. 
This is the diameter of the nuclei. 
And now I am going to rearrange that and solve for the diameter. 
And when I do that I get 4.79 times P to the one half. 
If I measure the probability of backscattering by this, measuring the number of backscattered balls over the total number we throw at it, then I can calculate the diameter of the nuclei, the diameter of those Styrofoam balls. 
That is the idea. 
Now, you're going to do this experiment. 
And so now the TAs are going to give you all a ping-pong ball or two. 
Come on. 
We need to distribute the ping-pong balls. 
Here's the deal. 
What you have to do is you have to aim to hit this lattice. 
That's all you've got to do. 
Then you have to watch your ball, and you have to see if it scatters back to you. 
Now, what doesn't count is if you hit these steel bars and it scatters back. 
That doesn't count, okay? 
It also doesn't count if the ball hits the Styrofoam but it continues going in that direction. 
Your ping-pong ball has to actually scatter back at you to count. 
And then, when we get all done, I am going to ask whose ball backscattered. 
That's what we've got to do. 
Now, some of you aren't in the optimal position to hit the 
lattice. 
I invite you to come down and get a little closer. 
That is okay. 
Now, are you roughly ready? 
Yeah. 
All right. 
But there is one other piece of information that is very important that I have got to tell you. 
And that is that only fools aim for their chemistry professor. 
[LAUGHTER] 
Okay, go to it. 
Watch your ball. 
Okay. 
Have all the alpha particles been launched? 
Yes. 
Fantastic. 
All right. 
Now comes the moment of truth. 
How many of you had an alpha particle that backscattered? 
Okay, so now I've got to count. 
Keep your hands up because there are some lights that make it a little hard for me to see. 
Anybody in this section here? 
Yes. 
One, two, three, four, five. 
Six. 
Anymore? 
Did I get everybody? 
That's it? 
Six alpha particles that backscattered. 
Okay, so now we have to calculate some probabilities here. 
The probability of backscattering is the number that backscattered. 
6 divided by 287 and that gives me 0.021, carrying one extra significant figure. 
And if I now take that probability and I plug this into here, I've already done a calculation. 
I got a table here. 
I find that that diameter to the correct number of significant figures is 0.7. 
And the actual diameter of these balls is 0.8. 
So you guys did a very great job. 
[APPLAUSE] 
All right. 
This works. 
That's how they calculated the diameter of the nucleus. 
That's it. 
Nothing else involved in this. 
That is the principle behind how it was done. 
Very simple. 
That is the principle behind how the quark was discovered and the size of the quark was revealed. 
That is terrific. 
Now, we've got the problem that the scientific community had in 1911, 1912, right after the discovery of the nucleus. 
And the problem is, now we know the atom has got a nucleus, we know it has got an electron, what is the structure of the atom? 
How does the electron and the nucleus hang together? 
In particular, what we have to do is we have to ask what is the force of attraction that keeps the nucleus and the electron together? 
We are going to talk, here, about this classical description of the atom. 
And we've got to talk about the force of the interaction first. 
Well, there are four known fundamental forces. 
What is the force that is the weakest force? 
Gravity. 
Absolutely. 
What is the force that is the next stronger force? 
Electromagnetic. 
Absolutely. 
What is the next stronger force? 
Weak force. 
And the next force? 
Strong force. 
All right. 
The weak and the strong forces here, these are intranuclear forces within the nucleus. 
That's what keeps the protons and neutrons and the quarks together. 
For the most part, the weak and the strong force don't have an effect in chemistry, with the exception for beta decay, for some radioactive elements. 
That's where you need to think about, in particular, the weak force. 
Gravity also -- Well, gravity actually has no known consequence for chemistry. 
It doesn't mean that there isn't one, but it has no known consequence for chemistry. 
All of chemistry is tied up in this force, the electromagnetic force. 
Now, what I am going to do is I am going to simplify it just a little bit and just call this the Coulomb force. 
And why I am going to do that is going to be a little more obvious when you get to 8.02. 
But I am going to call it the Coulomb interaction. 
And we know what the Coulomb force law looks like. 
The Coulomb force law is the following. 
Say I have a positive charge, which is my nucleus. 
I am going to call that force plus e. 
And at some distance R, R is the distance now, between that nucleus and the negatively charged particle, which is my electron. 
I can describe the force of attraction between this electron in the nucleus by the following expression. 
That force, which is a function of the distance between the two charges, is just the magnitude of the charge on the negatively charged particle times the magnitude on the positively charged particle over 4 pi epsilon nought r squared. 
Now, I am going to treat this force, just for simplicity purposes right now, as a scalar. 
I am not going to talk about the direction, but because this is a force between a positive and negative charge, this is an attractive force. 
This epsilon down here is the permittivity of the vacuum. 
It is in there for doing our unit conversion correctly. 
That is all I will say about it. 
Maybe you will talk a little bit more about it in 8.02. 
And then, finally, here is the r squared. 
That is the important part. 
That is the distance between the electron and the nucleus. 
And what I want you to notice here-- I don't need the screen down yet. 
Hello. 
She just switched it? 
Oh, all right. 
Sorry. 
It looks like I'm not going to get to it, actually. 
Thank you. 
What I want you to notice here is that when r goes to infinity, what is the force going to do? 
Zero. 
When those two particles are infinitely far apart, you've got an infinity in the denominator, this force is zero, there is no attraction between them. 
But when r goes to zero, what does that force do? 
Infinity. 
When r is zero, there is an infinity large force. 
And in between, what is happening is that the closer the particles get to each other, the larger the force. 
The more attraction there is. 
The more they want to be even closer to each other. 
All right. 
Now, what this equation is telling me is simply, what is the force of attraction between the nucleus in an electron for a fixed distance r? 
In other words, if I were holding the electron and the nucleus in my hands at some distance r, that equation would tell me what the force was. 
And you can bet that in order to keep them apart, I would really have to be pulling like this. 
You'd feel it. 
But you also know that if you let them go, what would happen is that they would move toward each other. 
What this equation does not tell us is how they move toward each other. 
It does not tell us how r changes with time. 
It doesn't tell us anything about r as a function of time. 
Although we know the force law, we don't know anything from that force law about how those two particles move under influence of that force. 
And so what we need is we need an equation of motion. 
And the equation of motion that was known at that time is, of course, Newton's equations of motion, Newtonian mechanics, classical mechanics, the mechanics that governs the motion of all bodies around us that we see easily and astronomical bodies. 
In particular, 
Newton's second law, F equals ma, this force equals the mass of the particles times the acceleration. 
And, of course, in this acceleration term, well, I think you know what's in there. 
In that acceleration term, 
let me just write it out, the acceleration then is the change in velocity with respect to time and the velocity is the change in the position r with respect to time. 
So we have a second derivative here. 
What is in this force law is a way to get r as a function of time under influence of this force. 
So we take this force and we substitute it in here and we would be able to solve a differential equation for how those two bodies moved under influence of that force. 
And when we solved this equation, we would know exactly where the two bodies would be at all times. 
As long as we know where the bodies were when they started out, using that force law and this equation of motion, we could tell you what r would be for all future times. 
That's called deterministic. 
That's classical mechanics. 
Well, we're not going to do it, but we could actually set up a differential equation and solve for what r(t) is using that force law. 
We could do that. 
And if I did that and if I started out the electron and the nucleus at one angstrom from each other, like they are, roughly speaking, in an atom, what would happen is that that electron would plummet into the nucleus in 10^-10 seconds. 
If I solved these equations, 
I would find that r would be equal to zero and t equal to 10^-10 seconds. 
We've got a problem here. 
The problem is that this classical physics, 
Newton's second law and the force law, it is predicting that after 10^-10 seconds the electron and the nucleus are on top of each other, they've neutralized each other. 
We no longer have an atom that has a diameter of 10^-10 meters. 
That's contrary to our observations. 
This is saying the atom collapses in 10^-10 seconds. 
But what we see is that the atom seemingly lives forever. 
So we've got a big problem here, as they did in 1911, 1912. 
And the problem is that this kind of classical way of thinking does not predict our observations. 
It does not predict the fact that the atom lives together, it lives forever. 
It says the atom falls apart. 
So it could be that the Coulomb force law is wrong, or it could be that this equation of motion is incorrect. 
And of course what's going to turn out is that this equation of motion does not work for electrons in atoms. 
You cannot use classical mechanics to describe the electron within the atom. 
We need a new kind of mechanics, and that new kind of mechanics is going to be quantum mechanics. 
That is where we will pick up on Monday. 
Have a nice weekend. 
When I was growing up in Montana, 
I had two dreams. 
I wanted to be a paleontologist, a dinosaur paleontologist, and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur. 
And so that's what I've been striving for all of my life. 
I was very fortunate early in my career. 
I was fortunate in finding things. 
I wasn't very good at reading things. 
In fact, I don't read much of anything. 
I am extremely dyslexic, and so reading is the hardest thing I do. 
But instead, I go out and I find things. 
Then I just pick things up. 
I basically practice for finding money on the street. 
(Laughter) 
And I wander about the hills, and I have found a few things. 
And I have been fortunate enough to find things like the first eggs in the Western hemisphere and the first baby dinosaurs in nests, the first dinosaur embryos and massive accumulations of bones. 
And it happened to be at a time when people were just starting to begin to realize that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid, green reptiles that people had thought for so many years. 
People were starting to get an idea that dinosaurs were special. 
And so, at that time, 
I was able to make some interesting hypotheses along with my colleagues. 
We were able to actually say that dinosaurs -- based on the evidence we had -- that dinosaurs built nests and lived in colonies and cared for their young, brought food to their babies and traveled in gigantic herds. 
So it was pretty interesting stuff. 
I have gone on to find more things and discover that dinosaurs really were very social. 
We have found a lot of evidence that dinosaurs changed from when they were juveniles to when they were adults. 
The appearance of them would have been different -- which it is in all social animals. 
In social groups of animals, the juveniles always look different than the adults. 
The adults can recognize the juveniles; the juveniles can recognize the adults. 
And so we're making a better picture of what a dinosaur looks like. 
And they didn't just all chase Jeeps around. 
(Laughter) 
But it is that social thing that I guess attracted Michael Crichton. 
And in his book, he talked about the social animals. 
And then Steven Spielberg, of course, depicts these dinosaurs as being very social creatures. 
The theme of this story is building a dinosaur, and so we come to that part of "Jurassic Park." 
Michael Crichton really was one of the first people to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life. 
You all know the story, right. 
I mean, I assume everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park." 
If you want to make a dinosaur, you go out, you find yourself a piece of petrified tree sap -- otherwise known as amber -- that has some blood-sucking insects in it, good ones, and you get your insect and you drill into it and you suck out some DNA, because obviously all insects that sucked blood in those days sucked dinosaur DNA out. 
And you take your DNA back to the laboratory and you clone it. 
And I guess you inject it into maybe an ostrich egg, or something like that, and then you wait, and, lo and behold, out pops a little baby dinosaur. 
And everybody's happy about that. 
(Laughter) 
And they're happy over and over again. 
They keep doing it; they just keep making these things. 
And then, then, then, and then ... 
Then the dinosaurs, being social, act out their socialness, and they get together, and they conspire. 
And, of course, that's what makes Steven Spielberg's movie -- conspiring dinosaurs chasing people around. 
So I assume everybody knows that if you actually had a piece of amber and it had an insect in it, and you drilled into it, and you got something out of that insect, and you cloned it, and you did it over and over and over again, you'd have a room full of mosquitos. 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
And probably a whole bunch of trees as well. 
Now if you want dinosaur DNA, 
I say go to the dinosaur. 
So that's what we've done. 
Back in 1993 when the movie came out, we actually had a grant from the National Science Foundation to attempt to extract DNA from a dinosaur, and we chose the dinosaur on the left, a Tyrannosaurus rex, which was a very nice specimen. 
And one of my former doctoral students, 
Dr. Mary Schweitzer, actually had the background to do this sort of thing. 
And so she looked into the bone of this T. rex, one of the thigh bones, and she actually found some very interesting structures in there. 
They found these red circular-looking objects, and they looked, for all the world, 
like red blood cells. 
And they're in what appear to be the blood channels that go through the bone. 
And so she thought, well, what the heck. 
So she sampled some material out of it. 
Now it wasn't DNA; she didn't find DNA. 
But she did find heme, which is the biological foundation of hemoglobin. 
And that was really cool. 
That was interesting. 
That was -- here we have 65-million-year-old heme. 
Well we tried and tried and we couldn't really get anything else out of it. 
So a few years went by, and then we started the Hell Creek Project. 
And the Hell Creek Project was this massive undertaking to get as many dinosaurs as we could possibly find, and hopefully find some dinosaurs that had more material in them. 
And out in eastern Montana there's a lot of space, a lot of badlands, and not very many people, and so you can go out there and find a lot of stuff. 
And we did find a lot of stuff. 
We found a lot of Tyrannosaurs, but we found one special Tyrannosaur, and we called it B-rex. 
And B-rex was found under a thousand cubic yards of rock. 
It wasn't a very complete T. rex, and it wasn't a very big T. rex, but it was a very special B-rex. 
And I and my colleagues cut into it, and we were able to determine, by looking at lines of arrested growth, some lines in it, that B-rex had died at the age of 16. 
We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived, because we haven't found the oldest one yet. 
But this one died at the age of 16. 
We gave samples to Mary Schweitzer, and she was actually able to determine that B-rex was a female based on medullary tissue found on the inside of the bone. 
Medullary tissue is the calcium build-up, the calcium storage basically, when an animal is pregnant, when a bird is pregnant. 
So here was the character that linked birds and dinosaurs. 
But Mary went further. 
She took the bone, and she dumped it into acid. 
Now we all know that bones are fossilized, and so if you dump it into acid, there shouldn't be anything left. 
But there was something left. 
There were blood vessels left. 
There were flexible, clear blood vessels. 
And so here was the first soft tissue from a dinosaur. 
It was extraordinary. 
But she also found osteocytes, which are the cells that laid down the bones. 
And try and try, we could not find DNA, but she did find evidence of proteins. 
But we thought maybe -- well, we thought maybe that the material was breaking down after it was coming out of the ground. 
We thought maybe it was deteriorating very fast. 
And so we built a laboratory in the back of an 18-wheeler trailer, and actually took the laboratory to the field where we could get better samples. 
And we did. 
We got better material. 
The cells looked better. 
The vessels looked better. 
Found the protein collagen. 
I mean, it was wonderful stuff. 
But it's not dinosaur DNA. 
So we have discovered that dinosaur DNA, and all DNA, just breaks down too fast. 
We're just not going to be able to do what they did in "Jurassic Park." 
We're not going to be able to make a dinosaur based on a dinosaur. 
But birds are dinosaurs. 
Birds are living dinosaurs. 
We actually classify them as dinosaurs. 
We now call them non-avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs. 
So the non-avian dinosaurs are the big clunky ones that went extinct. 
Avian dinosaurs are our modern birds. 
So we don't have to make a dinosaur because we already have them. 
(Laughter) 
I know, you're as bad as the sixth-graders. 
(Laughter) 
The sixth-graders look at it and they say, "No." 
(Laughter) 
"You can call it a dinosaur, but look at the velociraptor: the velociraptor is cool." 
(Laughter) 
"The chicken is not." 
(Laughter) 
So this is our problem, as you can imagine. 
The chicken is a dinosaur. 
I mean it really is. 
You can't argue with it because we're the classifiers and we've classified it that way. 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
But the sixth-graders demand it. 
"Fix the chicken." 
(Laughter) 
So that's what I'm here to tell you about: how we are going to fix a chicken. 
So we have a number of ways that we actually can fix the chicken. 
Because evolution works, we actually have some evolutionary tools. 
We'll call them biological modification tools. 
We have selection. 
And we know selection works. 
We started out with a wolf-like creature and we ended up with a Maltese. 
I mean, that's -- that's definitely genetic modification. 
Or any of the other funny-looking little dogs. 
We also have transgenesis. 
Transgenesis is really cool too. 
That's where you take a gene out of one animal and stick it in another one. 
That's how people make GloFish. 
You take a glow gene out of a coral or a jellyfish and you stick it in a zebrafish, and, puff, they glow. 
And that's pretty cool. 
And they obviously make a lot of money off of them. 
And now they're making Glow-rabbits and Glow-all-sorts-of-things. 
I guess we could make a glow chicken. 
(Laughter) 
But I don't think that'll satisfy the sixth-graders either. 
But there's another thing. 
There's what we call atavism activation. 
And atavism activation is basically -- an atavism is an ancestral characteristic. 
You heard that occasionally children are born with tails, and it's because it's an ancestral characteristic. 
And so there are a number of atavisms that can happen. 
Snakes are occasionally born with legs. 
And here's an example. 
This is a chicken with teeth. 
A fellow by the name of Matthew Harris at the University of Wisconsin in Madison actually figured out a way to stimulate the gene for teeth, and so was able to actually turn the tooth gene on and produce teeth in chickens. 
Now that's a good characteristic. 
We can save that one. 
We know we can use that. 
We can make a chicken with teeth. 
That's getting closer. 
That's better than a glowing chicken. 
(Laughter) 
A friend of mine, a colleague of mine, 
Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University, is actually looking at atavisms. 
And he's looking at them by looking at the embryo genesis of birds and actually looking at how they develop, and he's interested in how birds actually lost their tail. 
He's also interested in the transformation of the arm, the hand, to the wing. 
He's looking for those genes as well. 
And I said, "Well, if you can find those, 
I can just reverse them and make what I need to make for the sixth-graders." 
And so he agreed. 
And so that's what we're looking into. 
If you look at dinosaur hands, a velociraptor has that cool-looking hand with the claws on it. 
Archaeopteryx, which is a bird, a primitive bird, still has that very primitive hand. 
But as you can see, the pigeon, or a chicken or anything else, another bird, has kind of a weird-looking hand, because the hand is a wing. 
But the cool thing is that, if you look in the embryo, as the embryo is developing the hand actually looks pretty much like the archaeopteryx hand. 
It has the three fingers, the three digits. 
But a gene turns on that actually fuses those together. 
And so what we're looking for is that gene. 
We want to stop that gene from turning on, fusing those hands together, so we can get a chicken that hatches out with a three-fingered hand, 
like the archaeopteryx. 
And the same goes for the tails. 
Birds have basically rudimentary tails. 
And so we know that in embryo, as the animal is developing, it actually has a relatively long tail. 
But a gene turns on and resorbs the tail, gets rid of it. 
So that's the other gene we're looking for. 
We want to stop that tail from resorbing. 
So what we're trying to do really is take our chicken, modify it and make the chickenosaurus. 
(Laughter) 
It's a cooler-looking chicken. 
But it's just the very basics. 
So that really is what we're doing. 
And people always say, "Why do that? 
Why make this thing? 
What good is it?" 
Well, that's a good question. 
Actually, I think it's a great way to teach kids about evolutionary biology and developmental biology and all sorts of things. 
And quite frankly, I think if Colonel Sanders was to be careful how he worded it, he could actually advertise an extra piece. 
(Laughter) 
Anyway -- 
When our dino-chicken hatches, it will be, obviously, the poster child, or what you might call a poster chick, for technology, entertainment and design. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Connecting route through the Andes. 
Farewell Argentina. 
San Fancisco Pass. 
Did you enjoy the ride Harry? 
- Yes. 
Through the Andes, did you like it? 
- Yes, I really did. 
Did anything exciting happen during the trip. 
- Yes, Steven did some stunts. 
Dust, dust and more dust. 
What is your personal experience this Dakar? 
- An enormous experience 
This is Steven, our reckless pilot. 
He hits the gas peddle at the right moments. 
Steven wants a hummer for the next Dakar. 
We flew with the Dodge for a little while. 
Alle the cargo is still on the truck. 
Only one fog light is broken, that's all. 
and we arrived safely in the bivouac again 
Hello and welcome to Freshly Served, the healthy vegan cooking show. 
Iím Heather and tonight we are going to make some maple Dijon glazed carrots and parsnips. 
This is something that I love to make as part of appetizers night. 
Phil and I sometimes 
like we were having a celebration to just do a whole dinner of appetizers but it is also be a nice side for other dish or whatever you like. 
So for those of you who have not seen parsnips before they look like a white carrot, they usually have a very fat end as suppose to carrots which are usually fairly uniform just getting skinnier at the tip. 
So you wanna have the same amount of parsnips as carrots. 
It doesnít really matter how much youíre doing but anyway with carrots I donít peel them, I just trim off either end and give them a good scrub with a potato scrubber brush. 
The nutrients are held in the skin primarily so you want to take off a little skin as possible with carrots the skin is nice and thin, with parsnips itís a little bit tougher on the outside so I usually, actually peel them but if you use a peeler it will take off very 
little of the skin. 
Ok! 
So peel them and then weíre gonna cut them into sticks, as small as you like. 
The smaller would be more fine, obviously! 
Thicker sticks will be a little bit, a little bit crunchier and thatís fun too. 
Alright! 
Vegetables are chopped and I always like to multitask when I steamed so wrap them in just boiling water and putting my steamer over top and boiling some potatoes for something else that Iím doing tonight. 
In water and then Iím gonna put my bamboo steamer over top of the pot so whenever your steaming vegetables you need to add just a touch of salt to them to help them cook. 
Now you can avoid this if youíre on a sodium free diet but just keep in mind that the vegetables will not cook as quickly so theyíre gonna have to be steaming for a lot longer if youíre not using salt. 
And Iíve just used a very tiny amount on this big pile of vegetables and at this point you can mix the carrots and the parsnip together when you steam you donít have to worry to keep them separate. 
My potatoes are really going here so put these into your steamer, calm! 
Calm down! 
If something is boiling by the way and you blow on it, it will bring the bubbles right down, the froth if you will. 
Alright! 
So last one parsnip, there you go! 
Steamer full of vegetables, that is a beautiful sight, right there. 
Iím going to put the top on. 
Put this over my potatoes and they need about 15 minutes to soften up a little bit. 
So while those are going, what you can do is turn your oven 350F or somewhere there about and weíre gonna toast some mustard seeds. 
Now these guys donít take very long to toast and put about a tablespoon into a baking dish so they donít need to go in right away. 
And depending how on long your oven takes to heat, you can leave it off for a little while, mine takes a little while to heat up so itís about 5 minutes and Iíil put the mustard seeds in for a couple of minutes. 
And then take it out and get things ready to go so that they can go back into the oven so you donít want to turn the oven too early like while your chopping up your vegetable is too early and then your oven gonna be on until you put those vegetables back in. 
Now while weíre waiting we can also make the glazed and this is gonna be really simple one, like I said itís maple Dijon. 
Get about a teaspoon of Dijon mustard and when youíre buying mustard like anything else look at the ingredients and see whatís in there because you donít want a lot of crap when youíre making this really good food from scratch and then you throw some crappy mustard on top, thatís not really that great. 
So this mustard has organic apple cider vinegar, organic mustard seed, some salt and some spices. 
Pretty good, right? 
And per teaspoon it has 65 milligrams of sodium which isnít a whole lot and what that mean is I donít have to use any salt in this dressing. 
Normally I would put just a pinch of salt to bring the flavors together but because thereís salt in the mustard Iím gonna leave that out. 
Now what Iím gonna add next is olive oil, extra virgin means that itís the first press of the olive which means that they donít have to use much heat, they donít have to use chemicals. 
Itís an easy press; itís also the most nutritious press because itís the first time the olives are getting press into oil. 
So always extra virgin and some maple syrup and for those of you who are wondering yes 
I am from Canada so I have some beautiful Canadian maple syrup. 
Canada number three which is the dark amber maple syrup. 
Hmm. 
So good! 
I love it more than the light maple syrup and this has more flavor and for sure not using the table syrup, those are like the maple flavored syrup, donít use those. 
Itís gotta be the pure stuff, those other maple syrups have a lot of refined ingredients. 
They usually made from corn syrup and those arenít very good for you so donít use those. 
See how our vegetables are doing. 
They are staring to sweat which is a good thing. 
Think of it like a sauna. 
A good dressing thatís made properly gets nice and thick like this and like I said this is a glazed that weíre gonna put over our carrots and parsnips and so whatís gonna happen is its gonna thicker even more in the oven and what makes a glazed is a little bit of sweetener so thatís why weíre using the maple syrup coz that what makes it have that beautiful glazing action. 
Ok with the mustard seeds you wanna wait until you can smell them but once youíve been able to smell them, theyíre gonna burn pretty quickly after that so timing is critical. 
Then what youíil do is take your vegetables which should be nicely softened but not necessarily fully cooked coz they are gonna go into the oven. 
Get them all out, give the glazed a 
little last stir and then pour it right over the vegetables and get it nicely mix in there. 
So there they are ready to go into the oven, more glazed is better because then you can drizzle it up whatever else your eating. 
These mustard seeds are getting mix nicely as well now theyíre not necessary, if youíre not a huge fan of mustard or you canít find the whole seeds just leave them out. 
The glazed on its own is nice as well. 
So pop this up into the oven, the glazed needs about 5 minutes to thicken a little bit and to soften the flavor because itís gonna be pretty strong raw so you do need to bake this sauce. 
So pop this up to the oven five minutes maybe more if you like. 
So there they are, maybe hard to tell on the video but the sauce has actually glazed around the vegetables meaning that itís gotten kind of sticky and thicker and just plain yummy. 
Like I said excellent as part of an appetizer night or some side for another dish you can find the recipe for the maple Dijon glazed vegetable at HealthyVeganRecipes.net. 
Iím 
Heather and this is Freshly Served. 
The world health organization declaration of a flu pandemic is a frist of such a virus in more than 40 years 
The WHO's director general is Margerat Chan 
The world is now at the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic 
We are the in the earlist day of the pandemic 
The virus is spreading under a closed and a careful watch no previous pandemic has been detected so early or watched so closely in real time right at the very beginning 
The declaration of the bug widely know as swine flu is a pandemic rasies the alert level world level 
The move will trigger a wave of heightened health measures among the WHO 193 member states but its succession to pandemic status refelcts only its geographic spread not how virulent it is 
The new strain of swine flu emerged in April in Mexico and the United States 5 year old Mexican boy,Edgar Hernandez was among the first cases 
He survived the illness but others predominately in Mexico haven't been so lucky 
Its blamed for the deaths of more than 140 people 
The WHO's tally of confirmed cases show more than 27,000 in over 70 countries 
The real figure is likely to run into hundreds of thousands 
Further victim of the bug continue to emerge 
While authories in Germany have confirmed 30 cases of the H1N1 virus at a Japanese school in the western city of Dusseldorf 
The Philippines have halted classes at several schools after finding more infections at Hong Kong has now confrimed its first cluster of local cases 
Drug makers have started to work on a vaccine which they say could be ready within months 
Port Chapman Roitis 
Sadhguru: 
When you are unable to hear what somebody else is saying, your relationships will go bad. 
(Laughs) 
In many ways, the fundamentals of your relationship is, you are willing to listen to the other person, isn’t it? 
Hum? 
If you want to say everything, there will be no relationship. 
Relationships, for most of you the way you are right now, the quality of your relationship 
largely decides the quality of your life. 
Is that so? 
Hum? 
The quality of relationships that you hold in your life 
largely decides the very quality of life that you live. 
So, when it is playing such an important role in your life, 
I think it needs to be looked at. 
So what is the basis of a relationship? 
Why do human beings need a relationship first of all? 
Relationships are formed on different levels, various types of relationships, to fulfill different types of needs. 
The needs may be physical, psychological, emotional, social, financial, political, it could be any kind. 
But to fulfill various needs within a human being, relationships are established on different levels. 
Whatever the nature of the relationship, whatever the type of relationship, still the fundamental aspect is you have a need to fulfill. 
‘No I have nothing to get, I want to give.’ 
Giving is also as much a need as receiving, isn’t it? 
Yes? 
I have to give something to somebody this is also as much a need as I have to receive something. 
So there is a need, whatever kind of need. 
Needs may be diverse, accordingly relationships could be diverse. 
Now, the moment we form a relationship wanting to fulfill a certain need and if that need is not fulfilled then relationships will go bad. 
For whatever purpose for which we have formed a relationship, if those needs and those expectations are not fulfilled, relationships will go bad. 
We may claim many things, but when your expectations are not fulfilled it does go bad, isn’t it? 
So instead of doing too much wishy-washy about it, it’s best to look at it straight and see what is it and how we need to handle it? 
The needs within a human being have risen because of a certain sense of incompleteness. 
People are forming relationships to experience a certain sense of completeness within themselves. 
When you have a good relationship with someone dear to you, you feel complete. 
When you don’t have that you feel incomplete. 
Why is this so? 
Because this life, this piece of life is a complete entity by itself. 
Why is it feeling incomplete? 
And, why is it trying to fulfill itself by making a partnership with another piece of life? 
Fundamental reason is that we have not explored this life in its full depth and dimension. 
Though that is the basis, there is a complex process of relationships as such. 
There are expectations, and expectations and expectations and expectations. 
(Laughs) 
The expectations that most people are creating are such that there is no human being on the planet who could ever fulfill those expectations. 
If you especially this man-woman relationship, the expectations are so much that even if you marry a god or a goddess, they will fail you. 
(Laughs) 
Because the expectations are so unrealistic that nobody, no human being can ever fulfill that. 
And unable to understand the expectations or the source of expectations, nobody can fulfill the expectations. 
But if you understand what is the source of this expectation, you could form a very beautiful partnership. 
Are you ok for, you are getting very serious with relationships 
On a certain day 
Jack and Jill now let me use, 
I am trying to just culturally change the joke. 
(Laughs) 
Jack and Jill were going up the hill, 
and 
Jack had a bucket in his hand, a chicken under his arm, and a pitch fork and a rope at the end of which there was a goat. 
And Jill said, ‘I am feeling very nervous.’ 
Jack said, ‘Why?’ ‘I am afraid you may have your way with me. 
I am alone with you.’ 
He said, ‘What do you mean? 
I didn’t do anything and my hands are full?’ 
So she said, ‘You may put the pitch fork down, plant it in the earth, tie the goat to it, put the chicken down and put the bucket over it, couldn’t you? 
(Laughter) 
And in the process of holding a relationship, the first moment of meeting the expectations may be common. 
But as every step that we take in life, the expectations may become different. 
Because these expectations keep changing in people, they are not consistent and they cannot be. 
One person may be consistent with the same expectation throughout their life; another person’s expectations may be changing because his perception and experience of life is changing. 
Now relationships become great conflict. 
(Applause) 
A while ago an old client contacted me. 
He was having some trouble at work and he was asking me for coaching 
It was in the early days of August, he was telling me he had some time issues, but I agreed,  so he sent me a message asking me, 
"Can you make it on Tuesday  at 20 and 8 minutes? 
The first thing I thought was,  "At that time of the night?" 
Plus, he was cynical, he asked for 20:08. 
Couldn't it be at 8:30? or 8:00? 
Fine, I forgot about it. 
Ok, I texted him 
A week passed away. 
Next Monday  I sent him a confirmation message, 
"Where do you want us to meet? 
"At the office..." 
At that time in the office? 
8pm? 
Generally they're closed. 
Fine, Ok I tell him, "I'll see you tomorrow." 
Automatically he sends me a message,  "Tomorow?" 
It's still 10 days away. 
Ok. 
Quickly I went back to the message,  the first one and what I found is this, obviously. 
He was talking about Tuesday, August 20. 
And I was understanding, of course,  it was the time. 
There is a very thin line  between what I want to say, what I say, what the other guy  wants to hear and the way he understands it. 
And any deviation in this thin line automatically puts us in what we generally call... a misunderstanding. 
And even though  it produces discomfort to us 
I propose to you the idea that behind our misunderstandings  there is a lot of very useful information at first hand about ourselves, which is also giving us  an opportunity of learning, that allows us to grow and helps us  improve our relationships. 
Lets see, in 1514, spanish explorer 
Francisco Fernández de Córdoba landed in the shores of the peninsula  he called Yucatán, because that was the word  natives pronunced when he asked them what was the name  of those shores in which he had landed. 
Later, it was known that  in the mayan language, 
Yucatán means "I don't understand". 
(Laughter) 
As I was saying,  our misunderstandings speak more about the way in which  we perceive things, than the way things are. 
We are constantly filtering  what we perceive and we do so all the time,  in a major or minor scale. 
As the famous adagio says, 
"We don't see things just the way  they are, but the way we are". 
Without going further,  a while ago I found myself working in a job presentation, totally abstracted from the exterior world and then 
I heard some kind of noise  from the exterior that was telling me 
"Bla-bla-bla the kids... 
Bla-bla-bla tomorrow ... 
Bla-bla-bla balls... 
And in that moment I noticed  it was the voice of my wife, Maru, who was staring at me, and saying, 
"Did you hear what I just said?" 
"Who?" 
This catch phrases allow me  to gain some time. 
"Yes, yes, you were telling me that...  tomorrow I'll take the kids to school... 
What happened with the balls?" 
"See. 
When I speak to you,  you don't listen to me" 
"Yes, eh..." 
"You have a serious hearing problem",  she tells me. 
"You have a serious invasive problem",  I tell her 
"When I talk to you,  you don't listen..." 
"When I'm focused in my work you talk to me and I don't know whether you're talking to me  or you're just talking!" 
And then began the crossed accusations, you, you ,you. 
Now, how would it be  if instead of this accusations of speaking in second person, we could  reverse it and talk in first person? 
This is how I see it,  maybe I am wrong but it is what I believe. 
How would it be if instead of  always trying to dominate, we could look into what is happening? 
What do you need? 
What do we have to talk about? 
And, how would it be if instead  of trying to always impose ourselves, we could propose. 
Making it neither your opinion nor mine, but finding a creative way  of making it "our" opinion, right? 
What we're talking about is a misterious art. 
The art of handling filters. 
And it has at least three parts. 
The first,  is to recognise that I have my filters, it has to do with me, it is a biased sight of a much wider reallity, from where humility emerges. 
On the other hand,  recognising that you have your filters too and you also have a biased sight  of a much wider reallity and maybe even you have some information  that can be useful for me and that is where respect appears. 
And finally taking your filters and mine and construct a bigger filter,  which is more useful, more complete, more valuable. 
There is where collaboration appears. 
How are our relationships seen  when they are based in values such as humility,  respect and collaboration? 
Taking this into my example, with humility,  the matter would be of recognising that, okay, it is true that I have  an irritating capability sometimes to isolate from the exterior world, I respect the fact that it bothers you, as well as I ask you to listen  to the needs I have. 
Lets collaborate together  and find an option, when you want to tell me something,  ring the bell, text me, wait, clap your hands, or hit the cymbals. 
And tomorrow at the end  of the school day, I will willingly pick-up the kids, sit them in the park and we'll make balls of glue and we'll take them to the 24/7 guy across the peninsula of Yucatán. 
(Aplause) 
You ever been to Miami Beach? 
Yes. 
With a girl? 
Yes. 
Particular girl? 
Particular, yes, but she didn't carry a gun. 
I've heard about those nights down there. 
They're warm, very warm. 
I'll bet we could really swing down there. 
Just the three of us. 
You and me... and all that money. 
NARRATOR: 
The Fugitive. 
A QM Production. 
Starring David Janssen as Dr. Richard Kimble. 
An innocent victim of blind justice, falsely convicted for the murder of his wife, reprieved by fate when a train wreck freed him en route to the death house. 
Freed him to hide in lonely desperation, to change his identity, to toil at many jobs. 
Freed him to search for a one-armed man he saw leave the scene of the crime. 
Frees him to run before therelentless pursuit of the police lieutenant obsessed with hiscapture. 
ANNOUNCER: 
The guest stars in tonight's story: 
Leslie Nielsen, 
Carol Rossen, 
Jeanne Bal. 
Tonight's episode "Tiger Left, Tiger Right". 
NARRATOR: 
Those who run need sanctuary: a time and a place to catch their breath and plan ahead. 
On the estate of a wealthy couple, 
Richard Kimble has found a temporary haven. 
Hey, Frank, look. 
Watch yourself, Glenn. 
Look, Mom. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
Frank, is he hurt? 
It might be a broken arm. 
He's probably sprained his ankle too. 
Oh, Glennie, I've told you a dozen times about that wall. 
Come on, partner, you get a free ride. 
I'll, uh... 
I'll call the doctor. 
No, let's take him right in. 
( suspenseful theme playing ) 
Is he gonna hurt me, Frank? 
Maybe a little. 
But you're a brave boy, aren't you? 
Will you stay with me, Frank? 
Yeah, sure I will. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
Yes, yes. 
We're at Dr. Garber's office now. 
No, no. 
I don't think it's serious. 
Probably nothing but a simple sprain. 
We'll take an x-ray at the hospital to be sure. 
We're going over to the hospital. 
Why don't you meet us there? 
I-I know you're busy, but-but this is Saturday. 
All right, then you can just stay there. 
It's only his son. 
DR. GARBER: 
All right, young man, let's test that ankle. 
How does it feel? 
Okay. 
Fine. 
We'll have that arm fixed up in no time. 
Would you want me to go with him? 
No, don't bother, Frank. 
You can take the car back. 
Dr. Garber will drop us off later. 
Then you'll tell me about it when you get home, huh? 
Frank... thank you. 
You having trouble? 
Well, uh, let's see, something wrong with the distributor I think. 
Want me to give you a hand? 
Thank you. 
I sure appreciate it. 
Well, it doesn't look too serious. 
Good. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
( phone rings ) 
I'll get it. 
Hello. 
Uh, let me talk to your mother. 
It's for you, Mom. 
Hello. 
Hello. 
Mrs. Pryor? 
Yes. 
Now, you look, I've got your husband. 
What? 
If you want to get him back you're gonna have to pay me $100,000. 
What are you talking about? 
I guess you heard me all right. 
Now you better start thinking about that money. 
For your information, my husband is right here at home. 
Believe me, I've got him and I'm not going to give him back until you pay. 
It's the first time I've done this kind of thing and I'm nervous about it, so don't kid around with me because I might hurt the man. 
I don't know what kind of a sick mind you've got but I don't appreciate your sense of humor. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
Cheyney... 
did you make the call? 
Cheyney, did you make the call? 
Yeah. 
Yeah, well, what'd she say, Cheyney? 
Will you answer me? 
Come on. 
Now, Cheyney, no more of that. 
Wake up. 
Stop. 
Come on, get up. 
Frank Jordan? 
Who the devil's Frank Jordan? 
I'm Frank Jordan. 
You empty-minded jerk. 
What were you doing in the car with his wife and kid? 
I'm the gardener. 
The boy got hurt in the yard. 
I was driving him to the doctor. 
Calluses and dirt under the nails. 
Well, that's no millionaire, that's the hired help. 
Congratulations, you got us a real prize, didn't you? 
Ah, what am I supposed to do? 
The kid was even hugging him. 
The gardener. 
That's terrific. 
What's he worth, Cheyney? 
Five dollars, maybe 10? 
Oh, don't. 
Don't. 
Pryor, I wanted. 
I wanted to make him sweat out every minute. 
What'd you say your name was? 
Frank. 
Not a bad looking guy, Frank. 
Never mind how he looks. 
How long you been with the Pryors? 
Two months. 
He says the kid hugged you. 
So? 
Nothing but a lousy gardener. 
But he's alive. 
Pryor might not want a dead man on his conscience. 
Yeah, what does he care? 
What he did to me. 
He sits on his pennies. 
Yeah, what have we got to lose? 
Some money is better than no money. 
All you gotta do is make another phone call. 
Well, if you won't do it, I will. 
All right, all right. 
You're in luck, Frank. 
We're gonna trade you in. 
Ordinarily, I wouldn't have asked you to drop by, Lieutenant. 
Probably just a crank call. 
Something else happened this morning that disturbed us. 
Oh, thank you very much, Mr. Pryor. 
What was it that disturbed you? 
Well, we found one of our cars down the road. 
It was abandoned, the key still in the ignition. 
Stolen? 
No, nothing like that. 
Our gardener was bringing it back from town. 
Look, it's probably just a false alarm. 
I think he got bored with this job and took off. 
Frank would have told us. 
He's a responsible man. 
My wife has great faith in human nature, lieutenant. 
She should have been a social worker. 
Mike, a man is missing. 
He may be in trouble. 
Wait, wait. 
There's no harm in checking. 
Want to give us a description? 
Doug. 
His name's Frank Jordan. 
He's in his mid-30s, 6'1" or 2". 
Dark hair. 
Comes from, uh... 
I don't know. 
Do you, Laura? 
No. 
Oh, would-would a picture help? 
Yes, very much, Mrs. Pryor. 
I took one on Glenn's birthday. 
He wanted Frank in the picture. 
I, uh, think it's in Glenn's bedroom. 
Excuse me. 
( phone rings ) 
Hello. 
Hello. 
Mr. Pryor? 
That's right. 
Who's this? 
Never mind. 
How's your family gardener? 
What about him? 
Well, he's gonna die unless you cough up $25,000. 
That-that's a lot of money. 
How can I be sure you've got him? 
Well, you'll just have to take that on faith. 
And Pryor, the man I really wanted was you. 
That's very flattering. 
Maybe. 
But unless you want him to die in your place, you better get that money. 
Well, I'll-- I'll have to think about it. 
Well, don't you take long. 
I'll call back and don't you call the police. 
You're being watched. 
Hello? 
Hello? 
Did you recognize that voice? 
Was that anybody you knew? 
No, I don't think so. 
Was that him again? 
Yes. 
He's got Jordan. 
Apparently I was number one on his shopping list but he made a mistake. 
Are those the pictures, Mrs. Pryor? 
Oh, yes. 
Yes, this one. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
You know this guy? 
No. 
I don't think so. 
Do you? 
Hmm... 
<i>Brought to you by the PKer team @ www.viikii.net 
Episode 9 . 
Stop right there! 
Hey! 
Hey stop right there you punk! 
Hey! <i>Baek Seung Jo is running with me Oh! it doesn't seem true. <i> It really doesn't seem true. 
Thanks to you, I get to experience situations that I never thought I would. 
Sorry... 
But the work out seems to have had an effect, seeing how you managed to keep up so well. 
But, you knew? 
That we were following you? 
It would be weird if I didn't know. 
You're obvious. 
I didn't have a choice. 
When I found out you were going to watch a movie with Hae Ra... 
Without knowing... 
But if you happen to like Hae Ra, 
That is something... 
I can do nothing about. 
Do you want to go somewhere? 
What? 
I'm asking if you want to go somewhere? <i>It's like a dream... <i>Me being with Seung Jo. <i>With Seung Jo. 
It feels like I'm having a life time of happiness on this one day. 
I'm happy now 
But, it looks like only families are here. 
We are the only ones who look like a couple. 
Of course. 
There is a rumor that says, If a couple comes here together, they would break up in six months. 
You didn't know? 
What? 
You didn't know? 
It's well known. 
After all, we shouldn't care, since we are not dating. 
You know what? 
Let's just get out of here! 
What to do?! 
Wear it until your clothes dry. 
It's cheap, but it's better than wearing wet clothes. 
They were selling them by the road. 
You don't like it? 
It's the same? 
Then, it's couple t-shirts? 
Hamburger! 
I was so hungry. <i>It's really good. <i> Better than the delicious French or Italian food. <i> I won't be able to eat such a delicious hamburger again. <i> I wish time would stop right here. 
Eat! 
Don't just look at it 
But, why did you take my hand and run earlier? 
You were with Hae Ra. . . 
That's because. . . 
You were the one closest to me. 
Thank you. 
I keep causing trouble all the time. 
I haven't really experienced something that was difficult for me. 
But after you showed up... 
I feel like I'm living in a completely different world. 
I feel like I'm solving a sudden problem without an answer. 
That may be an ordeal that I should get over. 
Something I can't avoid, something I have to solve. 
Is the ordeal...possibly me? 
At first, I wondered about how to react to it and just wanted to avoid it. 
But now, I won't run from it. 
If the problem is not wrong, then there has to be an answer. 
I'm going to approach it head on. 
Huh? 
You're going to face me head on? 
If you don't get it then forget it. 
No, I get it. 
So, I am an ordeal to you and you were only trying to run away. 
But you changed your mind, and now, you are with me. 
Are you proposing to me?! 
How could you have come to that conclusion? 
I'm telling you that I don't dislike you. 
Being with you isn't easy but I'm just saying I don't hate it. 
Thank you. 
I really thought that you hated me. 
Ever since high school, I have only liked you. 
I don't know anything about Sartre or Nietzsche . 
And I can't even cook. 
And I'm not glamorous, 
But still, I'll try my best. 
I'll know to always try my best . 
Really? 
I'm looking forward to it. 
What? 
You getting smarter for me... 
I'm looking forward to it. 
Okay. 
Since the midterms are not that far away, 
That confession... 
I'll make sure of it with the test results. 
Okay? 
Midterms? 
But I hate exams. 
Is there anyone who likes exams? 
Then, can I get a C? 
C?! 
What are you talking about getting a C. 
Then C+? 
His words were as mischievous as always, but his smile was a little different from before. <i> More than the day I gave him my first love letter, more than the day we first kissed, <i> I think Baek Seung Jo feels closer to me. 
Thank you. 
You even walked me home. 
It's like a perfect date. 
Is it okay living here? 
Since it is a guest room, it is kind of small. 
But it's tolerable. 
I'm only staying here for a little bit anyways. 
We're staying here until the new house is built. 
Will it be okay? 
What? 
I'm talking about Hae Ra. 
She was the one you were meeting today. . . 
How could you have parted that way. 
Well, since she was with Kyung Su Sunbae. 
Excuse me, Hae Ra. 
I have something to tell you. 
It's really hard for me to say, so I hope you will listen. 
I know. 
I am not good enough. 
Pardon? 
Not good enough? 
Then have mine too. 
I didn't mean... 
Foo... food is enough. 
I'll continue. 
I have tried my best not to think about it, 
But I keep thinking of you. . . 
Should I just leave? 
I have a headache. 
You have a headache? then, you should take some medicine for it. 
Take your time, I will pay and leave now. 
Hae Ra. 
I know that I lack a lot of things. 
That's why 
I decided to try hard and not think of you 
Recently, thoughts of you just fill my head. 
That's what I wanted to say. <i>Brought to you by the PKer team @ www.viikii.net</i> 
Dad! 
What? 
Oh, 
Did something good happen today? 
Huh? 
No, what good thing? 
Aigoo, I wish something good happened to us. 
Why? <BR><BR>Did something happen? 
Oh, it's not that... 
I think it's going to take a long time to build the new house. 
I can't get insurance on it since it's done by natural disasters. 
And the company who was supposed to construct are just shrinking from their responsibility. 
Then what should we do, Dad? 
Ah, don't worry. 
It will be resolved, but it will take some time. 
Although it might be uncomfortable, plan on staying here for a while. 
Yes. 
I am sorry, Ha Ni! 
What's there for you to be sorry about? 
Don't worry about me. 
I am fine. 
Okay. 
Welcome! 
-Hello! 
-Hello! 
Oh, you two came? 
We didn't even open yet! 
Sit! 
Sit! 
What are you doing here at this time? 
Ha Ni went to school already. 
We know. 
We just thought about So Pal Bok Noodles all of a sudden. 
Seafood noodles? 
With a lot of fresh raw oyster. 
I got it, i got it! 
Over here! 
Two seafood noodles with a lot of fresh raw oyster. 
Ooh! 
Bong Joon Gu! 
Sounds like it's your territory. 
Super charismatic, huh? 
Right, huh? 
Should I buy Ha Ni a pair of glasses? 
Everyone else says I have charisma, but Ha Ni is the only one that doesn't see it. 
Joon Gu, if you're too pushy, Ha Ni will just get bored. 
What...what did you say? 
Bong Joon Gu, you really don't know women. 
Do you know why Ha Ni can't stand up against Seung Jo? 
Because Seung Jo is cold. 
What? 
Cold? 
To women, if a man is far away, they want to get closer. 
If they come towards us, we want to run away. 
Is that true? 
Yeah. 
If you keep it up, she'll dislike you more and more, Bong Joon Gu. 
No, no. 
Chef kept talking about being sought after! 
So I tried it out... 
But it does not really fit the personality 
And I can not play, For hard to reach. 
I'm a guy from Busan. 
I'm doing as I please. 
Then someday, won't Ha Ni realize the potential Bong Joon Gu has? 
When are the So Pal Bak noodles coming out? 
Oh! 
Hi! 
Did you get home safely? 
Yesterday? 
Ah yes, of course! 
I did get home safely. 
I knew you would be safe because of Kyung Sunbae. 
But, it seems like you did worry about me. 
Anyways, it was fun. 
It was like we were shooting a movie. 
"Gangsters and Hae Rin" 
I'm glad that you got home safely. 
Let's go inside. 
Look at this. 
Wonderful perfection, a goddess. 
You sure did take a lot of pictures. 
Wow, look at this. 
She looks pretty, right? 
So, what happened yesterday? 
You did have a date, right? 
What date? 
We just ate and left right after. 
Ah, I should have paid for the food. 
Ah, what is that?! 
How could you when you had the perfect chance?! 
You should have confessed. 
Confession... 
I did plan on doing it. 
But strangely when I just look at Hae Ra, my mind goes blank. 
Nonsense just comes out of my mouth. 
And I wonder if a guy like me looking at Hae Ra is just unfulfilled longing. 
Why? 
You do have charisma. 
I know I have charisma. 
But strangely in front of Hae Ra... 
Then, did you confess to Seung Jo? 
I had written a love letter before. 
Letter! 
Wow, why didn't I think of that? 
Letter. 
Aigoo, you should never do that! 
Hae Ra is like a girl version of Baek Seung Jo. 
If you write a letter, you'll just embarrass yourself. 
Just look directly into her eyes and confess. 
Girls like that the best. 
I can't even look at her right. 
What do you mean look her in the eyes? 
Why? 
You can practice. 
Here. 
Just think that I'm Hae Ra. 
Should I? 
That won't work. 
Why? 
You can practice. 
Just try it again. 
How can I imagine you as Hae Ra? 
You try. 
I'm Baek Seung Jo. 
Try it. 
I am Baek Sung Jo, Baek Sung Jo. 
At a time when she's not even thinking, when she bites her tongue... 
That's when it's easy to get them to fall for you! 
When she bites her tongue. 
Hey, Hey! 
What are you doing? 
Are you crazy? 
Why are you doing this? 
This is practice. 
Practice? 
The timing is important. 
Look at this. 
If the girl says 
"What is this? 
What are you doing?!" then you put your hands like this 
"If you can forget me, try forgetting me." and just go in for the kiss. 
Hey! 
You have talent, it's very real. 
- Really? 
- Wow, so if the girls say "What are you doing?" 
Then, slam... 
"If you can forget me, try forgetting me" 
Wait! 
Here, the timing is important. 
When the girl lifts her head like this... 
Then, 
When she lifts her head... 
"Why? 
What are you doing?" 
Slam.  " Try to forget me if you can." 
That's right. 
That's it! 
Hey, I'm busy. 
Go and let the students practice. 
Oh Ha Ni, teach him well. 
Yes. 
Now, Sunbae, you be the girl. 
Okay, girl. 
The head is lifted like this. 
"What are you doing to me?" 
"Try to forget me if you can" 
You won't be able to forget it, right? 
I won't be able to forget it. 
Wow, this is really great! 
Yes, I understand the timing now. 
But for the kiss... when I watch movies 
Do I turn to the left or right. 
Or like spiderman... 
Do I do it upside down? 
The angle? 
No, I think kissing is about timing. 
Ah, kissing is timing. 
Timing... 
Ha Ni, you are very good at kissing. 
No. 
Truthfully, I don't really know about it. 
What are you talking about? 
If you're at this level, you'll be able to publish a book. 
Isn't she hard to understand? 
In the tennis club, the girl who follows Baek Seung Jo around. 
You heard about that too? 
Is that rumor true? 
Yes. 
There must be a fun rumor going around. 
Ah. 
A student at our school left the guy she had a crush on... and supposedly kissed another guy. 
On top of that, it was in broad daylight at school. 
How could she? 
Dumping someone like Baek Seung Jo. 
Dumping?! 
That doesn't make sense. 
With a completely old looking sunbae. 
Ah, that girl! 
Really! 
Oh, look here! 
If you just leave like this... 
Unnie! 
Seung Jo came. 
He came. 
- It seems like Seung Jo doesn't know about it. 
- He doesn't. 
Oh Ha Ni even kissed Kyung Sunbae. 
Ha Ni to Kyung Sunbae... 
Kiss?! 
That's right, a kiss. 
Oh Ha Ni is really great. 
She even said to him "Can you do it one more time?". 
Then, what happens with Baek Seung Jo? 
What do you mean? 
Oh Ha Ni dumped him. 
Dumped? 
What is it you want to say? 
Hae Ra, I... 
It's fine. 
I'll just leave for today. 
But, Hae Ra... 
Sunbae! 
Let go. 
I'm going to do it! 
If she wants to forget, she'll forget. 
I'm going to do it! 
- Wait a minute. 
- Hey! 
Put the racket down. 
Let go of me! 
I'm going to do that. 
No, no! 
- Ah, no! 
- Ha Ni! 
Oh Ha Ni ah! 
Ha Ni ah! 
Ah.. 
Oh, Ha Ni ah! 
- Oh Ha Ni! 
- You're going to leave already? 
What do you mean? 
Me with Kyung Sunbae? 
They were right? 
You did do it? 
Kiss? 
That's not it. 
I was so frustrated that I was just educating him. 
Educating? 
Educating about what? 
Perhaps... 
Sex education! 
Hey, sex education?! 
It's not that. 
Oh, I'm so sorry. 
Rumors have spread everywhere. 
Huh?! 
Are you sad? 
Since the girl that was following you has left? 
Seung Jo ah! 
Oh, it's the main lead of the rumor. 
Miss Calm Cat, 
When did you become like that with Kyung sunbae? 
Have you heard? 
The rumor that doesn't make any sense. 
I'm leaving first. 
Good luck 
Congratulations. 
Can you stay here by yourself until your brother comes back? 
Of course. 
I don't know when Seung Jo is coming though. 
Do you think I'm a baby? 
I also.... need to spend some time alone. 
Look at you. 
That's right. 
Alright, Eun Jo, We'll see you tomorrow. 
Hurry! 
Don't play too many games. 
I won't. 
Just leave quickly. 
Let's go. 
Ok 
Aigoo 
Alright! 
Oh! 
"Seung Jo ah" <i>I came all the way here without even realizing it. <i> How did I end up here? <i>And it wasn't that long ago when I was so happy that we had our first date. 
What is that sound? 
Mother!, Eun Jo ah! 
Ouch!! 
Eun Jo ah! 
You.....Eun Jo ah! 
Eun Jo ah!, Eun Jo what's wrong? 
My stomach. 
Your stomach hurts? 
What about you mother?, Where is she? 
Vaca... 
Vacation? 
What to do ? 
Hold on! 
Hello. 
Baek Seung Jo! 
Why are you calling from our house? 
Eun Jo is...Eun Jo is in pain! 
Eun Jo? 
What happened to Eun Jo? 
He seems very sick. 
What to do? 
What should I do?! 
Oh Han Ni calm down. 
Calm down and explain it clearly. 
What happened to Eun Jo? 
He said his stomach hurts. 
He keeps throwing up. 
Really? 
It might be appendicitis. 
Write down what I'm about to tell you and act accordingly. 
Place him on his side so he doesn't choke on anything. 
Keep his body warm. 
Keep in mind how many times he threw up and then, tell the doctor. 
Hold on. 
Then call the ambulance. 
This is 119, right? after that.. 
Bring him to Parang University Hospital. 
He's an elementary school student. 
I'll get there as soon as possible. 
Oh Ha Ni.. 
Take care of Eun Jo. 
It's a type of intestinal obstruction. 
An intussusception has occurred in the affected region. 
An intussusception? 
It's when part of the intestine folds into another part, sort of like a collapsible telescope. 
It's pretty far in so we must operate on it immediately. 
Surgery? 
Complications can arise due to a perforated intenstine so you need to hurry and make a decision. 
But.... 
What to do? 
It's not a serious surgery. <i>Oh Ha Ni, take care of Eun Jo. 
I understand. 
Begin the surgery. 
You came? 
Yes. 
Eun Jo is having surgery. 
I heard about it. 
How did it go? 
It was as I had thought. 
His intestine was folded into itself. 
Did the surgery end? 
Yes, it went well, you don't have to worry. 
A part of his intestine was folded into the bottom of it, so we opened up his stomach, 
And returned it to normal. 
After about a week, you won't be able to notice the cut. 
-Baek Eun Jo  -No Ri. 
Thank you. 
My parents... are coming up on an evening flight. 
Uhmm.. 
They must have been very surprised. 
The doctor complimented you. 
He said your quick actions made the surgery easier. 
If you hadn't told me how, 
I wouldn't have been able to do anything 
It's a type of obstruction to the intestines. 
I had no idea. 
I really... had no idea that such a scary thing could happen. 
I will call my dad. 
He must be worried. 
Oh Ha Ni! 
Ah, my cellphone and my wallet... where did I leave it all? 
I, really... 
How old am I that I'm already... 
You know.. 
That rumor with Kyung Soo sunbae... 
He explained everything to me already. 
Thank you Oh Ha Ni. 
I was afraid... that I might do something wrong. 
So, something might go wrong with Eun Jo. 
Everything is alright now. <i> It's the first time that I heard.. <i>warm words from Baek Seung Jo. <i>Since my anxious feelings were all relieved... <i>My eyes and heart... <i>I cried so much they nearly melted away. 
Hello! 
Hi Eun Jo. 
Omo! 
You made it today. 
The flowers smells good. 
It's Oh Ha Ni again?? 
She doesn't even get tired and comes very often... 
Baek Eun Jo. 
How could you talk to your life saver like that?? 
That's alright. 
It seems like you're not getting tested today. 
Yes. 
In the end, her motive for coming here is about hyung anyways. 
Here you go again. 
Seung Jo didn't come yet? 
See, I told you. 
It's all about Seung Jo. 
If you keep saying that... 
He'll be coming soon. 
It seems that Ha Ni should come back home. 
Again? 
You came? 
Baek Seung Jo, even if you talk like that... 
Seung Jo, now that you know Ha Ni you feel great right? 
Eun Jo, are you okay? <i>Brought to you by the PKer team @ www.viikii.net 
How is Eun Jo? 
We would be in big trouble if Ha Ni wasn't there. 
True. 
It would have been a disaster without Ha Ni. 
Thank you. 
Thank you, Oh Ki Dong. 
It's a relief that everything is fine. 
How is the building of your house coming along? 
Is it doing alright? 
You know, it's a major pain. 
It happened because of the earthquake so the insurance won't really pay for it either. 
We're still fighting over it right now. 
It'll all go well, I guess. 
Well, here. 
What is this? 
The monthly rent you paid us while you were living in our home. 
This person couldn't bring herself to use it. 
Why are you giving this back to me? 
You shouldn't do this. 
You helped us so much during that time. 
I can't accept this. 
Here. 
Ki Dong shi, are you really going to be like that? 
If you don't accept it, I'm going to be mad. 
Yes. 
Just as your restaurant was getting really popular.. 
I know that you were going to build a second floor. 
And because of the new house, and Ha Ni... 
I also know that you couldn't do anything. 
But, still... this. 
Ki Dong shi, don't be like that and... just come live with us again? 
Yes? 
I came out because of Ha Ni. 
This is better for Ha Ni. 
Pardon? 
For Ha Ni? 
How can you not know your daughter's heart? 
Actually, Ha Ni and Seung Jo... you don't know that they're trying to hide something from us do you? 
Pardon? 
Hide something? 
Those two have even kissed! 
And Seung Jo did it first. 
Kiss? 
Seung Jo did? 
Yes. 
So, Seung Jo liked Ha Ni all along. 
Hello, Eun Jo! 
You came again? 
Go Ri, hello! 
It's not Go Ri, it's No Ri! 
That's right. 
Hello, No Ri! 
Hello. 
I brought cake to give to you. 
So Ri, you're going to eat too, right? 
No Ri, No Ri! 
I'm sorry. 
I'm not that smart. 
No, it's okay. 
Everywhere I went, the hospital rooms were so quiet that it was no fun. 
But, it's fun and nice here. 
No Ri, have you been in the hospital for a long time? 
Yes, about 1 year and 2 months. 
So, they said I have to repeat fourth grade. 
Really? 
Then, I'll teach you your homework. 
You're going to teach him? 
Do you think that makes sense? 
He's an elementary school student. 
So rash. 
Dummy how can you? 
I can at least teach him the multiplication table. 
I finished the multiplication table in 2nd grade though. 
Really? 
It's going to be more harmful than anything. 
Let's just eat the cake. 
Thank you. 
Uhjjoo! 
No Ri, you too! 
She's recognized a dummy! 
These guys... 
Melong (sticking tongue out/ way of teasing) 
Hey! 
Baek Eun Jo! 
Chef! 
Are you worried about something?? 
Oh! 
Your face has a look of concern. 
Oh, are you finished? 
Yes, of course! 
I cleaned everything. 
Good job. 
Perhaps, did something happen to Ha Ni? 
Huh? 
Why would something happen to Ha Ni? 
You can go home now. 
Yes, Chef. 
I'll be leaving. 
Okay. 
Good work today. 
- Get home safely. 
- Yes! 
Here we go No Ri, let's check your temperature. 
No Ri gets fevers very often. 
He's also a patient that was in ICU for over 6 months. 
So, you should have been more careful around him. 
If you play around with a sick kid like this, what would happen? 
I'm sorry. 
Please be cautious. 
I'm sorry, No Ri. 
This is nothing. 
I'm already used to it. 
After Eun Jo got admitted, everyday is fun. 
I can learn from Seung Jo hyung. 
And I have laughed a lot because of Ha Ni noona. 
I wasn't intending to be funny though... 
Okay, let's just rest for today. 
When your fever goes down, I'll teach you again. 
Yes. 
What is his sickness? 
It seems like he has a problem with his heart. 
Oh, I see. 
That little kid has to get shots, take tests, and eat bitter medicine everyday. 
He can't even do everything he wants to do. 
There's no use in your crying. 
That's right. 
If it was you, you could have done something to help him. 
What can I do? 
You're a genius. 
So if you put your mind into being a doctor, you can easily do it. 
So, it would be great if you could be a doctor, so you could heal many people like No Ri. 
Everyone would be grateful towards you. 
How does it sound? 
If you tell me to become a doctor, does that mean I have to become a doctor? 
Yeah, please do it. 
It's a really good idea right? 
Well... 
Being a doctor is best for you. 
Baek Seung Jo wearing an all white lab coat... 
I want to see you like that. 
You're incorrigible . . . 
You go to the hospital everyday? 
So, everyday you're with Baek Seung Jo? 
Because Mother leaves during the day, it's just us two. 
If only Baek Seung Jo's little brother would be hospitalized a little longer. 
Hey, what are you saying... 
No? 
What no 
We can see everything, Oh Ha Ni! 
What are you saying? 
You're not allowed to fool around with the wheelchairs! 
How do you read this? 
How much is it? 
Yes, what does it mean? 
How much is this? 
Correct. 
Hey guys, let's eat a snack. 
What is this? 
Hey, what's the use in knowing that? 
The No Ri that we love 
Happy Birthday to you! 
Happy Birthday! 
No Ri, happy birthday! 
Eun Jo, congratulations on being discharged. 
Thank you. 
Seung Jo hyung and Ha Ni noona, thank you for teaching me. 
Okay. 
If there's something you don't know, always call me. 
You know my phone number, right? 
Yes, I will. 
No Ri, get healed quickly. 
Yes, this kind of disease won't be a problem. 
No Ri, 
No Ri, 
Eun Jo, I'm fine. 
I'm going to get healed quickly and come over to your house. 
I will definitely come over too. 
Yes. 
You must come. 
Yes, I will definitely come. 
No Ri didn't cry... and he held it in really well. 
He's probably had to say goodbye to a friend that's gotten discharged first before. 
Even though he's sad too. 
Eun Jo, we're going. 
Eun Jo! 
Congratulations on your discharge from the hospital! 
Ha Ni, you came back well! 
Dad, what is all this? 
It seemed like I didn't know how you felt... and that I was being stubborn about doing things my way. 
Dad. 
Up til now, the upstairs room... was really uncomfortable, wasn't it? 
Seeing you cry (laugh?) at the hospital, I thought that you must be a part of this family. 
Welcome Ha Ni. 
(Seung Jo's) Mother. 
Yeah. 
Welcome back, Ha Ni! 
Thank you, Ahjushi. 
Then what about my room? 
Your room is with your brother. 
No! 
I don't want to give up my room again. 
You need to say thank you to your noona. 
No. 
I just did what I had to do. 
I'm tired. 
Give us dinner. 
You can go up now. 
Ha Ni, you finished everything too? 
Yes, I'll finish up the rest. 
Okay, then it's a favor. 
Good night. 
Ha Ni. 
Welcome. 
Why aren't you sleeping yet? 
I want to drink some water. 
Eun Jo, you didn't sleep yet. 
This time, you helped with a lot of things. 
Thank you. 
Punk. 
He has some cuteness to him. 
You were here. 
I guess I ended up moving back in. 
Just don't get in the way. 
Okay. 
Ah, you came? 
Why are you still here and not leaving? 
I was going to go after finishing this. 
Go upstairs first. 
Ha Ni, go up. 
Ha Ni, wait. 
Today, Bong Joon Gu's first piece of work was a success. 
Yeah. 
Ha Ni, you haven't eaten dinner yet, have you? 
I knew it would be like that, so I made these. 
Sit down, sit down. 
Father, sit down please. 
Here. 
Look forward to it! 
Bong Joon Gu's first piece of work! 
Bong(?) Dumplings! 
This is called Bong Dumplings. 
Inside the dumpling there is another dumpling. 
I made it after getting special permission from your father. 
I'm not sure if it turned out well. 
I have one for Father too. 
Try it and please critique it. 
I was waiting so long for you to come home. 
Yeah. 
But, what to do? 
I already ate dinner. 
Really? 
You already ate? 
Ah, what a waste. 
Dad. 
Oh. 
That... 
You did quite a good job on the shape. 
Does it really look like that? 
Father, try it once. 
This is kind of embarrassing and I'm nervous. 
Oh. 
Joon Gu. 
There... um.... 
We decided to move back into Seung Jo's house. 
It's a bit uncomfortable here, and kind of hard on my back. 
And Seung Jo's family wants us too. 
We just decided to do it that way. 
Just know that. 
Okay? 
Ah yes, yes. 
I feel like I'm getting permission from you. 
You did well. 
Good Job. 
Ha Ni, it is my first piece of work. 
So try it at least once. 
Eat it, okay? 
Okay. <i>I feel sorry towards Joon Gu... <i>but I'm really happy about being able to be next to Seung Jo again. <i>I'm excited but nervous at the same time. <i>Will I be able to do a good job? 
Oh. 
Where did it go? 
I know I brought it in. 
Is this yours? 
Mine. 
You took it didn't you? 
Dummy. 
It was on the ground right here. 
Who would steal childish panties like those? 
I only wear them once in a while. 
I usually wear ones that have a lot of lace. 
You don't have a body that can be considered sexy though. 
Even the A Cup must be too big... 
Did you stop growing after elementary school? 
What did you say? 
Hey. 
Seeing you like that, and not thinking of anything... 
Isn't that a big problem? 
Is it that fun to make fun of me? 
If you don't like living with me, you can just say it. 
You just grumpily keep making fun of people. 
I'm grumpy? 
Yeah. 
Why am I doing that? 
When I see you I can't help but want to tease you. 
But isn't the one with the problem you? 
You even drop those kinds of things. 
It's good that you two have gotten closer... but before marriage, it's good to be a little more careful. 
Since Eun Jo is here too. <i>Brought to you by the PKer team @ www.viikii.net 
When are you going to select your major? 
During my second year. 
Then, when you decide what major you're going to take... 
Will you be able to do it? 
If a bunch of people choose the same major, 
They decide using grades, and I'll have to compete in that manner... 
But it seems that those circumstances are unlikely. 
Well, I'm just saying... 
It would be nice if you went into business. 
I'm not interested in that area. 
Ah, Why? 
Please drop me off right over there. 
Are you going into class? 
Seung Jo! 
Again? 
Hey, when you think it's going well with him... 
Why is he so fickle?! 
Is he being mean again? 
This time, it feels different from the last, though. 
I don't know. 
What-  I mean, you said you even kissed. 
Like this... you said you hugged too. 
But, I mean, why in the world is he being like that?? 
I don't know if he's interested in me or not. 
It's very frustrating. 
Min Ah, don't you have any good ideas? 
To find out if he's interested in me or not. 
Ah, then should we try the "yawning method?" 
Yawning method? 
So, now the word "concluded" is basically the same as "to finish" something. 
You start it and it's over, so therefore, it's concluded. 
Now, the second sentence we're going to look at 
Tariffs lowered on industrial goods and services. 
In this particular sentence, <i>Yawning is somewhat contagious. 
So if you see someone yawn, you find yourself following. <i>Just use that. <i>You yawn during class. <i>But if Seung Jo yawns after you, <i>then that means he has glanced over at you. <i>If he's not interested, why would he look at you? 
Yes!! 
So, you're going to make effort to get it. 
They're both advocating a deal, it means they both really want the deal. 
Is my lesson really that boring guys? 
It's ruined. 
I haven't suffered from anything so far. 
I met my parents well (saying) so I've lived comfortably. 
Yeah, You and Me... 
I just lived off my greatness. 
Since all the attention that was supposed to be pointed at the world was actually pointed towards me. 
What do we do?? 
It seems we belong together more and more. 
That's when, Oh Ha Ni came to our house. 
Looking at her... 
I came to realize that maybe the world has different plans for me. 
And that is right, and maybe I'm wrong. 
It was quite surprising 
So I should experience the world more... 
I think about it often, lately. 
Anyways, thank you He Ra. 
That I could talk to someone about this ... 
It's a relief 
If you can forget me, try forgetting me... if you can forget me... try forgett- 
Hey, Ha Ni ah! 
It's good that you came. 
Come over here. 
Ha Ni ah, the thing that you were talking about - the 'timing' 
The timing of the kiss 
I keep practicing this at home, but It seems there's a problem. 
"If you can forget me, try forgetting me." this is 4.3 seconds... 
During that time, what if Hae Ra leaves before then. 
You'll have to do it before she leaves. 
Of course, I have to do it before she leaves. 
But you see, that timing doesn't really work out. 
Oh, well, what if you were... stand right here for me. 
EH?! 
No, I don't want to 
I did it for you that day, what's the need to do it again? 
Please, do it for me. 
I'll do it instead. 
Ok, then you do it. 
Stand right here. 
It worked well for Seung Jo. 
When I put my hand like this, the head that was facing down, tilt it up . 
If you can forget me... 
You saw that just now, right? 
The timing wasn't right 
Before the conversation is over, he already came it. 
It's too long, this 4.3 seconds. 
Sunbae, do you want to try it holding a racquet? 
When you hold a racket, you turn into a completely different person. 
Confidence, and burning eyes. 
Hae Ra! 
Oh my god! 
You startled me 
Oh, what do we do 
Aigoo, you even fold clothes so well. 
Hey, when I did all this housework, it got so tiring, but now that I have you to talk to. 
It's so fun! 
Its really true that a person can't live all by themselves 
Yes, it's true. 
Oh, Ha Ni! 
Can you get the laundry from Seung Jo's room? 
Tomorrow is Eun Jo's day to take his P.E. outfit. 
It seems I have forgotten! 
Sure, I'll be right back 
You know that closet towards the inside, right? 
I know 
OH! 
It's the couples T-shirt! 
He still has it. 
Room for rent 
Part time job? 
What are you doing in someone else's room? 
You came? 
She told me to bring Eun Jo's gym clothes. 
Then you should have just gotten it and left. 
What are you looking through? 
Truthfully, I heard something from Kyung Soo Sunbae. 
He said that you might even move out of this house. 
Cham... anyways, he's a little weird, right? 
It's true. 
Huh? 
I'm going to leave this house. 
Why? 
What do you mean why? 
Do I need to get your permission for that too? 
That's not it.... 
Perhaps, is it because I came in? 
Are you leaving because of me? 
Anyways, it has nothing to do with you. 
Don't relate everything to yourself. 
What do you mean you're leaving this house? 
Until now, under your supervision... 
I have lived comfortably. 
But I think it's now time to think about the path ahead of me. 
Just once, living by myself, getting a part time job... 
I want to throw myself into an absolutely unprotected world and watch over myself. 
What kind of person am I? 
What can I do? 
Okay. 
That's not a bad idea. 
Aigoo, but still... 
It hasn't been long since Ha Ni has come back. 
Hey, Seung Jo. 
It has nothing to do with her. 
It's my life. 
Okay. 
Go try it out. <i> What should I do? <i> Seung Jo is going to move out of this house. <i> I came back into this house. <i> But this time, Seung Jo... <i> is going to leave. <i>Brought to you by the PKer team @ www.viikii.net 
Where is Baek Seung Jo? 
If I don't try, 
We couldn't even meet like this. 
It's Seung Jo. <i> Seung Jo, what are you doing by yourself? <i> In what area are you living right now? 
Hey, Baek Seung Jo. 
Since she doesn't have a chance, tell her to give up. 
Tell her like a man. 
Seung Jo! 
All of a sudden... 
It must be lonely living by yourself. 
Well it doesn't seem all that bad since I'm with Yoon Hae Ra. 
What? 
Roomate?! 
Did something happen? 
No, I'm fine. 
Voiceover: 
Let's say I am an economist, and I am curious about whether, in general, things are getting more expensive or not, and if they are getting expensive, by how much? 
The way I'd approach that is, 
I'd think of, what are just a bunch of goods and services that the average person would buy? 
I would think up some type of basket of goods and services, and I would try to weight that basket, based on how people actually spend their money, so I would say, "Okay, 40% of people's money 
"on average are spent on housing; 
"maybe another 10% is spent on transportation; 
"maybe another 10% is spent on food," and I would go out into the market, and I would try to take an average of what these things cost, and I would sample a bunch of products, a bunch of services, so I could get a decent average of that. 
This is not a simple thing to do, but I am an economist, and I am serious about trying to calculate it. 
Let's say that when I take that weighted average of all of the stuff, I just come up with a number. 
I'm not giving you the details of how it's actually calculated, but to give you the idea of what they are doing. 
I get a number. 
To rent, to buy or lease your average automobile; to lease your average apartment; to buy your average servings of food for a given family; all the rest; 
let's say I come up with, that costs, and I'm making up a number here, 
let's say that it costs $20,000. 
My basket of goods and services. 
Just based on the way that I've weighted it. 
This is all happening in year 1. 
This is in year 1. 
I'm curious whether between year 1 and, let's say, year 5, and year 5, whether things got more expensive. 
I'll take that same basket of goods and services, so, basket of goods and services, and I'll try to figure out what is their weighted average cost in year 5? 
This is a lot harder than it might sound right now, because the baskets of goods and services change. 
If computers get faster, do you use the same computer, or do you think about what the average computer is, which would now be a better computer? 
If most people's TVs got bigger, do you use the same TV in year 1 and year 5 or do you adjust for what is now the average TV, which is now bigger? 
If houses have gotten bigger on average, do you use the same house, or would you use the average house? 
There's a whole bunch of areas here that you can really tweak, and these are actually huge subjects of debate, on what is the actual increase in cost. 
Let's say that you're able to do this in what you think is a pretty reasonable way, and you find that the same basket of goods, adjusted for things like technology and all of the rest, now costs $22,000. 
Your takeaway from here is that the same things that cost $20,000, the things that gave you the same standard of living in year 1, to get that same standard of living in year 5, you now need to spend 10% more. 
It's gotten $2,000 more expensive off of $20,000, so it's gotten 10% more expensive. 
You, as the economist, what you would say is, as the way you've defined it, your consumer price index, and this is abbreviated with CPl, consumer price index, your consumer price index is up by 10%. 
Or another way, based on the way you measured it, and it changes from country to country, and even within countries, they change the way that they do these basket of goods, but by the way you've measured it, you would say that price inflation, or, you would say that the price inflation has been 10% between year 1 and year 5, or in general everything got 10% more expensive, or you would need 10% more money to have the same standard of living. 
In general, when people are just referring to inflation, so if you just see the word "inflation" being referred to, especially in modern times, they are referring to price inflation. 
This general increase in the price of goods and services, measured by some type of basket of goods. 
There is another type of inflation, and that is monetary inflation. 
Monetary inflation; and they are related. 
Monetary inflation is inflation due purely to an increase of the money supply. 
This is increase in money supply. 
In general, if this increase in the money supply does outstrip the productive capacity of the country, it could very well lead to price inflation, but in general what people measure, when they talk about inflation, from one year to the next, they're talking about this basket of goods. 
They're talking about price inflation. 
The other thing that you'll sometimes see, maybe in year 5, someone says, 
"Hey; I could sell you this house," so this is in year 5, 
"I could sell you a house, 
"and this house in year 5 is $660,000." 
Is $660,000. 
Someone might ask, what would be that price if we adjusted it for inflation in year 1 dollars? 
What they're saying is, if you adjust for how much value your money has lost, because if things are getting more expensive, that means each dollar is being worth less. 
You can buy less with each dollar. 
When people say, "How much is that, 
"adjusted for inflation in year 1 money?" you're essentially saying, 
"What amount of money would that house 
"have had to cost in year 1, 
"that when you adjust it for inflation, 
"when you increase it by 10%," so that's the same thing; increasing by 10% is the same thing as multiplying by 110%, or multiplying by 1.1, so, "what amount of money would that house 
"had to have cost in year 1, 
"that if I multiply it by 1.1, 
"I get $660,000?" 
We could do a little bit of quick math here, to figure that out. 
If we say, let's say that, I don't know, 
let's call it P. 
P is the price of the house in year 1. 
I'll call it P1. 
That x 1.1 ... x 1.1 is going to be equal to $660,000, when you factor in the 10% inflation over these years. 
This is simple algebra right here. 
You can divide both sides by 1.1. 
Divide both sides by 1.1, and we get, these cancel out, you get the price of that house in year 1; $66 divided by 11 would be 6. 
You could work it out with a calculator, if you don't feel comfortable with what I'm about to do, but this would give you $600,000, if you work this math right out here, and you could figure out the decimals. 
What we could do ... 
I think you get the general idea here. 
You can use your calculator. 
I did this one in my head, but the general idea is, a house in year 1 that is $600,000, $600,000, if you factor in the devaluing of the currency, or how much more expensive everything got, in year 5 would cost $660,000. 
You might hear someone say, when they're talking about inflation, or they're talking about price increases, 
"This house in year 5 is $660,000, 
"which is equal to $600,000 in year 1 money." 
As an example of that, I live in a neighborhood where the houses have gotten all of a sudden, because I live in the heart of Silicon Valley, it's not a fancy neighborhood by any stretch of the imagination, but the houses now are quite expensive, and we have neighbors who moved in in the '50s, and they say, "My God; I bought our house 
"for $10,000, and now people 
"are selling these houses for so much more." 
The reality is, is that it is true; the house has appreciated, but $10,000 in 1950 was actually a lot, a lot, of money. 
Doctors and engineers did not make that much more than that much per year. 
I don't know the exact amount. 
The reality is that you actually have to adjust money for the year that you're talking about, and you have to adjust it for inflation. 
If you believe this 10% inflation number, hopefully people's incomes also increased by the same amount, so the same person with the same skills and the same job, who could afford the house for $600,000 in year 1 could now pay $660,000 for it, and it won't take an unusually large chunk of their expenditure. 
It would take the same chunk that it did in year 1. 
Hopefully that clarifies things a little bit, and I'll, in the future, do more videos, going into the details of inflation. 
Only rarely is there an opportunity to participate in a molecular happening. 
You are going to have that opportunity for this film attempts to portray symbolically, yet in a dynamic and joyful way, one of nature's fundamental processes- the linking together of amino acids to form a protein. 
We know now that the three dimensional structure and the function of a protein is determined by the order of amino acids along the backbone of the molecule. 
So protein synthesis involves programming and assembly and this film with people portraying molecules using the dance idiom tries to animate these two processes— the programming and assembly of a protein. 
Our genes carry the instructions for ordering the amino acids of each protein, those instructions are encoded in a messenger molecule and RNA depicted in this film as a long snaking chain. 
Each of the message units is played by three adjacent people in the chain. 
Colored head balloons indicate the bases— green for guanine, blue for uracil, yellow for adenine. 
If there is a message, there must be a way to translate that message. 
That's the job of the ribosome and of the transfer RNAs. 
The ribosome is composed of a large and of a small subunit and these are depicted in the film as tumbling, rolling clusters of body amorphous by themselves, but organized and structured when in the act of translating the message. 
First the small subunit with the aid of an initiation factor captures the message. 
Then the first transfer RNA carrying its quanine amino acid is brought to the ribosome message complex by a second dancing initiation factor. 
This requires energy and that is represented by a puff of smoke. 
Next the large ribosomal subunit tumbles into place and then the process of bringing each amino acid to the ribosome message complex is accomplished by the T-factor and its GTP cohert and so in the order prescribed by the balloon colors in the message chain, each amino acid is brought to the assembly site to be added to the growing chain by the peptide synthase. 
Next in an energy requiring step the messenger RNA, tRNA complex is shifted so as to bring the next message unit into the ribosome to allow the process to repeat itself. 
At the end the terminator factor seeing the termination signal clears the completed protein from the last tRNA releasing it from the ribosome. 
So that the ribosome can do its job again the two subunits are split apart and separated from the messenger by the ribosome releasing factor. 
My diagram is of necessity static, but protein synthesis is a dynamic process. 
This movie tries to bring those dynamic interactions to life. 
[60s music playing] 
(female) Twas brilage in the slivy 30s ribosome did gier and gimble in the wave. 
30s Ribosome. 
All mimsy was mRNA that colored message unit array. mRNA. 
mRNA. 
Bound they were in the glorious sun by initiator factor one. 
(male singing) Initiator factor two. 
(female) Initiator factor two went searching for tRNA who bore the flaccid amino acids. 
(male) tRNA! 
GTP! 
Whoo! 
(female) Then as the effish bonds were formed the 50s Ribosome maintained came whiffling through the tally grass and burbled as it came. 
(male) 50s ribosome. 
50s ribosome! 
50s ribosome. 
(male) Ribosome! 
(male) Whoo! 
Whoo! 
[flute playig] 
(male) T-factor! 
T-factor! 
(female) T-factor plus GTP gathered in tRNA. 
(male) tRNA whoo! 
(female) Gathered in tRNA and came galunking back. 
(male) Ohhhh Hydrogen bonds! 
(female) Amino acids both inside alas the peptide bond was formed. 
(male) Peptide bond! 
(female) And as the index step took place, the message units shift a space. 
(male) tRNA! 
[inaudible] synthesis peptide bond. 
Index! 
tRNA! 
(female) Each tRNA approached the site bearing its amino acid load whose sequence was determined by the mRNA message unit magic code. 
(male) Peptide bond! 
Index, Index, whoo! 
Clipping, clipping, clipping, clipping, clipping in time. 
Clipping in time. 
Growing protein chain! 
GTP! 
(female) Long time did biocomplex churn, the protein grew by tibs and tomes. 
Amino acids linked in turn by the catalytic ribosome. 
(male) Protein releasing factor. 
Protein releasing factor! 
(female) Protein releasing factor, since the end, her vorpal arms went snicker snout. 
Oh, fragis day calu cale the protein chain came streaming out. 
Then ribosome releasing factor with jaws that bite and claws that free release the synthesizing complex and chortled in his glee. 
Twas brilage in the slivy Ribosome did gier and gimble in the wag. 
All mimsy was mRNA, and protein chain outgrabe... 
GLOBAL STRlKE! 
2011 
There IS a way we can collectively fight back against environmentally destructive multinational corporations. 
A coordinated global general strike and boycott, combined with personal preparedness, in sufficient numbers, can cause a great deal of economic disruption. 
The best tactic? 
Non-participation. 
A multi pronged strategy will be most effective: 
1. 
BOYCOTT: 
All corporate products, beginning with Coke, McDonalds, ADM, and Monsanto. 
Reduce to eliminate your consumption of gasoline. 
You can start this now. 
Lawsuits: 
The more of their resources are devoted to circular legal action, which is expensive, the more is taken out of their budget without producing anything. 
File lawsuits of every kind (class action, environmental damage, labor rights). 
2. 
STRlKE: 
The first week of July 2011. 
Take your vacation time, sick leave, organize your union to strike at this time. 
Spend time with family at home! 
The main thing is: 
DON'T BUY ANYTHlNG FOR ONE WEEK. 
Continue as long as possible, buy the gasoline you will need for a week at least. 
Where legally possible if you rent, organize a rent strike in your building/community. 
3. 
PREPARE: 
Learn what wild foods are available to you, identify them, and eat them. 
Start a garden, organize within your community to become as food self sufficient as possible. 
Store durable food a little at a time so you have a large supply by July. 
Plan many crops that will begin to bear by the first week of July. 
A permanent boycott will cause price disruption and stock deflation. 
A coordinated strike will cause specific timed disruption of currency movement (ie it's not coming out of your pocket, and you are not causing any more to be moved or produced), and preparedness to become independent permanently from key industries (industrial agriculture). 
The only way to level the playing field with "the powers that be" is to take their money and make it valueless. 
Complete abundance causes a market economy to crash! 
When you have everything you need, what do you need money for? 
THEY HAVE AS MUCH POWER AS WE BELlEVE IN THElR MONEY. 
Together we can take one more step to bringing the machine to it's knees! 
Grow your own food! 
Stop giving them money! 
THlS IS AN OPEN SOURCE DOCUMENT. 
TRANSLATE, DlSTRlBUTE, MAKE A VlDEO IN YOUR LANGUAGE. 
MODlFY AS NECESSARY. 
-I'm not racist; I have, like, two black friends. 
-Shut up! 
-I'm gonna be late for my flight if I don't go right now. 
-All right, have fun in France, man. 
-Oh, by the way, my French cousin's staying over while I'm gone. 
-What? 
-Yeah, his name's Pierre. 
Bye! 
-[gruff voice]: 
'Sup, brother? 
-Pierre? 
-The one and only, brother. 
-You don't look very French. 
-You gettin' racist on me, brother? 
-No, no, I guess I've just never seen a real French person before. 
-Ha-ha, well, we're a fun bunch. 
Up high! 
Down low. 
Uh... uh... we should go inside like right now, brother. 
-We got you now. 
-(Pierre) Macho, macho man 
I want to be... [Nyan Cat ringtone plays] 
-Hello? 
-Hey man, how's Pierre? 
-Uh, he looks and talks like Hulk Hogan. 
-Well, duh, they all do. 
Have you never seen a real French person before? 
-Well, I guess not, but, okay, not that there's anything wrong with it, but is Pierre gay? 
-Anthony, not all French men are gay. 
That sounds a little bit racist. 
-Okay, well, earlier today, he was doing some really questionable things. 
This is the living room, and I'll show you-- 
Why are you holding my hand? 
-Why would I not? 
-Not gay! 
-What? 
-Not gay! 
-What are you doing? 
-Looking at gay porn. 
-Not g-- okay, that might be a little gay. 
-Anthony, you can't be so racist. 
Just because his culture is different it doesn't mean you can spread lies about his sexual orientation. 
-He was looking at gay porn. 
-And who doesn't from time to time? 
-True. 
-Dude, I gotta go. 
I've been looking for French fries for the past five hours and I can't find them anywhere. 
-(Pierre) I want to be... [knock on door] 
-(Anthony) Hey Pierre, are these your friends? 
They look like Richard Simmons. 
-You idiot, that's the Italian mafia. 
-What the hell are they doing here? 
-I have a lot of gambling debt. 
I just can't say no to naked Twister. 
-Okay, it's time to eat s--t and die, sillies! 
-Yeah! 
You've messed with the wrong Italians, Pierre. 
-I'm so scared right now. 
Hold me. 
-What? 
No. 
-There you are, you little silly, now it's time to die! 
-Any last words, you cute little butt-heads? 
-Yeah, why are you guys acting like Richard Simmons? 
-Uh, oh no he did not just say that. 
-What the hell, man? 
All Italians are like that. 
-[stammers]: 
But, I thought they were like, 
"It's a spicy meat-a-ball-a." 
-Oh! 
I can't listen to this racist little prick anymore. 
-Enjoy being racist! 
And gay! 
-You're gay? 
Eww! 
-Well, that was a quick flight. 
Oh, I'd like you guys to meet my new friends from Japan. 
[rock and roll music plays] 
-Oh great, let me guess, all Japanese people look and dress like Elvis, right? 
-Uh, no. 
We just got back from an Elvis convention. 
-[speaks Japanese]: 
-F--king racist! 
-To see bloopers from this video and more, click the link in the description below! 
[gruff voice]: 
Hey brother, click the subscribe button and I'll put some pants on... 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian ...brother. 
This video gives a live demonstration of the recursive constructs in sequel that we introduced in the previous video. 
As a reminder, recursion has been introduced intosequal as part of the with statement where we can set up relations that are defined by queries that themselves refer to the relation being defined, and finally we have a query that can involve the recursively defined relations as well as other relations or other tables in the database. 
The typical expression within a with statement for a recursively defined relation would be to have a base query that doesn't depend on R and then a recursive query that does depend on R. We gave three examples in the introductory video and those are the same examples that we'll be demonstrated shortly. 
The first one was to compute ancestors when we have only a parent relation and the family tree could be arbitrarily deep. 
Our second example was a case where we have an arbitrarily deep company hierarchy and we want to compute the total salary cost of a project starting at that project's manager and summing the salary of the entire sub-tree. and our third example was about airplane flights. 
Where we want to find the cheapest way to fly from point A to point B. And we're willing to change planes as many kinds, as we might need to in order to bring down the cost. 
We saw that all of these examples, involved, basically a notion of transit of closure computed as a recursively defined relation. 
The last portion of our demo, after we see these three queries solved using recursion, will introduce one more twist, which is what happens when we introduce cycles. 
So in the Airline example. 
We'll set up a case where you can fly from one city to another one and back. 
Which is of course true in reality, and we'll see what happens when we try to answer our query in that setting. 
I've started by creating a table called Parent of. 
With parent child relationships. 
So we have, Alice Carol, Bob Carol, Carol Dave, and so on. 
You might actually want to write this down on a piece of paper to see what the actual tree 
looks like, but the query we want to run is to find all of Mary's ancestors so we're going to, of course, have Eve as a parent, and Dave as a parent. 
And then Dave's parent is Carol, and Carol's parent is Bob, and so on. 
We'll get most of the data in our database in our query. 
So here is the query, our first example of our recursive query. 
Let me say right off, that even more than anything else, we've done in these videos, I am going to encourage you to download the script and take a close 
look at the query, and preferable actually run the queries and play with them on the postscript system. 
And we are using for this demo postscript a sequel 
lite and my sequel do not support forth the Withery cursive statement at this point in time. 
So, anyway here's our query and it is the form that we described in the introduction, it's a width-statement with recursive that's going to set up a recursive relation called ancestor, so this is what we were calling "r" earlier. 
This is our ancestor with a schema AD for ancestor and descendant. 
Our final query, once ancestor is all set up, is very simple, it just says, take the 'A' attribute from ancestor, where a descendant is Mary so that will give us Mary's defendant. 
Of course what's interesting is what's right here,inside these parans because this our recursive query. 
And it does take the form we described of having a base query, that is the first 
line, and then the recursive query with a union between them. 
So we're going to start by saying that whenever we have a parent child relationship that's also an ancestor relationship. 
So we're going to take from our parent of table. 
The parent and child, and we have to rename them as 
A and D, and that says that parent children are an ancestor. 
What else in an ancestor? 
Well if we have a tuple an ancestor, an ancestor and a descendant, and that descendant is the parent of a another person, then the A and the ancestor, together with the child from the parent of, is also an ancestor relationship. 
So this is a kind of doing the join. 
Not just "kind of", it's actually joining our ancestor as its being created and extending that relationship by joining with another instance of parent. 
So you can kind of think of going down the ancestor tree adding relationships as we go down. 
Again, I really can't encourage you enough to download this query and play with it yourself to fully understand what's going on. 
Let's go ahead and run it. 
It's going to be rather anticlimatic. 
When we run it we do discover that these five people are Mary's ancestors, and if you've drawn the little tree of the data you can verify that, that's the correct answer. 
Let's play around a little bit. 
Let me try a few other people's ancestors. 
Let's try Frank. 
We don't see Frank here because 
Frank actually happens to be a child of Mary's, so we should get even more ancestors when we run this one, especially 
Mary should be included, and in fact, she is, there she is, and these are Frank's ancestors. 
Let's try George, I think 
George was somewhere in the middle of the tree there. 
Yes, George has three ancestors, and finally let's try Bob. 
Bob is at the root so we should get an empty result and we do, because again Bob has no ancestors in our database. 
Now lets take a look at our second example. 
That was the one where we had a hierarchy of management chain in a company, and then we were interested in computing the total salary cost of a project, so I've set up our three tables. 
The first one is the Employee table, it just gives the IDs of the employees and the salary of each employee. 
The second table is the Manager relationship. 
So, again, you might want to draw the little tree here although it's pretty simple this time. 
123 is at the root of our little management structure, as 234 as a subordinate. 
234 has two subordinates, 345 and 456 and 345 is another one. 
So it's only a three level tree. 
Of course if we knew it was only three levels we wouldn't need recursion at all. 
But we're going to write a query that will work for arbitrary numbers of levels. 
So that's our management structure. 
And finally, our third table, the Project table says that employee 123 is the manager of project X, so what we want to do is find the manager of project 
Y in the hierarchy,and then take that manager's salary along with the salary's of all the manager's subordinates recursively down to the management structure, and of course that's everybody in in our little database. 
Again, I can't encourage you to download the script and run it for yourself. 
So here's our query to find the total salary of project x and I'm actually going to give a couple of different ways of running this for you. 
The way we've done it the first time is to effectively expand the management structure into a relation called superior. 
So that's really pretty much doing the ancestor computation, which by the way is a transitive closure. 
I should have mentioned that earlier for those of you familiar with transitive closures. 
It's basically that operation. 
So we're going to compute these superiors so that we'll have every manager and employee relationship with a manager is arbitrarily above the employee. 
And then once we have that superior relationship computed, then we write a actually a fairly complicated query, so this is the final query of our with statement. 
And this one says we've got this recursive relation superior. 
We're going to the salaries from the employee relation where the 
ID is either the manager of the project X, so that's the first half here, or an employee, that's managed by the manager, of project X. Okay. 
Now this down here, I just want to emphasize this is not recursive, it just so happens to have that same structure of union, but there is nothing recursive happening down here. 
So this is just a regular sequel query. 
Once we have the superior relation, that's the transitive closure of the manager relation. 
So let's take a look at superior. 
Superior, here this is recursive with the union, says that if we have a manager and that's the MlD and ElD. 
Then if somebody is managing someone else then they are their superior. 
Notice by the way, I didn't specify a schema here, so the schema is implicitly going to be M-I-D-E-I-D. 
So we're going to put manager relationships in. 
And then, if we have a superior relationship, so if we have an MlD managing an 
ElD in the S relationship then we can add one more 
level, because we join with the managers saying that if 
S is a superior of Y and why is the manager of Z been X's superior of Z. This parallels exactly what we did with the ancestor computation in the previous example. 
Again, it's going to be rather anti-climactic to run the query, but let's do it. 
And, we find out that four hundred is the total salary cost of Project X when we count the manager of project 
X together with all of the people underneath that manager in the hierarchical structure. 
So when we think of recursion we often think of transitive closure or expanding hierarchies as we've done with our examples so far. 
But if we step back for a second we can see that there is a quite a bit simpler way to express the query that finds the salary burden of project X. Now not only is this actually nicer to look at, it's probably much more efficient, depending on how smart the query processor is. 
In our previous example, if the query processor executes the query in a straight forward way, it would compute this superior relationship for the absolute entire company hierarchy before it figured out which of those people were involved in project X. Now, a really good query processor might actually figure out to fold in a project X but, not necessarily. 
Here's an example and here's a new formulation of the query. 
We're actually going to tie 
X specifically to our recursion. 
What we're going to compute in our recursive [xx] statement here. 
So this is the temporary relation we're computing is a relation containing just a list of the IDs of the employees who are involved in project X. 
Once we have all the employees involved in project X, the query down here is trivial. 
We just find those employees who are among the X employees and we sum up their salaries. 
So, let's take a look at the recursive definition here and again, it's taking the usual form of a base query, union and recursive query... and here's what we do. 
Well, obviously the manager of project X is one of the IDs involved in project 
X. So here we find in the project, the project name text and we take the manager of that project and we put that person's ID into Xemps. 
That's the first ID that's going to go in there. 
That's going to seed the recursion. 
That's again the base query. 
Then we add in our recursive step any employee who is managed by anybody who's in the X employees. 
So, we'll take our manager relationship, our X employees relationship and if the employee's manager is an 
X, then that employee is also involved in X. So we seed the recursion with the manager of project X and then we just recursively go down the tree adding all of the employees that are underneath one by one. 
We don't have to know the depth of the tree because the recursion will continue until nobody else is added. 
I guess I should have mentioned that earlier in my earlier examples. 
Again the recursion sort of adds a data over and over again until there's nothing new to add, and that's when it terminates. 
So let's go ahead and run the query. 
Anti-climatic again, but we get the same answer 400 as the salary cost of Project 
X. Now we use the same form of query to find the total salary cost of two projects Y and Z. 
And that will also demonstrate having two relations that are defined in the width recursive command. 
So I have added project Y and Z to our project table, and they're both managed by employees who are already in the database, so they're a little lower down the hierarchy. 
We should expect those projects have lower total cost. 
That's for project X, whose manager was at the root of our hierarchy. 
So here's our query, it's a big one; we're going to define YM and ZM exactly as we defined X amps in the previous example. 
So Y amps is a table of a recursively defined relation, temporary, that's gonna contain a list of IDs of the people, the employees that are involved in Project Y. So we are going to put the manager of 
Project Y as our base query, and then we're going to add to it in the recursion all of the employees who are managed by someone who's in the YMs. 
And ZM's exactly the same. 
We start the manager of project 
Z, and then we add to it, all of the people are managed transitively down the tree by someone who's in the ZM's relation. 
And then our final query down here for the statement is a union of two queries. 
The first one gets the total salary for Y and it labels it as Y total. 
So it takes all the Ids that are in the Y table and from the employee table get their salaries and sums them up. 
And similarly the Z total. 
So now we'll run this query, it will be slightly less is anti-climactic. 
We do have now two tuples in our result. 
We see that the total salary for Y is 300 in the total salaries for Z is 70. 
And if you check, cross-check this result against the data you'll see that these are indeed the total salaries when we take the managers we specified for projects Y and Z. And finally our last and most fun example. 
The one to find how to fly from point A to point be when all we're concerned about is cost, and we don't care how many times we have to change planes. 
So, here's the little flights table 
I've set up, and I used A and B so we can literally fly from point 
A to point B. All of our intermediate destinations are actually real airport codes, and I've put in some airlines, although they're not actually going to be used in our query. 
And then I've put in the cost of the flights. 
You might want to draw yourself a little graph so you can see what's going on, and we can fly from 
A to Chicago for 200, from Chicago to B for another 100, or we can go from A to Phoenix and then Phoenix to Las Vegas. to Las Vegas to oh-oh, I don't remember what this is. 
CMH, Detroit, Cincinnati, somewhere in the midwest. 
And from there to point 
B, or we can take a non-stop from A to 
B on good old Jet Blue for 195. 
So clearly we're never going to be going through Chicago for a total of 300 with that Jet Blue flight. but I've set up the data, as you're probably not surprised, so that this 
long route through Phoenix and Las Vegas and somewhere in the midwest is, in fact, gonna be our cheapest way to go. 
So now let's take a look at the recursive query that's going to find us our root from point A to point B, or at least find us the cheapest way to get from point A to point 
B. So the first query I'm going to show actually gives us all the different costs of getting from A to B, just so we can see those enumerated for us, and then we'll modify the query to give us the cheapest cost. 
So here's the recursive query and we're going to use a recursively defined relation called root. 
And root says that we can get from an origin to a destination for a particular total cost. 
OK? 
So, we again in our recursion have the base query and the recursive query. 
This is exactly what you'd imagine. 
We can certainly get from point X to point Y for a total cost, if we can take a direct flight from point X to point Y for a given cost. 
So that's our base query, we start out with all of the direct flights in our route relation. 
And then we start adding routes by doing the JOlN of a route with a additional flight. 
So basically what this join here says, "If I can get from the origin in a route to the destination and then that destination is the origin of another flight, then 
I can add that flight. 
I can start with my original origin, final destinationand the cost of that is going to be the total that I already had. 
Plus the cost of the new flight and that's my new total. 
So again, this is another transitive closer like recursion. 
It's very similar to the ancestor recursion. 
Very similar to expanding the company hierarchy. 
The only real difference here is that we're also accumulating these costs as we do the recursion. 
So once we've done this recursion then we have a complete specification of all the roots within our flights database, all of the way's we can get from 
A to B and the total cost. 
Now one thing I should say is this is not actually giving us the ways of getting from one place to another. 
If we wanted to accumulate the actual route that we take so the flights and the costs and the airlines and so on, we have to kind of use a structured structure inside our data base to accumulate those. 
There are ways of doing that but I'm not going to demonstrate that here. 
I'm just going to demonstrate the is accused of recursion and computing the total cost. 
OK, so let's go ahead and run this query so we've computed all of the routes, and then we're just gonna start by finding the routes from A to B and what the total cost of those are. 
So we'll run the query and we'll find out that there are three ways of getting from A to B. The first one happens to be that direct Jet Blue flight for 195. 
The second was the flight through Chicago for a total cost of 300. 
You can go back and look at the data and verify these. 
And the third one was that complicated routing where we stopped several times, but we save a lot of money, well twenty dollars over the direct flight, by going through those cities because the total sub-cost is 175. 
I'll leave it up to you whether it's worth twenty dollars to stop several times versus the direct flight. 
So now since my actual specification of what I wanted to know was the cheapest way to go then 
I just say min total instead of in my final query and I run that and my answer is that 175 is the cheapest way to get from A to B. Now here is an alternative formulation of the same query That essentially parallels the alternative that we looked at with our project cross where we built in project X into our recursion that simplified the recursion in that case. 
In this case it's not simpler, but it could potentially be more efficient. 
We're going to build in the fact that we're starting from origin 
A so instead of finding all roots from any point to any other point in our recursion and then finding the roots from A to 
B, let's create a relation recursively that says, 
"Starting from point A, 
I can get to a particular destination for a particular total cost. 
So this is going to build up roots starting from A the base query is going to, of course, start by looking at direct flights where the origin is A and is going to put the destination and the cost into our relation called from A. So that starts with that first gives us direct start from A where we can get on the direct, where we can get to, and how much it will cost us, and then our recursion is going to add flights to that one. 
Again, it really parallels what we did with the Project X. 
Our recursion is going to say, ok we know we can get a, from particular, we can get to a particular place from point A for a certain cost and that's our destination. 
If we add 1 more flight so the origin of that flight is the destination of where we can get then that will also be a destination that we can get to from point 
A and we'll just add the cost of the additional flight on. 
One more time a strong suggestion that you download and try these things for yourself. 
Once we found all the places we can get from A then we'll use that to figure out the cheapest way to get to Point B. But let's just start by running the 
With statement where all we do is see the places we can get to from A and the total cost of getting there. 
So here we go. 
And we can get to Chicago, 
Phoenix or we can get to B a couple of different ways, three different ways actually as we already know. 
We can also get to 
Las Vegas and this mysterious 
CMH I wish I remembered what it were. 
So now if we're interested in finding the cheapest way to get from A to B then We'll add where the destination equals 
B on here and we'll add the minimum total cost and hopefully that will be our good old 175 and indeed it is. 
By the way we can do the same basic idea but backwards. 
Instead of finding all the places that we can get from city A how about if we find all the places from which we can get to city 
B. So here's the query that does that. 
To B is going to be our recursively define relation that's going to give us the origin, the place from which we can get to B and the total cost of getting to B from that place. 
So again, the structure is exactly parallel. 
We start out with our base query saying if we have a direct flight to B then we can get from the origin of that direct flight at the cost of the flight to 
B and we then recursively add flights on that you can think of if your going from left to right adding flights from the left. 
So if we know we can get from a place to B and then we can go from...take a direct flight from somewhere else to that place And we can get from that somewhere else to be. 
Anyway so we do that again by joining so we're going to take our origin from which we can get to B we're going to find flight that take us to that origin, we're going to add the cost of that flight and that gives us a new way to get to B. And then let me start by just writing the query that all of the places from which we can get to B and the cost of getting there. 
We'll run the query. 
And we can see that we can get to B from point 
A in 3 different ways and from our other cities in our database as well. 
Similarly, to what we did previously, if we're particularly interested in getting from A to B, whoops, let's make that our origin then we add where origin equals a and if we want the minimum it would be our minimum total again paralleling exactly what we did before. 
We run it and good old 175 comes out. 
Now we're going to have some real fun because I added another flight to our database, and this flight takes us from Columbus, I now know its Columbus, to Phoenix and creates a loop in our flights. 
So that means that we can fly from A to 
B next to Las Vegas, to 
Columbus, back to Phoenix and then to Las Vegas and Columbus again. 
So, we're going to have arbitrarily, actually unbounded, actually infinite, length routes that we can take now. 
Now, obviously those routes aren't going to ever be the cheapest way because as we take those roots it's going to get more and more expensive, none of them are negative costs paying us to take flights. 
But if we just do our naive recursion where we generate all of our roots before we take a 
look at our final query then we're going to be generating an infinite number of roots. 
So here's our original enquiry, the first one we wrote, where we were just finding all of the costs of getting from A to B by computing all of the roots in the entire database and then looking at those from 
A to B. Now with our additional flight that creates a loop we run this command and nothing happens. 
Actually if we wait long enough we're going to get an error. 
Well, okay we waited for a while. appears that the user interface we're using isn't going to show us the error. 
But if you try running this in post risk command line interface, 
I assure you if you wait long enough, eventually it will tell you that the recursion effectively overflowed. 
So it is trying to compute this unbounded number of routes in the recursive part of the with statement and never even gets to the query that we want to execute. 
OK, here's my first attempt at fixing the problem. 
We know that we're never going to want to take a arbitrarily long route. 
We're never going to want to go around a cycle lots of times as our cheapest way to get from point A to point 
B so what I've done here, and I'm not going to go into this in great detail, but I have added a condition in the recursion that says "I'm only going to add a new route, a new route into my recursively defined route table when the total cost of that route, and that's defined as the cost plus total here when we added, is less then all of the ways we can already get from that place, to that origin to that destination. 
So in other words, I'm only going to add cheaper routes than the ones that are already there. 
And by the way, if there are no routes already from the origin to the destination then this will be satisfied and we will add that first route, then after that only adding cheaper ones. 
So let's try running this query and see what happens. 
Well, we got an error. 
Now this is not a runtime execution error. 
This is actually an error that says we're not allowed to refer to our recursively defined relation in a sub query within our recursion. 
The SQL standard actually might allow this particular use, but 
I don't know that any implementation actually handles it. 
It can be fairly difficult to handle a case where you have the recursively defined relation in a subquery as well as in the outer query here. 
So that's obviously not going to solve our problem. 
Now there's actually a feature of 
Basic SQL that can help us here with our problem. 
There's something called Limit. 
We actually didn't discuss this in the SQL videos, but that says just give us this number of results. 
So let's say that we're going to have our recursion here for the roots, but down here we're going to say I only need up to 20 results for how 
I get from point A to point B. And the posary system actually makes use of the limit command in the final query to restrict the recursion. 
It's a nice feature, and it was added specifically for this problem of possibly infinite recursions where we actually don't want it to be infinite because we only need a finite number of answers. 
Okay, so, let's go with that here and we'll see that Ah, great. 
Everything worked well. 
We got our roots from A to B. And I do have 20 roots, I mean, so they're getting very expensive. 
Down here I'm going to go around and around the mid west while lots and lots of times but that did the limit the recursion it did stop unlike our query where we didn't have the limit and it just went on indefinitely. 
So that looks pretty good, with one unfortunate problem, which is if we still want the minimum, we're going to again get a infinite execution. 
So the old result is still sitting here but now the system is chunking on because the limit here is applied to this min to the number of tupimit the recursion, we're always going to get only one tuple in our result. 
So even if we said limit one here, we'd still get the infinite behavior, so we haven't quite solved our problem. 
Okay, so, here's what we're going to do. 
Aesthetically, maybe it's not the absolutely best solution but 
I'm going to argue that it's a pretty reasonable one. 
We tried limiting our recursion to only add new routes that were cheaper than existing routes to and from the same place. 
We weren't allowed to do that syntactically the recursive with statement didn't allow the sub query with the recursively defined relation in it. 
So we're going to do a different change here where we're not going to add new roots to our flight when the length of the root, in other words the number of flights contributing to that root, is greater than or equal to ten. 
So how do we do that? 
We're going to add to our recursively defined relation route the origin, destination and total cost of that. 
And then we are going to add the length. 
And so that's going to put in each root tupple, how many flights were involved in the root. 
So let's see how we do that with our recursion. 
We still have the base case here and the recursively defined union. 
In our base case, we're going to be adding to our route the non-stop flights, so we'll have exactly what thought we had before, and then we'll have the constant one to say that this non-stop flight is just one flight. 
Then when we do our recursion, we're joining our route relation that we're building up by extending it with an additional flight exactly as before, but there is two changes here. 
One of them is that we're going to compute our new length by adding one to the existing length of the root for our new root because we're adding one flight. 
And then we're only going to add tupples to the root relation when the length of the route that we're adding is 
less than ten. 
So now let's see what happens. 
I'm going to start again by 
looking at all of the costs of getting from point 
A to point B and then we'll take to look at finding the least. 
So, we'll go ahead and execute the query and we see that we have, one, two, three, four, five ways of getting from A to B, where the length of the number of flights involved is less than or equal to 10. 
We see our friends here. 
This was the nonstop flight. 
This was the one through Boston. 
Here's our favorite one and there's a few more so these are going to go through that cycle a couple of times. 
But once we get to the length of ten, we're not going to add any more, so we've got termination and if we want to change it to find the minimum cost flight, then it's just the min total as before, and we'll find good old 175. 
Now what 's unaesthetic about this, is that we're actually limiting the amount of recursion. 
So, the whole point of writing recursive queries is when we don't know the minimum number of computations that we need to do to get our answer. 
So maybe it would so happen to turn out that more than ten flights were required to get the cheapest and, if that was the case, then we wouldn't get our right answer. 
Of course, we could change it to a hundred and we'd still get the one seventy five. 
And, you know, honestly we could change it to 10,000 and you can't see it happening here but it is actually recomputing that 175 even when I put in 10,000. 
I can even do a 100,000 and still going to work for me. 
So, if we presume that nobody wants to take more than a 100,000 flights in order to get from Point A to Point B in the cheapest fashion then, this would be a reasonable way to bound the recursion and get the answer that we want. 
Even in the presence of cycles in our relation. 
This is an important conversation for our children, for our communities, for Democrats, and Republicans .Speaking is difficult but I need to say something important: 
Violence is a big problem, too many children are dying. 
Too many children. 
We must do something. 
It will be hard, but the time is now. 
You must act. 
Be bold, be courageous, 
Americans are counting on you. 
Thank you 
I'm going to start with a quote by the Dalai Lama, 
"Today, more than ever before, 
life must be characterized by a sense of universal responsibility not only nation to nation and human to human but human to other forms of life." 
That's what I'm here to talk about; 
I'm passionate about wildlife conservation, thus, other forms of life. 
In the last ten years, I've done everything I can to learn as much as I can about it. 
I've read books, I've talked to experts, 
I've gone to conferences, and traveled the world. 
I wanted to see for myself what's going on in these places. 
I visited chimpanzees in Uganda, 
I visited mountain gorilla families in Rwanda. 
Everywhere I go, the root cause of the dwindling numbers of these species is human population pressure. 
A recent visual example I saw of this is in Uganda, with farms going up the hillside right to the boundary of Bwindi National Park, part of the last remaining habitat for the mountain gorilla. 
Let's talk about population. 
We're at 6.7 billion people in the world today, expected to rise to nine or ten billion just in the next 40 years. 
The problem is we've already got a billion people who don't have enough to eat. 
What is it going to be like when we increase the pressure, the human population pressure, by another 50%? 
So, I think, what we are going to have are more conflicts, more wars over scarcer resources, 
less drinking water per person. 
We're going to have less food per person, more disease, and suffering. 
It's difficult to comprehend, but that's suffering on a global scale when we are talking about billions of people. 
I know this is sobering to think about. 
Is this a future we want to leave for our children and grandchildren? 
I don't think so either. 
So let's steer towards a better future. 
Thomas Berry wrote that our great work for our generation is to learn to live on the planet at least benignly. 
Why would we do that? 
One reason we would do that is that our fellow living things, who happen not to be human, don't have a representative in Congress; they don't have a lobbyist in Washington, they don't have a voice at the table, and yet, they are completely dependent for their survival on our good will; much like children. 
Let's talk about our country's population and our wildlife. 
We had about five million people in our country around 1800 and about 290 million people in 2000 - more now, of course. 
At a conference, I met a scientist, Andrea Laliberte, who had done fascinating work comparing wildlife sightings in the 1700 and 1800 in our country to how wildlife range today in our country. 
This chart, the pinkish areas - I'm not sure how it looks here - are where we used to have black bears. 
The yellow areas are where they still are today 
- you see there's been a lot of recession there. 
This is the gray wolf; we used to have gray wolves running all over our country; 
- the pinkish areas you see on the chart - not so today. 
We used to have grizzly bears running over about half of our country; as you see, they've receded, and we don't have them. 
This was just 200 years ago. 
That yellow island-like area 
- that would be the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. 
Let's look at a summary map: take a look at the right here - red is good, green is bad, white is very bad. 
You see that we've lost a lot of species in our country; those white areas mean that all of wildlife that was looked at, 
- in this case, in the 1800s - it's gone from our country. 
Do you think is normal not to have wildlife running around us all the time in our country? 
That's not normal. 
Let's bring it home, here, to the Front Range of Colorado; tonight. 
We used to have wild bison; they're gone. 
We used to have gray wolves; they're gone. 
We used to have-- - sorry, my clicker's little sluggish - grizzly bears; could've been right outside. 
They're gone. 
We used to have lynx, the cat; gone. 
Maybe they are not leaving. 
(Laughter) 
We used to have black-footed ferret, very dependent on prairie dog for their survival; gone. 
We used to have this beautiful, little bird: the mountain plover; also gone. 
This is sobering information, so what can we do? 
We can choose a better future. 
Let's apply the empathy that we have for our cats, dogs, and other pets to endangered species like this chimpanzee, but all endangered species. 
Let's have fewer children; that's one of the most powerful-- (Applause) 
- Thank you! - (Applause) 
- I didn't expect that response. - 
That's one of the most powerful things that we can do in the United States; if we want to have kids, great; let's have two. 
If want to have more than two kids, let's adopt. 
What else can we do? 
Well, we won't go there. 
So, what else can we do? 
We can help educate girls and provide economic opportunity to women in developing countries. 
(Applause) 
Amen! 
When we do that, those ladies choose to have to have smaller families, and we have more nutrition, more health care, more education for their kids, and the impact on the global population is huge. 
Finally, what we can do is we can give more to our planet. 
We can give half of our donations, let's say, to people and people-related causes, and half of our donations to the planet, to ocean conservation, to wildlife conservation. 
I want to mention, by the way, that today, we only give about 2 to 5% of all giving that goes to environment and wildlife as a category. 
You've been very patient with sometimes, a difficult topic; 
I just want to say that the thing to think about is do we change, as a species, what do we do, so that our fellow living beings who happen not to be human can thrive alongside of us a 100, 500, and 1,000 years from now. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
-- Hi, Jonathan! 
Can you tell us who you are, please? 
-- So I am the CTO at Normation, a company I founded in Paris, France, back in 2009. 
I've basically a sysadmin background. 
I've been using CFEngine since 2009 when the version 3 came out. 
-- And can you tell us what is the role of Normation in CFEngine? 
-- Normation is specialized in configuration management automation in general. we've actually been leading CFEngine training sessions across the world since 2011. 
I think that to this state we've trained more than 150 people in CFEngine 
I think the first session was in Paris for obvious reasons -- because we're based there. 
We've done sessions in California, in New York, in Chicago, in Boston... 
I've been to Montreal once before... our partners Savoir-faire Linux was there... 
We've been doing sessions across Europe, the UK, Germany, 
Norway (where CFEnfgine is based originally), 
France Italy, Spain, Switzerland... 
We've been all over the world ! 
The next one is gonna be in Montreal with you guys from Savoir-faire Linux, that's gonna be in September. 
We've tried to tailor the course to adapt different types of public. 
First half day is actually a generic introduction. 
It is a non technical morning where we cover why you'd want to do automation -- how it works, basically. 
We compare the various automation tools available around there at the moment. 
So that can be useful for less technical people maybe 
-- Managers or ClOs -- to attend to get a feeling for what the tool can do. 
We do accept attendees for that just half day. 
After that we dive into CFEngine fundamentals. 
So we have one-and-a-half days of understanding how CFEngine works, how you set up a server, how you set up a client how you can edit configurations files, copy them, run processes, install packages 
-- all the basics sysadmin features used in CFEngine. 
One by one, we've got the theoretical presentations but also a lot of practical hands-on. 
I really believe that the best way to learn what CFEngine is but probably most technical things is to practice to do it yourself with someone experienced seating next to you to help. 
And then the third day is what I call the advanced class, the industrialization course. and we're basically putting together all the building blocks that we learned the first two days so that you make useful solutions. 
To benefit from the course altogether you need a system administration background because when you automate things system administration comes up. 
So you need to know about them before you automate them. 
You don't need to be a super senior hot guy 
-- just if you understand the basics of Linux or Unix system administration how to run services, install packages, edit config files, you'll be fine. 
The third day actually continues on from the second day so anyone following the first two days can follow the third day as well -- no problem. 
People who already have some CFEngine knowledge and wanna come along for the third day, that's fine too. 
-- Goodbye Jonathan ! 
-- Goodbye and thank you very much ! 
Not all the content that is used in a given resource is of the author's own creation. 
Respecting the copyright of those who we borrow and build from is an essential component of the dScribe process, and in strengthening the culture of sharing. 
As you go about assessing the resources, OERca keeps track of the decisions you make in clearing content, and allows you to escalate difficult questions to Open.Michigan team members through recommending an action. 
This video will give a brief explanation for each of the six recommended actions and the six final actions that can be selected. 
After carefully reviewing an object, you will be ready to either recommend an action, or to select a final action for the object. 
Recommend an action when you are uncertain of the exact final action to take. 
An Open.Michigan team member will then review the object and your rational for the action you have recommended. 
The rational provides Open.Michigan with additional context for their assessment of the object and helps them identify where additional training may be helpful. 
After reviewing the object the Open.Michigan team member will send you a message that explains why your recommended action is correct, or an explanation of why a different final action may be more appropriate. 
The six recommended actions are: 
Search Retain: 
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Retain: 
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Search - Select search when your recommendation is to search for openly licensed content to replace the content object you are reviewing. 
(show flickr CC search) 
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Permission if the object is openly licensed, or if your recommendation is to seek permission to use the object. 
(show flickr CC data and Wikimedia stuff) 
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Copyright Analysis when you believe the object requires justification, but should be left in the material. 
Objects that are used under fair use and objects that are determined to have no copyright protection fit into this category. 
Submitting your rationale is required for this recommended action. 
(Show casebook) 
Create - Select create, if it is recommended that openly licensed content be created to replace the content object you are reviewing. 
(Record drawing something in illustrator) 
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An explanation for what the content object was, or where it can be found should be added in its place. 
(show remove and annotated block) 
If you are confident which final action should be selected, feel free to skip the recommending an action step. 
You can do this by selecting a final action and then clicking "close." 
Click "yes" for "Is this content object cleared for publishing" when a final action has been selected, and after any necessary metadata or replacement images have been added. 
In this section we are going to talk about meal planning for diabetes. 
I split the information into two parts because we're going to look at two relatively different approaches. 
In this first 1st part I'm just going to go through some of the basics about healthy meal planning for people that have diabetes. 
Speaking first about the macronutrient mix. 
The mix of carbohydrate, protein and fat, should be adjusted per the individual's preferences. 
And it should be adjusted, based on how they're doing, the blood sugars are looking good, and we're getting the desirable outcomes, if the person wants to lose weight, and that's working. 
There maybe small little changes that might need to be made along the way. 
What's important to know is, that there is no, one size fits all approach. 
For meal planning in diabetes. 
We can't just rip off a pad of paper and say, this is your 2,000 calorie diabetic diet. 
It doesn't work like that. 
And we know that the diet therapy for people that have diabetes has to be highly personalized. 
Like all new plans, if you don't like some components of it you're not going to be likely to stick with it. 
So it is important if you're working with, with people who have diabetes, to find out what sort of foods they like. 
Find out what their end goals and outcomes are and to make a meal plan that really meets their individual needs. 
Carbohydrate is, and will be, and always has been, the most important nutrient of concern for people that have diabetes. 
Monitoring carbohydrate intake, and monitoring that carbohydrate intake's affect on blood sugar, is really the primary tenet of meal planning for people that have diabetes. 
There is all sorts of different ways that you can help regulate or track how much carbohydrate an individual is eating. 
There's tools like carbohydrate counting. 
You can use what are called exchange lists for tracking carbohydrate intake. 
Or people that get pretty good at this might have had diabetes for a while. 
Can start using experience based estimations. becaus e they have a pretty good idea of how much carb is in the food that they're about to eat. 
And what effect that's going to have on their blood sugar. 
Dietary fiber is very important for people who have diabetes. 
Recommendation is that you should aim for somewhere around 14 grams for every 1,000 calories that you eat. 
But if we say your average adult can get by with 2,000 calories per day they would need about 28 grams of fiber a day. 
Half of the grains that you should eat in your diet should be whole grains if at all possible. 
Fiber plays a very important roll in helping to minimize blood sugar spikes from carbohydrate intake. 
As far as sugar and sweetened beverages ago for most people with diabetes there certainly is not a lot of room for these products. 
I've worked with people however who love regular soda or they just love fruit juice and they really want it to be a part of their meal plan, and I can certainly work it in there although the key is that the portion sizes are often smaller then you would normally see for the general population. 
There's not a lot of room to have a 20 oz regular soda. 
But if the person wants 6 or 8 ounces, I can work that amount of carbohydrate into a well-balanced meal plan. 
But the key is to really limit the sugar and sweetened beverages for all people, but particularly for people who have diabetes. 
What does the research say about the relationship between sweetened and sugary beverage intake and diabetes? 
In 2010 a group of researchers performed a meta-analysis of 8 different prospective cohort studies, looking at a total of over 300,000 subjects. 
The people that had a diet that was high in sugar-sweetened beverages were more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. 
The highest versus the lowest quantile of sugar sweetened beverage intake had a 26% greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. 
And what this data is showing you is that the intake of sugared sweetened beverages should be limited in order to reduce the obesity related risk of chronic disease. 
Okay? 
So ther e's nothing magical about the sugary beverages that's going to give you diabetes. 
Diabetes or we know that people who are more drinking sugary sweet beverages are going to on average gain more excess weight and then excess is going to play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. 
Saturated is also of importance for people that have diabetes. 
You might think well saturated fat is something that effects your heart disease risk profile and well that's true. 
We know that there is a very strong correlation. 
Between people who are at risk for diabetes or who have diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. 
So the recommendation for saturated fat is that it be restricted to less than 7% of calories and that works out to about sixteen grams of saturated fat for someone on a two thousand calorie diet. 
To put that into prespective, one ounce of regular cheese has about five grams of saturated fat. 
So you've got to keep your cheese, you meat, your full fat dairy, butter, lard intake as low as possible in order to help reduce heart disease related risks in diabetes. 
Trans fat should also be minimized because of the same potential for increasing heart disease risk factors. 
Trans fat along with saturated fat. 
Brings our bad cholesterol levels up and has the potential to also slightly lower the good cholesterol levels. 
Alcohol is a consideration for people who have diabetes. 
For people that drink alcohol in moderation, it can certainly be worked in as part of a healthy meal plan, but excessive alcohol consumption or alcohol consumption in the absense Absence of the other macro-nutrients can be very problematic and can cause hypoglycemia and even, in some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis in others. 
If you do drink alcohol, it should be done so in moderation and moderation is defined as no more than one drink per day per women and no more than two drinks per day, on average, for men. 
So, what exactly is a drink? 
This picture here is showing you the standard amount of drink. 
Now some of this information might vary from location to location because of the different percentage in content of alcohol in some commonly consumed alcohol beverages. 
But roughly twelve ounces of regular beer. 
5 ounces of table wine or 1 and a half fluid shot of 80 proof liquor. 
And 80 proof liquor is 40% alcohol. 
Proof is twice the alcohol content. 
All of those have about the same amount of alcohol and are considered to be 1 drink. 
It's important to pay attention if you do drink alcohol to what your actual serving sizes are. 
You might sit down to a glass of wine that's 10 ounces. 
That's technically 1 glass to you, but you can see, based on these recommendations that that's 2 different servings of alcohol. 
There are some individuals that think that dietary supplements are going to help improve their blood sugar control more so than exercise, diet and weight loss and medication and really, all of the major international diabetes bodies recommend against Routine supplements. 
Especially with antioxidants. 
There's lack of evidence that these productrs even work. 
And there's also concerns related to the long term safety. 
So you should never be taking high doses of supplements such as Vitamin E, Vitamin C, or things like 
Beta Carotene, in order to treat your diabetes. 
When thinking about the meal plan for people with diabetes, it's important to take into consideration the fact that individuals who have diabetes, in addition to having high blood sugar, are often also prone to having low blood sugar. 
And that's a condition called hypoglycemia. 
Clinical hypoglycemia is blood sugar of less than 70 milligrams per deciliter. 
If you do experience hypoglycemia it's advisable to follow what's called the rule of 15. 
If you test your blood sugar and it's below 70 you want to consume 15 grams of carbohydrates. 
And then wait 15 minutes. 
Test your blood sugar again and if it hasn't gone back up have another 15 grams of carbohydrates. 
It's important not to over compensate if you see your blood sugar's really low and you get really worried and then you eat a hundred grams of carbohydrates your going to have rebound hyperglycemia. 
A 15 gram carb snack is about the equiv, equivalent of a half of cup of juice. 
Results of candies and packets that you can have on hand so in the event of hypoglycemia you can quickly consume those 15 grams. 
Wait 15 minutes, test again. 
And if it's not brought back up, wait another fifteen minutes. 
If you do have hypoglycemia, it's important to test your blood sugar on a regular basis following the period as you're at increased risk of your blood sugar going back down. 
For people who get sick and have diabetes, it's still important that they consume regular intake of carbohydrate. 
They should be checking their blood sugar more than usual with the overall goal of when you're sick, to keep your blood sugar under 200. 
As part of the stress mechanism of being sick, when you're ill there's different hormones that are released that elevate your blood sugar so you're going to be more likely to have high blood sugar even if you're not eating any carbohydrates. 
You should be eating meals, small meals throughout the day. 
Even a very small amount of blood, of carbohydrate in your diet could make your blood sugar react, probably non-traditionally for you. 
So keep a closer eye on your blood sugar than normal. 
You might need more insulin and you're advised not to exercise Vigorously. 
People who have diabetes and become ill are advised to drink plenty of fluids, at least 12 8 ounce cups per day. 
A couple more things about sick day management for diabetes, if you feel that you are dehydrated, and usually you know you're dehydrated if you look at the color of your urine, the closer it is to dark yellow or orange. 
Amber colored urine implies that you're very dehydrated. 
Drink things like water, club soda, diet soda that's caffeine-free or even you can drink salty beverages like tomato juice or chicken broth when you're sick. 
If your blood sugar is low and you're sick, make sure that those drinks that you're drinking include some sugar. 
So drink 100 percent juices or sports drinks. 
It's okay to drink regular soda but you want to stay away from the caffeinated ones or try tea with, With honey for a little bit of carbohydrate, plus your fluids. 
If you are interested in learning more about some basic meal planning tips for people that have diabetes, please check out some of these websites and articles that you see listed here. 

VlKTORlA KOLESNlKOVA: 
One of the myths, I think, concerns the financial side. 
There is a conception, or a perception, I guess, that 
United States education is quite expensive and is not affordable and out of reach for many students. 
So the two-year college system actually helps to dispel that myth by providing outstanding opportunities to cut the cost of the bachelor's degree in half, at least. 
So most two-year community colleges would cost between $5,000 and $7,000 a year. 
And Foothill and De Anza colleges right now are about $5,300 for a whole year of tuition. 
And while you're studying there for two years, you're completing for same courses of major U.S. Universities, particularly those that are on our articulation agreements -- for example, UC Berkeley -- or even private instutitions, 
like University of Southern California and Pepperdine, St. 
Mary's, for example, or Santa Clara. 
And you're not paying their tuition for the first two years. 
So when you transfer, you receive course credit. 
But you've saved the difference on the costs. 
And another interesting characteristic is that there are more scholarships available between second and third year while you can already establish your academic performance. 
You participate in extracurricular activites, which are plentiful at many college campuses. 
You can build up your resume. 
And you already appear as a well-rounded student with significant experience studying in an American insitution. 
And you are then able to receive more partial and sometimes full scholarships. 
It actually provides a wonderful opportunity for a student to get a bachelor's degree, sometimes from a very prestigious university, while not having to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars. 
So that's probably one of the most important myths that I hear. 
PAUL McVElGH: 
It's true that community colleges in the 
United States are both technical and vocational kinds of institutions. 
But the big difference from the typical community college in other countries is that they also have the transfer capacity. 
What I mean by that is that, a student can start here, do the first two years of university education, and then move on for the third and fourth year at the university, attain the bachelor's degree. 
Most community colleges have articulation agreements with these institutions. 
So it's a seamless process. 
And it's the same degree in the end. 
The difference, however, is to the international students' advantage. 
Because you get the associate degree in the first two years, and you have a year of optional practical training available to you. 
You get the second degree, the bachelor's degree, and you have another year of optional practical training. 
So two work permits, you might say, for two whole years in the United States. 
That student, with that language ability and experience with the education, going back to their homeland for work has terrific opportunities that the student that stayed will never have. 
So that's one of many. 
The other, of course, is the value proposition. 
They are much less expensive. 
NOVA is 1/3 the price of the nearest university, which is a very good one. 
And that's probably the least expensive of the universities around. 
So already we're talking about one whole third of the tuition price. 
A community college has smaller classes, teachers that are not preoccupied with research. 
They are engaged with the student, one-on-one most of the time. 
There are supportive student services that help the students adapt to the United States. 
And writing centers and tutors, all which are free here, are what the student can use to kind of help with their studies. 
So you've got student clubs, as well, associations, so forth, that the student can, here, become a better-prepared university student while they're at the community college, all for less expense. 
So that's just part of the picture. 
But I think it's an important part. 
PATRlCIA GORDON: 
We have international student counselors. 
They're available for them throughout their two years or if they're here longer. 
We have a career counselor. 
And we have a transfer counselor. 
And all the faculty, really, are available. 
That's the uniqueness of a community college. 
The classrooms are small. 
The faculty are available. 
Students writing essays to transfer to four-year schools, faculty, staff, counselors are all available to advise them, review their essays. 
It's beautiful from every standpoint if you're a health economist. 
You keep healthcare cost down and you get revenue and wages up. 
Now, some. 
Nasty, bleeding heart liberals say, you're taxing people. 
True but their wages are also going up so their take home pay guess what? 
It's going up. 
You don't collect taxes unless their wages are going up. 
It's a beautiful thing to tax people more. 
It means that earning more, okay? 
This is the law stand point, those of us who are being inclined to the economic way of thinking, this is a beautiful thing. 
So, you're right. 
You take. 
All three existing condition but there is still another problem which is age. 
What do we know about age? 
You guys are healthy, I'm getting sick, right. 
I'm getting older and the older you are the more likely you are to get sick. 
Your body just runs down. 
Things begin to fall apart, you need replacement parts, right? 
So, the [inaudible] was more likely to hit more people except there is protection, alright. 
One protection is. 
In cases each year index with inflation, okay? 
We have a higher threat of level for the entire individuals, 55 and older, high risk professions, [inaudible] objective, firefighter, excellent. 
Unions and high risks so, you know, this is democracy. 
You cater to every special interest. 
You decide this [inaudible] arrangements with all sorts of exceptions and [inaudible] because you want to keep the center. 
Companies with higher health cost stood to age or gender or their work. 
Get exceptions. 
So, we've tried to take into account many of these potential problems. 
And by the way, in the exchange, there's a limit to how much you can [inaudible] because of older people, three to one ratio. 
The, the funny raise a point here. 
Notice this, what's beautiful about that first doc? 
It's inflation adjusted but why is that such a beautiful [inaudible] health care economist like prices. 
It's going up when we know about health care prices. 
They got faster than regular prices, okay? 
Healthcare inflation is two percent or more above underlying inflation in the economy, that's why healthcare gets more and more and more guinea pig, right? 
So, if you keep this rational rising with inflation but healthcare cost are rising faster than inflation, what is that mean? 
More people are in the [inaudible] bracket unless. 
Down evermore. 
This is a way of either capturing more people in there or putting even more downward pressure on the premiums going forward. 
Section 3403 is the famous IPAB. 
For those who actually read the New York Times cover to cover, the IPAB is in the news these days because the Republicans are trying and they actually had a lot of Democrats trying to get rid of the IPAB. 
This is an independent fifteen member payment. 
Board. 
Tax with presenting Congress with the comprehensive of proposal to reduce excess cost growth and improve the quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries. 
So, my former boss, Peter Orsack said, we need a process to make sure that is [inaudible] is going up, we have a process to keep it down regardless to what kind of course it does, there is a full proof method that will get us cost controlled. 
We have an existing thing called the MedPAC. 
The 
Medical Payment Advisory Commission. 
And the problem with that is it makes great recommendations, it got these beautiful nice reports and what does Congress do with them? 
Either grind them up for, you know, landfill or just collect dust. 
That was never implement, well-starting p roposals. 
This is [inaudible] we're just going to take those basically, take those proposals and make that binding [inaudible] in healthcare inflation or Medicare has exceeds some, fixed them up. 
That way, we can be sure that we'll control cost. 
So, basically it's a. 
Of the 
Medpak which advise the Congress. 
Medpak doesn't have the power [inaudible] so 
Peter said, well, let's get basically a Medpak like organizations. 
The power to act even if Congress doesn't act. 
Kind of like the base causing commission so if 
Congress is paralyzed like it does or does it want to actually put in some of these control, we happen go in automatically. 
So members are appointed by the President and subject to send the confirmation. 
This issue with sending confirmation, it's 
lunacy. 
There are like 2500 jobs that. 
Can't even possibly do them. 
See them at project per, oops, per capital growth rate for Medicare spending, so, you're on your way controlling fro the number of people in Medicare. 
If the predicted growth rate exceeds the target, iPad will develop a set of proposal to reduce the Medicare spending. 
The HHS, that's Health and Human Service must implement the proposals unless [inaudible] adopts equally effective alternative. 
So basically, this going to affect unless Congress acts. 
So, no additional legislation needed. 
To make these proposals go in and you have fifteen wise men and women giving you the best ideas. 
So, starting in January twenty-eighth, being the target is GDP per capita plus one%. 
What have we been doing in terms of growth over the last 40 years? 
Gdp plus two. 
This cuts back rate in half, remember that yellow, I think it was the yellow line we had right at the start. 
That was cutting the rate in half. 
So, pretty effective. 
Congress can overrule only if it's pact by both houses. 
With the majority. 
The proposal include any recommendation to rush in health care raise revenues for medicare beneficiary premium, increase medicare beneficiary co-sharing including deductibles, co-shares and co-payments or otherwise restrict benefits to modi fy eligibility. 
So you can't say well, we cannot exclude certain procedures to get this target. 
You basically have to get more efficient care to hit this target. 
And by the way, hospitals are excluded for the first period of time because they supposedly gave a lot of. 
Of cross savings in that adjustment that we described earlier. 
Just recently the [inaudible] committee approved [inaudible] that would eliminate the health force independent payment advisory board. 
The bill could be considered by the full house as early as next week. 
That's why it's in the news so Congress putting in the bill and actually the President insist that into bill because Peter convinced them it was as fail safe for cost control. 
Congress hates the idea. 
Why does Congress. >> Take the idea about re-election. 
Yeah, why is Congress hate the idea of the iPad? 
Of this independent [inaudible] and Advisory Board saying, here are changes and if you don't. >> [inaudible]. >> Congress is giving up power, right? 
Some other boards doing it. 
It's basically a vote of no confidence in Congress. 
You guys can't do the right thing. 
So, we're going to have this independent board. 
Let's say, serious vote of no confidence and a serious use of patient of congressional authority. 
Now, it's. 
Set the ball user patient of congressional authority because the congress voted it. 
By the way, when we were pushing or discussing this, who do you think was most [inaudible] against this provision? 
The congressional staff. 
The staffers on the house ways and means committee really hated this. 
Why did they really hate it? 
[inaudible] in the heat but every time they're going to consider changing the Medicare law or the. 
Right? 
They didn't have power. 
They've got either the device people or the doctors, or the hospitals, or the drug companies, or the patients, everyone [inaudible] arguing why the opposition is right. 
They have a lot of power. 
They just given up the power to some other organization, you know who are they? 
The [inaudible] decision made by someone else. 
They're n obody. 
They really hated this. 
Those staffers, they went berserk. 
But, the President made clear that this had was one of the, absolute [inaudible] parts of the bill. 
I believe it will not be [inaudible] that this not another Republicans blew it. 
How did they blew it? 
Anyone following the news? 
They blew it by their [inaudible] appeal to [inaudible] reform. 
What does that blow it? 
Democrats aren't interested in. 
Now, reforms stand along and they get enough for it. 
So. 
The ambition of project Velocar match one of the great stakes of our time : sustainability of our mobility. 
Before the end of this decade our big, fat and oiled powered cars will inevitably have to be reinvented. 
That's fortunate, we are not alone thinking this way. 
You may have heard of the recent Twizy, a two seated electric micro-car. 
And well before this, the velomobiles with their simple yet clever idea : get rid of you car problem, by replacing it, with you bike ! 
In practice, a Velomobile is an aeroshell that sits on top of a trike to help you brave wind, cold and rain on your everyday rides. 
Today, Vélocar tries to prove we can do better, faster, cheaper by leveraging power of open source collaboration technologies of our time. 
// Velocar v.1 The concept 
Above all, Velocar intends to be usefull on your everyday commuting, with a big trunk that transform in a seat for your passenger. 
Driver's confort isn't outdone with heating, ventilation, music and dashboard integrated in your smartphone. 
You'll be transported with a 0 to 50km/h acceleration in 4s up to 100 km/h top speed, and will be able to tilt in curves up to a 35 degrees slope 
You'll enjoy the fluidity of its automatic and continuous tansmission gearbox and the confort of its pneumatic suspensions. 
In case of emergency, you'll even be able to rely on its double disc brake and its cockpit designed to absorb frontal, lateral and roll over crashes. 
With all of this, Velocar is only consumming 0.10 € of electricity for each of its 100km of autonomy range. 
Of course, every sportperson will be able to travel for free, by using its integrated bicycle drive. // #Open-hardware Vélocar 
Did you know that open source software run the Internet and Android smartphones ? 
So imagine what can do open source hardware for the fabrication of our physical world. 
For instance, discover the open source ecology community and its founder Marcin Jakubowski. 
Their concept ? 
A kit of 50 industrial machines that are open source, and buildable for a fraction of the actual cost with the help of fabrication instructions freely available online. 
Well, Vélocar is precisely one of these 50 machines : the microcar. // The Self-building kit 
Did you know Fablabs will enable us within the next 10 years to reclaim control over the industrial production system ? 
Some fablab already allow to use CNC table like this one, to cut out and put together the wooden panels of this autonomous solar house, design to adapt the hours of sunshine of its area. 
Today, the 1.0 version of Velocar is being developped in the Alsatian Fablab "Technistub", and will be test drived before the end of 2013. 
Follow live our progress on our free documentation plateform www.velocar.cc where you'll discover how to quickly assemble the 3000€ of components and materials requested to build a copy of Vélocar. // Free engineering, in real time 
Velocar it's also a free and opên community of passionate and creative engineers. 
We collaborate and share publicly our entire knowledge and experience. 
To make this happens, we use Rizzoma, the only open source collaboration sofwatre able to organise any information and document in real time. 
If you want to join us, especially if the fields of 
CAD, Mechatronics and mobile developpement are part of you everyday life or simply because Velocar interest you, 
Connect with your Google account, by clicking on the red button right below this video. 
On behalf of the team, take car and we hope to see you soon. 
Once you understand the value attributed to a resource and the game of resource dependence, which is to be autonomous and establish beneficial resource relations with the environment, and especially ones of important resources that you control, what happens is a variety of managerial strategies follow. 
And some of the first managerial strategies echo contingency theory, which was to protect the technical core from the environment via buffering strategies and if you recall, those were things like coding, stockpiling, downsizing, or what some might call removing slack, or the use of advertising which showcases strengths, and so on. 
Now none of these buffering strategies change the core task and technology of a firm. 
They're more concerned with putting standard operating procedures in place to manage the organization's boundary. 
Let's take a look at each strategy one at a time. 
First, firms can form coding, and coding occurs when an organization classifies inputs before inserting them into the technical core, such as preprocessing, right? 
So this kind of preprocessing facilitates proper routing and, if necessary, proper exclusion. 
So in, in schools, for example, they track and stream students often. 
And this classification of inputs of students into homogeneous ability groups helps buffer instruction from uncertainty. 
So when you have students of wide ability, your technology or curriculum, in this case, may be variably received and have uncertain effects but if you kind of pre-process, you can overcome some of that. 
Second, firms can buffer their core task by stockpiling. 
And organizations basically here collect raw materials or products, thereby controlling the rate at which inputs are inserted into the technical core or outputs are released to the environment. 
Now it's easy to imagine what this looks 
like with raw materials of, of wood needed for furniture making. 
But another example of this might be found in universities. 
A good portion of a university's budget is dependent on grants. 
But granting agencies can change the amount of funding they make available. 
And some years faculty fail to secure those funds. 
So you have these cycles of feast and famine. 
And this is partly why universities are increasingly concerned with securing endowments and gift funds. 
Universities with large endowments and gift funds can dip into them during difficult times and maintain the same number of students in their programs. 
Our third strategy entails leveling, or smoothing. 
Now, leveling is an attempt by the organization to, to reduce fluctuations in input or output, just like it is for stock piling. 
But where as stockpiling is a passive response, leveling entails more of an active attempt to reach out into the environment, so as to motivate suppliers of inputs, or to stimulate the man for its outputs. 
So here an example might be, where our university again advertises its strengths, so that enrollments and housing values in the area stay high. 
So by creating demand, they sustain inputs in a recession. 
A fourth maneuver entails forecasting. 
If environmental fluctuations cannot be handled by stockpiling or leveling, organizations may have to anticipate changes and attempt to adapt to them, right? 
So for example, a university may foresee that their school will lack funds in the future, and look to identify alternative funding in private industry or private foundations. 
For example, a Republican candidate may be expected to become president and slash the 
National Science Foundation budget or the National Institute of Health budget. 
And then universities like that have to develop relations with private foundations and industry partners as a means to buffer research and student training from these resource constraints. 
The final buffering strategy involves adjusting scale. 
And here, the firm changes the scale of its technical core in response to information provided by forecasting, or for other reasons. 
A good example of this occurs when firms downsize programs, or when school districts get rid of performing arts and foreign languages, but retain a focus on math and science and core subjects. 
It's a drastic move, but it does not involve changing the nature of the technical core, usually rather, just its size. 
In addition to buffering the technical core from the environment an organization can protect itself via bridging strategies. 
The goal of bridging strategies is to shape dependence relations in, in the environment. 
And one can do this by negotiating with other firms, by selectively exchanging certain resources with them by pooling resources across them or partially absorbing other firms or by performing mergers and totally absorbing another firm. 
These are all increasingly greater efforts at bridging so what I want to do is take each intern and describe them more carefully. 
The most minor bridging efforts, or rather, pre-bridging efforts, arise in negotiation. 
And the least costly means we have at our disposal is to negotiate with other firms and evoke normative coordination. 
And, here, behavior is regulated by common informal expectations that reduce uncertainty. 
In Pfeffer and Salancik's writings they give a nice story of a teacher union relating their demands to a school board. 
And the union gives a list of six demands, the, the first five of which concern the quality of education like smaller class sizes, more preparation time, etcetera. 
But the last one concerns their salary. 
And the school board approves the first five, but not the sixth since they regard that last one to be a private demand, cloaked in socially legitimate trappings. 
So the norm evoked here is one of informal expectations about trust and honesty and the management's job is to note where normative constraints affect dependence relations, noting whether they're beneficial, and if not. 
So then you seek ways to change them via persuasion, and that's kind of what happened here when the school board rejected the teachers' sixth demand. 
Unfortunately normative coordination is pretty weak. 
It doesn't always work. 
And free riding and opportunism can kind of burn an organization. 
You know, you kind of assume the teachers wont strike during the school year, but that doesn't always happen. 
So, that's why additional bridging efforts are typically sought. 
A second pre-bridging tacit, tactic is, is to bargain, and here the manager uses a family of tactics to ward off impending dependence relations. 
Here the firm negotiates and exchanges an attempt to prevent the resource relation from becoming more imbalanced. 
And we saw this type of bargaining occur in the week on coalitions. 
So I'm going to gloss over it quickly here. 
A more serious form of bridging involves exchange or the mutual giving up of autonomy through the exchange of resources. 
And firms can do this in a variety of ways the, the easiest perhaps, is through a contract. 
And there the firm attempts to reduce uncertainty by coordinating their future behavior in the limited specific set of ways. 
They define the rules of inter-organizational contact and exchange. 
So for example, this kind of, of, of contract is, is beneficial if you think about teachers having a routine negotiations, or teacher unions having routine negotiations with school districts so as to avoid strikes. 
Another form of exhange can arise via the creation of interlocking directorates or various forms of co-optation. 
And here members of competing organizations are given a position within the central organization that oversees all of them, so like a board of interlocking directorates, right? 
By being on each other's board of directors, firms trade away some sovereignty in exchange for some mutual support information. 
By giving external members a role in these boards, the organization accomplishes the partial co-optation of an external organization's interest as their own. 
But it also gives up some of its control. 
So a focal organization may become more effective in an environment because they have co-opted external members that might have control over resources that effect its functioning. 
So for example I had a student write up a case on the committee of undergraduate education here at Stanford when it was formed several years back. 
And the committee was trying to reform undergraduate curricula and it encountered a good deal of resistance from the environment and it stakeholder organizations like the student council. 
In response they created a kind of Noah ark model for that, that committee where they had an environmental stakeholders were given kind of representation one from each organization, and this kind of opened up and co-opted their dissent, and opened up there, them to the kind of contributing information but also kind of giving up also some of their dissent. 
Another form of resource exchange can arise in hierarchical contracts, and these are contracts developed to manage dependencies via conditional clauses, evoking hierarchical mechanisms to handle disputes. 
So an example of this is one that, a contract that preserves, that defines the rights of parties in case some problem of contingency arises. 
Like a clause in a subcontract ensuring that if a subcontractor doesn't get, come through on it, a job, that they still get paid. 
And so this is kind of. 
A more involved kind of bridging effort. 
A more extensive means of bridging with other firms can entail the pooling of resources across them. 
One means of accomplishing this is to engage in a joint venture. 
And here, two or more organizations create a new organization in order to pursue a common purpose. 
So, for example, two private schools can pool their resources to create a single daycare that serves teachers and their children across those two schools. 
And this might reduce uncertainty of say, teacher attrition and retention. 
Firms can also enter strategic alliances as a means of pooling resources. 
These are usually agreements between two or more organizations presume, to pursue joint objectives through the coordination of activities or the sharing of resources. 
And a good example of this is between 
Berkeley and Stanford. 
We have a courtesy program where students can take courses at one another's universities, so in a way we share the resource of knowledge in that way. 
Last, firms can join associations and cartels and that's another way of pooling resources. 
In education an example of an association might be the National Association of 
Independent Schools or the American Educational Research Association, and these associations standardize information and become a clearing house for it. 
Cartels on the other hand entail more pooling and loss of autonomy. 
They're also pretty rare. 
Cartels are things like OPEC and they go above and beyond informal norms and have actual means of sanctioning members for not following their decrease. 
The effectivly act is a block of organizations. 
It turns out that, that cartels are illegal in the United States and partly for this kind of monopolistic kind of a joint behavior that pushes out competition. 
Now firms can perform complete pooling of their resources as well. 
And resource dependence theory calls this total absorption, or basically a merger. 
And this can arise in several forms. 
First firms can perform a vertical nurture, and here the fern extends control over exchanges vital to its operations. 
So, a high school might merge with a middle school, or a manufacture-producer would buy out a supplier to get control and a create certainty of supply. 
Firms can also perform horizontal mergers. 
They can perf, accomplish this by taking over their competition. 
And in this way, they reduce uncertainty and increase organizational power in their exchange relationships. 
So the example of this would be when one high school takes over another one, so that it can benefit from economies of scale and pool resources. 
This is actually something that arises in rural areas in the United States, when they pool multiple rural high schools into a township high school. 
Last. 
One can engage in diversification, and this is a method for decreasing dependence by acquiring entirely different types of businesses. 
For example, I once observed a school, actually, that took over a non-profit dedicated to art. 
So, the school became a museum and a high school. 
I also saw a school that expanded into a private daycare, so they can have multiple functions. 
So a firm can merge all its resources in several ways to bring about a greater autonomy and control over resources in the environment. 
So that's a lot of managerial strategies and they move from simple negotiation to exchanges to pooling and partial absorption to complete mergers. 
I think it helps at this point to take a step back and ask what are some general managerial strategies one can take away from the resource dependence approach. 
And I think there's basically two kinds of prescriptions. 
The first general strategy is to avoid resource dependencies on other firms and this can be done by a variety of means I just described. 
By using buffering strategies like stockpiling, engaging in long-term contracts that buffer your output. 
You can also try and change the legal rules and set regulations so as to manage competitive markets around you. 
It also makes sense to diversify and to find substitutable exchanges or backups. 
A second strategy is to break your firm's dependence on other firms, and to possibly create their dependence on you. 
So, here you can use things that are little more awkward and, and devious, like secrecy of information, restrict your information. 
You can even begin an antitrust suit, co-opt the controlling firm, acquire control over the input or controlling organization by, by something like a vertical merger. 
Or you can even set up the rules of regulation. 
So there are a variety of means that, that we've articulated here that you can both avoid dependencies with, as well as break up dependencies that may be debilitating your firm. 
So we now have two general approaches and a variety of particular managerial strategies we can use to work our firms' resource relations in the environment. 
Can we predict certain forms of dependence will arise if some of these strategies are used over others? 
Well, scholars like Richard Scott think we can. 
And he predicts that certain managerial strategies will, will kind of result in certain resource dependence relationships. 
So for example, some firms tend to assume a symbiotic interdependence, and this occurs when two or more kinds of organizations exchange different resources. 
This can give rise to power differences if the resources exchanged are not of equal importance and value. 
An example of this might occur through subcontracting, where money is exchanged for expertise. 
This kind of symbiotic dependence corresponds with normative forms of coordination, contracts and their clauses, the hierarchical contracts as well as joint ventures and vertical mergers. 
Another form of dependence is commensalistic or competitive. 
And this occurs when two or more organizations compete for the resources of the third party. 
And, this is often resolved by differentiation, where one specializes and becomes a supplier so there's kind of a division of labor and interdependence. 
And an example of this might arise when multiple concert, consulting firms compete for the same contracts. 
And they start to differentiate into types of specialists. 
And according to Scott, competitive dependence arises under normative coordination or co-optation in the forming of interlocking boards of directors. 
When you have trade associations, joint ventures, and horizontal mergers when competitors kind of merge. 
The argument is that these kinds of strategies correspond with particular. 
There're kinds of, of resource dependence relations. 
Just like all the theories we've reviewed in the course so far, resource dependaence theory is flawed, it's not perfect. 
It's not a panacea. 
And it has certain shortcomings. 
And I want to discuss a few of those right now. 
First. 
Resource dependence theory has an assumptions built in that all organizations are more or less similar. 
They approach the environment in the same way. 
They acquire resources in an uncertain world. 
Those firms are staffed by boundedly rational managers who are seeking to optimize both their own and their organizations interests. 
But it, you kind of have to ask yourself, is that accurate? 
Do some organizations live outside the issues of resource dependence? 
Are they more about identity and matching? 
It's not clear here. 
Another thing that, to consider, is whether the notion of certainty and uncertainly are relatively clear with resource dependent series. 
Is dependence on social resources and knowledge clear whereas dependence on money and materials are less clear or more clear? 
Resource dependence theory is purely resource exchange based. 
And as soon as there is clarity and value and importance but all too often the value of a resource is unclear until well after the fact. 
So meaning making and sense making are lost by resource dependence theory and we, we kind of ignore all that. 
Also, we kind of wonder with resource theory as to what happened to culture and mission. 
It talks about normative coordination but it doesn't thoroughly describe it and we find far stronger characterizations of that process in theories and, like organizational culture. 
Slide 30. 
Last. 
All of the dependencies are described in pair wise fashion. 
And we have to kind of wonder with resource dependency, what about the larger network. 
Can the larger network pattern define opportunities and constraints. 
Can the network define norms and pressures better than relations of dependence. 
We have to want until next week to see, but it's, it's kind of clear to many of us that perhaps this larger arrangement, the network, the environment as a network might be greatly influencing the kinds of resource dependencies as well as the kinds of meaning. 
Making and sense making that go on between firms in that environment. 
Crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
Crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
Across every ocean 
For the sake of Locomotion 
But I wouldn't have a notion 
How to save my soul 
I walk down the sidewalk 
Run down the boardwalk 
Stop and make small talk 
But I can't say no to you 
I can't say no, I can't say yes 
I can't even write down my own address 
I can't touch Heaven, it's a little too far 
It's the only way to travel 
Got dreaming on a par 
I'm staring through the window 
Wondering where you are 
Moving through the landscape at a million miles an hour 
Across every nation 
From the harbor to the station 
It's a form of inspiration 
It's a power to the state 
They run down the railways 
Sail across the seaways 
Fly through the airways 
But they can't say no to you 
I can't stand up, I can't stand still 
I know you wouldn't like it if I told you how I feel 
I just want to say that it's only common sense 
But the words always fail me at my own expense 
I'm staring out the window 
Wonder where you are 
Moving through the landscape at a million miles an hour 
Across every ocean 
For the sake of Locomotion 
But I wouldn't have a notion 
How to save my soul 
Across every ocean 
For the sake of Locomotion 
But I wouldn't have a notion 
How to save my soul 
I walk down the sidewalk 
Run down the boardwalk 
Stop and make small talk 
But I can't say no to you 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
I'm crossing every ocean for the sake of Locomotion 
These 
leaves are 
long and thin 
They grow on the forest floor. 
The module on responsiveness by saying that the worst thing about going to the doctor is waiting. 
I think I was wrong with that saying. 
I think that the worst thing that can happen to a patient in a care process is to experience a quality problem. 
Experts estimate that there are close to a 100,000 people dying because of medical errors alone. 
I'm in no position to judge this number. 
However, I do know that patients suffer from infections that could be avoided, Medications are given to the wrong patients, and sometimes, surgical devices and instruments are forgotten in the body after a procedure. 
This session is about quality. 
There are two dimensions of quality. 
There is performance quality which measures to what extent the product or services we're providing is meeting customer expectations. 
Then there is conformance quality. 
Conformance quality measures whether the process is carried out the way that we intend it to be carried out. 
Our module focuses on conformance quality. 
When we deal with conformance quality, we will notice that variability, once again, is the root cause for all evil. 
Just think about it. 
Without variability, we would either do everything right every time, and there would never be a defect or we would do things wrong all the time, 
And then chances are, we would get out of business very quickly. 
In this first session, we'll introduce some basic probability tools to think about with what likelihood we're going to make a defect in the process. 
Consider an assembly line that puts together laptop computers. 
The assembly line consists of nine stations, and let's say for sake of argument that each of these stations has a probability of one percent of producing a defect. 
Let me introduce some rotation. 
Let's take this resource here, which is number six in the process. 
We say that the yield of that resource is a percentage of units that this resource produces according to specification. 
In this case, this is simply one minus the probability of our defect, which is 99%. 
Moreover, we define the yield of the process, as a percentage of parts that are produced at the end of the process, according to specification. 
The yield of the process, of course, depends on the individual years and defect probabilities of the resources that make up for the process. 
In our case here, since we have a linear process slow diagram and a computer that comes out at the end has to be produced correctly at every one of the nine steps. 
The year that separates a product of the individually yields. 
In other words, 
It says one minus, or defect probability of one%, raised to the power of nine, which is about 91%., You notice here the power of the exponen, if I take just for the sake of illustration, if I take even the 99% probability of doing something correct and I have many, many steps, Say for the sake of argument, I have 50 steps in the process, my probability of producing something correct at the end of the process, my process yield, is about 60%. 
That's even small defect probabilities in assembly lines or in processes with any operations can accumulate a lot of problems at the end. 
So those are the ideas of yield, process yield, and defect probabilities. 
Not all processes require that every step is carried out according to specification. 
Some processes have built-in redundancy and so they can afford that their step in the process is carried out with a defect and still the overall quality of the output is not affected. 
Let me illustrate this concept of redundancy with the classic case study of the Duke Transplant Center. 
This is the rather sad story of seventeen year old girl Jessica Santillan. 
Jessica died following a heart-lung transplant in the Duke Transplant Center. 
The reason for that was that there was a mismatch between Jessica's blood type and the blood type of the organ donor. 
The story started when Dr. 
Jaggers, who was Jessica's surgeon, received a phone call by the New England 
Organ Bank in the middle of the night. 
The New England Organ Bank offered him the organs for another one of Dr. Jaggers' patient. 
Dr. Jaggers felt that the organs were inappropriate for this as a patient, But in part of the phone call, asked if they could use them for Jessica. 
The New England Organ Bank somehow assumed that if Dr. Jaggers was asking for the organs for 
Jessica, they would match the blood type. 
Vice versa is the work flow at the Duke 
Transplant Center and Dr. Jaggers explicitly assumed that if the New 
England Organ Bank were offering the organ for Jessica, they would check the blood type. 
At the end of the day, nobody checked. 
In the aftermath of Jessica's death, a group experts were put together to assess what went wrong in this process. 
They estimated that about one dozen caregivers had the opportunity to notice a mismatch. 
Typically, a single mistake in this type of process would have been caught. 
If one person forgets to check the blood type, well, there are eleven others who could have noticed. 
But if twelve people, at the same time, all make a defect at once, the outcome is tragic. 
British psychologist, James Reason, has developed a model to explain accidents and disasters. 
This model is referred to as the Swiss cheese model. 
The idea of the Swiss Cheese models is as follows. 
Think about a slice of Swiss Cheese. 
In the slice, we have a couple of holes and we think of a hole as a defect. 
Now, the Swiss Cheese model, which doesn't look at one slice of cheese in isolation, but asks what happens when you stick multiple slices of cheese on top of each other. 
With a certain small, but positive 
likelihood, you can stack up the slices of cheese and all the defects line up and the outcome is tragic. 
This is the idea of redundancy. 
As you add multiple layers of cheese on each other. 
It is less and less likely that you can see though all the slices at once, 
But, again, the outcome probability is still not zero. 
So what's the probability of a defect in a situation like this? 
Now, if we draw this as a process flow diagram, redundant check typically corresponds to a parallel path in the process flow diagram. 
I've illustrated this here with these three paths that are all happening on the way of producing this flow unit. 
Now, the orange boxes here are the redundant test point. 
What's the probability if each of them makes the defect with a one percent likelihood? 
Well, the likelihood of us making a defect at the very end is simply 0.1 raised to the power of three. 
If every one of them catches the defect, the redundancy kicks in and the defect is detected. 
So in order for the defect to happen here, at the end, all three of them have to go wrong. 
We can then define the yield of this process as thirteen. 
Minus 0.01 raised to the power of three. 
So you notice how the process flow diagram, 
A true understanding of what's happening in the process is driving how the individual defect probabilities get aggregated to an overall defect probability into the process here. 
In this session, we have discussed two examples of defects. 
In the assembly line example, we saw a situation in which a defect anywhere in the process would leave to a defective unit of flow at the end. 
In the Swiss Cheese situation, we could afford to have some mistakes in the process, 
But due to redundancy, this would not necessarily lead to a bad unit of output. 
Multiple things have to stack up in a bad way to lead to that fatal outcome. 
We've talked about how you can look at the process flow diagram, and then think about how to aggregate the individual defects, and compute an overall defect probability, and that allows you then to compute the process here. 
When improving processes like the ones we discussed, especially the Swiss Cheese situations, it's important to not just go after bad outcomes. 
Hopefully, these bad outcomes, at the end of the process, are really rare. 
Instead, you want to look at internal process variation. 
This is the idea of near misses. 
It's also an idea we will see in more detail in the session on sig-, sigma. 
The worst resources are those that sometimes work and sometimes they don't. 
If a resource always works and never does any defects, wonderful. 
If it is always broken, and everything the resource touches gets defective, we'll figure that out pretty quickly. 
In this session, we have used simple probability theory to describe the 
likelihood of a resource producing a defect. 
We can then use defects in our understanding of the process flow diagram to describe the percentage of flow units that are produced correctly. 
We refer to that number, as the yield of an operation. 
Now, not every time, a resource does something the wrong way, 
We'll get a yield loss at the end of the process. 
Some defects and internal variation are absorbed by other activities. 
There is redundance oftentimes built into the process, 
However, understanding such deviations in the process, 
Even if they do not lead to fatal consequences at the end of the process, is a very important point of a good quality management program. 
[music] 
[male voice] 
They come one by one, all seeking answers to puzzling questions and ways of coping with the uncertainties and challenges that life can bring. 
Almost universally, they leave with new optimism and new tools to help them deal with the issues of concern. 
They are people with intellectual and developmental disabilities or the parents of children with disabilities and most have felt the frustration and pain of struggling to deal with the system. 
These individuals have come to Partners in Policymaking and their needs and circumstances vary. 
But all have sought ways to find new answers and to bring about change. 
They learn how to make their voices heard to play a role in policy development. 
Wanda Mills has lived with difficult disabilities for much of her life, but persevered and went on to employment with the tax department in the town of Sylva 
When her parents passed on, she moved to her own residence, cooks all her own meals and maintains the household. 
She credits the Partners program with helping her to interact in the community. 
It has changed my life completely. 
I have always wanted to be a public speaker. and that was a crazy idea, but Partners helped me realize that I could be a public speaker. 
That has always been a life dream of mine. 
From my perspective, it is to help parents of children with disabilities to not put their child in a box, but let them be all they can be, however little though that may be. 
That is so important. 
[male voice] 
Wanda is increasingly speaking out on issues of concern to people with disabilities addressing groups in a number of North Carolina communities. 
The Partners program director, 
Deborah Whitfield, an attorney who herself is a graduate of the program in Texas understands the growth process and now keeps the proceedings on track in North Carolina. 
There are some challenges, people who believe, that you know they can't do it because many of them haven't left their own communities. 
Many have never gotten on public transportation. 
Many have not even lived in a hotel room. 
So when you see those individuals who come to this training for the first time, get that experience and soar it is a delight to be a part of that process. 
[male voice] 
The creator of the Partners advocacy program, Dr. Colleen Wieck, of Minnesota, said it was prompted by a specific need and then grew from there. 
The last witness at the 3-hour hearing was a young parent from International Falls, 
Minnesota. 
And, everyone was giving her mixed messages about what to do to testify in front of U.S. Senator Dave Durenberger 
And, after that hearing, two of us got together and we realized, we could teach the skill that was missing. 
And, we could do this in a systematic way, as well as teach best practices about disability services. 
And, as a result, we created this eight weekend program that's designed to teach both- what is best practice in education, assistive technology, living and employment, as well as how to communicate with local, state and federal officials. 
[narrator voice] 
Because the need for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities to advocate for themselves is not limited by boundaries, Partners programs are being conducted in most states in the U.S., and a number of foreign countries. 
The individual needs vary, but there are some common themes. 
The desire for full inclusion often rises to the top. 
I think that the tips and the tools that you learn about advocating for yourself or for others are great. 
You can use them for any disability 
Being a blind person, I come against things all the time as far as what I can and can't do because 
I'm blind. 
They don't know what I can and can't do because they don't want to give you a chance. 
You have to speak up for yourself, so I learned to be more assertive. speak up for myself and sell myself. 
I have to do that. 
[narrator voice] 
While many graduates focus on issues of housing and employment, Doug Hedrick has zeroed in on respect, campaigning for the use of language that sees individuals with disabilities as people. 
The father of a son with autism, Hedrick went before the board of his 
local school district and got action. 
The eight month program gives you a lot of tools in your toolbelt, and I'm just starting to use a few of them. 
Some of the ones that I've used is being able to speak to school boards and facilitating a People First language policy. 
What Partners asked me to do, in the course, was to change or create policies, and I saw an opportunity with my school board in Burke 
County to say, let's use a People First 
language policy let's adopt that. 
And the interesting thing is ... and this is what I've learned in Partners. 
When you explain this to people. people generally do the right thing. 
People want to facilitate change if it's the right thing, and using a People First 
language policy is just a very good thing. 
And they adopted this policy last year, and they're using it today. 
[male narrator] 
Others have joined Hedrick as advocates of people first language a movement that has been supported and pressed by the North Carolina 
Council on Developmental Disabilities 
Together with other Partners graduates, Hedrick has helped push for People First language with webinars, telling supporters how they can carry the message to their own communities. 
They are demonstrating leadership in their communities, as many Partners graduates do. 
Debra Wilson completed the program and later was named a member of the 
North Carolina Council on Developmental Disabilities. 
She came to 
Partners when she was struggling to find ways of opening up workable education pathways for her daughter who has a visual impairment. 
We were having difficulties with our Onslow County school system where we live, and she was having to travel about two hours on a weekly basis just to be able to attend school and having to live somewhere besides her home environment. 
And, someone told me about Partners and asked if I thought I would be interested. 
And I didn't know anything about Partners at the time. 
And what happened was ultimately learning and being able to meet the people that Partners 
[laughs] 
It's almost like they pull them out of a hat but they're absolutely fantastic. 
And those people were able to show us not only knowledge but give us the power, show us power that we actually had, that we could change and make a difference to bring our children either home, in our case, or do what needed to be done so that they could get education. 
In every situation for us, and that's just being parents of our children with a disability. 
[male narrator] 
One young graduate of the program, self-advocate David Chatterton feels that the Partners program has been a great experience, and helped in preparing him for a career. 
I went into Partners because I wanted to meet new people, but also, I just kind of wanted to make a change in my life and to kind of get a strong sense of you know not letting people put you down, and what not. 
It was overwhelming, just because it goes deeper into the whole disability area. 
I love to educate myself. 
I love that others educate me as well. 
So, going into Partners, you meet a lot of people that share a lot of the same visions as you. 
[male narrator] 
David is now looking to the future to continue his education, pursue a career and use his advocacy skills. 
Nurturing leadership and advocacy, and providing the voices of the future for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities is a primary purpose of Partners in Policymaking 
Holly Riddle, the executive director of the 
North Carolina Council, says it is a strong supporter and funder of the program. 
Many boards, commissions, committees, offices are staffed or are joined by Partners in Policymaking graduates. 
When people come to Partners, they are the finest leaders that we get application from and when they come out, they can't be beat. 
It has always been the case that it is from individuals with disabilities and families that innovations come. 
When you're that close to the life of someone or when it is your own life, you think on your feet so many of the ideas that inform the field today at a systems level began in someone's living room in a classroom with an individual, or with a family many of them Partners in Policymaking graduates. 
[male narrator] 
There remains a challenging road ahead for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and the hope for change lies in improving the policies and systems designed to support and encourage these individuals and their families. 
It is people, such as the graduates of the 
Partners in Policymaking program who will bring about that system change. 
And after Partners, became empowered, and knowledge is power. 
And once that happened, the bitterness, the anger- it left. 
And now you learn, you know that people are people, and you learn how to deal with every different person there is in every situation. 
And those situations, they need to be used to help benefit, not only my child and my daughter, but they need to be used to benefit all disabilities, all disabilities. 
And everything that I can do and everything 
I've learned is important so that I keep my anger out of it, that it's not about the people it's about situations that we need to resolve and how we can go about doing those things, and, there again, the more knowledge you have the more power you have, which ultimately can make a change, and that's what it's about. 
[male narrator] 
Partners in Policymaking, a program to educate and to motivate, a program of action a program for the future. 
[music] 
Welcome to the world of money. 
Bread, cash, dosh, dough, 
loot, lucre, moolah, the readies, the wherewithal. 
Call it what you like; money can break us, or it can make us 
In the past year, it's certainly broken more than a few of the biggest names on Wall Street and in the City of London. 
And while former masters of the universe crash and burn, the rest of us are left worrying if our savings would be safer in a mattress than in a bank. 
The great financial crisis that began in the summer of 2007 has most of us utterly baffled. 
How on earth could a little local difficulty with subprime mortgages in the United States unleash an economic tsunami big enough to obliterate some of Wall Street's most illustrious names, to force nationalizations of banks on both sides of the Atlantic, and to bring the entire world economy to the brink of recession, if not downright depression? 
Shouldn't this series be called, "The Descent of Money"? 
Well I want to explain to you just how money rose to play such a terrifyingly dominant role in all our lives. 
What's more, I want to reveal financial history as the essential back story of all history. 
Banks financed the Renaissance, while the bond market decided wars. 
Stock markets built empires. 
And monetary meltdowns made revolutions. 
From Ancient Mesopotamia right down to present-day London, the ascent of money has been an indispensable part of the ascent of man. 
But money's rise has never been a smooth upward ride. 
As we'll see, financial history has been repeatedly interrupted by gut-wrenching crises, of which today's is just the latest. 
From the fluctuating prices of the homes we own to the high-speed industrialization of China, the power of finances everywhere we look and it affects all of our lives. 
But are you in on the secret? 
Do you know what causes a bank run or a monetary meltdown, or a stock market crash? 
Can you tell the difference between a subprime loan and a prime loan? 
Well I think these financial technicalities only really make sense once you know where they came from. 
And that's why financial history is more than merely academic interest. 
Not knowing this stuff can seriously damage your wealth. 
Crisis or no crisis, the amount of money sloshing around planet finance still boggles the mind. 
By one measure, the US stock of money is now $8.7 trillion--up 12% since last year. 
And some people are still pocketing a huge share of that cash. 
Last year, despite the onset of the biggest financial crisis since the Depression, his hedge fund paid George Soros a cool $2.5 billion. 
That's roughly 41 000 times more than the average American family earned. 
As they say on Wall Street, 
"Way to go." 
Now however, imagine a world with no money. 
500 years ago, the most powerful society in South America, the Inca Empire, had no real concept of money. 
The Incas appreciated the aesthetic qualities of rare metals. 
Gold was the sweat of the sun. 
Silver, the tears of the moon. 
Labour was the unit of value in the Inca Empire, just as it was later supposed to be in a Communist society. 
But in 1532, the Incas ran into a man whose hunger for money had led him across an ocean. 
Francisco Pizarro and his fellow conquistadors had come from Spain to what the called 
Upper Peru, inspired by the legend of Eldorado-- the realm of the gold-covered king. 
After defeating the Inca army at the Battle of Cajamarca, their quest began in earnest. 
At Potosi, in what is now Bolivia, the Spaniards struck it rich. 
They discovered the Cerro Rico-- 
literally, the "rich hill". 
Towering nearly 16 000 feet above sea level, it was a money mountain. 
In that 250 years of Spanish rule, more than 2 billion ounces of silver were extracted from mines like this one-- 14 000 feet up in the Andes. 
What the Incas couldn't grasp was why the Europeans had such an insatiable lust for gold and silver. 
They couldn't understand that to 
Pizarro and the Conquistadors, silver was much more than just shiny metal. 
It could be made into money-- a store of value, a unit of account-- portable power. 
I must say, I find this place pretty harrowing. 
Spaniards had a system of forced labour, which meant that every able-bodied male in the native population had to do a stint down in these mines. 
And you can see why 1 in 8 of them didn't survive the ordeal. 
Today, 500 years later, conditions for miners in the Cerro Rico haven't improved much. 
But at least they get paid for the work they do. 
In those days, it was a way of making money but verged on genocide. 
The silver ore was ground up, refined with mercury, and then shipped to Europe as bars and coins. made the Spanish crown rich beyond the dreams of avarice. 
And yet all the silver in the mines of Potosi couldn't help the inexorable economic and political decline of Spain's empire. 
Why was that when Pizarro seemed to have struck it so incredibly rich? 
The answer is that the Spaniards had dug up so much silver to finance their wars of conquest that the metal itself suffered an extraordinary decline in value. 
More silver coins didn't make Spain richer. 
They simply made prices higher as an increased quantity of money chased the same amount of goods. 
What the Spaniards didn't get was that money is only worth what other people will give in exchange for it. 
And whether money takes the form of silver coins, sea shells, bars of gold, or bank notes, that's been true from Ancient times right down to the present day. 
Even lumps of clay can work better than silver coins if people have enough confidence in them. 
In Ancient Mesopotamia, nearly 4 000 years ago, people used clay tablets, like these ones, to commit themselves to particular financial transactions. 
For example, this one, found a little southwest of Baghdad, specifies that a debtor will repay a lender 330 measures of grain on the harvest day. 
But this one's even more fascinating because what it says is that a debt of 4 measures of barley should be repaid to the bearer of the clay tablet. 
And it's that idea of repayment to the bearer that really fascinates me. 
If the phrase sounds familiar, then it should. 
Just take a look at the 20 pound note. 
Bank notes have next to no intrinsic worth. 
They're simply promises to pay just like the clay tablets of Ancient Babylon, 4 millennia ago. 
On the back of the 10 dollar bill, it says "In God We Trust". 
But it's not really God you're trusting in. 
By swapping your goods or your labour for a fistful of these things, you're trusting the U.S. Treasury Secretary not to repeat Spain's mistake and produce so many of the damn things that by the time you come to spend them, they're worth even less than the paper they're printed on. 
Today, we're quite happy with paper money. 
Even more amazingly, we're happy with money we can't even see. 
Millions of dollars pass through this woman's hands every day. 
Or rather, across her computer screen. 
She's a foreign exchange dealer, whose business is literally buying and selling money. 
Each day, around $3 trillion changes hands in transaction like these around the world. 
And it's all built on trust. 
It has to be when you can't even touch the stuff. 
That's what the Conquistadors got wrong. 
They failed to see that money is about trust, even faith; trust in the person paying you the money; trust in the central bank issuing the money; trust in commercial bank that honours the cheque. 
Money isn't metal. 
It's trust inscribed. 
And it doesn't much matter what it's inscribed on-- paper, silver, clay, or a screen-- provided the recipient believes in it. 
There was one huge possibility created by the emergence of money as a system of mutual trust. 
A possibility that would revolutionize world history. 
It was the idea that you could rely on people to borrow money from you and pay it back at some future date. 
That's why the root of credit is "credo" 
...then, a man who says he has absolutely no sexual desire at all is taking you inside the world of asexuals. 
And the ladies are digging into some soulful dishes and finding out the secrets of southern revival cooking. 
All that and the hot topics you want to hear coming up on The View. 
[music playing, audience applauds ] 
Hello, everyone and welcome to The View. 
Well, it may seem like sex is everywhere these days, but it's not on the mind of David Jay. 
He says he has absolutely no sexual desire whatsoever. 
He's here to tell us about living as an asexal and why there are a lot more people like him than you think. 
Please welcome the founder of asexuality.org, 
David Jay. 
David: 
Thank you. 
Elisabeth: 
We're gonna be, 
I just want to let parents know at home, we're gonna be talking about some mature material here. 
So, if there are kids in the room, you may want to have them go somewhere else for a little bit. 
Um, we're going to give you a second to do that. 
Star: 
She's the mother, she made sure of that. 
[laughter] 
Elisabeth: 
Exactly. 
Elisabeth: 
Um, you actually define yourself as an asexual. 
You have an organization. 
You're pretty much the spokesperson for asexuality. 
You have this organization with, what? 
6,000 members? 
David: 
Over 6,000. 
Elisabeth: 
Over 6,000? 
So, there are plenty of people, um, experiencing this as well, like you do 
So, can you just explain for everybody exactly what being an asexual actually means and how it is to live that way? 
David: 
An asexual person is someone who doesn't experience sexual attraction. 
David: 
So, the way that, you know, most sexual people walking down the street and you see someone or you're in a relationship with someone at some point, you feel like introducing sexuality into that. 
That just never happens to asexual people. 
Joy: 
And is it a problem? 
David: 
No, it's not a problem. 
Joy: 
So, then, why do you need to organize? 
[laughter] 
David: 
There's a lot of things that are not a problem that you can organize around. 
We need to organize, well, partially, because it's not getting talked about. 
Because, um- 
Star: 
If you're not talking about sex, what's there to talk about? 
[laughter] 
Joy: 
Thank you! 
[laughter] 
Star: 
I mean, I don't understand. 
[laughter] 
David: 
You guys, we live in this world where sexuality is kind of the center of everything. 
At the center of how we think about relationships. 
At the center of how we think about pleasures. 
The center of how we think about a lot of aspects of our lives. 
And so asexual people are, you know, when I was in high school and middle school, 
I had no idea how to think about relationships, 
I didn't know what was going on with me. 
No one was talking about the fact that- 
Star: 
So, you're a young man and you're an asexual and you don't have the same sexual feelings, you feel lost. 
Like you're odd man out because nobody's telling you why you're not having the feelings that everyone else is talking about. 
David: 
No one's telling you that it's okay. 
And no one's giving kind of a space and words you can use to talk about it. 
Chandra: 
You said middle school. 
Is that how young you were when you found out? 
David: 
Yeah, I was 13, 14 when I realized that, I mean, pretty much what all my friends started being sexual, I was just kind of like, "All right 
I know, have no way to figure out what's going on" [laughter] 
I had no context to understand it. 
And so I kind of figured out for myself. 
Well, I'm not experiencing these things. 
I must be asexual. 
Joy: 
Well, maybe it's repressed sexuality. 
Rather than, you know, that you're just like a normal guy walking around. 
Maybe it's repressed because you don't want to face what the sexuality might look like. 
Could that be? 
Lie down. 
[laughter] 
David: 
I wouldn't [laughter]...thank you, thank you. 
Joy: 
Just lie down. 
Joy: 
That'll be $100. 
Dr. Joy. 
Star: 
I was trying to figure out were you going to analyze him or teach him. 
[laughter] 
Star: 
I didn't know which one. 
[laughter] 
David: 
It's funny you would say that because [laughter] 
I feel like, I mean in some ways my life would be so much easier if I were just interested in sex. 
There's a whole...I mean, there's some things that I don't have to worry about. 
But there's all kinds of other stuff that I do worry about 
I mean I can always exchange one big set of worries for another big set of worries. 
Elisabeth: 
What about when you're dating? 
Like if you're dating someone and you've had romantic relationships in the past is this something you come out and tell them right away? 
Do you only date other people who are asexual? 
And if the person you're with is sexual, how do you match up? 
David: 
I date people who are sexual. 
I pretty much have dated people who are sexual. 
Elisabeth: 
You tell them right away? 
David: 
Yeah, and I tell them. 
They find out right away. 
I mean it's...I'm pretty out. 
Chandra: 
So, do they ask you then? 
I'll make it clear. 
It's before we start dating. 
They'll know that I'm an asexual person. 
And I'll make it clear when we're, you know, when we're still in the friend stage. 
Elisabeth: 
Do they see it as a challenge? 
Do they think, "Well, I'm gonna get him to be sexual." ? 
[laughter] 
David: 
A couple people have, but it hasn't worked out. 
Star: 
So, do you not have sex? 
I mean, do asexual people not have sex at all? 
No sexual contact? 
David: 
There's a couple of aexual people who, kind of as a compromise because they're in a relationship with sexual people. 
It's not like a code. 
It's not like we kick you out or something. 
Joy: 
Well, let me ask you something. 
[laughter] 
Do you ever have sex with yourself? 
[laughter] 
David: 
It's a valid question. 
[laughter] 
Perfectly, perfectly, valid question. 
[applause] 
Joy: 
You may not be attracted to anyone else but that doesn't mean you're not attracted to yourself. 
[laughter] 
David: 
Okay, [laughter] there are some asexual people who will masturbate. 
But I know that's like very, very difficult. 
Joy: asexual 
David: 
It seems counterintuitive, but yeah, thank you for saying that. 
Think about it: you can like having sex with a man and not like having sex with a woman 
You can like having sex with yourself and not like having sex with a partner. 
Joy: 
Yeah. 
Star: 
Wait. 
Now, you're describing something that's- 
Joy: 
You didn't answer the question. 
Do you like to have sex with yourself? 
David: 
Oh, me, personally? 
Joy: 
Yes. 
David: 
I've tried it. 
I mean it was all right. 
Joy: 
It's not all that? 
[laughter] 
David: 
Yeah. 
[laughter] 
Joy. 
It's not all that. 
[laughter] 
Joy: 
Because if you were having sex with yourself, one more question: that would mean that you have sexual feelings. 
See? 
I'm trying to get to the bottom of this. 
David: 
Well, the thing is...okay. 
The important thing is, at least as far as thinking about my life- 
If you are going to have a sexual relationship with someone, 
Joy: 
Yeah. 
David: 
That's a lot of energy you have to spend into thinking about that 
like thinking about that relationship. 
Joy: 
So, what are you just lazt or what? 
[laughter] 
David: 
Well, I still form relationships. 
Asexual people have the same emotional needs as everyone else. 
So, I still have to think about forming relationships. 
I just don't have to think about forming relationships sexually. 
I have to think about how am I going to start a relationship without something else? 
How am I going to form intimacy in a way that isn't based on sexuality? 
Star: 
Help me with this. 
Because what you seem to be describing is more of a choice. 
Than an orientation. 
Intially, I thought you were describing an orientation. 
David: 
No, I am describing an orientation. 
Star: 
But, you said some people choose to have sex this way some people choose not to have sex that way some people compromise. 
So, is it an orientation or is it a choice to be asexual? 
David: 
How you feel internally is an orientation. 
Star: 
Okay. 
David: 
What you do - so, an asexual person who does not feel desire to have sex. can choose to have sex if they're in a situation. 
Star: 
So that's more in your socializing? 
David: 
There is no desire. 
Star: 
Gotcha 
Joy: 
But how does that work? 
[laughter] 
Joy: 
I can see for a woman. 
You know, she can just lie there. 
But you, you have to do something. 
[laughter] 
David: 
There are gay guys who have sex with women before they realize they're gay. 
It's the same. 
Joy: 
Gay men who have sex with women, yes. 
But they're fantasizing about a man. 
Star: 
You're right. 
Chandra: 
And then you said that married couples and that, you know, they can make a choice to have sex 
Just basically, you know, so how do they make their marriage work? 
You're just trying to take the concentration off of the sex end. 
You're like where is the relationship? 
Where is our, where is the rest of our intimacy? 
David: 
Yeah. 
The point is love and sex are different things. 
Chandra: 
Correct. 
David: 
And for a lot of people, they are very lined up and when they think about their relationships, sex is kind of really at the center of where it is. 
But if you set up a relationship and from the get go, 
I mean, everyone has really close friendships, right? 
Star: 
Yes. 
David: 
Which are different, but you can form a really close relationship where sex isn't at the center of it. 
And so it's...it's abstract, but it's thinking about how do you form a relationship that's closer, that's more committed than, you know, can be the basis for a family? 
Joy: 
But what about kissing and cuddling with a girl and having a little of that stuff? 
David: 
Oh, I personally like that. 
Joy: 
Oh, you do like that? 
So, what if the girl gets aroused? 
What are you going to do? 
[laughter] 
David: 
I mean, she's going to know from the get go. 
Joy: 
She might change her mind once you embrace her. 
[laughter] 
Elisabeth: 
Then he's in a bit of a pickle, isn't he? 
Joy: 
Let's leave his pickly out of this. 
[laughter] 
David: 
I've been fortunate enough that the people I've been in relationships with have been respectful and also we talk about it, we communicate if you openly communicate about what's going on then it gives a space to work it out. 
That's what's important. 
Elisabeth: 
Thank you for being as candid as you have been today. 
I know a lot of people feel the same way you feel. 
All right, thanks to David Jay. 
If you want to learn more about asexuality, 
David will be seen in an upcoming segment on 20/20. 
We'll be right back. 
Well, when we took that break, Brian, you mentioned that you had some special guests once, that you met the... 
We were with the 130 at the time 
We were supporting the Antarctic ... and the astronauts, the navy was the recover for them, like the mercury astronauts, primarily. 
But the Air Force, we train crews and we were all over the world, and I ended up ... in which I'd been to a couple of times. 
We covered between South America and Africa and then we had them in Singapore, we had them in... 
I'd been to Greenland a couple times and I didn't want to go to Antarctica. 
I had a choice of either going with the astronaut recovery or that, so I volunteered, and we... 
There was another guy, too, who did most of... 
And then, at the last minute, we'd bring in the guys that would take the other airplanes. 
So I was down to... in Florida for probably a month. 
And we take the 
Air Force paramedics out. 
We take a dummy capsule a couple hundred miles out. 
We'd go find it and dress these guys - put their scuba gear and stuff on them - and they'd jump out and then I'd sit in the tailgate of the back of the truck of the one-thirty. 
With the flotation collar that went around it. 
Too small, little one man or two man rafts 
There'd be tools, and a medical kit, and food and stuff. 
Because, if they were down at the South Atlantic, it'd take a while for somebody to get to them. 
And so we'd throw that out 150 ft above the deck and you try to wrap it around 
like, here's the capsule, and the wind is - 
They'd put two small ones, the capsule, and then the other two. 
And they're tied together, so they'd wrap right around. 
And then then you'd drop your paramedics, and those guys were good. 
They were experts in nine fields. 
They're paramedics, mechanics, parachute guys, anything. 
Great bunch. 
So we did this for a while and really got it down. 
They'd mark spots like you do in the side window and they guided you in. 
I'd be on hot mike in the back, and they'd be looking out seeing the thing. 
The capsule, and the logger? 
Yep. 
They'd see the capsule and the logger because they'd nod their head one way and you'd go one degree 
left, two degrees right. 
And then they'd jump, just like that. 
And it didn't make any difference what the wind was doing. 
One night, them seas had to have been ten feet high and blowing the top right off them. 
Middle of the night. 
And we went up to 20,000 feet so a couple million candle [?] out the back end. 
Flares. 
And then we'd go back down. 
But then the astronauts show up and so we flew to Houston twice for a weekend two different times out in Houston. 
And we went out there because they had different equipment. 
And they also wanted to see who was going to pick them up. 
If they got in trouble... 
So they get on the plane, and it's funny because all I had was a stack of wood pallets with a piece of plywood on it and the flight [?] around a couple power cords so they could have - they call it [?] - search and 
locator ... anyway, they were just improving on this to find the capsule. 
That was back in the early 60s, you know, sort of primitive. 
So, they're on the plane, and I never gave it a thought. 
You meet them, and you're working with them and they go out and fly with us and they'd see what I was doing in the cabin and they were offering advice on what it was like and the scuba guys and the whole bunch, we all worked together. 
So, the search and rescue team...? 
No, this was the astronauts. 
Oh, the astronauts themselves - 
Yes. 
They were in with us. 
We'd fly out to Houston... 
The astronauts fly... 
We just spent like a week, 4 or 5 days or whatever it would be at the time. 
And we'd go out and then we'd make changes. 
And back in, and back out. 
There were always 4 or 5 of them or 3 or 4 of them on the plane with us, just... 
And there was that original 8 or 10 astronauts. 
Do you recall any of their names? 
No. 
We were on missions, you know. 
Because that's who the ones were. 
So that was - 
I wish we had gotten autographs or something, but then again, you do stuff like this, and it's your job. 
Never gave it a thought that it was anything other than a job. 
They were flying on the plane with you, to help you get acquainted with how to rescue them? 
Yeah, just to see. 
And it was probably to reassure them too, you know, because 
like I said, the Navy primarily was in the Pacific and then they had another alternate route over there north of the Canaries. 
Like between the Canaries and [?] 
Someplace in that area. 
If I remember right. 
But anyplace in the world, we had a 
C-130 that could reach them within 4 hours. 
Any place. 
And our plane was over by Singapore, Hong Kong. 
But we had one in Chile. 
And, I don't know, we probably had one wherever the... 
For a while, we were real high alert. 
We sat there in the airplanes with the... 
With two of everything ready to go. 
And we put an extra 26,000 pounds of fuel onboard so we can carry like 90,000 pounds of fuel, so we can fly for a day and a half. 
Because if you found them, and you dropped the... you'd stay on station to... but it was all contingency and fortunately we never had to use it. 
They'd always come down, the Navy picked them up. 
It was great. 
So, what you were doing - you'd, in the event they couldn't be picked up because of rough seas or something, you would - ? 
No, we were there say they come down off the coast of Argentina 
Okay someplace that they just circled the orbit or whatever and it might have happened, you know. 
So, all these orbits, you can see on the maps where they circle over Russia or over China. 
And like I said, our planes there, they didn't even hesitate, they just come right out... the capsule comes down in your territory, there'll be a C-130 within a couple hours right there and you don't touch it, you don't do anything, and you definitely don't touch the airplane coming in. 
And then if they can land, of course they would. 
Otherwise, the paramedics would jump out and do their thing. 
Wouldn't need the flotation stuff but that was just a contingency because it was so primitive. 
You've seen the capsules, you know. 
If something malfunctioned, or functioned too good then they'd push those little jet streams on there and they either could go 2,000 miles one way or the other. 
So, like I said, it was a job. 
And I don't know which ones I've met. 
My flight orders don't show that. 
It just shows, you know... 
And it was partly to reassure them that you'd be there and the contingency that's why the astronauts flew with you 
Well, yeah, that, and just for their ideas. 
Yes. 
We were cargo haulers and we dropped thousands of parachute troopers. 
We dropped 80 at a time, 4 or 5 times a day. 
You'd drop a couple 300 or 400 a day sometimes. 
So we knew how to air drop and different ways of doing it. 
Low level, you know. 
So that wasn't the deal. 
The deal was you have to put these paramedics out at the capsule in the middle of the ocean and it didn't make any difference if - the army won't drop if it's over ten or twelve miles an hour wind. 
We put these guys out in gale winds. 
These Air Force guys. 
We can't pick a nice day - if it's windy we can't say, "No, leave them float down there for a couple days." 
So, they really practiced. 
And they were good. 
I was impressed with them. 
The paramedics? 
Yeah. 
The Air Force. 
They were before the Green Berets or before any special forces. 
The Air Force had them in the 50s. 
One other short one. 
When I left Yemen when we flew back - we left Saudia Arabia or Beirut - and we flew back to the States so that was maybe 30 hours of flying time. 
30, 35 hours from Beirut back to Zl. 
So they'd have a volunteer crew out over Christmas and single guys would always sign so that married guys could be home with the wives and kids. 
So I signed up for it. 
It was like the 5th of May, and... went up to Pakistan up to Peshawar, where Gary Power, you know, the guy got shot down. 
The U-2 pilot. 
Yeah. 
Anyway, that was around that I happened to get on. 
Not a very particularly good run, because you're in 
Turkey and Pakistan... 
So, I couldn't even fly because I needed like 70 hours. 
You could only fly 120 a month or 330 in three months. 
So I was pushing my 120 hours flying time with getting back to the States... and then with this thing for a round trip. 
So we get over there and spend the night there in civilian clothes. 
Normally we can stay in a pretty decent hotel but because it was Christmas Eve, they had us stay in the Embassy Compound because the Marine guards and everything like this just because there wasn't really any hostility with - animosity with - You weren't an American walking around on a Christian holiday, you know. 
So we run up to Peshawar the next day 
Christmas Day. 
And had a load of stuff. 
Food, and, you know vegetables, perishables, whatever. 
Unloaded and they said, "Hey, we've got a trailer over here." It was like a 32 foot semi trailer and 
"Can you haul that?" 
I said, "I don't know. 
Why?" 
And they said, "It's really important. 
You gotta get it out of here." 
So they talk to the pilot and aircraft commander and he came over and he said, "Brian what do you think?" 
Or, BJ, they called me. 
"Can you haul that thing?" 
I was looking at it and there was a master sergeant there and stuff and said, "What is it?" 
He said, "I can't tell you what's in it. 
But it has to be out of here, because they've having trouble..." 
That's that real hard area in Pakistan right now. 
All the troubles and everything. 
There were troubles back then. 
So, there was an old 
CG marked out with the circle and an X in it for 
Center of Gravity. 
So, I said, "Well, is that accurate?" 
He said, "Well, I don't know." 
I said, "Hey, listen, if you want me to haul it, I have to know pretty close because... the plane is big and touchy on this, you know." 
He said, "There's probably weight on both ends." 
I said, "What's it weigh?" 
There was like 20-22,000 pounds on it. 
He said, "We probably added a couple 3,000." 
I said, "Okay, I don't care what's in it. 
You can have sugar in it. 
I don't care what's in it. 
But I do have to know if it can hold it." 
So he says that, so I said I can fly it - I can haul it. 
We had a load of stuff. 
We ran that stuff back down to 
Karachi and then they'd ship it out there in boats and stuff like that. 
Flew back up to 
Peshawar and they've got rotor conveyors from the mess hall - little dinky ones. 
And they have big heavy duty ones and they're making these guys - the cooks, because they don't have a load crew there. 
It was just a spook base. 
They have the U-2s and the 
RB57's and stuff like that there. 
All spy stuff. 
So we loaded it all up and I got it ready [?] comes out and hands me a can of beer and he already knew because we joked about this before. 
He put a can of beer under the front crew door and when I just barely touched the top, the plane was perfectly balanced. 
Not [?] but you can fake it. 
Anyway, I did that and then I had him jump up and down the back. 
All these guys, to get it to rock a little - see how it stabilizes, you know. 
But what I didn't realize was the wheels - they put the wheels on the ramp that slopes up in the back of the plane. 
So anyway, I chained it down. 
You could really chain stuff. 
He's back out there and I'm ... 
They're tying it down and everything. 
So he says, "Well, what do you think?" 
I said, "I'll sit in front of it." 
He said, "If you sit in front of it, I'll fly it." I said okay. 
So we take off and it was just a little bit tail heavy. 
Not bad. 
So we got down to Karachi and I just moved it forward about two inches. 
That's all it took. 
Swinging on into Germany. 
Same damn thing again. 
We pulled in there and we just backed a 40-foot flatbed up to the back end they dropped the ramp out and put a wench on it so we pulled the tires and they skidded this thing off. 
There's another one of these E8s from Washington. 
Wants to know where my manifest is. 
I didn't have one. 
How do you know this is it? 
He's looking at this big trailer. 
He knows it's not a ... 
So in the end I didn't get written up again. 
Another letter from whoever it was that charges these spy planes crew get another letter from them thanking us for the job done. 
And then I get promoted. 
The average staff sergeant made it in somewhere between 7 and 9 years and I made it a little over 3. 
And every time I got in trouble, I got promoted. 
Because, we did stuff. 
It was a special request mission and you broke the regulations but helped out... 
Yeah, well, we had to do it. 
Because it was our job. 
Our line pilots. 
We didn't have any trouble with our 
line pilots. 
These guys are up to 30, 32 years old. 
You get in to maybe a colonel or something, he's 
looking at the back a little bit. 
The other guy - you wanted to load up didn't care what you were loading. 
Now load it, they'd fly it. 
That was it. 
Now, did you ever speculate on what was in that trailer? 
No. 
Just electronic gear, I'm sure. 
Because they were still flying the U-2s. 
He'd been shot down already but they were still flying 
U-2s and the RB-57s. 
There was a B-57 they converted to - Now you see these big 747 jet engines. 
At the time - a 707 engine was yay big. 
They had those engines that were bigger than that window on the U-2 and on these RB-57s - reconnaissance. 
That they had converted to fly reconnaissance missions. 
And an RB-57 will do almost as high as a U-2. 
They'd take off from there and they'd have to fly 
South from Pakistan. 
To get up to 70,000 feet or so, and then turn over to Russia, and land over in Sweden, you know, taking pictures on the way. 
But that was some of the stuff. 
There's a lot of routine stuff, a lot of fun. 
Different countries. 
50-something countries I got into. 
You can see just, some of them listed and... 
Bangkok, Tokyo, got all that stuff over there in Vietnam 
Different things. 
Fun. 
I almost stayed in but there were some conflicts and I didn't... 
Conflicts with - ? 
At home here, little things were going on. 
If I had stayed in, at Staff Sergeant, I had orders direct from headquarters from Air Force by name. 
They were going to ship the first squad of 130s over to Vietnam. 
And I was the instructor. 
And there was another guy who just - he had probably 5 or 6 years, he was just a little more than me, and he would have been the NCOlC in charge, and I would have been in charge of instructing and creating the instructions. 
As soon as I put my foot there, the job called for 
Master Sergeants, both jobs. 
And the Air Force can fill them with one rank less, if they didn't have a Master 
Sergeant. 
So they guaranteed me Tech Sergeant, so I would have been in the Air Force four and a half years, and would have been Tech 
Sergeant. 
And, hell, this guy was retired with that. 
But, maybe I wouldn't have come out of Vietnam either. 
But that wasn't the reason I got out. 
Different things were going on at the time. 
So about what year did you get out? 
The end of '64. 
The end of August. 
I was just in for four years. 
Two thousand hours flying time and another... other airplanes too. 
When you got out, where did you come to? 
I went to Grand Rapids and stayed with one of my sisters. 
I tried a little college. 
Picked up a job. 
Which was dumb. 
I was making about five hundred with my flight pay in the Air Force... 
Took a job for a hundred a week when I got out. 
I would... 
I'd go there for seven years and... 
Driving truck where now? 
Oh, just a laundry truck all over Western Michigan. 
We had all the Kroger stores and all the Spartan stores under contract, with aprons and towels, and... 
With Richie Gillespie? 
No, with Richie O'Donnell. 
One of the drivers got hurt, and he knew I was looking for better pay. 
And I'd always bonded with him and I went there 
I drove there for 7 years. 
I got there, there were 32 drivers, and when they got laid off they were down to - I think it was either 9 or 11. 
Synthetic stuff. 
Synthetic smocks, table covers 
Restaurants quit using cloth napkins and cloth table covers, and the fancy banquet covers, and that was our main business. 
The guys retired, and they'd just never fill them in and never did, and never did. 
So, 7 years later, I was... 
I went to... a year and a half and got a big layoff there. 
'75, I think it was. 
What were you doing for Steel Case? 
I just worked the shipping department 
I was in shipping - file shipping. 
And when I left there - I was laid off from there, and of course, Steel Case always called back, back then, back in the 70s 
I couldn't get a job. 
I was working 3 jobs, $2.50 an hour. 
Bartending on weekends for the Amvets. 
Because they wanted a guy there Friday and Saturday. 
Mowing grass for another guy for $2.50 an hour. 
And then I was working for Larry McDonough janitor work at the school. 
He was the treasurer in charge of the ... there. 
Where was his - ? 
Grand Rapids. 
So I was picking up a little money there. 
And when I got done with the school at 7 or 8 o'clock at night I was painting apartment buildings until midnight and then back up again the next morning to go at it again. 
You couldn't get a job. 
I was making $5.50 an hour at 
Steel Case. 
Nobody's going to hire you. 
Because two weeks from now, Steel Case calls you back. 
So the only place I get a job was to go to Spartan 
Warehouse. 
They paid a little more and I also had the 7 years teamster. 
So then I just put my ... in his apartment and retired and came here. 
Built this shack and that was it. 
This house is out of styrofoam by the way. 
At Spartan, that's they way they built - Everything was out of styrofoam. 
So, Steel Case, did they call you back, then? 
Yeah, but I was already in Spartan. 
And how long did you work for Spartan? 
Oh, 24 years. 
I lost some time getting a hip replaced so I had to work a little bit longer 
So you were off, away from Beaver Island, for a total of? 
35 years, maybe. 
And what brought you back here? 
Oh, hell, I never left. 
Never left. 
All our vacations were up there. 
The kids never got out of Michigan until after - I don't know when they got old enough. 
I guess when they got married. 
My daughter went to Alaska and my son went to 
Oh, he's in Grand Rapids. 
He's got a good job. 
He worked a couple different jobs but he's working with ACI now. 
On ComCast - the place in the 
He's got about a dozen guys that work for him. 
He trucks them all around. 
My daughter, she's an airplane mechanic. 
Civilian mechanic for the National Guard in 
North Carolina. 
But she had to join the Guard to do it. 
And she picked up her pilot's license in high school. 
Her AMV license at Western. 
And went to Alaska and worked on float planes. 
DC6s. 
First year there, she got laid off 
She was the head mechanic of the car wash. 
Next year, when she got laid off she went and flew in the - worked mechanic for these 
DC6s at Air Alaska or something like that. 
The guy got a 4-engine piston plane. 
He flies down to Kodiak and around there. 
She blew it there, in a way 
I think, because she's a mechanic so she's working as a mechanic and he found out - of course, it's a small outfit, just a dozen planes. 
He found out that she had a pilot's license but also the engineer thing. 
So there was a panel that - she was an engineer not a flight mechanic. 
Flight mechanic was on the 130. 
I could fly - any crew member could fly - flight mechanic get drunk or something like that, I could handle it because all you did was flip a couple fuel switches and some tea handles. 
If you had a fire, you'd just pull the handle. 
So that was 
But, if something happened on the ground, well 
"he's a mechanic," you know. 
But as far as the flying part of it... 
Anyway, she flew the panel for him and he said, "You've got a pilot's license. 
Why don't you jump in the right seat." So he put her in the right seat of a couple trips. 
And you handle the gear, you handle radio communications, do some switching. 
Co-pilot. 
He said, "Hey, Kathy, you stick with me, you'll have your 4-engine commercial in a year." 
But this... she's married to - they took the motorcycles and shipped them to Anchorage - from Anchorage down to Seattle. 
Rode down through California with him and over through Vegas. 
Ran into a sleet storm in northern Arizona and I told her when she got to Seattle, 
"Put your bikes in there." 
"Oh, no, Dad, this will be nice." ... what the hell, young, you know. 
But when they run into bad weather they rented a van and put their bikes in there and drove it to North 
Carolina. 
For some reason or other, he wanted to go there. 
So she did good - she worked at IBM for a little while and then she got this job and she wanted the mechanic but now she's got her instrument rating. 
She's got her 
IA. 
She can sign off any airplane made. 
Or grounded. 
And right now she's picking up her commercial license. 
She's flying a brand new diamond. 
About $280,000 airplane, getting her instrument readings. 
Got the new flatscreens, instrument type stuff. 
It was funny, she called here last year. 
She had to run in the middle of the night and - instrument time. 
She went over to Myrtle Beach and over to South Carolina. 
But she was coming to Columbia the controller - it's nasty weather - it was real instrument time, it wasn't under the hood. 
So, he calls - a 737 is coming in behind her so - 
Whatever outfit it was - delta such and such or whatever. 
He says, "Slow down a little bit. 
I got a girl with a diamond up ahead of you. 
She's not quite your speed." 
Kathy said, "I damn near told him I could go that fast." 
She was coming in with this instrument. 
And she's ferried a couple airplanes. 
From North Carolina to Oklahoma. 
Stuff like that. 
Just little pick up... 
You can see her picture up there. 
That's her with her uniform on and that's her next to it with the... 
Oh, yes I can see that. 
130-something pounds and... 
She likes it. 
She says, "I go to work for my hobby." 
Runs in the family then. 
Came right down from you 
When did you meet De then and where? 
In Grand Rapids. 
A flight to Chicago. 
I was doing some commercial bill collecting. 
And they had some kind of convention went went to around St. Patrick's Day. 
So the boss flew down. 
There was a big headquarters where the western... area... 
That was - I forget the initials now. 
It was like a commercial version of... 
We did credit reports on places. 
They'd have a group - say all the plumbing and suppliers would meet once a month and they'd discuss and you'd keep building habits. 
We had a part of our outfit would 
liquidate - if a place would go bankrupt 
We'd send our crew in to get them out of bankruptcy. 
I remember one guy, we made him sell his airplane 
His twin-engine airplane. 
He had a hot secretary. 
He got rid of the secretary, got rid of the airplane and he lived in east Grand Rapids. 
Gave him so much money for groceries and that was it. 
With the stipulation he couldn't even go to the building for a year. 
And we brought it all to bankruptcy. 
Of course, all the creditors - We tried to get our members their money back. 
Ten cents on the dollar, and they did. 
Some of it was interesting. 
How did you and De meet then? 
I flew down on a Thursday and caught the Friday and Saturday and when I came back I picked up a case of some Irish whiskey. 
I knew that a bunch of friends of ours were having a St. Patrick's Day party. 
So we flew in, I grabbed a jug and went on over there and she was making some salads or doing something like that. 
She was looking pretty good. 
One thing led to another and that was it. 
She had a background on the island, with her family? 
She knew some friends, that was it. 
The friends that she was at... 
Maria [?] was married a guy from here. 
And different people 
They all went to school. 
These were the nurses. 
They were having a party. 
She wasn't there, but it was the people that she graduated with. 
There was a bunch of them that used to stick together. 
[?] 
Cole, Donald Cole's wife, 
Ellen [?]. 
She was one of them. 
So was De a nurse, too? 
No, she was an executive secretary. 
She hung out with some Beaver Island nurses, and that was her only connection? 
Yep, she'd never been to the island. 
But then she went to Detroit. 
I was sparking her for about a year but I wasn't 
looking for that ring yet. 
But of course she went to 
Detroit and I started going down there, well then that changed that. 
She had a good job at [?]. 
She was the [?] 
Detroit area automobile association 
They must have a hundred dealers 
But she came back to Grand Rapids and we got married and that was it. 
Picked up a couple of part time jobs. 
And then when the kids got in high school 
She didn't work until after they were in high school 
And then she started out with a part-time job. 
The kids were working part-time. 
They went to [?] and Catholic Central 
Worked janitor work over at the school and different things 
No problem. 
They're good workers. 
Few grey hairs but that happens. 
They didn't get in jail. 
So they're both doing good and I'm doing good but we came up here every summer. 
We rented over at Archie's. 
Archie's Place is there. 
We rented there for 30 years. 
Even though I'd had some property up where [?] is and I sold it to him and bought this. 
What year did you buy this property? 
Let's see, we built in 
'98, so probably bought it in '94, maybe. 
So, when you say you never left the island? 
I went some, like, 28 St. Patrick's Days and never missed one. 
You never missed a funeral or a wedding or vacations. 
We worked 4-day weeks at Spartan so you could switch. 
You could work Sunday to Wednesday one week and 
Tuesday to Friday the next, or something like that and get a 4-day weekend to shoot up here pretty easy. 
How did your bride like Beaver Island when you first brought her out here? 
She liked it. 
And you get to know the people. 
Both my sisters lived in Grand Rapids there. 
Janet O'Donnell and who else? 
Eleanor McDonough. 
She's got the place in Charlevoix now. 
Her husband died a couple years ago so she's got - her parents own a house over there. 
So what was the island like back then when you came back you rented first, right? 
Oh yeah, I rented for years. 
It was okay, it was good. 
A little busy, like you say, all the time. 
But you still knew more people. 
Now, know more up at the hill at the cemetery. 
Like I said, nine of us graduated in '59. 
Threw a 50th party here in July. 
Who were those nine that graduated together? 
Four of us lived here. 
Eleanor Moony, O'Donnell's wife. 
And Beverly Cantwell, now. 
That's Richie's sister by the way, the fireman. 
Myself. 
And Loretta Slader. 
All four of us lived here. 
Then we have Caroline [?]. 
She was Johnny Paul's sister. 
Next to another Johnny in my class. 
Jeanie [?] lived next to Archie's place. 
And Sally Martin 
She would be Margie, up at the old convent there. 
Be Little Ernie's aunt. 
Let's see who - Jeanie, and Sally, and 
Caroline 
Oh, Gary McDonough. 
His mother just died when he was in Florida. 
He retired from GM and he was down there. 
They're all pretty much retired. 
Caroline, she married a real nice guy 
He started off as a mechanic for the school district of the county just south of 
Travers City. 
He was running it years and years ago. 
He was the head guy running the - he knew stuff. 
He knew engines. 
Nice guy. 
So that worked out. 
But now they spend their summers over there someplace. 
They get back here once in a while. 
They have something in Florida. 
So the whole bunch is pretty good. 
Sally's got this... 
Nice girl. 
She could ice skate. 
She was a good ice skater. 
Did the fancy stuff. 
We skated out one time 
I think it was [?] and Gary and myself. 
February. 
And like one of them two week old ice, where it froze yay thick. 
We went out after school and it was cold. 
Where? 
Out in the - just ice skating out towards Grey's Reef 
The harbor? 
Towards [?]. 
And we got out there and - beautiful, just 
like shotguns going off, when the ice cracks, when it's freezing, you know. 
Like zero. 
And of course, we're probably 16 years old 
I mean, what the hell. 
We all skate, and we weren't experts, but we started skating. 
Now, you don't see a kid out there. 
Sunday afternoon, and nobody knows how to skate. 
But anyway, they're all watching that damn TV, or... 
We got out there and finally one of us had enough brains. 
I don't know who. 
I ain't gonna take the credit because we looked around and here the island was just a little bit of a smudge like this. 
And the mainland 
looks like from here to Garden Island. 
So one of us had enough brains to say, Maybe we better... 
We had good, sharp skates 
Not a drop of snow or nothing. 
Just like skating on a groomed rink except for the pressure through the cracks. 
One of us finally had enough brains to turn around and come back. 
Now, you were 16 when you - ? 
Probably was, yeah. 
So you've kept pretty close and expect to see all nine of them? 
Well, eight of them. 
Kenny died in Texas. 
The guy that was in the Navy. 
He died from cancer in Texas here a couple years ago. 
Good friend. 
That was probably the whole graduating class, then? 
Oh, yeah. 
Yeah. 
In fact, freshman year I was the only boy. 
Gary was in seminary and Kenny was a grade ahead of us. 
I was the only boy. 
What other exploits did you have together with that group? 
Well, when the Bradley went down, I flew the guy named Don Hanson. 
He was a pilot... coming here all the time. 
He had a nice Cessna-180 and the first day... 
I have the radio in the basement now. 
Every year, the guy that owns Zenith, it was a fish dock. 
Him and my grandfather become really good friends. 
From like 1920s or right whenever they started. 
Every time Zenith made a new radio, come out with a different model he gave him a free radio. 
He came up in the summer and gave him a new one. 
There were Zenith radios with their eyes and everything all over. 
And I got the last one. 
Says "Made expressly for and stolen from 
Jim Gallagher." My grandfather's name. 
But anyway, we'd listen to it all night. 
We could hear them search and stuff. 
Another uncle of mine, Jack Colton, is in Charlevoix. 
He's going to have his 90th birthday here this fall. 
He was the exec in the [?]. 
And when the call came in, he just took off out with half a crew. 
The indicator that tells him it's [?] was painted on both sides. 
The engine. 
I've been in the basement of one of them 
They have different settings. 
They're diesel electric. 
You go up to like 10 is wide open and then you can push a button and get it up to like twelve. 
They went out like that. 
Emergency power all the way to Gull Island. 
Those gales, you know nasty. 
But the next day I flew with Don and they plowed the runway and just about started to ... up to about that part of the runway. 
And it was just slush. 
And we took in - As we were getting close to it 
The Bradley? 
No, to the - We searched all the islands. 
We spent that first day just flying around the island, looking. 
So, we're coming in to land. 
Of course, it was slushy 
He touches the brakes - his right brake is froze up. 
No brake. 
So, he's doing this with the 180. 
You can see he's going to - didn't want to do something. 
So he said, "Okay, hang on Brian." 
We're getting from here to the water or whatever it is. 
And he hit the rudder the other way, goosed it and shut the one brake flipped it around and goosed it. 
We literally backed up to stop like that. 
That was some pretty cool flying. 
But I used to fly all the time with Joe. 
We'd run over to the other island and we'd check and see if - 
We hold all the mail on the freights from the airplane so he'd have two loads to do. 
I'd jump in with him and 
I'd handle the plane when I was twelve years old on the way back to Charlevoix sometimes. 
I did get interested in the Air Force with stuff like that. 
You actually handled a plane at twelve years? 
Oh yeah, he just flipped it over onto 195 to cross over. 
I took a run at it. 
Not good, I'm sure. 
But then the next day we'd help Johnny at a Model A pickup. 
We all had 
Model As. 
Not all of us, but 6, 7 of us had Model As. 
So we went over to... the bodies at the Coast Guard station. 
So we went over and picked up a map 
And Kenny went with us. 
Kenny McDonough, the guy that died in Texas. 
We jumped in Donegal Bay and went up to Iron Ore 
Bay and the beach with the map and if we'd find something we'd just mark it. 
Because they're trying to get a drift pattern to the bodies, or survivors. 
Then we'd come back and drop it off 
But all those guys - the bodies that came in were all in the fetal position 
And two guys survived. 
One guy lived between 
Charlevoix and [?]. 
Dad knew him quite well. 
He said they started off with more than that on the raft a floating type thing. 
But it was so bad a night - just a nasty night, as you can imagine. 
And the water felt warm to them. 
Which it would 
The water was 35 degrees and the air was 15 with sleet. 
They said, "I'm just going to get in here and get warm." 
And they drifted away. 
Two of them did hang on. 
Survived, out of the - 
But we could hear when they were breaking out - 
You listen at night, to the transitions on the channels. 
Can you hear the radio of The Bradley before they went down? 
Uh-huh. 
Radioed in. 
It's breaking away, or bending away or 
And when you flew out with - who was the pilot, again, that you flew out with? 
Don Hanson 
When you flew out, the goal of that flight was what? 
Flew all of the islands. 
All around the shores of all the islands. 
To look for survivors? 
For survivors or anything that would be anything. 
And I was 16, 17 at the time. 
Did you know at that time where the location of where The Bradley was? 
Approximate. 
Did you find anything on that flight? 
No. 
No, not that I remember, no. 
Of course, the thing I remember most was that landing. 
I thought that was absolutely great. 
Yes. 
Frozen brake and 180. 
Yeah, and then have to run another runway. 
Like I said, He didn't let it bend or whatever 
Now, the next day 
I don't know if it was the next day or not, but you mentioned that the bodies started washing - 
Yeah, even that first day they were picking some up. 
And the second day when we were at the Coast Guard station, yeah. 
They brought in the boats, you know. 
Smaller boats, and the 40-footers... 
And there might have even been some private boats, I'm not sure. 
I can't remember, but they were consolidating at the Coast Guard 
Station. 
But they were bringing the bodies in. 
You could see them bringing them in. 
They'd be in the fetal position. 
For warmth. 
I don't think they got them all. 
I don't know how many there was but there was enough that - 
That's what they would do, obviously, when they froze to death. 
When they drowned and froze to death or both, a combination, I imagine. 
That's bad. 
Hell, about two of them were from Rogers City. 
They left 50, 60 kids and stuff. 
It was... 
It wasn't anybody from the Island here on it. 
They had a lot of sailors from the island. 
My uncle was telling me one time, I forget how many cousins he had that were captains on boats. 
But that was when there were 70 ore boats. 
You'd go up in the evening time and watch them going up Sand Bay. 
They all did the same speed, they all burned coal in the 50s. 
There was nothing to see, a dozen, right after the other lined up at the same speed, just heading for 
Grey's Reef there. 
They did the same thing - 
In the day you'd see the smoke, but at night you'd see the lights go by. 
And when you went across on the mail boat, you always passed in front of one or behind one. 
Heading down to Charlevoix or coming back up. 
There was an awful lot of guys. 
When we put up ice here, our whole crew pretty much would be - we'd have 8, 10 guys down there. 
They all were sailors that were just home for the winter. 
They laid the boats up the first of December and go back in March. 
Unless a guy had lucked out to get the job for the winter staying on the boat, just to keep an eye on things. 
Like I said, [?]'s husband. 
He'd always run what we called The Jack. 
We had a movable thing to - when you put the ice up in the ice house the ramp and everything. 
You walked alongside and it was just a little plank. 
I don't know if I could - 
So, you'd pull the ice up. 
These cakes up to the foot of the thing. 
And then the other team - some guy driving the team. 
One of the sailors, he'd have the team. 
Then they used the team to pull four of these blocks up. 
Ray would be the guy behind us at what we called the 
Jack. 
He took a 12 by 12 plank with a bunch of spikes through it and then a big handle - to guide the - you hook on behind him and they'd keep on skidding it up. 
And there'd be two or three guys up inside the ice house itself. 
They have these big ice tongs, skid it around, and they'd jam them and they'd tape it together. 
So it was like one solid block of ice. 
Probably 50 feet high 
There's a picture of the ice house right there. 
They put it right up to the heaves. 
You can imagine how much - how many tons and tons of ice would be in there. 
500 pound case. 
That was to supply the whole island all summer, or? 
Yeah, in the 40s, yeah. 
Probably 90% of them. 
There wasn't that many refrigerators then. 
And in the 50s, you got more. 
But the people still that owned refrigerators, there weren't much size to them or anything. 
And even if the people got one, their old ice boxes, I still delivered a lot of ice. 
They delivered every day, pretty much. 
Who did? 
Dad. 
And he knew every size of every ice box. 
One day he might be going along the harbor, next day he'd be out different places. 
Of course, there wasn't any out here then. 
But, Brother's, they'd take a couple hundred pounds every day. 
Couple wash tubs. 
One would be full of the pop and stuff, and the other the cooks would use for the lettuce and - 
The Christian Brothers? 
Yeah. 
The hotels. 
Talk a little bit about the Christian 
Brothers at that time. 
What were they like? 
Oh, real nice friendly guys 
They come here - there'd be two batches. 
I think 40 at a time, maybe. 
40 rings a bell. 
And then there was - they had a German guy and his wife were the cooks. 
They lived in that 
little house around the corner. 
There was one brother that would be here - one or two that would be here 
like all summer. 
Coordinate stuff. 
Do you recall their names, or? 
Not really. 
But they'd play ball 
Baseball? 
Yep. 
And they'd go for walks after supper every night. 
Walking down the middle of the road. 
With their habits on. 
And then Larry McDonough was just getting into the riding stable thing and they'd - he had 6, 8 horses. 
That was one of the things they'd do. 
They could rent the horses. 
They had one day to be back and forth on them. 
And they just seemed a real pleasant bunch. 
They never preached. 
They didn't do anything like that. 
They were just more friendly, you know. 
They were all teachers out of Chicago. 
Some Jesuit college or something down there. 
Not Jesuit, but you know. 
But we'd always haul them - pick up their luggage with the truck and - same as like when boy scouts come. 
You'd load all their gear in the truck and take it up to Fox Lake or into that little road into 
Barney's Lake. 
It's fenced off now, but down there. 
So, the brothers would come here. 
They were teaching at the colleges down in Chicago there. 
Their time here was for what? 
That was their retreat. 
Recreation, get out of Dodge for 30 days. 
So were they here just during the summer? 
Yeah. 
Nobody was here in the winter at all. 
They'd leave and everything. 
Did they interact much with the townspeople, or? 
Oh, yeah. 
They were very friendly with a lot of different people. 
They got to know - like I said, I can't remember any names now, but - they had their free time. 
They had their retreat stuff and their prayer type times and their whatever they would have, but they'd be meandering around the dock or next door. 
In the evening I think they might have had a prayer time in the evening because then they'd have a habit or something like that and after their meal they'd walk to the Coast Guard station and back and then disappear. 
Go back probably for prayers or something like that. 
I don't know what the hell they did. 
Any interesting stories about some of them - incidents or anything? 
Not really. 
That I can think of. 
Talk to Loretta Slaters, she would know. 
Because they were right at the end of the row there. 
She would know who the ones were, I think. 
She was a little more religious than me. 
And, I'm trying to think who else would have been around at that time. 
Donald Cole would be familiar. 
So your high school graduating group - what other things did you do with that group? 
Those... 
I'm not going to put it on tape. 
Okay. 
No, the things - 
We set some school records. 
We had them cancel - 
We used to get a group... we'd go over there and... 
They came here so of course we thought we'd just entertain them. 
So we did. 
When they got back to [?] and found out about three days later, the nun gets a letter from the - the nun that was the principal there and she'd never want to see us here at Beaver 
Island again. 
All we did was, they had Lloyd's cabin out there 
A bunch of the cabins like that. 
And the chaperones are in one and the kids are in one. 
So Gary and I and a couple of - we just showed up and we went and had refreshments for them until about 5 in the morning. 
Poor kids get on the boat, and Dad was on the boat going over to Charlevoix at the time. 
He was the manager. 
I had to go over for some reason or other. 
I forget what the reason was. 
It was rougher than hell. 
So I just called the airplane. 
I flew. 
I wasn't gonna take the boat. 
So I get over there and get cleaned up and everything. 
I hadn't had enough sleep either. 
You had to hollow them all down. 
Now you got them all partied up and we had to take them all down to the boat. 
The students at the party we went to all night. 
So, your high school class was hollowing what students now? 
The students from [?] that were over here - going back and forth to visit. 
So then I got to Charlevoix because I'm down at the dock. 
The old man was catching the line and stuff. 
I'm looking up and here they are. 
And they are green. 
Some thought it was the greatest thing that ever happened. 
I ... at a cattle sale. 
A restaurant there. 
Because they're working in the restaurants and stuff like that. 
It was - I thought I was in love with this one but she was pretty rich so that didn't help any. 
For the night. 
We had a dance you know. 
Of course, I got carried away a little bit after that. 
No harm or nothing done. 
It was just innocent. 
We thought it was just normal innocent stuff. 
What about the music, speaking of the dance. 
Who played music at that time around here? 
That would have been 
Jule Gillespie and Pat Bonner and 
Walter McCauley. 
Maybe Robert Palmer, Edward's brother. 
Russell, one of the [?] guys or something. 
There's a lot of people - a lot of them can make music 
Family type stuff... 
Jules - Mary's mother... 
Mary can sing. 
Mary Palmer. 
If you can ever get her to sing. 
Richie Gillespie is a good singer, if you can ever get him to sing. 
He used to - twenty years ago him and Rich [?] could - you name it, they'd play it. 
Richie'd sing as good as anybody you've ever heard. 
But Jules's wife, she could sing too. 
She was a real good singer. 
What kind of music? 
Just the regular stuff that you hear on the tapes. 
The country type or whatever you want to call it. 
Were anybody left that actually did any step dance? 
Mm-hmm. 
The Dodie guys would just ... wife here a couple weeks ago... 
Uncle Joe [?] 
Gallagher, and Uncle John he lived over where [?] is. 
He was a big guy. 
Not quite like me, but big guy. 
He was just as light on his feet as - you couldn't imagine a guy that size could be as light on his feet in step dance. 
The Donie guys, of course, Peter and Patsy, they used to always... 
Patsy, Peter, and... 
Patsy worked for me. 
Best worker I had. 
But Peter and 
Lester would - They'd get up... 
Friendly rivalry. 
Which was good. 
Could you describe a typical party at night or something, where they'd be playing music? 
Yeah, they'd play the music. 
They had the chairs sitting around the hall. 
The parish hall? 
Wouldn't have any tables set up unless it was a dinner or a wedding, you know. 
So here you are, you're trying to dance and you've got everybody in the aisle and all these old women standing there watching you. 
So you're not really doing too much dancing. 
Jack [?] would set up a stable right outside there, right around the corner where they... 
They'd have a keg of beer out there. 
Because it wasn't - the bar wasn't in the - in fact, the kitchen was where the bar is now. 
And where the kitchen is was the high school. 
That's what they... 
There at the parish hall? 
Yeah. 
And then when they finally quit using that, they made that into a little library too. 
In 1960. 
Even when they first put the other stuff out. 
They wouldn't have any alcohol in the parish hall. 
They'd have the keg sitting on a table outside. 
Yeah, just a table thing there. 
And then - so continue with that scene. 
Well, that'd be it. 
And they'd just play the music. 
Some good waltz. 
People could waltz. 
Back when the older people... 
Square dances. 
I even knew how to square dance. 
Not good. 
By any means, but that was one of the things that you did. 
There'd be somebody who could square dance. 
Uncle 
John did. 
That'd be Kay's grandfather. 
Uncle John - last name? 
Uncle John Gallagher. 
And the step dancing - Who would be playing for the step dance? 
That'd be Jule and Pat and they'd just 
liven it up, you know... 
Remember any other songs that they'd play? 
No. 
But the whole family would be there. 
Things like that went on in the family. ... 
The families were involved in all that kind of stuff. 
The Gillespies? 
No, I meant, say you had 3 kids. 
You went with your 3 kids, and one would fall asleep, 3 years old, and the other would run him home or something like that. 
It wouldn't be just the - you have to be 18 to go in there. 
Okay, it would be the whole family? 
Sure. 
Yeah, that's great. 
It was a good time. 
A good time growing up here. 
Riding horses, skiing behind the horses, skiing behind the Model As, the cars. 
Sliding down the hill. 
You don't even see - 
After suppertime would hit, Jule would put out a set of sawhorses up by the church and up by the museum and the road gets in the winter - packed down. 
We'd slide down hill until 10 o'clock at night. 
Kids don't even know what a sleigh looks like, you know. 
Sliding down like where the... 
Actually, there was a tennis court where the church is. 
But you'd be sliding down like where the rectory is and where the medical center. 
Hell, you're kids, and that was a big hill then. 
And we'd go up to where the tower is. 
But that's when you're older. 
Go down there in a homemade toboggan and kill yourself. 
What was Old Patrick Bonner like? 
Nice, pleasant fellow. 
A little brogue. 
He had one eye. 
Accent and everything. 
A lot of the guys did. 
I don't know what's going on over there. 
The seagulls are swarming all over. 
Must be some [?] coming in or something. 
But, yeah, he was nice. 
Regular, pleasant guy. 
Had the farm up there. 
Otherwise... 
Was he the only fiddler at that time? 
Yeah. 
Guy ... 
King Strang might have done a little fiddling. 
I can't think of... 
He pretty much - and Jule played the guitar and he played the steel to the ... he played that really good... 
And Walter McCauley, he was just out of school. 
Maybe sailing a little bit. 
And going to college. 
Just whoever was - There never seemed to be any shortage of people that could play. 
Somebody played an accordion. 
I can't remember who that was. 
What did Walter McCauley play? 
Guitar. 
Did he sing? 
I'm not sure. 
Who were the singers? 
Rita was one of them. 
Rita? 
Jules's wife. 
Mary's mother. 
I'm not sure. 
Oh, Loraine would get up - every once in a while she'd get up and do the tap dance thing and all this kind of stuff. 
That would be entertaining more than a singer as far as... 
I didn't ask the question. 
I didn't take that risk because of being concerned about that my question is going to appear stupid. 
And learning about our own tendencies and understanding how certain situations may interfere with our other goals of actually learning and developing is very important in our self knowledge and in our ability to regulate our own motivation and say, I recognize this in me, I can see how this is holding me back and I'm going to regulate my emotions and shift my goal. 
Or consciously adopt a learning goal orientation in order to pursue learning. 
And part of the process that allows this to happen is what Ricarose is doing which is engaging people in conversation. 
How did you feel about this, what did it make you do and how would you cope with this and learning from each other and recruiting the community and supporting you in regulating your own motivation. 
Natalie: 
And we do it in a genuine way because we want to understand and then that gets them reflecting. 
I've seen that also in this after school program with the University of illinois in Urbana- 
Champagne, part of a project called the Pathways Project where we're interviewing young people and staff in a variety of after school programs. 
And asking young people to reflect on some project they've worked on over a period of time. 
And through the interviews you start to see that they start to realize some things. 
Like they were preparing for a presentation, some of them said, I was going to do anything to get out of this situation. 
But because of their team, they didn't want to let their teammates down, they went and then they realized, oh actually it wasn't so bad. 
So these multiple experiences of working on projects and then having questions where you reflect back, like what did you think it was going to be, how was it? 
And a lot of them are finding, oh actually now I want to do more of that. 
But needing to have those experiences to reflect on. 
And again asking it in a genuine way not just like we're trying to motivate you so we want to ask you, but its like as someone creating this learning space, I'm interested to know what you thought and in that process it gets them thinking. 
Mitch: 
Another set of questions here that I thought were interesting, its already come up in the discussion that its not one size fits all, that motivation is complex. 
It varies from one part of the trajectory to another whether you're a beginner or expert as Avi mentioned. 
But also it could vary by personality style or learning style. 
Like here's a specific question about motivating introverts versus extroverts and strategies for facilitating a diverse group where different people seem to thrive on different approaches. 
So how does one deal with the diversity? 
When you work with a group of people and different people might respond in different ways. 
What are ways of facilitating? 
Avi: 
So it goes back to that idea of having environments that are supportive, you want actually to challenge people to engage in an activity that they may not feel completely comfortable engaging it start with but then you do it in a safe environment, then reflect on it, how did you feel, what did you learn about yourself in doing this. 
How would you motivate yourself in the future if you find yourself in such a situation? 
The principles of belonging and sense of safety and the fact that your voice is heard and is taken into consideration, I think is our principles for promoting motivation among a diverse group of people with the addition of choice. 
Like what 
Natalie said about the dimension of authority in the target, providing variety of ways by which people can perform the task and people will find it more comfortable to do this, or to do that based on their personal tendencies. 
Mitch: 
Actually any experiences either from Scratch online community or from local things like Clubhouses, experiences where clearly there always are diverse backgrounds, interests, styles about ways of managing that. 
Natalie: 
I do think that there are different roles, I do think like sometimes the presentation at the end, some people really want to show their stuff. 
But then also like smaller along the way you notice something, someone who might not want to speak out showing what they've been doing. 
And actually online people were talking about having times where people get to work on their own who are more introverted but then having sharing times. 
So i do think it is some kind of a balance. 
Like in the Scratch online community, we have multiple interests that we are supporting and there are ways of getting recognition. 
And we've just been asking, and I've posted, why do you use Scratch, we're trying to get at some of the motivations and its really interesting because some of the examples so far, young people are saying like I want to work with my friends and I like collaborating and I want my name to be known and I strive to do the best possible thing. 
And its an interesting mix of learning and performance principles all in the same thing. 
So I think having a variety of ways that people can get recognition and be sharing and taking on different types of roles too that you've been working on seems like one way to do it. 
Which again in certain environments is easier than others. 
Mitch: 
Its probably something we need to think about especially in online spaces. 
I think in physical spaces we have a lot more experience of how to allow different ways for people to play different roles. 
And I think in some online spaces, the way to get, theres a certain way that people are seeking visibility. 
I guess we haven't done enough generally to allow different ways for people to be able to participate. 
Natalie: 
And right now the roles in the community, theres not that many, theres some different ones but its a small subset so we're trying to think how can there be more roles or people can opt in to taking on more of a role. 
Because we do see that in these after school programs and also in the online community. 
That can be really motivating and helping people develop and want to actually have an authentic role. 
Avi: 
I think part of that and it relates to questions that people asked, so how do you work to promote motivation in really constrained environments where for example teachers have to teach for the standardized test or with a very closed curriculum. 
And I think that the idea again is 1. 
There are no recipes but the principles are the same. 
So what you do is you analyze and its all working with tensions. 
And the idea is you analyze the tensions in your particular environment with your particular people. 
Who are the people around here? 
What are their complex motivations? 
The more you know about your context and your constraints, the better you will be able to say how can I apply the principles of motivation in this particular context and then you apply it and then you study it again. 
And you see what the effect you had and you read redesign and its an iterative process in a complex environment with a complex process that is unpredicatable really. 
But you can actually, using the principles you can anticipate they will move a particular direction. 
Natalie: 
Yes, that great. 
Fred Bartels has an example. 
Some other people have talked about how they've done some compromises between these two things based on their environment and like you said iterate it. 
So its great to look back at that. 
Mitch: 
So I think we need to wrap up now, at least for me , the hour flew past. 
There were lots of really interesting topics and ideas that came up so maybe just I'll say a few words now about 
looking ahead. 
But first of all, I really want to thank Avi for joining us and participating. 
It was great to hear your points of view on these ideas and I think it will stir up lots of continuing conversations about these ideas. 
Avi: 
My pleasure. 
Mitch: 
Looking ahead, actually we aren't going to be meeting for the next two weeks because there are various events here at MlT. 
Actually theres a Massachusetts holiday next week, Patriot's Day when the Boston Marathon is run so we won't be holding class next Monday. 
And also no class on the 22nd. 
So the next time we'll be meeting is on Monday, April 29th and the topic of that week will be tinkering. 
And this has come up somewhat in the course about different styles of engagement in the creative process. 
That when we think about engaging people in making and creating, theres still many different styles of making and creating and what are the ways in which certain styles of engagement have advantages in the learning process. 
And we'll be talking about the idea of learning through tinkering. 
And we're very fortunate to have joining us two people we've worked with for a long time, Karen Wilkinson and Mike Petrich who are now at the Exploratorium in San Francisco running the Tinkering Studio. 
And they'll be joining us talking about their experiences in setting up and running the tinkering studio and other experiences over the years. 
And we'll also be joined by Eric Rosenbaum whose a graduate student here whose also developed lots of different tools to engage people of all ages in the process of learning and making through tinkering. 
So we'll be talking about some of his experiences, designing for tinkerability. 
Those will be some of the things we'll be talking about in a couple of weeks. 
And between now and then we're hoping people in the community be able to get the opportunity to do some of your own hands on activities with tinkering. 
We did provide the opportunity for some of you to get access to the Makey-Makey kit which was developed by Eric 
Rosenbaum along with Jay Silver here. 
So those of you who have the Makey Makey kit, we encourage you to try out Makey Makey for both tinkering in the physical world and the online world, the digital plus physical tinkering that you can explore with Makey Makey. 
For others, we point to a few other resources on the site. 
We think theres some great examples of tinkering on Arvin Gupta's site, we've pointed to Arvin Gupta's site earlier in the semester. 
He's an Indian educator and toymaker and he really engages people in building their own toys to explore and experiment with the world around them. 
So he has lots of great examples, so many you'll get somewhat lost in them all on his website. 
We encourage you to take a look at his website or another place to look, with Mike and Karen at the Exploratorium, their website with the tinkering at the 
Exploratorium has lots of suggested activities and we can point to a few in particular in the syilabus that you can check out to see some of the things that, ways of exploring, tinkering through some of those activities. 
I think we have... 
As you get started in the next few weeks, in addition to doing the tinkering activities, since we have a few weeks until the next session, we encourage you to also think about getting started on a diving deeper project or activity. 
Again for the online course, theres no real requirement for this class. 
But this is something here that the students are taking for credit at MlT, we're encouraging them to work on a 
Diving Deeper project. 
By that we mean, take one of the themes we've been talking about during the semester and one of the themes or activites and go deeper with it. 
Each week, theres been a limited amount of time to explore these ideas and activities. 
So we'd encourage you to think about one of the themes or activities that really engaged you and how you might go deeper with it, explore it more fully, explore the hands on activity more fully. 
Do additional readings around the theme, engage other people in thinking about the theme or introduce the activity to other people and think about how that opens up new ideas. 
Or developing some of your own materials for how to help other people think about some of these themes. 
So those are all different things to think about and we encourage you in the Google + community to share your thoughts about some of the diving deeper activities. 
You might be able to connect with others in the Google + community who want to explore the same ideas in greater depth. 
And you might want to connect with others to do further explorations around some of those ideas. 
And do you want to add to that Natalie? 
Natalie: 
Well just that Fred also had something online, something that he shared some failures of the past and the class inspired him to go back and try it again. 
So if theres something that you had tried before and put aside but you want to pull it out of that file cabinet and try another version. 
Or that someone did out in the community, they were recalling some amazing project they had done in a housing project. 
And if that can inspire other people. 
So either with other people or your own project. 
Mitch: 
I think its very much in the spirit of learning spiral that we introduced right in the beginning of class, this idea of continually iterating. 
And week to week we aren't giving you so much time to iterate so the diving deeper really gives you an opportunity to iterate on some of the things you got started with, some of the weekly assignments or readings or discussions. 
So hopefully you'll get a chance to get started on that over the next few weeks along with doing some of the readings about tinkering and doing your own tinkering with some of the suggested activities. 
And then we'll come back three weeks from now on April 29th to explore more fully the idea of tinkering in the next session of Learning Creative Learning. 
Thanks a lot. 
Natalie: 
Bye Mitch: 
Bye, bye. 
But now it's Bach, so I won't confuse you. 
That was only a snippet of Chaconne by Bach. 
A song I play at many classical concerts. 
What music do you actually listen to? 
Melodious. 
What does that mean? 
That every genre in the world is a gift from God. 
It's just not that everyone are good representatives of it. 
When you listen to rap, for example, then you  most likely listen to Eminem or "Klovner i kamp" because when good rap exists why listen to bad rap? 
When you listen to country you listen to Willie Nelson. 
It's, of course, everyone is allowed to try but it would be better if there only were good examples for every genre. 
So there would not be criticism like "Oh, you're stupid because you listen to rock" 
What do you put highest of all Norwegian music? 
You once said you'd like to play Ole Bull. 
Well, yeah, you just answered the question. 
Is it Ole Bull that you rank highest within Norwegian music? 
Yes, Norwegian classical music. 
Why? 
Because he was a great man. 
And he was  allowed to be that because it was deserved. 
Because he lead Norway onto the world map. 
He  was the first man to promote Norwegian folk music. 
He was able to get national scene in Bergen which was the first cultural place we had. 
He started Ibsen, Bjornson - a national hero. 
But you want to play in the movie about Ole Bull? 
Yes, I would have loved to do that. 
I'm probably a bit too dark and talk a bit too much eastern-Norwegian, but, yes, if I practiced enough. 
Can you give an example of Ole Bull? 
That's ...um "Norway in a nutshell", "Seterjentens sondag" 
You can almost see the cow walking across the grass, sort of. 
What does music mean to you? 
It's nothing more and nothing less than a mood setting. 
Sometimes you really want just to be happy when you're sad or you just really want to feel something. 
You really want to fall in love with your wife again and there it's probably not the best choice to listen to Eminem right then. 
If you really want it music has the ability to bring the feelings you want to have. 
Does it do this for you? 
Yes, absolutely. 
The one thing I'm still to understand is people who go to see their favorite artist on a festival and there are those who just go to festivals to listen to some artists. 
And then I can't understand what you get out of it when you go to those concerts and not caring for those artists. 
But of course, there is a relation - it's great. 
And me, I love festivals but every time I'm asked to join a festival as audience 
I always make sure to see who's playing. 
"Oh, I'm only able to go on Friday" "OK, who's playing on Friday?" "I don't know". 
You have to find out what you're going to listen to. 
You have always had a discipline; you have practiced a lot ever since you were a little boy. 
Do you still have that discipline? 
The thing is that as a classical kid it went straight  to my blood that you had to practice 2 hours a day. 
And you still do this? 
And I don't do this anymore. 
I haven't practiced for real for the last 7 months. 
What the meaning of that? 
For me if you were to pull it very far - it was like being a drug addict and not getting the high you need. 
But after some time I learned - no, I do practice because I go through everything in my head. 
I play with the band, I play concerts, I don't have time to do everything anymore. 
But that time will hopefully come again. 
As long as you work and do something you just need to be happy with yourself. 
Teenagers who are sad and have a bad personal image send in a demo after demo and have no response from  record-labels. 
They shouldn'tbe sad they should be proud of themselves that they  are not just sitting on the couch doing nothing. 
Do you feel that you had to let go of many things to get where you are now? 
No. 
The only thing I let go without knowing was my first and biggest love. 
You talk a lot about love, you sing about love. 
Well, there are a lot of emotions in me; it's not for just anything. 
I get very emotional - "Titanic' you know of it, right? 
Or "Notebook", 
I just cry because I put myself too far into the films. 
And I can't be sad for breaking up with a girl when there obviously was fate surrounding the situation. 
We're getting close to the end and we talked about it earlier - how does you future look? 
If you can picture it? 
If I'm allowed to decide... 
But you will decide. 
Yes, my future looks like I will now do many concerts this summer which I will not let people cancel, that was some surprise. 
And... 
And I will after some time take a little vacation where I will think over what my next project will be. 
I'm quite sure that one day I will end up in children's television as a host probably. 
And I also really want to help with a new talent. 
And I will turn into an old-news and then I want to be there discovering a new talent. 
It's kind of the "circle of life". 
Alexander Rybak, thank you for being here. 
It was nice, thank you. 
The Inclusive Design Research Centre is focused  on designing for diversity. 
We try to design with, rather than designing for. 
We believe that we will have greater designs for diversity and more innovative designs when there are multiple perspectives. 
Our research is intended to help everyone. 
A 3D printer is a printer that prints stuff - physical stuff. 
It will enable everyone to basically have the equivalent of a little factory in their own home. 
Well, my name is Judith Snow. 
It's not really so much how the Institute has helped me, as it is I'm a participant. 
Inclusion brings out a lot of value in society. 
This place is all about the structures of that, making inclusion actually work, so nobody's left behind. 
Ontario is probably one of the most diverse communities in the world. 
We are a world leader in things like accessibility legislation. 
What we're creating here is potentially an economic driver for Ontario, so that the world can come here to receive innovative solutions for designing for diversity, or for digital inclusion. 
I went to Eton, paid a lot for knowledge 
I joined the Bullingdon at Brasenose College that's where I caught his eye 
He told me that his dad was loaded 
I said, 'Mine too, we should run this country!' 
He said, 'Yah.' 
And in 30 seconds time, I realised 
I'll need the votes of common people 
I must pretend to do the things that common people do 
Then I'll shit on the common people 
Then I'll shit on common people like you 
What else would I do? 
I'm a Tory. 
That's what we do 
So I became MP for Witney 
It was an easy seat, I had to start it somewhere 
So I started there 
I met some people who had no money 
I laughed and laughed, and said, 'Ha! 
That's so funny!' 
Gideon said, 'Yah.' 
Couldn't see any of them laughing, though 
But I'll need the votes of these common people 
So there's some things these common people mustn't see 
I'll hide my party from the common people 
'Cause if they see them, they'll never vote for me 
I can hug these hoodies and ride my bike 
But there's some things the proles won't like 
Gideon on a rich Russian's yacht 
Backbenchers who still like shooting fox 
Homophobia, Ashcroft's lies 
Boris talking, old-school ties 
Then once I'm in, we're set for life 
Cut public spending overnight 
Sack off healthcare, cuts on jobs 
Support the rich guys, and fuck the yobs 
I'll have the votes of the common people 
Turn my back and do whatever I want to do 
I'll turn my back on these common people 
I'll turn my back on common people like you 
And then Gideon and I will go for drinky-poos because we're Tory, and that's what we do 
Hi, I'm Bibiana. 
I'm from Venezuela and I've been in Kiwi House for 4 years. 
Kiwi House is one of the 24-hour care houses of the ministry Formando Vidas (Shaping Lives) 
Here in Kiwi House we work with children of different ages and stages. 
Currently we work directly with 8 children; 4 full-time and 4 part-time in the ministry which come on weekends and some other times, because we're working with their moms. 
Part of working in 24-hour care and Kiwi House is being a full-time mom 
We get up early, we cook, we clean, we help with homework 
All the general things of a family home 
That is very risky and tiring, but it also brings a lot of joy many times 
The background of the majority of the kids we work with in Casa Kiwi most of our kids have spent a lot of time on the streets 
These 8 kids I mentioned aren't children who lived in the streets directly, but they spent a lot of time, begging in the streets, some of their parents currently work in the streets, recycling, and others were stealing bread to be able to eat, before they came to live with us, even being so young 
Others of the kids we work with have family histories or generations of family members who don't have an education, who have experienced a lot of sexual abuse, or psychological/verbal abuse. 
Many of their parents are illiterate or haven't had hope for another lifestyle 
These are traditions that are repeating the same sad story through generations. 
But we hope that we can be part of the difference, part of the change that God is going to do in their lives in this generation and also in their future generations that's why we want to work, not only with these kids, but also with their families that's a lot more complicated, but we want to be part of a deep change in their lives 
When a lot of us arrived to Formando Vidas, especially me, we arrived with the expecation that God called us to be part of the transformation of these kids' lives, part of the radical change in them and it's true, God is using us as an instrument but it's not just for their lives, it's also for our own lives 
God uses them to teach us about his love, to deal with and heal wounds in us that only He can do, and He works through these little ones 
One of the things that has impacted me here is that we teach the kids to pray to God as "Daddy" but many of us are not so clear on being his sons and daughters and God has used these children to teach me that I am his daughter too and he is concerned about me and he takes special care of me 
So everything that we can sow here I think that God is going to return it to us out of love 
So thank you for everything that you do, that you're thinking about doing, thank you for your support i through prayer, finances, in whatever way that God calls you to support, get to know and be part of this ministry. 
Thank you. 
Your contribution and support is being part of the change for these lives. 
Bye. 
We started Universal Subtitles because we believe every video on the web should be subtitle-able. 
Millions of deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers require subtitles to access video. 
Videomakers and websites should really care about this stuff too. 
Subtitles give them access to a wider audience and they also get better search rankings. 
Universal Subtitles makes it incredibly easy to add subtitles to almost any video. 
Take an existing video on the web, submit the URL to our website and then type along with the dialog to create the subtitles 
After that, tap on your keyboard to sync them with the video. 
Then you're doneâ€" we give you an embed code for the video that you can put on any website at that point, viewers are able to use the subtitles and can also contribute to translations. 
We support videos on YouTube, Blip.TV, Ustream, and many more. 
Plus we're adding more services all the time 
Universal Subtitles works with many popular video formats, such as MP4, theora, webM and over HTML 5. 
Our goal is for every video on the web to be subtitlable so that anyone who cares about the video can help make it more accessible. 
Art lovers from across the world are coming together in Maastricht, the Netherlands, these days... ...for what is acknowledged globally as the world's leading art and antiques fair. 
Tefaf Maastricht features an impressive selection of genuine masterpieces from 260... ...of the world's prestigious art and antiques dealers from 16 countries. 
More than 30 thousand items are on display. 
All of them are for sale. 
Among them this dark bronze buste of the French Baron de Bastard... ...created by realist Gustave Courbet in 1875. 
This work of art has been missing for years and was recently discovered again in Algeria. 
"This was missing when they did the big Courbet exhibition in Paris. ...and now it's turned up. 
It spent most of its time in Algiers. ...and recently turned up and it went to Switzerland. 
Now we have it. 
It's a major discovery. 
It's a unique piece. 
There is no other cast of it in bronze." 
The buste comes with its original wooden case which is covered with masonic symbols. 
It's on sale for 680,000 euro. 
Other gems at this year's Tefaf are paintings by El Greco, Auguste Renoir and Frans Hals. 
This Rembrandt is the most expensive piece on exhibit. 
The asking price is 35 million euro. 
New York-based art dealer Richard Feigen says the global art market... ...remains buoyant as a result of continuing financial uncertainty. 
"There is a lot of liquidity, a lot of money out looking for art... ...and less and less art to buy with it. 
I think that reflects that art has effectively been monetized... ...and now seems to be regarded as an asset class, a place of refuge. 
People don't like the dollar, they don't like the euro, they don't like sterling." 
Security at the Tefaf art fair has been stepped up considerably this year. 
Last year, on the final day of the art fair, one visitor walked away with two pieces of jewelry... ...worth 860.000 euro. 
Without paying. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Hello everyone and welcome to another edition of Inside Leathernecks 
I'm your host Nick Spinozzi today we are with 
WlU Men's Golf Head Coach Mel Blasi. 
Mel thanks for joing us today. 
[Mel Blasi] 
Thanks for having me. 
Coach why don't you start by telling me a little bit about yourself. 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well I'm a..a..46 years old 
I guess maybe you don't want to know that but I have a family a young family here in town a wife and 3 children. 
I've been coaching here at the university for 13 years and I'm also a graduate of Western illinois 1987. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
This is your 13th year coaching 12th or 13th? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Thirteenth year back at Western and I coached a couple years right out of college so it's nice to be hear in Macomb and at Western. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Now you were the team was picked to finish 8th in the Summit League 
Pre-Season Polling. 
You think the team will exceed these early expectations with such a young roster? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well it's kind of hard to tell you know the...the ranking system is based on the Fall results and you know we have a very young team very inexperienced team to start the year and I think that we'll play much bettter this Spring just having known who's going to be playing and a little more experience under our belts. 
So I look forward to the competition 
I'm not sure about exceeding expectations but were obviously are going to do our best. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Now the team finished 10th tied with 11 place with Boise State in the Pat Hicks Thunderbird Invitational how do you think the team did there? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well you know it's the first...first term of the year we've been playing in February now for I think this is our 8th year and you never know what to expect there. 
But we really had some bright...bright spots in that tournament. 
Andrew Godfrey played very well. 
Kurt Slattery who's a transfer this semester he played very well too. 
And some of the young guys did fine. 
Konrad Deka had 72 in the last round. 
So we had some bright spots the finish wasn't as high as what we'd hoped but we try not to take those things into consideration to highly at this point in the year. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Now you have know returning seniors on the team. 
In your coaching career have you had to deal with anything like that before with such a young roster that doesn't get to play that hasn't played that much? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well I don't I think it's more than just no seniors on the team. 
We lost a lot of experience too. 
So a lot of the players that we have this is their first collegiate experience. 
It's different to not have seniors is one thing. 
But to be going into the season knowing that you really didn't have anybody that have played the golf courses. 
That really wasn't us to playing at the Division One level. 
Those things are you know there's no substitute for experience. 
I expect us to be a lot better just because of those things. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
The team travels a lot and their on the road for quite sometime how do the students keep up with their school work? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well it's difficult and I think golf is probably as challenging as any of the sports. 
Because you know when we play on the road the first day is typically a 36 hole round. 
That's 10 hours of being on the golf course your completely wiped out. 
And it's tough to keep up you but know they have the computers they...they stay with them and they work on projects together a lot of times their in class together. 
So they can try and help each other out as far as assignments and tests and things like that so you know typically 
I've had good students on the team and this year is no exception. 
We have great kids that work hard and they do their best in the classroom. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
This Friday the team goes on the road to compete in the Pinehurst Intercollegiate Tournament. 
What do you expect to come out? 
Do you expect to come out with a victory? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well that's a very difficult field. 
I mean there's I think 3 Bit Ten Schools there. 
UNC Wilmington's ranked 52 a lot of good mid-major schools are there. 
And so you know I think that we have our work cut out for us in terms of winning the tournament. 
But, you know our schedules very demanding and I think that pays off for us in the...in the Summit League at the end. 
So you know I expect us to...to continue to improve 
I'm not going to put any predictions on how we finish. 
But, obviously Pinehurst is a great place to be the golf course is a great challenge for us. 
The kids will really get a great experience out of being at Pinehurst. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
How much of an advantage would you say the team has when it competes in the Beu Mussatto Invitational? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Well I think playing on home course is a big advantage. 
Because the golf course is very challenging it's got some holes on it you really need to play a few times and get some experience on it. 
The greens are very challenging difficult a lot of slope so it is a big advantage. 
Althought we have some very difficult schools coming. 
Oakland in our conference is doing very well this year. 
Wisconsin Greenbay has a great team. 
So you know our guys are looking forward to it. 
It's an opportunity to play at home. 
And to home course call it advantage if you want to but were looking forward to playing them at home. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Anything else you like to add? 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Just that you know there's no admission to come and watch the golf team play. 
The tournament is March 28th & 29th. 
We'd like to see everybody out there and wishing the Leathernecks well. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
Thank you coach. 
[Coach Mel Blasi] 
Thank you. 
[Nick Spinozzi] 
With another edition of Inside Leathernecks I'm your host 
Nick Spinozzi Go Necks! 
>> EEP: 
My name's Eep, and THlS is my family, The Croods >> EEP: 
Roar! >> EEP: 
Ugh, I've been in that cave forever. >> GRUG: 
Three days is not forever. >> EEP: 
It is with this family... >> UGGA: 
Mom! 
We're ready to leave! 
Mom? >> GRAN: 
Still alive! 
[laughs] >> GRUG: 
It's still early. >> EEP: 
We never had the chance to explore the outside world because of my dad's one rule. >> GRUG: 
New is always bad. 
Never not be afraid. >> EEP: 
Uggghhhh >> EEP: 
But what we didn't know was that our world was about to change. >> GRUG: 
Get to the cave! 
[yelling] 
>> GRUG: 
Look out! >> EEP: 
You really need to see this. 
[music] 
>> EEP: 
We should go there! >> GRUG: 
No! 
[roar] 
>> GRUG: 
Go! 
Go! >> GRAN: 
Where are we? >> GRUG: 
I'm not sure >> THUNK: 
Dad? >> GRUG: 
I'll take care of this. 
[screaming] 
>> THUNK: 
All right Dad! 
Go get em! >> GRAN: 
I'm loving this. >> GUY: 
I'm Guy, and this is Belt. 
We need to leave immediately. 
The world is ending. >> EEP: 
What? >> GUY: 
Everything we're standing on right here will be gone. 
I'm calling it... 
The End. >> BELT: 
Dan dan daaaaaan! >> GRUG: 
Okay, GUY. 
Now what? >> GUY: 
I can help you. 
Come with me. >> GRUG: 
It's too far. >> GRAN: 
I'll never live long enough to get there. >> GRUG: 
Let's do it. >> GRUG: 
Just think, the whole family packed together on a long trip across country! >> GUY: 
We gotta move faster! 
I call them... shoes. >> EEP: 
AAAAHHHH!!! 
I LOVE THEM! 
WHERE ARE MY FEET?! >> EEP: 
It's so beautiful. >> DreamWorks' The Croods >> EEP: 
What is that? >> GUY: 
Fire! >> THUNK: 
It's biting me! 
[screams] >> GRUG: 
Try hiding from it in the tall, dry grass! 
[ Skipped item nr. 
1 ] 
None 
<"Ba-bump Ba-bump" (heartbeat) Good times in store for B.A.P in the U.S.> 
This is a dream come true. 
It's so good to be in here. 
<"La La La"/ Bang Yong Guk speaking this "foreign language" to express his current feelings of joy> 
Seriously, people who love shoes would absolutely go crazy here. 
Jong Up, Bang Yong Guk and Zelo are already going nuts. 
There are too many to choose from. 
I have no idea what to get. 
None 
I'm starting to sound like Bang Yong Guk. 
It's colder than I expected. 
Wow, it is cold. 
I heard it's supposed to be really hot here. 
I always envisioned this place with the sun shining all the time... 
- It rained today. 
- Cool. 
None 
- Let's go over there. 
- There's nothing here. 
Board shop, board shop! 
I like this. 
None 
None 
You know Dropkick Murphys? 
Dropkick Murphys! 
My ideal girl looks good simply in a white top and blue jeans. 
This is the perfect size. 
I only bought one pair of shoes. 
I'm picking out clothes now. 
I have to buy a board, a board. 
All done. 
Zelo is very excited right now. 
Zelo! 
Don't I look silly? 
Can I see how I look? 
My hair got short all of a sudden. 
For this album, I was going for a different look 
With an American feel, in general. 
So I cut my hair real short for a unique styling. 
lf I don't style this hair and go out, 
Then I look kind of foolish. 
I've always tried to cover my ugly face with hair. 
So I grew my hair out but now I can't even do that. 
Everyone's looking fancy after shopping yesterday. 
Zelo, that's a very unique hat. 
- I got it yesterday. 
- Where'd you get it? 
I found it off the street, some US brand... 
Your hair color is very artistic 
- My hair color? 
- It really stands out. 
- What color is it? 
- It's purple. 
Those sunglasses are very unique too. 
Yes, they are unique. 
Your facial features are unique. 
I hear that a lot. oh, really? 
I have to buy things suitable for my age and pockets... 
I was surprised, to be honest. 
They had everything I was looking for but they were all very costly. 
- Limited editions are really expensive. 
- The first thing that caught my eye was about 1400 dollars. 
With 1400 dollars I can drink Nesquik 6000 times. 
I couldn't sleep much but I came out because I wanted to shop. 
Actually, we were all washed up and ready to go to sleep. 
But we all came out as soon as we heard we're going shopping. 
We can only stay here for about 2 weeks. 
There's no time to be sleeping. 
At least one more hour... 
Shopping helps a singer express more. 
Shoes too, styling for our album 
It helps us to discuss with the stylists. 
We would be able to make suggestions and use those items. 
I think it's a big help. 
This is Hollywood. 
I've seen many skateboarders since yesterday. our youngest Zelo also likes to skateboard. 
Board shop, board shop! 
Here, it seems like a routine. 
Just as we go bike riding, people here seem to enjoy skateboarding. 
Look at the camera. 
None 
Since the U.S. is a really big nation, the roads and buildings are all big 
I can tell why Americans are so relaxed. 
I heard in America, people eat burgers and shakes together. 
There aren't many people yet in Korea who eat like that. 
- Yes there is, Yong Guk. 
- Yes, Yong Guk eats like that. 
We will give it a try today. 
At Shake Shack, they eat burgers and shakes together. 
Usually, people drink coke. 
Well, that's what they say. 
Why don't you all try it too? 
I hear strawberry shakes are delicious. 
I felt this last time too... 
The clouds in America are so beautiful. 
I think I can see them more clearly because there aren't too many tall buildings. one two three. 
We're in America. 
one more time, one more time. 
Hurry, one more time. 
oK, the red light is on. 
I'm at a coffee shop. 
This is a mango smoothie, sold only in this store. 
None 
I don't know where everybody else went. 
oh! 
There's Zelo. 
Yo, what's up! 
Wow, no way. 
None 
You're wearing a gold necklace today. 
Today's fashion is... 
This is being filmed. 
Why does that matter? 
Zelo says his socks are a 'miss' to his fashion today. 
So he doesn't want to be filmed. 
- Super star Zelo! 
- No, no. 
Stop filming. 
Are you playing the "solitude game"? 
This must be the "solitude game" you enjoy. 
How'd you know that? 
I'm scared! 
I'm scared! 
Dog, you say, ruff! 
It's not a Korean dog. 
You're not a Korean dog but hand! 
Hand! 
Don't do that, don't do that. 
Right. 
Dog will... hand, hand. 
I told you not to do that. 
This does connect to usb. 
- I bought a few LP's too. 
- He bought LP's! 
- There are more LP discs in Korea. 
- I gotta go to Chung-gye-cheon now. 
Finally, we head to our first MV shooting. 
None 
- Hey, gimme the room key. 
- I left it in the hotel room. oh, you left it there? 
This is the point! 
None 
I found out from my fan cafe, that they thought these were arm warmers. 
But guys, these aren't arm warmers. 
I just put this mask on my wrist. 
(Simple-minded)l didn't want to lose it. 
I lose things pretty often... 
So I try to always hang my belongings on my body. 
- My camera - Did you shut the door? 
of course you did. 
Hi. 
It's been 3 days in America. 
- What are we filming today? 
- We're filming for the MV. 
I want to live in a house like this one day. <"Coffee Shop" MV First main character Dae Hyun> 
I'll have a wife and kids. 
My wife will be cooking breakfast and I'll be playing with the kids. 
We'll eat delicious food together, and take a walk with our two puppies. 
I'm glad the background looks nice. 
At least I won't look tacky. 
The place for my MV is the best. 
The weather is fantastic. 
How do I look? 
It's me over flowers. 
I can't really smell well because I'm sick. 
But real flowers do smell good. 
Do I get to rest now? 
I was worried because I didn't get good sleep. 
But the weather's so good it's very healing. 
I'm done. 
I took some pictures since I came to America. 
Pictures come out incredibly well. 
I want to use this for Jong Up's album cover. 
This is the puppy from a little while ago. 
The states sure do seem really good. 
None 
He's walking a dog bigger than himself. 
Good. 
The sunlight is definitely working it. 
The sunlight is making me look 150% better. 
Right now, the sun is really high up. 
I think I'll get to film when the sun's about to set. 
I can tell you one thing. 
My character's concept is to read a book while waiting for someone. 
It doesn't really match my personality. 
That's my concept for the shoot. 
Let's go for it! 
Stand there, just stand there. 
Stand! 
Come this way a little bit. 
That's not it. 
I don't know how to use the camera. 
This is just all picturesque. 
I'm a celebrity but I don't like to get dressed up. 
Usually... 
I don't like wearing make-up I don't like putting on hairspray. 
I don't like fancy clothing either... 
I don't think I'm meant to be a celebrity. 
None 
I don't think dressing up is all that nice. 
I'm not a foxy guy. 
I'm more like a bear. 
Nice. 
This is Dayton Way in Beverly Hills. 
It's actually a very expensive town. 
I don't fit in very well, do l? 
<'Bear' Yong Guk's shoot begins> 
The background saved me. 
It's like L.A. 
It looks fantastic. 
Feels like L.A. here. 
Pictures come out beautifully here. 
Nature is definitely better than creating expensive sets. 
No matter how costly a set is it's incomparable to nature. 
okay. 
Great job. 
Now, it's Zelo's turn. 
The first scene is a wrap. 
Zelo will now be shooting a skateboarding scene. 
Zelo will film something similar to me. 
Directors are so good at filming. 
They're making us look very attractive. 
We look as though we're Korean-Americans living in America. 
I'm pretending this iPod is an iPhone. 
Woah there, wind. 
None 
I'm doomed. 
My face is bloated. 
I can feel my face all swollen. 
I'm screwed. 
I think that's a person over there. 
Look at him wash the baby like she's laundry. 
(Born in Busan) I've been to Gwang-an-ri Beach in Busan. 
Hae-woon-dae, and Song-do beach. 
But I've never been to such a huge beach like this before. 
lf you come to the U.S. 
Make sure you stop by Santa Monica beach! 
Mr. Bookworm. 
I'm not used to this. 
Cut! okay! 
It's over. 
ln Los Angeles 
My filming for the "Coffee Shop" MV is a wrap 
The sunshine, the beach, the sand, everything in general was good 
None 
Everything was wonderful. 
I think the MV will come out well. 
These shoes are too heavy I can't wear them. 
Ah, so heavy. 
Hey, seriously... stop that! 
You look scared for sure right now. 
Take one hand off! 
- I can't. 
- It doesn't look good. 
Look here, kid. 
You have to stand up straight. 
Don't do that. 
This is really dangerous. or you can do this. 
Hi. 
It's been 3 days in America. 
Ah, my back. 
Shall we go? 
Good, really good. 
I think I can do it now. 
That's a wrap! 
Great job. 
Great job. 
See you later, L.A. 
We're going to San Francisco. 
See you again, L.A. 
We just arrived in San Francisco. 
Before MV filming, we're going to San Francisco hamburgers. 
Tigger here, Tigger there. 
Lately, fans have been sending a lot of Tiggers. 
We have so many Tiggers at home. 
Tigger staring at me here, Tigger staring at me there. 
I'm freaked out. 
They look like they're alive. 
It looks like they're alive and staring at me. 
oh my gosh! 
This street is called Union. 
The weather's kind of chilly here too. 
None 
It's a different feeling from L.A. 
San Francisco feels a little more antique. 
Very vintage, and each building has its own character. 
lf I were to choose between the two cities 
I'd pick San Francisco because it's more put-together. 
L.A. is nice too though, it's very casual. 
I wish my neighborhood were San Francisco. 
This place has a different aura to it. 
They're in the same country but they feel different. 
It's a city that goes well with our song "Coffee Shop" too. 
Just a little bit ago there wasn't this much sunlight. 
Thank goodness the sun came out. 
Zelo is filming right now. 
It's a relief the sun's shining brightly. 
I have a feeling today's shoot will be a good one. 
I'm done. 
Looking good. 
Different and uncommon. 
lndeed, Reporter Jung of B.A.P. 
He's a sensitive man who knows how to be romantic. 
It's just piece of art no matter how you take it! 
I heard that bridge was built in 1935. 
lts height is similar to that of "63 building" in Korea. <"The island across from here is the world's largest prison"> Wow, that? 
- That looks like an island. 
- That's the world's largest prison? 
I heard there are Dementors living inside. 
Look at him enjoying nature. 
It's freezing. 
It would be so much fun to have a concert in a place like this. 
My hair is stiff because of all the mousse I have in there. 
That goes totally well with him. 
He's got the aura. 
Doesn't he look like a celebrity? 
The wind is crazy. 
I'm happy but it's cold. 
It's always cold. 
You can't tell on screen. 
But this is a cliff. 
I'm scared. 
So when I was shooting that scene 
I felt like it was life or death for me. 
Great job. 
Hi. 
We're in San Francisco. 
It's supposed to be a normal street in a town but the aura is totally different. 
Taking pictures anyway still looks professional. 
It's cold. 
This is a port city in San Francisco. 
So there are lots of seafood restaurants near here. 
Like Busan of Korea, sort of? 
I think I'm near the coastline. 
Yes, that's where I'm filming for the MV. 
Young Jae looks really like a model today. 
We're finished with lip-synching now. only one last scene in San Francisco remains. 
I'm scared. 
They don't bite right? 
Nah they don't. 
They say this is a town for rich people. 
Doesn't it look like a set? 
I guess these places are models for sets. 
None 
It's pretty good. 
I hear Americans usually sprinkle cold lemon on shrimp to eat. 
But I think Koreans heat up shrimp to eat. 
I guess only Americans do this. 
I think for some people it suits their tastes. 
I don't really like seafood. 
San Francisco video shoot is a wrap! okay, good job for now. 
Good bye. 
Now we'll be moving on from San Francisco to Las Vegas to film. 
This is Las Vegas. 
The weather is really nice. 
It's warm. 
Las Vegas! 
It's warm. 
Weather is good, scenery is good. 
I feel good. 
"Seoul, Tokyo N New York City" 
Everyone is making bets going around. 
Las Vegas! 
We're going to film the first Las Vegas scene. 
We suffered a lot until now in the U.S. because of the weather. 
But I think it'll be okay in Las Vegas. 
Although I am quite sleepy and that's not good. 
What time is it now? 
I couldn't fall asleep so I read a book instead. 
There's nowhere to film here. 
There should be a lot out there. 
For Las Vegas, 
This is where everything really starts. 
None 
None 
None 
It's a song about us B.A.P. 
We wanted a song that matched Las Vegas. 
It's a very fancy city. 
Since we are singers, we look the most splendid when we're up on stage. 
It's a song about us and how we'll go to many cities in many countries to perform on stage. 
There are many countries we want to go to 
And there are many countries we will go to. 
So it's a song that contains our greatest aspirations. 
It's so pretty since the streets are so extravagant. 
I'm not sure I did well. 
There are too many people. 
I'm nervous because too many people are watching. 
None 
I'm embarrassed. 
It's crazy. 
lf I were good at dancing then I would at least do something. 
Singing is more embarrassing than dancing for some reason. 
People are all staring... 
So it's kind of hard to be confident. 
It's our first experience. 
I couldn't do anything because I was frozen. 
I'm sure Jong Up can do well though. 
Jong Up is Americanized. 
lndeed, when this fancy background and 
Jong Up's slick dancing skills... 
That was awesome. 
I'm enjoying Las Vegas very much. 
Filming is fun too. 
But my bangs... 
I'm gold from head to toe. 
Honestly, it was something I'd wanted to try some time. 
I'm honored to have gotten my chance so early. 
It's very very nice. 
I wanted to visit because of the glamorous scenery. 
I'm more excited than usual because we're shooting a MV here. 
More than tension, I'm having so much fun. 
There's no time to be tense. 
I'm your fan. 
Please give me an autograph. 
- There was no time to be nervous. 
- Can I have an autograph please? 
I think those sunglasses suit Bang Yong Guk more for sure. 
I'll show you a real performance. 
It's about 6 AM right now. 
More so than being very tired, no lies, it's so much fun. 
I always feel I'm lacking. 
lf I say I'd like to try again 
We're good to go for a re-shoot but I still feel like it's lacking. 
But that still feels lacking. 
I'm not satisfied because it seems the same. 
Alright, all finished. okay 
We're done. 
Great work. 
Great work. 
We are B.A.P, great work. 
We're finished. 
Now I'm going to hurry back and wash up to go to sleep. 
I'm not sure if I did well. 
But tomorrow will be a better day. 
PEACE! 
We're done. 
See you tomorrow. 
Bye bye. 
Before we start shooting 
I was going to get something cool to drink. 
But I ordered some napkins. 
- Where is this? 
- This is the 21st century. 
- There's a soup stain here. 
- This is the 'it' item for 21st century. 
A boy from 21st century. 
Something unbelievable has happened. 
Something that should not happen... 
We were supposed to film here. 
But there's a problem. 
So we have to film the next scene first... 
So we have to head to the hotel right now. 
Let's go to the hotel! 
None 
It's huge, there's a pool! 
How many rooms are there? 
The water's too hot. 
The cost of one night's stay so much. 
The view is great. 
When I earn a lot of money 
It'd be nice to visit with family. 
There's a pool, a gym with treadmill, a spa, 
A great view, and so many rooms. 
Haven't you all been to places like this? 
When I travel with family or with friends 
I've been to places like these so I'm quite used to it. 
How many rooms are there? 
I'm used to this. 
Please be quiet, curly head. 
What is Zelo's concept today? 
How awesome. 
Zelo's concept is a Chopin, Mozart, Beethoven kind of feel. 
The prime of music! 
Not Rome... 
Zelo is to be a composer from Vienna, Austria. 
He can't hear. 
He can't hear, but he's writing out what's in his head. 
I don't think he can play the piano. 
Why are you filming my feet? 
I'm embarrassed... 
Dae Hyun has sexy feet. 
He's a man with sexy feet. 
My feet turned ugly from dancing. 
I have calluses. 
- That's what's pretty. 
- The trace of life! 
It's beautiful. 
My feet have gotten dauntless. 
Zelo has flat fleet. 
- I don't have flat feet. 
- He says he doesn't. 
lf you look at just my feet, I look at least a decade older... probably. 
- My feet are really ugly. 
- Right. 
It's a joke. 
None 
Yesterday after filming in Las Vegas 
I went back to hotel and slept 3 hours. 
So I'm kind of tired right now... 
But it's a night in Vegas. 
The night is young. 
I'll get myself together again. 
It's my turn now. 
It ripped. 
None 
Does this even show? 
This is called reality. 
I have a lot of parts in "Hurricane". 
It's a fun song. 
It's a fun song but we're dressed like this. 
So I should act more gentle... 
With class! 
Shouldn't I do that? 
During overseas tour 
We always set a goal as a team. 
lf B.A.P ever gets a vacation, Las Vegas is definitely on our list to visit. 
It's over. 
My eyebrows move too when I sing. 
Thank you. 
It's over. 
I'm done. 
Since I was young 
I danced on stage with all my might. 
So my bones are thick, not thin. 
Scanning Zelo's leg's to the end. 
Shall we get started! 
Shall we get started! 
Who is this? 
Shall we get started on filming? 
It's my turn to lip sync for the MV. 
I'm looking forward to it. 
Since the background is so pretty. 
Anybody with that background will come out very well for sure. 
- Great job. 
- Great job. 
Great work. 
MV lip sync is over. 
Great work. 
None 
We have to shoot again. 
My face is probably bloated right now. 
I slept a lot. 
It was past three thirty when I checked in the car earlier. 
I feel tired but it was a good all-nighter. 
- oh, Jong Up is here too. 
- Hi. 
He's my manager for the day. 
- Bring me some water. 
- Water? 
Then I gotta dig up soil... 
Then hurry and dig, here. 
- It's cement so you'll be done in no time. 
- I don't think I can, I'm too sleepy. 
This is an elevator in Las Vegas. 
It's my first time on an elevator in Las Vegas. 
You haven't in the hotel? 
Did you walk up to the hotel room? 
We were on the 20th floor. 
- We didn't film then. 
- You're right. 
That's why this is my first time. 
Wow, elevators in Las Vegas go up too. 
Same as Korean ones. 
Great work. 
It feels just like Las Vegas. 
Great work. 
We're in Las Vegas. 
We just finished shooting for the MV. 
I had an all-nighter yesterday and couldn't sleep today. 
I just woke up in the middle of my nap to come to the shooting. 
The director expected me to look awake. 
So I was jumping around, trying to be hyper. 
Thankfully the scenery was great 
So I could get in a happy mood. 
(Satisfied) I'm feeling pretty good now. 
I'm all done filming so I'll be leaving with the photographer. 
None 
We played like crazy on the bus. 
You can only check it out in the MV. 
We'll be all done at the desert. 
The desert scene is the final one. 
"We're Hurricane, We're Hurricane" 
I've gone insane. 
I've been up for almost 24 hours. 
We're heading to the desert now it'll take about 20-30 minutes. 
It's where the scorpions live, my favorite. 
I want to catch one there. 
Great work. 
(Energetic) "Hurricane" MV THE END! 
This is Washington D.C. 
After a little break some members will get ready. 
I heard Him Chan and Jong Up will be filming first. 
I didn't want to waste time in the hotel. 
I heard the set is near here so I came out to skateboard. 
I like it here so much. 
Hi, I'm Him Chan. 
"Hurricane" MV is over. 
We were filming for a real long time. 
There were many different places we went to. 
And today, we came over to Washington D.C. 
As soon as we got here, Jong Up and I had to film for the "Coffee Shop" MV. 
So we're out here and it's pretty nice. 
Zelo is here too. 
Zelo seems to like America a lot. 
Look at him. 
But I'm a little worried about something. 
L.A. and San Francisco were very natural and free cities. 
Washington D.C. seems like a noble place. 
I'm worried that Zelo will get scolded. 
We're at the MV shooting set. 
Wish us luck. 
Goodbye. 
We're heading to New York now. 
New York is the final destination. 
We'll try our best in NY too and head back safely. 
We're finally in NYC. 
Honestly we wanted to go to JFK airport. 
We'll go to Korea from JFK. 
Today we came to another airport. 
We'll finish filming and enjoy our time in NYC. 
NY fans are coming too. 
NY style is supposed to be absolutely cool. 
So we tried to be casual 
Not to seem over-conscious. 
This is NY. 
It's unbelievable that I'm walking the streets of New York. 
I can't believe it. 
I received a business card. 
He says he's a rapper in America. 
He gave me a business card. 
We finished off with a wonderful scene of America. 
I was sitting over there and people started talking to me. 
I couldn't understand them. 
We're in Manhattan, New York. 
The sun is shining, buildings are beautiful. 
I just really love this free, peaceful atmosphere. 
Most of all, the sunlight is the best here. 
We wrapped my MV filming in NY well too. other members will film too. 
I'm going to enjoy my free time. 
I'm in NY. 
Wow, it's so great. 
All the passersby's are awesome too. 
The reason why filming is fun is not only because we show our new looks 
But also because we come to new places. 
It's awesome. 
The sun just went down. 
Boo hoo. 
It really is America. 
None 
There are yellow taxies passing by. 
I'm taking pictures right now. 
All the passersby's look incredible. 
I want to ask so many of them 
lf I could take pictures of them. 
There are tons of people who look much better than we do 
They look very modelesque. 
I got this stain from a hotdog I ate earlier. 
I guess I'm clumsy sometimes. 
Thankfully I dropped it after I finished my scene. 
Dae Hyun and Yong Guk are filming at Time Square and Central Park fountain. 
It's like a dream. 
When else would we come here to film for a MV! 
Right now, we are at Central Park. 
We're here because Dae Hyun is filming. 
He's filming for the MV right now. 
And I'm just going there to watch him. 
At Central Park, 
The trees are all very tall and the air is very fresh. 
Look over there. 
It's a horse. 
I've only seen it in NY I think. 
Horses in NY! 
You don't see that often elsewhere. 
Horses on the streets. 
This place sure is humongous. 
The trees are enormous and the streets are wide. 
It's one thing that stands out about America. 
This place is so big I feel like I'm in a giant's forest. 
Dae Hyun is a natural at acting. 
This place is Central Park. 
ln the middle of Central Park 
I took a picture over there by the fountain. 
There's a place where you throw in coins and make wishes. 
I made many wishes. 
First wish was 'Please let B.A.P have a hit.' 
Second wish was 'Please let our hair designer get married' 
And the third wish was 'Please let our make-up artist get married too' 
I wasn't going to say this but, honestly, I wished for many chances 
To see many BABAz. 
I think I threw in coins worth about 5 dollars. 
Well most importantly, the MV has to come out well. 
We have to finish off the concerts in 
Korea and Japan successfully too. 
Take this energy from Central Park... 
This is awesome. 
None 
Americans seem to know how to appreciate the small things in life. 
We're so used to internet and machines. 
We should stop getting used to them 
And become appreciative people. 
I will try, too. 
We're going to Time Square now. 
Yong Guk is filming his scene at Time Square. 
I've only seen it on TV. 
Like in 'lnfinite Challenge' kind of TV shows. or other entertainment programs. 
I've always wanted to visit. 
And I get to go today. 
I'm excited. 
Yo, New York City. 
We're here, in NY. 
There's so much to do. 
Hogwarts kid, move. 
We're here in NY. 
I said move Hogwart! 
We're in New York. other members have to shoot but I finished my part in D.C. yesterday. 
So Jong Up and I went shopping. 
The jumbo screens assure me that this really is Times Square! 
B.A.P has finally arrived at Times Square. 
It's an honor. 
It really is an honor. 
I still can't believe it. 
Times Square. 
This is Time Square. 
I've only seen it in pictures. 
This is my first time here. 
All this fanciness. 
ls that a celebrity? 
Who's that? 
one two okay. one two. 
The weather is awesome today. 
The buildings around here are tall so usually this street gets less sunlight. 
But today the sun's shining so much. 
(Very satisfied) Wow, good. 
That dog looks happy too. 
Yo, New York City. 
We're headed to the set feeling like we're VlP. 
Today, we're filming at MTV in Time Square. 
We'll be customizing shoes and painting murals. 
Time for some cultural activities. 
It feels more like playing rather than working. 
You know what I'm saying? 
I'll be styling my own shoes. 
I'll be making one-of-a-kind shoes. 
This looks like a really famous shop. for street artists. 
It seems many famous street artists have come through here. 
I wanted to make my outfit or shoes with this printing. 
I finally got a chance... 
I should've brought a plain white t-shirt. 
Excuse me. 
Excuse me, sir. 
Let's start! 
I want to hurry up and make something. 
My mind and body aren't working together. 
I can do this in my head. 
None 
I was good a long time ago, really, a long time ago. 
I drew very well a long time ago 
When I followed friends around tagging graffiti walls 
I thought I was pretty good. 
I'm not used to this so I keep messing up. 
A simple line should be easy to draw. but I can't even do that. 
- I'm screwed. 
- I'm screwed too. 
I tried and tried to fix it. 
But I messed up. 
Where's yours? 
- What picture is this? 
- It's supposed to be... 
- It should have a meaning. 
- This is just a pattern. 
The color wore off today. 
So I tried another color... 
None 
I have a dream. 
Never give up. 
Neat, huh? 
I'm finished. 
My shoes. 
YJ shoes. 
I put my initials on it as well as our team B.A.P. 
To the left, you see this side and to the right, that side. 
Walk like this. 
Then B.A.P will show. 
So for the left shoe, I drew on the outer side. 
And for the right shoe, I drew on the inner side. 
And on the back is our Matoki. 
It's good. 
I'm 150% satisfied. 
It came out very well. 
I got some good help. 
It's good! 
It's great! 
I'll be wearing these shoes the day I go back to Korea after the tour. 
The sun will be up soon. 
The sun should be up soon. 
It's 7:10AM now 
It's 15 degrees (Fahrenheit) out right now. 
From this street, you can see buildings and bridges over the rivers. 
I think the view here is the best in early morning. 
Right now it's early morning, so the setting matches "Coffee Shop" perfectly. 
What we're going to do now is, we'll start filming first. 
What we'll be filming is. 
You two standing like this while alternating singing. 
Lip sync, then that'll be it. - oh no. 
- Why? 
We both wore hats. 
- Both of you? 
- But we meet each other in this scene. 
Dae Hyun and I were both supposed to be wearing hats. 
But I heard later there's a scene where we meet each other. 
We didn't know that so we both came here wearing hats. 
We look too much alike. 
This is the hat Dae Hyun was planning on wearing. 
But he took it off and now he's getting his hair styled. 
The concept has us meeting altogether in New York 
After wandering around in L.A., San Francisco 
And in Washington D.C. 
There's a scene where Dae Hyun and I pass by each other. 
Since you're wearing a hat it'll be better for you to sit down. 
Dae Hyun can walk. 
I'd only seen that in my dreams. 
How cool is that. 
That's the Statue of Liberty. 
I can see the Statue of Liberty in the distance from here 
It's so amazing. 
It's the most exciting and cool thing I've seen in the U.S. thus far. 
It's huge even from here, how big would it be from up close? 
I was so surprised. 
I wasn't expecting to see it from here. 
I'm seeing it for the first time. 
I'm seeing it from afar. 
Wow, I'm really in NY. 
Cut! 
The atmosphere in the background helps a lot. 
It matches the song very well. 
So it's very empowering. 
Today, the concept for my outfit and hair is an intern at the Brooklyn Newspaper. 
It seems very different from the Brooklyn I'd seen in movies. 
I really want to go to where the statue of liberty is at. 
I think we might go. or I just have to go there. 
Please put an ice cream cone here, with CG. 
Finally, I got to see the Statue of Liberty. 
From here it looks very small. 
But when you're in front of the statue, I hear you only see the body because it's too big. 
That building there is where the 911 terror took place. 
So they're rebuilding a new structure there. 
Come to think of it, what's that on the very top? on top of that building there's something like a fork-crane. 
The person operating that - must be so scared. 
- He must be very scared. 
He must have more than one life or something. 
I'm sad. 
We're heading back to Korea the day after tomorrow. 
I wanted to tour more before leaving. 
None 
New photographer. 
He takes out his right hand from his pocket. 
Look that way, looks at the sky, hand on the hat... 
His hand's up, and back down. 
He's walking suavely 
He puts his hands in his pockets. 
Looking this way. 
Don't laugh. 
He's laughing. oh no. 
He couldn't help but laugh. 
Honestly, it's really embarrassing. 
For both the doer and the watcher, it's embarrassing. 
Nice. 
I'm done. 
We're out in NY right now. 
How early did we get ready? 
It's 11 AM right now. 
To film at 11 AM, 
You have to start getting ready at 7 AM. 
Which means Young Jae and Dae Hyun 
Must've gotten up really early. 
I'm sleep deprived right now. 
But since it's our MV, I'm anticipating a good outcome. 
And it's really fun. 
I'll be sure to enjoy it. 
Peace. 
Right now, we're in NY to film MV. on some bridge. 
I don't know where this is though... 
Him Chan is already shooting first for the MV on this bridge now. 
This is my background scene. 
It's awesome. 
our solo shoots are over. 
We'll film a lip sync all together as a group. 
Lip sync like an image cut. 
- Thank you. 
- Goodbye. 
Step back a little...yes. 
A chatting scene. 
Cut. 
What's wrong with us? 
Now, what you do with this coffee is, 
Drink it in a sentimental way. 
Put it down, and pet it once like this. 
And try touching the coffee cup here. 
This one here? 
You know, something like this. 
Put your coffee cup to... 
- You know what I mean? - oh, this one? 
- No, no. 
- Then this one? 
Then touch that cup in front of you. 
You're thinking of the girl that's supposed to be with you. 
You know what I'm saying? 
We're going by the lyrics. 
Although you may want to wrench your fingers from embarrassment, you have to. 
Now we'll be filming the scene of where I reminiscence about a "Coffee Shop" 
I say this a lot but acting is very difficult and it doesn't match well with me... 
I think that's what it is. 
But today's weather is great. 
Wait, no it's not. 
I didn't realize because of my sunglasses. 
Anyway I have to film the scene where I'm reminiscing about an ex-girlfriend. 
But people are staring so I'm embarrassed. 
Still, I gotta try my best. 
Today is the day before the last day of filming for "Coffee Shop". 
Tomorrow is the last day and today is the day before that. 
Many passerby's are taking photos of us. 
It feels strange and interesting. 
I like it. 
I like it a lot. 
There isn't much time until we go back. 
Tomorrow is the last day of shooting and we leave the day after that. 
I want to enjoy NY more while I'm here. 
There hasn't been enough time to look around. 
What do you want to do? 
Me? 
Just walking around here a little bit would be fantastic. 
You have a lot of time, walk around. 
I'm done filming. 
I feel down. 
I'm wearing my own gear today 
These are the most recent pair I purchased. 
I got to dance in a battle with great dancers. 
Rainy New York morning. 
This is Brooklyn. 
My last solo filming remains. 
It's raining so much right now. 
I'm filming a piano scene today. 
I hope it comes out well. 
This piano has been with me since the days of "I Remember". 
Do you remember? 
This piano from the gun shot scene and raining scene. 
It's returned for "Coffee Shop" as well. 
Wearing a white t-shirt and sneakers. 
That's my ideal girl. 
ls there any girl who looks good in a white t-shirt and sneakers? 
The staff has a harder time for this shoot. 
I just need to rap, but everyone else... is out of breath. 
The fountain suddenly burst. 
All the sound equipment is in there but the fountain suddenly burst. 
lsn't this the beauty of filming? 
Hey that dog is taking a bath. 
He seems happy. 
Look at him drinking water. 
We're done. 
I'm done filming. 
Him Chan and Jong Up were supposed to film here too. 
But the NY weather is not good today. 
It's cold and raining a lot. 
Unfortunately, we have to stop filming. 
So everyone has to go to the studio for group filming. 
There's more working than playing in NY. 
But I'm still happy. 
When else could I come here? 
We just talked about our taste for music and dancing. 
He says I have very good control. 
Thank you. 
Standby. 
Just one camera is enough to entertain us. 
The outfits for today are very extreme. 
For three members, their outfits match the song. 
For the other three... 
Like this. 
Up and down like this... 
I want to do that again. 
Cut! 
Great work. 
The end! 
Great job. 
"Coffee Shop" MV is over. 
"Coffee Shop" is over and "Hurricane" is over too. our PAClFlC ToUR in 4 cities of America is over. 
We're heading back to Korea tomorrow. our trip in America is now over. 
I have many mixed emotions. 
It was a long time in the U.S. 
I'm glad everything finished well. 
"Coffee Shop" and "Hurricane" music videos will come out well. 
I'm looking forward to them. 
Great work. 
It's really over. 
2 weeks have come to an end. 
We're done. 
But really, the last shoot was the grand finale. 
We were filming in the rain. on the rooftop. 
Which makes me feel better though, to think 
I tried my hardest up to the very end. 
All or our schedules in the states are completed. 
My clothes are all wet. 
But I'm still very happy we're done with everything in the U.S. 
I'm really looking forward to how the MV turns out. 
Anyway we're done in the U.S. 
We'll eat-up, sleep-in, and get on the plane back to Korea. 
one, two, cheese! 
None one, two. 
Frankie Boyle 
Hello 
Hello everybody 
Hello at the top 
Do you remember years ago when they were making Braveheart? 
Everyone said, "Oh it's ridiculous, Mel Gibson playing a Scottish guy; that's not going to be very convincing." 
Look at him now. 
An alcoholic racist. 
The most Scottish thing I've ever seen. 
I was going through a town called Bathgate at night. and there was a guy pissing against a front door, 
like that. 
He then took out his keys and went inside. 
I'm from Glasgow. 
If I had to explain Glasgow to you, I'd say that if I had to pick a city in the world where I could depend on a member of the public to punch a man who was on fire. 
To punch a flaming man to the ground. 
We should get a photo of that blown up. and use it as the welcome sign at Scottish airports. 
Underneath, we should have the words, "Scotland welcomes careful drivers." 
I mean the naivety of Al Qaida trying to bring religious war to Glasgow. 
We're four hundred years ahead of you guys. 
You've not even got a football team. 
There's a fallacy, isn't there, that that baggage handler prevented hundreds of people from being horribly burnt. 
These were Scottish people flying to Spain. 
People say its good that they didn't hit a fuel depot. 
I think it's good they didn't hit the queue coming out of the duty free. 
It would have gone up like Hiroshima. 
British army have got a big recruitment driving on in Scotland at the minute. 
Because that's what you need when you're fighting an unwinnable war in the desert. 
More ginger people. 
That's why they couldn't send Prince Harry. 
They couldn't afford the resources required to start developing factor 60,000 sun block. 
It's not always the friendliest place in the world, Scotland. 
I once saw an English guy in Glasgow trying to order a pint of lager and lime. 
The barman went, "We don't do cocktails." 
We can't just be dour, negative bastards up there. 
John Logie Baird invented the TV 
And when people came up to him congratulate him. 
He went, "Ay, but there's f* all on." 
Are you looking forward to the Olympics in London? 
I'll take that as a "no". 
They say the Olympics is going to rekindle English national pride. 
Come on, for 9.2bn you could have written "Fuck off Germany on to the moon". 
The Spice Girls are getting back together. 
The only way we're going to see Geri Halliwell draped in a Union Jack again is if she dies in battle. 
I tell you what I think they should do in Big Brother. 
You know on eviction night when someone gets sent out, the people inside, instead of hearing screaming or booing or whatever, they should just hear complete silence and then a single gunshot. 
When I was at school, I could just never work out how to get girls bras undone. 
Then eventually I realised, these girls were wearing a different type of bra from my Gran. 
If you don't like that, you'll hate this next one. 
The oldest woman ever to give birth gave birth this year. 
She was sixty-three. 
You could imagine at sixty three, the baby didn't have to force its way out. 
It spent the last three months bungy jumping. 
Everytime she went for a s*, it had to brace itself. 
Like the end of the Italian Job. 
Apparently, scientists have come up with a condom for premature ejaculation. 
Basically, it's got an anaesthetic in the lining. 
It makes you numb so you can lost for longer. 
Or you can wear it inside out and you don't have to wake anybody up. 
Thanks, because that one can go either way. 
Apparently, a quarter of men have a problem with premature ejaculation. 
The rest of just don't think it's a problem. 
See, science isn't all progress. 
What was wrong with train toilet doors that just locked instead of this multiple choice system. 
Now, if anything goes wrong, you're gonna be sitting there while the whole toilet wall slowly slides away. 
And you're unveiled like a f* prize on a quiz show. 
For 500 points, a s woman. 
Gordon Brown has got his big new idea. 
He says that he wants to make children stay at school until they're eighteen. 
That's just not living in the modern world, is it? 
Seventeen year olds having to go to school. 
Who's going to pick their kids up from primary? 
He wants to bring in ID cards. with retina scans and 49 items of information. 
ID cards won't stop your identity being stolen, it just means that once it's stolen, you're fucked. 
"Oh, I've left my wallet in the hotel, 
I'm going to need new eyeballs and a finger transplant." 
Gordon Brown has seriously said, he wants listening devices put into lamposts to fight terrorism. 
Is that how terrorists work? 
"Come over here, we must discuss our evil plans in this brightly-lit area. 
We'll sing them out like a f* barber shop quartet." 
Do you think George Bush even knows who Gordon Brown is? 
He probably thinks Tony Blair's put on weight and has had a mild stroke. 
See that bishop up North somewhere who said that the floods were God's judgement on homosexuals. 
If that were true, Brighton would be like f Atlantis by now. 
I'm all for gay adoption. 
Gay men would make brilliant dads. 
They already know where all the best parks are. 
They already know how to put talcum powder on to a sore bottom. 
I'd have loved to have had a gay dad. 
Remember all that stuff at school. 
"My dad will batter your dad. 
My dad could batter your dad." 
"Listen, my dad will shag your dad." 
"Your dad will enjoy it". 
It's got to that stage in Scotland now where people recognise me. 
But never where from. 
I got followed by two guys in Glasgow who thought I was Wee Bear from Bo Selecta. 
You wait for years for that Proclaimers sign to go away. 
My favourite thing I saw this year was an article in one of the women's magazines on Valentines 
... 
Hari bol, Gaura Hari bol. 
Hopeless position. hatāś hoiye, hari, tava nām ucca kori", boro duḥkhe ḍāki bār bār 
I am [ampulating??] all these things with each to the highest position of disappointment whence sometimes somehow or other there comes: 
"Gaurabde ha! 
O, Lord! 
I'm helpless. 
Save me". 
"I'm helpless, I'm [soheart??]-powered. 
In my home I'm in the midst of so many enemy in there. 
In the hand of my enemies. 
No, no freedom. 
I'm [clotery??] under control of so many enemies in the form of friends. 
The real me such hopeless position. 
I hope, my Lord, You'll come without agression with anger, agressively, otherwise no hope. 
Even I'll not be allowed to my connection with you. kāmādīnāṁ kati na katidhā pālitā (CC Madhya 22.16) 
From time immemorial I'm serving all my these masters. 
But they are not satisfied with my service. 
I may be slave, eternal slave, impossibility of getting of [position??] unique to me. 
Now I find this helpless position, my Lord. 
If you, when thee come on your own accord asserting or serving any way then these, they will fly away. 
Otherwise no. 
No chance I have got. sāmprataṁ labdha-buddhis tvām āyātaḥ śaraṇam abhayaṁ māṁ niyuṅkṣvātma... (CC Madhya 22.16) 
When little attention of some engagement if you extend to me then these will fly. 
In the fear of you. 
Otherwise I have no hope. 
This sort of [ascetic??] prayer from the core of the heart towards the saviour. 
This is what is necessary for us. 
[now???] 
Hare Krishna. 
Hare Krishna. 
Gaura Hari bol. 
Gaura Hari bol. 
Nitai Gaura Hari bol. 
Nitai Gaura Hari bol. 
Nitai Gaura Hari bol. 
Govinda, Govinda. 
Govinda, Govinda, Govinda he! 
Nitai Gaura Hari bol. 
[indistinct] 
Nitai Gaura Hari bol, Nitai Gaura Hari bol. 
The same question always. 
Q: 
Well, I hope not. 
This is a question I've asked once or twice 
Q: but it's a... 
I'm asking it for... 
Q: the full explaination. 
We're encouraging everyone to chant Hare Krishna mantra 
Q: yet we're seeing now there's one quote in Padma-purana, the sa that same, without proper initiation, the mantra received is wihout effect. 
So is it that those without proper connection they're not getting any benefit from chanting the mantra? 
[What did he say?] 
Q2: 
[bengali] [onosoly??] progress is near impossible. 
Proper progress. 
There maybe something like [unna??], [backward??] marriage? 
Like [budwa??] activating and sadure, abruptly it may become or may not namabhas. 
That giving mukti. 
Up to namabhas, up to mukti, it may be. 
Or may not. 
That name. 
[or??] namakar. 
That [of??] the seed without the potency within it. 
Imitation is like that. 
Without the seed. 
The medicine is there, apparently. 
But the potency of the medicine is [absent?]. 
It will be like that. 
At most that name produce what is namabhasa. 
One thing: proper... 
Name proper. 
Name means it is not material. 
It is not under the jurisdiction of the concocted area. 
Misunderstood area. 
It must not have root there. 
In the [paws?] of imitation. 
The root must not be there. 
The root, name proper, must have to become, have it's connection with the infinite proper. 
One thing. 
And the next thing: it must be treated properly, that is sevon-mukh, serving attitude. 
Not exploiting mood, not indifferent mood. 
Serving attitude must be there and the seed must be proper seed, bonafide. 
Two things necessary. 
Everywhere. 
Sadhu-sanga, that is also bonafide. 
We are to differentiate it from the sham. 
From the apparent. 
That is from mayic conception. 
Which is not so. 
That is this treachery, the hipocracy, we are to avoid. 
Imitation side. 
Which is not proper and is going in the name of proper. 
That is dangerous, we must, we are to avoid that. 
We are to come in connection with the truth. 
With the reality. 
Unto [dim??] also ready. 
Not any [passinarly??], imitationary. 
Our dealing will be sincere, true, and we must come in touch with the truth. 
The thruthful result we may expect. 
Truth is independent. 
It is not subservient to anything else. 
We shall have to come in connection with truth anyhow. 
[9:06] 
UK Youth Parliament Make Your Mark 2012 
Want to have a voice? 
Want to have a say? 
Want to Make Your Mark? 
The UK Youth Parliament is coming together to fight your corner and tackle the biggest issues facing young people today. 
But we need your help 
Run by young people for young people the UK youth parliament gives opportunities to 11 - 18 year olds to use their voice to have an influence on the decisions which affect them members are elected up and down the country by you to represent you its not about party politics its about campaigning on the issues which matter to you this November members of youth parliament are going to take over the house of commons who chooses the issues to be debated? 
Simple. 
You 
Last year the UK youth parliament carried out a nationwide pole of over 65 thousand young people and you told us what your top 5 issues were across the country. 
Too often it seems to me that we are happily accepted as adults 
When it comes to parting with our pounds but treated like kids when it comes to having our say in matters that affect us 
The cost of public transport is forever rising and it's unreliable 
It costs me £16 a week to get to work and twice this week i've been late because of public transport and that is catching two buses that are earlier than i need 
If we're expected to use public transport and lower emissions then we should be able to afford it 
lowering costs of transport would also make it more accessible to people who are poor 
Members of the UK youth parliament have been debating voting on which of these top 5 issues will become a priority campaign for the coming year 
Make public transport cheaper better and accessible for all was a national campaign for the previous year 
We've seen a record number of young people campaigning and lobbying for change in this area 
Its over to you this year we're upping the anti and we want to have you to be voting in your hundreds of thousands ready for UKYP in the houses of commons 2012 in order to make the changes young people deserve you need to cast your vote your vote will decide 4 of the 5 topics to be debated and the last being a topical issue decided by the MYP's from the minimum wage and the 16-19 bursary to a better curriculum and mental health there are a load of different topics to vote for this is your opportunity to tell those in charge the most pressing issues of today and to tell them that young people care anyone aged 11-18 can vote and you have until the 12th of october to do so there are two ways in which you can do it through MYP's and the councils which support them or you can go online and find out more about UKYP and vote at ukyp.org.uk remember this is your chance to make a difference this is your chance to have a voice and this is your chance to make your mark to find out more join us on facebook follow us on twitter or search online for UKYP 
The price per gallon. 
The price per gallon is measured in dollars over gallons. 
And this makes perfect sense if we think about what quantities we're using to calculate this slope on this graph. y here, stands for the total price of solution, which is, of course, measured in dollars. 
And x here, stands for the number of gallons of solution that Grant has bought, or is willing to buy. 
And that's measured in gallons. 
We know that slope is equal to the change in y over the change in x, which is, just as we found here, dollars over gallons. 
Boing Boing teamed up with Institute for the Future and Sun Microsystems to create the Digital Open, an online tech expo for teens 17 and under around the world. 
Now, meet one of the winners. 
I'm Brennon Williams, I'm 15 years old, and I live in Burlingame, California. 
BW Science Labs has been in the making for about 2 years. 
It started out as just a way for me to document my research and all of my projects and it really just grew from there. 
Here I have a very old computer that I just bought from my friend for $5. 
And usually, this would be useless, but the reason why I'm using it is because it will make a brilliant server. 
As a little project, I coded my own server in Python. 
I started programming when I was about 10 or 11, in several languages. 
So, my love has really grown from there. 
I used microcontrollers like the BASlC Stamp, but now I'm more of a PlCAXE programming kind of a guy. 
I can't live without a soldering station. 
I use it to wire-- to solder joints together in circuity. 
If I'm building a robot or just, you know, making LEDs blink, 
I need my soldering station. 
It's incredible to me that you can take bits of copper and silicone and plastic and put them together to simulate something that's autonomous, that can think for itself, that can interact with its environment. 
So this is kind of how I started out, piecing together things. 
And this is one of my latest robots... 
There we go. 
One of the biggest problems with today's generation is that, one, we're not science literate, and we need our generation to be inspired more. 
Because if you look at the heroes of the younger generation today, they're mainly rappers and musicians, and people who wouldn't really inspire kids to go out and create. 
If you start out from something basic, and you think, Wow this is a really cool device, or robot, or whatever that I've built, and then you can put the plans out, and someone maybe who's smarter than you or just as curious as you can modify them and make it even cooler and have even more benefits. 
I mean, if we didn't have open-source technology, [sighs] 
I have no idea-- well, I wouldn't be here, 
I would be on Facebook, or worse, 
MySpace. 

The volume of a cube is equal to its length times its width times its height. 
A cube with side x has length x, width x, and height x. 
So its volume is equal to x times x times x, or x to the third. 
Shane takes a big cube of butter with side length 5 from the fridge. 
So I'm assuming-- well, they're not giving us the units. 
Maybe it's 5 centimeters. 
With side length 5 from the fridge. 
Maybe I'll go with 5 centimeters. 
That seems reasonable. 
Then he cuts out a little cube of side length 2 from one of the corners of the cube. 
Write an expression that describes the volume of butter left. 
So let's think about it. 
The original volume of butter that was-- they're saying side length 5. 
I'm visualizing it as 5 centimeters. 
Its volume is going to be 5 times 5 times 5, which we could just write as 5 to the third power. 
And then he takes out a little chunk from that. 
And the volume that he takes out is the volume of that little cube. 
And that little cube has side length 2. 
So its volume is going to be 2 times 2 times 2. 
Or another way of writing that is 2 to the third power. 
So it's going to be 5 to the third minus 2 to the third. 
Why are we doing this? 
Where are we going? 
Why?! 
What?! 
Oohh! 
We're in Paris! 
Yes, exactly, why don't we just stop and enjoy it? 
Just look. 
Too modern. 
Too empty. 
Too touristy. 
Your knees gone yet? 
- Not yet. 
What are you doing here in Paris? 
It's our wedding anniversary. 
And you only have time just for each other? 
Shut up! 
Idiot. 
You make my blood boil like nobody else! 
Sign of a deep connection! 
Once the kids have gone... 
What's left of us? 
Beckett says  'Do we mean love when we say love?' 
What else do we mean? 
That's stupid. 
Oooh! 
- Oh God, Nick! 
You cannot love and hate the same person. 
[laughing] 
- It really hurts! 
Usually in the space of 5 minutes in my experience. 
I think we've earned a very good time. 
People don't change. 
They do. 
They can get worse! 
[French accent] 
Do I please you, monsieur? 
Here's the bill. 
- That is quite a lot of money. 
Get your coat. 
Don't tell the kids. 
Nick, who I found yesterday,  kissing a woman passionately in the street... 
He later claimed that woman was his wife! 
[laughter] 
Here's to the future. 
Drugs... sex... divorce... 
Death! 
Who'd want to live anywhere else? 
Here's to us. 
[clink] 
Try me again and I promise you  it'll be more fun this time. 
- Hey, everybody! 
Welcome to the Atheist Experience. 
We're live. 
It is July 15th, 2012. 
Two days after Friday 13th, and one day after Saturday the 14th, and three days after Thursday the 13th, and they're all equally important. 
I'm Matt Dillahunty. 
Joining me this week is Don Baker. 
Welcome. 
- Good to be here. 
-We're in a good mood. 
This is a live call in television program out of Austin, Texas. 
We'll have the number up for you shortly. 
The announcement stuff has kind of been sidelined, and we're going to go ahead and let Don get started on his talk. 
How are you, by the way? 
- I'm doing good. 
I went to a holy place, believe it or not. 
- Holy to you, or holy to somebody else? 
It's as close as atheists have to a holy place. 
I went to a great science museum. 
I went to the American Museum of Natural Science in New York City, where the Hayden Planetarium is. 
I didn't see Neil deGrasse Tyson there, but took in a great planetarium show. 
Spent the whole day running around the museum. 
It was awesome. 
I had a wonderful time. 
- I went to the Secular Student Alliance Leadership Conference in Columbus where I helped poison the minds of the current and future leaders of the secular movement. 
- Good for you. 
- All in a day's work. 
- Okay. 
The devil must be very happy. 
- Yes! 
- Today I have yet another installment of my Failures of Chritianity series, and I've 
- Which we could do forever, by the way. 
- That's right. 
So we're just scratching the surface. 
I'm up to number 8 today. 
The idea here is there's so many failures, how could there possibly be a god behind all this? 
Or maybe there is. 
I don't know. 
Previously, I've talked about the failure of christian based abortion policy, the christian genocide of the Jews, the failure of the catholic pedophilia scandal, the failure of prayer, the failure of the 2nd coming, the failure of social engineering, failure of biblical morality, and today I'm going to talk about the failure of 
'christian science'. 
Got to put that in quotes. 
So what is chrisitan science versus real science? 
Well, christians supposedly worship the creator of the universe, the creator of the earth that created all human beings, all animals, and supposedly the bible is divinely inspired and sort of written by the hand of god indirectly. 
And, supposedly, he talks to christians through prayer, and supposedly he knows everything. 
He's omniscient. 
So you would think that there'd be all sorts of interesting facts about the way the world works in the bible and believers would know all these things, and there'd be all sorts of special insights there. 
But that's just not the case. 
What qualifies as science in the bible would fit on about 4 pages, comments about he nature of reality. 
And what is there is almost complely wrong. 
It's pretty abysmal. 
So, christians like to use this word 'science' and grab on the coattails of science and use the word 'creation science' and try to make it science-y and make it all better. 
And it's really just marketing. 
So, often there's sort of an attempt to steal the work of other people or steal the credit. 
So christians themselves seem to value ignorance. 
The apple of the tree of knowledge - they shouldn't have eaten that. 
And, in the past, they've burnt books for freethinkers alike. 
I view this competition between real science and christian science as like watching a horse race where one horse, the christian sicence horse, has died in gates and never really made it out. 
And the other horse has been going for 2000 years or more. 
Which one will win? 
We'll see. 
- If the finish line is right back at the start, then the dead horse got there first. 
- Right. 
Like so many other areas, chrisitan science is a proven failure. 
Although, we're not alone here in picking on christianity. 
All the other religions, 
like Islamic science, or whatever, Judaistic science. 
It's all the same stuff. 
- It's pretty cool, too, because you can go to the Muslim science pages and they'll tell you everything that's wrong with the christian science pages, and the christians will tell you what's wrong with the Muslims, and they'll both tell you what's wrong with the Jews. 
Actually, I don't know that Jews spend a whole lot of time trying to make the Torah and Talmud match up to science. 
- The Jews aren't big on marketing. 
They're happy to have their exclusive club. 
- I think the most amusing use of science by Jews is actually using science, real science, in order to find a workaround for all the prohibitions for what they can do on the sabbath. 
Which is really amusing. 
- Little gadgets to push the button on the elevator so that you're not actually creating fire. 
- Or a phone that's always trying to dial every number and you have it stop not, whatever. 
Anyway, it's confusing. 
Continue with your... 
- Modern marvels. 
Well, today I'm going to talk a little about cosmology, which is one of the big topics that comes up, some other physical sciences, a little bit of mathematics. 
Another time, I'm going to save some of the more meaty stuff for other shows. 
I'll talk about the failure of creationism on another show, and I'll talk about the failure of chrisitian medicine on another show. 
So, so much fail, there must be a god. 
The biblical cosmology is primitively wrong. 
It's pretty screwed up. 
There's this notion of a firmament, which is this large dome that separates heaven from the earth in biblical cosmology. 
The stars and the sun are fixed to the dome, and this dome rotates around. 
The earth is at the center. 
It's flat. 
It's got corners, according to the bible. 
Hell is somewhere below the earth. 
Day and night was created before the sun and the earth in Genesis 1:4-5. 
According to biblical scholars like Usher, the age of the universe is somewhere between 6,000 and 10,000 years. 
Although, they're not quite sure which. and the universe was created by god from nothing, from the void. 
In acutality, in reality, the earth is a planet, one of many in the solar system. 
There is no firmament, no sphere out there. 
The sun is the center of the solar system. 
The sun is a star on the spiral arm of a typical galaxy with billions of stars. 
The Milky Way is a galaxy, one of billions in the universe. 
The age of the universe is 13. 
75 billion years, and the universe was created by natural processes from a singularity, as far as we know. 
So, lots of wrong here. 
Lots of screwed up cosmology. 
Aristophanes, back in 2000 BCE, measured the size of the earth. 
He knew is was a sphere, and he measured the angle of the axial tilt. 
So, that's pretty impressive. 
Galileo upset the incorrect church's view using observational astronomy in the 1600s, and pointed out the foolishness of the church's position. 
The church was not too happy about people using telescopes because they thought they were going to look up the skirt of god or something. 
Poor Galileo spent most of the rest of his life under house arrest, after that little episode, under fear of being killed. 
There's a long list of astronomers and others who have expanded and refined our understanding of the universe, and they continue to do so today. 
So, meanwhile, the church and the bible has contributed nothing. 
Yet, they're happy to claim credit. 
They say god did it, or whatever, and there's this notion of the god of the gaps, where, if there's something that's not known, well, that's a good place to stick, that's a god-shaped hole to stick god in there, and that explains it. 
But, as we learn more, that gap gets smaller and smaller and smaller, and it's really just an argument from ignorance. 
For other physical sciences, let's talk about lightning, rainbows and materials. 
Okay, lightning. 
The chrisitan view up until the 18th century was 
lightning was the wrath of god. 
God was throwing thunderbolts down like Zeus in the cartoons, but churches, they built churches on hills as shining beacons. 
And, as such, they attracted lightning bolts. 
And when these churches were hit by lightning, it often destroyed them, and a lot of bellringers got killed from that lighning. 
And the clergy, who were doing their best to suck up to god were at a loss to explain how this was going on. 
What was happening here? 
Why did god dislike them so much? 
So, based on his understanding of electricity, Ben Franklin, who was a deist, solved the problem with his lightning rod, and his lightning redirection system in 1749. 
And, today, all churches, lo and behold, have lightning rods. 
Yet, they claim god is still protecting them. 
I find that amusing. 
What about rainbows? 
Well, in Genesis 9:11, we have god talking to Noah. 
This is right after the flood. 
And god says, 'And I will my covenant with you. 
Neither shall flesh be cut anymore by the waters of the flood. 
Neither shall there be flood to destroy the earth.' And god said, 
'This is a token of my covenant, which I make between me and you and every 
living creature that is with you for perpetual generations. 
I do set my bow on the cloud, and it shall be forever a token of the covenant between me and the earth.' 
So, according to the bible, rainbows are a remembrance of god's promise not to kill everything on the planet again. 
-Promise not to kill again with a flood. 
He can kill it again in other ways. 
- Okay. 
And you can contrast this rather silly kindof creepy story with the Feynman lectures on physics, where Richard Feynman explained how and why rainbows appear the way they do. 
And he worked out the angles and the diffraction of the light and all this good stuff, and there's no psychopathic connotations and there's a lot of beauty. 
And that's what science has done instead. 
So, materials science. 
So, say you're god and you wanted to communicate a message to humanity. 
And if you wanted to write something on a slate or a tablet, and you wanted it to last for centuries, you might use sapphire-coated titanium. 
That might be a good choice for a writing surface to send a message. 
-I'm down with that. 
The thing is I'm pretty sure if I'm a god, and 
I really want to communicate a message with everybody, I'd just tell everybody. 
I certainly wouldn't pick languages that die off and things that are temporary. 
-Thomas Payne made a very good argument that god would never use anything written to communicate a message. 
-I happen to agree. 
Maybe god knows something that I don't. 
Maybe there really is some benefit to vaguely inspiring inviduals to write down those important messages on manuscripts that get lost and destroyed in languages that change and die. 
But somehow I've missed the obvious benefit of all that. 
-Right. 
If god really wanted to do that, he could have. 
But apparently he was unaware of this technology when he wrote with his finger, according to the bible, on stone tablets, the 10 commandments. 
This is in Exodus. 
Instead, he used magic lightweight invisible crumble-stone. 
Where do we get that? 
Well, it's magic because he made it. 
It's lightweight because Moses carried, a 90-year-old guy, was carrying them up and down the mountains. 
-But back then, 90 was like 20. 
-I guess so. 
And invisible because we don't have any trace of them today and crumble-stone because they all broke, supposedly. 
And god seems to have some issues with metal. 
He hates these molten calves that they make of images of little calves that people were worshipping. 
And he just thinks that's really awful. 
And this is one of your favorites. 
In Judges 1:19, 
'And the lord was with Judah, and he drove out the inhabitants of the mountain, but he could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley because they had chariots of iron.' 
Spooky. 
Spooky. 
So, mostly likely the mythology surrounding the stone tablets was a coveting of some other stone tablets somewhere else, the Code of Hammurabi, dating to 1772 BCE, that currently exist, for real, unlike the stone tablets of Jewish 
law. 
These are housed in the Louvre museum in Paris. 
I've seen them. 
-Although to be fair, the 2nd set of stone tablets supposedly still exist, hidden away in the ark which supposedly still exists in a location that only the devout are aware of. 
Nice open format there, god. 
[Student speaking]. 
Interesting. 
That's not something I'm going to demand right away, but what's a more important consideration? 
Second row here. 
[Student speaking]. 
Good, tell me your name... n cannot equal zero, David said. 
So m, n are in Z and n is not zero. 
Ok? 
This is one possible answer you might give to this question, but it is not very satisfactory, for a few reasons. 
Probably the most important reason is... we have no idea what this notation means. 
What do you mean by m over n? 
Right? 
What's that mean? 
The integers don't have a division defined on them. 
Right? 
What does it mean? 
Ok, so I'm just gonna say this is not quite good enough. 
Because we don't know what you mean by... what's this symbol. 
What does this mean?. 
Ok, so, let's try to be a little more careful. 
And we can be guided by what we do know. 
So, let's think about the motivation. 
So, when we think about fractions, you know, we're usually thinking about trying to teach children something about dividing, 
I don't know, cakes into pieces or something like that, right? 
So, you know, you might for instance take a cake, which looks remarkably like an interval 
[Laughter]... and dividing it into, I don't know, three pieces, and giving somebody one of those three pieces, ok? 
We have a name for this fraction, we call it? 
One third. 
Right? 
Ok. 
One third. 
Which really means one part of three, right? 
That's one way to think about it. 
But there are other ways which would describe the same quantity, right? 
I could have divided the cake into six pieces, and picked two of those pieces. 
Right? 
So, the one third we normally write one over three, and this thing we might say two parts of six, and we could write two over six, and we see, already, another issue, which is what? 
We have two different fractions, but they represent the same thing. 
Right? 
Sorry my microphone is... it really is falling. 
Ok. 
So, this brings us to a concept here, which is... ok, well, we have two ways of representing the same thing. 
Two ways of representing the same thing. 
These two things are in some sense... we want them to be equi... equivalent. 
[Laughter]. 
Equivalent. 
Ok? 
So maybe we want to set up a construction that's... where we define fractions in terms of equivalence relations, ok? 
How are we going to do that? 
What will the equivalence relation be? 
So, how about this? 
Let's take any construction like... any picture like this, and if I want the associated fraction, 
I'll think of one over three as an ordered pair. 
So maybe I'll do the following, in the first picture I'm picking one part out of three, and in the second picture I'm picking two parts out of six, and I'll think of these as equivalent ordered pairs. 
Ok? 
And to make this a sentence, I might say write that as equivalent ordered pairs, period. 
All right? 
Ok. 
And then, what I will do, if I can is, once I figure out what all the things that are in the... that are equivalent are, the idea is that these belong to some equivalence class. 
That might have lots of other things in it. 
Right? 
Like ten coma thirty. 
Right? 
Or a hundred and twenty one coma... why do I torture myself? 
Three hundred and sixty three... 
Yes. 
[Laughter]. 
Ok. 
These belong to some equivalence class, and we'll give that a name. 
We'll call that equivalence class one third. 
Are you with me? 
Ok? 
Now, once you have that, then of course you can talk about fractions, right? 
And then everybody knows how to work with fractions, which are really disguised ways of dealing with the equivalence relation that is embedded here. 
What's the equivalence relation? 
Everybody learns in grade school. 
When are two fractions equivalent? 
I'll have you think about that, but the set of all such classes will be called Q, which is basically the set of all such equivalence classes... of pairs... of these ordered pairs. 
Right? 
What ordered pairs? 
The ordered pairs in Z cross Z. Ok? 
We might have to be a little careful here, maybe Z cross Z minus 0... the set containing 0... period. 
Ok? 
Ok. 
Everybody with me? 
What have we just one? 
I've just defined what I mean by Q. Right? 
It's an ordered pair, and... it's equivalence classes of ordered pairs. 
Now, what we haven't said is what the equivalence relation is, so... 
What is the equivalence relation? 
By the way, before we even talk about what the equivalence relation is, what's another thing you might want to be true about Q? 
Aside from the fact that, you know, 
I've just said that there's a set here, but somehow... how's it related to the set that I began with? 
I might want to delineate that, I might want to tell you how is it that Q is related to Z. 
And usually, the way you think about Q, is that it somehow extends Z, right? 
You have a bunch of points, these are whole numbers on the number line that you grew up thinking about, and now we fill them in with a bunch of points in between, right? 
But are the points in the number line still there? 
Yes, they are embedded in Q, right? 
So, you might wanna say how Z is embedded in Q. Ok? 
So, we want these pairs to extend Z so that... 
Ok, which classes will correspond to Z... to the elements of the natural numbers? 
What will I... if I... give me the number five, what class would you hope that it somehow associated with? 
Yeah, how about five over one, so that, for instance, n over one in Q corresponds to n in Z. 
So this is the other thing that we might hope for in our construction. 
Ok? 
Ok. 
Now, if you've taken an Algebra course, then what we are looking for is an isomorphism of a... 
Z into Q. 
But, if you don't know these words yet, that's ok. 
Ok, so tell me what the equivalence relation should be. 
So, after grade school, or after enough examples, we see that, what? 
Q is the set of all, let's say, m over n... 
Here's a def... here's a... these are equivalence classes... such that m, n are in Z, n is not zero, where m over n is an equivalence class of a... is the equivalence class of m coma n with the relation... 
What relation? 
Ok, tell me when p... two things, two ordered pairs are equivalent. 
When will p coma q be equivalent to m coma n? 
Steve. 
[Student speaking]. 
Good! 
This is otherwise known as the... what are some name... 
You cross multiply to check whether fractions are the same... 
Yes that's the equivalence relation... 
So with this relation these are equivalent if... if what conditions are true? 
Steve suggested doing what? 
Let's take p times n, and check whether it's the same as what? q times n. 
And what else? 
Let's just demand that n and q not be zero. 
Ok? 
So, if these things are true, than we'll say that these two pairs are equivalent. 
Ok? 
Ok. 
Now, that's a relation. 
Is it an equivalence relation? 
There's some things to check here. 
Right? 
We won't do them all, but do you want you to think that... 
So here's the important thing to do, once you have a construction, the work is not done, you should check that it is an equivalence relation. 
Check tilde is an equivalence relation. 
So, for instance, is it reflexive? 
Some of you said yes right away and some of you hesitated. 
How would I check if it's reflexive? 
What would I have to check to check the reflexive condition for this relation? 
Which is on pairs of pairs? 
Right? 
You give me a pair and another pair, how would I check... what would I have to check for reflexivity? 
What do I wanna check? 
What's the condition I wanna check? 
What corresponds to a R a over there? 
Yeah, is p q equivalent to p q? 
Now, does everybody agree this is what we have to check? 
It's not the only thing, but it's one of the things. 
Yeah? 
Ok, good, now, is this easy to check? 
Well, then you go back to this definition, since this is why definitions are so important in Mathematics, because we know what we mean, we have a definition. 
What does it mean to check p q tilde p q? 
It means checking that... p q equal q p. 
Is that true? 
For integers. 
Yes. 
Ok? 
Good, so, I'm not gonna write it out, but you can write this out, ok? 
I'm gonna put dot dot dot there which means you finish the argument. 
Ok? 
The other thing, of course, to check is that q and q are not zero. 
Are they not zero? 
Well, by the ordered pair... the set we defined, it's not. 
So you don't have to worry. 
Ok, great. 
What is the second thing that you might check? 
Symmetry! 
Ok q... is p coma... ok, what does that mean? 
If p q tilde m n, does that imply, m n tilde p q? 
First of all, do you agree that this is what we have to show? 
Good. 
Secondly, do you... can you see how you write this out? 
Which, I won't bore you with. 
Yeah... this condition mean p m equals q n and this condition means this this equals this this, m q equals n p, is that the same thing? 
Yes, Adam says it's the same thing, so, again, I'll let you finish that argument. 
Now, the third one is perhaps the most interesting one. 
The third thing to check. 
Because if you look at it, it's actually not so obvious. 
Oh, I realize I could have used that board, but that's ok. 
Ok, this one says if p q tilde m n... 
I gotta check that this... and if m n tilde... give me another pair of letters, maybe a b, then, is it true that p q tilde a b? 
There is a question. 
Is that true? 
Ok, so this actually where it is very important to just be a little careful, ok? 
So I'm gonna give you a hint as to how one goes, and you can verify this, ok? 
For a little bit of homework for next time. 
So one thing that you'll have to use... so try this... so, you'll have to use a property of the integers, which is the cancelation law. 
You don't have division, but it's the next best thing to division. 
Ok? 
So the cancelation law in Z says the following, it says that if a b is equal to a c, and a is not zero then... 
What's true? b equals c. 
Right. 
And the way, of course, to see that is basically, because Z doesn't have any zero divisors, a b minus a c can be factored, so it's a times b minus c equals zero, and if a is not zero then b minus c is. 
Ok? 
But if you use this fact, you'll be able to take these two statements, and turn it into this statement. 
Ok? 
And I encourage you to try that in the privacy of your own home. 
Ok? 
Ok, great. 
So we've constructed... we've constructed Q and we haven't, but I'll say something about this next time, we haven't yet talked about arithmetic on Q, but we'll have to check a few things there as well. 
Ok? 
Great, we'll see you next time. 
for a tongue 
theres no hole at the back of his throat because hes just a puppet but even so his mouth still seems cavernous and dark because the texture of black felt absorbs light not even light can escape from the pit of his mouth the mouth is the most alive part of an animal some expresion curl slightly to a snarl or an exaggerated expression some expressions compleatly betray the lack of bonestructure in his head his fur is characteristically too long but its not long enough to be a charateristic as in you wouldnt say he has long hair but you might say he needs a haircut its just kind of long and messy and unmanaged it unfurls from long whisps of grime from the tips of his fingers you could imagin him having great difficulty useing a creditcard or tieing his laces or useing a pair of keys whole figure of oscar remind him of a video he saw of the later day elvis singing frank sinatras song of pig headed individualism frank sinatras my way his jowls turgis with beeffat valum and ketchup for years elviss body the conduate for violent teenage lusts its splitends curling through the softest parts of his tissue making him tumescent from the making him tumescent from the making him tumescent from the constant flow contsant corosive flow of adolescent energies through middleaged tissue a process similar to gout where a pro where a where a diet of prolonged prolonged diet of rich foods 
leads to the crystalization of uric acid in the blood i have an old sneaker its tattered and worn its all full of holes and the laces are torn a girft from my mother the day i was born i love it because its trash 1970s in britain all the rubbish gets left out on the street because of a binman strike it just piles up for ages a huge mountain of it accrues in trafalgar square twitching with rats putrefying in the thick summer heat filthy feccund furtile ground for the cultivation of an attitude of emphatic refusal the perfrect environment for oscar if the world is generally shit then you should generally be angry oscar ever consider the parallels bewtween his original orange fur and the hair of the nymphish johny rotton oscar give up the goods he he beatum he hl he'll burn him alive in his bin he'll kick his face he'll slash open his eyes with a stanley blade he'll make him eat a ripped in half cokecan no actually oscar give him the goods of he'll 
love him he'll caress him he'll make him watch episodes of glee with him in bed on a wet sunday afternoon hungover eating percy pigs and monster munch stopping intermittently between episodes to have lazy sex for the first season of sesame street oscars mouth is controled by carol spinney's left hand even though carol spinney is right handed because of a limitation in the design of the set in sesame street for the second season of sesame street this is resolved but for the first season of sesame street oscars mouth is controled by carol spinney's left hand bu the left hand is evil oscars mouth is evil nuns used to beat his mother in school for useing his left hand to write with but then again the boyscouts shake hands with the left hand because the left hand is closest to the heart oscar hates himself hes an anxious and paranoid mess the only time he feels ok is when he realizes hes sad when he realizes hes content when he realizes this but when he realizes hes content he becomes angry because its his nature to be grouchy he can never stay steady settled down hes a hes a mess of conflicting neurosis and desires but he's ultimately motivated by love a rusty trombone for the first season of sesame street oscars fur is orange but because orange is hard to read on a black and white tv screen they turn him green for the first season of sesame street oscars fur is orange but because of years of damp habitation and poor hygine a layer of green mold grows all over his body green mold is what penicillin products are made out of unprocessed though its still kinda poisonous its not as bad as the dreaded black mold but it can still cause respiratory issues its found in damp places in the house like the back of the bin the bottom of the fridge the attic he says rubbish juice is usually found at the bottom trailing through the hall from a rip in the bottom of a cheap binbag putrid brown orange he says in landfills its called letchate highly contaminated with hydro carbons heavy metals other chemicals ugh ugh ugh ugh he sees him get sick into the river and to the left of him is a thin goodlooking him arguing with himself in a long camel coat and long brunet hair died blond at the ends he realizes immidiately who it is freaks out runs in the other direction cursing vomit vomit caught in the wind off the river the miasma 
Ghost: 
You know what I mean, so yeah, it's over, man. 
Yeah, ;man, now what I"m gonna do is 
I'm gonna make these business moves that I've been talking about 
I was gonna make on the show and you know, spend some time, you know, with my wife, you know what I'm saying? 
I've been neglecting her majorly, so I'm gonna do that and live life while I still have it, man. 
But hey, Karaszkun, I know you're in here, but I"m still serious about that cartoon, man. 
I'll bankroll that cartoon for you. 
If it's not a cartoon, it'll be a comic book or something. 
But I'll personally pull up the money for that shit. karaszkunskadoo: 
At this time, I'm working on a color version of Liberal Louie it's gonna take about 30 minutes or an hour. 
That's depends. 
Ghost:Take your time, Karaszkun, no problem man. 
Take your time. 
It's all good. 
Andfor real man, this is it. 
You know. 
I've talked about how I faked rage when it came out to these stupid memes that I wanted to be popular and that sort of thing, man. 
Don't get it wrong. 
The rage as it pertained to the political and the social components and the capitalist components, they were genuine. 
They were 100% genuine. 
As a matter of fact, 
I was a pretty livid guy back in the conservative days, man and believe it or not, I had health problems during that time. 
I had a lot of health problems that that .... that were inspired or transpired because of me thinking about all these subject, you know. 
And believe it or not, 
I found that utilizing this show as a way to exert all that angst that I had was comfortable and if somebody listened, that's fine. 
If they didn't, you know, it's good. 
I mean, it didn't really-- I didn't really do it for the money. 
I mean, if I did it for the money, 
I would be -- I would've put out books and shit. 
I would've done that shit, but... anyway... 
It is necessary, are you kidding me? 
It is necessary. 
No, the show's not gonna be back this fall. 
No, no, no. 
Fuck no, I am not going to fucking continue to fucking have a venue for these idiots to, you know, I don't know, to do whatever it is that gets them off or whatever whatever it is that sustains the continuity of these sons of bitches as it relates to their goddamn trollin'. 
Well, I'm just not gonna do it anymore. 
I'm done here, man. 
I see we got a whole bunch of people here so I'll stay in here for a few more minutes, but it's over man. 
I mean, like I said, I'll come into this room and not to mention, the people that I have talked to about making actual businesses with, I am not joking, you know what I mean? 
I'm not joking about that whatsoever. 
I am sincere when I say that you know, I want to make businesses. 
I want us to make money, you know. 
And ... 
I'm sincere when I say that man. 
But I got a lot on my plate on top of all this stupid online ridiculous bullshit. 
You know, a lot of people depend on me for a lot of shit and I know it seems that 
I've got a lot of time on my hands, but I don't, you know what I mean? 
So, anyway... open mic. michaelthomas_2: ...three hours a day Monday through Friday. 
I'm looking at the prices here on Paltalk and Ghost, correct me if I'm wrong, but I think you have the premium plan, which cost you $250 a month, or $249 a month. 
That means over four years Ghost spent over $12,000 giving us this time of his life and I didn't get a nap until today but that is a lot of money, man and we really appreciate you doing that for us. 
Well, yeah, $12,000 even for a rich man, that is not a small chunk of change. 
That's not somethign you sneeze at. 
No, I really appreciate it man, thank you. 
Well, yeah, he can afford it, that's not the point. 
It's still-- 
Ghost: 
Hey, this is what I"m talking about, man. 
Unappreciative, man. 
You can give everything to everybody for free but they don't appreciate a goddamn thing. 
I mean, this is pretty much the synopsis of what people can get from this little Internet exercise here. 
All right? 
I mean, this is much like the po' in America. 
You can give them a free house, a free car, a free job, free healthcare, free everything, but you know what? 
They're still gonna bitch and they're still gonna be like, 
"Yeah, man." 
GuitarNinja: 
It's a sad fact, but a lot of people are really unappreciative about everything. 
But, you know, I gotta agree with Mike Thomas, a lot of us here are very appreciative of everything you've done and the time, effort, and capital you have put into this. 
I mean, I was a bleeding heart liberal until about January of 2011, 
I was like, had Occupy started earlier, 
I probably would've been in there and a big part of what kind of changed me into the 
I guess, call me a capitalist, you know, into the capitalist conservative, not conservative, but the kind of person I am now. 
A big part of it was listening to your show and getting the information from someone who wasn't you know, liberally slanting it and you knwo, 
I definitely appreciate everything and don't ever think that the past couple years have been for no-- you know, there are those of us who are appreciative of it, but it is unfortunate there are a lot of people who aren't. 
Never think that you wasted your time or money. 
YOu have created a lot of capitalists out of this. 
Ghost: 
I appreciate all the kind words in the chatroom, man but I don't see this as a --- you know, I feel bad for the people that really appreciated the show and appreciate what we were trying to do here that , you know, it's a little disappointing for them but it's good for me man, 'cause believe it or not man, my wife always told me taht this was a combination of it, man. 
And I would ask her, I would say, 
"Man, why are you saying this? 
There are people that are listening in. 
I mean, I got 30, 40 thousand peopel listening to me at one time. 
You mean to tell me that there's nobody listening to the ideas I'm trying to convey and you know, things I'm trying to do," and, no. 
No, she said. 
So... 
I mean, and now that all this-- 
It's not the first time this kind of shit has happened, so I kind of gotten closer to mywife because of that man. 
Even though she didn't believe what I was doing, she still stood by me. 
She still, you know, accepted the fact that I was in another room while she was attending to whatever she was attending to and it just puts life into perspective that I don't want to end up like 
Bright Bart and all these other people that, they made small dents in an attempt to... to try to... 
I guess, make some kind of change or expose some sort of contradiction or expose hypocracy, but I just want to live life, baby. 
You know aht I mean? 
I just wanted to live life, that's all there is to it, man. 
So... anyway. 
Open mic, not in my office. 
I'm talking about when I was outside my office work. 
I'm talking about when I spent time in here, you know what I mean? 
I've been spending a lot of time in the chatroom here outside of the show, you knwo what I'm saying? 
So, I mean that's time away from my wife. 
I mean, look, you know, my traditional office hourse are my traditional office hours, but when I'm at home at, you know, 8, 9 PM, 3 AM, early in the morning, 
I mean, you know... she's here, she's here now. 
You know what I mean and you know she's... 
I just feel bad that I sat here and neglected her unconditional companionship and instead, being politcally, but not really political, but I guess romantic in another direction, you know aht I mean? 
So, I think I'm gonna spend a lot more time with her, man, and not only that, my family, my family that I've discussed, you know what I mean? 
So, in my personal opinion, it's over man. 
There's nothing I can do. 
There's nothing I can do, I've done everything. 
The world is the way it is. 
I've got a few years left, a few good years left, 
I've got some pretty good years left in me, so might as well-- like I said, 
I'll still come into the chatroom, that sort of thing, but it's it man. 
I don't want to be a venue for man-children and My Little Pony. 
Nobody's learned shit, nobody's done shit. 
So, you know how it is. 
No, I'm not gonna abandon the chatroom man. 
I'm gonna still come in here, but I'm not gonna stay in here for as much time as I had. 
Sometimes I've stayed in here for shit. 
I mean, it seems like an hour, but five hours have gone by and shit man, I've been having a lot of great conversation with a lot of you guys and females in this chatroom and transsexuals, mind you. 
Amy Daly is a believe it or not has been a great breath of fresh air, you know, in the chatroom. 
Especially when I came in here this morning feeling a little jaded about this shit. 
I'm still jaded about it, but great words from her, great words from a lot of people in here, so anyway, once again, man, the show's over. 
I'll be in here, man. 
You know? 
I'll be in here, but... that's it for the show, man. 
The archives will be there if people still want to listen them, they can still listen to them, so... anyway. coyoteinthehat: 
Seriously, thank you for the time and money and everything you've put into it and sorry for adding to the forces of trolls and stuff earlier this year and whatnot, but man, thanks for everything. 
GuitarNinja: 
Yeah, man, the past couple of years. 
You've been sewing the seeds of capitalism and now it's just time to sit back, you know, chill, wait for the harvest, man. 
You know, it's coming, it's gonna happen. 
We just gotta wait and do our homework. 
Sebastian: 
Thanks for the show, Ghost. karaszkunskadoo: 
Hey, I wonder what will happen to the Engineer since you are quitting this show. iusethelancer1: 
The Engineer wasn't real, dude, okay? 
GhettoCapitalist: 
Look guys, the Engineer. 
Y'all don't worry about the Engineer. 
The Engineer is eligible for so many entitlement programs now it's ridiculous. 
He's gonna be making more money being unemployed than he ever would at Ghost's show. 
I'm just sayin', I'm just-- you know. 
Section 8, all that stuff, all that stuff. 
The Engie is set up, all right? 
Don't worry about the Engie. 
Machine learning for wed developers or 
Machine learning and You or something along those lines so I note everyone is here, ready to go. 
So yeah, I kind of made this talk as more of an introductory kind of thing. 
I suspect if you understood everything in the last talk. 
This might bore you. 
Mostly because we are not going into numpy and scipy. that kind of stuff. 
For the demo we are going to do I want to make sure you don't have to have your FORTRAN compiler set and everything. 
We are doing just an overview. meant for web developers who have heard about this kind of stuff and read hacker news regularly and don't see how they can apply it to web applications and that kind of stuff. 
You should know python and data structures, that kind of stuff. 
If you are in applied math and a PHD you might find this kind of boring. 
Hopefully we can get into some cool applications of machine learnng and we will be building somthing together, kind of fun. 
If you are following along on you laptop, for the material today all you need is 
I wrote some set up scripts that will create a virtual environment, get you all the packages and stuff. 
Let me break out of this real quick and get you started. 
So if you are on a mac and you can do HomeBrew, do brew install. you can do C compile and C sees it . 
The Natural Language ToolKit is in today and it requires that. 
If you are on Ubuntu, you need the development headers. 
Clone the repository at mygethub. cd setup. 
There are some shell scripts there. 
If you are on windows, I didn't write anything for you, sorry. 
NLTK is a little weird with intstallations. 
So let me know if there is a problem with that. so boot strap. download some stuff and you should get some fun stuff. 
Oh yes, Absolutely. 
You want ... the font. 
Okay, Sorry I am a little mis set. 
Where am I going? 
Okay. 
Can everyone see yet? 
Bigger ? yeah. 
Yeah the pail chart what did it fail on? 
If you want to make a virtual one. 
I just want to have it up. sorry I am mapping this to 
Oh yeah, I was just doing that. 
I doesn't really matter. 
200 and maybe... 
That didn't do it . 
Okay. 
Yes. 
My name is Kareem Ibrahim, I'm an architect, and member of the Cairo Urban Solidarity Initiative 
We've worked on studying different experiences of various countries specifically related to rights related to  urbanism and the environment we've concluded that this constitution is just a  development on what was written in 1971 there's no new ideas that have made it into this  constitution in these areas 
So it's sad to say that the Egyptian constitution, and this is my first point 
Hasn't benefitted in any meaningful way from modern constitutions written recently among them, for example Brazil, South Africa, Columbia, Equador all constitutions written in roughly the past 20 years. 
Unfortunately even though they offer very good examples of these sorts of rights and they've advanced a lot of our understanding this constitution hasn't benefitted from any of this. 
Ultimately, there's something called the Right to the City which is a right that encompasses most urban rights in a large sense how do we distribute the resources of the city in an appropriate way 
For instance when the power cuts it happens more often in poorer neighborhoods than wealthy ones or even distributing resources for development or budgets that go to different neighborhoods that nobody has any idea about but there's no equality in their allocation a part of the right to the city is dealing with these issues. 
The second point is that not only did we fail to learn from other modern constitutions 
We didn't even look to our own heritage 
There are rights tied to our own cultural understanding of the city, that aren't even discussed. 
For instance, among others، rights to easements, preemption, the neighborhood, these are all rights tied directly to our culture, that we didn't develop in this new constitution. 
Even though we're supposedly working on something built on our own culture, "rejecting the outside" 
Even if we look at what's uniquely ours,  we didn't benefit from these rights 
This was a good opportunity for Egypt to present to the world an alternative set of values and rights not found  almost anywhere else 
The third point is that there's no clear definition of terms 
For example, the article on the Right to Housing says that "Appropriate housing, clean water, nutrition, are fundamental rights" 
But what is "appropriate housing?" 
There's nothing in the constitution detailing that 
Here I want to make something clear 
Appropriate housing isn't just four walls and a ceiling there are several requirements, among them security of tenure, meaning you can't evict people the way that we've seen happening in Cairo recently, 
Connectivity to public space, allotment of public transportation, providing services close to the home, culturally sensitive building, 
There are clear, delineated standards about  what makes appropriate hosuing these aren't present in the Egyptian constitution they're undefined and it's not even connected  with other obligations or treaties Egypt has signed. 
This makes it difficult to obligate the state to provide any real standard of housing to citizens 
Sadly, there was a great opportunity to write a modern constitution for Egypt whether we benefitted from what was happening around us or built on our own cultural context and added to it. 
Yet it's an opportunity that wasn't realized in this constitution 
More importantly, to me is that whether or not these rights are in the constitution the more important point is that people believe in and demand these rights,  and are aware of them 
This is much more important than the  drafting of the constitution because that's what realizes rights on the ground regardless of whether they're ink on paper or whatnot. 
Because of this I think we still have  a long road ahead of us 
But again, the important thing to me isn't the constitution and how it's written 
What's more important, and we're already seeing this is that people have ability to be aware of these rights and apply pressure to realize them. 
Realizing these rights on the ground  is more important than writing them in the constitution 
That it be established for people that these are their rights, that they have the right to just distribution of urban resources 
That there aren't neighbourhoods taking  more than their fair share and much more than others that people have access to sound services that they won't be evicted for a development project, and this is a huge problem. 
"Eminent domain for public benefit" is opaque 
What's the public benefit? 
Who is it to help? 
These aren't clear at all in the text 
I think we've seen a lot with regards to the Right to Housing, and the right to the city and public space around who defines public benefit. 
I think this is what's important for us to see  to achieve these rights 

We all know that our memories aren't perfect. 
As frustrating as it can be, we forget people's names, birthdays, and other things we'd like to remember. 
One reason forgetting happens is the very normal process of decay. 
When we don't encode something well or when we don't retrieve it for a long time, we become unable to retrieve it later. 
One theory about why this happens is that the pathway to and from the memory, meaning the neural connections between the cues and the memory, become weaker over a period of disuse, so it becomes harder to stimulate those neurons. 
This is sort of the classic use it or lose it problem. 
If you learned something once and don't ever revisit the memory, it's likely to decay over time. 
One interesting pattern of decay is that it seems pretty consistent, even for different types of materials. 
Your initial rate of forgetting is very high, but it levels off after a period of time. 
Back in the late 1800s, a German philosopher and psychologist named Ebbinghaus was the first person to really look at the decay in human memory. 
He made himself learn a bunch of three-letter nonsense syilables, and then he tested himself to see how much he remembered at different time intervals, from zero to 30 days. 
He found that his rate of forgetting was very rapid at first. 
If he remembered those words after a few days, however, then he generally remembered them for all 30 days. 
Later on, people replicated this pattern with different materials and over different time intervals. 
And they found that the more integrated the initial learning is, the more stretched out the rate of forgetting is, but it's still follows the same pattern. 
For example, if you study a language for a few years, then it'll take you more than a few days to forget it. 
Similar to Ebbinghaus's original forgetting curve, though, most of your forgetting will occur within the first few years of disuse. 
After that point, your forgetting will pretty much level off. 
The interesting thing about decay and forgetting is that just because you can't retrieve something doesn't mean it's completely gone from your long-term memory. 
Other than outright retrieval, one way we can tell if people have learned something before is by how quickly they re-learn that information or skill. 
So remember Ebbinghaus? 
In addition to forgetting, he studied re-learning with those same three-letter nonsense syilables. 
He found that even if he couldn't produce all the syilables from his list, it took him less time to learn the list the second time around than the first time, indicating that some foundation of the memory still existed, even though he couldn't produce it at the time. 
This foundation is called savings, because it's what saved in your memory, whether you realize it or not Re-learning works with procedural skills, too. 
For example, imagine that you learned how to play particular song on the piano a few months ago, but you can't play any of it today. 
Now I give you the music to that song and ask you to learn it again. 
If the inability to retrieve something meant that it was completely gone from your long term memory, then it would take you the same amount of time to learn the song the second time around. 
However it probably would take you 
less time to re-learn it than it did for you to learn it originally. 
This faster rate of re-learning tells us that you still have some information about that song stored in your long-term memory. 
Sometimes decay isn't the problem, though. 
It's that something else seems to be blocking our ability to get to the information we want. 
This experience is called interference, and there are two main types-- retroactive and proactive. 
Retroactive interference is interference that goes backwards, that is, some new piece of learning seems to reach back and impair your ability to retrieve something you used to know. 
For example, when you move to a new place, you get used to writing your new address on all the different forms and documents and stuff. 
And after a while of using this new address, you may find it difficult to recall your old one. 
In this case, your new address would be running some retroactive interference on your old address 
Proactive interference, on the other hand, is interference acting forward. 
Something you learned in the past gets in the way of your ability to learn and retrieve something correctly in the future. 
So I'll give you an example of something that happened to me a few months ago. 
I used one password for my email for a really long time. 
But then I had to change it. 
Sometimes when I log in, it's still hard for me to remember what my new password is, because all I can come up with is my old one. 
In this case, the prior learning up my old password is impeding my ability to remember the new one. 
So let's just see how it works on the same example we traced here earlier. 
So we sorta have just by initializing things in the obvious way. 
So, the shortest path distance from S to itself is zero. 
And the shortest path from S to itself is just the empty path. 
And initially X is going to be just the source vertex itself. 
So now we enter them in while loop. 
And so remember, in the while loop, we say, well, let's scan all of the edges whose tail is in the vertices we've already looked at. 
Whose tail is in X, and whose head is outside of X. Now in this first iteration, there are two such edges. 
There's the edge SV, and the edge SW. 
So how do we know which of these two to use. 
Well we evaluate Dijkstra's greedy criterion. 
You guys remember what that is. 
Dijkstra's greedy score for a given edge VW That's crossing the frontier, is just the previously computed shortest path distance for the A tail of the arc plus the length of the arc itself. 
So at this point SV has a greedy score of zero plus one, which is one, and the arc S comma W has a greedy score of zero plus four, which is four. 
So obviously SV is going to be the shorter of those two, so we use the edge SV, this is playing the role of V star W star on the previous slide, and the algorithm them suggests we should add V to our set X, so we suck in V, and our new X consists of S and V. [sound]. 
And it also tells us how to compute the shortest path distance and the shortest path from S to V, namely in the A array, we just write down what was the greedy, the Dijkstra's greedy score for this particular edge, and that was zero plus one, or one. 
It also tells us how to compute the shortest path for v, namely we just inherit the shortest path to the tail of the arc, which, in this case, was the empty path from S to itself, and then we tack on the end, we append the arc we used to get here, the arc S to V. 
So now we go to the next iteration of the while loop. 
So with our new set [inaudible] consisting of S and v. Now again we wanna look at all edges which are crossing the fr ontier. 
Edges that have tail in X and head outside x. 
And know we see there is three such crossing edges. 
There is SW there is VW and there is VT all of those have the tail in X and the head outside of X, so we need to compute 
Dijkstra's greedy score for each of those three and then pick the minimum, so let's go from bottom to top, so first of all we can look at the arc SVSW, excuse me. 
And the greedy score here is the shortest path distance for the tail, so it's zero, plus the length of the arc, which is four. 
So here we get a four in this iteration. 
Then, if we do this crossbar edge, this VW edge, the Dijkstra greedy score is the a value, or the shortest path distance value of the tail, and we computed that last iteration. 
The a of V value is one. 
We add to that the length of the arc, which in this case is two. 
So this edge three, [inaudible] this edge VW has a score of three. 
Finally there's the arc VT, and here, we're gonna add one, which is the shortest path distance of the tail of the arc, plus the edge length which is six. 
So that has the worst score. 
So since the edge VW has the smallest score, that's the one that guides how we supplement X, and how we compute the shortest path distances in the shortest path for the newly acquired vertex W. So the changes are, first of all, we enlarge X. So X is now everything but T. And then how do we compute things for W? 
Well the shortest path, so our entry in A array is just going to be Dijkstra's [inaudible] greedy score in the previous set of rations so that was one plus two so that's going to be equal to three. 
And then what is the shortest path, how do we fill up the array B? 
Well we inherit the shortest path to the tail of the arc. 
Which in this case is the arc SV and then we append the arc that we used to choose this new vertex W so that's the arc VW. 
So the new path is just the SVW Path, okay? 
So [inaudible] we computed the shortest path from S to W in this graph. 
So now we proceed to the final iteration of Dijkstra's algorithm. 
We know what vertex we're going to bring into X. It's gonna be the vertex T. That's the only one left. 
But we still have to compute by which edge we discover T and bring it into the set X. So we have to compute the [inaudible] score for each of the two crossing arcs... 
VT and WT. 
And in this final iteration the score for the arc (V, T) is unchanged. 
So this is still gonna be the a value of its tail, one, plus the length of the arc, six. 
So the score here is still seven. 
And now, for the first time, WT is a crossing edge of the frontier, and when we compute its score, it's the a value of its tail W, which is three, plus the length of this arc, which is three, so we get a rescore of six. 
So by Dijkstra's greedy criterion, we pick the edge wt instead of the edge VT, and of course, that doesn't matter who gets brought into X, but it does matter how we compute the A and B values for T. 
So in the final iration. 
We compute AT to be the Dijkstra greedy score of the edge that we picked, which is the edge, WT and the score was six. 
So we compute the shortest path distance from S to T to be six. 
And then what is the path itself? 
Well, we inherit the shortest path from the tail of the arc that we used to discover T. So that's the shortest path to W, which we previously computes as being the path through V. And then we append the edge we used to discover T, so we append the edge, WT. 
So the shortest path from S to T, we're going to compute as the zig-zag path. 
S. Goes to V, goes to T, Sorry, Goes to W, goes to T. And then now indeed X is all the vertices. 
We've computed it for everything. 
This is our final output. 
The contents of the, especially the A array, this, the final output. 
Shortest path distances from S to all of the four possible destinations. 
And if you go back and compare this to the example you went through to the quiz, you will see at least on this example, indeed. 
Dijkstra's algorithm corrects pa, the shortest path distances. 
Now, I've said it before and I'll say it again. 
If someone shows you their algorithm works just on some example, especia lly a pretty simple four note example, you should not jump to the conclusion that this algorithm always works. 
Sometimes the algorithms work fine on small examples, but break down once you go to more interesting complicated examples. 
So I definitely owe you a proof that Dijkstra's algorithm works not only in this network, but in any network. 
And actually, it doesn't work in any network. 
It's only gonna work in any network with non-negative edge lengths. 
So to help you appreciate that, Let's conclude this video with a nonexample showing what goes wrong in Dijkstra's algorithm when you have networks with negative edge lengths. 
So before I actually give you a, a real non example let me just answer preliminary question which you might have and should be have very good question if it something that's occurred to you. 
The question would be well, ya why is it, why are these negative instance such a big deal. 
Why can't we just reduce shortest path competition with negative edge links to the problem of computing shortest paths with non negative edge links. 
Right so whatever just clear things out we just add big number to all the edges that makes them all non-negative and now we just run Dijkstra's algorithm and we're good to go. 
So this is exactly the sort of question you should be looking to ask, if, as a computer scientist, as a serious programmer. 
When confronted with a problem you always want to look for ways to reduce it to simpler problems that you already know how to solve. 
And this is a very natural idea of how to reduce a seemingly harder sort of path problem to one we already know how to solve using dutch [inaudible] algorithm. 
The only problem is it doesn't quite work. 
One isn't gonna work. 
Well if you, Let's say you have a graph, and the most negative edge is -ten. 
So all the edge lengths are negative ten and above. 
So then what you'd want to do is add ten to every single edge in the network, and that insures that all of the edge lengths are non negative, run Dijkstra's algorithm, get your shortest path. 
The is sue is that different. 
Paths between a common origin and destination have differing numbers of edges. 
So some might have five edges, Some might have two edges. 
Now if you add ten to every single edge in the graph you're going to change path lengths by different amounts. 
If a path has five edges, it's going to go up by 50, when you add ten to every edge. 
If a path has only two edges, It's only going to go up by twenty, when you add ten to every edge. 
So as soon as you start changing the path lengths of different paths by different amounts, you might actually screw up which path is the shortest. 
The path which is shortest under the new edge lengths need not be the one that's shortest under the old edge 
lengths. 
So that's why this reduction doesn't work. 
To be concrete, let's look at this very simple three vertex graph with vertices s, v, and t and edge lengths as shown. 
One minus five and minus two. 
Now what I hope is clear, is that in this graph. 
The shortest path. 
The one with the minimum length is the two hot path Svt, 
That has length minus four. 
The direct STR has length minus two which is bigger than minus four. 
So the upper path is the shortest path. 
Now, suppose we tried to massage this by adding a constant to every edge so all edge lengths were non-negative. 
We'd have to add five to every edge because that's the biggest negative number the VT edge. 
So that would give us new edge lengths of six. 
And zero ends three. 
[sound]. 
And now the problem is, we've changed which path is the shortest one. 
We added ten to the top path and only five to the bottom path and as a result, they've reversed. 
So now the bottom path ST is actually the shorter one. 
So if you run Dijkstra on this graph, it's going to come with the path ST even though that's not in fact the shortest path in the original network, the one that we actually care about. 
Okay, so that's why you can't just naively reduce shortest path with negative edge lengths to shortest paths with non-negative edge 
lengths. 
Moreover on this very same, super simple thre e node graph, You know, we can try to run, running dikes for shortest path algorithm. 
It's perfectly well defined. 
It will produce some output. 
But it's actually going to be wrong. 
It is not going to compute shortest path distances, correctly in this graph. 
So let me show you why. 
Unless of course initialization will work as it always does. 
So it's gonna start by saying the shortest path distance from S to itself is zero via the empty path. 
And then, what's it going to do next? 
It's going to say well we need to enlarge the set capital X by one vertex and there are two crossing edges, it's the 
XV edge and the ST edge. 
And what's it going to do. 
It's going to use the 
Dijkstra Greedy score. 
So the score of this upper edge is going to be one, and the score of this bottom edge. 
Is going to be negative two. 
'Cause remember, you take the previously computed shortest path [inaudible] of the tail, that's zero in both cases. 
And then you add the edge lengths. 
So the edge lengths are one and minus two, so the scores are one and minus two. 
Which of these is smaller? 
Well evidently, the ST arc has the smaller score minus two. 
So what is Dijkstra's algorithm gonna do? 
It's going to say yes, let's go for this edge ST. 
Let's bring T into the set capital X. T is now part of the conquered territory. 
And of course as soon as you bring a node into the set X, into the [inaudible] territory, you have to commit or Dijkstra's algorithm chooses to commit to a shortest path distance and a shortest path. 
What is the definition of its shortest path distance, as computed by 
Djikstra? 
Well it's just a degree score. 
So it's going to assign the vertex t the shortest path distance of minus two, and the path is going to be just the arc S t. 
But notice that this is in fact wrong. 
The shortest path distance from S to t is not minus two, in this graph. 
There is another path, namely the one that goes thorough V that has length minus four, less than minus two. 
So, [inaudible] computes incorrect shortest path distances on this trivial 3-note graph. 
So t o summarize the story so far, We've described Dijkstra's algorithm. 
I've shown you that it works in a very simple example that doesn't have negative edge lines and I've showed you that it doesn't work in and even simpler example that does have negative edge 
lines. 
So, I've both given you some plausibility that it might work generally at least for non negative edges links. 
But I've also tried to sew some seeds of doubt that it's not an all clear if at this point if Dijkstra's algorithm is always clear correct or not even if you have non-negative edge lengths and certainly if it is always correct there better be a fool proof argument to why. 
You should be demanding and explanation of a claim If Dijkstra's is correct in any kind of generality. 
That's the subject of the next video. 
Now let's find the sum of squares for within subject variability. 
This one's a 
little harder. 
We take the sum of each value and subtract the respective mean. 
Then square it. 
Then we add them all together. 
This is a little trickier. 
You need to calculate each deviation of each value from the respected mean. 
Square them and then add them all up. 
Do the same for every sample. 
And then add up each sum of squares. 
You're welcome to enter your calculations here, but that part won't be graded. 
Only the complete sum of squares for within groups will be graded. 
There are many people who experience discrimination in healthcare here in Oregon, but members of our transgender communities face healthcare discrimination at a systemic and unparalleled level. 
As the mayor mentioned, the American Medical Association has identified transgender health care as being medically necessary. 
Yet many transgender Oregonians are routinely denied the ability to even purchase health insurance, or are denied the coverage for basic medically necessary care solely on the basis of their gender identity. 
And without that health insurance...[cuts off] 
When someone is born with a malformed heart valve there's no question we cover the treatment necessary to care for that person. 
Similarly, there should be no question that when someone is born transgender we provide the care they need. 
There are clear Standards of Care for treatment of a legitimate diagnosis. 
Gender Identity Disorder or Gender Dysphoria are recognized medical terms & diagnoses. 
I have read one of these exclusionary insurance statements, and it is just appalling. 
Uh, the idea that, uh, it would be, and it is, it's the equivalent of saying 
"we will not give insurance to short people." 
You know, it is how you are born. 
This is not about cost and benefit. 
This is about the sanctity of human life, and respect for human dignity. 
So we cannot sidestep that as we talk about policy. 
Otherwise, [we entrenching ?] a very fundamental core of our value a value of extending liberty and freedom to all of us. 
What we're talking about is a treatment that is medically necessary, as determined by the American Medical Association. 
So I'd like to tell you what I believe this issue is really about. 
It's about the American value of equality, and so I say let's live the values of our Constitution: equal treatment under the law. 
And I thank the mayor and the council for your support of this issue. 
The American Medical Association to me, for me, has resolved the question by deeming this a medically necessary procedure. 
Uh, based on the briefings I've received, 
I've also concluded that surgery is not optional, it is actually an appropriate treatment. 
This is a small price to pay for fundamental,uh, helping people to lead happy lives. 
We heard several testimony about suicidal considerations. 
And I think it's time to end that and to provide the means necessary for people to become the gender they truly believe they are. 
When people present me with facts and figures it doesn't override what my heart tells me is the right thing to do. 
And I could not in good conscience allow this city's police officer's to go without health coverage, and I don't feel any different about this issue today. 
What was mentioned in testimony is that the suicide rate for transgender people is 33%. 
It seems to me that $32,000 is pretty, um, cost efficient in saving a life. 
And more than that, it's the right thing to do. 
Well I want to thank, uh, Clay Neale [sp?], uh, Jennifer Yoakum [sp?], and Warren Jimenez [sp?] 
Amy Ries [sp?] and Karen Burkes [sp?] on my staff who have all worked on uh this issue over the past 2 1/2 years. 
Again, to our community partner Basic Rights Oregon, to the trans community of Portland who uh each and every day make this city a better place, and it's really my honour and privilege to serve on a City Council where we can bring an ounce of fairness, uh, in return. 
Um, when I put down this gavel, you can clap and cheer. 
[crowd laughing] 
AYE. 
It's approved. 
[crowd cheers and claps] 
In this lesson, you learned about estimating population parameters with confidence intervals and then analyzing whether or not a search and treatment may have had an effect. 
So the examples we've used so far are the Bieber tweeter, we wanted to see it's influence on klout scores. 
And then the other treatment was the song about hypothesis testing for lesson nine, which I seriously might do. 
After all this talk about it, I'm really curious about whether or not this will work. 
I guess we'll just have to wait and see the results of the poll where you rated your engagement and learning. 
Speaking of which, that's the dependent variable. 
In the next lesson you'll learn how to formalize the procedure of deciding whether or not the sample receiving treatment had likely or unlikely statistics. 
>> DOUGLAS CROCKFORD: 
Thanks everybody for coming back for what turns out to be Scene 6: 
Loopage [in the Crockford on JavaScript series]. 
Before we begin, I recently read a white paper: some guys comparing two application platforms, one written in C++ and one written in Java. 
They went through the features, comparing them and deciding which of the platforms was better. 
When they got to garbage collection, they said garbage collection is a programmer convenience. 
But then they evaluated the two systems based on how large a convenience it appeared to be. 
They measured the number of dispose instructions in the C++ code and found that there wasn't a lot of that, and then determined that it was more than a programmer convenience, which was completely wrong. 
That's not what garbage collection is. 
Garbage collection is a reliability mechanism. 
Having garbage collection means you're not going to have dangling pointer errors and all these other hazards. 
It also means there's a large class of wonderful algorithms that you can consider that are really too dangerous to consider if you don't have garbage collection. 
So they completely screwed up their analysis. 
Basically their conclusion was: if you're into C++, you can feel good about not understanding Java. 
That turns out to be a really bad way to think about things. 
You really should be making decisions based on good information and deep understanding, and very often that's not what we do. 
But that's not what I'm going to be talking about tonight. 
I'm going to be talking about loops. 
Here's a loop statement. 
It says loop and you've got a block, and as you would expect, all of the statements within the block will get repeated over and over and over until something happens. 
JavaScript doesn't have a statement that looks quite like that, which 
I think is a shame. 
I would like this to be in the language -- or would have liked it to be in the language -- for two reasons. 
One is the loop affordances it provides expect you're always going to exit either at the top or the bottom of the loop. 
I don't know if it's something weird about me, but I tend to exit out of the middle more often than 
I exit out of either end. 
[laughter] 
You can do that. 
Just say 'while true', which just looks stupid. 
This is the more elemental thing. 
The other is that it makes it easier to think about the language. 
If this were the primitive loop statement and all of the others were simply variations on that then the language in its core would be smaller and easier to reason about. 
So when you're thinking about the language's security, you have less analysis to do. 
I think that would be a useful thing. 
For example, we can take a while statement and de-sugar it into a simple loop statement. 
You can see by the amount of de-sugaring it does that the while statement really isn't buying us very much. 
We can do a similar thing with the do while statement. 
It's sort of interesting: while the 'do while' looks very different than the 'while' statement, what it does is actually almost identical. 
The only difference is that it put the test on one end rather than on the other. 
Then when you look at what the 'for' statement actually does, it really doesn't do anything at all. 
It just is complicated. 
Another way that you could think about doing iteration, another way of doing a loop, would be to use recursion. 
Another way that we could have transformed the while statement would be to turn it into a function which calls itself, and continues to call itself as long as the condition is true, with two restrictions. 
One is that because of the way functions work in JavaScript, you can't take any arbitrary code and put it inside of a body here. 
Arguments, this, break statements and return statements, the meanings of all of those change when you put them into a function, so you can't put them in the body here. 
The other — more important — thing is that JavaScript does not implement tail recursion optimization 
-- what people call proper tail calls. 
You can run for a while, and then it's going to start to slow down as it accumulates memory, and eventually it's going to fail. 
You don't 
like it when programs fail. 
I'm hoping that maybe someday in the distant future JavaScript would be enhanced to allow this, but it doesn't yet. 
But that's not the kind of loop that I'm here to talk about tonight. 
I'm here to talk about event loops, because event loops are much more interesting. 
Event loops are the heart of the web browser. 
Everything works in the web browser based on an event loop. 
An event 
loop is driven off of an event queue which contains callback functions, and those callback functions get put onto the queue by the timer using setTimeOut or setlnterval or by UI events. 
So clicks and mouse overs and all that stuff get translated in and put into the queue — and network activity, so when a script gets loaded or a loading is complete, that information will be put onto the event queue. 
Then the event queue takes turns. 
In each turn it takes one callback off of the event queue, runs it to completion, and then does the next one. 
It's a really simple loop, but it's a really powerful loop. 
The prime directive in an event driven system is never block, so you can't wait for IO, and you can't wait for network activity, you just run and run and when you can't run anymore you return. 
You can set up other things to run in the future, but you never block, you never wait, and you have to finish fast. 
If you can do those three things you can run really well in event loop. 
That's how the browser runs, and the browser runs really well. 
The event loop is one of the best parts of the browser, but because it's a part of the browser we didn't get it completely right. 
There are a couple of things in the browser 
API which block, and because they block you really shouldn't use them. 
Alert and its sisters are OK to use for debugging, but you should never put them in production code because they will block the main browser thread. 
Also, XML HTTP request has two modes: a synchronous mode and an asynchronous mode. 
The synchronous mode blocks, and because it blocks you should never use that. 
Fortunately, there is an asynchronous mode which does the right thing: it makes the request and then you can have it call back engaged when it finishes. 
In the browser, when UI events are generated it's possible to have multiple event handlers run as a result of bubbling. 
But in reality there's only one function that runs, and it's something that's similar to this where it'll be a little bit more complicated. 
But it will end up looping through the DOM, looking for the event handler that says OK, we're done processing this, and once it's finished then that's the end of the term. 
So that's how we do event delegation in JavaScript. 
Does anybody know who this lady is? 
Show of hands -- who knows who this is? 
Everybody should know who this is. 
This is a really important lady. 
This is Grace Murray Hopper. 
She was the first woman to get a PhD in Mathematics at Yale, then went on to teach Mathematics at Vassar. 
When the US entered World War Il, her husband signed up and joined the military, as did her brother and her cousins, and she decided that she would too. 
So at the age of 36 she resigned her tenure position at Vassar and joined the Navy. 
Being a mathematician, she thought she'd probably be assigned to do cryptography or some other kind of code breaking business. 
Instead, she was sent to Harvard to work for Lieutenant 
Commander Howard Aiken on the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, the Mark 1. 
The first thing she did there was essentially take the machine apart and figure out how it worked, because there was no documentation on what you needed to know in order to program the thing, so she had to figure it out. 
She figured it out really well and then taught other people how to program the machine, and spent the duration generating numbers for solving hard problems, and ship design, and weapons design, all driven by the need to get the country quickly to the end of hostility so we could bring everybody home. 
When the war was finished she ended up going to a computer manufacturing company, one of the world's first computer manufacturing companies, to work on the UNlVAC. 
She quickly figured out something that everybody else had missed. 
The thinking was, these machines were ridiculously expensive and human life is very cheap, so it shouldn't be at all difficult to find enough people to write the programs for these machines. 
She realized there were not enough people who are defective in the way that all of us are, that could make a business out of selling 
UNlVACs. 
They just weren't going to be able to make enough software at the rate they were making software at that time. 
So she thought, we need to figure out a way to get smarter about developing software. 
She wrote a program which she called A-0. 
Just as an indication of how far ahead she was as a programmer, she didn't called it A-1. 
OK, that's an important clue. 
[laughter] 
A-0 was the first compiler. 
The reason we call compilers compilers is because of Grace; she did this first. 
What she did was she thought, subroutines are going to be the unit of code we use, so we need to figure out a way to make it easier to use subroutines. 
She put a big collection of subroutines onto a tape and gave each of the subroutines a number, similar to a library book call number. 
It looked a lot like the library call system; all the trig functions started with T, for example. 
Your program would be a list of subroutines, and A-0 would scan through that tape and compile a program based on all of those things, compiling in the same sense as compiling a bibliography, which is why we call it that. 
Ever wonder why we call a function, or call a subroutine? 
Why is that called, because it's nothing like a phone call? 
It came from this, the library metaphor, because she was an academic. 
She had two kinds of subroutines: open subroutines, which just get inserted into the program in place. 
Today we'd call that an include, or an inline. 
And she had closed subroutines, which today we call functions. 
There'll only be one occurrence of those, and some extra overhead in getting to it and back again. 
In modern terms, A-0 doesn't look much like a compiler. 
It looks more like a linker. 
But this was the first, and everything else grew from that. 
When she finished A-0 she gave it to her team and they built A-1, and tested that, and learned more, and then built A-2. 
A-2 was the first open source project, because A-2 was given to UNlVAC's customers. 
For the first time customers were given source code to an interesting project, and they modified it and made suggestions and gave them back, and that helped to significantly improve the next A-3 and going on. 
So open source is almost as old as computing. 
It's not quite as old, because it turned out open source didn't work unless you had multiple people with the same machine, and up until this point all machines were one offs. 
You'd build it usually as a research experiment and you'd learn things doing that, so the next one you built was going to be very different. 
UNlVAC was the first time that people could share software across machines. 
A-2 led to A-3, and then to AT-3, which eventually got renamed as MATH-MATlC. 
MATH-MATlC is now beginning to look like a modern programming language. 
In fact, it looks quite a bit like 
FORTRAN, which was developed at about the same time. 
It was a huge advance in software development, and like all huge advances it was rejected by some of the best programmers of the day, who contended that programming took too much creativity and dexterity, that you couldn't replace the human with a machine, it's just not right. 
Waa. 
It's not going to work. 
It turned out they were wrong, that they completely misunderstood what these series of tools were intended to do; not to replace them but to help them be more productive. 
One of the features of MATH-MATlC and FORTRAN was READ and WRlTE. 
One characteristic of both of those systems is that they would stop the program while the I/O was happening and then suspend the program until the I/O was finished and then they would resume. 
The thinking was that there's no reason to do anything else because the program was useless until it got the data it needed anyway. 
It was also modelled after the way people were thinking about hardware at the time — that you've got a black box and it's got an input and it's got an output and something that happens in the middle. 
So there's this symmetry between input and output. 
Later we find that there's not a good reason to demand that symmetry, but at the time we had it. 
It was extremely influential. 
When we moved into timesharing, we took the same languages with us. 
We also invented some new ones, so we got BASlC, which was sort of a beginner's version of FORTRAN, but had basically the same model. 
The problem with writing interactive programs in those sorts of languages is that the programs are highly modal, so the user can only type in what the program is expecting at any point, because each READ statement is going to be different in its expectations of every other READ statement, and the user doesn't get to choose which READ statement it's going to execute next. 
Now, it turned out this worked really well for timesharing because it depended on the blocking in order to allow it to have the appearance it could be serving multiple people simultaneously, because once one program was blocked, others could run, and it turned out most users spent most of their time looking at the print out trying to figure out what to do next. 
Virtually all programming languages have blocking I/O. READ and WRlTE are in almost every programming 
language. 
There are a couple of exceptions. 
ALGOL didn't specify I/O, and C was the big exception; it had no I/O at all, which was great because it meant you could modify the environment that you were going to run C in to use any I/O model that you wanted. 
So it was going to be a great thing for doing experimentation — except that it came with standard I/O, and that's the one everybody used, so it might just as well have been built into the language. 
Everything blocks, which is a shame. 
Meanwhile, in some of our research laboratories in places like SRI and Xerox PARC, people were experimenting with other models for how to do interactivity in programs. 
Also, we saw the invention of computer gaming, and the computer game authors pretty quickly realized that having READ statements didn't work for most games, that you wanted a different way of organizing the program so that it could be more responsive. 
But the mainstream didn't see much of this until, say, 1984, when the Macintosh came out. 
The Macintosh was the first mainstream product that got in front of mainstream programmers with this radically new idea of how to do interactive programs, which was not based on READ but on event loops; a radically different way of writing programs. 
Were the programmers happy to have this new model? 
No, they were quite unhappy. 
You have to write programs inside out! 
Waa. 
Nobody can do that, it's too hard. 
It's just not the way God intended us to write programs. 
We should go back to the command line as he intended. 
So Apple had to work really hard to try to convince programmers no, really, it's OK, you can be successful writing in this model. 
They released a program called Mac App, which was a template of a Pascal program that already came with an event loop built into it with prototypes for setting up menus and things like that, so all you had to do was hook your logic into it. 
That was just too hard, it was rejected. 
It looked like Macintosh was not going to be the big success that it turned out to be, except for one thing: 
HyperCard. 
Bill Atkinson had this little multilayer paint program with a silly little scripting language in it, and suddenly everything took off because non-programmers could be incredibly productive with HyperCard. 
They could get a stack -- that's what they called programs at that time -- and they could open it up and look at the scripts inside of it and fiddle with them, and make wonderful things happen. 
In fact, there were thousands of stacks running around the world, most of them being written by people who had no business programming, just because it was fun and easy. 
After that the professionals kind of went oh, OK, I guess it's not that hard, we could probably do that. 
Then we saw an explosion of programs for Macintosh and Windows when a new generation of programmers were finally able to work with the event loop. 
HyperCard worked because it was all about events. 
You didn't have to build an event 
loop; it was built in, it just worked. 
All you had to write were the event handlers. 
A program -- again, a stack -- was just a collection of event handlers attached to things 
like cards and buttons and fields. 
And the events could bubble up — that's how it did delegation. 
It called it inheritance, but it really wasn't inheritance. 
It had events 
like on mouseUp and on keyDown, on cardEnter, which would be equivalent, say, to on load today. 
And on idle, which got fired whenever the event queue was empty. 
I don't think they knew what people were going to use that for. 
It turned out they used it for animation. 
If you wanted to move something over and over again you would do it on idle. 
It worked for that generation, but when the next generation of Macintoshes came out that were faster, suddenly all the animation went crazy and didn't work very well. 
The lesson from that was: if you don't provide a right way to do something, the street will figure out its own way. 
It turns out the browser learned from that, and so we've got set interval which was a correct response to this problem. 
So HyperCard had a huge impact on the evolution of the browser. 
Basically, the Netscape 2 browser was an attempt to put HyperCard functionality into the browser. 
Not surprisingly, JavaScript is well suited to this model -- not surprisingly because JavaScript was invented specifically to do this. 
In fact, it does it really well. 
So as awful as the DOM is, JavaScript with the DOM is an effective programming environment. 
You can actually get stuff done. 
If you put on top of the DOM an Ajax library -- say a good one like YUI 3- it's even better, it's way better. 
One of the ways we're blessed here is that JavaScript does not have READ. 
It does not ordinarily break or halt, and that's a good thing. 
It's always been seen over its lifetime as a huge deficit -- 'JavaScript is bad because it can't READ' -- but it turns out that we're actually better off for it, because it's easier for us to think about event loops than people coming from other languages. 
It turns out you can do an event loop in any language, but we're better at it in JavaScript because we've never had this two mind thing where sometimes you block and sometimes you don't. 
Being in a world where you never block just makes life easier. 
READ is bad because it blocks, and blocking is bad for event loops, and that's where we live in the browser. 
JavaScript programmers are just smarter about using event 
loops than programmers in other languages, it's just a fact. 
You guys are just smarter. 
Event loop is just one approach to concurrency. 
There are lots of others. 
The most popular approach today is threading. 
Everything has trade-offs, everything has pros and cons, and these are some of the pros and cons of threading. 
First off, everybody knows what threading is, right? 
I don't have to define that? 
Right. 
The first pro, and it's a huge one, is that no rethinking is necessary. 
Any time you come up with something and say 'and you don't have to rethink' it's like great, sign me up. 
I'm ready to do that, I'm ready to not have to think. 
All of your bad habits work just fine under threading. 
Programs can block. 
It's not sensitive to blockage the way that event loops are. 
In fact, it loves to block. 
The whole reason they have threads is so that they can block. 
Execution will continue as long as any thread is not blocked, and if you have multiple cores and if they're not blocking each other, they can all go forward and that's a good thing. 
Maybe your program will go faster if you're lucky. 
There are some cons. 
One is that you need to allocate stack memory per thread. 
That was once a big deal; it's not a big deal now, memory's so cheap and abundant. 
A real concern, though, is if two threads are using the same memory, a race may occur, which is even worse than saying a race will occur. 
I'll show you what I mean by that in a moment. 
There are more cons, but before we do that... 
For years, people have been saying 'why can't we have threads in JavaScript?', so let me show you what happens when you have threads in JavaScript. 
Here we've got two one line programs which are each going to run as a thread, both at the same time, and they are both sharing access to my_array. 
Each is going to append one element to my_array. 
There are several possible outcomes of this. 
One of them is that we get an array containing a and b. 
Another is that we get an array containing b and a. 
This is not the race I'm talking about, although you do have this non-determinism, and that's considered good. 
Let me show you what's considered bad. 
One possible outcome is we get just a or just b, even though both successfully completed their rights. 
How is that possible? 
Anybody have a question as to how this went wrong? 
Let me show you what went wrong. 
One way you can look at appending something to an array is to break it down into several more primitive instructions. 
When you do that first statement, you're doing the equivalent of the last four statements. 
Everybody see how that works? 
OK. 
Now, when you have threads, they're both doing similar stuff and they can shuffle the order of the execution of the stuff in any way that they want. 
They might do it always the same way, or they might occasionally do it a different way. 
The way they'll usually do it is they'll work fine when you do it in development and do it in a really bad way when you're in production. 
[laughter] 
Or they'll do it in a really good way until the investors come, and then they do it the bad way. 
What actually happened in this case is the way we got to b was they both went after the 
length at the same time, so they both ended up wanting to store the value into the same cell. 
The one that went last won the race. 
This is really bad. 
There's no integrity in this program now. 
This is the kind of bug that's really impossible to find, because you can look at the source and you can't see any way that says what happened to a. 
I can see the statement 'a went into there'. 
Very few people are able to think in the multi-dimensional way you need to be able to to work this out. 
It's impossible to have application integrity when you're subject to race conditions, so you have to prevent the races from happening. 
Fortunately there are mechanisms for doing that -- it's called mutual exclusion. 
There are several famous techniques that are all somewhat equivalent. 
Some have better expressive capabilities than others, but they all do the same thing, which is to try to prevent two threads from getting at the same memory at the same time and causing this kind of problem. 
This used to be operating system stuff, but unfortunately it has leaked into applications because of networking, because you now need to be able to go off to someplace where you may have to wait a long time before you can get a response back. 
And also because of the multi-core problem; we don't know how to make CPUs go faster anymore, so the way we go faster is by having more of them, which turns it from a hardware problem -- which is what it should have been -- into a software problem. 
So now in order to make your application go faster, your application has to take advantage of threads, and nobody knows how to do that well, particularly at the application level. 
Under mutual exclusion only one thread can be executing a critical section at a time — all the other threads that are waiting on that section are blocked, and cannot proceed until it's released. 
Now, if threads don't interact then the program runs at full speed, and everything is great. 
But if they do interact, then races will occur unless mutual exclusion is employed. 
But there's another problem that comes from that, and that's deadlock. 
Here we have Gaston and Alphonse, two threads who are both employing the same mechanism, which is 'I will go after he does.' Neither can go, and so they're deadlocked. 
It turns out that this is a remarkably easy thing to do when you're dealing with threads. 
Deadlock occurs when threads are waiting on each other. 
Races and deadlocks are just really difficult to reason about. 
There are very few people in the world who can reason about them effectively. 
My belief -- I mean this sincerely -- is that they should all be enslaved and made to work on operating systems, and that nobody else should have to go near this stuff, because it's just way too complicated. 
These are the most difficult problems in software development to identify, debug and correct. 
Managing sequential 
logic, which is what we do, is really hard. 
Managing multi-dimensional temporal logic is really, really hard, and you should not be doing it at the application level. 
It's just wrong. 
Getting back to our con list, it turns out there's overhead in dealing with threads. 
Getting a lock is surprisingly expensive. 
Deadlock is a constant threat. 
A program that does not deadlock can be transformed into a program that does deadlock with extreme simplicity; it's really easy to break a program and allow it to lock up. 
It's just incredibly difficult to think about. 
In my opinion, the most tragic design error in Java was that it couldn't make up its mind if it wanted to be an application language or a system 
language. 
In trying to do both, it exposed threads to the application developer, and that was terrible. 
Fortunately, though, there is a model that completely avoids the reliability hazards of threads, and that model is the event loop. 
Hooray! 
So here we go back again to the event 
loop. 
Nothing's for free -- there are some trade-offs -- so let's look at them again. 
On the pro side, we can be completely free of races and deadlocks, which is a huge win. 
For application developers, that's the world you want to be living in. 
In terms of memory allocation, there's only one stack which gets shared over and over and over again. 
Again, that's not a big deal, but it's sort of nice. 
For example, at the end of every turn the stack gets reset, so getting machine clean after something goes wrong turns out to be really easy. 
We have very low overhead because we're not blocking all the time, and we're not doing process switching, which can be expensive. 
It's just running through the event loop, which is a really efficient thing. 
We also get some resiliency. 
If a turn fails, generally the program can still keep going, whereas if a thread fails, there is a possibility that that thread was holding onto a lock, or that another thread was waiting on it completing some action that will never get completed. 
So you can get cascading of thread failures. 
That doesn't happen in an event loop, because we don't have that kind of dependency. 
On the con side, again, programs must never block. 
Programs have to be written inside out -- waa! -- but you know, that's not hard if you're a JavaScript programmer, because that's how we've always done things. 
And turns must be finished quickly — this is the most important con. 
It means that event loops are not suitable for all programs, because some programs need to take a long time to run and anything that takes a long time to run cannot be put into an event loop. 
Despite that, there are a couple of things that we can do. 
One is that we can employ eteration. 
Eteration means to break a task into multiple turns so that on each eteration, instead of going through a conventional loop, at the bottom of the loop we call setTimeOut, passing it a function which causes us to do the next eteration. 
That means that the turns are going to be short — the turn's only as long as one eteration -- and we can do as many eterations as we want and not lock up the event loop. 
The other thing we can do is we can move the task into a completely separate process. 
This is the thing that Google showed us with Google Gears, which was brilliant. 
You can take another process, put your program in it, and it will send an event back to your event loop when it's finished. 
That's brilliant. 
We can even take that further. 
There's no reason why that process needs to be on the same machine. 
It could be on another machine. 
It could be anywhere in the world. 
It could be closer to the data rather than to us if that turns out to be the most effective place to put it. 
Another way people think about doing this stuff is the remote procedure call, which combines two great ideas, functions and networking, producing a really bad idea. 
[laughter] 
Like READ, it attempts to isolate programs from time. 
There was a long time when that was thought to be a good thing, but when you're doing highly interactive programs — especially programs that deal with people — it turns out to be a really bad thing, because the program blacks out. 
It experiences lost time, and it's not aware that it blacks out. 
Reading the program, it is by design difficult to see where the time is lost, because remote procedure call is a deception. 
It's intended to disguise the fact that you're going across the network by making everything appear to be nice, local, fast calls. 
All of this can result in a terrible experience for the user, because lost time turns into annoying delays, and people don't like that. 
It's rude and it's disrespectful. 
It's not a good way to treat people. 
What we need to do instead is to give people the best feedback possible, and latency compensation is an important technique in doing that. 
At a minimum, we need to immediately acknowledge the user's input. 
The user clicked or entered something, and we need to let them know right away that we got it, we know what you're doing, and we're on the case. 
We don't want to lock up the interaction while we're waiting for the server's response. 
We want to keep everything dynamic. 
In some applications we can actually do better than that. 
If we can predict what the server's response is going to be, we can go ahead and put that on the screen. 
If it turns out that we predicted wrong then when the server tells us so we can then correct it, but for a lot of applications that can make an extremely nice experience for the user. 
Let's talk about security. 
Security is a really important thing. 
We saw when you're trying to write applications using threads that security really isn't attainable because you don't have consistency, and without consistency you can't reason about the correctness of your program. 
Correctness is virtually impossible; at least it is for me in that environment. 
We do better in an event driven system than in a threaded system. 
But just avoiding threads doesn't guarantee that you're going to be secure, either. 
For example, the browser today is a nice event driven system which is good, but we've got this terrible problem that we call the cross site scripting problem — which is terribly named, because the name suggests that there's something wrong with cross site scripting, and there's not. 
Cross site scripting is extremely desirable and valuable. 
It's how we do mashups, and mashups are good and we want to be doing more of that. 
The problem is that the browser's security model didn't anticipate that we were going to do that, and that's bad and needs to be corrected. 
If you look at what causes this problem, there are two basic causes. 
It's pretty simple. 
The first is the sharing of the global object. 
Any script that can get onto the page anyhow gets access to everything that that page knows, so they all get into everything. 
Now, we're improving that in ECMAScript 5. 
ECMAScript 5 has a strict mode which will allow us to put third party code on a page and be confident that that third party code cannot do all the bad things that happen in cross site scripting attacks. 
That's a wonderful thing, so hooray for ECMAScript 5. 
I just can't wait until Microsoft and all the other guys get it out so that we can get on with the future. 
The other problem, though, is inherent in HTML, and that's just that HTML is way too complicated, particularly in that it has nesting of multiple languages, including CSS and URLs and JavaScript, which can all be nested inside of each other, that all have different encoding patterns and different escapement patterns. 
It's extremely difficult to do static analysis on a piece of code and determine if it's going to be safe in any context in which it might be put onto the page. 
Both of these things need to be corrected in HTML; we cannot fix them on the ECMAScript side. 
Tragically, HTML5 ignores and worsens the XSS problem. 
It does nothing to make it better and does a few things which will make it significantly worse. 
The editor of the HTML5 recommendation has written that "HTML does not ever have a markup injection vulnerability." That working group simply doesn't understand the problem that you guys are living with every day, so they're not at all motivated to try to correct it. 
I think that's intolerable, but that's the situation. 
What you have in the browser is a loaded gun pointed at your head, and this pulls the trigger. 
We tend to use page templating languages -- PHP, ASP, JSP -- which made a lot of sense in 1995 when Rasmus did PHP. 
That was a really good idea then, but it's not so good now. 
Templates are way too rigid a framework for the kinds of really dynamic pages that we're trying to build. 
But worse than that: it's way too easy to insert text into a context that gets delivered as part of the HTML load which can be misinterpreted and executed, completing an XSS attack. 
So could we do better if we had JavaScript on the server? 
There are some obvious advantages. 
One is that all of the expertise that you've gained in doing JavaScript can be applied immediately to the server. 
That's got some huge benefits. 
It turns out this is not a new idea. 
The first server side JavaScript implementation was from Netscape in 1996. 
Unfortunately they modelled it after PHP. 
Syntactically it was a little different. 
They had a server tag which resembled their script tag, which caused stuff to run on the server, and they had a write function which would cause the insertion of whatever text you were writing into the HTML output stream. 
So it had all of the vulnerabilities that PHP has. 
It had all the disadvantages of the other template system plus, at the time, a pretty slow JavaScript engine. 
That product was eventually withdrawn and replaced with J2EE. 
What if we did it right, instead, this time? 
We have one of those opportunities in history where we can try it again and this time get it right. 
What if we had server side JavaScript with an event loop? 
Not a template system but an event loop. 
Well, it turns out we've got it. 
We already have it. 
It's node.js, which runs on top of V8. 
It implements a web server in a JavaScript event loop, and it is brilliant. 
It is a very high performance event pump. 
It can take events and move them really fast through its event queue, in and out and across the world. 
Not only that, it got READ right. 
Here's the final system read from node.js, and it has a callback function. 
The callback function receives the data that you ask to read, and that's right. 
I mean, we finally have a correctly implemented, correctly designed read function. 
Everything in the node.js API is non-blocking, or should have been. 
There are a couple of exceptions. 
One is, it has some synchronous functions which do block. 
That's really unfortunate. 
I wish they weren't there. 
There are non-blocking versions for most of them, but there shouldn't be any. 
It's just too big a hazard. 
The other is, there's a require function that blocks, which is used for loading script. 
That's really unfortunate, I'd like to see that fixed too. 
But otherwise, node.js is just really good stuff. 
There are a lot of advantages that come from it. 
One is that you can run the same stuff on both sides of the network. 
We can take YUI -- the same YUI that you're running in the browser -- and run it in the server. 
That means your applications can run on either side. 
Maybe you want to do the initial page load on the server side so you can send HTML over the first view, so views are going to be looking at that while you're sending the rest of the scripts over. 
You can do that now trivially. 
It used to be you had to write the program twice in order to have the two views, but now you only have to do that once. 
If you wanted to have a web service which provides a portion of that view so that it can be included in other programs, that web service can be created with the same program. 
We've got other advantages, too. 
We can take advantage of YUl's connection manager to go off to several services simultaneously and get additional material that we want to put onto the page. 
That all happens asynchronously, so the time cost we spend on that is the max of all of the services that we go out and read. 
Whereas if you're doing it in PHP, you pay for the sum of the time of all of those services, which can be significantly bigger. 
In PHP you can do it asynchronously, but it's hard, and nobody wants to do hard in PHP. 
That's madness. 
[laughter] 
That's not what it's for. 
But in JavaScript, on YUl, in node, it's easy and it's wonderful, so it's a huge advantage. 
Also we're running on V8, which is Google's JavaScript engine, which is a very nice engine. 
It comes out of the Self tradition, which is really smart stuff. 
It observes the program as it's interpreting it, and if it sees patterns of recurrence then it goes OK, I think I know what's going on, I will compile it and make that little bit of code faster. 
So it starts finding sequences in the code it can make fast, and eventually your program's going really, really fast. 
V8 is also available in the Chrome browser, and it's not as effective there because you tend not to spend that much time on running a program on any page. 
But in the server, you're running there all day, so there's a good opportunity for it to learn about your program and speed it up. 
So this is really wonderful configuration. 
If you look at the stack of protocols that we have to work with, we've got the wonderful 
IP, which can move a packet pretty much from anyplace in the world to any other place. 
It's a wonderful thing. 
We've got TCP that runs on top of it, which makes it reliable and provides for sequencing. 
That's a really good thing. 
Then we've got HTTP, which is just completely wrong. 
It was designed for a time when the web was a static document retrieval system, and it's fine for that, but that's not what we do now. 
We're not retrieving static documents, we've got highly interactive applications going over this channel, so the fact that HTTP is stateless becomes a real problem. 
We spend a lot of time in working our Ajax stuff, trying to put the state back in, and it's hard. 
It'd be nice if we could just get rid of HTTP completely and run Ajax on top of TCP, which would be really clean and elegant and performant and wonderful. 
I don't think that'll ever happen because there's so much arthritis that's found its way into the internet now; all these nodes out in the network that will only allow HTTP through, so that really the only value in HTTP now is for funnelling, because that's the only thing that can get through the firewalls and the proxy servers. 
Stupid, but that's the world we live in. 
It's a stupid world. 
Let's go back to the beginning, OK, to the very first browser and the very first server. 
Initially they were both on the same machine, but eventually they figured out how to put a wire between them, and that was a good thing, that's when it started to get interesting. 
Pretty quickly you get to the point where you've got so many browsers trying to attack one server that one server can't do it anymore, so we had to start thinking about how we're going to scale. 
Historically what we did was put a distributor in front of the servers, so each request that comes in can route either at random or round robin or least loaded, whatever policy you want. 
The message goes somewhere else and that server deals with it. 
Then you've got a database in the back that they can all share. 
The database becomes a problem -- that becomes a bottleneck. 
Initially everybody was using some kind of relational database there, which I think was a really bad fit for this. 
The relational database was developed at IBM back in the mainframe era to solve a completely different class of problems than we have here. 
But there were a lot of people who understood how they worked, and understanding how they work means you don't have to rethink anything, so great, we'll just take that and put it in. 
And they didn't scale. 
So in the decades since then, we've done a lot of things — figuring out how to shard them and do other stuff -- and in doing that you break the relational model, so most of the goodness you got from that model you don't get any more. 
But at least you don't have to rethink anything, OK, so 
life continues. 
But at some point even that doesn't work, so you start looking for other options. 
People have come up with no SQL databases, which are wonderful. 
I love these things. 
There's 
Mongo, and Couch, and all the others. 
They're great. 
People are kind of going back and changing the assumptions, and going what's really important here? 
The important thing often is scalability. 
You're going to trade off a lot of other things in order to get that, and we're getting it, so that's really good. 
It turns out Yahoo!'s been doing this for a long time. 
We had a massive home grown no SQL database introduction here since 1996, so we've been doing this for a long time too. 
It's wonderful stuff. 
But now let's put Ajax on top of all of this. 
This model was not designed for Ajax. 
This was something that we kind of figured out after the fact that we could do, and it's not optimal for us. 
The biggest problem is: where does the server put its state? 
Because this model assumes that it's stateless, so that any request can go to any server. 
It means you can't keep the information in the server, you've got to keep it somewhere else. 
One place people put it is on the wire, so you put it in the cookies or you put it in headers, or you put it in secrets fields or in URLs, so you're passing all that information back and forth all the time, which is really inefficient. 
Some people got tired of that and decided OK, let's just put it in the database. 
That's an awful place to put it. 
That's like the worst possible place in the universe to be putting your ephemeral state. 
That's just not where you want to do it. 
But you don't have anywhere else. 
Fortunately, there is an alternative. 
There's a system called Elko that was developed by 
Chip Morningstar, which is all about maintaining session in these servers. 
He's got a device called a session server. 
You initially connect to the session server and the session server will determine: 
OK, we'll use one of these servers for your session. 
It'll tell you about it, and it'll tell the server about that, and from that point on, the browser and that particular server have a connection that they preserve through the life of the session. 
The wonderful thing about that is, where does the ephemeral state now go? 
It goes in JavaScript variables that are closed over the event handlers that are in the event queue in the server. 
They are in the best place in the universe, where there is absolutely no cost at getting that information and making it available to the application. 
You add that to the node.js now and the amount of work you have to do in order to do a stepwise increment in the 
Ajax application starts to get really, really small. 
So you've got some really wonderful stuff now happening in server architecture because of opportunities afforded to us by 
JavaScript. 
A final thought. 
A little while ago I was talking to a friend of mine — a really bright guy, one of the smartest programmers I know -- about what we should do next with JavaScript. 
I suggested to him that we should get the tail recursion thing going, we should get that fixed. 
Why do we want to do that? 
Well, I said, among a lot of other things it would allow us to do continuation style passing. 
I think that would be a useful option for us to be able to provide within the language, and if we don't optimize the tail calls then we don't get that. 
His answer was: 
I've never used continuation passing, so I really don't see the value of it, which I immediately recognized as a really stupid answer. 
The way I was able to recognize it so fast is that I have used that same argument myself, and I've been hearing that same argument throughout my entire career. 
Basically, the core of that argument is: 
"I'm not qualified to make a decision about that. 
The onus is on you to educate me deeply about this thing that I'm not even interested in." There's no way to overcome that kind of requirement, nobody can win that argument. 
But it turns out that usually that reasoning is wrong. 
I've heard that argument about why we shouldn't have to worry about closure. 
I've heard it about why we shouldn't use recursion. 
I've heard it about why punch cards are better than timesharing. 
You can go all the way back to 'it's better for us to be programming with digits, I don't understand why we need compilers'. 
It's been going on from the beginning. 
That's why software development is so slow, because basically we have to wait for a generation to die off before we can get critical mass on the next good idea. 
[laughter] 
This is Grace again. 
See the 'courtesy' badge? 
I had to pay $200 to get the rights to use this picture. 
It was actually $100 but I wanted lifetime rights, so I can use it from now on. 
I'm going to use it a lot, anytime I can. 
[laughter] 
I've used it twice tonight, so that's $100 per view. 
I'm getting it down, I'm getting it down. 
We've gone a long way since Grace created the discipline of software engineering, but we still have a very long way to go. 
I think we're not as far along as we should be at this point. 
I think we're mainly not farther along because of that 'waa, I don't want to have to learn anything' problem. 
You are not those guys, and that's why you're here tonight to hear me rant about this. 
I appreciate that, and I think that shows a lot of value for you. 
The big surprise for me in this is we're about to take maybe the most important step we've ever taken in terms of the technology of the web, and JavaScript is leading the way. 
Who would ever have imagined that? 
JavaScript is now being the technology leader, it's not just the thing that we tolerate. 
Wow. 
But there we are, that's where we're going. 
Goodnight Grace, wherever you are. 
And goodnight, thank you very much. 
[applause] 
I don't see very much now, I used to go quite often to see dance, and theatre shows and cinema and so on 
I've got two small children now so I don't go and see very much but what we have seen in the last few years has really been around stuff for children that they'll enjoy free, open air things, maybe at the Southbank or something or theatre shows that are for children. 
That's been mainly the kind of things that I've been able to see since having children. 
I love to go to carnival, because I'm really involved in that 
I love going to the pictures and I like to go and watch plays 
I have two grandsons and my daughter makes us go everywhere we go to the farm, we go everywhere that's cheap to the Science Museum, wherever we can get in for free. 
Because, she sits down and searches the internet like anthing to find events that are going on in London for free. 
As long as I can be entertained, I'm not really fussed. 
I don't go to the pictures as much but I do prefer to watch a play especially young people that are not famous 
I like to go and watch things that I know other people's children are going to be in it, just to see how it is. 
I love sports, so anything to do with sports is for me so I spend most of my time trying to find out where the next football action is on or who is doing what in the parks, in cycling and so on. 
Hackney's great, in the summer time there's no borough in London I believe that can beat them 
They have old fairs, book fairs, craft fairs, charity do's they're very organic, they have recycling stuff and so on. 
I'm looking forward to Spring, Summer coming on. 
That is one of the main things, free events, 
I went to the Science Museum the other day 
I'm going to back through and try and look back at the stuff I went to. 
I did go out of Hackney recently to the fun fairs the old fashioned kind of Gerry Cottle circus, so that's what I've done with the little guy. 
SARAH LEE: 
Our next speaker now, which is Jim Tucker. 
Jim is Head of Journalism down at Whitireia Journalism School, down in Wellington, and I had the pleasure of catching up with Jim 
last week, and being shown around, and it's a very impressive, modern campus. 
So yes, without further ado, welcome, Jim. 
[applause] 
JlM TUCKER: 
Thanks very much, Sarah. 
I've had to put the pencil through some of what I've written after hearing some of the things that Jane has said. 
For instance, I had this very well-founded theory that if you could reenact a suicide on a soap opera on television that that would have much more potential for harm than, my words here are, the second- and third-hand accounts of officials and those known to a suicide victim. 
But she's just proven that wrong, so that's been excised. 
Tēnā koe, George. 
Thank you for your welcome. 
I now acknowledge some of my colleagues from the media: 
John Roughan from the Herald down here, 
Jonathan Marshall from Sunday News, 
Jenny Macintyre. 
Shayne Currie was on the list. 
Is Shayne here? 
From the Sunday Herald? 
Given the events of the weekend, which have involved the news media in some difficult legal decision-making, today's forum is pretty timely. 
In the case I'm referring to so obliquely, questions arise over coverage of failed suicide bids, presumably not covered by the Coroners Act: reporting the activities of celebrities; contempt of court, given that the person involved in this faces an impending trial; and a relatively new legal remedy that he and his family may have available to them, the tort of privacy. 
This was only recognised by the Court of Appeal of 2003 in the Mike Hosking versus New Idea case, when Mike tried to stop pictures of his kids appearing in the magazine. 
He failed, but the judges recognised that the tort of privacy, which is... 
A tort is... gives you the legal right, one Person A, to sue Person B for damages, and it's undeveloped in New Zealand, so I'm not sure whether it applies in this case or not, but it might do, so it'll be interesting to see whether Sunday News cops it, or not. 
Read my blog, there's more on it. 
Okay, if you turned up today in the hope of hearing something relatively rare in this country, a journalist breaking ranks and dissing his own profession, 
I use the word "profession" in quotes, and those who purport to be its guardians and spokespeople, then I'll probably disappoint you. 
You've read the synopsis of what I was going to say. 
Due to the demands of the printer, that was written before I'd written this paper, or done any research, or had a chance to position my thinking. 
I'm not an expert in this area. 
What was expressed in the preview came from something that happened once a year in my hometown, New Plymouth, when I taught journalism there for five years. 
We had a thing called Death Week. 
It was an idea borrowed from the Australians. 
I went to a conference there, and I thought I heard a journalism educator mention Death Week. 
In fact, it was only Death Day, but we... 
I found in our course there were so many times when we were dealing with the coverage of trauma, homicides, and road crashes, and ghastly things, so we aggregated that into a Week. 
And one of our best speakers was the local coroner, someone who's long since disappeared under the new system. 
He was a bit of a renegade, this guy, and he was a very straight talker, and he ran to his own rules, basically, and they were not legally correct, but he didn't care. 
And he said if the local paper, who complained all the time, wanted to do anything about it, they could go to the Judiciary, but he knew damn well they wouldn't, because it would be too expensive, and they didn't. 
But what he said, the phrase that resonates still with me, is: 
"Suicide is nobody else's business". 
And his rule was, even though the law said that he should allow the name and the fact that the death was self-inflicted to be published, he said no. 
And he might make an exception if it was a local celebrity, but that was a big "might". 
The 2006 Act has tidied all this up. 
We now have professional, or full-time, coroners, and I presume now they're all kept in line by the Chief Coroner. 
But in those days, the coroners were a law unto themselves. 
You got a great variation around the country. 
In his view, the family and associates of anyone who... 
Sorry, I've used that word "commit"... who suicides... 
We have to have a verb in there somewhere; 
I don't like turning nouns into verbs, I'm sorry... 
So, commits suicide suffer enough grief without having it played out in the news media. 
So where I stray from the media party line on reporting suicide is that I think he was right. 
I haven't had any personal family brushes with suicide that inform that stance. 
It's just my view as a human being who happens to be a journalist. 
They are human beings, believe me. 
And as a teacher and media commentator. 
I found it interesting, by the way, that very few people have considered what this does to journalists, yeah, but I think, in Australia, there's the Dart Institute, is doing a lot of work about the trauma that journalists face. 
I mean, we are seen to be inhuman, possibly because of the things that we do, but... 
So I won't, for what I'm saying today, 
I won't get any thanks from the Commonwealth Press Union 
News Media Freedom Committee, because we're all aware that the Committee, which acts on behalf of newspapers, radio, TV, magazines, has been campaigning for a relaxation of the suicide reporting rules. 
And people like me are expected to sort of fall into line with that, because it does seem on the surface to be a reasonable case for an extension of freedom of expression. 
But I break the rules, partly for the reason given above, and I'll explain the other reasons. 
But I'd first like to look at what led to this stand-off between the Ministry of Health and the news media industry. 
It's obviously a lot more relaxed today because of the work that people like SPlNZ are doing, but there is a stand-off situation there, believe me. 
Prior to 1998, the matter of suicide coverage by the media was settled and little debated within the industry, as far as I'm aware. 
The informal, self-regulating benchmark was set in the late '70s by a couple of Press Council decisions against, oddly enough, Sunday News. 
The Council upheld complaints about the paper's lurid suicide stories. 
To the best of my knowledge and experience, these became the convention for any subsequent coverage by any kind of media, and we've used them ever since in journalism school when we teach this to students. 
Basically, it's report the name and that death was self-inflicted and nothing more, if you're allowed to do that by your local coroner. 
What happened in '98 was, unfortunately, typical of the way some government bureaucrats regard the news media. 
My wife is one, and I know this personally. 
She regards me with great suspicion. 
The Ministry of Health issued a report which set out the way journalists should thenceforth report suicide. 
Its mistake, unfortunately, was not consulting the news media itself, which is tantamount to standing on a melting ice floe and poking a starving polar bear with a small stick. 
At that time, the Newspaper Publishers' Association 
Chief Executive, Phil O'Reilly, he's the man who now pops up for Business New Zealand ubiquitously, a man, I will tell you, who's not far short of a polar bear in stature, and probably equal in terms of reaction time. 
He headed up what could only really be called a retaliatory campaign that not only attacked the Ministry for its discourtesy, but set about refuting its case for tighter media controls, which is what they were seen as. 
I think they're really just guidelines, but the media's very sensitive when someone treads on this sacred thing called press freedom. 
A measure of refutation wasn't hard to achieve. 
The Ministry's position seemed, from the papers that I've been provided to prepare for this, to rely on overseas research about media effects and how these might apply here. 
And I guess you could say that such an approach is inevitably speculative. 
Our news media landscape is different in subtle ways. 
We have traditionally been 10 years behind the rest of the world; it's probably only about 10 weeks now with the Web. 
The impact of a less restrictive reporting regime might vary from overseas experience. 
When this debate was played out before Parliament, 
Jim Anderton and his colleagues took the conservative stance that, while local research is not abundant, or, on media effects, even existing, overseas experience gave enough of a guide to suggest doing nothing is the safer course. 
In the face of evidence either way, that seems sensible, and we certainly heard that from Jane today, and the evidence is pretty plain. 
But I think the Ministry appears to have made some mistakes. 
One, I think, is that, in the papers that I've read, it applies the word "media" indiscriminately, whereas the news media is a separate sector from those which use fiction, such as TV drama and film, and we saw some distinction made there in Jane's presentation. 
And I crossed out the next bit, because I had the theory, as I said, that... anyway... 
TV and film drama is also more likely to be seen by that sector of the media audience considered most at risk, young people. 
The Ministry seems to ignore the rapid decline of traditional, quotes, "mainstream" news media consumption among those aged 30 and below, most of whom now get their information from the Web and their entertainment from DVDs, movies, and TV drama, although that bit probably hasn't changed much. 
I know that whenever I start a journalism course, 
I know in my heart that 95% of my students have lied to me when I interviewed them, when I said, "Do you read newspapers?" 
And it's a complete novelty when we present them with a copy of The Dominion Post every day to go through. 
They're quickly hooked in, but they don't, young people don't read newspapers. 
And I think that is not reflected in the papers that I read. 
The papers seem to be locked into the traditional news media area. 
So what I'm saying is that the Ministry appears to have paid little heed to the biggest paradigm shift in the media since television appeared in the '50s, and that's the growth of the Internet, and social networks. 
Those in writing and researching before 2000 could be excused for ignoring the latter, since social networks are a recent development, but it seems inadequate for the debate to be held without up-to-date data on this "new" branch of the media, and the news media, the Web. 
And I was very interested to hear what 
Anil showed us, we'll see that today, the incredible impact of your website. 
That's a real clue to us, isn't it, that this is where we need to be taking a real hard look? 
Now the Ministry appears to be saying that it's done 
little or no research on the New Zealand news media scene, in relation to suicide effects, and until today I was unaware of any intentions to correct this. 
But talking to Brian, he's going to tell you that they're about to, or that they've started a major research project, so I won't... 
Sorry, I won't take the wind out of your sails there, but what I would say is the work is overdue, and it needs to regard the news media as a fairly complex animal, whose impacts are felt on many levels of society. 
A lot of this kind of research is done on the mainstream metropolitan newspapers, a few regional dailies, and the main television channels, but I would urge Brian and his colleagues to make sure they're looking at community newspapers. 
There's zillions of them around the country, and they are still doing well with the audience. 
Ethnic media outlets, like Iwi radio stations. 
There's 22 of those. 
There's two Pacific radio stations. 
There's Māori Television now, which is having a major impact. 
Pay television, online news websites, and of course social networks, 
like Facebook and Bebo, and a strange thing called Twitter. 
Anyone in the room Twitter? 
Yeah, Twitter is now the way that most news is broken worldwide. 
The Chinese earthquake was first heard of via someone under a desk somewhere, as the building was crashing around them, 
Twittering to their network, sort of like text messages sent out to a network. 
And it strikes me that these are things that the young people are into, and the research needs to include that. 
Now what about my friends in the news media, how have they contributed to the debate? 
Well, very defensively. 
No primary research on the effects in New Zealand has been commissioned by the Media Freedom Committee, so far as I can see. 
They had Jim Tully do a fairly limited review, no more than a literature review, from what I could see. 
The limited examinations I've seen have really concentrated on trying to discredit overseas research used by the Ministry's consultants and researchers, a pretty big task, after what we saw today. 
And the result's pretty pallid. 
Someone picked up the fact that, in a paper, a researcher had misspelled "causal" as "casual" and was hugely excited about that. 
But frankly I don't see that it was a fatal blow to the credibility of the paper. 
The news media industry as a whole in this country does little, if any, primary research on anything. 
They do... 
Individual media companies do a lot of commercial research on readership and sales and stuff, but you never get to see that. 
So I'm not aware that they do any research on media effects, and they're not interested. 
It's too expensive. 
So if they want to challenge the Ministry's position, frankly, they need to spend some money and do some research. 
I have a little bit of a problem with researching this topic, though, because we have such a restrictive regime. 
How can we really tell what the effects are if there is no, in effect, news reporting of suicide, other than name and the fact that it was self-inflicted? 
So I'm not quite sure how you're going to gauge that, Brian. 
I'm sure you'll explain, but it strikes me as a kind of Catch-22. 
There have been some other problems with the press, the news media's response. 
The Press Council said that something had to be done about this because of the increasing problem, especially for young people. 
It's a false premise. 
If you look at the figures, they're all coming down. 
So I don't know where the hell they got that from. 
I was going to go into the Media Freedom Committee's campaign to open the Family Courts, which ended up being absolutely useless, because they can get into the Family Court... 
You can get into the Family Court as a journalist now, but you can't report any names or any identifying factors, so nobody goes, and the only coverage you get is the documentary, or in-depth, sort of coverage. 
So if they got a little bit more out of the courts, 
I'm just not sure that it's going to make much difference; however, I don't know, that's just a speculation. 
Okay, I'm running out of time. 
I'm going to put this up on my blog, so if you want to read it all, that's fine, and I'll skip over... 
The final point, I think, is the way that the media approaches ethical issues generally. 
It tends to be utilitarian, the greatest happiness to the greatest number. 
They tend to forget the rider to that is you shouldn't be doing any harm to people. 
And I was reminded of how all this works when I went back into the Sunday Star Times newsroom for six months a couple of years ago. 
I hadn't written in anger for about 20 years; 
I thought it was time to go back. 
And I just realised, after 20 years of teaching ethics in the classroom, how easy it is to resolve ethical issues in the classroom compared to a stress situation, such as the one that Jonathan works in, where you've got one of the most highly competitive markets, as the Sunday's, and all of my high moral ground occupation disappeared almost instantly, and I was urging people to do things that were possibly questionable. 
I have seen what happens when you do... 
You can get a strange situation with some stories. 
We had a case, when I was in Taranaki, of a very prominent family. 
Their son committed suicide in Sydney. 
He was a prominent rugby player. 
And because it happened in Australia, of course, they weren't covered by the same rules. 
The NZ Herald got into this in an incredibly insensitive and speculative way, and the family felt very battered and resentful. 
The local newspaper treated it with real sensitivity, didn't back off the story, it was on the front page, reported that death was self-inflicted, and the family was very grateful. 
And I used that case when I was in Taranaki. 
We brought in that reporter and the uncle, the spokesman for the family, to talk to us, so our students could see what the impacts of that were. 
So I have to speculate, if we liberalise the regime, as the media want, it's a safe bet that someone is going to push the rules to the limit, in the name of media freedom and utilitarianism, and it'll just be bad luck for any individuals caught up in the gears. 
Thank you. 
[applause] 
SARAH LEE: 
Thank you, Jim. 
I've been looking forward with somewhat anticipation wondering what Jim was going to talk about today, but it's been fantastic. 
I've taken a few points from that myself. 
So thank you for that. 
We can take one or two questions, but remembering we've got the forum. 
Any questions? 
We'll save it 'til then. 
Great. 
- Esra, I've heard you're replacing Luciel  by taking care of Mrs. van de Berg. 
- Yeah. 
- I know some of you don't think it's such a good idea  but this is what Sander and I decided. 
I promise you, I won't be in your way. 
- Hidde is doing well. 
Corien, thank you for acting  so determinedly. 
It was hardly a pleasant situation. 
Let's see, to wrap things up... 
Oemaima, you're off to see Esmee and her baby. 
Please don't start any arguments this time. 
- I don't start arguments. 
- Oh well great. 
Then I'm done nagging. 
Get to work everybody. 
- Wait. 
Wait. 
No motto for today? 
- Yeah of course. 
Take care of other, but mostly of yourself. 
- Ah beautiful! 
Hi everybody! 
Welcome to CS 215. 
My name is Micheal Littman, and I'm going to be your instructor. 
Let's get off with a little magic trick. 
All right! 
Here is a collection of actors from movies. 
This is Bruce Willis, Danny Devito, Cloris Leachman, Stanley Tucci, 
Tom Hanks, Haley Joel Osment, and Robin Williams. 
I'm going to connect together actors who were in movies together with lines that represents those movies. 
So Bruce Willis and Tom Hanks were in a movie together called, 
"The Bonfire of the Vanities" that seemed like it was going to be very good but it was not. 
Bruce Willis and Cloris Leachman were in a movie together called "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America"--it was not a very popular movie. 
Tom Hanks and Stanley Tucci were in a movie called "The Terminal." 
Haley Joel Osment and Bruce Willis were in "The Sixth Sense." They were the stars of that movie. 
I will not tell you the ending, but Haley Joel Osment was also in "Forrest Gump" with Tom Hanks. 
Robin Williams and Stanley Tucci were in a movie called "Deconstructing Harry." 
Cloris Leachman and Stanley Tucci were in a movie called "Gambit". 
Danny Devito and Robin Williams were in "Death to Smoochy." All right! 
Next I'm going to connect Bruce Willis and Danny Devito, who were in a movie together called "I'm Still Here." 
And lastly, I'm going to connect Bruce Willis and Stanley Tucci, who were in a movie called "Billy Bathgate." 
All right! 
Now that we have the diagram, I'm going to start off with one of the actors. 
Let's say Bruce Willis and I'm going to move around on this structure visiting all the movies exactly once and so let's see how that goes. 
So there's lot of different choices to start off. 
Let's say, I'm going to go from Bruce Willis to Tom Hanks, Tom Hanks to Stanley Tucci, 
Stanley Tucci back to Bruce Willis, Bruce Willis to Cloris Leachman to Stanley Tucci again, to Robin Williams to Danny Devito to Bruce Willis to Haley Joel Osment, and then to Tom Hanks, and now you can see that I've visited all of the movies exactly once and I ended up at Tom Hanks. 
All right! 
So let's try this again with a different set of actors. 
Now we've got Susan Sarandon, Dustin Hoffman, Julia Roberts, 
Kevin Bacon, Robert De Niro, Anne Hathaway, and Meryl Streep. 
And then we're going to put in some of the movies again. 
Robert De Niro and Dustin Hoffman who were in a movie together called "Wag the Dog." 
Robert De Niro and Meryl Streep were in a movie together called "Marvin's Room." 
Dustin Hoffman and Susan Sarandon were in a movie together called "Moonlight Mile." 
Dustin Hoffman and Julia Roberts were in a movie together called "Hook." 
Dustin Hoffman and Kevin Bacon were in a movie together called "Sleepers." 
Susan Sarandon and Julia Roberts were in a movie together called "Stepmom." 
Kevin Bacon and Julia Roberts were in "Flatliners." 
Nobody can tell from some of the movies and the actors that I've picked that I watched more movies in the 80s than I watch now. 
Meryl Streep and Kevin Bacon were in a movie together called "The River Wild." 
Meryl Streep and Anne Hathaway were in "The Devil Wears Prada" together. 
And Anne Hathaway and Julia Roberts were in "Valentines Day." 
We're going to do this as a little bit of a quiz so I'm going to mark each of these edges as something that you need to visit. 
You need to visit all of them. 
I strongly suggest that you actually check them off as you go because it's really easy to do one twice or forget one by accident. 
So this is what I want you to do, I want you to go through and start at Meryl Streep and move along the green lines here at the movies and each time you visit a movie, check it off as you go. 
So the right answer in this quiz is to have all the edges checked off and none of them checked off twice. 
It's really easy to mess that up, so be very careful. 
And then when you're done, I want you to mark the little bubble corresponding to which actor you end up with at the end of your path. 
You can follow any path that you want--you just have to make sure that you visit each of the movies once. 
All right! 
I'd like you to actually go and do this and check off the actor that you end up with. 
The people demand the fall of the Marshal ... 
The people demand the fall of marshal 
The people demand the fall of the Marshal ... 
The people demand the fall of marshal 
Peaceful ... 
Peaceful ... 
Peaceful 
Female Voice: 
"What are they doing?" 
Male voice: 
"Those are the people that rule us! 
Those are the people that rule us!" 
These people started a peaceful protest en route to Tahrir Square 
The Army APCs appeared and started crushing the protesters 15 people were crushed at the on-ramp of the bridge 
They made 3 passes at the protesters, and fired live ammunition against the people 
That's what has happened right now, and the army are still hitting people out on the roads 
This is the brain matter of a protester that got crushed by an APC 
These are the remains of a friend that an APC ran over 
Voice: 
What's his name? 
I don't know, but he is like my brother 
He was killed by an APC running over him 
My name is Ibrahim Azzouz 
They [army] created a trap for us, they let us approach the Radio & Television building 
Then the army ranks advanced on us 
They began by firing shots at us 
After that they beat us with sticks, bringing us to the ground 
After a while, the army APCs started driving around recklessly 
The APCs then started driving into the crowds hitting people 
Some people had their faces crushed in, some were sliced in half 
These were scenes of inhumane acts 
From the army! 
The Army that is supposed to protect us! 
Our Army crushed us like cattle! 
Give us a chance to unite, we are brothers 
Patience ... 
Patience 
Someone from Ezbet Nakhl, and the brother of Mina that they killed and have been laid to rest inside - Who has done this? 
The terrorist Tantawi ... 
The Marshal ... he killed the young people inside 
But he is blind, because if he acknowledges those before him that are now in prison, he would not act this way 
But the day will come, when God will take from him as he took from those that have been killed 
Not just him .. all of them 
And may God put me to rest like those here 
The people demand the fall of the Marshal ... 
The people demand the fall of the Marshal ... 
The people demand the fall of the Marshal ... 
The events of last night in front of Maspero [Egyptian Radio & Television Building] 
Have resulted in the deaths of 24 Martyrs amongst our children 
So let's talk about your characters. 
Your characters are what can... are going to drive your book. 
They're the... our genre's most important things. 
You need to make them feel alive. 
You need to make them breathe. 
You need to make them just realistic. 
So, let's talk about ways to do that. 
First thing that we'll start to talk about is the concept of a sympathetic character. 
Sympathetic Characters. 
This is kind of the word that a lot of us use. 
Because, sympathetic is better than saying protagonist and antagonist, or heroes and villains. 
Because you want, generally, almost all of your characters to be sympathetic for one reason or another, ok? 
Even your villains, the villains that you love, are sympathetic for a couple of... for some odd reason, and we'll talk about that. 
Let me throw it at your guys first who haven't taken the class before, since the rest of you know the answers to this, hopefully. 
If you don't... 
What makes a character sympathetic to you? 
What makes you like a character when you're reading a book? 
Student: 
Some similarity between you and the character. 
Brandon: 
Ok. 
You hit one of the big three right off the bat. 
Student: 
They have problems. 
Brandon: 
Ok. 
Problems are good. 
Another way to put this is the "underdog syndrome." 
We like the underdogs, don't we? 
It's just human nature. 
Ok, what else? 
Student: 
Consistency. 
I mean, they can evolve, but not be doing just random things. 
Brandon: 
Ok. 
Ok I like that. 
That's not one I usually put up there but that's a very good point. 
Characters should act like themselves. 
And you can't get to know someone if they're not consistent. 
In fact, characters in books tend to be far more consistent than people are in real life. 
This is case of truth is stranger than fiction. 
And in the book, you're going to have to give foreshadowing and reasoning for why a character's acting that way if they're acting erratically, which they can do, that in real life you may never not give. 
You might just be a moody person, and you're jumping all over the place. 
In the book you'll have to establish that this is a moody person. 
Alright, what else? 
Student: 
They have depths in their interests, and what they think about. 
Brandon: 
Ok, depth. 
That's a good one. 
What else? 
Student: 
Something you aspire to be. 
Brandon: 
OK. 
That's one of the other big three that I usually point out. 
In a lot of ways, I view characters like this: 
It's almost like there's a continuum between what we call the "everyman" and the "superman" or woman. 
The idea being that these two things are kind of core concepts that make up what attaches us to a character. 
Either we see what we are in them, or we see what we want to be in them. 
And a lot of times you will have books that this is the growth archetype of the character. 
Can you think of one of these? 
Student: 
Star Wars. 
Brandon: 
Star Wars! 
That's a great one. 
What else? 
Student: 
Rand al'Thor. 
Brandon: 
Ok, Rand. 
Or basically anyone on a "Hero's Journey." 
Student: 
Frodo. 
Brandon: 
You know, I honestly don't think Frodo counts. 
I think Frodo stays as an everyman, and I think that's perfectly plausible. 
Frodo stays as an everyman. 
Aragorn stays as a superman. 
In the movie they move Aragorn from here to here. 
But in the books he basically starts here and stays there. 
And it's fine to do that. 
Any three of these archetypes can work. 
I like to put up spiderman here. 
Because he basically fits the perfect archetype of the everyman who becomes superman, right? 
And that's why his story is so compelling. 
That's why it works. 
But there are plenty of stories that work with the superman straight off. 
And we're talking... in this we talk about power level, which is not always the same way it is. 
There are plenty of books that are about, you know, the young woman who is not socially adept who becomes super socially adept. 
And this is the same sort of archetype. 
Or stories that start off with somebody being perfectly socially adept. 
I mean, Oscar Wilde's characters are all basically social supermen, right? 
And we like reading about them because we're like "Wow, I wish I could come up with rhetoric that quickly in the middle of a conversation. 
I love this character." 
They're still going to have a growth arc. 
But the growth arc is not going to be in power level. 
It's going to be in something else. 
So that's just one way to look at characters. 
It's not the only way. 
But it is one way to view your characters. 
Almost every good character... they may move along this but almost every good character is going to start of with a little smidge of this, and a little smidge that. 
And so, I will add under the "aspire to be," which is kind of the same concept, but: they are an expert at something. 
In other words they have a superpower. 
And their superpower might not be something we normally think of. 
A great example of this is going to be Sam from Lord of the Rings. 
He is superhumanly loyal, would you not say? 
He has one attribute. 
Everything else about him is basically goofy and befuddled. 
The midget in the world of giants. 
And yet he has this one super quality that all of us would love to have. 
And because of that he consistently polls as people's favorite character from Lord of the Rings. 
In fact there is a lot of discussion that he probably is the hero of the whole story, is Sam. 
And that is because Sam has this blend down really well. 
Yes, he's kind of a fool in a lot of ways, but he has this one thing that is defining about him. 
And it's something that, when you look, you say "yeah, I wish I could be Sam, for that moment." 
So, an expert at something. 
The other one I'll add up here is that they are proactive. 
Have we talked about proactivity? 
Did I do anything about this? 
I think I talked about it in the first week, or maybe the second. 
Keep in mind that you don't need to do all of these. 
And there are a few more I'll throw up here. 
These are all tools in your toolbox that you can use to increase the level of sympathetic... the sympathetic nature of a given character. 
If you can combine them all - great. 
In fact, pretty much everything up here are things that you should try to put in almost every character. 
But it doesn't mean you can't have one that leaves out one of them or two of them, or something like this. 
These are the ways that we make people sympathetic. 
A couple of other little ones: 
They're nice. 
Nice people are sympathetic. 
There's an old Hollywood adage: if you want to show us in 30 seconds who the hero and villain are, have one person pet a puppy and the other person kick that puppy. 
Students: 
Awwwwwwwww 
Brandon: 
Ok? 
We laugh at it, it's very simple. 
But if you're aware of these sorts of things you will see people doing essentially that ALL the time in films. 
This is how we know they're a bad guy. 
In fact they go overboard, they get generic, they get bothersome. 
I'm so tired of the opening scene where the villain is doing something, he hires somebody to give him this item or he picks it up, and then he kills them. 
It's like "OK, well, he's the bad guy. 
He just killed the person that did him this favor, we know he's the bad guy." 
But the reason they're doing that is that it takes them about 30 seconds to tell you who the bad guy is, right? 
So, show them being nice, or, you know, not. 
And another one is: people like them. 
a house built of wood with leaves are my house at the garden with flower colorful my parent delighting breeding tree for sales best selling tree is the love bloom is a carful powerful is the result of it planting is simple, do not waiting for the season sun and water not use only carefully if support preservation appease up to early death but some tree will not die we have to help take the tree from the farm sent to the home they want want to... or would like to fill we not think of the money, it's not valuaed all of house that I sent to.... complacent smile to each other all of heart all of gladly embraced . 
we have to help take the tree from the farm send to every household want to... or would like to fill we not think of the money, it's not valuaed all of house that I sent to.. complacent smile to each other all of heart all of gladly embraced . 
My mom told me because people lack of love sometime I'm too tired because the home I need this tree varieties have more and more every day wanna all help together building love fulfill we have to help take the tree from the farm send to the home they want want to... or would like to fill we not think of the money, it's not valuaed all of house that I sent to.... complacent smile to each other all of heart all cash gladly embraced we have to help take the tree from the farm sent to the home they want want to... or would like to fill we not think of the money, it's not valuaed all of house that I sent to.... complacent smile to each other all of heart all cash gladly embraced we have to help take the tree from the farm sending to the house that they want to.. want too.. or would you like to fill we not think about money because not valuaed all of house that I sent to... complacent smile to each other all our heart all getting glad embraced 
All we take the planting from the farm sending to that house want too or would you like too we not think of some money because not valuaed all of house that I sent to.. all appreciated and smile together all of heart keep in love with pleasure 
On the good ship lollipop 
It's a sweet trip to a candy shop 
Where bon-bons play 
On the sunny beach of Peppermint Bay. 
Lemonade stands everywhere. 
Crackerjack bands fill the air. 
And there you are 
Happy landing on a chocolate bar. 
See the sugar bowl do the tootsie roll 
With the big bad devils food cake. 
If you eat too much ooh ooh 
You'll awake with a tummy ache. 
On the good ship lollipop 
It's a night trip into bed you hop 
And dream away 
On the good ship lollipop. 
On the good ship lollipop. 
It's a sweet trip to a candy shop 
Where bon-bons play 
On the sunny beach of Peppermint Bay. 
Lemonade stands everywhere. 
Crackerjack bands fill the air. 
And there you are 
Happy landing on a chocolate bar. 
See the sugar bowl do the tootsie roll 
With the big bad devils food cake. 
If you eat too much ooh ooh 
You'll awake with a tummy ache. 
On the good ship lollipop 
It's a night trip into bed you hop 
And dream away 
On the good ship lollipop. 
You'll awake with a tummy ache 
On the good ship lollipop 
It's a night trip into bed you hop 
And dream away 
On the good ship lollipop 
[laughter] 
Hello. 
Today's recipe is an Sweet Popcorn. 
And to make this sweet Popcorn, the ingredients are: 
1/2 cup of water. 
1 cup of sugar. 
1 cup of corn. 
In a cup, you measure a finger of oil. 
And dye. 
The color that you like. 
This is optional. 
If you don't have an popcorn maker. 
You can do this in any pan, just need to cover with a lid. 
Add sugar. 
Water. 
Oil. 
And corn. 
Also add a little bit of dye. 
Well guys, when the popcorn start to popping. 
It's just pay attention and mix. 
It takes a while anyway, because it will still make syrup. 
Don't worry. 
And this is result of our popcorn. 
If you liked and not subscribed, please subscribe. 
Click like, add to your favorites. 
Enjoy our Facebook fanpage. 
And follow us in Twitter. 
Hey, Would you want some? 
Thanks for watching. 
I'm here today representing a team of artists and technologists and filmmakers that worked together on a remarkable film project for the last four years. 
And along the way they created a breakthrough in computer visualization. 
So I want to show you a clip of the film now. 
Hopefully it won't stutter. 
And if we did our jobs well, you won't know that we were even involved. 
Voice (Video): 
I don't know how it's possible ... but you seem to have more hair. 
Brad Pitt: 
What if I told you that I wasn't getting older ... but I was getting younger than everybody else? 
I was born with some form of disease. 
Voice: 
What kind of disease? 
BP: 
I was born old. 
Man: 
I'm sorry. 
BP: 
No need to be. 
There's nothing wrong with old age. 
Girl: 
Are you sick? 
BP: 
I heard momma and Tizzy whisper, and they said I was gonna die soon. 
But ... maybe not. 
Girl: 
You're different than anybody I've ever met. 
BB: 
There were many changes ... some you could see, some you couldn't. 
Hair started growing in all sorts of places, along with other things. 
I felt pretty good, considering. 
Ed Ulbrich: 
That was a clip from "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button." 
Many of you, maybe you've seen it or you've heard of the story, but what you might not know is that for nearly the first hour of the film, the main character, Benjamin Button, who's played by Brad Pitt, is completely computer-generated from the neck up. 
Now, there's no use of prosthetic makeup or photography of Brad superimposed over another actor's body. 
We've created a completely digital human head. 
So I'd like to start with a little bit of history on the project. 
This is based on an F. Scott Fitzgerald short story. 
It's about a man who's born old and lives his life in reverse. 
Now, this movie has floated around Hollywood for well over half a century, and we first got involved with the project in the early '90s, with Ron Howard as the director. 
We took a lot of meetings and we seriously considered it. 
But at the time we had to throw in the towel. 
It was deemed impossible. 
It was beyond the technology of the day to depict a man aging backwards. 
The human form, in particular the human head, has been considered the Holy Grail of our industry. 
The project came back to us about a decade later, and this time with a director named David Fincher. 
Now, Fincher is an interesting guy. 
David is fearless of technology, and he is absolutely tenacious. 
And David won't take "no." 
And David believed, like we do in the visual effects industry, that anything is possible as long as you have enough time, resources and, of course, money. 
And so David had an interesting take on the film, and he threw a challenge at us. 
He wanted the main character of the film to be played from the cradle to the grave by one actor. 
It happened to be this guy. 
We went through a process of elimination and a process of discovery with David, and we ruled out, of course, swapping actors. 
That was one idea: that we would have different actors, and we would hand off from actor to actor. 
We even ruled out the idea of using makeup. 
We realized that prosthetic makeup just wouldn't hold up, particularly in close-up. 
And makeup is an additive process. 
You have to build the face up. 
And David wanted to carve deeply into Brad's face to bring the aging to this character. 
He needed to be a very sympathetic character. 
So we decided to cast a series of little people that would play the different bodies of Benjamin at the different increments of his life and that we would in fact create a computer-generated version of Brad's head, aged to appear as Benjamin, and attach that to the body of the real actor. 
Sounded great. 
Of course, this was the Holy Grail of our industry, and the fact that this guy is a global icon didn't help either, because I'm sure if any of you ever stand in line at the grocery store, you know -- we see his face constantly. 
So there really was no tolerable margin of error. 
There were two studios involved: 
Warner Brothers and Paramount. 
And they both believed this would make an amazing film, of course, but it was a very high-risk proposition. 
There was lots of money and reputations at stake. 
But we believed that we had a very solid methodology that might work ... 
But despite our verbal assurances, they wanted some proof. 
And so, in 2004, they commissioned us to do a screen test of Benjamin. 
And we did it in about five weeks. 
But we used lots of cheats and shortcuts. 
We basically put something together to get through the meeting. 
I'll roll that for you now. 
This was the first test for Benjamin Button. 
And in here, you can see, that's a computer-generated head -- pretty good -- attached to the body of an actor. 
And it worked. 
And it gave the studio great relief. 
After many years of starts and stops on this project, and making that tough decision, they finally decided to greenlight the movie. 
And I can remember, actually, when I got the phone call to congratulate us, to say the movie was a go, 
I actually threw up. 
(Laughter) 
You know, this is some tough stuff. 
So we started to have early team meetings, and we got everybody together, and it was really more like therapy in the beginning, convincing each other and reassuring each other that we could actually undertake this. 
We had to hold up an hour of a movie with a character. 
And it's not a special effects film; it has to be a man. 
We really felt like we were in a -- kind of a 12-step program. 
And of course, the first step is: admit you've got a problem. 
(Laughter) 
So we had a big problem: we didn't know how we were going to do this. 
But we did know one thing. 
Being from the visual effects industry, we, with David, believed that we now had enough time, enough resources, and, God, we hoped we had enough money. 
And we had enough passion to will the processes and technology into existence. 
So, when you're faced with something like that, of course you've got to break it down. 
You take the big problem and you break it down into smaller pieces and you start to attack that. 
So we had three main areas that we had to focus on. 
We needed to make Brad look a lot older -- needed to age him 45 years or so. 
And we also needed to make sure that we could take Brad's idiosyncrasies, his little tics, the little subtleties that make him who he is and have that translate through our process so that it appears in Benjamin on the screen. 
And we also needed to create a character that could hold up under, really, all conditions. 
He needed to be able to walk in broad daylight, at nighttime, under candlelight, he had to hold an extreme close-up, he had to deliver dialogue, he had to be able to run, he had to be able to sweat, he had to be able to take a bath, to cry, he even had to throw up. 
Not all at the same time -- but he had to, you know, do all of those things. 
And the work had to hold up for almost the first hour of the movie. 
We did about 325 shots. 
So we needed a system that would allow Benjamin to do everything a human being can do. 
And we realized that there was a giant chasm between the state of the art of technology in 2004 and where we needed it to be. 
So we focused on motion capture. 
I'm sure many of you have seen motion capture. 
The state of the art at the time was something called marker-based motion capture. 
I'll give you an example here. 
It's basically the idea of, you wear a leotard, and they put some reflective markers on your body, and instead of using cameras, there're infrared sensors around a volume, and those infrared sensors track the three-dimensional position of those markers in real time. 
And then animators can take the data of the motion of those markers and apply them to a computer-generated character. 
You can see the computer characters on the right are having the same complex motion as the dancers. 
But we also looked at numbers of other films at the time that were using facial marker tracking, and that's the idea of putting markers on the human face and doing the same process. 
And as you can see, it gives you a pretty crappy performance. 
That's not terribly compelling. 
And what we realized was that what we needed was the information that was going on between the markers. 
We needed the subtleties of the skin. 
We needed to see skin moving over muscle moving over bone. 
We needed creases and dimples and wrinkles and all of those things. 
Our first revelation was to completely abort and walk away from the technology of the day, the status quo, the state of the art. 
So we aborted using motion capture. 
And we were now well out of our comfort zone, and in uncharted territory. 
So we were left with this idea that we ended up calling "technology stew." 
We started to look out in other fields. 
The idea was that we were going to find nuggets or gems of technology that come from other industries like medical imaging, the video game space, and re-appropriate them. 
And we had to create kind of a sauce. 
And the sauce was code in software that we'd written to allow these disparate pieces of technology to come together and work as one. 
Initially, we came across some remarkable research done by a gentleman named Dr. Paul Ekman in the early '70s. 
He believed that he could, in fact, catalog the human face. 
And he came up with this idea of Facial Action Coding System, or FACS. 
He believed that there were 70 basic poses or shapes of the human face, and that those basic poses or shapes of the face can be combined to create infinite possibilities of everything the human face is capable of doing. 
And of course, these transcend age, race, culture, gender. 
So this became the foundation of our research as we went forward. 
And then we came across some remarkable technology called Contour. 
And here you can see a subject having phosphorus makeup stippled on her face. 
And now what we're looking at is really creating a surface capture as opposed to a marker capture. 
The subject stands in front of a computer array of cameras, and those cameras can, frame-by-frame, reconstruct the geometry of exactly what the subject's doing at the moment. 
So, effectively, you get 3D data in real time of the subject. 
And if you look in a comparison, on the left, we see what volumetric data gives us and on the right you see what markers give us. 
So, clearly, we were in a substantially better place for this. 
But these were the early days of this technology, and it wasn't really proven yet. 
We measure complexity and fidelity of data in terms of polygonal count. 
And so, on the left, we were seeing 100,000 polygons. 
We could go up into the millions of polygons. 
It seemed to be infinite. 
This was when we had our "Aha!" 
This was the breakthrough. 
This is when we're like, "OK, we're going to be OK, 
This is actually going to work." 
And the "Aha!" was, what if we could take Brad Pitt, and we could put Brad in this device, and use this Contour process, and we could stipple on this phosphorescent makeup and put him under the black lights, and we could, in fact, scan him in real time performing Ekman's FACS poses. 
Right? 
So, effectively, we ended up with a 3D database of everything Brad Pitt's face is capable of doing. 
(Laughter) 
From there, we actually carved up those faces into smaller pieces and components of his face. 
So we ended up with literally thousands and thousands and thousands of shapes, a complete database of all possibilities that his face is capable of doing. 
Now, that's great, except we had him at age 44. 
We need to put another 40 years on him at this point. 
We brought in Rick Baker, and Rick is one of the great makeup and special effects gurus of our industry. 
And we also brought in a gentleman named Kazu Tsuji, and Kazu Tsuji is one of the great photorealist sculptors of our time. 
And we commissioned them to make a maquette, or a bust, of Benjamin. 
So, in the spirit of "The Great Unveiling" -- I had to do this -- 
I had to unveil something. 
So this is Ben 80. 
We created three of these: there's Ben 80, there's Ben 70, there's Ben 60. 
And this really became the template for moving forward. 
Now, this was made from a life cast of Brad. 
So, in fact, anatomically, it is correct. 
The eyes, the jaw, the teeth: everything is in perfect alignment with what the real guy has. 
We have these maquettes scanned into the computer at very high resolution -- enormous polygonal count. 
And so now we had three age increments of Benjamin in the computer. 
But we needed to get a database of him doing more than that. 
We went through this process, then, called retargeting. 
This is Brad doing one of the Ekman FACS poses. 
And here's the resulting data that comes from that, the model that comes from that. 
Retargeting is the process of transposing that data onto another model. 
And because the life cast, or the bust -- the maquette -- of Benjamin was made from Brad, we could transpose the data of Brad at 44 onto Brad at 87. 
So now, we had a 3D database of everything Brad Pitt's face can do at age 87, in his 70s and in his 60s. 
Next we had to go into the shooting process. 
So while all that's going on, we're down in New Orleans and locations around the world. 
And we shot our body actors, and we shot them wearing blue hoods. 
So these are the gentleman who played Benjamin. 
And the blue hoods helped us with two things: one, we could easily erase their heads; and we also put tracking markers on their heads so we could recreate the camera motion and the lens optics from the set. 
But now we needed to get Brad's performance to drive our virtual Benjamin. 
And so we edited the footage that was shot on location with the rest of the cast and the body actors and about six months later we brought Brad onto a sound stage in Los Angeles and he watched on the screen. 
His job, then, was to become Benjamin. 
And so we looped the scenes. 
He watched again and again. 
We encouraged him to improvise. 
And he took Benjamin into interesting and unusual places that we didn't think he was going to go. 
We shot him with four HD cameras so we'd get multiple views of him and then David would choose the take of Brad being Benjamin that he thought best matched the footage with the rest of the cast. 
From there we went into a process called image analysis. 
And so here, you can see again, the chosen take. 
And you are seeing, now, that data being transposed on to Ben 87. 
And so, what's interesting about this is we used something called image analysis, which is taking timings from different components of Benjamin's face. 
And so we could choose, say, his left eyebrow. 
And the software would tell us that, well, in frame 14 the left eyebrow begins to move from here to here, and it concludes moving in frame 32. 
And so we could choose numbers of positions on the face to pull that data from. 
And then, the sauce I talked about with our technology stew -- that secret sauce was, effectively, software that allowed us to match the performance footage of Brad in live action with our database of aged Benjamin, the FACS shapes that we had. 
On a frame-by-frame basis, we could actually reconstruct a 3D head that exactly matched the performance of Brad. 
So this was how the finished shot appeared in the film. 
And here you can see the body actor. 
And then this is what we called the "dead head," no reference to Jerry Garcia. 
And then here's the reconstructed performance now with the timings of the performance. 
And then, again, the final shot. 
It was a long process. 
(Applause) 
The next section here, I'm going to just blast through this, because we could do a whole TEDTalk on the next several slides. 
We had to create a lighting system. 
So really, a big part of our processes was creating a lighting environment for every single location that Benjamin had to appear so that we could put Ben's head into any scene and it would exactly match the lighting that's on the other actors in the real world. 
We also had to create an eye system. 
We found the old adage, you know, 
"The eyes are the window to the soul," absolutely true. 
So the key here was to keep everybody looking in Ben's eyes. 
And if you could feel the warmth, and feel the humanity, and feel his intent coming through the eyes, then we would succeed. 
So we had one person focused on the eye system for almost two full years. 
We also had to create a mouth system. 
We worked from dental molds of Brad. 
We had to age the teeth over time. 
We also had to create an articulating tongue that allowed him to enunciate his words. 
There was a whole system written in software to articulate the tongue. 
We had one person devoted to the tongue for about nine months. 
He was very popular. 
Skin displacement: another big deal. 
The skin had to be absolutely accurate. 
He's also in an old age home, he's in a nursing home around other old people, so he had to look exactly the same as the others. 
So, lots of work on skin deformation, you can see in some of these cases it works, in some cases it looks bad. 
This is a very, very, very early test in our process. 
So, effectively we created a digital puppet that Brad Pitt could operate with his own face. 
There were no animators necessary to come in and interpret behavior or enhance his performance. 
There was something that we encountered, though, that we ended up calling "the digital Botox effect." 
So, as things went through this process, 
Fincher would always say, "It sandblasts the edges off of the performance." 
And thing our process and the technology couldn't do, is they couldn't understand intent, the intent of the actor. 
So it sees a smile as a smile. 
It doesn't recognize an ironic smile, or a happy smile, or a frustrated smile. 
So it did take humans to kind of push it one way or another. 
But we ended up calling the entire process and all the technology "emotion capture," as opposed to just motion capture. 
Take another look. 
Brad Pitt: 
Well, I heard momma and Tizzy whisper, and they said I was gonna die soon, but ... maybe not. 
EU: 
That's how to create a digital human in 18 minutes. 
(Applause) 
A couple of quick factoids; it really took 155 people over two years, and we didn't even talk about 60 hairstyles and an all-digital haircut. 
But, that is Benjamin. 
Thank you. 
[Norvig] 
A lot of places are working with their local schools. 
Newent in the Forest of Dean: big polytunnel they built for the school; the kids are learning how to grow food. 
Promoting recycling, things like garden-share, that matches up people who don't have a garden who would like to grow food, with people who have gardens they aren't using anymore. 
Planting productive trees throughout urban spaces. 
And also starting to play around with the idea of alternative currencies. 
This is Lewes in Sussex, who have recently launched the Lewes Pound, a currency that you can only spend within the town, as a way of starting to cycle money within the local economy. 
You take it anywhere else, it's not worth anything. 
But actually within the town you start to create these economic cycles much more effectively. 
Another thing that they do is what we call an energy descent plan, which is basically to develop a plan B for the town. 
Most of our local authorities, when they sit down to plan for the next five, 10, 15, 20 years of a community, still start by assuming that there will be more energy, more cars, more housing, more jobs, more growth, and so on. 
What does it look like if that's not the case? 
And how can we embrace that and actually come up with something that was actually more likely to sustain everybody? 
As a friend of mine says, "Life is a series of things you're not quite ready for." 
And that's certainly been my experience with transition. 
From three years ago, it just being an idea, this has become something that has virally swept around the world. 
We're getting a lot of interest from government. 
Ed Miliband, the energy minister of this country, was invited to come to our recent conference as a keynote listener. 
Which he did -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- and has since become a great advocate of the whole idea. 
There are now two local authorities in this country who have declared themselves transitional local authorities, 
Leicestershire and Somerset. 
And in Stroud, the transition group there, in effect, wrote the local government's food plan. 
And the head of the council said, 
"If we didn't have Transition Stroud, we would have to invent all of that community infrastructure for the first time." 
As we see the spread of it, we see national hubs emerging. 
In Scotland, the Scottish government's climate change fund has funded Transition Scotland as a national organization supporting the spread of this. 
And we see it all over the place as well now. 
But the key to transition is thinking not that we have to change everything now, but that things are already inevitably changing, and what we need to do is to work creatively with that, based on asking the right questions. 
I think I'd like to just return at the end to the idea of stories. 
Because I think stories are vital here. 
And actually the stories that we tell ourselves, we have a huge dearth of stories about how to move forward creatively from here. 
And one of the key things that transition does is to pull those stories out of what people are doing. 
Stories about the community that's produced its own 21 pound note, for example, the school that's turned its car park into a food garden, the community that's founded its own energy company. 
And for me, one of the great stories recently was the Obamas digging up the south lawn of the White House to create a vegetable garden. 
Because the last time that was done, when Eleanor Roosevelt did it, it led to the creation of 20 million vegetable gardens across the United States. 
So the question I'd like to leave you with, really, is -- for all aspects of the things that your community needs in order to thrive, how can it be done in such a way that drastically reduces its carbon emissions, while also building resilience? 
Personally, I feel enormously grateful to have lived through the age of cheap oil. 
I've been astonishingly lucky, we've been astonishingly lucky. 
But let us honor what it has bought us, and move forward from this point. 
Because if we cling to it, and continue to assume that it can underpin our choices, the future that it presents to us is one which is really unmanageable. 
And by loving and leaving all that oil has done for us, and that the Oil Age has done for us, we are able to then begin the creation of a world which is more resilient, more nourishing, and in which, we find ourselves fitter, more skilled and more connected to each other. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
Good afternoon. 
First of all, I'm not that great. 
I'm just a chemist. 
I'm the person who knows about materials, but I don't know so much. 
And I am pretty mediocre. 
For example, I don't do any sports, or I cannot dance, 
I never take any cold showers for example. 
And I cannot do all these nice exercises. 
But I want to ask you something:  do you like organic food? 
Can you raise your hand who likes organic food? 
Yeah, you are the problem. 
Because, every morning I fall into deep depression for ten seconds. 
Because, I sit on the toilet- (Straining sounds) and then, basically, I'll show you what it means. 
I make excrement. 
Like a baby. 
And that's what you do as well. 
But isn't it amazing? 
That's not one organic label which allows, my excrements are included, not one, whatever you do when- (Strains) never allows me to be involved. 
And that's a problem. 
So, we are in deep shit, because we don't respect shit. 
(Laughter) 
We can do a lot of innovations, we can look at things, and make them differently. 
We can reduce our ecologic footprint. 
For example, people say, 
"Please protect the environment; don't make so much waste." 
Please protect the environment, don't use so much water; 
"Please protect the environment; don't use your car so often." 
So this is what we're calling "environmental protection". 
When we destroy a little less. 
That's the same as if you say, "Please, protect your child; beat your child only three times, instead of five times." 
We think we protect when we destroy less. 
But it's not protecting, it's only minimizing the destruction. 
And this is where we are. 
We make waste all over the planet, and it looks crazy. 
Why can't we make a different thing? 
Why can't we make a footprint which is beneficial? 
But this is what we do. 
We try to be less bad. 
For example, I can do something, 
I can cut my hair short to minimize my shampoo consumption. 
I can reduce my footprint by, for example, taking the elevator. 
Because when you take the elevator, you can be five time less bad 
Because it takes, for a vegetarian, five times more energy to lift somebody by taking the stairs, than taking the elevator. 
In calories, it's five times more energy intensive than taking the elevator. 
So, whenever you want to protect the environment, take the elevator, because it takes so much less energy when you have an elevator, because you use calories so much. 
We can do a lot, for example, never drink sparkling water. 
Because it's three litres of carbon dioxides. 
We can do a lot; we call it "sustainability". 
When I ask you, "How is your relationship with your girlfriend? 
What would you say? 
Sustainable. 
(Laughter) 
Then, I am really sorry for you. 
(Laughter) 
So, this is not about minimizing being bad; it's about being good. 
We talk about reducing carbon dioxide emissions; but two thirds of all the carbon is in soil? 
Not in oil, not in coal, two thirds of all the carbon is in top soil. 
So, we want to be carbon neutral, but why don't we make a footprint which is beneficial, instead of carbon neutral? 
People try to be "less bad". 
You will say, "Oh yes! 'm 90% bad, 80% bad, 
I make all zeroes carbon neutral". 
For example, Europe has a goal to be carbon neutral in 2050. 
You can only be carbon neutral when you don't exist. 
This is the only way. 
Just by thinking, you are not carbon neutral. 
So how could you say, "My biggest goal is to be carbon neutral?" 
Out of all the environmental disasters, 
- Seveso, Bhopal, The Love Canal, Chernobyl - the generated feeling is, "it's better we're not here". 
And when you are in, say, Amazon, we think, "We are a pain for the planet". 
This is why we try to be less bad. 
That's why we try to reduce our footprint. 
Maybe you know this joke; 
One planet meets another planet, and says, "You really look terrible today". 
And the other planet says, "Yes, I have Homo sapiens". 
The first planet answers, 
"Don't worry, I had this before;  it will disappear somehow". 
We feel so bad, we think it's better we are not here. 
With all these environmental disasters, we lost a whole generation of good scientists. 
We have lots of smart MBA's, we have brilliant lawyers, but we don't have enough engineers. 
We don't have enough good scientists because how can you study chemistry, when you see Bhopal? 
How can you study physics, when you see Chernobyl? 
And the one who studies to be a scientist did with a bad conscience.. 
So that's why they try to be "less bad". 
He apologizes everyday for being here. 
That's the reasons that we're trying to minimize our footprint. 
We walk, and when we are in Sweden, for example, your footprint means destruction, that's why people try to minimize their footprint. 
But, when you are here, your footprint means the water stays longer. 
So why do we want to minimize our footprint, when we can have a beneficial footprint? 
So we can make things completely differently. 
But this is what we do. 
Here, it stinks, this is PVC. 
Never designed to go in biological systems. 
This is our catalog, it stinks; never designed for toilet paper. 
It's hazardous waste. 
We need to reinvent our products, and the products need to look different, completely different. 
Everything that gets consumed; food, detergents, backpacks, need to be designed to grow up into biological systems. 
Everything that is just used as a service needs to go back to the technical system. 
You cannot consume a window, you don't consume a washing machine, you don't consume a TV set, you only use it. 
So, we need to distinguish between two different cycles. 
Things which get consumed, like shoe soles, need to be designed to go to biological systems. 
Things which are just used, like the washing machine, need to be designed for the technical cycle, but right now,  they are just hazardous waste. 
So, we need to reinvent our products, completely from the beginning. 
And, we could see this with a poll, or we could see this with tech. 
We had a lot of benefits in the United States, because of George Bush. 
George Bush was great for us. 
Right now we have so many creative people which we could hear here because we had George Bush. 
In November, 2007, 
I was in Australia, in Sydney. 
So was George Bush, and he said, "I'm so glad to be in Austria". 
(Laughter) 
Because, after seven years in power, he didn't know the difference between Austria and Australia. 
Then, he was opening a conference. 
He thought, "Vienna, Austria", opening this OPEC Conference. 
But it was not the OPEC Conference, it was the APEC Conference, 
The Asian-Pacific Conference. 
When this is your president, 
- we have some potential as well - we don't wait for the government anymore. 
That's why we have seen huge innovations in the United States. 
Now, with Mr. Obama, everybody sits back and relaxes, and waits for what the president is doing. 
But before that, we had George Bush, and so we knew it is up to us. 
We didn't wait for the government anymore. 
So, in a certain way, George Bush was beneficial. 
But only in certain ways, definitely. 
We need to reinvent our products. 
Everything we see in front of us is not designed. 
We talk about colors in Brazil, but all the colors that you see are hazardous waste. even the flip-flops that we saw are hazardous waste. 
35 million flip-flops go into the ocean every year; 35 million. 
There's more seals, more whales, more turtles, more dolphins, killed by flip-flops, than by anything else, 
Because the animals eat the plastic. 
There are 12 million tons of plastic going into the oceans. 
Nothing is designed to go into biological systems; nothing is designed to go into the biosphere. 
We feel so bad that we are here that we are romanticizing nature. 
People talk about "Mother Earth". 
But there is no "Mother Earth". 
It's a strong contingency to natural chemicals, more toxic chemicals are natural chemicals. 
Which mother would give cancer to her child? 
When we are romanticizing nature, we are putting us down, because the mother is good, so the child is bad. 
So, there is no "Mother Earth". 
We can learn from nature; it's a partnership, it's learning, it's being proud of our own qualities as well. 
Our natural lifetime expectancy is 30 years. 
When we get older, it's our creativity, it's our civilization, it's our science, it's our industry, it's our medicine. 
So, we don't need to talk about "Mother Earth". 
A mother would not have a girl losing her leg, just by biting. 
No. 
So, there is no reason to romanticize nature, because when we romanticize nature, we always feel guilty. 
And out of guilt, we are not creative, 
Out of guilt, you cannot develop new things. 
So, it's about becoming native to this planet. 
Why do we delegate being native to the Yanomamis? 
We are the native people of this planet. 
Why do we delegate being in harmony with nature to Aborigines? 
We are the aborigines of the planet. 
We are the natives of this planet. 
If we don't learn to become natives to this planet, then, we will destroy each other. 
For example, we talk about overpopulation, you could see the curve of overpopulation. 
The weight of ants; it's about to four times more than of all human beings. 
And because ants don't make waste; because ants live only three to six months, because ants never take elevators, they are equal to 30 billion people in their calories consumption. 
So, we are not too many, we are just stupid, we make waste. 
Even when we think about "zero waste", we think about waste. 
It's the same thing, when I tells you, "Don't think about the pink crocodile!" 
We think about the pink crocodile. 
But nature doesn't think about waste. 
Nature only makes stuff for biological cycles. 
So we can learn from nature. 
But we do not just live. 
We like washing machines, we like computers. 
We cannot make energy saving window without toxic materials in it, otherwise it doesn't work. 
So, this means to reinvent our materials to go into technical cycles. 
So, we now make washing machines where you can wash just 3000 times. 
We now make materials which can go into technical cycles, and biological cycles. 
But this means reinventing  everything you see in front of you. 
We don't need to say, "Oh, I'm so sorry to be here." 
We can say, "Hey, we are not good enough. 
Our design is not good enough  because it makes toxic waste." 
Now, we try to minimize our footprint but we reach the opposite 
We are making the wrong thing perfect, and by that, they are perfectly wrong. 
When we send these things to recycling, we only contaminate the biological system. 
Because it was never designed for recycling. 
The design that you do is so important, but right now this design is amazingly primitive. 
Look, I became a designer. 
You can see when you look in the internet, you find I'm designing materials, 
I'm designing materials like washing machines that only do five thousand loads of washing, 
But this is because the designers don't do their job. 
I'm designing edible fabrics. 
What we do see here? 
Stinking PVC, never designed for human beings. 
Destroying fertility. 
The whole system is very primitive. 
That means that we need to reinvent all our materials again. 
This is the amount of diapers which one baby makes in one year. 
In Europe, 20% of all waste stream in households are diapers. 
And, because they get older, the diapers get bigger. 
There is some potential in it. 
A baby takes about 7,500 diapers. 
If we could make diapers for babies, which allow them to go into biological systems, if we change the soap absorbents and the plastics, we could grow with one baby,  150 trees, just with one baby. 
So this baby could be carbon positive from the beginning. 
It's really carbon positive, not carbon neutral. 
With learning how to use the sun, we can reinvent everything to go back into technical systems and biological systems. 
We can make buildings like trees, we can be carbon positive. 
We can look at a child and say instead of, "Oh, shit, overpopulation", we can say, "Holy shit! 
How nice!" 
Thank you very much! 
The city swings and 200 dancers from 20 nations are swinging with it. 
At the first Jazz festival in Heidelberg [Germany] over the weekend. 
This is the first dance of my life;  I used to boycott the dance school 
It is extremely multisided as you can be extremely creative and playful. 
Because it is fun and you meet people; for example somebody like this. 
There are nearly no rules. 
You can't make mistakes. 
Everything is  just a variation. 
You can do what you want. 
It is really the best dance that I know. 
Katja and Ali are dance partners, but also married couple. 
They teach Lindy Hop all over Europe. 
With the first Jazz festival here in Heidelberg they both realised themselves a dream. 
Swing is for the vice european vice champions not only a music and dance, but also an attitude towards life and limitless. 
It is like a language; first you learn the grammar in class and then everybody can "speak" with each other on the dance floor. 
New York, 1927: 
Black and White, poor and rich,  meet on the dance floor in Harlem. 
At the Savoy ballroom the Lindy Hop is created, the most original way of swing dancing. 
There are no written rules. 
Lindy Hop thrives on improvisation..... 
...to this day! 
That makes it so exciting, fun, sexy, full of energy! 
The atmosphere is boiling in Heidelberg's town hall when the Shim Sham song comes on, one of the highlights of the evening. 
But what would Swing and the 20s be without Big Band and dresscode. 
Part of it is a proper hair-do, the adequate outfit. 
It also makes you dance differently, compared to dancing in jeans and T-shirt. 
Katja and Ali met in Paris, dancing on the banks of the Seine. 
And their enthusiasm is as fresh as on the first day. 
From then on we danced together, no matter where or when; waiting for the underground or the bus stop. 
And we are still like that today after 10 years that when we are going to a dance, we just walk faster 
We just want to arrive and start dancing! 
Unconventional, without prejudice and full of life energy; Lindy Hop is more than just a dance! 
John: 
Hi, I'm John Green. 
This is Crash Course World History and, today, we're going to discuss, wait for it, the Mongols! 
(wild galloping music) 
So you probably have a picture of the Mongols in your head. 
Yes, that's the picture. 
Brutal, bloodthirsty, swarthy, humorously mustachioed warriors riding the plains, wearing fur, eating meat directly off the bone, saying, "Bar, bar, bar, bar, bar, bar, bar." 
In short, we imagine the Mongol Empire as stereotypically barbarian, and that's not entirely wrong. 
But, if you've been reading recent World History textbooks, 
like we here at Crash Course have, you might have a different view of the Mongols, one that emphasizes the amazing speed and success of their conquests. 
How they conquered more land in 25 years than the Romans did in 400. 
How they controlled more than 11 million contiguous square miles. 
And, you may even have read that the Mongols basically created nations 
like Russia, and even Korea. 
One historian has even claimed that the Mongols smashed the feudal system and created international law. 
Renowned for their religious tolerance, the Mongols, in this view, created the first great free trade zone, 
like a crazy medieval Eurasian NAFTA. 
And, that's not entirely wrong either. 
Stupid truth, always resisting simplicity. 
(upbeat lively music playing) 
So remember herders? 
We talked about them, back in Episode 1, as an alternative to hunting and gathering or agriculture. 
Here are the key things to remember. 
1. 
Nomads aren't Jack Kerouac. 
They don't go on random road trips. 
They migrate according to climate conditions so they can feed their flocks. 
2. 
Nomads don't generally produce manufactured goods, which means they need to trade, so they almost always live near settled people. 
And 3. 
Because they generally live close to nature and in harsh conditions, pastoralists tend to be tougher than diamond-plated differential calculus. 
Think of the Huns, or the Xiongnu, or the Mongols. 
(wild galloping music) Okay. 
Stan, that's enough. 
Back to me. 
Come. 
STAN! 
I AM THE STAR OF THE SHOW, NOT THE MONGOLS! 
Hi. 
Sorry about that. 
So one last thing. 
Pastoral people also tend to be more egalitarian, especially where women are concerned. 
Paradoxically, when there's less to go around, humans tend to share more, and when both men and women must work, for the social order to survive, there tends to be 
less patriarchal domination of women, although Mongol women rarely went to war. 
I can't tell your gender. 
I mean you've got the pants, but then you also have the [floopity] flop, so that's the technical term, by the way. 
I'm [an] historian. 
If you had to choose a pastoral nomadic group to come out of central Asia and dominate the world, you probably wouldn't have chosen the Mongols, because, for most of the history we've been discussing, they just hung out in the foothills, bordering the Siberian forest, mixing herding and hunting, quietly getting really good at archery and riding horses. 
Also, the Mongols were much smaller than other pastoral groups, 
like the Tatars or the Uighurs. 
And, not to get all great man history on you or anything, but the reason the Mongols came to dominate the world really started with one guy, Genghis Khan. 
Let's go to the Thought Bubble. 
The story goes that Genghis, or Chinggis, Khan was born around 1162, with the name Temujin, to a lowly clan. 
His father was poisoned to death, 
leaving Temujin under the control of his older brothers, one of whom he soon killed during an argument. 
By 19, he was married to his first, and most important, wife, Börte, who was later kidnapped. 
This was pretty common among the Mongols; 
Temujin's mom had also been kidnapped. 
In rescuing his wife, Temujin proved his military mettle and he soon became a leader of his tribe, but uniting the Mongol confederations required a civil war, which he won, 
largely thanks to two innovations. 
First, he promoted people based on merit, rather than family position, and, second, he brought lower classes of conquered people into his own tribe, while dispossessing the leaders of the conquered clans. 
Thus he made peasants love him. 
The rich hated him, but they didn't matter anymore, because they were no longer rich. 
With these two building block policies, 
Temujin was able to win the loyalty of more and more people and, in 1206, he was declared the Great Khan, the leader of all the Mongols. 
How? 
Well, the Mongols chose their rulers in a really cool way. 
A prospective ruler would call a general council, called a kuriltai, and anyone who supported his candidacy for leadership would show up on their horses, 
literally voting with their feet. 
Child John: 
Mr. Green! 
Mr. Green! 
But horses don't have feet; they have hooves. 
John: 
I hate you, Me From The Past. 
ALSO, NO INTERRUPTlNG THE THOUGHT BUBBLE! 
After uniting the Mongols, Genghis Khan went on to conquer a lot of territory. 
By the time he died, in his sleep, in 1227, his empire stretched from the Mongol homeland, in Mongolia, all the way to the Caspian Sea. 
Thanks, Thought Bubble. 
So that's a pretty good looking empire and, sure, a lot of it was pasture, or mountains, or desert, but the Mongols did conquer a lot of people, too. 
And, in some ways, with Genghis' death, the empire was just getting started. 
His son, Ögödei Khan, expanded the empire even more, and Genghis' grandson, Möngke, was the Great Khan in 1258 when Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Empire, fell to the Mongols. 
And, another of Genghis' grandsons, Kublai Khan, conquered the Song Dynasty, in China, in 1279. 
And, if the Mamluks hadn't stopped another of Genghis' grandsons, at the battle of Ain Jalut, they probably would have taken all of North Africa. 
Man, Genghis Khan sure had a lot of grandkids. 
Well, it must be time for the open letter. 
(gentle electronic harp music playing) 
An open letter to Genghis Khan's descendants. 
Oh, but, first, let's check what's in the secret compartment today. 
(gentle electronic harp music playing) 
Oh, a noisemaker and champagne poppers. 
Stan, you know I suck at these. 
What's all this for? 
OH, IT'S BECAUSE IT'S A BlRTHDAY PARTY! 
YAY! 
HAPPY BlRTHDAY TO GENGHlS KHAN'S DESCENDANTS! 
How do I know it's your birthday, Genghis Khan's descendants? 
Because every day is your birthday. 
Because, right now, on the planet Earth, there are 16 million direct descendants of Genghis Khan, meaning that every day is the birthday of 43,000 of them. 
So, good news, Genghis Khan. 
Your empire might be gone, but your progeny lives on, and on, and on, and on. 
HAPPY BlRTHDAY! 
Best wishes, John Green. 
Unfortunately for the Mongols, those guys weren't always working together, because Genghis Khan failed to create a single political unit out of his conquests. 
Instead, after Genghis' death, the Mongols were left with 4 really important empires called the Khanates: the Yuan Dynasty in China, the Ilkhanate in Persia, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, and the Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia. 
If you remember all the way back to the Hellenistic period, this is similar to what happened to another good general who wasn't much for administration, 
Alexander the Great. 
Also, neither of them ever conquered India. 
The Mongols succeeded, primarily, because of their military skill. 
Genghis Khan's army, which never numbered more than 130,000, was built on speed and archery, just like this guy. 
Mongol mounted archers were like super-fast tanks, compared to the foot soldiers and knights they were up against. 
"But, wait," all the military history nerds are saying, 
"Once people knew the Mongols were coming, 
"why didn't they just hole up in castles and forts? 
"It's not like the Mongols had flying horses." 
EXCEPT THEY DlD. 
They didn't? 
Stan, why are you always making history boring?! 
So the Mongols apparently didn't have flying horses, but they were uncommonly adaptable. 
So even though they'd never seen a castle before they started raiding, they became experts at siege warfare by interrogating prisoners. 
And, they also adopted gunpowder, probably introducing it to Europeans, and they even built ships so they could attack Japan. 
That might have worked, too, except there happened to be a typhoon. 
Also, people were terrified of the Mongols. 
Often, cities would surrender the moment the Mongols arrived, just to escape slaughter. 
But, of course, that only happened because there were occasions when the Mongols did slaughter entire towns. 
So, with all that background, 
let us return to the question of Mongol awesomeness. 
First, 5 arguments for awesome: 
1. 
The Mongols really did reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. 
The Silk Road trading routes that had existed for about 1,000 years by the time the Mongols made the scene, had fallen into disuse, but the Mongols valued trade, because they could tax it, and they did a great job of keeping their empire safe. 
It was said that a man could walk from one end of the Mongol empire to the other, with a gold plate on his head, without ever fearing being robbed. 
2. 
The Mongols increased communication, through Eurasia, by developing this pony express-like system of way stations, with horses and riders that could quickly relay information. 
It was called the Yam System and it also included these amazing bronze passports, which facilitated travel. 
3. 
Another thing that travelled along Mongol trade routes was cuisine. 
For example, it was because of the Mongols that rice became a staple of the Persian diet, which I mention entirely because I happen to like Persian food. 
4. 
The Mongols forcibly relocated people who were useful to them, like artists, and musicians, and, especially, administrators. 
As you can imagine, the Mongols weren't much for administrative tasks, 
like keeping records, so they found people who were good at that stuff and just moved them around the empire. 
This created the kind of cross-cultural pollination that world historians, these days, get really excited about. 
And 5. 
The Mongols were almost, unprecedentedly, tolerant of different religions. 
They themselves were shamanists, believing in nature spirits, but since their religion was tied to the land from which they came, they didn't expect new people to adopt it, and they didn't ask them to. 
So you could find Muslims and Buddhists and Christians, and people of any other religion you can think of, prospering throughout the Mongol empire. 
And, it's that kind of openness that has led historians to go back and re-evaluate the Mongols, seeing them as a precursor to modernity. 
But there is another side of the story that we should not forget, so here are 5 reasons why the Mongols might not be so great: 
1. 
Here is Genghis Khan's definition of happiness. 
"The greatest happiness is to vanquish 
"your enemies, to chase them before you, 
"to rob them of their wealth, 
"to see those dear to them bathed in tears, 
"to clasp to your bosom their wives and daughters." 
Off-topic but, if that quote rings a bell, it might be because Oliver Stone blatantly plagiarized 
Genghis Khan in the movie, "Conan The Barbarian." 
2. 
Is an extension of 1. 
The Mongols were seriously brutal conquerors. 
I mean, not uniquely brutal, but still ... 
The Mongols often destroyed entire cities, and most historians estimate the number they killed to be in the millions. 
3. 
Their empire didn't last. 
Within 80 years they'd left China and been replaced by a new dynasty, the Ming. 
And, in Persia, they blended in so completely that, by the 15th century, they were totally unrecognizable. 
I mean, they'd even taken up agriculture! 
Agriculture! 
The last refuge of scoundrels who want to devote their lives to working instead of [skoodillypooping]! 
4. 
They also weren't particularly interested in artistic patronage or architecture. 
I mean, your palace may last forever, but my yurt can go anywhere. 
5. 
The Mongols were probably responsible for the Black Death. 
By opening up trade, they also opened up vectors for disease to travel; in the case of the Plague, via fleas infected with Yersinia pestis. 
And, at least, according to one story, the Mongols intentionally spread the plague by catapulting their plague-ridden cadavers over the walls of Caffa in the Crimea. 
While this primitive act of biological warfare might have happened, it's unlikely to be what actually spread the plague. 
More likely it was the fleas on the rats in the holds of Black Sea ships that were trading with Europe. 
But, that trade only existed because of the Mongols. 
All right, Stan, one last time - cue the Mongol-tage. 
(wild galloping music) 
So the Mongols promoted trade, diversity, and tolerance, and they also promoted slaughter and senseless destruction. 
And, what you think about the Mongols ends up saying a lot about you. 
Do you value artistic output over religious diversity? 
Is imperialism that doesn't last better or worse than imperialism that does? 
And, are certain kinds of warfare inherently wrong? 
If you think those are easy questions to answer, then I haven't been doing my job. 
(lighthearted cartoon music) 

DR. JAMES GRlME: 
This is such an inspiring story, because it shows how mathematicians can save lives. 
We're talking about one of the most famous cipher machines of all time. 
It's a code machine called the Enigma machine used by Nazi 
Germany in World War II to send secret, coded messages. 
And we've got one over here. 
This is not a copy. 
This is not a replica. 
This is an original Enigma machine actually used in World War Il. 
This was made in 1936. 
It's an army Enigma machine. 
Let's see how it works. 
So this belongs to a man called Simon Singh. 
He's an author. 
He writes popular science books. 
And he lends it to the University of 
Cambridge, where I work. 
This was found in a French field, I was told, by an 
American cryptographer after the war. 
And he took it home. 
So I guess he took it home as his souvenir. 
Yoink, that's mine. 
The guy who found it died about 12 years ago. 
And when he died, that's when Simon 
Singh bought the machine. 
We're going to send a message. 
Now, we were talking about what to send before, so we send Numberphile. 
Let's turn this into Enigma code. 
So I'm going to type in N to begin with. 
And if you can see there, the letter Y lights up. 
So N becomes Y. Your code lights up. 
Let's write that down. 
Let's do the next letter, U. U becomes T. Let's do M. And 
I've got H this time. 
B. And E is W. 
Notice here, we had Y turn up twice. 
And they turned up for two different letters. 
So N became Y, and then later on, E became Y. That's unusual. 
The other unusual thing you may notice is that the two E's in Numberphile have turned into two different letters. 
So here, E became Y. But the second E became W. 
Now, this is why the Germans thought they had an unbreakable code. 
Old-fashioned code in the past, pen-and-paper codes that they used to use, if you had the same letter, it would become the same letter in the code. 
Enigma is different. 
Probably, each time you did it, you would get a completely different code. 
Now, if we can break this code-- and by we, I mean the 
Polish, the British, and the Americans-- if we can break this code in World War Il, we'll be able to read those German secret messages, which is what we did. 
So let me show you how this machine works. 
Let me open up the machine. 
So we have three things here at the top. 
These things are called rotors. 
And inside those rotors, try and imagine lots of wiring. 
And it's all crisscrossed wiring as well. 
Now, if I press a letter, have a look what happens. 
The rotors move. 
When this rotor does a full turn, it'll kick the next rotor one place. 
And then, the right-hand rotor keeps going. 
Eventually, the middle rotor does a full turn, and it will kick the left-hand rotor one place. 
So a fast rotor, a middle rotor, and a slow rotor. 
Imagine it like it's hands on a clock, like you've got a minute hand and an hour hand and a second hand. 
That's the idea. 
Brilliant machine though this is, all it is, really, is just a circuit. 
Here is a battery. 
You can see that's a modern battery in there. 
We've converted this. 
And this battery is connected to a bulb. 
And it lights up. 
It's the most simple thing you can make-- a battery and a bulb, the bulb lights up. 
And that's all it is. 
The clever bit is the wires of the circuit are inside the rotors. 
So when the wires turn, the battery will connect to a different bulb. 
Let's try and see that happen. 
So I'm going to turn the wires, and the battery connects to this bulb. 
Do it again, I'm going to turn the wires, and the battery connects to this bulb. 
It changes. 
Do it again, turn the wires, and the battery connects to this bulb. 
And that's why it changes each time, because it has moving parts inside. 
But otherwise, it's just a simple circuit. 
I think we need to know how to decode. 
This would be no good if we can't decode our message, so 
let's do that. 
First of all, we're going to take our code here, we need to know what the setting was. 
Now, if you notice, in the little windows, we have three numbers. 
It's like a combination lock, like a bike lock. 
Now, I took a note of what those three numbers were. 
Those three numbers, when we started writing Numberphile, were a 13, 9, and 21. 
So the idea is, you would type in your message, and you would get a code. 
The machine itself doesn't transmit, so you would have to write that code on a piece of paper. 
So that piece of paper would be given to the radio operator who would then transmit the message by radio by Morse code. 
That would travel miles away. 
So now imagine a second German officer, maybe on a ship somewhere in the ocean, now he's tuning into that radio signal. 
He can hear the code. 
It's coming in, and he writes it down. 
Now, this second officer will have an 
Enigma machine as well. 
And his Enigma machine is exactly the same as the first one. 
So there's something I have to do. 
I now need to set these rotors to the correct position. 
So we've got this code over here, Y-T-H-M-Y and whatever. 
Let's type that into the machine this time and see what happens. 
OK, so we start with Y. Y becomes N. T becomes U. H becomes M. M, in the code, is a B. Y. I. F. And W, finally, is E. So each rotor has 26 starting places. 
In fact, these rotors come out and swap over. 
In fact, again, they had five rotors to pick from. 
They had a box of five rotors. 
You would pick three from a box of five. 
And already, we've got thousands of settings. 
And each one will produce a different code. 
So we're going to work out those combinations. 
So the first thing I said was, we pick three rotors from a box of five. 
In the first slot, you would have five rotors to pick from. 
Once you've picked that, in the second place, you would have four rotors to pick from. 
And in the final place, the third place, you would have three rotors left. 
And you multiply those numbers together. 
So it's 5 times 4 times 3. 
So there are 60 ways that you can put in three rotors from a choice of five. 
We have 26 starting positions for each rotor. 
So we have 26 choices for the first one, 26 choices for the second one, and 26 choices for the third one. 
And if you do that, you get 26 cubed, which is 17,576. 
It gets worse, because the military, the Army, Air Force, 
Navy had something extra. 
The commercial machines-- if you were a bank or a business, you could buy an 
Enigma machine to use yourself to send your own secrets. 
But the military had an extra bit. 
They had this thing at the front of the machine. 
Now, this is called a plugboard. 
And it's like an old-fashioned telephone switchboard, like an old patchboard. 
We have 10 of these wires. 
And each of these wires connect two 
letters into a pair. 
So in this case, you might see, the letter Q is going to connect with the letter E. Now you make 10 of those pairs. 
Two letters in a pair will swap over. 
So if Q is connected to E, then Q and E would swap over. 
That's an extra level of scrambling only available to the military. 
Now, this had the most number of combinations. 
Now, this calculation is going to be the hardest calculation, but we can do it. 
So there are 26 letters in the alphabet. 
How many ways to arrange 26 letters? 
Well, it's 26 times 25 times 24 all the way down to 1. 
That's 26 factorial. 
But we don't want every combination of 26 letters. 
We only want to make 10 pairs. 
So that means there are 6 letters left over, which we don't care about. 
Because we don't care about them, that means we're allowed to divide. 
And we're going to divide by 6 factorial. 
Now there are 10 pairs. 
We don't care what order those 10 pairs are in. 
Because we don't care about it, we can divide by 10 factorial. 
And the last thing to divide by, 2 letters in a pair. 
Well, if I swap them over, that would still be the same pair. 
If I had A and B, that's the same as B and A. That's still the same pair. 
So I can divide by 2. 
And I do that for each pair. 
There's 10 pairs, so I'm going to divide by 2 10 times. 
Just 2 to power 10. 
And that is how many ways that you can connect 20 letters into 10 pairs on the front of the machine. 
How big is that number? 
Shall we do that? 
150 trillion, 738 billion, 274 million, 937,250. 
So the total, 158 quintillion, 962 quadrillion, 555 trillion, 217 billion, 826 million, 360,000 flat. 
That is the total number of ways that you can set the 
Enigma machine. 
This would be an army Enigma machine around about 1939. 
-You are telling me that the Germans would send each other messages like Numberphile or send-- 
DR. JAMES GRlME: 
Yeah, they did that all the time. 
-Or send the U-boat to this position or whatever. 
But how were they telling each other their plug settings and their starting rotor numbers? 
DR. JAMES GRlME: 
So this is very important. 
So these two people, who are miles apart, need to have the same setting. 
Now, the setting was written down for you on a piece of paper. 
What they would have is a sheet of paper like that. 
And it would be a big sheet of paper for each day of the month. 
So it was a monthly sheet. 
For each day of the month, they told you how to set the machine for that day. 
If you didn't have this sheet of paper, you wouldn't know what the setting was that you had to use for that day. 
And nice, little story, the Navy would write these code books in soluble ink. 
So if you get sunk, if you get caught, if you throw the code book into water, that's how you keep the secret. 
-It sounds to me that all you need is an Enigma machine and a copy of that book, and you know everything they're saying. 
DR. JAMES GRlME: 
You would do. 
So if you had the machine and you had that code sheet, you would be able to decode all the messages. 
Fantastic. 
Great. 
But we had the machine. 
And once we've had the machine, we can pull it apart and find out how it works. 
Great. 
But it was getting those code sheets. 
That was difficult. 
They were monthly. 
They would change every month. 
If you did capture them, which we did occasionally, you could use it until it runs out. 
But without a code sheet, you would have to break the code. 
And you would have to do that with mathematics. 
-What was the key? 
What was wrong with Enigma? 
What was its weakness? 
DR. JAMES GRlME: 
Let's have a look at what the flaw is in the Enigma machine. 
So the Germans thought it was unbreakable, but there is a flaw. 
If I press a letter K-- 
For this quiz, your goal is to define a procedure. 
We'll call it abbaize. 
This is very useful if you need to come up with names, and what it does is take 2 strings as its inputs and outputs a string that is the first input, followed by 2 repetitions of the second input, followed by the first input. 
As an example, if we called abbaize, passing in the string 'a' and the string 'b'-- single character strings-- what we should get as a result is the string 'abba'. 
If we called abbaize, passing in the string 'dog' and the string 'cat', what we should get is the string 'dogcatcatdog', and there aren't any spaces between the strings. 
They're just all pasted together. 
Ermira, you have led the session many times, what would you say about it? 
This is the last chance you have as a trainer to do teaching practice actually. 
And it's your last chance to make sure that all the participants have understood correctly the importance that children should have to make this working groups alone or in pairs or working as a group of five or more, depending on the number of children they have. 
But in the same time, it's the last chance for them as well, for the participants, to make sure that they can prove to themselves that they can do it and can demonstrate they can use this techniques. 
Then let's plan together. 
Do you agree to plan together to see what kind of supplies we can make for work? 
The following incident is a reenactment. 
Professional actors will depict different characters in each episode. 
(BEEP, BEEP, BEEP, BEEP) 
ME, ME, ME 
It's my day off. 
I can't reach it. 
Ugh. 
(And there was another drive-by shooting today...) 
Blah, blah, blah! 
Get to the weather already. 
Honey, could you turn that down? 
WHOA! 
Dammit! 
My ankle! 
Oh yeah! 
I didn't want to trip on them. 
Ow! 
Sweetie, is your car running OK? 
Yeah, why? 
Great! 
I'm fresh out of gas. 
I'll take yours. 
I'm late for work. 
(DlNG-DONG!) 
Just a minute. 
Oh! 
Hi, Marla. 
We need to talk. 
Come in. 
What happened to your ankle? 
Getting out of bed this morning ... 
Tripped over Barry's golf clubs. 
Yeah. 
Happened to me many times when we were married. 
I still wear a brace when it rains. 
So, what's in the box? 
I thought Barry cleared all of his stuff out after we got divorced. 
I was cleaning today and I found something. 
What is it? 
You're not gonna like it. 
Like what? 
Well, all those years, I knew there was something. 
But I never had the proof. 
What are you talking about, Marla? 
Your husband, Barry.... my ex-husband, Barry... 
Denise, Barry's a selfish bastard. 
What? 
No! 
No, he's not. 
No. 
Look. 
-Oh my god. 
-Mm-hm 
This is not happening. 
He fooled me too. 
There were always signs. 
What signs? 
Think about it! 
Haven't you ever been stuck out in the cold with him? 
I got pneumonia once, but... 
You got lucky. 
I lost a finger. 
Frostbite. 
Think about your last birthday. 
Happy Birthday to you! 
Mmm! 
It's spongy. 
Selfish bastards can't participate in the celebration of others. 
It's been documented. 
No! 
It's not true! 
He loves people. 
He was so close to his brother and sister. 
Selfish bastards recreate the past for personal gain. 
Letter to Santa. 
"Dear Santa, I have been SO good this year..." 
You know what? 
No! 
No, I am not listening to any more of this! 
You're just jealous! 
Long term exposure has compromised your ability to judge. 
There is no way I am married to a selfish bastard! 
(SMACK!) 
Focus, Denise! 
Think about all that you have sacrificed. 
How could I be so stupid? 
Don't go there, Denise! 
You deserve so much more. 
I do? 
Denise, you deserve oral sex. 
But... he said that was... 
Impossible. 
That it's just... 
A scam. 
Can't he get help? 
No. 
It's terminal. 
If he were a loser or even a prick, maybe... 
NOOO! 
I hate G-d! 
I hate Christmas! 
Pull yourself together! 
Denise! 
NOOOOO!!! 
Your life is in danger. 
Earthquake! 
It is an earthquake! 
(RUMBLE! 
CRASH!) 
Come on. 
You'll stay with me until you get back on your feet...foot. 
Wait, he was so close with his mom. 
No, Denise. 
It's genetic. 
Oh, no you're not! 
I am. 
Our short webseries tells these stories. 
Real stories. 
You married the whiny bitch. 
Well, we made them up, but they'll remind you of folks you know. 
Speaking of horse c*ck 
This seriously hurts my titties. 
Mine too! 
She has a condition. 
She does. 
It's so wet! 
A Series of Unfortunate People 
We're gonna need back up. 
The walls are closing in on me! 
Now. 
Mekong: 
Watch That River! 
This is the Mekong 
One of Asia's major rivers and the 12th longest in the world 
It nurtures a great deal of life in its waters and in the wetlands, forests, towns, and villages along its path 
The Mekong's long journey begins in the Tibetan highlands 
It flows through China's Yunan province and then across Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia before entering the sea from Southern Vietnam 
It's a journey of nearly 5,000 kilometers or some 3,000 miles 
The Mekong river basin is the land surrounding all the streams and rivers that flow into it 
This covers a vast area, roughly the size of France and Germany combined 
On its long journey, across 6 countries, the Mekong provides a lifeline, to over 65 million people 
They share Mekong waters for drinking, farming, fishing, and industry 
Along the way, the river also generates electricity for Southeast Asia's emerging economies 
The Mekong has sustained life for thousands of years 
But growing human demands are slowly building up environmental pressures on the river 
A new study, commissioned by the UN Environment Programme cautions that climate change could add to this in the coming years 
The climate change would affect, in fact, the effect will come in the amount of rainfall which is received 
So under climate changing conditions we expect 
less rainfall to be observed 
And that would bring less flows in the river which would affect the water usage in the downstream area 
Dr. Muken Barbel, is a researcher at the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok 
He led a team of experts who studied what makes the Mekong waters vulnerable 
The study probed how climate change can impact the river from the highlands to the delta, affecting the survival and prosperity of millions 
At the same time, the sea level rise, which is an associated impact of climate change would bring more seawater into the river systems and groundwater systems in the delta in Vietnam 
Saltwater could go upstream by 60 to 70 kilometers, degrading the land and water in the Mekong delta 
This would add to pressures already coming from growing human numbers, expanding economies, and disappearing forests 
Farmers would be among the most affected by these changes 
Today, most of the Mekong's waters are used for irrigated agriculture, especially for growing rice 
But the demands from cities and industries are rising 
If you look at the majority of water used, it's in the agricultural sector 
And also, in the future when economic growth which is taking place in Southeast Asia will put tremendous pressure on the water resources and for that, we will need to be careful from now 
Some farmers realize they will soon have to manage with less water 
Man Pipakman, is a rice farmer, 
living in Chonburi, in Northeastern Thailand 
Farmers here use water from the upper Mun river, a tributary of the Mekong 
They get their water from a local reservoir 
But soon, it will also supply water to the nearby city of Korat 
If they take water to the town, how can we get enough for rice fields? 
There's already not enough water 
This can spell trouble for her rice fields 
If the crop fails, my family will starve 
We'll have to borrow money to buy food 
Environmental changes are already affecting freshwater fishing on the Mekong 
The study identifies the Ton Le Sap lake in Cambodia as an ecological hotspot 
Linked to the Mekong river, the lake is a very important wetland 
The Ton Le Sap lake is in Cambodia and is one of the very important ecosystems 
It supports the livelihood of a large number of people who are dependent on for their livelihood through fish production 
People here know how their lives and jobs are linked to the ebb and flow of natures cycles 
Now these patterns are being disrupted by reduced rainfall and river flow 
This is partly the result of dam building upstream 
The Mekong countries have to carefully manage the upstream-downstream tensions 
They also have to balance competing demands for water 
For example, from cities and villages 
And among the different sectors such as farming, households, and industry 
Then there are other challenges 2 out of every 5 people in the basin don't have safe drinking water or proper toilets 
They are just too poor to afford these basic amenities 
To improve their living standards, countries need to invest more in rural areas 
The study recommends Mekong river countries to improve how they manage their water and land 
This needs better policies, institutions, and systems 
Countries sharing the Mekong river or same rivers they have to act together and they have to develop the policies on how to conserve and how to conserve the Mekong river and also how to properly manage the Mekong river 
The study found the Mekong river basin moderately vulnerable to environmental changes 
There aren't any major water shortages in this river basin as yet 
For now, the Mekong is holding up, despite many pressures 
But all this can change if less water is flowing down the river and the demand for water keeps growing 
That's why the Mekong countries need to watch this river, their main lifeline 
This sample uses the JigLibX. 
JigLibX is one of the physics engine. 
Pile of blocks. 
Hitting the ball. 

ANNOUNCER: 
From our region to yours, this is... 
I'm Kelly MacDonald for Accessible Media attending the Design Enabling 
Economies and Policies conference hosted by OCAD and G3ict. 
This two-day think tank will examine new strategies in digital inclusion beyond current approaches. 
Axel Leblois, President and Executive Director of the Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and Communication Technologies. 
Or G3ict for short. 
AXEL: 
As you know, there was a significant milestone back in 2006, when the United Nations General Assembly actually passed the text of the 
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. 
Which today, has been signed by 153 countries and ratified by 104. 
Which means, in the short part of time, that Convention has established itself worldwide as the global legal framework to protect the rights of persons with disabilities. 
KELLY: 
The conference had guest speakers that addressed the crowd. 
Jutta Treviranus, 
Director of the Inclusive Design Research Centre at OCAD University. 
So the Inclusive Design Institute is a regional research hub with many postsecondary partners; 
Eight, in fact, all in the greater Toronto area. 
And partnerships with collaborating private sector organizations and community organizations, all working together to try to ensure that the emerging technologies that we all depend upon become accessible to the full diversity 
That is the users within our community. 
KELLY: 
A joystick plugged into an interface allows the user to move the cursor around on a mobile phone. 
Three press-buttons connected to an interface allow the user to perform the same functions on a tablet. 
So there's a central facility here at OCAD University that includes actually 9 labs, with various functions. 
And it's spread over 3 buildings. 
But, in additions to that, there are satellite facilities at the 8 other academic institutions as well. 
KELLY: 
Attending the first DEEP conference 
I'm Kelly MacDonald for Accessible Media. 
Now, what does this continue command actually do? 
What happens if we set a stepping variable to false? 
Is it the program resumes until it exits, the program resumes until the next breakpoint is reached, the program resumes until the next function is called, or does the program stay in the same line? 
Keep in mind that all of these options assume that we return true in our program. 
(whispering) Hi! 
Welcome to Tea Time. 
(whispering) I have something really important to tell you. 
(whispering) So come close. 
(whispering) Closer. 
(whispering) Closer ... (whispering) Ok! 
(whispering) Today. 
Is. 
My ... 
BlRTHDAY! 
YAY! 
Today is my Birthday! 
I am so excited you're here to celebrate with me! 
I have a very good idea. 
Would you like to do a special birthday dance with me today? 
You would? 
I would be so excited. 
Thank you! 
First, I have to put on my special birthday tiara! 
Great! 
And secondly, I'm going to teach you the birthday dance moves. 
First, we're going to take our hands and we're going to put them on our knees. 
And we're all going to bounce like this ... 
Bounce ... bounce ... bounce ... bounce 
That's good! 
Next, we're going to take our hands and put them right here by our face. 
Cheese. 
And you're going to wave from side to side like this ... 
Good job everybody! 
And for our last dance move we're going to turn in a circle. 
Can you turn in a circle without getting dizzy and falling down? 
I bet you can! 
Let's try it. 
Turn in a circle and clap! 
Yay! 
Those are our three dance moves! 
Can we put them all together with music? 
Let's try it! ♫ Music plays ♫ 
Let's all bounce. 
Good job. 
Now wave your hands. 
And turn around 
And clap. 
Good job! 
Let's try it one more time! ♫ Music plays ♫ 
Let's all bounce. 
Good job. 
Wave your hands. 
And turn around. 
And clap. 
Good job! 
You are a terrific dancer! 
If you'd like to send me an email and tell me when your special birthday is, maybe I'll give a shout out on one of my Tea Time shows! 
Email me at TAYLA@TEATlMEWlTHTAYLA.COM 
Thanks for joining me on my birthday! 
Bye! ♫ Music plays ♫ 
this poem is called "the lovers" who see them going in the city if everyone is blind. 
They take eachother by the hand. 
Something speaks inbetween theire fingers 
In this video, we're going to look at a proof that the perceptron learning procedure will eventually get the weights into the cone of feasible solutions. 
I don't want you to get the wrong idea about the course from this video. 
In general, it's going to be about engineering, not about proofs of things. 
There'll be very few proofs in the course. 
But we get to understand quite a lot more about perceptrons when we try and prove that they will eventually get the right answer. 
So we get to use our geometric understanding of what's happening in weight space as to get a proof that the perceptron will eventually find a weight vector. 
It get the right answer for all of the training cases if any such vector exists. 
And our proof is gonna assume that there is a vector that gets the right answer for all training cases. 
We'll call that a feasible vector, and an example of a feasible vector is shown by the green dot in the diagram. 
So we start with a weight vector that's getting some of the training cases wrong, and in the diagram, we've shown a training case that it's getting wrong. 
And what we want to show, this is the idea for the proof, is that every time it gets a training case wrong, it will update the current weight factor. 
In a way that makes it closer to every feasible weight vector. 
So we can represent the square distance of the current weight factor from feasible 
light factor, as the sum of a square distance along the line of the input factor that defines the training case, and around the square distance orthogonal to that line. 
The orthogonal square distance wouldn't change and the square distance along the line of the input factor will get smaller. 
So our hopeful claim is that every time the perceptron makes a mistake, our current weight vector is gonna get closer to all feasible weight vectors. 
Now this is almost right, but there's an unfortunate problem. 
If you look at the feasible weight factor in gold, it's just on the right side of the plane that defines one of the training cases. 
And the current weight factor is just on the wrong side, and the imperfectry's quite big. 
So when we add the input vector to the crown weight factor, we actually get further away from that gold feasible weight factor. 
So our hopeful claim doesn't work, but we can fix it up so that it does. 
So what we're gonna do is we're gonna define a generously feasible weight vector. 
That's a weight vector that not only gets every training case right, but it gets right by at least a certain margin, with the margin is as big as the input vector for that training case. 
So we take the cone of feasible solutions and inside that we have another cone of general feasible solutions, which get everything right by at least the size of the input vector. 
And now, our proof will work. 
Now we can make the claim that every time the perceptron makes a mistake, the square distance to all the generously feasible weight vectors will be decreased by at least the squared length of the input vector, which is the update we make. 
So given that, we can get an informal sketch of a proof of convergence. 
I'm not going to make this formal. 
I'm more interested in the engineering than the mathematics. 
If you're a mathematician, I'm sure you can make it formal yourself. 
You're different than they are. 
Therefore, they are jealous. 
I completely understand you, stay calm. 
If you need a little change, tonight I'll take you to Mardin. 
We'll take a walk. 
We'll stay as long as you want. 
Little change? 
I look at as you're my brother and you're acting like that? 
Shame on you! 
Hello! 
I wanted to surprise you. 
I went through here and I had to stop by. 
- How is your new job and.... 
- Serdar... 
Live me alone. 
What? 
Look around you. 
Everybody is looking at us... me... 
Do you know what is being widow here? 
Narin, what are you talking about? 
I, with my family and child, will have a new life. 
Stay away from me. 
Don't come anymore. 
When you see me somewhere, go to other side. 
Forget me, 
So what's the prognosis, Fertile Myrtle? 
Minus or plus? 
There it is this little pink plus sign is so unholy. 
That ain't no Etch-a-Sketch. 
This is one doodle that can't be undid, homeskillet. 
Just tell them. 
I'm pregnant. 
Who's the father? 
It's Paulie Bleeker. 
Paulie Bleeker? 
I didn't know he had it in him! 
I know, right? 
Did you see that coming? 
Yeah. 
But I was hoping she was expelled or into hard drugs. 
Or D.W.I.. 
Anything but this. 
I could like, have this baby and give it to someone who totally needs it. 
You should look in the Penny Saver. 
They have ads for parents? 
Oh yeah! 
"Desperately Seeking Spawn." 
Hi! 
I'm Vanessa! 
Hi! 
I'm the husband! 
This, of course, is Juno! 
Like the city in Alaska! 
No! 
No? 
When this is all over, we can always get back together. 
Oh...were we together? 
Yeah! 
We were once. 
You know, that time. 
You think you really wanna do this? 
If I could just have the thing and give it to you know, I totally would. 
But guessing it looks probably like a seamonkey right now, we should let it get a little cuter. 
Right? 
Great! 
- Keep it in the oven! 
"Fox Searchlight Pictures presents" 
" A comedy about life" 
I thought you were the kind of girl who knew when to say when. 
I don't really know what kind of girl I am. 
"And the bumbs along the way" 
Your little girlfriend gave me the stinkeye in our class yesterday. 
Katrina is not my girlfriend, alright? 
And I doubt she gave you the stinkeye! 
That's just the way her face looks. 
You know, that's just her face! 
I don't know if I'm even ready to be a father. 
Hey, you big puffy version of junebug! 
Where have you been? 
What's up? 
Dealing with stuff way beyond my maturity level. 
You need to know that it's possible that two people can stay happy together forever! 
The best thing you can do is find a person who loves you for exactly what you are! 
Your parents are probably wondering where you are. 
No...I mean I'm already pregnant. 
So what other kind of shenanigans can I get into? 
The answer is reject, and you can see it easily from the data shown here. 
79.74 is the mean. 
This is the 95% confidence interval--less than a kilogram. 
The reason why it's so small is because we have so many data samples, really interesting. 
As a result, we don't even come close to 73. 
So, if all the guesses that you guys voiced online were actual measurements using the actual scale of Sebastian, and this is what I told you and the question really was H0. 
Is Sebastian telling the truth or is he lying? 
The, using statistical techniques, you should conclude he's lying. 
This is somewhat contrived. 
This is the only data point, and everything else is just guesses. 
But I hope you had fun using actual data that you students derived in answering this question. 
The pupil asked: 
"To dissolve in Being or to dissolve in Non-Being - isn't this the same?" 
And the teacher said: 
"I DON'T KNOW!" 
To the pupil's birthday party some guests have come the guests were his classmates: two girls and three boys 
The food was: three pieces of bisсuit cake and 7 bottles of "BAlKAL" mineral water 
One girl eat two pieces of the biscuit cake and drank 1.5 bottle of w.ww.... ater "BAlKAL" and... biloowwwssss...... and drank 1.5 bottles of BAlKAL water and on of the three boys drank, on bet, all the rest of the water and told that HE COULD HAVE DRUNK EVEN MORE! 
The guys haven't finished the cake. 
The was 1 whole piece and and one piece already bitten 
The birthday party was interesting and joyful! 
INTERESTlNG AND JOYFUll! 
When the guests left the pupil was alone and he started to think 
First he thought: 
"Where should I look to?... yet... to all the sides: upwards and downwards, in breadth and deep down to the left and to the right, forward and backwards expands a pointless space of our arythmic efforts and claims 
So, which side sould I look at? 
MOTHER 
THANK YOU 
MOTHER 
THANK YOU 
MOTHER. 
Mother gave 1 rouble to the pupil. 
And told him to buy 3 packs of milk 16 copecks each and 1 long loaf of "RlGA" bread, if there will be one. 
AND WHAT IF THERE WON'T BE ANY??? 
Then, buy a half of any "black" (rye) bread, but a fresh one! 
The pupil has done everything as the mother told him. 
He has bought 2 packs of milk and a half of "Borodinsky" bread 
Since the "RlGA" bread WASN'T THERE!!!!! 
When he came home the pupil has given the purchase to the mother and the change left from 1 rouble 
But not all of it! 
The mother has allowed him to keep the copper coins 
The pupil took a place near the window and started to think 
First he though: 
"Twelve per night!? 
Around 100 - 120... " 
Then he thougt: 
"The circle is outlined. 
And nowere to go..." 
"But if to think properly, the is always one correct solution" 
At the same time other voices are persistenly saying, that YOU are not alone here. 
YOU ARE NOT ALONE HERE you... you are not alone here 
Then he thought: 
"The joy leaves us whihtout even getting to know us... 
At the same time SOMETHlNG is reminding about itself again and again... 
Then he thougt: 
"Approaching the cherished line closer and closer will we acquire something in each other person...? 
At the same moment, the times are shrinking and stretching and yet... you can not understand when you can not understand that when....mmmmm..... you can unsterstand that when when the wind is trying to make with tree-peaks SUCH A THlNG after which they will not recover soon! and it becomes clearer: you'll never come out if alive! 
This is an introduction to what we'll be doing in Week one in Physics twelve. 
Basically, we'll be looking at the characteristics of science. 
This includes that science is divided into topics. 
This you'll mostly read about in the textbook. 
We'll also talk about how to be human activity. 
Again, this is mostly in the textbook. 
We will talk about the science of philosophy, this will show up in the 
lectures but if you want to review the sections, these are all in chapter one. 
The fact that it's practiced by a community. the institutional aspects. 
These are going to come a bit more later in the course, but I'll review briefly in the textbook. 
The fact that there is a specific method or process, we'll start that this week in the lectures but that will be the focus in the next two weeks. 
And the fact that it's constrained, this will be a key element of what is done in discussion this week. 
Or if this is a purely online version of course, we would be doing that in the forums. 
The philosophy of science, something that we will start looking at this week contains a few key parts. 
The first being that the 
laws of the universe are discoverable. 
The universe is noble. 
The second is that science is repeatable, this is a key part in the online lectures but is covered in the book. 
The laws are uniform and invariant. 
The laws are simple, and the 
laws are objective. 
These are ideas you definitely want to start becoming familiar with this week, but we will keep coming back to over the next couple of weeks. 
The three things that set the groundwork is the scientific process. 
And those would be the scientific method, which is the advanced version of what you learned, probably in grade school. 
This is how the individual scientist does his work. 
The fact that scientists quantitative is a huge theme in the course. 
We'll be focusing on operational definitions in the next couple of weeks. 
You'll get to practice that later on in the course. 
And organize skepticism is another big thing. 
This'll really be a focus in week three. 
But we'll start thinking about it now. 

Welcome back. 
We were in the midst of figuring out the Laplace transform of sine of at when I was running out of time. 
This was the definition of the Laplace transform of sine of at. 
I said that also equals y. 
This is going to be useful for us, since we're going to be doing integration by parts twice. 
So I did integration by parts once, then I did integration by parts twice. 
I said, you know, don't worry about the boundaries of the integral right now. 
Let's just worry about the indefinite integral. 
And then after we solve for y-- let's just say y is the indefinite version of this-- then we can evaluate the boundaries. 
And we got to this point, and we made the realization, after doing two integration by parts and being very careful not to hopefully make any careless mistakes, we realized, wow, this is our original y. 
If I put the boundaries here, that's the same thing as the 
Laplace transform of sine of at, right? 
That's our original y. 
So now-- and I'll switch colors just avoid monotony-- this is equal to, actually, let me just-- this is y. 
Right? 
That was our original definition. 
So let's add a squared over sine squared y to both sides of this. 
So this is equal to y plus-- I'm just adding this whole term to both sides of this equation-- plus a squared over s squared y is equal to-- so this term is now gone, so it's equal to this stuff. 
And let's see if we can simplify this. 
So let's factor out an e to the minus st. 
Actually, let's factor out a negative e to the minus st. 
So it's minus e to the minus st, times sine of-- well, let me just write 1 over s, sine of at, minus 1 over s squared, cosine of at. 
I really hope I haven't made any careless mistakes. 
And so this, we can add the coefficient. 
So we get 1 plus a squared, over s squared, times y. 
But that's the same thing as s squared over s squared, plus a squared over s squared. 
So it's s squared plus a squared, over s squared, y is equal to minus e to the minus st, times this whole thing, sine of at, minus 1 over s squared, cosine of at. 
And now, this right here, since we're doing everything with respect to dt, this is just a constant, right? 
So we can say a constant times the antiderivative is equal to this. 
This is as good a time as any to evaluate the boundaries. 
Right? 
If this had a t here, I would have to somehow get them back on the other side. 
Because the t's are involved in evaluating the boundaries, since we're doing our definite integral or improper integral. 
So let's evaluate the boundaries now. 
And we could've kept them along with us the whole time, right? 
And just factored out this term right here. 
But anyway. 
So let's evaluate this from 0 to infinity. 
And this should simplify things. 
So the right-hand side of this equation, when I evaluate it at infinity, what is e to the minus infinity? 
Well, that is 0. 
We've established that multiple times. 
And now it approaches 0 from the negative side, but it's still going to be 0, or it approaches 0. 
What's sine of infinity? 
Well, sine just keeps oscillating, between negative 1 and plus 1, and so does cosine. 
Right? 
So this is bounded. 
So this thing is going to overpower these. 
And if you're curious, you can graph it. 
This kind of forms an envelope around these oscillations. 
So the limit, as this approaches infinity, is going to be equal to 0. 
And that makes sense, right? 
These are bounded between 0 and negative 1. 
And this approaches 0 very quickly. 
So it's 0 times something bounded between 1 and negative 1. 
Another way to view it is the largest value this could equal is 1 times whatever coefficient's on it, and then this is going to 0. 
So it's like 0 times 1. 
Anyway, I don't want to focus too much on that. 
You can play around with that if you like. 
Minus this whole thing evaluated at 0. 
So what's e to the minus 0? 
Well, e to the minus 0 is 1. 
Right? 
That's e to the 0. 
We have a minus 1, so it becomes plus 1 times-- now, sine of 0 is 0. 
Minus 1 over s squared, cosine of 0. 
Let's see. 
Cosine of 0 is 1, so we have minus 1 over s squared, minus 1 over s squared, times 1. 
So that is equal to minus 1 over s squared. 
And I think I made a mistake, because I shouldn't be having a negative number here. 
So let's backtrack. 
Maybe this isn't a negative number? 
Let's see, infinity, right? 
This whole thing is 0. 
When when you put 0 here, this becomes a minus 1. 
Yeah. 
So either this is a plus or this is a plus. 
Let's see where I made my mistake. e to the minus st-- oh, I see where my mistake is. 
Right up here. 
Where I factored out a minus e to the minus st, right? 
Fair enough. 
So that makes this 1 over s, sine of at. 
But if I factor out a minus e to the minus st, this becomes a plus, right? 
It was a minus here, but I'm factoring out of a minus e to the minus st. 
So that's a plus. 
This is a plus. 
Boy, I'm glad that was not too difficult to find. 
So then this becomes a plus. 
And then this becomes a plus. 
Thank God. 
It would have been sad if I wasted two videos and ended up with a careless, negative number. 
Anyway. 
So now we have s squared plus a squared, over s squared, times y is equal to this. 
Multiply both sides times s squared over-- s squared plus a squared. 
Divide both sides by this, and we get y is equal to 1 over s squared-- And actually, let me make sure that that is right. 
It's 1 over s squared. y is equal to 1 over s squared, times s squared, over s squared plus a squared. 
And then these cancel out. 
And let me make sure that I haven't made another careless mistake. 
Because I have a feeling I have. 
Yep. 
There. 
I see the careless mistake. 
And it was all in this term. 
And I hope you don't mind my careless mistakes, but I want you to see that I'm doing these things in real time and 
I am human, in case you haven't realized already. 
Anyway, so I made the same careless mistake. 
So I factor out an e to the minus st here, so it's plus. 
But it was a over s squared. 
So this is an a. 
That's an a. 
And so this is an a. 
And so this is an a. 
And so this is an a. 
Right? 
This was an a. 
And this is the correct answer. a over s squared plus a squared. 
So I hope those careless mistakes didn't throw you off too much. 
These things happen when you do integration by parts twice with a bunch of variables. 
But anyway, now we are ready to add a significant entry into our table of Laplace transforms. 
And that is that the Laplace transform-- I had an extra curl, there. 
That was unecessary. 
Let me do it again. 
The Laplace transform of sine of at is equal to a over s squared, plus a squared. 
And that's a significant entry. 
And maybe a good exercise for you, just to see how fun it is to do these integration by parts problems twice, is to figure out the Laplace transform of cosine of at. 
And I'll give you a hint. 
It's s over s squared over s squared plus a squared. 
And it's nice that there's that symmetry there. 
Anyway, I'm almost at my time limit. 
And I'm very tired working on this video. 
So I'll leave it there and I'll see you in the next one. 
I'd like you all to ask yourselves a question which you may never have asked yourselves before: 
What is possible with the human voice? 
What is possible with the human voice? 
(Beatboxing) 
♪ Ooh baby ♪ ♪ baby ♪ ♪ baby ♪ ♪ baby ♪ (Baby crying) ♪ baby ♪ (Baby crying) ♪ baby ♪ (Cat meowing) (Dog barking) 
Yeah. 
(Applause) (Boomerang noises) 
It was coming straight for me. 
I had to. 
It was, yeah. 
As you can probably well imagine, 
I was a strange child. 
(Laughter) 
Because the thing is, I was constantly trying to extend my repertoire of noises to be the very maximum that it could be. 
I was constantly experimenting with these noises. 
And I'm still on that mission. 
I'm still trying to find every noise that I can possibly make. 
And the thing is, I'm a bit older and wiser now, and I know that there's some noises 
I'll never be able to make because I'm hemmed in by my physical body, and there's things it can't do. 
And there's things that no one's voice can do. 
For example, no one can do two notes at the same time. 
You can do two-tone singing, which monks can do, which is like... (Two-tone singing) 
But that's cheating. 
And it hurts your throat. 
So there's things you can't do, and these limitations on the human voice have always really annoyed me, because beatbox is the best way of getting musical ideas out of your head and into the world, but they're sketches at best, which is what's annoyed me. 
If only, if only there was a way for these ideas to come out unimpeded by the restrictions which my body gives it. 
So I've been working with these guys, and we've made a machine. 
We've made a system which is basically a live production machine, a real-time music production machine, and it enables me to, using nothing but my voice, create music in real time as I hear it in my head unimpeded by any physical restrictions that my body might place on me. 
And I'm going to show you what it can do. 
And before I start making noises with it, and using it to manipulate my voice, 
I want to reiterate that everything that you're about to hear is being made by my voice. 
This system has -- thank you, beautiful assistant -- this system has no sounds in it itself until I start putting sounds in it, so there's no prerecorded samples of any kind. 
So once this thing really gets going, and it really starts to mangle the audio I'm putting into it, it becomes not obvious that it is the human voice, but it is, so I'm going to take you through it bit by bit and start nice and simple. 
So the polyphony problem: 
I've only got one voice. 
How do I get around the problem of really wanting to have as many different voices going on at the same time. 
The simplest way to do it is something like this. 
(Beatboxing) 
By dancing. 
It's like this. 
(Music) 
Thanks. 
(Applause) 
So that's probably the easiest way. 
But if you want to do something a little bit more immediate, something that you can't achieve with live looping, there's other ways to layer your voice up. 
There's things like pitch-shifting, which are awesome, and I'm going to show you now what that sounds like. 
So I'm going to start another beat for you, like this. 
(Beatboxing) 
There's always got to be a bit of a dance at the start, because it's just fun, so you can clap along if you want. 
You don't have to. 
It's fine. 
Check it out. 
I'm going to lay down a bass sound now. 
(Music) 
And now, a rockabilly guitar. 
Which is nice. 
But what if I want to make, say, a -- (Applause) -- 
Thanks. 
What if I want to make, say, a rock organ? 
Is that possible? 
Yes, it is, by recording myself like this. 
(Organ sound) 
And now I have that, I have that recorded. 
Assign it to a keyboard. 
(Music) 
So that's cool. 
(Applause) 
But what if I wanted to sound like the whole of Pink Floyd? 
Impossible, you say. 
No. 
It is possible, and you can do it very simply using this machine. 
It's really fantastic. 
Check it out. 
(Music) 
So every noise you can hear there is my voice. 
I didn't just trigger something which sounds like that. 
There's no samples. 
There's no synthesizers. 
That is literally all my voice being manipulated, and when you get to that point, you have to ask, don't you, what's the point? 
Why do this? 
(Laughter) 
Because it's cheaper than hiring the whole of Pink Floyd, 
I suppose, is the easy answer. 
But in actual fact, I haven't made this machine so that I can emulate things that already exist. 
I've made this so that I can make any noise that I can imagine. 
So with your permission, I'm going to do some things that are in my mind, and I hope you enjoy them, because they're rather unusual, especially when you're doing things which are as unusual as this, it can be hard to believe that it is all my voice, you see. 
(Voice effects) 
(Music) 
Like this. 
(Music) 
So, loosely defined, that is what's possible with the human voice. 
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen. 
(Applause) 
Could you answer some questions about the socia webs? 
Yes,of course 
Where are you from? 
I'm from Holland. 
Does technology influences your daily life? 
If, in everything that surrounds me. 
Do you think that technology is important to survive or could you live without it? 
Not survive without it, it has become a necessity. 
What kind of technology do you use? 
Mobile phone, tablet, gaming consoles, computer, and music player etc. 
Do you dependent on some technology? 
If, to communicate with other people 
Do you know use social networks? 
Yes, are very simple to use 
How do you think the world has changed thanks to technology ? 
Technology has completely changed the way of life of the people, how they work, how they speak, and its needs changed. 
Is all thanks for your time. 
Ellen Langer, as we move increasingly towards an information society away from muscle power increasingly to brain power, how to think how to learn. 
Yet, you've introduced the concept of "mindfulness" that really challenges what is the most effective way of learning. 
Walk us through what the basic principles of what "mindfulness" are. 
I think the best way to understand it is to realize that all that we've learned and the way that we've learned how to learn teach us to search for "certainty." 
Because then you think you know it. 
Uh huh -- but "certainty" leads to "mindlessness." 
That once you know something so well, that you don't have to look at it again, you don't know it all... because things are constantly changing. 
And essentially mindfulness is the act of drawing the distinctions, noticing the novelty. 
In some sense, being aware of context -- that things look one way from one perspective, you look at it from another perspective, it can be a whole different thing. 
What "certainty" is, by definition, is something that is, that's SUPPOSED to make us feel very comfortable and satisfied and certain about life. 
But you've said "certainty" is "counter learning." 
Yeah. 
All this search for "certainty," is in some sense, again, like shooting ourselves in the foot. 
I think the strategies that we've been taught about how to learn 
lead to the overwhelming feeling of incompetence that so many people have. 
To boredom and depression. 
And in that people are searching and some of the things that they come up with as a way of explaining this I think get them into more trouble. 
The application of mindfulness extends, as you've made the point, you know, throughout life. 
Let's start with children. 
You're saying that we have to start doing in our schools, we have to start teaching them to be active deciders, not passive deciders. 
What's involved with that? 
Well, again, it goes back to this notion of certainty. 
Most people are afraid of uncertainty. 
And 
I think what we have to do is learn how to exploit the power of uncertainty. 
Um, let me give you an example. 
I don't know if this will be meaningful to you. 
But when I was in school, I was taught The Battle of Hastings was 1066. 
Now, that's all I know about The Battle of Hastings. 
This doesn't seem to me a very important piece of information. 
You almost get the sense that people were saying, "OK, we'd better get ready because The Battle of Hastings is about to begin." 
Rather than realizing that somebody decided that we're going to call this "The Battle of Hastings." 
It doesn't begin that way. 
When does a conflict become, you know, a skirmish; 
A skirmish become a conflict; a conflict become a war. 
When do we want to call it a war? 
All of these labels that we have, all of our categories are given by people and it hides all the ambiguity.\ 
Attentiveness: 
Most teachers, they are doing a good job, and you and you would (I would) probably concur if I was looking into their little window, into their classroom, if all the students had their hands on the desks, sitting in a straight line with rapt attention. 
Yet you said "creative distraction" can be helpful in the classroom. 
I'm saying that when you ask teachers, "What do you mean when you tell your students to 'pay attention,' 'focus,' 'concentrate.'" 
You know, just like a camera, hold that image still. 
I go to the students. 
So when your teacher tells you, "Pay attention, focus, concentrate." 
What is she telling you? 
Hold that image still as if you were taking a picture? 
I ask people at work, old people, young -- everybody says the same thing. 
Well, in fact, the only way you can really pay attention, most of the time, is to vary the image. 
So, whey don't you sort of look at your finger. 
Do -- look at your finger. 
Now, if you want to stay attentive to your finger, you have to notice new things. 
You can't just see it as the same way it was yesterday. 
I say, my goodness, this finger is different from an hour ago. 
I notice a little piece of dirt here; there's a wrinkle I wasn't aware of... 
That noticing these things is what keeps you attentive. 
Right. 
So, in fact, we have all these people who are trying to pay attention... 
So we assume it's just a finger. 
Well, when you assume it's just a finger; (it can't change) that there's nothing new that by not looking for newness (right), it fades from view. 
It's a very hard thing to do. 
When you're noticing new things about it, which is the essence of mindfulness and mindful learning, is that it becomes interesting to you. 
Even something that might seem so uninteresting as (a finger!) the tip of your finger. 
Now, but this has tremendous implications for things like 
Hey! 
For today's illustration, I'm going to be using some pieces of paper. 
Now, if I take these pieces of paper and try to juggle them... 
...it doesn't work very well! 
I can't do it! 
But if I take the paper and mold it into the shape of a juggling ball, it becomes something I can work with and use. 
We need to be kind of like these pieces of paper -- we need to allow God to shape us and mold us into what He wants us to be. 
See, God wants to do all kinds of awesome things through us, but if we don't allow Him to shape us and mold us into what He wants us to be, then how are we supposed to be of use? 
Isaiah 64:8 talks about God as our potter and us as the clay. 
We need to make sure that we do not harden our hearts to God's work. 
We need to make sure that we allow Him to work through us, work in us, and ultimately shape us and change us to be able to use the various gifts and talents that He's given us for His glory. 
I hope you were blessed by this. 
Have a great day! 
Projectile Motion 
In this AP maths interactive model we are going to take a look at the independence of the horizontal and vertical components of velocity. 
And this will help us understand projectile motion. 
So I have a red ball and a blue ball, equal mass, and we are just going to let them drop under free fall. 
So you can see that their motion is identical. 
I will just go through that in slow motion. 
At each frame the vertical motion there is identical. 
I'm going to project the red ball horizontally at five meters per second. 
Now vertically I haven't changed anything. 
We will pressure up. 
When I move through these frames in slow motion the vertical motion remains identical. 
Take this point here. 
Even though the red ball's horizontal components of velocity is five meters per second and it's being projected towards the right, vertically nothing has changed. 
Both balls still vertical components of velocity equal to minus six point four meters per second and they are both the same height. 
I will reset again and this time I will change the horizontal velocity to eight meters per second. 
Once again, if I go through this frame by frame we see that the vertical motion of both balls is identical. 
The only difference is the red ball has a horizontal component of velocity and it is being projected horizontally. 
What I will do this time, I will also give the balls an initial vertical velocity. 
Both balls are going to be projected upwards at four meters per second. 
Let's see that again in slow motion. 
Frame by frame again we see that the vertical motion of both balls is identical. 
The only difference is the horizontal component of the red ball's velocity. 
And this is very important when we are trying to model projectile motion. 
The horizontal and vertical components of velocity are independent and we can model them separately. 
Narrator: 
Refrigerant leaks are the most common problem in an air conditioning system, and are usually the result of faulty hoses or rubber 
O-rings. 
Large leaks are rare and require the system to be opened up for repair. 
However, most system leaks are small. 
While they cannot be detected by the naked eye, small leaks are the 
leading cause of poor A/C performance. 
Fortunately, small leaks can be easily corrected using the Interdynamics R134a UV Leak Detector and 
Sealer Kit. 
The kit contains one can of direct charge leak detector dye, which is good for five applications, along with a can of direct charge 
leak sealer. 
Also included in the kit is a UV pen 
light and pair of UV fluorescent safety glasses, allowing even the smallest leaks to be quickly detected. 
Before using the kit, identify the 
low-side service port in the A/C system. 
Depending on the vehicle, the low-side port will be located on the accumulator or mounted on the large diameter line between the compressor and the evaporator. 
Remember to always wear safety glasses and a pair of mechanics' gloves before working on the system. 
Now remove the service port cap and then start the engine and set the A/C controls to maximum cooling. 
Next, remove the cap from the can of leak detector dye and shake the can vigorously. 
While holding the can upside down, place the direct charge nozzle over the low-side port and hold for five seconds. 
This will allow one application of dye to be injected. 
Now replace the service port cap and allow the engine to run with the A/C on for at least ten minutes in a well ventilated area. 
This will give the dye adequate time to circulate. 
Driving the vehicle for at 
least five miles is another acceptable method for circulating the dye. 
Before checking for leaks, turn the engine off. 
Now, with your UV safety glasses on, shine the pen light around fittings, along metal lines and hoses, and the connections at the rear of the compressor. 
The presence of dye in any of these areas indicates that a leak exists. 
To seal the leak, add the leak sealer through the low-side service port with the engine running and the A/C controls set to maximum cooling. 
Continue to inject the sealer until the can is completely empty. 
Ok, i start to record 
Where are you Faiq? 
Farm 
THlS IS JUST FOR SUBTlTLE TEST. :- HNROSDI (amara.org) 
This is the border region of Uganda with Kenya. 
A remote area inhabited by communities whose livelihoods depend on live stock 
In search of pastures and water sources they frequently cross the border with their cattle and goats. 
Cholima Logid, a father of nine used to cross the border to trade livestock. but he was confronted with different challenges. 
Diseases cross the border with ease. 
Pastoraslists can only rely on services offered at endpoints in either Uganda or Kenya. 
Like here in Moroto Uganda where local organizations maintain routine checkups. 
But there are differences in the quality and the prices of the veterinary services offered on both sides of the border. 
And the lack of coordination makes it difficult to control disease outbreaks. 
With support from the European Union and ECHO this situation prompted IGAD, FAO and other organizations to initiate programs harmonized animal health care on both sides of the border. 
April 2013 a Memorandum of Understanding between the government of Uganda and Kenya is signed. 
The agreement commits both governments to develop programs for animal health care in the border regions. 
The local NGO ACTED initiated the process. 
ACTED's role began in August 2011. when we initiated a cross-border meeting ona very local level just among the district veterinary officers. 
At that time it was to address and outbreak of Brucellosis. 
We learned at that time that the dvos didn't have the freedom to work together without blessings from their ministries. and as a result we needed to move to ministry level. 
Under the RlSPA initiative 
FAO liaised with the governments of Uganda and Kenya and animal health coordination was moved up the political agenda, resulting in the 
Memorandum of Understanding. 
The next step is now to implement. 
And the implementation entails development of a program program that is going to look up specifics on how to coordinate and share information. 
Number two on how to have common activities. 
For example in animal health. 
How will they synchronize the vaccinations and treatment information. 
The sharing and surveillance. 
So that's a critical part of memorandum. 
After the devastating drought that hit the Horn of African in 2011 governments in Eastern Africa spearheaded initiatives to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities 
This new partnership is an important step. 
One of the first issues to tackle is a frequenty reported lack of drugs to treat sick livestock. 
Here Timothy Kelae is spraying a goat against tick. 
But getting the spray and other treatments and medicines is a major issue. 
The MoU will not necessarily provide the drugs  but the key thing is the implemenation of it which is going to be through the program. 
The program now will go specifically to where the need is. 
If there is a need of drugs 
If there is a need of timely vaccination then that's going to be picked up and provided by the respective government programs. 
According to IGAD the experiences will serve as a model for other countries with pastoralist communities. being 
Did I disappoint you or let you down? 
Should I be feeling guilty or let the judges frown? 
'Cause I saw the end before we'd begun 
Yes, I saw you were blinded and I knew I had won 
So I took what's mine by eternal right 
Took your soul out into the night 
It may be over but it won't stop there 
I am here for you if you'd only care 
You touched my heart, you touched my soul 
You changed my life and all my goals 
And love is blind and that I knew when 
My heart was blinded by you 
I've kissed your lips and held your head 
Shared your dreams and shared your bed 
I know you well, I know your smell 
I've been addicted to you 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
I am a dreamer but when I wake 
You can't break my spirit 
It's my dreams you take 
And as you move on, remember me 
Remember us and all we used to be 
I've seen you cry, I've seen you smile 
I've watched you sleeping for a while 
I'd be the father of your child 
I'd spend a lifetime with you 
I know your fears and you know mine 
We've had our doubts, but now we're fine 
And I love you, I swear that's true 
I cannot live without you 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
And I still hold your hand in mine 
In mine when I'm asleep 
And I will bare my soul in time 
When I'm kneeling at your feet 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
Goodbye my lover 
Goodbye my friend 
You have been the one 
You have been the one for me 
I'm so hollow, baby, I'm so hollow 
I'm so, I'm so, I'm so hollow 
I'm so hollow, baby, I'm so hollow 
I'm so, I'm so, I'm so hollow 
What would you do to solve an equation with a fraction as the coefficient? 
For example: 
Negative two fifths X equals ten. 
In this lesson you will learn to solve linear equations by using the multiplicative inverse. 
Let's review. 
The equation is similar to a scale. 
Both sides of the scale have to be equal in order for the scale to balance. 
The properties of equality say that 
I can add, subtract, multiply, and divide the same number  to each side of an equation and it will be true. 
So, to solve the equation X plus two is equal to five, 
I will subtract two from both sides of the equation. 
This will still keep the equation equal. 
This leaves me with X is equal to three. 
It looks like three is the solution for this equation, but we won't know if it's really a solution until we try it. 
So, let's replace three for X. 
So, in our equation we have X plus two equals five. 
When we replace three for X, we get three plus two equals five. 
Five is equal to five, so three is the solution. 
A common mistake that is made when solving equations is not performing the same operation on both sides of the equation. 
The multiplicative inverse of a number is the reciprocal of the number. 
So, if I have a number, seventeen-fifths, its inverse is the reciprocal, which would be five-seventeenths. 
When you multiply these two numbers together, you get one. 
So, the multiplicative inverse of the number, times the number, gives you one. 
What is the solution of four-thirds X equals four? 
We're going to solve this equation by multiplying  both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of four thirds, which is three-fourths. 
Now, don't forget that three-fourths time four-thirds doesn't cancel out, but it multiplies out to be one. 
So, I'm left with X is equal to twelve over four, or X is equal to three. 
Now, remember, in order for it to be a solution we have to make sure that we place it back in the original equation and it's true. 
So, to check my answer: 
I have four-thirds X equals four. 
I'm going to substitute three in for X. 
And I get four is equal to four. 
So, three is the solution for this equation. 
What is the solution of negative two-fifths X equals ten? 
Once again we have to keep equality, so we're going to perform the same operation on both sides of the equation. 
So, we're going to multiply both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of negative two-fifths, which is negative five-halves. 
Remember, when I multiply  negative five-halves times negative two-fifths, those numbers don't cancel out, they become one. 
So, I'm left with X is equal to negative fifty-halves, or X is equal to negative twenty-five. 
This looks like it's the solution for our equation, but we're not going to be positive until we check it. 
So, negative two-fifths X equals ten. 
I'm going to substitute negative twenty five in for X and I get fifty over five equals ten. 
So, ten equals ten. 
That makes negative twenty five the solution for this equation. 
In this lesson you have learned that you can solve linear equations by using the multiplicative inverse. 
I'm going to be asking you a few questions, ok? 
Some of them may seem quite silly. 
Bear with me, alright? 
First of all, we need to find out, do you know what day it is? 
What day of the week is it? 
TUESDAY. 
Tuesday. 
What's the date? 
It's the 21 of July, 2009. 
Fantastic. 
And what season does that put us in? 
SUMMER. 
Summer. 
OK. 
Where are we now? 
FlRST FLOOR, IN PRlNCESS ROYAL. 
And what city are we in? 
KENT. 
And what country are we in? 
ENGLAND. 
I'm going to ask you to remember 3 objects. 
Ball, car, picture. 
Can you repeat those back to me please? 
BALL, CAR AND PlCTURE. 
Fantastic. 
I'm going to ask you that later, again, so try and remember please. 
Starting from 100, can you take away 7 and tell me what that is? then keep taking away 7 and tell me what the answer is each time and I'll tell you when to stop and you can stop. 
100. 
93. 
86. 
79. 
Hello. 
Today we are going to use fabric to make a crane. 
Inflate four balloons 
leaving about six inch flat tail. 
I use different color balloons for this instruction. 
Twist the first yellow bubble. 
We are going to twist all bubbles of the same about two inch size. 
Twist the first gray bubble. 
Lock the free end of the first gray bubble with free end of the first yellow bubble. 
Now let's connect two more balloons. 
Twist the first red bubble. 
Twist the first pink bubble. 
Lock the free end of the first pink bubble with the free end of the first red bubble. 
Twist the second yellow bubble. 
Twist the second red bubble. 
Lock the free ends of the second yellow and the second red bubbles in one lock twist. 
OK. 
Now twist the second pink bubble. 
And twist the second gray bubble. 
Lock the free ends of the second pink and second gray bubbles in one lock twist. 
It is the bottom view of our sculpture. 
Twist the third pink bubble. 
And twist the third red bubble. 
Lock the free end of the third pinnk and red bubble in one lock twist. 
Twist the third gray bubble. 
And twist the third yellow bubble. 
Lock the free ends of the third gray and yellow bubble in one lock twist. 
Alright. 
Let's take a look on our sculpture. 
Basically, we are making the same fabric as we did in previously published instructions 
"Fabric 2", "Fabric 3". 
The big difference here is we connect both ends of each row in this sculpture. 
Twist the fourth yellow and the fourth red bubble. 
Lock the free ends of the fourth yellow and fourth red bubble in one lock twist. 
Twist the fourth gray and twist the fourth pink bubble. 
Lock the free end of the fourth gray and fourth pink bubble in one lock twist. 
Keep working in the same fashion. 
We can make as many rows as we want. 
In this example we use only four balloons to build the tower. 
We can use any even number of balloons to build larger in diameter tower. 
There is also no limit how high you can make it. 
Just add balloons as you need it. 
Here is time saving way to make this sculpture. 
Hold and twist balloons together to make the bubbles and 
lock the ends in one lock twist in one move. 
Twisting different size bubbles will definitely distort the tower. 
Fix it right away. 
I have mentioned before that we can make the tower as tall as we want. 
Let's limit our self here, for this instruction. 
So far we have twisted six rows. 
Or six bubbles of each color. 
Now we have to build a cabin on the top of the crane tower. 
We can make different size bubbles to make the cabin in different ways. 
Let's do it in the simplest way. 
Twist bubbles of the same about two inch size. 
Twist a chain of two pink bubbles. 
Twist a gray bubble. 
I didn't twist one pink bubble. 
OK. 
Now we good. 
Lock the free end of the seventh gray bubble with the free end of the eighth pink bubble. 
Twist the seventh yellow and the eighth gray bubble. 
Lock the free end of the seventh yellow and eighth gray bubble in one lock twist. 
Twist the eighth yellow and the seventh red bubble. 
Lock the free end of the seventh red and eighth yellow bubble in one lock twist. 
Twist the eighth red bubble. 
Lock the free end of the red eighth bubble between the seventh and the eighth pink bubbles. 
It's important to make this connection working in the same direction around the row. 
Changing the direction will result in making different shape. 
We will talk about it in separate instruction. 
Or just explore it on your own. 
We have made the base of the cabin. 
Here is the top view. 
The front view. 
The side view. 
Here is the bottom view. 
We have to fix the bottom a little bit latter. 
First we will finish the cabin 
Again, there are various ways to do it. 
Let's twist ninth bubble of each color. 
And we lock free ends of ninth bubbles in one lock twist. 
It is a way to make one of the simplest cabins. 
Congratulations. 
We have made the crane tower with a cabin. 
We can cut off the rest of the balloons. 
Or we can use remains of the balloons to decorate the crane tower. 
Let's just make some funny tails. 
Twist about two inch bubble at the end of each balloon. 
And force the bubble to the very end of the flat tail. 
Do it with all four balloons. 
I know, it does not look like a crane now. 
Some silly sculpture... anyway. 
We are going to improve it now. 
We are going to use one more balloon to make the crane's arm. 
Inflate a balloon. 
I use a brown balloon 
leaving about eight inch flat tail. 
Oh! 
I forgot to mention. 
Not for this sculpture. but with regards to many other sculptures. 
We can use technique desribed in this instruction to wrap balloon in balloons. 
Now let's fix the crane's arm. 
Just force the brown balloon through both sides of the cabin. 
That is the simplest crane's arm. 
Again, we can make funny tail. 
It will represent the hook. 
Let's make this bubble up to one inch size. 
This time I am going to tie a knot to secure the funny tail at the end of the balloon. 
It is a necessary precaution. 
Be course my young son will play with this crane. 
As all we know all unlocked bubbles doomed to be deflated in hands of little kids. 
Here I twist two small soft bubbles. 
And lock all ends of those two bubbles in one lock twist. 
Actually, 
I twist one bubble. 
Lock both ends and split the bubble on two bubbles. 
In anyways, it will look the same. 
It looks ... ridiculous. 
However, we need those two bubbles to keep the rope, the wire, the cable... whatever it is... in a fixed position. 
So, here is the crane's arm with a hook. 
Let's attach it back to the cabin. 
Congratulations again. 
We have made the crane. 
The crane will look much better and have much more use if we put the crane on a base. 
So, let's make a base. 
Inflate a balloon 
leaving about three inch flat tail. 
Twist a chain of four about...two inch size bubbles. 
Lock both ends of the chain of the first four bubbles in one lock twist. 
The rest of the balloon we split aah...to make four about seven inch size bubbles. 
Twist the fifth seven inch bubble. 
Lock the free end of the fifth bubble between the first and the second bubbles. 
Twist the sixth seven inch bubble. 
Lock the free end of the sixth bubble between the second and the third bubble. 
Twist the seventh seven inch bubble. 
Lock the free end of the seventh bubble between the third and the fourth bubble. 
If you properly measured previous bubbles then the rest of the balloon is the eighth seven inch bubble. 
It's OK if we make eighth bubble of different size. 
Lock the free end of the eighth bubble between the fourth and the first bubble. 
Congratulations. 
We have made the base for the crane. 
Our next step is obvious. 
We attach the crane tower to the base. 
There are four ends at the bottom of the tower. 
We tie each end to the appropriate spot between bubbles of the base. 
Again, if you made a different size eighth bubble of the base, then you want to place the eighth bubble of the base on the front or on the back side of the crane. 
Congratulations, we have made the crane on the base. 
Let's just fix all bubbles in proper positions. 
The structure of crane base allowed us to convert the crane to sort of a mobile crane. 
Simply adjust position of the sides of the base to make two wheels mobile crane. 
There is no problem to convert it back to the flat base. 
Use a permanent black marker to draw the face. 
You can do it on front side of the base or front side of the cabin. 
Two eyes, nose, big smile. 
Simple drawing. 
OK. 
I am going to cut off funny tails from the top of the crane tower. 
It would make the sculpture simpler and our crane more recognizable. 
Here is the crane with one funny tail on the top. 
Instead of funny tails on the top of the crane. 
I am going to twist soft about one inch bubble. 
Lock both ends of this bubble in one lock twist. 
Cut off the rest of the balloon. 
This bubble covers all the knots we have made on the top. 
Congratulations, we have made the crane. 
In this instruction we used different color balloons to make the crane. 
Here is an example of a crane tower made of four green balloons. 
You may notice some minor differences in this sculpture. 
The crane's arm has extra bubble. 
The cabin is different as well. 
I added extra row bubbles to the green tower and the green cabin. 
Here is the side view. 
Here is the top view. 
The front view. 
Usually I don't use black marker to make any drawings on dark color balloons. 
It is just wasting of your time. 
Let me show it to you. 
Black is hardly visible on a dark background. 
Anyway, let's finish the face. 
We can use technique described in this instruction to make large scale sculptures or parts of large sculptures. 
For example we can use it to make a torso, a leg, an arm, a cake, a vase, a hat and so on. 
Have fun and happy twisting :) 

Let's say I've got me a set of vectors. 
So let me call my set B. 
And let's say I have the vectors v1, v2, all the way through vk. 
Now let's say this isn't just any set of vectors. 
There's some interesting things about these vectors. 
The first thing is that all of these guys have length of 1. 
So we could say the length of vector vi is equal to 1 for i is equal to-- well we could say between 1 and k or i is equal to 1, 2, all the way to k. 
All of these guys have length equal 1. 
Or another way to say it is that the square of their 
lengths are 1. 
The square of a vi whose length is equal to 1. 
Or vi dot vi is equal to 1 for i is any of these guys. 
Any i can be 1, 2, 3, all the way to k. 
So that's the first interesting thing about it. 
Let me write it in regular words. 
All the vectors in B have length 1. 
Or another way to say is that they've all been normalized. 
That's another way to say that is that they have all been normalized. 
Or they're all unit vectors. 
Normalized vectors are vectors that you've made their lengths 1. 
You're turned them into unit vectors. 
They have all been normalized. 
So that's the first interesting thing about my set, B. 
And then the next interesting thing about my set B is that all of the vectors are orthogonal to each other. 
So if you dot it with itself, if you dot a vector with itself, you get length 1. 
But if you take a vector and dot it with any other vector-- if you take vi and you were to dot it with vj. 
So if you took v2 and dotted it with v1, it's going to be equal to 0 for i does not equal j. 
All of these guys are orthogonal. 
Let me write that down. 
All of the vectors are orthogonal to each other. 
And of course they're not orthogonal to themselves because they all have length 1. 
So if you take the dot product with itself, you get 1. 
If you take a dot product with some other guy in your set you're going to get 0. 
Maybe I can write it this way. vi dot vj for all the members of the set is going to be equal to 0 for i does not equal j. 
And then if these guys are the same vector-- I'm dotting with myself-- I'm going to have length 1. 
So it would equal length 1 for i is equal to j. 
So I've got a special set. 
All of these guys have length 1 and they're all orthogonal with each other. 
They're normalized and they're all orthogonal. 
And we have a special word for this. 
This is called an orthonormal set. 
So B is an orthonormal set. 
Normal for normalized. 
Everything is orthogonal. 
They're all orthogonal relative to each other. 
And everything has been normalized. 
Everything has length 1. 
Now, the first interesting thing about an orthonormal set is that it's also going to be a linearly independent set. 
So if B is orthonormal, B is also going to be linearly independent. 
And how can I show that to you? 
Well let's assume that it isn't linearly independent. 
Let me take vi, let me take vj that are members of my set. 
And let's assume that i does not equal j. 
Now, we already know that it's an orthonormal set. 
So vi dot vj is going to be equal to 0. 
They are orthogonal. 
These are two vectors in my set. 
Now, let's assume that they are linearly dependent. 
I want to prove that they are linearly independent and the way I'm going to prove that is by assuming they are linearly dependent and then arriving at a contradiction. 
So let's assume that vi and vj are linearly dependent. 
Well then that means that I can represent one of these guys as a scalar multiple the other. 
And I can pick either way. 
So let's just say, for the sake of argument, that I can represent vi-- let's say that vi is equal to sum scalar c times vj. 
That's what linear dependency means. 
That one of them can be represented as a scalar multiple of the other. 
Well if this is true, then I can just substitute this back in for vi. 
And what do I get? 
I get c times vj-- which is just another way of writing vi because I assumed linear dependence. 
That dot vj has got to be equal to 0. 
This guy was vi. 
This is vj. 
They are orthogonal to each other. 
But this right here is just equal to c times vj dot vj which is just equal to c times the length of vj squared. 
And that has to equal 0. 
They are orthogonal so that has to equal 0. 
Which implies that the length of vj has to be equal to 0. 
If we assume that this is some non-zero multiple, and this has to be some non-zero multiple-- I should have written it there-- c does not equal 0. 
Why does this have to be a non-zero multiple? 
Because these were both non-zero vectors. 
This is a non-zero vector. 
So this guy can't be 0. 
This guy has length 1. 
So if this is a non-zero vector, there's no way that I can just put a 0 here. 
Because if I put a 0 then I would get a 0 vector. 
So c can't be 0. 
So if c isn't 0, then this guy right here has to be 0. 
And so we get that the length of vj is 0. 
Which we know is false. 
The length of vj is 1. 
This is an orthonormal set. 
The length of all of the members of B are 1. 
So we reach a contradiction. 
This is our contradiction. 
Vj is not the 0 vector. 
It has length 1. 
- We're to end on this one because everyone has learned this watching the show 
'cause I've helped them. 
Shawty. 
- Shawty. 
- Shawty. 
- Uh... 
- [Ellen] 
Shawty. ♫ Shawty had them apple bottom jeans ♫ Boots with the fur 
- Uh... ♫ Shawty had them baggy sweatpants ♫ Reeboks with the strap ♫ Turn around and give it--♫ - Is this all one word? 
- Shawty. 
- Right. 
♫ She hit the floor ♫ She hit the floor 
- Yeah, none of this is helping. ♫ Next thing you know shawty got low, low, low, low♫ 
- No, I'm not gonna-- 
- [Ellen] 
Shawty is a young kid or a woman. 
- Really? 
- [Ellen] 
Yup. 
(buzzer) (audience laughs) 
So student Lisa asks, what would be different in world where almost everyone was programming 
literate. 
So this is the core question and obviously 
I feel that it would be great to have such a world that’s why we are trying to encourage as many people as possible to take this class and hope you’il encourage any non programming literate people that you know to take the next version in this class starting in April. 
There are lots of things that understanding programming even at just a basic level and I think many of you are beyond the basic level now if you’ve made it this far in CS101, but in terms of the things that you interact with and the things that you see in the world, almost all of them are controlled by programs these days and people who understand programming can relate to those things and have better way than people who don’t. 
And some of this can be sort of fairly obvious things when you interact with a website and you can tell, well they’ve got some bugging it because the programmer didn’t think of that both branches of the NlFT test and if you are a programmer or you at least understand about programming that you maybe have a better sense of what is going on but you also can get a lot more familiar by it because you know well this is something any programmer who knows what they are doing should have test before and understand what’s going on and it’s really annoying that you have to deal with their mistake. 
Other things you probably have a better understanding of how complicated it is and how hard it is to get things right that you might be a 
little more forgiving when things break and have better ideas about well this is probably why it’s breaking, let’s try to use this tool or use this product in some slightly different way. 
So that’s one of the reasons. 
The other reason I think is there are lots of things that people encounter every day that if you know a little bit about programming instead of doing a lot of tedious work as a human you can find a way to automate that and save yourself a lot of… 
There is a good example of this right here in our office. 
So when recording these video we generate hundreds every week to get the classes out for all these courses and they are all named kind of default things by the video camera and video X, X, 
X, 1, 2, 4 and whatever but what we need to do that is that organize them like date and time and course and what not. 
And so whenever video editors wrote script, we’d just kind of the programming that you got from here and a little bit previously to do this automatically. 
Whenever we record videos we just give it to her and she sorts it automatically and saves the video editors hours of time. 
Okay, that’s great and I think people once you get a little experience with programming you’il see things like that every day that you’re seeing people could be yourself but it’il less often be yourself spending their time doing tedious things that are not fun for humans. 
That you could write a few 
lines of python code to solve and so I hope, at the end of this class and I think by this point in the class many of you really should be at a level where you’re instead of just solving the problems that we’re giving you in the homeworks, you’re finding real problems in your life and in your friends lives that you can solve by writing a little bit of code. 
So, I hope everyone will be doing that and spreading the value of programming literacy beyond that, beyond just yourself. 
Second thing we want to talk about building big matrices. 
We're gonna build our that big A matrix today and I'm going to teach you how to use. 
Okay, so today, you know, a lot of people use FFTs And there's nothing special about that, they're just means you're a player in the game. 
We're gonna learn SP Diags today. 
That takes you up a level. 
Cuz not a lot of people know that. 
They don't even know what you're talking about and you're like dropping on them, 
like you don't even know that, yeah. 
That's what I walk around doing all day on the ave. 
I'm one of those crazy guys. 
And turns out that those dudes don't know SP Diags All right so here's what we are going to do, we're going to make this matrix, and we're going to make it to be. 
We're going to chop it up to five points. 
In each direction. 
In the x direction five points, Y direction five points. 
So our matrix remember is not a five by five. 
Remember we're going to restack out data. 
It's gonna be five by five times five squared right. 
So this is going to be our discretion So that is going to be the size of the matrix we are working with. 
Okay. 
So first of all, let's talk about this matrix A. And let's talk about what we want to put in here. 
So first I want, I'm going to make a vector of 1s. 
Big vector of ones. 
And what I'm going to do, is I'm gonna make this, what's called the spdiags command. 
And what this is, spdiags, means sparse diagonal. 
Diagonals. 
There's an S in there. 
The sparse diagonal matrix means what you're going to do is, you're going to basically so it's going to be a matrix fulls of zeroes, and you're gonna tell me which diagonals have stuff in'em, and put stuff on those diagonals. 
So, for instance, here's how you might put something in. 
So, first, you tell it. 
Let me give you the structure here. 
It's going to be an n by n matrix. 
Doesn't have to be. 
You can tell it what size it is, but for us it's an n by n. 
You tell it the location of where you wanna put this thing. 
So, for instance, if I wanna put something on the diagonal at zero, if I go to the right of the diagonal, it's one, two, three. 
Go to the left, it's negative one, negative two, negative three. 
So your location is predicated off that diagonal, to the right or to the left. 
So if you say zero, and what I'm going to do is put. 
Lay down an E1 on that. 
So right now what I've made is essentially the identity matrix. 
Here's another command. 
Spy. 
Spy allows you to look at the, all the non zero components, of the matrix. 
So if I do this, press go. 
There's my matrix structure, the blue dots indicate which things are not zero. 
By the way, by using the SP Diags. 
The only things it saves is the blue dots. 
Notice the matrix is sparse, it's almost empty. 
If you were to save all these zeroes, right, order N squared matrix, the memory requirement would be order N squared for you. 
To save all these things as zeroes, if you save it as a sparse matrix, it's order N. 'Kay. 
Be easy on your chip. 
Try not to save memory stuff. 
You're going to have to use your memory for other things besides saving matrices. 
Okay? 
So, this is what's nice about this. 
So, hey, look at that. 
I put down a diagonal. 
And by the way, if you come over here to your MATLAB code and say, what's, what's 
A? 
Notice how A is saved. 
The one wants components one, two, two is one. 
It only saves what it needs to, Okay? 
So normally when you say A it , prints out this giant matrix to your screen. 
And it's just saying look, here are the components that are nonzero Yeah. 
I want to add like 68 equals twelve, do you blow the sparseness, or [inaudible] can you say A bracket, six comma A equals twelve, do you then add that point? 
And it's still sparse? 
Yeah, yeah, you can do this, check this out, yeah. 
A six comma twelve is equal to seven, because we like seven right? 
Huh? 
It's the best number ever, and we can just say spy that and check it out. 
There's Taylor's number right over there. 
It's a seven. 
Still sparks. 
You can do anything you want now. 
Okay. 
We're going to keep that there. 
And then by the way, I can put down diagonals anywhere I want now. 
Let's put down another row of 1's at one. 
Look at that. 
I put it one diagonal over. 
As I said go to one, which is the next one over. 
Put down ones. 
Now our matrix is a little more complicated. 
I encourage you to look at page, whatever in the notes, where I actually show you what this thing looks like.'Kay? 
And, this thing has a complicated structure, in particular, I guess we could Actually, I have it in my notes, so let m, e let me, let me draw this what this thing looks like. 
Do we have, turn the lights up here real quick? 
And then Alright. 
So let me just show you what this thing 
looks like. 
Okay what page am I on? 
Okay, oh okay. 
Sorry. 
There, okay, ready, ready. 
Okay. 
A, is the following. 
Negative four on the diagonal . 
Ready, ready. 
This is what makes it complicated. 
Once. 
An occasional zero. 
And then 1s, and then, an occasional zero. 
Okay. 
We'll get it though. 
By the way its the same over here, one's occasional zero's, zero's one down from here. 
So this zero. 
Is in that first M by M block. 
Sorry. 
No its not. 
It's, one over. 
Sorry. 
That zero. 
There's an N by N block there, and then a zero, and then 1s. 
Okay, so fourth, and this one here, zero is, one down here, ones, so I got three rows. 
Six more to go. 
Alright then we have these, this is all due to periodic boundary conditions by the way. 
Why these appear. 
Then you have these 1s on the corners. 
And then these ones over on this corners. 
Got five diagonals. 
Then I have some ones over here that continue, there. 
Then I have some ones. 
Over here, continue there, continue there. 
So how many one, two, three, four, five. 
Nine. 
That's what it looks like. 
So obvious. . No. 
Okay. 
Now notice, what a pain this is. 
Just so I can give you more headaches. 
By the way, you only have to build it once. 
We're going to have the code right here, right now. 
So it's only you have to build it. 
It's just, we'll have the code right here, right now. 
I ask you guys to put ones with an occasional zero down. 
And then going to put zeros with an occasional ones down. 
And then you're going to put some ones on the corners. 
Okay. 
So, kinda problematic, cuz these guys and these guys are painful I got to figure out how to do that vector. 
Okay. 
So, we'll do that. 
But for right now let's do some easy things. 
Let's put down these ones, these ones, these ones, and these ones. 
Notice where they go. 
This starts at n plus 1N, 
Right? 
And this is a little N by N block. 
Or, in my notes, I think, that means it's a M by M block. 
It's N by N, these are M by Ns, M by Ms, 
Okay? you know what? 
If you say you said M I'd say no, you didn't hear me right. 
You wouldn't know for sure if I said m or n. 
They're so close. 
I could lie. 
Okay, so put some ones down here. 
This is the last n-by-n block. 
Put some ones there, and this is N plus one down. 
Put it there. 
Put it there. 
So let's put these 1's down, cuz it's easy. 
Then we'll work on these last four. 
Everybody good with that? 
Okay. 
We'll start this back up, we can have the lights back down, mood lighting. 
There we go, so first of all I guess we'll have to do that, get rid of that seven. 
So first let's go ahead and put in those 1's. 
So first of all we have -four on the diagonal not one. 
Second of all, we have 1's on the edges. 
We have a, two 1's out there, and then we have two ones over here. 
And what do they, where are they located? 
Well, the two, if you look at what we did here, and at my notation this at, all the way at negative N, minus M. And this is it, minus M. 
And is five, this is, so there are four by 4s that are sitting inside of these things, right. 
Cause I picked five points, but really it's the interior four that matter, okay. 
Alright. 
And then over here I have M and N minus M. If I do a spy on that. 
Here's what I got so far. 
Look at that. 
Kinda nice. 
Laying down some diagonals. 
Everybody cool with that? 
Alright. 
I've laid down the easy ones. 
So, so what I'm working with is the M I picked is how many points I'm going to happen this way and this way. 
So, right? 
I have five points, but remember the last point is the same as the first so it's really and four. 
That's why I come down here and say, I have a four by four block right here, and at the fifth location, I drop this. 
Come all the way down to n, which is the 
last line, come back up. 
Drop it down. 
There. 
So now we have to drop some matrices in here or vectors in here with one and 1's with occasional 0's and 0's with occasional 1's okay. 
So how do we do that. 
So, let's, let's come here and let's build zero vector, E0 is 0's end by one. 
This is a vector of 0's. 
Okay what we're going to do is do the following. 
First of all let's take the let's make a vector of e2 which is just e1. 
So I'm going to copy the one vectors. 
And what I'm gonna to do with e2 is I am going to, to occasionally put in zero. 
How often do I put in a zero? 
Well every nth point. 
Remember M, M is the small, is the small matrices in there. 
And, by the way, part of your homework three is going to be all about convincing yourself about this stuff. 
Because you're just going to be, your gonna emmese, immerse yourself in building matrices. 
That's all homework three is because you gotta build a derivative matrix and X derivative and Y and then, this. 
So, we're going to do, is for J equals one to M cuz that's how many, M blocks I have, remember, n by n, and I have these n by n blocks and there's m of them. 
Now I am going to go down for each block and what I am gonna do is the following. 
For E2, 
Put an occasional zero. 
Alright. 
So, Jay is going to one second. 
Jay's going to go one. 
So, the first thing he is going to do is say y is five. 
So, he's going to go down to the fifth component. 
Put a zero. 
And then Jay is going to be two, it's going to be the tenth component. 
Put a zero. 
So, it's a bunch of ones, fifth component, tenth component. 
All the way down. 
Put a zero, okay? 
Yeah. 
If you have a longer vector, than your diagonal is long. 
Does it just take the first? 
Yes. 
[inaudible] it kills the excess. 
Yeah, remember, so these things over run over here. 
And they run over here. 
And it just goes this way. 
Everything is lined up according to here. 
Oh so, so that bottom the negative diaginol the diagnol negative what ever it was it got rid of the first section of the vector. 
Yeah right here. 
So thinks about putting the vector down right here. 
Says well okay you put the vector start it here go down and then come up again to show that it doesn't exist. 
Okay and on the other side it gets rid of the n of the vector. 
Yes. 
Okay. 
Or it could be actually I think that's wrong. 
It's the other way. 
It goes this way. 
So. 
These guys, here. . 
Get stuff thrown out down here. 
And this stuff up here gets thrown stuff up there. 
Okay? 
But same concept. 
So let's put this E2 in, cuz we just, created this vector with an occasional zero. 
And that guy goes right, here. 
If I do this, 
Come on, come on. 
Look at that. 
Oop. 
Sorry. 
I gotta tell it where to do this on the negative one. 
Sorry. 
There we go. 
So I put down a C2, look at that. . See that? 
So, what Spy's powerful per-say boom, boom, boom. 
Zero. 
Boom, boom, boom. 
Zero. 
Boom, boom, zero. 
Got it. 
Now, the other one is interesting, cuz it's up here, and it's Up this, it's this one here. 
For the zero set. 
So, it's like P2, but just shifted up by one. 
Okay? 
So I could take this E2 vector and just shift it all. 
Okay. 
Which I'm going to do. 
Alright. 
And then for the, but, but first let's build the occasional, the 0's with the occasional one. 
So let's make a vector called P4. 
Which will be just a bunch of zeroes. 
And now what I'm do on this one, is put an occasional one, so E4. 
Just like this guy. 
Equals one. 
So now, there's the occasional one, there's the occasional zero. 
And I put this E4, actually this one here, interestingly enough. 
And, we won't have time to talk about everything yet. 
But, I'll show you where it goes, it actually goes over there. 
Occasional one. 
Now the thing is when I put this one over here I have to shift it by one. 
This one here is shifted down. 
This one here gets shifted up. 
Ready to shift some stuff? 
Remember, we only have to do this once. 
Right? 
So its an upfront cost. 
Okay? 
It's your investment. 
And then, once you have it, you can have this forever. 
Anybody ever asks you, hey, I need to take with [inaudible] boundary conditions. 
You'd be, like, dang, I gotcha. 
You just take this matrix which you built in 2011 and you can apply it at any time in your life, okay? 
Show your grandkids, 
Whatever. 
All right. 
Yes. 
[inaudible] where that needs to go in there? 
This one here? 
Yeah. 
Dang it. 
Didn't, did I? 
Where did it put it if you don't put it in there? 
That's a good question. 
Let's just put it in, don't ask hard questions. 
Alright. 
That one's supposed to be there. 
No, no, no. 
M minus one. 
That's where it's supposed to go. 
I, I think it put it. 
Well, who knows? 
That's, that's, sorry. 
There we go. 
Good catch. 
Alright, alright. 
So now let's shift some stuff. 
Shift happens, you guys just deal with it. 
So here we go, shift to everybody. 
Let's shift. 
We're going to we're going to shift E2. 
Ready? 
We're going to make it back to E3. 
I don't have enough time to do it. 
Here's how it's going to work. 
And let's just see if you. 
Are chill with this? 
I grab the first one and -one components of u two and I should make it second to n com, second to n components. 
Sorry. 
That should be. 
So I take the first one through n minus one of e two and make it the second n component here, and then finish this off I take the last component of e two and make it. 
The first component. 
Of E3. 
And I'm going to drop E3. 
Right here and this is at one. 
Go. 
There it is. 
See that I just took this, shifted it up, dropped it down. 
Alright let's finish this off, let me take this row here, this E4 and I am going to shift it down one over here and I do this the following way. 
I say I'm going to make the vector E5 and the way this is worth the same way, two and one is equal to E4. 
And, the first component is the last component. 
And I put this E5 right. 
Right over here no p5, p5, and this is at, minus then plus, plus one. 
And if I spy that. 
There it is. 
This is the matrix we built in class. 
It's part of your job to convince yourself that you feel comfortable with it, and. 
The blue dots are the only things you save. 
Now, let's take a look at this when we scale it. 
Cuz, nobody's going to solve this thing on a for, fiv, four by four domain. 
Right, I mean, you're going to need a lot more points. 
You might say, I'm going to chop up my X domain into a 100 points. 
And then you spy that thing and, boom, this things huge, 10,000 by 10,000 matrix. 
Okay so this is kinda what we're looking at. 
We're going to be working with that matrix. 
Now you see how white that is? 
That's cuz there's all zeros there. 
You don't want to save all that. 
You know how many components you'd have to save? 
10,000 by 10,000. 
I'll let you do the math, in your head. 
Right, this is huge. 
Ten to the five squared if you want to save this in memory, you gotta eat up all that memory to save a bunch of zeros. 
Spdiags changes your game. 
Bring you up a level because now you can do this thing with sparse extinct. 
Now, one last thing I want to do. 
Let's go back down to five, and we're not on these five, we're going to say, hey, what's the determinant of that matrix? 
Huh, that's not zero. 
Ten to the seventeen. 
If you see a number like this. 
That's bad okay. 
So the condition number is the measure you want to look for cuz that determiner actually said oh by the time I was three that's not done yet that's pretty far away from zero all things considered. 
The problem really comes if you look at the condition number. 
Anything you're like when you start gaining ten of five, ten of six you're kind of like ooo that's looking singular. 
Ten of seventeen says dude I am totally singular. 
To you, 
That's the interpretation of that. 
Okay, If I, wrote mat lab, I would have a 
little thing that says, I would say, dude that is totally singular. 
Just so you know. 
Don't like be messing around doing back slash with that matrix. 
Okay. 
All right. 
That's it for today. 
>>Maile Ohye: 
Hi. 
I'm Maile Ohye. 
I'm a member of Google's webmaster support team. 
And I'd 
like to help you better understand how to use the URL parameters feature in webmaster tools. 
URL parameters is a fairly advanced feature. 
So some of this information might be more complex than one would expect. 
Before you further watch this video, please check out the URL parameters page to see if you have a message from Google explaining that we already believe we have high crawl-coverage of your site. 
And therefore no adjustments to this feature are necessary. 
The message would say "Currently Googlebot isn't experiencing problems with coverage of your site. 
So you don't need to configure URL parameters. 
Incorrectly configuring parameters can result in pages from your site being dropped from our index. 
So we don't recommend you use this tool unless necessary." 
For those of you who have that message, you're good to go. 
And no further viewing is even necessary. 
But for those of you who don't have that message please keep watching. 
And one of the main takeaways is that improper actions on the URL parameters feature can result in pages no longer appearing in search. 
Again, it's an advanced feature. 
The settings in the URL parameters are used by Google as a helpful hint in our crawling process. 
For stronger directives, you want to use things like a robots.txt disallow. 
Or a meta noindex. 
But using the URL parameters hint is still very helpful. 
In 2010, the Google store only sold about 160 products. 
And that seems fine and fairly easy to crawl. 
But the thing is, that of these 160-ish products, it actually created 380,000 
URLs. 
These URLs were created by things like different types of navigation. 
So Googlebot, in terms of crawling your site, doesn't just look at, say, 200 unique URLs. 
But actually has to determine which URLs to crawl of the 380,000 that were created. 
You can see how 
Googlebot might want to be more efficient in crawling by looking at these two URLs. 
Now, the first one says, "category equals YouTube." Let's say that URL to 20 unique items on the page. 
But on the second URL, it's "category equals YouTube and size equals medium." So it's the exact same items. 
But now just say, filtered down to five. 
Because of the "size equals medium" parameter. 
So in this way Google would rather just crawl the first URL and reach all 20 of the items. 
Rather than crawling both URLs and seeing a redundant five items. 
Essentially, with your input in URL parameters, it helps us to understand your site better. 
So we can crawl more efficiently. 
By crawling more efficiently, we don't crawl as many duplicates. 
And that will save you bandwidth. 
And helps us to focus on your unique content. 
Rather than crawling the duplicate of information repeatedly. 
But if you want URLs removed, you can go to URL Removals in Webmaster Tools. 
Again, the URL parameters feature is to crawl more efficiently. 
It's not about removals or explicit robots.txt disallowing. 
Another background piece of information that I'd like to mention is that page-level markup is still taken into consideration in tandem with URL parameters. 
So if you have page-level markup. 
Like rel, "canonical", or rel, "next" "prev", or rel, "hreflang", that's fine and can still be used by Google. 
Even if you are using URL parameters. 
Just make sure that we can still crawl your page. 
Meaning that it's not robots.txt disallowed. 
Or you haven't set it to not be crawled in URL parameters. 
As long as we can crawl your page, we can still use the page-level markup. 
Since we've covered the background information, let's now talk about the types of URLs that are eligible for this feature. 
Here's one from the Google store. 
It says, "category equals office." Other URLs would be things like "category equals wearables" or "category equals wearables and size equals medium." 
These URLs are eligible for the feature because they come in key value pairs or name value pairs. 
What it looks like is "key equals value" and then perhaps an ampersand. 
And then "key two equals value two." And Google, when we see these parameters will treat this URL as equivalent to this URL. 
Because the ordering in the parameters doesn't matter. 
URLs that are ineligible for this feature are those that don't use the key value configuration. 
So if a site uses a bunch of plus signs to separate their parameters. 
Or they just use a directory structure. 
Or they use their own type of encoding. 
None of these types of URLs can actually be used. 
Because this feature requires the name value pairs. 
Alright. 
I know that was a long intro. 
But now let's get started with the feature. 
Step one is to specify parameters that don't change the page's content. 
So you can ask yourself, 
"Do I have parameters that don't affect page content?" Things like a session ID. 
An affiliate 
ID. 
Or a tracking ID. 
These types of parameters don't change page content. 
And so in the feature, you can actually mark them as "does not change content." And once you've said that, Webmaster 
Tools will put one representative URL as the setting. 
And then Googlebot will act accordingly. 
Once step one is completed for all the parameters that don't actually change page-content, then 
let's move on to step two. 
Which comes in two parts. 
The first part is to specify the parameters that change page content. 
So you'll select. 
"Yes, this changes, reorders, or "narrows" page content." And then you can have a type of page content effect. 
Whether that sorts, 
"narrows", specifies, etcetera. 
And we'll cover more of this in depth. 
Then the next part is step two, 2B. which is to specify Googlebot's preferred behavior. 
So given that parameter, how would you like Googlebot to actually crawl those URLs. 
And we'll talk more about this as well. 
[music in background] 
The first parameter I'd like to cover is the sort parameter. 
And we're covering this first. 
But it's a fairly complicated parameter and setting. 
The sort parameter is something like 
"sort equals price ascending" or "rank by equals bestselling." Any of these types of parameters that just change the order that the content is presented. 
These are sort parameters. 
Once you identify a sort parameter or sort parameters on your site, the next part is to specify Googlebot's preferred behavior for when they see URLs with this parameter. 
Now this can get pretty tricky. 
So I have two scenarios here. 
Let's go through the first scenario. 
You could ask "Is the sort parameter optional throughout my entire site?" Meaning that the sort parameter is never displayed by default. 
But only with manual selection. 
If you can answer "Yes" to that question, that "Yes, it's optional throughout my entire site." Then go on to question two. 
"Can Googlebot discover everything useful when the sort parameter isn't displayed?" Meaning that we can actually crawl all of your items even if no sort parameter is present on the URLs. 
If that answer is "Yes" and the first answer is "Yes" then it's 
likely that with your sort parameter you could specify "crawl No URLs." Once you've applied this setting, please verify that the sample URLs displayed in Webmaster Tools are in fact not canonicals. 
So they're just duplicates. 
And that the canonical URLs, the URLs that you really want crawled and indexed, can be reached by regular user navigation. 
If the first sort parameter recommendation didn't apply to your site, then hopefully the second recommendation will. 
The second recommendation is, if the same sort values are used consistently site-wide. 
The questions to ask yourself are, "Are the same sort values used consistently across my entire site?" 
So a negative example of this, where the user would say "No" is if you're a Webmaster selling things like coins and coin albums. 
So for your coins, you might have "sort equals" with the value "year issued." But "sort equals year issued" doesn't apply to the selling of your coin albums. 
So it's not used consistently. 
If the answer to the first question is "Yes," Then you can ask yourself the second question. 
Which is, "When a user changes the sort value, is the total number of items unchanged?" If that answer is also "Yes" then it's likely that with your sort parameter you can specify 
"only crawl URLs with value x" where X is one of the sorting values that's used site-wide. 
If neither of those recommendations apply to your sort parameter, then perhaps select 
"Let Googlebot decide." 
The second parameter that I'd like to cover is the "narrows" parameter. "narrows" filters the content on the page by showing a subset of the total items. 
So you probably see this on an e-commerce site. 
Where in the navigation, a user is able to select, if they only want to see items that are less than 25 dollars. 
Or 25 dollars to 49.99. aAll of this is narrowing the content of the total items. 
Examples of the "narrows" parameter are "size equals medium." "Less than equals 25." Or 
"Color equals blue." If the "narrows" parameter shows less useful content. 
Shows content that's just a subset of the content from the more useful URL, which doesn't include the "narrows" parameter. 
Then you might be able to specify "Crawl No URLs." For example, a useful URL is "category equals YouTube." And the less useful URL is "category equals YouTube and size equals medium." 
Here, I might specify "size" as a "narrows" parameter. 
And then because it has less useful content, I can say "crawl No URLs." But before I specify "Crawl No URLs" it's good to verify a few things first. 
First, be sure that the "narrows" parameter won't also filter out useful pages that you'd like crawled and surfaced in search results. 
So if you have brand or category pages that you'd like to show to users, be sure that when you select "Crawl 
No URLs" that those brand and category pages won't be affected. 
Second, verify that example 
URLs that might be displayed in Webmaster Tools are really URLs that provide non-useful content. 
When compared to the parent URL. 
So again, you see content like "Category equals 
YouTube and size equals medium." And you know that the "size equals medium" that narrows parameter just isn't' useful. 
If the behavior of "Crawl No URLs" just isn't optimal for your site because it affects too many important brand or category pages then perhaps let Googlebot decide. 
The next parameter is "Specifies." "Specifies" determines the content displayed on a page. 
For example, "item id equals android t-shirt" or "sku equals 495." The "Specifies" parameter is responsible for the actual content. 
So you'll likely select "Crawl Every URL." After 
"specifies" is "translates." 
Unless you want to exclude certain languages from being crawled and available in search results, like auto-generated translations. 
Unless that's the case, then it's likely you'll select "Crawl Every URL." 
As an aside, one best practice that I'd like to mention, and this is by no means a requirement, is to put your translated original content not in a URL parameter, but actually in a sub-folder or a sub-directory. 
The reason why is that in a sub-directory or sub-folder, it helps Google to better understand your site's structure. 
And that this applies to translated or regional content. 
The last parameter is "Paginates." "Paginates" displays one component page of a multi-page sequence. 
Examples are "page equals three." 
"Viewitems equals ten through 30." Or "start-index is 20." With paginates, because you want us to crawl every page to reach all of your items, it's nearly always "Crawl Every URL." 
Congratulations. 
You've finally gotten through the discussion about the different parameters and the desired Googlebot behavior. 
And now you can go back to your site and repeat this process for the different parameters that you have. 
You don't have to do this for every single parameter. 
But just including a few, and specifying the right Googlebot behavior can really help with your crawl efficiency. 
We're almost done. 
But you might be asking one last question. 
Which is, "What about multiple parameters in one URL?" For example, "sku equals 234 page equals three and sort by equals price" etcetera. 
How does URL parameters work when there are multiple parameter settings? 
The answer is to remember that URL parameters is about crawling your site more efficiently. 
So you can imagine that all URLs that we know about for your site. 
So if you're the Google store, all 380,000 URLS begin as eligible for crawling. 
And then we work as a process of elimination. 
Not inclusion. 
So we take our knowledge of your site. 
Combined by each of your settings in URL parameters to slowly weed away the URLs that shouldn't be crawled. 
Until at the very end, we have a smaller subset of good URLs. 
To recap. 
If you're now more comfortable with the URL Parameters, please utilize this feature for more efficient crawling of your site. 
You can start with specifying the parameters that do not change page content. 
Those should be easier to do. 
And then after you have done that step, the next step is to specify parameters that change the page content. 
And remember, if you can't determine, don't guess. 
Please "let Googlebot decide." 
One more time, the sorts parameter. 
If the sorts parameter for your site never exists in a URL by default, then "Crawl No URLs." 
Or if site-wide, the same sort value is always used, then "Crawl URLs with value x." For "Narrows" if your "narrows" parameter causes non-useful filtering for searchers, like size or price, then you might select "Crawl No 
URLs." Just be sure to double-check that none of your important pages will be affected. 
For "specifies" it's usually "Crawl Every URL." And the same applies to "Translates" and "Paginates." 
Yay! 
I think we've covered a lot of information about URL parameters. 
Here are links to more resources if you want further help. 
Thank you and best of luck. 
YOUTUBE AND RlDLEY SCOTT AND TONY SCOTT PRESENT IN ASSOClATlON WlTH LG 
A SCOTT FREE FlLMS PRODUCTlON 
LlFE IN A DAY 
[solemn music] 
WE ASKED PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD TO FlLM THElR LlVES AND ANSWER A FEW SlMPLE QUESTlONS 
WE RECElVED 4500 HOURS OF VlDEO FROM 192 COUNTRlES 
ALL SHOT ON A SlNGLE DAY: 
24TH JULY 2010 
woman: 
Isn't he pretty? 
[man howling] 
[howling continues] 
[chuckles] 
woman: 
Can you-- man: 
Hello. woman: 
Can you speak English? man: 
Yes. woman: 
What-- man: 
[chuckles] 
Oh-ho. woman: 
What day is it? man: 
Yes. 
I like to move it move it. woman: 
You know. man: 
All right. 
This is best day of my life. woman: 
No. 
I'm asking-- man: 
Oh, what day? woman: 
Yes. man: 
Uh, it's, uh... 
Wait a minute. 
[laughs] 
A stupid question. 
"What day is it?" 
Ah. 
Sorry. woman: 
Okay. man: 
It's 24 July. 
[laughs] 
woman: 
And what a day it is. man: 
It's the best day ever. 
woman: 
You might be wondering why I'm up at this ungodly hour. 
Like others, I believe that the time between 3:00 A.M. and 4:00 A.M. is one where the veil between this world and the next is the thinnest. 
Often during this time of the day, 
I hear the sound of my name uttered by an unseen presence. 
[dog barks] 
[rooster crows] 
woman: 
Good morning. 
[woman #2 speaking native language] [woman laughs] 
man: 
Whoa. 
[laughs] [speaking native language] That's nice. 
man: 
And here we go into the garage. 
That's right. 
We're going to ride in the elevator. 
All right. 
Let's ride it. 
Here it is. 
That's right. 
This is the elevator at the Market Parking Garage in Roanoke, Virginia. 
This elevator has been made famous right here. 
Here we go. 
Here we are at six, which is burned out. 
Just your basic Dover elevator. 
For all of those of you at Dover Elevators, a good brand of elevator. 
Now we're gonna go back down to one. 
All right. 
Now it's time to go off to work. 
[engine turning] 
Wasn't that fun? 
Gray: 
You know how much strength it takes to rebel? 
Ha. 
So this is a night in the life of S. Gray, man. 
You know what I'm saying? 
Sleeping on the coach... with nobo-- 
Grinding my ass off every day. 
Shorties not enjoying their mother. 
Man not enjoying his wife or his woman--his lady. 
[baby wailing] 
Just bullshit, man. 
Alpha male trapped in and locked in through religion and politics. 
Soon enough, man, my plans will all come into perfection. 
[celestial choir] 
[man snores] 
[phone rings] 
[toy rattles] 
[alarm beeping] 
[rooster crows] 
[phone rings] 
[celestial choir] 
woman: 
[softly] 
I love you. man: 
[softly] 
I love you too. 
[man coughs, gags] 
[triumphant orchestral finale] 
[boat horn blows] 
man speaking native language: 
You need to have a pee. 
Tai-Chan. 
If you don't pee, you can't watch TV, can you? 
Hmm? 
Hey. 
Here we go. 
boy: 
Why do you have lots of hair growing? man speaking native language: 
Because I'm a man. boy speaking native language: 
What about women? man: 
Women don't have hair, not as much. 
[man speaking native language] 
Say good morning to mummy. boy speaking native language: 
Good morning. man speaking native language: 
Here's the incense. boy speaking native language: 
I don't want to. man: 
Daddy will do it alone then, Tai-Chan. 
Tai-Chan, here, sound the bell. 
When daddy has put the incense in, you can sound the bell. 
[bell rings] 
Not yet. 
When daddy has put the incense in here. 
[bell rings] 
That's it. 
Good morning, mummy. boy speaking native language: 
Good morning, mummy. man speaking native language: 
Good, now put the incense out. 
Good. boy speaking native language: 
All done. 
I want some water. 
[man speaking native language] 
[woman laughs] 
[man coughs] 
man: 
Today we're gonna videotape Sasha doing his first ever shave. 
Sasha: 
Oh, boy. man: 
Sasha is how old now? 
Sasha: 
Uh...15. man: 
All right. 
Sasha: 
15. man: 
The first thing Sasha's doing is getting the water hot to put a hot cloth on his face. 
Sasha: 
Yes. man: 
So that it'll warm up your face and moisturize your skin. 
Does he have, like, a nice, warm face now? 
Sasha: 
It's always been hot. man: 
All right. 
Yes. 
Whatever you say there, dude. 
Actually, we should probably do a close-up of your-- those whiskers. 
They're really long now. 
[chuckles] 
Sasha: 
Thank you. man: 
You need to, like, really lather it up. 
Sasha: 
Okay. man: 
I don't think you need to put it on your nose. 
Sasha: 
Yeah. 
Yeah. man: 
[laughs] 
Sasha: 
Five-blade razor, which we got as a sample. 
Schwing! 
Is it time? man: 
Go ahead. 
Sasha: 
Okay, you're shaving for me. 
This is embarrassing. 
I'm bleeding. man: 
Yes. 
Don't worry. 
You will survive it. 
Sasha: 
Wow. man: 
Don't worry. 
It will be all right. 
Sasha: 
Oh, wow. 
This is torture. 
Ow! man: 
Does it hurt? 
Sasha: 
Yes. man: 
It'll sting for a little while. 
There, just dry yourself off. 
And let's take a look at the nice... 
Sasha: 
Meh. man: 
Nice clean shave. 
Good job, buddy. 
Here. 
Sasha: 
This is not clean. man: 
Here's what we do. 
Sasha: 
Agh. man: 
Don't--give me-- face the camera here. 
And we put a little piece on there. 
See? 
And it sticks to the bloody part. 
And voila, he's done. 
Hey, wait. 
High five, buddy. 
You survived it. 
[animal bells ring] 
man: 
Guys, it's not good to fall in love with girls 
You have wives, so you are all right. 
Whereas I don't have a wife. 
Bitch. man: 
What day is it today? man #2: 
The 24th. man speaking native language: 
No way. man #2: 
Then what day do you think it is? man: 
The 25th. man #2: 
It's not the 25th. man: 
It's the 25th. man #2: 
24th. man speaking native language: 
Oh, dear God. 
[man speaking native language] 
[man cheering] 
man: 
We're documenting everything. 
Bobby: 
Wha-ah-ah! man: 
Shh. 
Bobby: 
Dah dah dah dah nah nah nah nah! 
Nah nah nah nah nah nah nah nah! man: 
Bobby, let Mommy sleep. 
[Bobby laughs] 
man: 
Are you feeling okay? 
Cathy: 
Yeah, I'm just really tired, you know. man: 
Okay. 
Bobby: 
You feel weird? 
Okay, this is how you'll be weirder. 
Whoa, tch. man: 
Okay, let's let Mommy sleep. 
Bobby: 
Okay, Mom. 
Dah dah dah dah dah dah dah dah! man: 
Bobby, get down. 
We're gonna let Mommy sleep. 
Bobby: 
Son of a cuss. 
Cathy: 
Thank you. 
Thank you. 
Um, I do have a question, though, 
'cause I--my biggest worry is, you know, of course, my bandages and stuff. 
But I've been taking a sh-- 
I know I can take a shower, but I haven't. 
But I thought maybe I could at least try to take a shower before you got here. 
Is that okay if I just go ahead and do that? 
Oh, good. 
Okay. 
Bobby: 
Dad, can I come down? 
Cathy: 
Bobby, can we have a talk, though? 
Please, please, please? 
Bobby: 
Oh. 
Cathy: 
I just need to have a talk, okay? 
Because Grandma is telling me-- all the grandmas, all the friends are saying what a great boy you are. 
And of course I know that. 
And I know that it's hard. 
I've never been in a hospital. 
I've never been like this before. 
I just need us all to help each other, okay? 
And I know that sometimes when we ask you to do something to help, sometimes it's 'cause you don't want to go upstairs 'cause you get scared. 
And that's fine. 
I understand that. 
Bobby: 
Dad's fault. 
Cathy: 
If it's because you're scared to go upstairs by yourself or downstairs by yourself, just tell me that. 
Bobby: 
I will. 
Sometimes... [speaking indistinctly] 
And stop videotaping! 
Cathy: 
Bobby... man: 
I was gonna give you a camera too. 
Cathy: 
We're gonna do a project-- a family project, okay? 
Can we all agree to do the family project? 
If not, then we can't do it. man: 
Do you want a camera? 
Cathy: 
Okay? 
Bobby: 
What? man: 
Do you want a camera to videotape me? 
Bobby: 
Mm-hmm. 
Cathy: 
It's gonna be a family project. 
I need to have a happy boy today, okay? man: 
You have to be happy if you have the video camera. 
Bobby: 
Why? man: 
Because it's a happy film. 
Cathy: 
All right? man: 
And it has a happy ending. 
[sizzling] 
woman: 
Kompiang, was I a naughty child? woman #2 speaking native language: 
No. woman speaking native language: 
Truly? woman #2: 
Well, maybe a bit. 
[woman speaking native language] 
woman: 
How long have you been working for our family? woman #2 speaking native language: 
Over 25 years. 
woman speaking native language: 
What are these offerings for? woman #2: 
To celebrate the full moon. woman speaking native language: 
The full moon? 
[woman #2 speaking native language] woman: 
What's this one? woman #2: 
Pelungsur cake to indicate that the ceremony has ended. 
[rooster crows] 
[rooster crows] 
woman speaking native language: 
Which God is this for? woman #2 speaking native language: 
This is to Vishnu. 
The water is an offering for Him. 
woman: 
Okay, we're coming in... 
Okay, first of all-- and I'm sure he hears me by now-- 
let me explain something to you. 
Everyone, can you hear me loud and clear? 
My son was supposed to be cleaning his room yesterday. 
Come on, boy! boy: 
Woman! woman: 
[chuckles] Woman! 
Oh, this is gonna be a long day, as most are. boy: 
[groans] woman: 
He's always a bundle of joy when he wakes up. 
Come on, come get in the shower, get the day going. 
We got things to do, places to go. boy: 
Yeah. woman: 
People to see, futures to make. 
[lighthearted music] 
man: 
I had a major heart operation. 
I'm very thankful to the beautiful staff. 
No job is too big or--or too small. 
And even down to a few minutes ago, just wiping my bum, because I had my first-- first poop... [chuckling] 
in about a week or so. 
So one of them came to the rescue and said, 
"Listen, would you like me to trim that up for you, sir?" 
So I said, "Yes." 
And a very--very, um, courageous young lady in my case, 
I think, did the job. 
And just, uh, all in a day's work. 
[chiming faintly] 
I'm very, very grateful for these people that have treated me like... 
Just treated me so well. 
In a short--short while... 
I-I will be on the road to recovery, and I'll be out there again doing crazy things and enjoying life. 
[overlapping chatter] 
man: 
56, 56...57. 
61 Rupees. 
61 going once, 61 going twice. 
Sold! 
[overlapping chatter] 
[ultrasound pulses] 
Amanda: 
I'm Amanda. 
What makes me joyful this Saturday is this... 
And a little terrified and really excited. woman: 
Oh, my God, did you feel that? 
Let's try again. 
[speaking native language] 
Have a listen if he's sleeping. 
[water dripping] 
woman: 
What's up, Beatrice? 
[bird chirping] 
man: 
Oh, oh, oh, oh... [speaking native language] 
[relaxed instrumental music] 
woman: 
All right, then. 
Oh! 
Come over here! 
What a little miracle you are! 
Goodness. 
Now your mama has made herself a little copy of Mama. 
[woman speaking native language] 
man singing: 
I want to drink from the clearest water. 
I want to eat the things I ought to. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
I want to reach the greatest mountain. 
Climb, if I want, without all the shouting. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
And clouds really should be white at least, and oceans should meet us at the beach, and I don't want to overreach when I know what's in store, raw love. 
Life, a day at a time, my love. 
Life, a day at a time, don't know. 
Love. 
Life in a day and life in a day and life in a day... 
I want to drink from the clearest water. 
I want to eat the things I ought to. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
I want to reach the greatest mountain, climb, if I want, without all the shouting. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
And clouds really should be white at least, and oceans should meet us at the beach, and I don't want to overreach when I know what's in store, raw love. 
Okhwan Yoon: 
Good morning, everyone. 
Bonjour. 
Buenos días. 
Namaste. 
Salaam alaikum. 
My name is Okhwan Yoon. 
I was born in Korea. 
It doesn't matter South or North Korea. 
I'm traveling around the world by bicycle. 
[dog barking] 
[man shouting in native language] 
Yoon: 
Today it's been 9 years and 36 days. 
[bus horn honking] 
This is Kathmandu, Nepal. 
I have been in 190 countries so far. 
I've been struck by cars six times. 
Five times, surgery. 
There are so many careless drivers in the world. 
I have seen many different sizes of fly. 
In North Africa, smaller fly than here. 
And Turkey, smaller fly than here. 
But this size is same fly in Korea and in Japan and China. 
So I feel very emotional. 
[car horns honking] 
[door bangs] 
[easy jazz music] 
man: 
Travel toothbrush and toothpaste-- essential if you're spending a night with the goats. 
[wind whistling] 
man speaking native language: 
3D glasses. man speaking native language: 
A box with medications which I need every day in order to live. man: 
Oh, and I have this plastic glove from when I was at work the other day. man: 
50 pesos. 
Sweet. man: 
A 500 rupee note. 
2BA 596135. 
I still remember the number. woman: 
First is a Canadian flag, because some of my ancestors were from Nova Scotia, Canada. 
Next is a German flag, because some of my ancestors were from Germany. 
Some of my ancestors lived in Wisconsin. 
Some of my ancestors were from Poland. 
Altai man that came in a chocolate egg. 
An electric die. 
It's an anti-evil eye protector. 
Randy: 
Metal saw. 
Metal eagle. 
Metal wheels. 
Anybody want some granite? 
My name is Randy Raisides, and this is Kenneth V. Fletcher's house. 
Giant I-beam... basket with grapes... pipe bender... a billion boxes. 
He's kind of a hoarder. 
I moved here four years ago, a terrible drug addict. 
And in four years, Ken has done two things. 
He has sobered me up, and he has lost everything. 
Good morning. 
Ken: 
Good morning. 
Randy: 
Kenneth V. Fletcher. 
Ken: 
Loser. 
Enabler. 
What else? 
Destitute human being. 
Randy: 
Tomorrow Ken leaves for the Canary Islands, where he has gotten a job as a massage therapist. 
And I go back to Nebraska, where I'm going to be living with my folks. 
He's one of those guys that has a billion ideas and never completes any of them. 
Ken wanted a piano as a kid. 
Ken couldn't get a piano as a kid. 
So three years ago, we looked on Craigslist all summer and went over to the Twin Cities and got pianos! 
[Ken playing mid-tempo melody] 
The man's a genius. 
He just never quite had the time. 
It looks like the auctioneer's here. 
[creaking] 
[crash] 
man: 
What's in my pocket? 
Well, it's a key. 
And it's got a really neat little logo there. 
[engine turning, revs] 
This is a Lamborghini. 
And this is my life in a day. woman: 
Here's my wallet from Marc Jacobs. 
There's a Marc Jacobs key chain that I love. 
Mirror. woman: 
My iPod, which is my soul. man: 
Rosary. 
Very good way of spending your time profitably in the eternal dimension. 
Telephone headset. 
Extremely good way of wasting your time in the earthly dimension. 
[laughter] 
[man speaking native language] man: 
It's a small branch from the Neem tree. man #2 speaking native language: 
What do you use it for? man speaking native language: 
For my teeth. 
man: 
I have nothing in my pockets. 
Zero. man speaking native language: 
There's nothing in my pockets. 
They're empty. boy speaking native language: 
Money, lots of cash. man speaking native language: 
How much is a lot? boy speaking native language: 
Two-fifty. man speaking native language: 
How much? boy speaking native language: 
Two soles fifty. 
[man speaking native language] man speaking native language: 
Is that box your daddy's? boy speaking native language: 
It's my brother's. 
To make a lot of money. 
man speaking native language: 
Hello, Abel. 
Are you well? 
It's Saturday again. 
[men speaking native language] man: 
The cold weather is here and August will be worse, so you have to keep warm, Abel. boy speaking native language: 
Hey you, this is my patch. 
[men speaking native language] boy speaking native language: 
Sometimes I make five soles. 
When I was little, I once earned 20 soles in a day. 
[men speaking native language] man speaking native language: 
Bye. 
See you next Saturday. 
man: 
What do you have in your pockets? 
It's my knife. 
Okay, you can go ahead and judge me all you want, but there are some crazy people in the world. woman: 
My Ruger P94 .40-caliber handgun. 
I take this with me wherever I go. man speaking native language: 
Keys. 
Phone. 
Syringes. 
man speaking native language: 
All this is the cemetery. 
[keys jingling] 
man speaking native language: 
Is there anyone living here? man #2 speaking native language: 
Yeah, I will show you. man speaking native language: 
Can I talk to them? man #2 speaking native language: 
Yeah, yeah. 
[goat bleats] 
man speaking native language: 
My story is, I can't work, because who else would look after my kids? 
My wife passed away, my children's mother. 
I've got a 20 year old son who is sick. 
He's a retard. 
We have to tie him up all day to stop him wandering off. 
Fourteen people live in this place. 
We have no electricity, no water, no drains. 
But we are still alive. 
God will not forget us. 
He created us. 
That is what I believe. 
God wouldn't have created this population just to forget us. 
[muffled chatter] 
[man speaking native language] 
[muffled chatter] 
Ayomatty: 
My name is Ayomatty. 
I've been in Dubai for 13 years. 
I work as a gardener, and I am very happy. 
man speaking native language: 
There is no work at home. 
It's more profitable to come to Dubai. 
I'm here to earn money to send back to my kids. 
man speaking native language: 
Pray, be seated. woman: 
All you think about is your belly. 
[man speaking native language] man: 
Did you see the fence fell down in those thistles? 
Goddamned thistles everywhere. 
And you think I'm a prick. 
[laughter] 
man: 
This is how brynza cheese is made. 
When all liquid is removed, the cheese becomes very good. 
Nearly as good as the Dutch cheese. 
It even has holes, in just two, three days. woman speaking native language: 
Oh, come on, stop boasting. 
woman speaking native language: 
Lunch! 
[children panting] 
[shrieks and laughter] 
[woman singing in native language] [all singing in native language] 
[gunshot] 
[singing continues] 
[singing ends] 
man: 
This is balut. 
Only in the Philippines. man #2: 
Balut. man: 
You see that? woman: 
Ew. man: 
Oh, gross, huh? 
Look, let's put some salt right there. 
That's salt. 
And then watch this. 
[laughter] 
[women singing in native language] 
man speaking native language: 
How does it work? man #2: 
Well, it goes in and out again, like a needle. 
It doesn't fire bullets. 
Nothing comes out of the gun. man speaking native language: 
Ah, I see. 
[gunshot] 
[clanging] 
[gunshot] 
[women continue singing] 
[man groans] 
[singing continues] 
Jack: 
Today is Saturday, the 24th of July. 
For the last three years, I've been away from home to do my degree. 
And as soon as that finished, 
I ended up getting a job at a very demanding company. 
So I don't really get to see my old man that much. 
But whenever I do see him, we always go to the same place and do the same thing and have a catch-up. 
man: 
I just phoned you. 
Jack: 
Yeah, I just got it, actually. 
I was about to phone you back. man: 
How you doing? 
All right? 
Jack: 
Yeah, not bad. man: 
Mouthful? 
Jack: 
I'll have a mouthful. man: 
You sort the tire out? 
Jack: 
Um... man: 
That tire's fucked. 
Jack: 
I haven't had time. man: 
That tire's fucked. 
You'll get done for that. 
Seen it? 
You got a rip in it. 
Jack: 
Is that a rip? man: 
Why don't you film down there, Jack? 
Let's see if we see a cup. 
Come on, that's it. 
Jesus. 
You're not a student now, you know. 
You're a working man. 
There's no excuse. 
Just here. man: 
Is this where we're going? 
Jack: 
Yeah. 
man: 
Two small beef burgers, believe it or not. 
Imagine what the large ones are like or the medium ones. 
Ridiculous, isn't it? 
Unbelievable. 
Anyway, here you go, Jack. 
This way. 
I'm gonna sit in the car. 
[seagulls crying] 
What do you got? 
Jack: 
This. man: 
Oh. 
Is this bit a photograph of you at uni? 
Jack: 
Yeah. man: 
Fantastic. 
That's fantastic. 
I'm gonna get a lovely frame on that, 
'cause Nina's got a frame like that. 
[laughs] 
That's really cool, Jack. 
Thank you. 
Now, you should be very proud of yourself, Jack, considering you almost got chucked out of school. 
You was lucky there, weren't you? 
Yeah, you've matured, actually-- actually, in the last year or so quite good into a real proper lad, a real gentleman and a nice boy. 
[engine turning] 
Thanks for that, Jack. 
man speaking native language: 
Who do you love a lot? boy speaking native language: 
My dad... because he brings me fruit. 
He cooks my lunch, makes me breakfast. 
He prepares everything, all the food we eat. 
He cares more about me than his work. 
The thing I love the most is my laptop. 
In Wikipedia, there are stories, history, math, science, religion. 
It has everything. 
It is a giant library. 
[birds chirping] 
man: 
I love being me. 
I love life. 
It's all such fun. man speaking native language: 
Myself, I'd have to say... woman speaking native language: 
Placing my feet in wet sand. 
It has to be wet. woman: 
Grass, dirt... dirty river smell. 
Mm, the smell of a campfire that gets stuck in your hair. man: 
Coated chicken baked in the oven with seasonings. man: 
What do I love the most? 
Well... you're looking at her. 
[crying] 
man: 
I really love my family, my brothers and sisters. woman speaking native language: 
Being with my children. 
And taking care of them. man speaking native language: 
And now I'll introduce you to the person I love most in the world. 
Hello. girl speaking native language: 
Hello. man: 
What do you love the most? man: 
Women. 
So much. 
man: 
I love you, Uliya. 
You are my only love. 
You are my first love. 
For me, love is all about you. woman speaking native language: 
Do you love your husband? woman #2: 
Yes, you have to. 
man: 
I love my wife. 
I love my son. 
I love my land. 
I love my animals-- my dogs, my ferret, my chickens, my horses in the background. 
I love my life. 
But what do I love the most? 
I love my Lord, my heavenly Father, my Creator, from whom all blessings flow. man: 
I love doing about 150 miles an hour down a motorway in a good car. man #2: 
[giggles] man: 
I love football. 
I think football is the only sport that bring people together. woman speaking native language: 
I love... cleaning something that's really dirty so you can see the result. man: 
I actually love my refrigerator. 
It's such a cool thing. 
It remains at one corner. 
It keeps its mouth shut. 
I love my refrigerator. 
Nothing else but my refrigerator. man: 
What do you love? man #2: 
Women. man: 
What do you love? man #3: 
Freedom. man: 
What do you love? man #4: 
Power. man: 
[laughs] woman: 
I love the word "mamihlapinatapai." 
It's from the Yaghan language, which is now a dead language. 
But it was spoken in Tierra del Fuego, the very southernmost point of South America. 
I've never heard the word said properly, so I could be pronouncing it wrong. 
But the meaning is quite beautiful. 
It means that moment or feeling when two people both want to initiate something, but neither wants to be the one to start it. 
It can be perhaps two tribal leaders both wanting to make peace, but neither wanting to be the one to begin it. 
Or it could be two people at a party wanting to approach each other and neither quite brave enough to make the first move. 
[birds calling] 
Can hear the kookaburras now. 
[line ringing] 
man: 
Currently, I'm calling my mom to ask her what I should say to Emily today. 
[line ringing] 
woman: 
Hello? man: 
Do you have a second to talk to me? woman: 
Sure. man: 
Tonight I am hanging out with Emily. woman: 
Okay. man: 
But I was planning on telling her exactly how I feel about her. 
And then I don't know. 
So I was calling my mother to see-- what should I say to this woman? 
[woman laughing] 
Okay. 
I don't know. 
I just think that, you know-- just concentrate on the fact that, you know, you have very, very high feelings of esteem for her, that she's somebody that you've always admired. man: 
"Esteem"? 
Is that the word I should use? 
Esteem? 
You think she'd like that? woman: 
Yeah. 
Whatever. man: 
I just don't know if that's-- woman: 
You hold her in very high regard. man: 
Ok--I don't know if those-- woman: 
She's a special person in your life. man: 
Okay. 
I'll try all that. 
Hey. 
I am on the train now. 
This is my friend Emily. 
[romantic music] 
Uh, hello, "Life In A Day." 
I'm still with Emily, and we're still hanging out in Chicago. 
Um, this is... 
We--we just came out of this place, which was cool. 
But, uh, I'm gonna leave this thing on in case anything gets climactic. 
man: 
Theresa, look at me. 
Theresa: 
[scoffs] 
Oh, my God. 
Oh, my God. 
Aah! 
[romantic music continues] man: 
Well, so here's the deal. 
Uh, I asked her if she wanted to go on a romantic date with me sometime, and she says, "No." 
Just--just no. 
That's really all she said. 
Just "no." 
She didn't want any of that. 
Ever, possibly. 
Never, ever. 
And so, uh... 
Well, actually, I said, 
"What about the possibility of a possibility?" 
And she said-- She said no to that. 
No possibility. 
None. 
woman: 
Okay, let me say that it is meant for women to kneel down. 
For example, a woman is supposed to kneel down for a man. man: 
Mm-hmm. 
Do you want to show us how you do it? woman: 
Yes. man: 
So you greet Moses, like, traditionally. 
[Moses speaking native language] 
man: 
Wow. 
Wow. 
Moses, how do you feel about it? 
She comes, and she kneels down every day? 
Moses: 
Yes, because I'm a man. 
She has to respect. woman: 
It's the culture. 
[upbeat music] 
[cheers and applause] 
man singing: 
Wise men say only fools rush in. 
But I can't help falling in love with you. 
David: 
Hi, Grandma. 
It's David. 
How are you? 
I'm good. 
I'm still-- Yeah, I'm in New York. 
It's--Yeah, it's been really hot here, but I'm having fun. 
Uh, anyway, I wanted to call you, because, uh, you know my friend, uh, Nick, that I-- that you've met a lot... 
Yeah. 
Yeah, I know. 
He's a very nice boy. 
Uh... 
Well, I wanted to tell you that he's, um, not-- not just my friend. 
He's--he's my boyfriend. 
Um, and it's something that I've wanted to tell you for a while, but I wasn't really sure how you would react, so I was a little nervous to tell you. 
Um... 
I-I love you too. 
Yeah. 
I love you too. 
And I'm hoping that-- that maybe you can love Nick too, um, because he's really important to me, so I'm hoping he can be really-- really important to you too. 
Yeah. 
Well, that-- that means a lot to me. 
Yeah. 
Thank you. 
I--Yeah, I love-- 
I love you too. 
I do. 
Yeah. 
Yeah, my parents know. 
Yes. 
Well, Grandma, they call it being gay now. 
You don't have to say "homosexual." 
It's not--Yeah. 
Yes, it's not a disease. 
Thank you. 
man: 
Here, throw some cheese to those ducks. 
Get closer to them. 
I'm taking a video, Sarah. 
Sarah: 
They might bite me. man: 
No, they won't bite. 
Ducks don't bite. 
Come on. 
I'm making a video. 
Walk on out into them. 
It'll be a good video. man #2: 
Would you like me to take both of you? man: 
Oh. man #2: 
Take another picture of you? man: 
Thank you. man #2: 
Just tell me what do you want me to do. man: 
Just...just... man: 
So marriage truth number one-- uh, love is a battlefield. 
[laughter] 
Um, listen, you two are going to fight like hooded roosters. 
Let's just get it out there. 
It's science. 
You know, place any two animals in a contained area together, um, you know, there will be awesome tenderness, but also there will be blood. 
[laughter] 
Tristam: 
That is my pocket Walt Whitman. 
He was surely one of the greatest poets that ever lived, and if my babies can read Walt Whitman day and night and learn from him, I'll be very happy. 
After all, babies, he did say, 
"I am August. 
I do not trouble my soul to vindicate itself." 
No, he didn't say "soul." 
He said, "I do not trouble..." woman: 
That's enough, Tristam, you'll use up all the memory. 
This is self-indulgent, and-- Please stop. 
They need winding. 
Please stop, Tristam. 
Tristam: 
"I do not trouble my spirit..." woman: 
Stop being so selfish and putting yourself first. 
Please, I've been looking after them all day. 
Just stop it. 
Tristam: 
"I do not trouble my soul to-- 
"I do not trouble my spirit to vindicate itself or be understood." woman: 
Okay, fine. man: 
Ann and John are today renewing their vows in the light of their 50 years experience of marriage. 
Rather unusually, each of this special couple has agreed to write the vows of the other. 
That is, Ann has written John's vows, and John has written Ann's. man speaking native language: 
Pull, pull. woman speaking native language: 
This one doesn't lift me up. 
[man laughing] 
woman speaking native language: 
There is a new one over here. 
[man speaking native language] man speaking native language: 
Oh, gosh. 
You have to pull on this one. 
Can you manage it? woman speaking native language: 
Nope. man: 
You have to pull using your dorsal muscles. woman speaking native language: 
It won't budge. 
[man speaking native language] woman speaking native language: 
IT WON'T BUDGE. man: 
John, it is necessary to address one or two shortcomings in, uh, the physical side of marriage. 
Surely no one would argue that there are certain physical demands a wife can request of a husband, and Ann asks you that you address these issues right now. 
[laughter] 
Do you agree to wash the windows inside and out? 
[laughter] 
man speaking native language: 
It's like at the gym. 
You grab here, you grip there, and you position yourself with parallel feet so you can use your dorsal muscles. 
Then you pull. 
[woman laughs] 
woman speaking native language: 
Oh, really? man: 
Ann, John asks if you will agree to let him do that thing you once told him you would let him do on his 40th birthday, but still not have yet done. 
[laughter] 
So, Ann, in anticipation of your previous answer, 
John says, "I suppose an occasional blow job is..." 
[laughter] 
woman: 
Are you trying every possible way? 
I told you it won't move. 
It won't move. 
So, what was it you were saying? 
[laughter] 
man: 
Finally, in spite of men obviously being from Mars and women from Venus, do you both promise to love and treasure each other and enjoy your lovely family life together here at Appletree Cottage for as long as you both shall live? both: 
We do. 
[applause] 
[clock ticking] 
[dog snoring] 
[clock cuckooing] 
[timer dings] 
man speaking native language: 
Hey, get up. 
What are you doing? 
[man speaking native language] man speaking native language: 
So let's go. 
Are we going? 
Let's go. 
[cat meows] 
[P.A. announcement in native language] 
[horn blares] 
girl speaking native language: 
Helmet. 
Good-bye, grandpa. 
[laughs] 
Climb up, skinny! 
[man speaking native language] 
[horns blowing] 
[band playing lively song] man speaking native language: 
Climb up, Virginia. 
Go, go, slowly. 
[man speaking native language] 
[whimsical music] 
man: 
Whoo! 
[boy crying] 
[cheers and applause] 
[helicopter whirring] 
[laughter] 
man: 
Do the jerk. 
Please do the jerk. 
By the end, I'm gonna try to get the commander to do the jerk. man #2: 
Aah! man: 
Why you always got to stick your tongue out? 
Punch Eason in the face right now. man #3: 
Oh, my God! man: 
That's the Rebel Alliance. 
And there's the Empire. 
Masood: 
Hi. 
This is my room. 
And this is our garden. 
So my name is Masood... 
I live in Afghanistan, Kabul, and I'm a news photographer. 
Here is my house. 
And he's my father, drinking tea. 
My mother is praying. 
Farid, my brother, is just-- again is staring in the refrigerator, as always. 
Right now I'm in my car, going to Kabul's old city, to take some pictures. 
Sometimes I like to just walk around there 
looking for a good shot. 
These are like my two babies. 
I carry them everywhere. 
[woman speaking native language] 
[Masood speaking native language] woman: 
Here I am by myself, because my husband is a half a world away, going to work, fighting for us. 
What shirt should I wear? 
Which one do you think will Phil like better? 
Hmm? 
Which one do you think? 
That one? 
Is that one the best? 
Masood: 
Here is the market in the old city. 
Most foreigners think that it is dangerous to walk around the streets of Kabul, but as you can see, there is no danger... for us, anyway. 
woman: 
Waiting game. 
Waiting game. 
[birds chirping] 
Masood: 
So this is a street that's normally selling birds like this. 
They call them lovebirds because they are always kissing each other. 
Sharon: 
Oh. 
Where are you? 
Ooh. 
Phil: 
Hi, Sharon. 
Sharon: 
Hi! 
Phil: 
Hi. 
Sharon: 
How's it goin'? 
Can you see me? 
Phil: 
Yeah. 
You did get all dressed up, didn't you? 
Sharon: 
Yes. 
Of course. 
It's our date night. 
[children chattering] 
Masood: 
Afghanistan comes-- the name of my country comes with the conflict, war, suicide attack, and all the negative points that we--I mean hear and listen in the news. 
But there is another side of Afghanistan that you don't normally see. 
These girls make me feel optimistic about the future of my country. 
Phil: 
I love you. 
Sharon: 
I love you too. 
Stay safe. 
Phil: 
I will, honey. 
You too, okay? 
Sharon: 
Okay. 
Phil: 
Bye. 
Sharon: 
Bye. 
[sniffling] 
man speaking native language: 
It's not easy to explain motivation. 
Can I do something to reunite Korea? 
It looks impossible. 
It looks out of my hands. 
But impossible is possible. 
Bobby: 
Dad, do you see my war? 
Oh, and the red is bad, the white is good of the helmets. 
[imitates gunfire] 
Oh! 
[humming] 
man: 
Oh, it's not so bad. 
Cathy: 
No? 
Is there something that's bleeding under my arm? 
Let's see if we can just get this. man: 
Ew. 
Cathy: 
Oh, oh, oh! 
Oh, what is it? 
[man chuckling] 
Cathy: 
What is it? man: 
Looks like some kind of-- 
Cathy: 
Did that come out of your hair? man: 
No, it was on my bag. 
It's a ladybug. 
Cathy: 
Oh. 
girl: 
Any kind of monster or ghosts or a witch. boy: 
Zombies. man: 
What do zombies do? 
Okay. 
You do a great zombie. girl speaking native language: 
Snakes and ghosts. 
[man speaking native language] man speaking native language: 
When I come to work at 1:00 A.M. and I hear little noises here and there. 
That scares me a little. woman: 
I have a fear of dogs. woman speaking native language: 
Cats. man speaking native language: 
Rats. boy speaking native language: 
Lions. woman: 
Wasps. woman: 
Spiders. girl: 
I fear... robbers... rapers... girl: 
I fear growing up. man: 
I'm afraid of losing this place. 
woman speaking native language: 
Cultures I don't understand. man speaking native language: 
I am scared of Allah, nothing else. woman speaking native language: 
I fear nothing. 
[woman #2 speaking native language] woman speaking native language: 
God only. girl: 
I'm afraid for all the people that don't know God. 
People who don't get saved are going to hell. man: 
I afraid of homosexuality. 
Homosexuality is like... is like disease, and I'm afraid of disease. man: 
I stay in my room, and all I can think about is whether in a couple of years someone else is gonna live here, someone who is not Israeli, maybe... maybe someone Palestinian. man: 
I guess politics scares me more than anything. 
I wonder if we're gonna get in another war. man speaking native language: 
When I leave home in the morning, I'm not sure if I'll return home safely. 
No Afghans expect to return home safely. woman speaking native language: 
Time is passing, and I don't have a boy or girl and no one will ever call me "mummy." man: 
One of the things I fear more than anything right now is that my hair's starting to fall out. woman: 
This is me. 
This is what I'm afraid of. woman: 
That my husband will leave me for another wife because of a lack of you know what. child speaking native language: 
Divorce. 
Divorce. 
How awful! woman: 
I fear loneliness. man: 
Not waking up one morning... and nobody finding you for a week. 
That'd be interesting. woman: 
Losing someone you love. 
That's why I find it very hard to really, really connect with someone. 
Because, what do you do when they're gone? girl: 
Because what if God isn't real? 
I believe in Him, but what if God isn't real? 
And we're just going to lie in the ground, dead forever? woman: 
And that's what I'm afraid of, being in this grave. 
Life is so freakin' short, you know? 
man: 
Dying, I guess. 
[animal bells ringing] 
[thunder rumbling] 
[dog growling] 
[man speaking native language] man: 
The dogs are frightened of thunder. man speaking native language: 
Yeah, they're scared. man: 
Vasya, we need to find some fireworks somewhere. 
Because in autumn, wolves will come. man: 
We need to hurry home. 
It's going to rain! 
all: 
3...2...1... [cheering] 
man: 
Welcome to The Love Parade. 
[electronic music playing] 
woman speaking native language: 
Look ahead! 
[cheers] 
[overlapping shouting] 
man speaking native language: 
Unreal. 
Unreal. 
Look at the side. 
What are they doing there? 
Look at the fighting there. 
We can't get out. man speaking native language: 
Not normal, bruv. 
[overlapping shouting] 
[sirens blaring] 
man speaking native language: 
Dickhead. man: 
I don't want to move out of the way. man speaking native language: 
Stop this shit! 
[overlapping shouting] 
man: 
A tunnel has become a death trap. 
At least 18 people were kicked or crushed to death in a stampede during The Love Parade in Duisburg. woman: 
Many of the hundreds of thousands of revelers were unaware of the tragedy unfolding. 
[uneasy musical buildup] 
man singing: 
I want to drink from the greatest water. 
I want to have all the things I ought to. 
I just want to know that 
I feel strong, you know. 
I want to reach the golden fountain, beat everyone without all the doubting. 
I just want to know that 
I feel strong, you know. 
And clouds really should be white at least, and oceans should be there at the beach. 
And who needs books when we've got speech? 
And who knows what's in store for raw love? 
Life, a penny at a time. 
Oh, love, life a penny at a time. 
Love, life a penny at a time. 
Oh, love. 
[fireworks whistling, popping] 
man speaking native language: 
When I close my eyes, 
I can see all different people in the world from town to town, from country to country. 
I can feel it, I can touch it, I can see it. 
I feel like born again because of my haircut. 
It's time to continue my journey. 
man: 
Who do you love? 
Cathy: 
My silly boys, the Bobby-ells. 
Okay. 
What do you fear? man: 
Well, I guess... 
I'm fearless now. 
I guess my fear was that you'd get cancer, and you did. 
That you'd get it again, I mean. 
And you did. 
But it's over with. 
So I'm fearless. 
[haunting music] 
[overlapping chatter] 
[thunder rumbling] 
woman: 
July 24, 2010. 
It's nearly midnight now, and I'm running out of time to make this. 
I worked all day long, on a Saturday--yeah, I know. 
The sad part is... 
I spent all day long hoping for something amazing to happen, something great, something to appreciate this day and to be a part of it and to... show the world that there's something great that can happen every day of your life, in everyone's life. 
But the truth is, it doesn't always happen. 
And for me, today... all day long, nothing really happened. 
I want people to know that I'm here. 
I don't want to cease to exist. 
[thunder rumbling] 
I'm not gonna sit here and tell you that I'm this great person, because... 
I don't think I am... at all. 
I think I'm a normal girl, normal life. 
Not interesting enough... to know anything about. 
But I want to be. 
And today... even though... even though nothing great really happened, tonight I feel as if something great happened. 
[thunder rumbling] 
[water dripping rhythmically] 
man singing: 
I want to drink from the clearest water. 
I want to eat the things I ought to. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
I want to reach the greatest mountain. 
Climb, if I want, without all the shouting. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
And clouds really should be white at least, and oceans should meet us at the beach, and I don't want to overreach 
When I know what's in store, raw love. 
Life, a day at a time, my love. 
Life a day at a time, don't know. 
Love. 
Life in a day and life in a day and life in a day and life in a day... 
I want to drink from the clearest water. 
I want to eat the things I ought to. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
I want to reach the greatest mountain. 
Climb, if I want, without all the shouting. 
I just want to know that I feel strong, you know. 
And clouds really should be white at least, and oceans should meet us at the beach, and I don't want to overreach when I know what's in store... [instrumental and chorus] 
[rhythmic dripping, haunting melody continues] 
And here we have the result of some simulations of the exploratory agent. 
We see it's doing much better than the passive agent or than the Greedy agent. 
So I'm graphing here; and we only had to go through 100 trials. 
We didn't have to go through 500--so it's converging much faster. 
And it's converging to much better results. 
So the policy loss and the dotted lines started off high; but after only 20 trials, it's come down to perfect. 
So it learned the exact, correct policy after 20 trials. 
The error in the utilities--so you can have the perfect policy, while not quite having the right utilities for each state-- and the errors in utility comes down, and that, too, comes down to a level that's lower than the previous agent's-- but still, not quite perfect. 
And we see here that it, in fact, learns the correct policy. 
Now that we have constructed Hilbert spaces and Orthonormal bases, we can see some of their distinguishing features. 
One of them is norm conservation, which is called Parseval's theorem, and is an extension of Pythagoras' famous Orthonormality theorem to infinite dimensions. 
Then, we will see the Orthogonal Projection Theorem. 
This is a powerful method to take a vector from possibly an infinite dimensional space and project it onto a subspace. 
Once we have this, we will consider some examples of approximations and orthonormal bases. 
Modules 3.3 Hilbert Space and Approximation. 
The overview of this submodule is the following. 
First, we look at the norm conservation, in particular Parseval's formula. 
Then, we look at the approximation by the projection method, and finally we explore a few examples. 
Parseval's theorem: we know that if we have a basis for space, any vector x can be written as a linear combination, summed from 0 to K-1, αk, wk. 
For an orthonormal basis, there is this beautiful formula which says that the squared norm of x, ||x|| squared is equal to the sum of the coefficents of expansion squared, or Parseval's formula. 
Let us verify Parseval's formula on a simple example. 
We have the canonical basis E, e0 on e1, and we can write x as α0, e0, α1, e1. 
Let us look at the new basis, the blue one, which is given by v0 and v1. 
V0 is equal to cosθ sineθ transpose, v1 is minus sinθ cosθ transpose. 
And x can of course also be written as a linear combination of v0 and v1, namely, β0, v0, plus β1, v1. 
The new basis is orthonormal. 
Therefore, β0 is equal to v0 inner product with x. β1 is inner product of v1 with x. 
In compact form, we can write β0, β1 as a matrix vector multiplication with a matrix R, which is a rotation matrix. 
A key fact of the rotation matrix, that you can easily verify, is that R transpose times R is equal to identity. 
Let's compute a square norm in the canonical basis. 
So, the square norm of x is equal to α0 squared α1 squared. 
In the rotated basis, it's equal to β0 squared plus β1 squared. 
Let's verify Parseval. 
So, β0 square plus β1 square is equal to the vector β transposed times β. 
This is equal to Rα transpose times Rα. 
We reorder the terms. 
We find R transpose R in the middle, but this is equal to identity, so, we have α transpose time α, which, indeed, is equal to α0 squared + α1 squared, verifying Parseval's formula. 
Let us now look at approximation. 
The problem is the following. 
We have a vector x that belongs to a space v, and we have a subspace S, that is included in v. 
We would like to approximate x with xhat, which belongs to S. 
Of course, there are various ways to do this approximation. 
We are going to be interested in approximation that minimizes the quadratic error, meaning, the difference between x and xhat should be minimum in quadratic norm. 
If we have an orthonormal basis for S, so Sk, k going from 0 to K-1 is an orthornormal basis for S. 
Then, the orthonormal projection will simply be x hat is equal to the summation of the inner product between x and Sk times Sk. 
This orthogonal projection is the best approximation over S, in the sense of least squares. 
So, the least square approximation has properties that it will give a minimum, quadratic error norm. 
So, among all y's that belong to S, the ones that minimizes the quadratic error is x hat, and the error is orthogonal to the approximation. 
So, x minus x hat, inner product with x hat, is equal to 0. 
We're going to see this graphically now. 
So, we are in R2, x is a vector in R2, the subspace s is a one dimensional subspace. 
And we start exploring what would be the closest point to x belonging to s. 
So, we put circles, we let them grow. 
And as they grow, at some point they touch s, that will be our point x hat, that's given by the blue vector. 
And the difference x minus x hat indeed is orthogonal to x hat. 
To make this more concrete, let us look at an example, namely, polynomial approximation. 
So, we look at the Hilbert space, PN, from -1 to 1. 
This is a subspace of L2 from -1 to 1. 
And it is a subspace spanned by polynomials of degrees of 0, 1, 2 to up to N-1. 
There is a self-evident naive basis, mainly sk is equal to tk, k going from 0 to N-1. 
This naive basis is not orthonormal and can be quite badly behaved when N becomes large. 
Our goal will be to approximate vector x, which is sin t over this sub-space, so sin t does not belong to P3, so we have to find the orthonormal projection of sin t over this sub-space P3. 
From the basis s k, we can build an orthonormal basis using something called the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization procedure that you're probably familiar with from linear algebra. 
So, you take the original set s k and you derive the orthonormal set u k using an algorithmic procedure which is given in steps below. 
At each step k, you first derive p k as s k minus the projection on to the previous orthonormal set. 
And then, you renormalize p k into u k by simply dividing by its norm. 
Let us see the Gram-Schmidt procedure on a set of two vectors s 0, s 1. 
So, they are obviously not orthonormal to each other. 
So first, we normalize s 0 into p 0 divided by its norms, that gives you u 0, which is of length 1, it's the blue vector. 
Then, we compute the projection of s 1 onto the subspace, using u 0, so that's u0 inner product with s 1 times u 0. 
Then, we subtract this from s 1: that gives us p 1. 
And finally, we normalize p1 into u1 which is the blue vector. 
Now, we have two vectors that span the same space and are orthogonal to each other. 
Pink anemonefish at "Mount Mutiny" 
Blueband gobies at "Lion's Den" 
Firefish at Lua Lafalafa Reef, Tonga 
Orbicular batfish at "Lion's Den" 
Teira batfish over the "Nasi Yalodina" wreck, Bligh water 
Elongate surgeonfish at "Maytag" 
Blackfin barracuda at "Coral Corner" 
Bigeye trevallies at "Grand Central Station" (North Save-a-Tack) 
Schooling bannerfish at "School House", Bligh Water 
Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish at "Cat's Meow" 
Blue and gold fusiliers over yellow scroll coral at Nigali Passage near Gau Island 
Barcheek trevally at "Tetons", Namena Marine Reserve 
Golden damsel and bluestreak cleaner wrasse at "Mount Mutiny" 
Blue and gold fusilier and bluestreak cleaner wrasse at "Mount Mutiny" 
Sunburst anthias at "Palako's Patch", Tonga 
Speckled damsel spawning at Uoleva Point, Tonga 
Arc-eye hawkfish at "Anthias Avenue" near Gau Island 
Longsnout flathead at Luangahu Reef 
Ribbon eel (male) at "Tetons" 
Giant moray at "Mellow Yellow" 
Juvenile rockmover wrasse at "Two Thumbs Up", Namena Marine Reserve 
Firefish at Lua Lafalafa Reef 
Red lionfish at "Cat's Meow" 
Whitetip reef shark under "Kansas" 
Grey reef shark at Nigali Passage 
Sinularia corals at "Kansas" 
Blue-spotted puffer at "Kansas" 
Blackspotted puffer at Ha'afeva Island, Tonga 
Blue-green Chromis at "E6" 
Red lionfish at "Anthias Avenue" 
Zebra lionfish at Luangahu Reef 
Coral grouper at "Becky's" 
Dwarf hawkfish at Luangahu Reef 
Scorpionfish at "E6" 
Randall's prawn-goby at "E6" 
Signalfin goby at "E6" 
Gorgeous prawn goby & snapping shrimp at "Two Thumbs Up" 
Weedy pygmy seahorse at "Mushrooms" 
Ornate ghost pipefish at "Mushrooms" 
Ornate ghost pipefish ggs in brooding pouch 
Christmas tree worm at "Becky's" 
Manta ray at Vatu Vai near Wakaya Island 
Hawksbill turtle at "Lion's Den" 
Humpback whale mother and calf at Ha'apai, Tonga 
Malabar grouper at "Grand Central Station", North Save-a-Tack 
Honeycomb coral at "Mellow Yellow" 
"Lion's Den" 
"Mushrooms" 
"Coral Corner" 
"Mushrooms" 
Whitemargin unicornfish at "Mushrooms" 
Dendronephthya soft coral at "E6" 
Bigeye barracuda at Nigali Passage 
"Gomo", Bligh Water 
"Nasi Yalodina" wreck 
"E6" 
Lance blenny at "Anthias Avenue" 
Triplespot blenny at "Tetons" 
Valentini puffer at Luangahu Reef, Tonga 
Parrotfish at Nukupule, Tonga 
Bluespotted ribbontail ray at "Mushrooms" 
Blotched fantail ray at Ha'afeva Island 
Orange mantis shrimp at "Mellow Yellow" 
Sexy shrimp (squat shrimp) at "Anthias Avenue" 
Day octopus at Lua Lafalafa Reef 
Fuchsia flatworms mating at "Tetons" 
Bullock's Hypselodoris at Luangahu Reef 
Spanish dancer at Luangahu Reef 
Spanish dancer at Ha'afeva Island 
Brown booby at Vatu-i-ra, Fiji 
No more austerity! 
That was the demand from unions in Brussels a day before EU leaders are due to gather in the city for a summit which will be crowned with a new fiscal treaty. 
The pact's aim is to control deficits in the bloc, but as in other parts of Europe which also saw protest action, demonstrators called for a new strategy. 
"Come up with another policy, your policy of austerity isn't working and is creating a gulf between citizens and you the leaders of Europe." said one protester. 
"Greece is in the red. 
But Swiss banks hold Greek assets which are worth three times more than that country's public debt, so there is a way of finding the money without workers having to pay," said another women at the rally which was held in front of the EU Commission. 
Reporting from the protest euronews" Gülsüm Alan said: 
"As anti-austerity rallies take place across Europe, EU leaders are getting ready to sign on new fiscal treaty here in Brussels this Friday. 
Instead of solving the bloc's problems Unions believe it will only plunge Europe into a deeper recession." 
, The Chain rule is so important, it's worth thinking through a proof of its validity. 
You might be tempted to think that you can get away with just cancelling. 
What I mean is you might be tempted to think that something like this works. let's say you wanted to differentiate g of f of x. 
You might set f of x equal to y. 
And then, you might think, well, what you're really trying to calculate is the derivative of g of y and okay. 
And then, you might say, well, the derivative of g of y, that will be the derivative of g with respect to y times the derivative of y with respect to x, and that's really the Chain rule. 
I mean, this first thing is the derivative of g and this other thing is the derivative of f just like you'd expect, and then you're trying to say that you can just cancel, alright? 
You're not allowed to just cancel. 
I mean, the upshot here is just that dy/dx is not a fraction, alright? 
You can't justify this equality by just canceling because these objects, the way you're supposedly doing the canceling, they're not fractions. 
We need a more delicate argument than that. 
One way to go is to give a slightly different definition of derivative. 
Well, here's a slightly different way of packaging up the derivative. 
The function f is differentiable at a point a, provided there's some number, which I"m suggestively calling f prime of a, if the derivative of f at a, so that the limit of this error function is equal to 0. 
And what's this error function? 
Well, it's measuring how far my approximation is that I'd get using the derivative from the actual functions output if I plug in an input value near a. 
In some ways, that's actually a nicer definition of derivative, since it really conveys that the derivative provides a way to approximate output values of functions. 
In any case, now, let's take this new definition of derivative and try to prove the Chain rule. 
Try to approximate g of f of x plus h. 
Try to discover the Chain rules. 
So, I want to be able to express this in terms of the derivative s of g and f, at least, approximately, and then control the error. 
Well, I can do that for f because I'm assuming that f is deferential about the point x. 
So, this is g of, instead of f of x plus h, f of x plus the derivative of f at x times h plus an error term, we should be calling error of f of h times h. 
I'm going to play the same game with g. 
This is g of f of x plus a small quantity. 
And if I assume that g is differentiable at the point f of x, then this is g of f of x plus the derivative of g at f of x times how much I wiggle by, which, in this case, is f prime of x h plus that error term plus an error term for g, which is the error term for g. 
And I have to put in how much I wiggled by, which, in this case, is f prime of xh plus the error term for f at h times h times that same quantity, f prime of xh plus the error term for f at h times h. 
Alright, so that's exactly equal to g of f of x plus h and I'm including all of the error terms. 
Now, we can expand out a bit. 
So, this is g of f of x plus, you can multiply these two terms together, g prime of f of x times f prime of xh. 
That's looking really good, because that's what the Chain rule is, right? 
It's supposed to give me this as the derivative of g composed with f. 
Plus, I've got a ton of error terms now. 
All those error terms have an h, so I'm going to collect all the h's at the end. 
The first error term is g prime of f of x, this term here, times the error of f at h. 
The next ones, plus the error of g, at this complicated quantity, 
I was going to abbreviate hyphen, times f prime of x times h, I'm collecting all of these h's the end, plus the error term for g, at that complicated quantity, times the error for f at h, and all of that is times h. 
Alright. 
Now, this is almost giving me the derivative of the composite function provided that I can control the size of this error term, right? 
What I need to show now is that the limit as h approches 0 of this error term is really 0, and the error term, right, it's the part before th e times h, and it's g prime of f of x times the error term for f at h plus the error term for g times f prime of x, plus the error term for g times the error term for f at h. 
Now, why do I know that, that limit is equal to 0? 
Well, I can do it in pieces, right? 
It's the limit of the sum, so it's the sum of the limits. and I know that this first term is 0 because it's got an error f h term in it, and because f is differentiable, the error term goes to 0. 
I likewise know the same for this, alright? 
This is, it also got an error f of h term in it. 
The most mysterious term is this. 
But if you think a little bit more about it, the error of g at this hyphen thing, which I'm abbreviating this whole thing here, also goes to 0 as h goes to 0. 
And that's another thing to know that the limit as h goes to 0 of this quantity is 0 which is then enough to say that g of f of x plus h equals this quantity, actually implies that this is the derivative. 
So, here's what we've actually shown. 
Suppose that f is differentiable at a point a and g is differentiable at the point f of a, then the composite function, g composed with f, is differentiable at a, with the derivative of g of f at the point a, equal to the derivative of g at f of a times the derivative of f at a. 
My name is Ahmad Mahmoud Ahmad 
President of the Strike Committee in the Public Transport Authority in Egypt. 
I ask bus workers in London to demand their rights, whatever it might cost. 
In any strike, the negotiators must be an elected committee of strikers. 
If you have an appointed committee it won't get the workers their rights. 
If it is an appointed committee of salaried officials its job will be to stop the strike. 
The goal of an unelected committee of of negotiators is to stop the action. 
So I urge bus workers in London to elect a committee to negotiate with the government because an unelected committee will not negotiate in the name of the workers. 
The strike must be led by those elected by all the strikers. 
Our negotiators in the Public Transport Authority in Egypt are elected, not appointed. 
If they were appointed they wouldn't get us our rights, and would stop the strike. 
When we are building for a strike, we try to convince our colleagues that our demands are just and fair, and that we should win our rights. 
And if negotiations don't work, we'll call a strike. 
Strikes are a legitimate right of every citizen, even in London. 
Every citizen in the world has the right to strike. 
Workers can't just negotiate for their rights. 
Striking is the best way to get their rights. 
And I'll repeat again: negotiators must be elected so they don't betray the interests of the workers. 
We are 45,000 workers in the Public Transport Authority. 
We have an independent union. 
The independent union called us to join a strike 
The union said that workers had the right to social justice, to a minimum wage and to a decent pension. 
The union said we must strike for the sake of our kids. 
It's the same thing all over the world and not just in Egypt or in England. 
Ordinary people shouldn't be working to feed the rich, they should be working to feed their own families. 
The rich just sit around at home getting richer. 
They control the government. 
The capitalists" control of the government is what loses workers their rights. 
That is why workers all over the world must win their rights. 
I'd like to ask colleagues in London, how long before you rise up? 
You need to get the young people organised. 
The time for waiting has passed. 
The workers of London need to strike and fight back for their rights. 
They need to fight for the rights of pensioners, who can't win their rights themselves anymore. 
So I'm asking the workers of London, and the workers of the world to be like Che Guevara, and like Lech Walesa in Poland, to be like the workers of Egypt who changed the course of history with the revolution of 25 January and who overthrew the tyrant. 
You should overthrow your tyrants in London. 
In a factory or in a public institution if there are only 5 independent worker activists but they have the confidence of their colleagues, then they can lead 5,000 others. 
Each one can move a thousand. 
So I say, anywhere there are five activists like this, they can get people to move by telling them "these are your rights and you must take them", by showing how the rich are robbing the poor how globalisation is controlling people, and how wealth is going to a small handful, while people are dying of hunger in places like Somalia. 
I urge workers in Britain to make a revolution, because Britain is a great country. 
We love Britain because there is freedom there, and we had no freedom in Egypt. 
Despite this we still had a revolution and overthrew a million policemen. 
So can't you overthrow however many policemen you have? 
You are the poor and yet you're working to make the rich richer. 
You are the heroes of Britain. 
You're the new generation of heroes 
I call on the workers of London to lead the workers of the world in a revolution to overthrow tyranny in every country and get the poor their rights. 
Thank you. 
Hey interwebs. 
It's Thursday September 17, 2009 and a viewer informs me as of September 15th, 
I have been on YouTube for 3 years. 
3 Mo-Fricken' years. 
And a lot's changed since 3 years ago. 
I'm no longer that person. 
A lot of people will say, "Man, yeah time flies." 
No... 3 years ago feels like an entire lifetime away. 
I was a completely different person then. 
I would personally say a worse person. 
A person I wouldn't be friends with right now. 
And back then I was just some douchebag witha camera, and now... 
Well I just get paid to be a douchebag with a camera. 
And the conversation over the years has given me a lot of insight. 
Even you stupid fuckers with your stupid comments. 
Like "first"... 
Which shows me that even if  you're the first to the show it doesn't necessarily mean you're the winner. 
Sometimes it just means you're an asshole. 
But change is all around us. 
I mean, given time, a lot of things can change. 
Peoples' perception of those things change with it. 
I mean, look at Lindsay Lohan. 
She was adorable. 
Then she was hot. 
Then she was crazy. 
Then she was kinda crazy hot. 
Now she just looks like a coked out whore. 
So still kinda hot. 
Lindsay Lohan is kind of my dirty secret. 
If I was single, I would possibly  have sex with Lindsay Lohan. 
Right now some of you are judging me, but I would have sex with Lindsay Lohan for the same reason that I love skydiving. 
Granted it's not something that a normal person should do, and it is dangerous, but you have that awesome rush that  you get to brag to your friends afterwards. 
Even if they don't get it. 
When people lie and then you learn  about the facts of a story there's also change. 
Like the 5 guys everybody believed  raped a girl at Hofstra University. 
Oooh the hate they got. 
A buncha black guys raped a girl. 
Time to go crazy. 
I think it's Crazy O'Clock. 
Oh shit, it is. 
Then you find out that the girl was lying. 
That it was consensual. 
And this was from her lawyers mouth. 
Her statement also coincided with a video that was taken of the incident, that showed it was definitely consensual. 
I know what you're thinking. 
"I can't believe the girl that was willing to have sex with 5 guys at the same time would lie. 
My world is upside down." 
But congratulations to that girl  because she is definitely our 
Douchebag of the Day for announcing to the world that she was gangbanged by 5 guys in a bathroom by saying that they raped her and later sayings, 
"Whoops, I lied about it. 
It was just a gangbang." 
Kudos. 
There's also my favorite form of change, which is Photoshop. 
Or as I like to call it, lying. 
And we're gonna talk about Jennifer Love Hewitt. 
Because Jennifer Love Hewitt had  some photos taken of her and a lot of people were saying that she was fat. 
She went off, "I'm not fat! 
I'm beautiful. 
You don't have to be impossibly skinny. 
Be happy with who you are." 
Which I think is a great message for women. 
On the cover of the new Shape Magazine,  she is Photoshopped. 
Oh the hypocrisy gets me so hard. 
So weird. 
So just remember boys and girls, 
Photoshop is lying. 
That's why I love video. 
'Cuz you can see the ugly. 
You see so many models that  look fantastic on print but you put a camera on 'em and it's like "AUlGHAUGHUAHF!" 
I'm sorry. 
That being said, video can lie too. 
Lots of makeup and weird lighting. 
I've known many a YouTuber to fame-fuck some ugly chick from Stickem. 
But internet, this Thursday I want to  leave you with a question. 
Where were you 3 to 5 years ago and how has your life changed? 
Your friends, your family, job, school. 
What's different? 
And are ya happy about it? 
But guys, that's really all that mattered to me this Thursday. 
My name's Philip DeFranco, and you've just been Philled in. 
AUlGHAUGHUAHF! 
Hello and welcome of this demonstration of Simon's new dictation mode 
This is by no means a finished product ... but really just a tech demo of what is currently possible ... ... with open-source speech recognition technology 
You can see it's basically the whole, same old Simon interface ... ... just this little box on the lower left will tip you off that something is different ... ... because it says active model is "dictation demo" 
So, let's see how it works 
Start dictation 
This is a demo of Simon 
New paragraph 
In this video, I want to demonstrate the current state of open-source dictation. 
As you can see, it is nowhere near perfect. 
New paragraph 
Regardless, with a little bit more work, I'm sure we could turn this into something really useful. 
If you want to get involved, please do get in touch with me. 
Select "him off" involved 
Go to the end of the document 
New paragraph 
I will leave my contact information in the description of this video. 
Okay, but just that you don't think that I trained Simon specifically for that text, I'm gonna dictate something ... ... from the web as well 
So, let's actually have a look at The Verge... ... and let's pick the middle one for whatever reason. 
And try to dictate that 
Let's go ahead 
Google's made good on a promise today, rolling out voice calling through it's hangouts messaging service. 
Basically, it works just like video calling - you can call one person or many with a click of a button in ... ... 
Google+, Gmail or the Chrome extension, and the whacky Hangouts effects are even in play - except it allows you to call phone numbers. 
You can even mix and match video and voice calling, so your friends without hangouts won't be shut out of your chatting. 
For having desecrated holy territory, exemplary punishment 
Uh... chief? 
You, shut your mouth 
You choose death or tchetche? 
Whats tchetche? 
Tchetche is....tchetche. 
Then okay, I'll take tchetche. 
TCHETCHE!!! 
And you stranger, death or tchetche? 
Uh death...... please. 
Okay, but before that, TCHETCHE!! 
Welcome to the archeology news! 
Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, tonight we'll travel in time to shed light on an interesting event of past human history. 
We'll use a biological time machine: cattle DNA. 
The DNA is the code of life. 
It contains all the information needed for the correct functioning of living organisms. 
Geneticists represent it as an alphabet, with four letters. 
They are chemical basis, represented as letters. 
These letters and the associated code are transmitted from parents to progeny, across generations. 
The DNA duplication machinery is not error free. 
Letters may be mistyped and errors transmitted to progeny. 
These mutations create the genetic variation that is at the row material shaped by evolution and speciation. 
Some of these errors have dramatic consequences and cause severe diseases. 
The investigation of these errors also permits the reconstruction of genealogies, in humans as well as in animals, thus tracking back the evolutionary history of species. 
DNA forms the chromosomes, contained in the cell nucleus. 
A second genome, maybe some of you didn't know, is in the mitochondria, organelles devoted to the production of energy. 
Mitochondrial DNA has a number of interesting features. 
Among these is its mode of transmission, only along the maternal lineage, from mother to progeny. 
Hence, the investigation of mitochondrial DNA variants permits to reconstruct the "female history" of species. 
Let's go back to bovine. 
When did the history of domestic cattle start? 
At the onset of agriculture, about 10,000 years ago. 
Agriculture marked the beginning of a new era, the Neolithic, and represented a fundamental step in the evolution of modern society by fostering the conversion of hunter-gatherers into farmers. 
Farmers created stable settlements. 
Stability and food availability permitted a demographic expansion of human populations and their stratification in classes, most having occupations other than food hunting, seed of complex modern societies. 
Archaeological and archaeobiological records indicate the existence of two and perhaps four sites of cattle domestication. 
The most ancient site is in the Fertile Crescent, dated about 8,500 years BC, in an area at the border of Iran, Iraq and Turkey. 
Here the wild ancestor Bos primigenius, a very dangerous animal of extraordinary strength, got domesticated as Bos Taurus, the European type cattle we see in our farms. 
Another very important site is Pakistan. 
The first evidences date back to 7,000 years BC in the Indo Valley, where they domesticated "Bos Indicus", the zebu, the humped cattle now widely spread in South Asia and Africa. 
Two other possible domestication sites, 
North Africa and Far East Asia, are still under debate. 
What information on domestication is contained in cattle mitochondrial DNA? 
The coloured spheres you see here represent animals, grouped in geographic areas: you can see a geographic map and group of spheres in different areas: 
South West Asia, Anatolia, Central Europe, Africa, etc. 
You also see colours. 
A given colour represents groups of animals having similar mitochondrial DNA sequence. 
Different colours indicate animals with different mitochondrial sequences. 
Colours indicate genealogies. 
The reds are a large family, the yellows another large family and so on. 
Branches of spheres are present within colours, indicating the existence of variants also within genealogies, the wider the branching, the greater the variability in mitochondrial DNA sequences within a family. 
How can these pattern be interpreted? 
In Anatolia and South-West Asia the genetic variability is higher than in Europe and Africa. 
You may see the presence of all colours and wide branching here. 
In Europe this variability decreases and almost all animals possess red variants of the mitochondrial DNA, while in Africa the yellow family predominates. 
Why variability was lost? 
The variability captured with domestication was lost during Europe and Africa colonization. 
The expansion of Agriculture occurred through serial short range migrations. 
Let's imagine the genetic variability captured by domestication as a bowl of spheres of different colours. 
At each movement, early farmers moved out of domestication centre at a speed of about 1 Km per year. they were taking a handful of spheres, that is animals, funding a new settlement and then multiplying spheres in a new bowl. 
Following demographic expansion, the progeny of the farmers moved again, taking a handful of spheres from the second bowl. 
Each new handful didn't contain all the colours in the previous bowl and this caused a gradual loss of variability. 
Hence mitochondrial DNA agrees with archaeological and archaeobiological data and indicates a cattle domestication in South-West Asia, where the highest variation is observed. 
Let's use a magnifying lens on Italy now. 
I repeat: there's more genetic variation in South-West Asia and less in Europe. 
In Italy the pattern of cattle diversity is quite strange: in Southern and Northern Italy patterns are very similar to Central Europe, while Central Italy shows many colours and wide branching, much like South-West Asia. 
Surprisingly, the Central Italian explosion of diversity is delimited by "normal" North and South, with the expected red genealogy. 
We know from archaeological data that after domestication cattle moved either through the Balkans and colonized North Europe along the Danube river, or along the Mediterranean coasts. 
It is possible to calculate distances between animals comparing DNA letters and counting how many times the same letter is in the same position, and how many times is in a different one. 
This so-called genetic distance can also be calculated between groups of animals. 
Genetic distances between maternal DNAs confirm what previously suggested by diversity patterns. 
North and South Italy are close to Central Europe, while Central Italy is closer to South West Asia and Anatolia. 
Even for the European red genealogy, cattle from Central Italy are closer to S-W Asia and Anatolia, while reds from North and South Italy are close to Central Europe. 
So, something happened: these animals, surrounded by other "normal " animals, arrived to Central Italy from the sea, rather than via the land route. 
Let me introduce you these breeds: the first one is Maremmana, here you may see a female, with typical lyre shape horns. 
Males have crescent-shaped horns. 
The Chianina, the largest cattle in the world: the famous sire Donetto reached a weight of over 1700 kilograms. 
American colleagues get mad, since we hold this primacy... 
Calvana, a beef breed and Cabannina, a small size dairy breed. 
What happened then? 
We have high diversity in South West Asia, low in Europe, and both in South and North Italy, high in Central Italy, whose animals look like those in the domestication centre. 
They arrived on our shores but they're unable to sail by themselves, so somebody must have shipped them. 
To guess who, we should understand when did these animals dock to Central Italy. 
Historical records report on Central Italian bovines. 
Columella, a Roman expert in Agriculture, describes them in the I century BC. 
Other fonts report that even before the Roman king Numa Pompilio used to offer huge white bovines to gods in religious ceremonies. 
Hence, these animals were in Central Italy before Roman times. 
However, agriculture also arrived to Italy way before Romans. 
In fact, the Neolithization of Italy occurred about 6000 years BC. 
How to narrow down the arrival period of these cattle? 
Mitochondrial DNA, our time machine, helps also in this case. 
By reconstructing genealogies and knowing DNA mutation rate, it became possible to date the ancestors shared by modern Central Italian and South West Asian cattle. 
These ancestors lived in South West Asia and a branch of their progeny moved to Tuscany. 
The molecular clock dated their arrival around 2,000 BC. 
So we have some evidence on a possible relationship with the Etruscans: geography, date, the sea route... 
They arose in Central Italy in the first millennium BC, exactly in that area. 
Look, we found a real proof of this... 
I'm kidding, no scientific journal would take it as an evidence, however we found an Etruscan fibula representing a Maremmana-like bull, a male one. 
You see female horns are lyre-shaped, while male ones are crescent-shaped. 
The origin of Etruscan civilization is still debated. 
The Italian school supports the local origin of Etruscans even if a clear influence from Eastern culture is acknowledged, so that their period of highest development is referred to as the Oriental Period- but they think they're local. 
European Experts are divided between local origin with Eastern influence and purely Eastern origin. 
Archaeologists have different opinions, as linguists do. 
We only understand a few words of their language, and we know the Etruscan alphabet. 
But no analogous to the Rosetta Stone, that could allow us to understand Egyptian hieroglyphic, was ever found. 
Interestingly, some Etruscan words seem to have more sense when interpreted according to the Semitic rather than Indo-European languages. 
Herodotus, in his "Stories" reports that Etruscans were Lydians, once settled on the coast of modern Turkey, that sailed to Tuscany and funded the Etruscan civilization. 
Human genetics for a long time have produced inconclusive results. 
Etruscan bones have been analysed. 
The results indicate modern Tuscans as the closest population to Etruscans and Anatolians just a little further. 
Since Etruscans were critical in interpreting our results, we seek advice from re-known human geneticists. 
And since we were no longer talking about 
Etruscan cattle, but people, we went to Cavalli Sforza and his colleagues. 
Antonio Torroni at that time was working on human DNA from people 
living in small villages of Etruscan heritage. 
This because people in large cities are probably mixed and have excessively diluted 
DNA signatures of ancient origin. 
The end of the story is that we joined bovine and human evidence. 
You may see on the right side 
Casentino and Murlo, two small villages, once Etruscan settlements, closer to South West Asia than to Europe, while in Volterra this ancient signal is now too diluted to be detected. 
Human and bovine mitochondrial DNAs indicate that Etruscans and bovines docked to Tuscany, sailing from S-W Asia. 
This also confirms how the Italian wisdom 
"take wife and cattle from your homeplace" is now totally implemented. 
Since domestication, animals always accompanied humans during migrations, wars and conquers. 
They have been silent witness of human history, but until recently they have been impossible to query. 
Now, thanks to DNA analysis, they can tell us their story. 
Thanks for your attention. 
(Applause) 
Elaborate a plan 
So team... are we Formula One or are we driving a clapped out old banger?! 
Oh no is that the fire alarm? 
Quick everyone out! 
Quick! 
Quick! 
Pathetic.... 
Susan? 
SUSAN?! 
Ok this could be a plan to end the meeting but you can find a better one: 
Elaborate a media plan 
Elaborate a plan 
Right gang. 
Are we in top gear or have we stalled in the pits? 
What have you got for me? 
Adding YouTube to the TV media plan! 
Bravo! 
World champions! 
A big bottle of bubbly on me! 
Mojito? 
Episode 2 - Conclusions:  an integrated plan YouTube + TV allows to get a higher brand awareness among consumers exposed to the campaign in YouTube and TV, versus those exposed to it in TV only. 
For more informations visit the Case Study section on the brand channel. 
Let's explore our second strategy for graph search, namely depth-first search. 
And again, like with breadth-first search, I'll open by just reminding you what the depth-first search is good for. 
And we'll trace through it in a particular example and then we'll tell you what the actual code is. 
So if breath first search is the cautious and tentative exploration strategy, then depth first search or DFS for short is its more aggressive cousin. 
So the plan is to explore aggressively and only backtrack when necessary. 
And this is very much the strategy one often uses when trying to solve a maze. 
To explain what I mean, let me show you how this would work in the same running example we used when we discussed breath first search. 
So here if we invoke depth first search from the node number S. 
Here's what's gonna happen, so obviously we start at S and obviously there's two places where we can go next. 
We can go to A or, or to B, and depth-first search is underdetermined like breath-first search, we can pick either one. 
So like with the breath-first search example, let's go to A first. 
So A will be the second one that we explore. 
But now unlike breadth-first search where we automatically went to node B next, since that was the other layer one node, here the only rule is that we have to go next to one of A's immediate neighbors. 
So we might go to B but we're not going to B because it's one of the neighbors of S, we go because it's one of the neighbors of A, and actually to make sure the difference is clear, let's assume that we aggressively pursue deeper and we go from A to C. And now the depth-first search strategy is, again, just to pursue deeper. 
So, you go to one of C's immediate neighbors. 
So, maybe we go to E next. 
So, E is going to be the fourth one visited. 
Now, from E there's only one neighbor, not counting the one that we came in on. 
So, from E we go to D. And D is the fifth one we see, now from D we have a choice, we can either go to B or we can go to C. So let's suppose we go to C from D. Well then we get to a node number three, where we've been before, okay? 
And as usual we're going to keep track of where we've already been. 
So at this point we have to backtrack from C back to D, we retreat to D. Now there's still another outgoing edge from D to explore, namely the one to B. And so what happens is, we actually wind up wrapping all the way around this outer cycle. 
And we hit B sixth. 
And now, of course, anywhere we try to explore, we see somewhere we've already been, so from B we try to go to S, but we've been there, so we retreat to B, we try, we can try to go to A, but we've been there, so we retreat to B. Now we've explored all of the options out of B. So we have to retreat from B, we have to go back to D. Now from 
D we've explored both B and C, so we have to retreat back to E. E we've explored the only outgoing mark D, so we have to retreat to C. C we retreat to A. From A, we actually haven't yet looked along this arc. 
But that just sends to B where we've been before. 
So then we retreat back to A. Finally, we retreat back to S and S, even at S there's still an extra edge to explore. 
At S we say, oh we haven't tried this S-B edge yet but, of course, when we look across, we get to B where we've been before and then we backtrack to S. Then we've looked at every edge once and so we stop. 
That's how depth-first search works. 
You just pursue your path. 
You go to an immediate neighbor as long as you can until you hit somewhere you've been before and then you retreat. 
Now, why do we need another search strategy? 
Breadth first search was pretty cool. 
It ran in linear time. 
It gave us shortest paths. 
It gave us connected components. 
Why do we need to do anything else? 
Well, it turns out depth first search has its own impressive catalog of applications, some of which you cannot get using breadth first search. 
So, what I'm gonna show you in this video is about computing the topological ordering of a directed graph. 
Both of the applications we're gonna discuss are in directed graphs. 
The simple one is topological ordering. 
This just means you sequence nodes of the directed acyclic graph so that all the arcs go forward. 
So you might be wondering you know why bother with another graph search strategy. 
After all we have breadth-first search which seems pretty awesome right? 
It runs in linear time. 
It's guaranteed to find everything you might wanna find. 
It computes shortest paths. 
It computes connected components if you imbed it in a for loop. 
Kinda seems like what else would you want? 
Well, it turns out depth-first search is gonna have its own impressive catalog of applications which you can't necessarily replicate with breadth-first search. 
And I'm gonna focus on applications in directed graphs. 
So there's gonna be a simple one that we discuss in this video. 
And then there's gonna be a more complicated one that has a separate video devoted to it. 
So in this video, we're gonna be discussing computing topological orderings of directed acyclic graphs. 
That is, directed graphs that have no directed cycle. 
The more complicated application is computing strongly connected components in directed graphs. 
The run time will be essentially the same as it was for breadth-first search and the best we could hope for which is linear time. 
And again, we're not assuming that there's necessarily that many edges. 
There may be much fewer edges than vertices. 
So, linear time in these connectivity applications means O of M plus N. So let's now talk about the actual code of depth-first search. 
There's a couple ways to do it. 
One way to do it is to just make some minor modifications to the code for breadth-first search. 
The primary difference being instead of using a queue at its first in, first out behavior, you swap in a stack where it's last in, first out behavior. 
Again, if you don't know what a stack is you should read about that in the programming textbook or on the web. 
It's something that supports constant-time insertions to the front and constant time deletions from the front unlike a queue which is meant to support constant-time deletions to the back. 
Okay, so stack. 
It operates just like those cafeteria trays that you know where you put in a tray, and the last one that got pushed in, when you take the first one out, that's the last one that got put in. 
So these are called push and pop. 
In a stack context both are constant time. 
So if you swap out the queue, you swap in the stack, make a couple other minor modifications, breadth-first search turns into depth-first search. 
For the sake of both variety and elegance, I'm, instead, gonna show you a recursive version. 
So depth first search is very naturally phrased as a recursive algorithm, and that's what we'll discuss here. 
So depth first search, of course, takes as input a graph G. And, again, it could be undirected or directed, it doesn't matter. 
Just, with the directed graph, be sure that you only follow arcs in the appropriate direction, which should be automatically handled in the adjacency 
lists of your graph data structure anyways. 
So, as always, we keep a boolean local to each vertex of the graph, remembering whether we've, st-, we've been there before or not. 
And of course as soon as we start exploring for S, we'd better make a note that, now we have been there. 
We better plant a flag, as it were. 
And remember, that first search is an aggressive search. 
So we immediately try to recursively search from any of S's neighbors that we haven't already been to. 
And if we find such a vertex, if we find, somewhere we've never been, we recursively call depth first search, from that node. 
The basic guarantees of depth-first search are exactly the same as they were for breadth-first search. 
We find everything we could possibly hope to find and we do it in linear time. 
And once again the reason is this is simply a special case of the generic search of procedure that we started this sequence of videos about. 
It really just corresponds to a particular choice of when you have many crossing edges between the explored nodes and the unexplored nodes which one you explore next and basically you always bias towards the most recently encountered nodes. 
So it just corresponds to a particular way of choosing amongst multiple crossing edges between the region of explored nodes and the region of unexplored nodes, essentially always being biased toward the most recently discovered explored nodes. 
And just like breadth first search, the running time is going to be proportional to the size of the component that you're discovering. 
And the basic reason is that each node is looked at only once, right? 
This Boolean makes sure that we don't ever explore a node more than once and then for each edge, we 
look at it at most twice, one from each end point. 
And given that these exact same two claims hold for depth first search as for breadth first search, that means if we wanted to compute connected components in an undirected graph, we could equally well use an outer for loop with depth first search as our work horse in the inner 
loop. 
It wouldn't matter. 
Either of those for undirected graphs, depth first search, breadth first search is gonna find all the connected components in O of M plus N time, in linear time. 
So, instead, I wanna look at an application particular to depth first search, and this is about finding a topological ordering of a directed acyclic graph. 
So let me begin by telling you what a topological ordering of a directed graph is. 
Essentially, it's an ordering of the vertices of the graph so that all of the arcs, the directed edges of the graph, only go forward in the ordering. 
So, let me encode an ordering by a labeling of the vertices with the numbers one through N. 
This is just to encode the position of each vertex in this ordering. 
So formally there's gonna be a function which takes vertices of G and maps things to integers between one and N. Each of the numbers one through N should be taken on by exactly one vertex. 
Here N is the number of vertices of G. So that's just the way to encode an ordering and then here's really the important property that every directed edge of G goes forward in the ordering. 
That is, if UV is a directed edge of the directed graph G, then it should be that. 
The F value of the tail is less than the F value of the head. 
That is, this directed edge has a higher F value as you, as you traverse it in the correct direction. 
Let me give you an example just to make this more clear. 
So suppose we have this very simple directed graph with four vertices. 
Let me show you two different, totally legitimate topological orderings of this graph. 
So the first thing you could do is you could label S1, 
V2, W3 and T4. 
This corresponds to mapping these four vertices. 
Another option would be to label them the same way except you can swap the labels of, V and W. So if you want you can label V three and W two. 
So again what these labeling meant to encode is an ordering of the vertices. 
So the blue labeling you can think of as encoding the ordering in which we put S first, then V, then W and then T. Whereas the green 
labeling can be thought of as the same ordering of the nodes, except with W coming before V. What's important is that the pattern of the edge is exactly the same in both cases, and in particular, all of the edges go forward in this ordering. 
So, in either case, we have S with edges from S to V and S to W. So that looks the same way pictorially. 
Whichever order V and W are in. 
And then symmetrically, there are edges from V and W to T. So you'll notice that no matter which order we put V and W in, all four of these edges go forward in each of these orderings. 
Now, if you're trying to put. 
V before S, it wouldn't work because the edge from S to V would be going backward, if V preceded S. Similarly, if you put T anywhere other than the final position, you would not have a topological ordering. 
So in fact, these are the only two topological orderings of this directed graph. 
I encourage you to convince yourself of that. 
Now who cares about topological orderings? 
Well this is actually a, a very useful subroutine this has been, come up in all kinds of applications. 
Really whenever you want a sequence, a bunch of tasks, when there's precedents constraints amongst them. 
By precedents constraints I mean one task has to finished before another. 
You can think, for example, about the courses in some kind of undergraduate major, like computer science major. 
Here the vertices are going to correspond to all of the courses and there's a directed edge from course A to course B, if course A's a prerequisite for course B, if you have to take it first. 
So then, of course, you'd 
like to know a sequence in which you can take these courses so that you always take a course after you've taken its prerequisites. 
And that's exactly what a topological ordering will accomplish. 
So, it's reasonable to ask the question, when does the directed graph have a topological ordering and when a graph does have such an ordering, how do we get our grubby little hands on it? 
Well there's a very clear, necessary condition for a graph to have a topological ordering, which is, it had better be acyclic. 
Put differently, if a directed graph has a directed cycle then there's certainly no way there's going to be a topological ordering. 
So, I hope the reason for this is fairly clear. 
Consider any directed graph which does have a directed cycle and consider any purported way of ordering the vertices. 
Well now just traverse the edges of the cycle one by one. 
So you start somewhere on the cycle. 
And if the first edge goes backwards, well you're already screwed. 
You already know that this ordering is not topological; no way it just can go backwards. 
So evidently the first edge of this cycle has to go forward, but now you have to traverse the rest of the edges on this cycle, and eventually you come back to where you started. 
So if you started out by going forward, at some point you have to go backward. 
So that edge goes backward in the ordering, violating the property of the topological ordering. 
That's true for every ordering, so directed cycles exclude the possibility of topological orderings. 
Now the question is, well what if you don't have a cycle? 
Is that a strong enough condition that you're guaranteed to have a topological ordering. 
Is the only obstruction to sequencing jobs without conflicts, the obvious one of having circular precedence constraints? 
So it turns out that only is the answer yes as long as you don't have any directed cycles, you're guaranteed a topological ordering, but we can even compute one in linear time no less, via depth-first search. 
So before I show you this super slick and super efficient reduction of computing topological orderings to depth first search, let me first go over a pretty good but slightly less slick and slightly 
less efficient solution to help build up your intuition about directed acyclic graphs and their topological orderings. 
So for the straightforward solution we're going to begin with a simple observation. 
Every directed acyclic graph has what I'm gonna call a sink vertex. 
That is a vertex without any outgoing arcs. 
So in the four node, directed acyclic graph we were exploring on the last slide, there is exactly one source vertex and that's, excuse me, sink vertex, that's this right most vertex here. 
Right? 
That has no outgoing arcs; the other three vertices all have at least one outgoing arc. 
Now, why is it the case that a directed acyclic graph has to have a sink vertex? 
Well suppose it didn't. 
Suppose it had no sink vertex. 
That would mean every single vertex has at least one outgoing arc. 
So what can we do if every vertex has one outgoing arc? 
Well we can start in an arbitrary node. 
We know it's not a sink vertex cause we're assuming there aren't any. 
So there's an outgoing arc so let's follow it. 
We get to some other node, by assumption there's no sink vertex so this isn't a sink vertex. 
So there's an outgoing arc. 
So let's follow it, we get to some other node. 
That also has an outgoing arc, let's follow that, and so on. 
So we just keep following outgoing arcs. 
And we do this as long as we want, because every vertex has at least one outgoing arc. 
Well, there's a finite number of vertices. 
Right? 
This graph has, say, N vertices. 
So, if we follow N arcs, we're gonna see N plus one vertices. 
So, by the pigeon hold principle, we're gonna have to see a repeat. 
Right? 
So, if N plus one vertices has only N distinct vertices, we're gonna see some vertex twice. 
So, for example, maybe after I take the outgoing arc from this vertex. 
I get back to this one that I saw previously. 
Well, what have we done, what happens when we get a repeated vertex? 
By tracing these out going arcs and repeating a vertex we have exhibited a directed cycle. 
And that's exactly what we're assuming doesn't exist. 
We're talking about directed acyclic graphs. 
So, put differently, we just proved that a vertex with no sink vertex has to have a directed cycle. 
So a directed acyclic graph therefore has to have at least one sink vertex. 
So, here's how we use this very simple observation now to compute a topological order of a directed acyclic graph. 
Well let's do a little thought experiment. 
Suppose in fact this graph did have a topological ordering. 
Let's think about the vertex that goes last in this topological ordering. 
Remember, any arc which goes backward in the ordering is a violation. 
So we have to avoid that. 
We have to make sure that every arc goes forward in the ordering. 
Now, any vertex which has an outgoing arc, we better put somewhere other than in the final position, all right? 
So the node that we put in the final position, all of its arcs are gonna wind up to all of its outgoing arcs are gonna wind up going backward in the topological ordering. 
There's nowhere else they can go. 
This vertex is last. 
So in other words, if we're plan this to successfully compute topological ordering, the only candidate vertices for that final position in the ordering are the sink vertices, that's all that's gonna work. 
If we put another non-sink vertex there we're toast, that's not gonna happen. 
Fortunately, if it's directed acyclic we know there is a sink vertex, so at V, be a sink vertex of G, if there's many sink vertices we pick one arbitrarily, we set 
V's label to be the maximum possible. 
So there's N vertices, we're gonna put that in the Nth position. 
And now we just recurse on the rest of the graph, which has only N minus one vertices. 
So how would this work in the example on the right? 
Well in the first iteration, or the first outermost recursive call, the only key, the only sink vertex is this right's most circled in green. 
So there's four vertices, we're gonna give that the label four. 
So then having labeled that four, we delete that vertex and all the edges incident to it, and we recurse on what's left of the graph. 
So that will be the left most three vertices plus the left most two edges. 
Now, this graph has two sink vertices after we've deleted four and everything from it. 
So both this top vertex and this bottom vertex are sinks in the residual graph. 
So now in the next recursive call, we can choose either of those as our sink vertex. 
Because we have two choices, that generates two topological orderings. 
Those are exactly the ones we saw in the example. 
But if, for example, we choose this one to be our sink vertex, then that gets the label three. 
Then we recurse just on the northwestern most two edges. 
This vertex is the unique sink in that graph. 
That gets the label two. 
And then we recurse on the one node graph and that gets the, the label one. 
Okay? 
So the reason this works is if you delete vertices from a directed acyclic graph it remains directed acyclic, right you cannot create a cycle just by throwing out some stuff, so every time through the recursion we can find a sink SCC because it has no outgoing arcs to the graph that still have to be assigned labels, there's no way that there's going to be any violations of the topological ordering. 
So why does this algorithm work? 
Well there's, there's two quick observations we need. 
So first of all, we need to argue that it makes sense, that in every iteration or in every recursive call, we can indeed find a sink vertex that we can assign in the final position that's still unfilled. 
And the reason for that, is just, if you take a directed acyclic graph, and you delete one or more vertices from it, you're still gonna have a directed acyclic graph. 
Alright, you can't create cycles by just getting rid of stuff. 
You can only destroy cycles. 
And we started with no cycles. 
So through all the intermediate recursive calls, we have no cycles. 
By our first observation, there's always a sink. 
So the second thing we have to argue is that we really do produce a topological ordering. 
So remember what that means. 
That means that for every edge of the graph, it goes forward in the ordering. 
That is, the head of the arc is given a position later than the tail of the arc. 
And this simply follows because we always use sink vertices. 
So consider the vertex V, which is assigned to the position I, this means then when we're down to a graph that has only I vertices remaining, V is a sink vertex. 
So if I is, if V is a sink vertex for, when only the first I vertices remain, what property does it have in the original graph? 
Well it means all of the outgoing arcs that it has; have to go to vertices that were already deleted and assigned higher positions. 
So for every vertex, by the time it actually gets assigned a position, it's a sink. 
And it only has incoming arcs from the as yet unassigned vertices. 
Its outgoing arcs all go forward to vertices that were already assigned higher positions, and got deleted previously from the graph. 
So now we have under our belt a pretty reasonable solution for computing a topological ordering of a directed acyclic graph. 
In particular, remember we observed that if a graph does have a directed cycle, then of course there is no way there's a topological ordering. 
However you order the vertices, some edge of the cycle is going to have to go backward. 
And the solution on the previous slide shows that as long as you don't have a cycle, it guarantees a topological ordering does indeed exist and in fact it's a constructive proof, a constructive argument that gives an algorithm. 
What you do is you just keep plucking off sinks, sink vertices one at a time and populating the ordering from right to left as you keep peeling off these sinks. 
So that's a pretty good algorithm, it's not too slow. 
And actually, if you implement it just so, you can even get it to run in linear time. 
But I wanna conclude this video with an application of depth first search, which is a very slick, very efficient computation of a topological ordering of a directed acyclic graph. 
So we're just going to make two really quite minor modifications to our previous depth first search subroutine. 
The first thing is we have to embed it in a for loop just like we did with breadth first search when we were computing the connected components of an undirected graph. 
That's because in computing a topological ordering, we'd better give every single vertex a label, we better look at every vertex at least once. 
So to do that, we'll just make sure there's an outer for loop and then if we have multiple components, we'll just make sure to invoke DFS as often as we need to. 
The second thing we'll do is we'll add a 
little bit of bookkeeping and this will make sure that every node gets a label. 
And in fact, these labels will define the topological order. 
So let's not forget the code for depth first search. 
This is where you're given a graph G; in this case we're assuming a directed acyclic graph and you're given a start vertex S. And what you do is you, as soon as you get to S, you very aggressively start trying to explore its neighbors. 
Of course, you don't visit any vertex you've already been to; you keep track of who you've visited. 
And if you find any vertex that you haven't seen before, you immediately start recursing on that node. 
So I said the first modification we need is to embed this into an outer for loop to ensure that every single node gets labeled so I'm gonna call that subroutine DFS-loop. 
It does not take a start vertex. 
Initialization all nodes start out unexplored of course. 
And we're also going to keep track of a global variable which I'll call current label. 
This is going to be initialized to N and we're gonna count down each time we finish exploring a new node. 
And these will be precisely the F values. 
These will be exactly the positions of the vertices in the topological ordering that we output. 
In the main, in the main loop we're gonna iterate over all of the nodes of the graph. 
So, for example, we just do a scan through the node array. 
As usual, we don't wanna do any work twice, so for a, if a vertex has already been explored in some previous indication of DFS, we don't, we don't search from it. 
This should all be familiar from our embedding a breadth-first search in a for loop when we computed the connected components of an undirected graph, and if we get to a vertex V of the graph that we haven't explored yet, then we just invoke DFS in the graph with that vertex as the starting point. 
So, the final thing I need to add is I need to tell you what the F values are with the actually assignments of vertices to positions are. 
And as I foreshadowed we're going to use this global current label variable and that will have us assign vertices to positions from right to the left. 
Very much mimicking what was going on our recursive solution where we plucked off sink vertices one at a time. 
So when's the right time to assign a vertex its position? 
Well, it turns out the right time is when we've completely finished with that vertex. 
So we're about to pop the recursive call from the stack corresponding to that vertex. 
So after we've gone through the for loop of all the edges outgoing from a given vertex, we set F of S equal to whatever the current label is and then we decrement the current label. 
And that's it. 
That is the entire algorithm. 
So, the claim is going to be that the F values produced, which you'll notice, are going to be the integers between N through one, because 
DFS will be called eventually once on every vertex and it will get some integer assignment at the end. 
And everybody's gonna get a distinct value and the largest one is N and the smallest one is one. 
The claim is that is a topological ordering. 
Clearly this algorithm is just as blazingly fast as DFS itself, with just a trivial amount of extra bookkeeping. 
Let's see how it works on our running example. 
So let's just say we have this four node directed graph, which we're getting quite used to. 
So this has four vertices. 
So we initialize the current label variable to be equal to four. 
Let's say in the outer DFS loop we begin from S. So that means this will be the only DFS call that ever gets that ever gets used. 
So let's say that, in the outer DFS loop, let's stay we start somewhere like the vertex V. So notice, in this outer for loop, we wind up considering the vertices in a totally arbitrary order. 
So let's say we first call DFS from this vertex V. So what happens? 
Well, the only place you can go from V is to T and then at T there's nowhere to go. 
So we recursively call DFS of T. There's no edges to go through. 
We finish the for loop and so T is going to be assigned an F value equal to the current label, which is N and here N is the number of vertices which is four. 
So F of T is going to get. 
Sorry T is going to get the assignment the label four. 
So then now we're done with T we back track back to V. We decrement the current label as we finish up with T. We get to V, and now there's no more outgoing arcs to explore, so its for loop is finished. 
So we're done with it, with depth-first search. 
So it gets what's the new current label, which is now three. 
And again having finished with V we decrement the current label which is now down to two. 
So now we go back to the outer for loop. 
Maybe the next vertex we consider is the vertex T. But we've already been there so don't bother to DFS on T. Then maybe after that we tried it on S. So, maybe S is the third vertex that the for loop considers. 
We haven't seen S yet so invoked DSF starting from vertex S. 
From S there's two arcs to explore the one with V. V we've already seen nothing is gonna happen with arc SV. 
But on the other hand the arc SW will cause us to recursively call DFS on W. From W we try to look at the arc from W to T, but we've already been to T so we don't do anything, that finishes up with W so depth-first search then finishes up at the vertex W, W gets the assignment of the current label, so F of 
W equals two. 
We decrement current label, now its value is one, now we backtrack to S, we've already considered all of S's outgoing arcs so we're done with S, it gets the current label which is one. 
And this is indeed one of the two topological orderings of this graph that we exhibited, a couple slides ago. 
So that's the full description of the algorithm and how it works on a concrete example. 
Let's just discuss what are its key properties, its running time and its correctness. 
So as far as the running time of this algorithm, the running time is linear; it's exactly what you'd want it to be. 
And the reason the running time is 
linear is for the usual reasons that these graph search algorithms have run a linear time, you're explicitly keeping track of which nodes you've been to so that you don't visit them twice. 
So you only do a constant amount of work for each of the N nodes and each edge in a directed graph, you actually only look at each edge once when you visit the tail of that edge. 
So you only do a constant amount of work per edge as well. 
Of course the other key property is correctness. 
That is we need to show that you all are guaranteed to get a topological ordering. 
So what does that mean? 
That means every edge. 
Every arc travels forward in the ordering. 
So if UV is in edge, then F of U, the label assigned to U, in this algorithm is 
less than the label assigned to V. The proof of correctness splits into two cases depending on which of the vertices U or V is visited first by depth-first search. 
Because of our for loop, which iterates over all of the vertices of the graph 
G, depth-first search is going to be invoked exactly once from each of the vertices. 
Either U or V could be first, both are possible. 
So, first, let's assume that U is visited by DFS before V. So then what happens? 
Well, remember what depth-first search does when you invoke it from a node, it's going to find everything findable from that node. 
So, if U is visited before V, that means V doesn't get explored so it's a candidate for being discovered. 
Moreover, there's an arc straight from U to V. So, certainly, DFS invoked at U is going to discover V. 
Furthermore, the recursive call corresponding to the node V, is going to finish, is going to get popped off the program stack before that of U. The easiest way to see this is just to think about the recursive structure of depth-first search. 
So when you call depth-first search from U, that recursive call, that's gonna make further recursive calls to all of the relevant neighbors including V and U's call is not gonna get popped off the stack until V's does beforehand, that's because of the last in first out nature of a stack or of a recursive algorithm. 
So because the current label starts at N, and it gets decremented each time a recursive call ends. 
And because, the assignment, the F value that we assign to a node is exactly the current label at the time that its recursive calls finishes. 
Because V finishes first, it will get, finishing time or an F value that's later. 
So, because V's recursive call finishes before that of U, that means it will be assigned a larger label than U. Remember, the labels keep decreasing as more and more recursive calls get popped off the stack. 
So that's exactly what we wanted. 
Now, what's up in the second case, case two? 
So this is where V is visited before U. And here's where we use the fact that the graph has no cycles. 
So there's a direct arc from U to V. That means there cannot be any directed path from V all the way back to U. That would create a directed cycle. 
Therefore, DFS, invoked from V, is not going to discover U. There's no directed path from V to U, again, if there was, there would be a directed cycle, so it doesn't find U at all. 
So the recursive call of V, again, is going to get popped before U's is even pushed onto the stack. 
So we're totally done with V before we even start to consider U. So therefore for the same reasons, since V's recursive call finishes first, its label is going to be larger, which is exactly what we wanted to prove. 
So that concludes the first quite interesting application of depth-first search. 
In the next video we'll look at an even more interesting one, which computes the strongly connected components of a directed graph. 
This time we can't do it in one depth for search, we'll need two. 

I'm going to do a couple more moment and force problems, especially because I think I might have bungled the terminology in the previous video because I kept confusing clockwise with counterclockwise. 
This time I'll try to be more consistent. 
Let me draw my lever again. 
My seesaw. 
So that's my seesaw, and that is my axis of rotation, or my fulcrum, or my pivot point, whatever you want to call it. 
And let me throw a bunch of forces on there. 
So let's say that I have a 10-Newton force and it is at a distance of 10, so distance is equal to 10. 
The moment arm distance is 10. 
Let's say that I have a 50-Newton force and its moment arm distance is equal to 8. 
Let's say that I have a 5-Newton force, and its moment arm distance is 4. 
The distance is equal to 4. 
That's enough for that side. 
And let's say I have a I'm going to switch colors. 
Actually, no, I'm going to keep it all the same color and then we'll use colors to differentiate between clockwise and counterclockwise so I don't bungle everything up again. 
So let's say I have a 10-Newton force here. 
And, of course, these vectors aren't proportional to actually what I drew. 
50 Newtons would be huge if these were the actual vectors. 
And let's say that that moment arm distance is 3. 
Let me do a couple more. 
And let's say I have a moment arm distance of 8. 
I have a clockwise force of 20 Newtons, And let's say at a distance of 10 again, so distance is equal to 10, I have my mystery force. 
It's going to act in a counterclockwise direction and 
I want to know what it needs to be. 
So whenever you do any of these moment of force problems, and you say, well, what does the force need to be in order for this see saw to not rotate? 
You just say, well, all the clockwise moments have to equal all of the counterclockwise moments, So clockwise moments equal counterclockwise. 
I'll do them in different colors. 
So what are all the clockwise moments? 
Well, clockwise is this direction, right? 
That's the way a clock goes. 
So this is clockwise, that is clockwise. 
I want to go in this direction. 
And so this is clockwise. 
What are all the clockwise moments? 
It's 10 Newtons times its moment arm distance 10. 
So 10 times 10 plus 5 Newtons times this moment arm distance 4, plus 5 times 4, plus 20 Newtons times its moment arm distance of 8, plus 20 times 8, and that's going to equal the counterclockwise moments, and so the leftover ones are counterclockwise. 
So we have 50 Newtons acting downward here, and that's counterclockwise, and it's at a distance of 8 from the moment arm, so 50 times 8. 
Let's see, we don't have any other counterclockwise on that side. 
This is counterclockwise, right? 
We have 10 Newtons acting in the counterclockwise direction, and its moment arm distance is 3, plus 10 times 3, and we're assuming our mystery force, which is at a distance of 10, is also counterclockwise, plus force times 10. 
And now we simplify. 
And I'll just go to a neutral color because this is just math now. 
100 plus 20 plus 160 is equal to-- what's 50 times 8? 
That's 400 plus 30 plus 10F. 
What is this? 
2, 50 times 8. 
Right, that's 400. 
OK, this is 120 plus a 160 is 280. 
280 is equal to 430-- this is a good example-- plus 10F, I just realized. 
Subtract 430 from both sides. 
So what's 430 minus 280? 
It's 150. 
So it's minus 150 is equal to 10F. 
So F is equal to minus 15 Newtons in the counterclockwise direction. 
So F is minus 15 Newtons in the counterclockwise direction, or it means that it is 15 Newtons. 
We assumed that it was in the counterclockwise direction, but when we did the math, we got a minus number. 
[SNEEZE] 
Excuse me. 
I apologize if I blew out your speakers with that sneeze. 
But anyway, we assume it was going in the counterclockwise direction, but when we did the math, we got a negative number, so that means it's actually operating in the clockwise direction at 15 Newtons at a distance of 10 from the moment arm. 
Hopefully, that one was less confusing than the last one. 
So let me do another problem, and these actually used to confuse me when I first learned about moments, but in some ways, they're the most useful ones. 
So let's say that I have some type of table. 
I'll draw it in wood. 
It's a wood table. 
That's my table. 
And I have a leg here, I have a leg here. 
Let's say that the center of mass of the top of the table is here. 
It's at the center. 
And let's say that it has a weight. 
It has a weight going down. 
What's a reasonable weight? 
Let's say 20 Newtons. 
It has a weight of 20 Newtons. 
Let's say that I place some textbooks on top of this table, or box, just to make the drawing simpler. 
Let's say I place a box there. 
Let's say the box weighs 10 kilograms, which would be about 100 Newtons. 
So let's say it weighs about 100 Newtons. 
So what I want to figure out, what I need to figure out, is how much weight is being put onto each of the legs of the table? 
And this might not have even been obviously a moment problem, but you'll see in a second it really is. 
So how do we know that? 
Well, both of these legs are supporting the table, right? 
Whatever the table is exerting downwards, the leg is exerting upwards, so that's the amount of force that each of the legs are holding. 
So what we do is we pick-- so let's just pick this leg, just because I'm picking it arbitrarily. 
Let's pick this leg, and let's pick an arbitrary axis of rotation. 
Well, let's pick this is as our axis of rotation. 
Why do I pick that as the axis of rotation? 
Because think of it this way. 
If this leg started pushing more than it needed to, the whole table would rotate in the counterclockwise direction. 
Or the other way, if this leg started to weaken and started to buckle and couldn't hold its force, the table would rotate down this way, and it would rotate around the other 
leg, assuming that the other leg doesn't fail. 
We're assuming that this leg is just going to do its job and it's not going to move one way or the other. 
But this leg, that's why we're thinking about it that way. 
If it was too weak, the whole table would rotate in the clockwise direction, and if it was somehow exerting extra force, which we know a leg can't, but let's say if it was a spring or something like that, then the whole table would rotate in the counterclockwise direction. 
So once we set that up, we can actually set this up as a moment problem. 
So what is the force of the leg? 
So the whole table is exerting some type of-- if this leg wasn't here, the whole table would have a net clockwise moment, right? 
The whole table would tilt down and fall down like that. 
So the leg must be exerting a counterclockwise moment in order to keep it stationary. 
So the leg must be exerting a force upward right here. 
The force of the leg, right? 
We know that. 
We know that from basic physics. 
There's some force coming down here and the leg is doing an equal opposite force upwards. 
So what is that force of that leg? 
And one thing I should have told you is all of the distances. 
Let's say that this distance between this leg and the book is 1 meter-- or the box. 
Let's say that this distance between the leg and the center of mass is 2 meters, and so this is also 2 meters. 
OK, so we can now set this up as a moment problem. 
So remember, all of the clockwise moments have to equal all of the counterclockwise moments. 
So what are all of the clockwise moments? 
What are all of the things that want to make the table rotate this way or this way? 
Well, the leg is the only thing keeping it from doing that. 
So everything else is essentially a clockwise moment. 
So we have this 100 Newtons, and it is 1 meter away. 
Its moment arm distance is 1. 
So these are all the clockwise moments, 100 times 1, right? 
It's 100 Newtons acting downwards in the clockwise direction, clockwise moment, and it's 1 meter away, plus we have the center of mass at the top of the table, which is 20 
Newtons, plus 20 Newtons, and that is 2 meters away from our designated axis, so 20 times 2. 
And you might say, well, isn't this leg exerting some force? 
Well, sure it is, but its distance from our designated axis is zero, so its moment of force is zero. 
Even if it is exerting a million pounds or a million 
Newtons, its moment of force, or its torque, would be zero because its moment arm distance is zero, so we can ignore it, which makes things simple. 
So those were the only clockwise moments. 
And what's the counterclockwise moment? 
Well, that's going to be the force exerted by this leg. 
That's what's keeping the whole thing from rotating. 
So it's the force of the leg times its distance from our axis. 
Well, this is a total of 4 meters, which we've said here, times 4 meters. 
And so we can just solve. 
We get 100 plus 40, so we get 140 is equal to the force of the leg times 4. 
So what's 140-- 4 goes into 140 35 times? 
My math is not so good. 
Is that right? 
4 times 30 is 120. 
120 plus 20. 
So the force of the leg is 35 Newtons upwards. 
And since this isn't moving, we know that the downward force right here must be 35 Newtons. 
And so there's a couple of ways we can think about it. 
If this leg is supporting 35 Newtons and we have a total weight here of 120 Newtons, our total weight, the weight at the top of the table plus the bookshelf, that's 120 Newtons. 
So the balance of this must be supported by something or someone. 
So the balance of this is going to be supported by this leg. 
So it's 120 minus 35 is what? 
[PHONE RlNGS] 
Oh, my phone is ringing. 
120 minus 35 is what? 
120 minus 30 is 90. 
And then 90 minus 5 is 85 Newtons. 
It's so disconcerting when my phone rings. 
I have trouble focusing. 
Anyway, it's probably because my phone sounds 
like a freight train. 
Anyway, so there you go. 
This type of problem is actually key to, as you can imagine, bridge builders, or furniture manufacturers, or civil engineers who are bridge builders, or architects, because you actually have to figure out, well, if I design something a certain way, I have to figure out how much weight each of the supporting structures will have to support. 
And as you can imagine, why is this one supporting more weight? 
Why is this leg supporting more weight than that leg? 
Well, because this book, which is 100 Newtons, which is a significant amount of the total weight, is much closer to this leg than it is to this leg. 
If we put it to the center, they would balance, and then if we push it further to the right, then this leg would start bearing more of the weight. 
Anyway, hopefully you found that interesting, and hopefully, I didn't confuse you. 
And I will see you in future videos. 
One day a one-eyed monkey came into the forest. 
Under a tree she saw a woman meditating furiously. 
The one-eyed monkey recognized the woman, a Sekhri. 
She was the wife of an even more famous Brahmin. 
To watch her better, the one-eyed monkey climbed onto the tree. 
Just then, with a loud bang, the heavens opened. 
(Claps) 
And the god Indra jumped into the clearing. 
Indra saw the woman, a Sekhri. 
Ah-hah. 
The woman paid him no heed. 
So, Indra, attracted, threw her onto the floor, and proceeded to rape her. 
Then Indra disappeared. 
(Clap! 
Clap!) 
And the woman's husband, the Brahmin, appeared. 
He realized at once what had happened. 
So, he petitioned the higher gods so that he may have justice. 
So, the god Vishnu arrived. 
"Are there any witnesses?" 
"Just a one-eyed monkey," said the Brahmin. 
Now, the one-eyed monkey really wanted for the woman, a Sekhri, to get justice, so she retold events exactly as they had happened. 
Vishnu gave his judgment. 
"The god Indra has sinned, in that he has sinned against ... a Brahmin. 
May he be called to wash away his sins." 
So, Indra arrived, and performed the sacrifice of the horse. 
And so it transpired that a horse was killed, a god was made sin-free, a Brahmin's ego was appeased, a woman ... was ruined, and a one-eyed monkey was left ... 
very confused at what we humans call justice. 
In India there is a rape every three minutes. 
In India, only 25 percent of rapes come to a police station, and of these 25 percent that come to a police station, convictions are only in four percent of the cases. 
That's a lot of women who don't get justice. 
And it's not only about women. 
Look around you, look at your own countries. 
There is a certain pattern in who gets charged with crimes. 
If you're in Australia, it's mostly aboriginals who are in jail. 
If you're in India, it's either Muslims or Adivasis, our tribals, the Naxalites. 
If you're in the U.S., it's mostly the blacks. 
There is a trend here. 
And the Brahmins and the gods, like in my story, always get to tell their truth as The Truth. 
So, have we all become one-eyed -- two-eyed instead of one-eyed -- monkeys? 
Have we stopped seeing injustice? 
Good morning. 
(Applause) 
You know, I have told this story close to 550 times, in audiences in 40 countries, to school students, to black-tie dinners at the Smithsonian, and so on and so forth, and every time it hits something. 
Now, if I were to go into the same crowd and say, "I want to lecture you about justice and injustice," they would say, "Thank you very much, we have other things to do." 
And that is the astonishing power of art. 
Art can go through where other things can't. 
You can't have barriers, because it breaks through your prejudices, breaks through everything that you have as your mask, that says, "I am this, I am that, I am that." 
No. 
It breaks through those. 
And it reaches somewhere where other things don't. 
And in a world where attitudes are so difficult to change, we need a language that reaches through. 
Hitler knew it; he used Wagner to make all the Nazis feel wonderful and Aryan. 
And Mr. Berlusconi knows it, as he sits atop this huge empire of media and television and so on and so forth. 
And all of the wonderful creative minds who are in all the advertising agencies, and who help corporate sell us things we absolutely don't require, they also know the power of the arts. 
For me it came very early. 
When I was a young child, my mother, who was a choreographer, came upon a phenomenon that worried her. 
It was a phenomenon where young brides were committing suicide in rural Gujarat, because they were being forced to bring more and more money for their in-laws' families. 
And she created a dance piece which then Prime Minister Nehru saw. 
He came to talk to her and said, "What is this about?" 
She told him and he set out the first inquiry into what today we call Dowry Dance. 
Imagine a dance piece for the first inquiry into something that even today kills thousands of women. 
Many years later, when I was working with the director Peter Brook in "The Mahabharata" playing this feisty feminine feminist called Draupadi, I had similar experiences. 
Big fat black mamas in the Bronx used to come and say, "Hey girl, that's it!" 
And then these trendy young things in the Sorbonne would say, 
"Madame Draupadi, on n'est pas feministe, mais ça? 
Ça!" 
And then aboriginal women in Africa would come and say, "This is it!" 
And I thought, "This is what we need, as a language." 
We had somebody from public health. 
And Devdutt also mentioned public health. 
Well, millions of people around the world die of waterborne disease every year. 
And that's because there is no clean water to drink, or in countries like India, people don't know that they need to soap their hands before defecation. 
So, what do they do? 
They drink the water they know is dirty, they get cholera, they get diarrhea, they get jaundice and they die. 
And governments have not been able to provide clean water. 
They try and build it. 
They try and build pipelines; it doesn't happen. 
And the MNCs give them machines that they cannot afford. 
So what do you do? 
Do you let them die? 
Well, somebody had a great idea. 
And it was a simple idea. 
It was an idea that could not profit anybody but would help health in every field. 
Most houses in Asia and India have a cotton garment. 
And it was discovered, and WHO endorses this, that a clean cotton garment folded eight times over, can reduce bacteria up to 80 percent from water sieved through. 
So, why aren't governments blaring this on television? 
Why isn't it on every poster across the third world? 
Because there is no profit in it. 
Because nobody can get a kickback. 
But it still needs to get to people. 
And here is one of the ways we get it to people. 
[Video] 
Woman: 
Then get me one of those fancy water purifiers. 
Man: 
You know how expensive those are. 
I have a solution that requires neither machine, nor wood, nor cooking gas. 
Woman: 
What solution? 
Man: 
Listen, go fetch that cotton sari you have. 
Boy: 
Grand-dad, tell me the solution please. 
Man: 
I will tell all of you. 
Just wait. 
Woman: 
Here father. 
(Man: 
Is it clean?) Woman: 
Yes, of course. 
Man: 
Then do as I tell you. 
Fold the sari into eight folds. 
Woman: 
All right, father. 
Man: 
And you, you count that she does it right. 
(Boy: 
All right, grand-dad.) 
Man: 
One, two, three, four folds we make. 
All the germs from the water we take. 
Chorus: 
One, two, three, four folds we make. 
All the germs from the water we take. 
Five, six, seven, eight folds we make. 
Our drinking water safe we make. 
Five, six, seven, eight folds we make. 
Our drinking water safe we make. 
Woman: 
Here, father, your eight-times folded cotton sari. 
Man: 
So this is the cotton sari. 
And through this we will have clean water. 
(Applause) 
I think it's safe to say that all of us here are deeply concerned about the escalating violence in our daily lives. 
While universities are trying to devise courses in conflict resolution, and governments are trying to stop skirmishes at borders, we are surrounded by violence, whether it's road rage, or whether it's domestic violence, whether it's a teacher beating up a student and killing her because she hasn't done her homework, it's everywhere. 
So, why are we not doing something to actually attend that problem on a day to day basis? 
What are we doing to try and make children and young people realize that violence is something that we indulge in, that we can stop, and that there are other ways of actually taking violence, taking anger, taking frustrations into different things that do not harm other people. 
Well, here is one such way. 
(Video) (Laughs) You are peaceful people. 
Your parents were peaceful people. 
Your grandparents were peaceful people. 
So much peace in one place? 
How could it be otherwise? 
(Music) 
But, what if ... 
Yes. 
What if ... 
One little gene in you has been trying to get through? 
From your beginnings in Africa, through each generation, may be passed on to you, in your creation. 
It's a secret urge, hiding deep in you. 
And if it's in you, then it's in me too. 
Oh, dear. 
It's what made you smack your baby brother, stamp on a cockroach, scratch your mother. 
It's the feeling that wells up from deep inside, when your husband comes home drunk and you wanna tan his hide. 
Want to kill that cyclist on the way to work, and string up your cousin 'cause she's such a jerk. 
Oh, dear. 
And as for outsiders, white, black or brown, tar and feather them, and whip them out of town. 
It's that little gene. 
It's small and it's mean. 
Too small for detection, it's your built-in protection. 
Adrenaline, kill. 
It'll give you the will. 
Yes, you'd better face it 'cause you can't displace it. 
You're V-I-O-L-E-N-T. 
Cause you're either a victim, or on top, like me. 
Goodbye, Abraham Lincoln. 
Goodbye, Mahatma Gandhi. 
Goodbye, Martin Luther King. 
Hello, gangs from this neighborhood killing gangs from that neighborhood. 
Hello governments of rich countries selling arms to governments of poor countries who can't even afford to give them food. 
Hello civilization. 
Hello, 21st century. 
Look what we've ... 
look what they've done. 
(Applause) 
Mainstream art, cinema, has been used across the world to talk about social issues. 
A few years ago we had a film called Rang De Basanti, which suddenly spawned thousands of young people wanting to volunteer for social change. 
In Venezuela, one of the most popular soap operas has a heroine called Crystal. 
And when, onscreen, Crystal got breast cancer, 75,000 more young women went to have mammographies done. 
And of course, "The Vagina Monologues" we know about. 
And there are stand-up comics who are talking about racial issues, about ethnic issues. 
So, why is it, that if we think that we all agree that we need a better world, we need a more just world, why is it that we are not using the one language that has consistently showed us that we can break down barriers, that we can reach people? 
What I need to say to the planners of the world, the governments, the strategists is, "You have treated the arts as the cherry on the cake. 
It needs to be the yeast." 
Because, any future planning, if 2048 is when we want to get there, unless the arts are put with the scientists, with the economists, with all those who prepare for the future, badly, we're not going to get there. 
And unless this is actually internalized, it won't happen. 
So, what is it that we require? 
What is it that we need? 
We need to break down our vision of what planners are, of what the correct way of a path is. 
And to say all these years of trying to make a better world, and we have failed. 
There are more people being raped. 
There are more wars. 
There are more people dying of simple things. 
So, something has got to give. 
And that is what I want. 
Can I have my last audio track please? 
Once there was a princess who whistled beautifully. 
(Whistling) 
Her father the king said, "Don't whistle." 
Her mother the queen said, "Hai, don't whistle." 
But the princess continued whistling. 
(Whistling) 
The years went by and the princess grew up into a beautiful young woman, who whistled even more beautifully. 
(Whistling) 
Her father the king said, "Who will marry a whistling princess?" 
Her mother the queen said, "Who will marry a whistling princess?" 
But the king had an idea. 
He announced a Swayamvara. 
He invited all the princes to come and defeat his daughter at whistling. 
"Whoever defeats my daughter shall have half my kingdom and her hand in marriage!" 
Soon the palace filled with princes whistling. 
(Whistling) 
Some whistled badly. 
Some whistled well. 
But nobody could defeat the princess. 
"Now what shall we do?" said the king. 
"Now what shall we do?" said the queen. 
But the princess said, "Father, Mother, don't worry. 
I have an idea. 
I am going to go to each of these young men and I am going to ask them if they defeated correctly. 
And if somebody answers, that shall be my wish." 
So she went up to each and said, "Do you accept that I have defeated you?" 
And they said, "Me? 
Defeated by a woman? 
No way, that's impossible! 
No no no no no! 
That's not possible." 
Till finally one prince said, 
"Princess, I accept, you have defeated me." 
"Uh-huh ..." she said. 
"Father, mother, this man shall be my wife." 
(Whistling) 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Marker. 
I'm afraid to open any doors around here. 
And five, six, seven, eight. 
- And one. 
- Liberian Girl 
You came and you changed my world 
You know, Whoopie, it'd be a blast if Michael asked me to dance. 
Liberian girl 
- It's the most stupid thing-- - He went on Oprah's show the next day. 
He told everybody I was going to make him into another Michael Jackson. 
Liberian girl 
You know that you came 
And you changed my world 
Just like in the movies 
Two lovers in a scene 
Then she says Do you love me 
And he says so endlessly 
I love you, Liberian girl 
Who's directing this? 
Maybe we could have some rolled up with some kind of string... that I could like pull him up. 
Liberian girl 
I know this is kind of loose, but do you know what we're supposed to be doing? 
All I know is that Michael called me. 
I guess when he gets here, he'll let me know what we're supposed to do. 
- You won. 
- Well, hey-- Is Mike here? 
No, but I think Bubbles is here. 
That's one of the Cosby kids. 
There's the guy on " LA Law. " See? 
- There's the Incredible Hulk. 
- Two lovers in a scene 
And she says Do you love me 
You should see my hair in the morning before I wash it and comb it out. 
Dig? 
I understand he wears disguises. 
- Really? 
- Yeah. 
Liberian girl 
No. 
You know that you came and you changed my world 
I think we should do the sequel... to " Jumping Jack Flash "  and " Action Jackson. " 
- Call it what? 
- Yes. 
Call it  " Action Jumping Jack Jackson. " 
Exactly which Michael Jackson are we talking about anyway? 
I love you, Liberian 
Girl 
All the time 
I love you, Liberian 
Girl 
All the time 
I love you, Liberian 
Girl 
All the time 
- Hey, where's Michael? 
- I love you 
Liberian girl 
I gotta go. 
They probably need me now. 
All the time 
Wait! 
Hey, hey, hey! 
Aw, Mike! 
Michael, we love you. 
Okay, everybody. 
That's a wrap. 
- Good day. 
- Where are we from? 
From Galanta. 
My name is Katka Szabová, I'm from Galanta, 
I'm 26 years old. 
Are you nervous? 
- Of course. 
- Can we help you anyhow? 
- Sorry, but you will sing? 
- Me. 
(Ja - German word for "yes") 
- Ich verstehe. 
- Also gut dann, na ja. 
Do you think you can sing? 
Of course, I also think I can sing. 
All right, we will finish this discussion after the performance. 
We should not dig into it any further. 
Here you go! 
No art, no skill, just a feeling, but for me it belongs to those who perform or entertain, they can't do much, only create an atmosphere, but here she took too much. 
She did not. 
- That's the kind of people. 
- She did. 
Katka, I want to say, that Paľo pushed this. 
I just want the good for you. 
Let me ask: would anybody of you pay for this? 
We're not here in some singing school. 
I sure know that. 
I would like to ask you something. 
But tell the truth. 
The whole truth. 
What did you use before this performance? 
Rolls with meat pie,... and green tea. 
Some meat pies are good dopes. 
All right, where's the talent? 
She has something strange... 
I don't think you had to use something, you're just that kind of type. 
You have no extreme talent, but you enjoy the singing, and I wanted to see it to the end. 
A lot of energy comes out of her! 
- Certainly! 
- It's strange, Paľo. 
Yes for me! 
- Strange. 
- I felt good. 
Something painful. 
Mournful. 
The singing grobian here just wants some notes... 
Galee mein maarey pherey He walks around in the street 
Paas aaney ko merey  to come near me 
Kabhee parakhtaa nain merey too checks out my eyes sometimes 
Kabhee parakhtaa tore  and sometimes checks out my walk! 
Ambersariyaa, mundyave kachiyaa kaliyaan naa tod  Ambarsariya, boy don't pluck bud 
Teree maan ney boley hain mujhey teekhey se bol  Your mother has said me stinging words 
Ambarsariyaa.. ambarsariyaa.. 
Goree goree meree kalai My wrist is very fair 
Goree goree meree kalai My wrist is very fair 
Chudiyan kali kali My bangles are black 
Main sharmaati roz lagaatee I blush and put on 
Kajal surmaa laali Kohl, and lipstick everyday.. 
Nahin main surmaa paadaa I don't want to use lampblack 
Roop naa main chamkaanaa  I don't want to show my beauty 
Nain nasheeley hon agar to If the eyes are alcoholic 
Surmey di ki lod What's the need of kohl.. 
Research is an essential part of education. 
Students are expected to cite articles from scholarly journals when they write research papers. 
You probably use journal articles in your own work. 
You've probably also encountered journal articles that you wanted to read but couldn't get access to. 
Why is that? 
Well, let's take a look at how scholarly journals are published today. 
Professor A does some research and writes an article about it for free. 
He wants to publish it so he submits it to a journal in his field. 
The journal likes his article so asks Professor B and C to peer review it. 
The professors read it, evaluate it and send it back for free. 
The journal sends Professor A the changes that need to be made, if any, and Professor A sends them the final version of his article at no cost to the journal. 
The publisher then puts Professor A's article with a bunch of other articles and formats them all together and charges people for access. 
How much does it cost to a campus library to buy a subscription to the journal? 
It depends... 
If it is a journal of Econometrics, a year subscription costs as much as two thousand one hundred and fifty-five dollars if it is the journal of Geophysical Research, it costs five thousand seven hundred and sixty dollars. if it is the journal of Brain Research, it's twenty-one thousand seven hundred forty-four dollars. not all scholarly journals cost this much but when many of the key resources for students and faculty cost an arm and a leg, not even the best funded universities and libraries can afford them all. 
So librarians buy what they can afford and students and the professors just have to hope they're not missing something important. 
But it doesn't have to be this way 
There is an alternative to the closed subscription-based scholarly publishing model: 
Open Access 
Open Access is free, unrestricted online access to scholarly works. 
Open Access journals use advertising sponsorship, author fees and other sources of revenue to support the cost of publication, keeping the access free to the user. 
Authors can choose to publish their articles in one over forty-two hundred peer-reviewed Open Access Journals or they can put a copy of work published elsewhere in an online repository. 
Open Access lets anyone read the latest research. 
It helps scholars stay up-to-date on each other's work... it enables computers to sift text mining and mashups, which help uncover trends that no-one would have suspected it gives authors more visibility and impact... and makes scholar work a lot easier. 
Open Access brings curious minds and the world's knowledge together. 
Isn't that what academia is fundamentally about? 
Free, unrestricted, online access 
Open Access 
-What the (bleep) is happenin', forum? 
Listen, if you have a girlfriend, don't put her  on an ATV and make her ramp things. 
-(man) Here we go. 
Oh-ho! 
(laughing): 
Oh no! 
-And wouldn't it be polite to make sure she  hasn't broken her neck before you start laughing? 
I mean, look at that. 
I think she may have actually kissed her own ass. 
(man in video laughing) Yeah, you hear this dumbass laughing? 
Epic boyfriend FAlL man, really. 
Are you guys ready for it? 
Are you guys ready for the cutest six seconds ever!! 
Ever!! 
That you'll ever!! see in your life, ever?!! 
Check it out. 
So damn cute! 
That's actually a viral video back from 2007, but, I mean, look at them. 
I want that one, that one, that one, and that one. 
But not that one, 'cause he looks like an (bleep)hole. 
Seriously though, cutest furry little bastards ever!! 
All right, this last video, it's simple, it's incredible, it's tragic... 
You know, just watch. 
(imitates crash) 
Now, this video really bothers me. 
Mainly because the woman isn't doing stupid. 
She isn't playing with gasoline, she isn't drag-racing, she isn't playing with sharp objects, but yet she still gets hurt. 
And I feel so bad for her... that I'm actually still gonna do the super slow-motion replay over the funny voiceover. 
-(high-pitched voiceover singing) Stack these cans, all day long 
Stack these cans While I sing this song 
Hey, I didn't know creamed corn is on sale... 
Whoa! 
(imitates crash) Oh, (bleep)in' balls! 
I'd better get the rest of the day off. 
-You see? 
And that's why I always warn people. 
This is what happens when you go out and get a real job. 
People get hurt. 
But you know what doesn't hurt? 
The comment question of the day. 
That segway made no (bleep)ing sense. 
The comment question of the day comes from  a user named NycKiko and she said... 
-What would be the last words you would say right before you died? 
-So, if you were about to die, what would be your last words? 
Leave your interesting or creative responses in the comments section below. 
Thanks for watching today's episode of =3. 
I'm Ray William Johnson and I approve this message. 
So tell me forum, what if there were no sex? 
("Doin' Your Mom" by Fatty Spins playing) 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
-(man laughing) Oh-ho-ho! 
No! 
Are you all right? 
-Yeah. 
-'Cause that was (bleep)in' awesome! 
(continues laughing) 
Oh, yeah! 
Oh-ho! 
High five. 
my name is Martin Lazarr, i'm a neurological surgeon and I approve of Alpha Brain and it's formulation 
I've been a neurosurgeon since 1973 
I moved to Dallas for training 
Today we're going to begin focusing on theories that are primarily concerned with environment and how they influence organizational effectiveness and survival. 
These theories are called resource dependence theory, network organization, and new institutional theory. 
All of these theories and conceptual frame works are relatively recent contributions to organizations research. 
Most of them emerged in the literatures in the 1980's onward. 
In all of these theories provide an open systems perspective on organizations. 
Each one will argue that there's no single best way to organize a corporation or to make decisions. 
The optimal course of action is always contingent or dependent upon external situations for the firm. 
As such, the best way to organize a firm depends on the nature of the environment to which that organization relates. 
The theory we're going to discuss today is resource dependence theory. 
And it views an organization in terms of its resource dependencies with other firms in the environment. 
Now, we've already covered a series of different theories in the course, so it may help to contrast them with the theory of resource dependence. 
What I'm going to do next is I'm going to review a few of our theories that we've covered already and I'm going to compare them. 
We'll look at coalition formation, organizational learning, and organizational culture and we'll discuss how they differ from the resource dependence perspective. 
Back in weeks two and three, we learned about coalition formation and what it entailed. 
We learned that coalitions arise when multiple actors have inconsistent identities and preferences. 
And none of them can go it alone without the assistance of others. 
We read about players having their own interests and stakes and having their own resources. 
We also read about how these players had to renegotiate, or exchange and bargain, until they reach an agreement, by which coordinated action could follow. 
We also learned that coalitions could be managed and formed through various processes of exchange and bargaining like horse trading and log rolling. 
These exchanges were all pair wise or dyadic and they aggregated within a group to form a shared goal and agreement. 
The time frame of these exchanges and agreements were narrow because the coalition's agreement was often fleeing. 
Resource dependence theory is similar to coalition theory and that it concerns exchange as well as efforts to produce agreements. 
However, it differs from coalition theory in at least two important ways. 
First, it shifts the unit of analysis from coalitions of persons to interorganizational relationships of dependence. 
Here the concern is with the focal organization and its multiple resource dependencies with other organizations in the environment. 
Second while coalition theory focuses on narrow windows of time specific to each transaction. 
Resource dependance theory concerns extended forms of exchange or exchange relations. 
An organization can form a wide variety of buffering or bridging maneuvers used to overcome persistent dependencies in that environment. 
For example, we're going to learn when a company merges with another company it's often a means of absorbing dependencies and acquiring a degree of autonomy in the environment. 
These dependence relations can also be asymmetric. 
In fact managers of resource dependence actively seek ways to render other firms dependent on them but not vice versa. 
So, with resource dependence theory we have a egocentric view of an organization trying to acquire the best exchange relations it can within an environment of potential partners. 
In prior weeks we also discussed organizational learning. 
If you recall, organizational learning focused on how participants adapted their practices within the firm, as they engaged in process of doing their work. 
This was facilitated by efforts to encode best practices into organizational memory, and by communicating about practice in 
local communities of practice, and by communicating outward, outwardly in networks of practice beyond the organization. 
Mangers of organizational learning try to develop employee concern with improving practice. 
And by forging social relationships and interactions that facilitate knowledge implementation and transfer. 
Mostly emphasis lies in local adaptations of routines and as such, the argument is that, internal adaptation is learning by doing, is the main means to understanding expertise. 
Resource dependence theory has some similarities with organizational learning. 
Like organizational learning, resource dependence theory focuses on the technological core of an organization. 
Hover, rather than describe the internal process of practice improvement and knowledge transfer, describes how the technological core of an organization is buffered from the environment. 
Resource dependence theory describes how the organization has some sort of unitary actor, bridges with firms in the environment so as to garner autonomy and control. 
Hence, concern is placed on becoming effective in an. 
External environment and by establishing certain standard operating procedures for resource exchanges with other firms. 
So the focus shifts from mostly inward with organizational learning to mostly outward into the environment for resource dependence theory. 
Last week we discussed organizational culture and there the goal was to create an ideology or culture that members identify with personally and managers used all sorts of strategies or rituals to make that happen. 
Now of course, it's possible that different paradigms of organizational culture whether integrated, fragmented or ambiguous will apply best to your firm's goals or context. 
But the general argument is somewhat similar to that of organizational 
learning. 
Adaptation is internal to the organization and not focused on external relations outside. 
Where as for organizational learning, the effort was to generate relations and practices. 
Here, the effort is to engineer deeper social structures of cognition and norms. 
Here, managers worry about internal contingencies like layering on a culture too thick and having organizational members react in a resistant way. 
Now, you all recall Kunda's worry about generating [unknown] within the corporation tact, right? 
So manager's have to balance the effort to prescribe a culture with allowing participants room for their selves. 
Otherwise the participants' relation to a culture will undermine its effect. 
So organizational culture is inherently concerned with the process of sense making and ritual performance. 
Standard operating procedures are viewed as practices and deeper broader sets of practices than perhaps organizational learning related. 
By contrast, resource dependence theory is not concerned with sense making, but with the selection of standard operating procedures that manages the firm's resource dependencies in the environment. 
In a way, resource dependence theory is a step back toward organizational process models. 
It brings our theories back up to the surface of extensive rules and routine and away from deeper forms of sense making. 
Managers form and select standard operating procedures that concern relations in the environment. 
And they seek relations that create favorable exchanges or favorable consequences. 
So, resource dependence theory is a step back toward the logic of consequence in that regards. 
We can also discuss the prior theories in this course more generally, as natural systems, as compared to the open organizational system being characterized in resource dependence theory. 
A good example of this can be found in how prior theories describe organizational uncertainty. 
That was something that arose within the firm, from the inconsistent preferences, identities, unclear rules, routines and practices, and so on. 
Resource dependence theory is also concerned with organizational uncertainty, but it seems uncertainty is residing in the firm's external relations of interdependence. 
What. 
External dependence relations are not managed or coordinated well, they create uncertain conditions, if not unfavorable conditions for the firm's survival. 
Prior theories also regard dependence and uncertainty differently from resource dependence theory. 
For example in coalition theory, dependence is not a problem, but something sought after to make the coalition hold. 
And uncertainty or ambiguity is often a reason for why the coalition stays together. 
By contrast, in resource dependence theory the firm tries to accomplish I, autonomy and certainty. 
And it does this by freeing itself from dependence on other firms and by forging contracts. 
Hence, whereas uncertainty and dependence are an asset to coalition formation, they seem to prevent firms from acquiring an advantageous resource position. 
So, the shift from immediate, local exchange conditions within a firm and among individuals, to externally sustained exchanges in an environment between organizations, seems to have different consequences and implications for our theories. 
Let's now briefly discuss the history and core features of the theory of resource dependence. 
Resource dependence theory in great part grew out of contingency Theory. 
Therefore, it helps to understand the core features of contingency theory before we move onward. 
Contingency theory was a class of organizational theory from the 1950s through the 1970s that argued a firm's optimal course of action or structure was contingent upon the internal and external situation in which it found itself. 
As such, contingency theory offered a natural and open system view of the firm. 
Perhaps the most completely characterization of contingency theory can be found in, in Thompson's work. 
He describes how firms need to buffer and protect their technical core from all sorts of internal and external disturbances that can disrupt the functioning of that technological kind of task, core task. 
And he afford several prescriptions on how to minimize these contingent problems. 
So for example, he suggests that managers need to seal off their technological core. 
And buffer it from internal and external influences. 
And he thinks managers can do this and prevent it by distinguishing both the input acquisition function, such as supply, and the output disposal function, such as sales, from the technological core. 
He also advises on internal strategies of the firm that might include things like stockpiling and smoothing, or internalizing uncertainty through growth, thereby, thereby, absorbing uncertainty. 
He even suggests external strategies like maintaining alternatives and minimizing dependence. 
And specific examples of this are co-opting, contracting, and joint ventures. 
So we see a lot of, of characteristics within contingency theory that are going to hold on into resource dependence theory. 
Resource dependence theory builds off contingency theory and greatly elaborates on manoeuvres that firms can use to manage disturbances in the external environment. 
Resource dependency theory was founded by Jeffrey Pfeffer, Gerald Salancik. 
And according to Pfeffer and Salancik, organizations modify their boundary so as to manage disturbances in the external environment. 
So, in this case the firm's central goal is effectiveness in a context or environment. 
So it's survival and effectiveness in this context. 
So, this is different from organizational 
learning where internal efficiency and improvement is the focus. 
Resource dependence theory is primarily focused on relations with the external environment rather than on one's within the firm and as such resource dependence theory views organizational conditions in a particular way. 
It presumes there is an environmental determinism, which means that an organizational behavior can be explained by looking at the organisations context such as such as external constraints and control. 
It also assumes that an organizations' specific goals are contingent on dependence relations that keep it alive. 
So, these are the relationships that secure its necessary resources. 
Within this context of resource dependencies, the firm's general goal is to find greater certainty. 
So relationships that persist, and are clear, and advantageous, as well as autonomy. 
So they're looking for relations that render them independent or in control. 
Last, organizations are viewed as responding to resource dependencies in at least two ways. 
They can either comply and adapt to these dependencies, or they can avoid and manage them. 
So what are the core features of resource dependence theory? 
One of the most important features of the theory concerns the resources involved and how they establish dependencies. 
To identify resource dependencies, it helps to ask, what are the key resources in an environment? 
Who controls the resources in question? 
Resources come in a variety of forms and they're valued differently depending on their importance and availability. 
And they differ in terms of who has discretion and control over them. 
There are various types of resources that firms depend on, such as physical materials. 
These might be actual materials the organization builds a product from. 
But firms may also depend on technical resources like information or knowledge as well. 
And last, they may depend on social resources, like prestige and reputation that enabled them to survive. 
All these resources can vary in value. 
On the one hand their value can differ by the value of the resource. 
Is it in demand? 
Is it valued? 
Does the firm need the resource to survive? 
Is there a critical resource? 
For example what does Stanford need to survive? 
Does it absolutely need students, does it require a physical location, books, teachers, money, heating, food? 
What can it live without? 
What can't it live without? 
Is there a demand for safety, healthy food, expert teachers and awards? 
For example what do Stanford alumni most want to see? 
Sat scores. 
Winning state championships and, and national championships. 
What is it? 
What resources are considered most and 
least important? 
On the other hand, does the availability or supply of the resource influence its value? 
Is the resource scarce? 
Do only some of the other organizations have it? 
How concentrated is the resource? 
Are there, are there alternatives to this resource. 
Can another kind of resource be substituted for it. 
Who else has it? 
Let's consider Stanford again. 
What does it offer? 
What, what does Stanford offer that is unique, that no one else can provide? 
It's an open question. 
Leave it for the forum. 
Discretion over a resource also defines relations of resource dependence. 
Discretion is defined in at least two ways. 
First, who controls the resource? 
Can the exchange partner dictate how you use the resource? 
Is the resource regulated by the government? 
So changing, districting to increase the resource or, or pool of available students for a particular school. 
Is your firm dependent on the supplier for materials and funds? 
Or is it dependent on consumers like students and families? 
Second, what controls dependencies? 
What laws are in place? 
What are the copyrights or contracts and 
licences that exist that prevent us from sharing certain curricula? 
So, for example, in this course I can only afford to use images from the Creative 
Commons. 
So I'm, I'm limited to what I can show. 
So there's certain kinds of regulation over what kinds of information can be shared. 
So, resource dependence varies from a variety of factors. 
There are different types of resources and they can vary in value to their importance and availability, and then certain actors and institutions can control discussion over those resources. 
Now clearly, important rare resources are of greater value. 
More over, actors and institutions that have the greatest disccretion over these resources and the least amount of dependence, will be the most autonomous and capable for forging certain relations with other firms in the environment. 
Once we went on vacation 
Where the sun always shines and the snow is unheard of 
Once we went on vacation 
Where there's always a lot of sky and salt water. 
In the morning we went to a wine degustation, 
And the next day we went down with a headache. 
Then we drank a lot of stale water 
And the next day we went down with stomach ache. 
Go, go, have a rest! 
Tourists, for you, tourists, 
Everything is pleasant and useful. 
Tourists, adventurers. 
Sea islands, buenavista. 
We went to a travel agency, 
For an excursion to bars and bistros 
We went mountain climbing to the clouds and eagles 
The Ministry of Emergency Situations rescued us from there two days later. 
Then gipsies foretold us good fortunes, 
It was so expensive that it nearly made us cry 
Then we picked up with two girls in a bar, 
And the next day we were down with clonidine intoxication. 
Go, go, have a rest! 
Tourists, for you, tourists, 
Everything is pleasant and useful. 
Tourists, adventurers 
Sea islands, buenavista. 
Our life at the resort has finished, 
We haven't seen the sea, but everything else was wonderful. 
Just wait for us to rest from resting 
And we'll begin to rest with doubled ardor! 
Go, go, have a rest! 
Tourists, for you, tourists, 
Everything is pleasant and useful. 
Tourists, adventurers 
Sea islands, buenavista. 
Tou-tou-tourists 
Tourists, for you, tourists, 
Everything is pleasant and useful. 
Tourists, adventurers 
Sea islands, buenavista. 
(distant sounds of traffic in background) (plunks on table) (metallic scraping) 
(metallic scraping) 
(plunks on table) 
We're quite content to be the odd browser out. 
We don't have a fancy stock abbreviation to go along side our name in the press. 
We don't have a profit margin. 
We don't have sacred rockstars that we put above others. 
We don't make the same deals, sign the same contracts, or shake the same hands as anyone else. 
And all of this is fine by us. 
We are a pack of independently spirited, fiercely unconventional people, who do things a little differently. 
While other companies may value the bottom line we value.. well.. values. 
When a competitor considers making something proprietary, we strive to set it free. 
And while most products and technologies are developed behind closed doors, ours are cultivated out in the open for everyone to see. 
We're not beholden to stake, share or powerholders. 
We answer to no one but you. 
And we don't operate this way for the fun of it, even though it is incredibly fun. 
We operate this way because we believe it is the right thing to do. 
We believe in principle over profit. 
We believe that secrecy is trumped by honesty, and corporate interest by community. 
We believe that the web is more cared for than owned. 
More of a resource to be tended to than a mere commodity to be sold. 
And we strongly believe in innovation that puts users front and center and squarely in the driver seat. 
But most importantly, we believe in you. 
We believe that the world's best browser is made possible by engineers, programmers, designers, people just like you, who give their time, talents, energy and support to the cause. 
And we believe that together with this cause in mind we can continue to innovate for the benefit of the individual and the betterment of the web, so that it always and forever serves the greater good. 
We are all Mozilla Firefox. 
We are not just a different kind of browser. 
We are a browser that's making a difference. 
>> We are now going to discuss the multivariate normal distribution. 
The multivariate normal distribution is a very important distribution in finance. 
It crops up in many different applications including, for example, mean variance analysis and asset allocation, as well as geometric Brownian motion and the 
Black-Scholes[UNKNOWN]. 
So we say an n-dimensional vector, X, is multivariate normal with mean vector Mu and covariance matrix Sigma; if the PDF of 
X is given to us by this quantity here. 
Okay, so the PDF is equal to 1 over 2 pi to the power of n over 2, times the terminant of the covarience matrix raised to the power of a half, times the exponential of this quantity up here. 
And be right that X is multivariate normal Mu, sigma. 
The little subscript n here, denotes the dimensionality of the vector x. 
The standard multivariate normal, has mean vector mu equal to 0, and variance covariance matrix equal to the n by n identity matrix. 
And in this case, the xi's are independent. 
We can actually see that, because in this case we can write, the joint PD f of x, as being equal to the product. 
I equals one to in. 
One over route to pie e to the minus a half x i squared. 
And that follows just from this line here because mu equals zero so this term disappears, and Sigma is just the identity. 
So, in fact, you just end up with a sum of xi squared divided by 2. 
So as we saw in an earlier module on multivariant distributions. 
If the joint PDF factorizes into a product of marginal PDF's, then the random variables are independent. 
Okay. 
The moment generating function of x is given to us by this quantity here. 
So phi subscript x of s is actually a function of s. 
Okay this vector s. 
And it's the expected value of e, to the s transpose x. 
Okay, and this is equal to e to the s, transpose mu, plus a half s transpose sigma s. 
Now, you're probably familiar with this in the 1 dimensional case, we'll just recover here. 
Suppose x is really just a scale of random variable, then the moment generating function of x is equal to the expected value of e to the sx, and it's equal to e to the s mu plus the half sigma squared s squared. 
And this is the case where x is normal with mean mu and variance sigma squared. 
So this is the moment generating function of the scalar. 
Normal random variable. 
This is, it's generalization to a multivariate normal random vector, x. 
Okay. 
So, we call our partition we saw in an earlier module. 
We can break x into two blocks of vectors x1 and x2 as such. 
We can extend this notation, notation naturally. 
So we can write Mu equals 1 2, and equals to This sigma 11, sigma 12, sigma 21, sigma 22 and they are the mean vector and covariance matrix of x1, x2. 
So we have the following results on the marginal conditional distributions of x. 
The marginal distribution of a multivariate normal random variable is itself normal. 
In particular the marginal. 
Distribution of Xi is multivariate normal with mean vector Ui and variance covariance matrix sigma Ii. 
So for example X1 is multivariate normal, in fact it's k components, mu 1, sigman 1, 1. 
And similarly X2 is multivariate normal. 
Mu 2, sigma 2, 2, and this is n minus k components. 
And we have here an example of the bi-variance normal density function, where the correlation beween x1 and x2 is 80%. 
If we rotate the service you can see the correlation of 80 percent the large values of X 1 are associated with values of x 2 
like all values of x 1 are related to all values of x 2. 
So we can also talk about the conditional distribution assuming sigma is positive definite. 
The conditional distribution of the multivariate normal distribution is also multivariate normal. 
In particular x 2, given that x 1 equals little x 1 is multivariate normal with mean vector mu 2.1. 
In the variance, covariance matrix, sigma 2.1. 
Where mu 2 1, is given to us by this expression here, and sigma 2.1 is given to us by this expression here. 
And we can get some intuition for this result, by just imaging the following situation; so we've got X one down here. 
We have X two over here, and imagine we plot some points from X one and X two if you like, we generate X one and X two from some distribution, from the bivariate normal distribution, in particular. 
So the mean of X one is, let's say mew one and the mean of X two is mew two. 
Okay. 
Now what if I tell you that we observe that X 1 was equal to this little value X 1. 
Well if that's the case, then you can come up here and you'll see that X 2 is more 
likely than not to be in this region as. 
I'll circle them right here. 
So in fact you would expect the conventional mean x one equals little x one to be maybe somewhere around here . 
And this would be near 2.1 okay? 
Likewise you can see just from this. 
Again, that the variance of x2 would have shrunk. 
Because knowing something about x1 would give us information about x2, and that would decrease our uncertainty about the 
location of x2. 
And in fact this expression here tells us how to actually do that. 
This mathematically. 
So, so they're conditional distributions. 
A conditional distribution of a multivariate normal is again, multivariate normal. 
We also mention that the linear combination, ax plus a, of multivariate normal random variable x, is normally distributed with mean, a times the expected value of x plus little a, and covariance mix, matrix a times covariance of x times A transpose. 
Welcome back. 
Well we left off on problem number 13. 
But let me start it over just so that we don't get confused kind of doing the problem over the course of two videos. 
So number 13. 
It starts off with this pattern. 
3, 5, minus 5. 
And what it says in the problem is that each even number term is 2 more than the previous term. 
And then each odd number term is negative 1 times the previous term. 
So we started with 3. 
So let me say term-- let me write it here, term-- term and then value. 
And then what we did. 
Maybe we could call that f of x or the function. 
How did we go from one value to the next? 
So if we make a table, term one is value 3. 
And that's just the starting one. 
Term two is 5. 
That's because we added 2, we added 2 to 3. 
We could write 3 plus 2 is equal to 5. 
Term three is minus 5. 
And that's because minus 1 times this 5-- let me draw these arrows-- is equal to minus 5. 
And then we add again-- I'm going to switch colors just to keep it interesting. 
So term four is going to be minus 5 plus 2, which equals minus 3. 
Then term five is going to be minus 3 times minus 1, which equals 3 again. 
Right? 
And I think you see how we're getting these patterns. 
You just keep switching between adding 2 and multiplying by negative 1. 
And then so term six is going to be what? 
It's going to be this plus 2, which is 5. 
I think you're seeing the pattern again. 
Let me do a bunch more and I'll do it outside of the scope of this chart. 
The term seven is going to be what? 
It's going to be minus 1 times that, so minus 5. 
And you see the pattern now. 
Term eight is going to be minus 3. 
Term nine is going to be what? 
Minus 3, minus 3. 
So here we added 2 so we multiply it by negative 1. 
So it's going to be 3 again. 
And you could just experiment with yourself. 
Once you understand how soon. the sequence works, do a bunch of terms until you see a cycle. 
And that's the key thing. 
In any SAT problem, when they ask you like what is the 100th term? 
It's going to have a cycle because they don't expect you to sit and write out 100 terms because you would run out of time. 
So if they ask you the 100th term, the pattern probably repeats every three or four or five or, at most, six terms. 
And then you can use that to figure out what the 100th term is. 
So here we see that the pattern repeats-- let's see, 3, 5, negative 5, negative 3. 
3, 5, negative 5, negative 3, 3. 
So we see it repeats every fourth term, right? 
This is kind of one cycle, then 3, 5, negative 3, and this is another cycle. 
So it has this four pattern. 
So can we come up with any term that is a multiple of 4, what is our value? 
Well at 4 our value is minus 3. 
What's the next multiple of 4? 
8. 
At 8 our value's minus 3. 
So in general-- and if we did 12 we'd also get minus 3. 
If you don't believe me you should try it out. 
So at any multiple of 4, we know our value is minus 3. 
So what I do is, they want to know the 55th term. 
So what term is a multiple of 4 that's closest to 55? 
Let's see, is 56 a multiple of 4? 
Yeah. 
56-- that's 10. 
14 times 4 is 56, right? 
So the 56th term, we know the 56th term because 56 is a multiple of 4, just like 4 and 8 and 12. 
So the 56th term-- I have trouble saying that. 
Maybe I have a little lisp. 
56th term is negative 3, right? 
Because it's a multiple of 4. 
If the 56th term is negative 3, what is the 55th term? 
Well the term before the negative 3 term is always the negative 5 term, right? 
Up here, negative 3? 
It's always negative 5. 
So the answer is negative 5 is the 55th term, and that is choice A. 
Very good. 
All right, let's move on to the next question. 
I know that one's a little hard, and those you always just have to experiment a little bit, try to see the cycle, and then make sure you have your terms right. 
You know that you're starting on the first term as opposed to the 0 term. 
And then figure out what the easiest value is as close what they're asking as possible and then you can kind of move backwards or forwards. 
That's how I do it. 
That's so you don't get too confused with the shifts on the terms. 
All right, number 14. 
In the xy plane, the equation you of line I is-- let me write that down-- number 14. 
The equation of line I is y is equal to 2x plus 5. 
If the line m is the reflection of I in the x-axis, what is the equation of line m? 
So I'm going to draw a graph for you, just so you understand what I'm doing. 
But on the real SAT you really don't have to do this because you wouldn't want to run out of time. 
Oh man, I'm going to run out of time if I can't draw a straight line. 
I'm being a stickler for this. 
Oh, I still couldn't do it. 
I'll move forward. 
So this line, so y equals 2x plus 5. 
So if you remember from our slope and y-intercept modules, the y-intercept's going to be 5, right here. 
And then the line's going to have a slope of 2. 
Right? 
So the line's going to look something like this. 
That's line l. 
This is line l. 
And then we want to know, they say line m is the reflection of I in the x-axis. 
So reflection would kind of be the x-axis-- this is the x-axis. 
So it's like if we were looking at this in a pool of water, the reflection would be like if you took this and flipped it over the x-axis. 
So the line m is going to look something like this. 
Line m is going to look like this. 
So a couple of things. 
It's like the mirror image. 
If we flipped it, it's like we flipped it over the axis. 
So if the y-intercept here is 5, the y-intercept here is going to be minus 5. 
Right? 
Because we just flipped it. 
And similarly, if every one this moves up 2, right, because that's at slope. 
2. 
For every one we move here to the right we're going to go down 2. 
So the slope is going to be the negative of this or negative 2. 
So line m, so this is line m, the equation of line m's going to be y is equal to-- it's going to have the negative slope, right? 
The same slope, but it just moves in the downward direction. 
So it's going to be minus 2x. 
And then its y-intercept is-- instead of plus 5 it's going to be minus 5. 
Minus 2x minus 5. 
And that is choice A. 
Looks like the next problem involves a lot of drawing, and 
I only have a minute and a half left in this video. 
So I will do the next problem in the next video. 
I will see 
I'm Carolyn Kagan I'm a community psychologist from Manchester Metropolitan University. 
I'm a researcher and all of my research for the last 35 years has been in collaboration with community groups or public services 
One of the things that is often said to us by our community partners in relation to a public engagement agenda is that they don't believe that universities are genuine about their desire to follow mutual agendas but they think ...that they think universities only want to collaborate with communities when it suits them. 
And that's a major challenge for us. 
Its a major challenge both to resist just pursuing our own agendas and working with communities when we need to but also a challenge to ensure the ways in which we work are to mutual benefit. 
One of the ways in which we have begun to understand ways of collaborating is to use a metaphor from ecology and i need to just show you a diagram to explain this i think. 
We have two ecological communities let's take the land and its plants and its animals and another ecological community, the sea and its plants and its animals - that's a fish - each of them has its own natural resources that interact in ways that are self-sustaining. 
At the point at which the land meets the sea is known as the transition between ecological communities or the 'ecotone' but that could be just a point at which the land meets the sea. 
Most often though what we have is a transition zone of a tidal transition zone of the sea coming in and out, say over rocks - rocks is land - in and out salt water over the land. 
And at this point, this part here is know as an ecological edge and at this junction, this edge, we have quite a different set of natural resources, plants and animals that only live in this transition zone. 
They are different from the ones that live on the land and they're different from the ones that live on the sea. 
At the ecological edge we have a much greater abundance of natural resources again that interact in sustainable ways. 
Another example of an ecological edge would be the edge of a field, say where the field meets the forest and the hedgerow is inbetween and that again is a very abundant area for wildlife and for plants - think of a human example - some border areas, say the city of Tijuana, Mexican border with United States has a mixture of Mexican culture and Texan culture but its not just alongside each other, it creates a new culture, it creates new sets of resources, there are different kinds of products, different kinds of activities, different kinds of music, different kinds of language, so TEXMEX is an ecological edge. 
One of the things in terms of public engagement is that we are trying to do with universities working with communities is not colonise the community area, not take over on university agendas but to try and find what is the area of edge? 
How can we create and maintain an edge which is about a mutual agenda where the activities might be different from activities currently going on in University or currently going on in the sea. 
That's the challenge for us... finding ways to work collaboratively to create, maintain and if possible expand the edge. 
Why don't you join in the conversation... join us online at CMXD. 
[Music plays] 
the next lecture was presented in Santiago Chile on Saturday March 10th 2012, on ZDay it is based on the degree thesis called "Monetary Economy and Resource Base Economy a theoretical analysis" 
This thesis was written by Valeria Leiva to obtain her degree in Public Administration at the University of Valparaiso, Chile 3 weeks after this lecture, the thesis was defended with the evaluation comission composed by economist and academics in 20 minutes asked by the comission. after 40 minutes of questions, finally the comission evaluate the thesis granting a 6.5 in a scale from 1 to 7 
This presentation is a summary of the argumented pdf document avaible to download for free the Q&A section is not included in this edition but all questions and usefull adittions was colected for the future while this video was edited and the camaras were poor, the lightnings and thunders were 100% real 
In your mathematical careers, you might encounter people who say it is wrong to say that 'i' is equal to the principal square root of negative 1. 
And if you ask them why is this wrong, they'll show up with this kind of line of logic that actually seems pretty reasonable. 
They will tell you that, "Okay. 
Well, let's just start with -1. 
We know from definition that -1 is equal to i times i. 
Everything seems pretty straightforward right now." And then they'll say, 
"Well look, if you take this, if you assume this part right here, then we can replace each of these i's with the square root of negative 1" And they'd be right. 
So this would be the same thing as the square root of negative 1 times the square root of negative 1. 
And then they would tell you that, "Hey, look, just from straight-up properties of the principal square root function, they'll tell you the square root of a times b is the same thing as the principal square root of a, times the principal square root of b. 
And so, if you have the principal square root of a times the principal square root of b, that's the same thing as square root a times b so based on this property of the radical of the principal root, they'll say this over here is the same thing as the squrae root of negative 1 times negative 1 if I have the principal root of the product of 2 things that's the same thing as the the product of each of their principal roots I am doing this in other order here. here I had the principal root of the products, over here I have this on the right and then from that we all know that negative 1 times negative 1 is 1 so this should be equal to the principal square root of 1 and then the principal squre root of 1, remember this radical means principal squre root, positive squre root that is just going to be positive 1 and they'll say this is wrong. clearly negative 1 and positive 1 are not the same thing and therefore you can't make the subtitution that we did in this step and you should then point out is that, this was not the incorrect step that it is true that negative 1 is not equal to 1 but the faulty line of reasoning here was in using this propperty when both a and b are negative, if both a and b are negative this will never be true, so a and b both can not be negative infact normaly when this property is given, sometimes is given a little bit in footnotes you might not even notice it because its not relevant when you 
learning it in the first time but usually they give a little bit of construct there, they usually say for a and b greater than or equal to zero so thats where they listes property this is true for a and b be greater or equal to zero and in particular it's false if both a and b are negative, Now I've said that, I've just spend lat three minutes saying that people who tell you this is wrong are wrong but with that I said I do say you have to be a little bit careful about it, when we take traditional principal square roots so you take thi principal square root of 4, we know this is positive 2 that 4 actually has two square roots, negative 2 ia also a square root of 4, if you have negative 2 times negaive 2 is also equal to 4, this radical symbol here means principal square root or when we just dealing with real numbers non imaginary non complex numbers you can  really ??? as positive square root, this is two square roots, positive and negative 2 if you have this radical symbol right here, principal square roots it means the positive square root of 2. 
So when you start thinking about taking square roots of negative numbers or even in the future you'll do imaginary numbers and complex numbers and all the rest you have to expend the definition of what this radical means, so when you are taking the square root of really of any negative number you'll really saying this is no longer the traditional principal square root function you've now talking this is the principal complex square root function, this is now to find for complex inputs or the domain it can also generate imaginary or complex output or you should call that the range and if you assume that, then really straight from this you get that the square root of negative x is going to be equal to i times the square root of x and this is only and i'm going to make this clear because I just told you that this will be false if both a and b are negative, so this is only true, so we can apply this we can apply this we can apply when x is greater than or equal to zero, so if x is greater than or equal to zero the negative x is clearly a negative number or I guess it can be zero, it's a negative number and then we can apply this right over here if x was less than zero then we'll be doing all of this nonesense up here and we will start to get nonesense equal answeres and if you look at it this way you'll say hey look i can be the square of negative 1 if we were taking the if it's the principal branch of the complex square root function, then you could rewrite this right over here as square root of negative 1 times the square root of x and so really, the real fault in this logic when people say hey negative 1 can't be equal to 1, the real faughlt is using this property, when both a and b when both of these are negative numbers that will come up with something that is unambiguously false, if you expend the definition of complex or expend the definition of principle root include negative numbers in the domain and including and to include imaginary numbers then you can do this you can say the the square root of negative x is the qsuare root of negative 1 times or instead (say) the principle square root of negative x, I should be particulare in my words, is the same thing as the principal square root of negative 1 times the principal square root of x when x is greater than or equal to zero and I don't want confuse you, if x is greater than or equal to zero this is clearly, this negative x, that is clearly negative or I guess you say a non positive number. 
INSPECTOR REX 
THE HlT LlST 
Last year we opened three new branches. 
This reception is to celebrate our success and I'd like to close by thanking you, Mr Fuchs, for your outstanding work in the area of marketing and sales. 
My motto is only good products sell well. 
Every department must take credit for the sales figures. 
I hope next season will be even better. 
I must get back to my office. 
I still have a lot to do. 
Hello. 
They're leaving now. 
- Have a nice weekend. 
- Thanks. 
You too. 
He's coming down. 
Good. 
Then I'll go. 
- Hello, Gabi. 
- Hello, Ms Bosch. 
The key to the meeting-room, please. 
I forgot to put out the brochures for Monday. 
Yes? 
I've done the rest of the accounts. 
Thank you. 
Have a nice weekend. 
You too. 
What are you doing? 
What's going on? 
Help! 
What are you doing? 
I don't want to. 
Stop it. 
You're hurting me. 
Stop it! 
What are you doing? 
I don't want to. 
You're hurting. 
Stop it immediately! 
- Leave me alone! 
- Have you gone crazy? 
Let Ricarda go. 
Come with me. 
Come on. 
He... he locked the door. 
The pervert! 
The perverted bastard! 
- That's really awful. 
- I didn't do anything. 
I can see the state Ms Limmer is in. 
I was faster than Rex. 
Because you shut the door in his face. 
Strange, that. 
Maybe it was the wind. 
Okay, I'll get the ham rolls. 
But do me a favour. 
Don't get up to mischief. 
When have we ever got up to mischief? 
Okay, Rex. 
See the sun? 
The first one there gets two ham rolls, okay? 
Thank you. 
Shall I call a doctor? 
No. 
I'm all right. 
I have to ask you to tell me what happened. 
I went to his office to take him some papers. 
He locked the door and pounced on me. 
He put his hands down the front of my dress. 
Then he tried to tear off my clothes. 
I was so scared I couldn't even scream. 
He must have been drinking again. 
I have heard that Mr Fuchs has a drinking problem. 
What happened after that? 
He grabbed me and I finally managed to scream. 
When I heard Ricarda, I went into his office and saw he'd got hold of her. 
I'm going to the police to report him. 
Calm down. 
We'll deal with this. 
- Are you going to ignore it? 
- Don't worry. 
This will have consequences for Mr Fuchs. 
I'll speak to him. 
Ms Limmer, how could you do this to me? 
Ms Bosch, please... 
Mr Fuchs, please. 
It's all a disgraceful lie. 
She came into my office and tore off her clothes. 
Who's to believe that? 
I'm disappointed. 
What you did was inadmissible. 
I've worked here night and day for three years. 
- I sacrificed my marriage. 
- Your divorce changed you. 
I was just congratulated on our sales. 
Which you owe to colleagues like Ms Limmer. 
Don't you get it? 
Ms Limmer wants my job. 
You're paranoid, Mr Fuchs. 
Now what? 
The consequences are quite clear. 
You want to fire me? 
I'll take you to court. 
I know of similar cases. 
You don't stand a chance. 
Who do you think you are? 
I won't stand for this! 
Leave my office at once. 
What if he goes to court? 
He'd be in more trouble. 
Brigitte, don't forget you stand to profit too. 
Ms Limmer. 
- Are you feeling better? 
- Yes, I'm all right. 
If you need anything, you can call me any time. 
That's very kind. 
Thank you. 
I don't think Rex has earned his ham roll today. 
Why not? 
You challenged him to a race. 
Look. 
He called the lift for you. 
All right. 
I'll reconsider. 
What's up? 
Do we have to walk the rest? 
Rex wanted to show you he can both call and stop a lift. 
I think he's shown me enough for today. 
Hello, Anna. 
What are you doing here? 
Mummy, Daddy's here. 
I know, darling. 
- Did you come for something? 
- Just what we agreed on. 
- One, two... 
- You can take the lot. 
I want what I was awarded in the divorce settlement. 
They're taking my job off me. 
Have you been drinking? 
Did you hear what I said? 
I've lost my job. 
Don't you care? 
You didn't ask how Anna and I are. 
Come on, darling. 
You're still talking about yourself. 
No, I don't really care. 
Bye, Dad. 
I hope we've got enough to last. 
Höilerer isn't here. 
There should be enough. 
Today... do what we prepare and present it to the audience 
T-ara Fighting Fighting 
Now on problem 37. 
And they say what is the value of xy minus yz. 
Statement one says, y is equal to 2. 
Well, that by itself doesn't help us. 
That just tells us 2x minus 2z. 
So if you don't know what x and z are you can't figure out what this whole thing is if you just know y is equal to 2. 
So that alone doesn't help. 
Statement two is x minus z is equal to 5. 
Now this is interesting because this expression, we can factor out the y. 
What happens if we factor y out of both of these expressions? 
I'm going to just rewrite it. xy minus zy-- I just switched the y and z-- that equals x minus z times y. 
Well, we can figure out x minus z from statement number two. x minus z, this is equal 5. 
And we know what y is equal to from statement one. 
So y is equal to 2. 
So we can definitely figure it out as long as we have both statements and we can show that the answer is y is equal to 2. 
So the answer is, 2 times 5 is 10. 
But we didn't have to figure it out. 
We just have to know that we could figure it out if we had both of these data points. 
One by themselves, you wouldn't be able to solve it. 
So the answer is C. 
Both statements together are sufficient but neither alone is. 
Problem 38. 
OK, they drew us a picture. 
Let me see if I can draw that same picture, 
looks like some type of device. 
So it looks like that and then they have the other end, and the other end looks like that. 
There are these handles, or something that looks like handles 
I haven't read the problem yet. 
So they say will the first 10 volumes of a 20 volume encyclopedia fit upright in the book rack shown above? 
So this is a book rack. 
So I guess the books get stacked that way. 
And they labeled this right here, this dimension is x. 
And they're saying, will the first 10 volumes of a 20 volume encyclopedia fit upright in the book rack shown above? 
So essentially I'm going to put the first 10 in there. 
So the first statement they say, is that x is equal to 50 centimeters. 
Well, that doesn't help me because I don't know how big the first 10 volumes of the encyclopedia are. 
If each of them are, at least the first 10 are, 
less than 5 centimeters each or on average less than 5 centimeters, then maybe I could fit them. 
But one by itself doesn't help me. 
Two: 
12 of the volumes have an average thickness of 5 centimeters. 
Well, that doesn't help me either because remember, they're saying will the first 10 volumes of a 20 volume encyclopedia? 
Maybe the 12 that have an average thickness of 5 centimeters, maybe those are the volumes 8 through 20 and maybe volumes 1 through 7 have an average thickness of 50 centimeters each or 5 million centimeters each. 
So even both of these conditions combined don't help me know if I can definitely fit the first 10 volumes of the 20 volume encyclopedia. 
So that is E. 
Both statements together are still not sufficient. 
Problem 39. 
A circular tub-- 
OK, so they've drawn this circular-looking tub. 
So the top looks like that. 
And then there's two sides. 
Let's me see how well I can construct what they've drawn. 
And the bottom looks something like that. 
And then they shade in a little area, a strip of this, like that. 
And they say a circular tub has a painted band has a band painted around its circumference as show above. 
So this is the painted band around its circumference. 
What is the surface area of the painted band? 
And they tell us that the height of the painted band is x. 
So in order to essentially know the surface area, you'd have to know the height, which is x, times the circumference of the circle, 
Right? which would be the length. 
So if you knew the height times circumference of the circle, you'd be able to know the surface area. 
So they tell us, the first statement, x is equal to 0.5, whatever, meters. 
So this is in meters. 
0.5 meters, so that alone doesn't help us. 
We have to be able to figure out the circumference of this tub in order to really be able to figure out the surface area because the circumference times this height will be the surface area. 
Point two: they say the height of the tub is one meter. 
So they're telling us that this is one meter. 
Well that doesn't help us. 
That still doesn't tell us how far around the tub goes. 
If they had given us the diameter or the radius or the circumference then we could've used our basic geometry to figure out the circumference. 
But they didn't. 
So either way-- it's a one meter height-- both of these combined still do not allow us to figure out the surface area of this green band. 
E again. 
Problem 40. 
What is the value of integer n? 
And n as an integer. 
So statement number one: they tell us that n times n plus 1 is equal to 6. 
Now we should already be able to figure this out because n is an integer, n plus 1 is an integer. 
So what are the factorizations of 6? 
You could have 1 times 6. 
But that doesn't fit n and n plus 1, right? 
This is n and n plus 5. 
You have 2 times 3, which work, right. 
If 2 is n, n plus 1 is 3 and they equal 6. 
So let me circle that. 
And then what other factorizations? 
You don't have any other-- these are all of the factors 6. 
So just looking at the first statement, you know that n has to be equal to 2. 
This is the only integer where this is true. 
Actually, let me take a step back. 
No, what if n is negative? 
Because I was assuming it's a positive integer but they didn't say it's a positive integer, so let me think about that. 
If I did minus 3 times minus 2, that also equals 6 and these are both integers. 
Huh, OK, so this isn't enough. 
Because in this case, n could be-- could this would be n and this is would be n plus 1-- so n is either equal to 2 or n is equal to minus 3. 
That's a little tricky. 
The intuition is to just assume that n is positive but it doesn't have to be positive. 
So n could be 2 or minus 3 here. 
That's a tricky one. 
So that one by itself does not help us solve the problem. 
The second part of it, point two it says, 2 to the 2n is equal to 16. 
And whenever you have these in the SAT or the GMAT or anything whenever you have a variable in the exponent, your goal really is to just get everything in the same base. 
So we could write the left-hand side the same. 
So that's 2 to the 2n. 
And how do we write 16 with the base 2? 
Well, 16 is just 2 to the fourth, right? 
And so we get 2n is equal to 4. n is equal to 2. 
So this statement alone is enough to figure it out. 
This statement alone is not. 
So the answer is B. 
Statement two alone is sufficient. 
40 is B. 
And this was tricky because one, you think that 1n alone is sufficient but it is ambiguous because and n could be minus 3. 
41. 
41. 
OK. 
They've drawn a bunch of, if I see this right, 
They draw a bunch of-- two lines. 
Let's see if I can draw this. 
So a line and then there's a bunch of circles. 
One circle, two circles they have, and then they keep going. 
Three circles, and then one more. 
It's going to be right there. 
Four circles. 
I think that's about right. 
And they say essentially that the circles just keep going on and on. 
That's what I think the drawing implies. 
They say the inside of a rectangular carton is 48 centimeters long, 32 centimeters wide and 15 centimeters high 
OK. 
So that's the inside. 
Kind of from the other wall. 
This is the floor of the inside of the container and then there would be another up here. 
But I think you get the idea. 
The carton is filled to capacity with k identical cylindrical cans of fruit that stand upright in rows and columns as indicated in the figure above. 
OK. 
So this is like a top view of it. 
So we could say that this side up here, this is 48 and then this is 32. 
So we don't care so much about the height, I think. 
So, let's see, the carton is filled to capacity with k identical cylindrical cans of fruit that stand upright in rows and columns as indicated in figure above. 
If the cans are 15 centimeters high-- 
OK, so each of the cans are exactly 15 centimeters high. 
So they literally are exactly as high as the carton. 
If the cans are 15 centimeters high, what is the value of k? 
So we have to figure out how many of these cans will fit in this area essentially? 
And then they tell us point number one: each of the cans have a radius of 4 centimeters. 
Radius is 4 centimeters. 
Well, if we know that each of them have a radius of 4 centimeters then we know exactly how much square area each of these circles will take up, assuming that they're packed exactly like this, right? 
Because if you think about it, what is this area right here? 
Well, there's a bunch of were different ways you could think about it. 
The easiest is that if the radius is 4 centimeters, that the diameter right here is 8 centimeters. 
So if this is 8 and you have a 48 length, you can only do 6 of these, right? 
6 times 8 is 48. 
So you can only do 6 that way. 
And then if the diameter is 8 this way and this length is 32, you can only do 4 this way. 
So statement number one, alone, is enough to figure out how many you can put. 
It would actually be 4 times 6. 
You could put 24, k would be 24 cans that you could fit in. 
So statement one, alone, is enough. 
Now what does statement two tell us? 
6 of the cans sit exactly along the length of the carton. 
So they're telling us that these cans, there's 6 cans that fit right along the length, which we figured out from statement number one. 
But that also gives you the same information as statement number one. 
Because you know that these are cylindrical cans. 
I think it's a safe assumption to say that these are circles. 
Yeah. 
A cylinder, you're assuming that the tops are circles. 
So if you say that 6 can fit that way, then you know that the diameter of each of them is 8 centimeters and then you can make the same argument that the diameter's 8 centimeters to say that 4 can fit the other way down. 
So two, alone, is also sufficient by itself. 
So the answer is, what is that, C? 
Both statements-- no D, each statement, alone, is sufficient. 
See you in the next video. 
You are a good person 
You spend time with your family 
You work out at the gym 
Come on.. 
PUSH ! 
PUSH ! 
You conserve water while showering 
You like nice clothes 
You give to charity.. ..you re-cycle you drive a prius but you use your bike when you can you enjoy the occasional distraction at work and you always send a card on mothers day always 
But theres a part of you that tells yourself that you're not so good that you could be doing more that the world is falling apart at the seams and all youve been doing is yoga 
one day you see that the rainforest is being destroyed at a staggering rate of 32 million acres a year 
Thats the equivalent of a football field ever 78 seconds 
You feel bad, angry, guilty, you've been apathetic for too long you want to do something about it, you must do something about it 
Well this is what you're not going to do: "i quit" 
You're not going to quit your job, 
leave your family, get on the next flight to nicaragua, take a bus to the end of the jungle then hoof it across rivers lakes and streams, quest to very heart of the rainforest. "take me to the heart of the rain forest" 
"you're getting closer, you're almost there, you have arrived" you're not going to ingratiate yourself with the local tribesmen, go to great lengths to earn their respect and trust 
"no no no nonono" *screaming 
It is around now you're living out the cliche gringo fantasy of becoming an honorary native and leading the resistance forces but screw it. 
If they could do it so could you. 
"I'm gonna save yoou" ( This guy comes over here and than do this and pull that thing from right over here) 
You're not gonna co-ordinate the "occupy-the-rainforest" movement 
Realise it's hopeless. 
Summon the power of the gods. 
lead a revolution agains deforesters and their multi-national employers in an apocalyptic 
"once-and-for-all" battle to save humanity, only to awake in El Salvador in a hospital with two toes missing on your left foot 
Siri I want to go home 
Head toward central America, up through Mexico, cross the Sierra Madre, and you just break it down first cigarette in 4 years 
Accidently start a wild fire killing the endangered species that once served as your occupational distraction, finally make it back home only to find that you've been replaced by a guy named TJ and the things at home are not what they used to be. 
You're not going to do any of these things 
But what you can to do is follow the frog 
Buying Rainforest aligned certified products ensurance the future of our Rainforest 
So that you don't have to do the things you shouldn't do anyway... 
Just follow the frog 
Smart Citizen is a platform based on open source hardware and software for citizen participation on data collection in the cities. 
"Smart Cities" will introduce a technological layer in the city though networks based on Internet that will allow a more efficient management of resources and information in the city. 
Una ciudad inteligente necesita plataformas para ciudadanos inteligentes. 
Smart Citizen project has two parts: a sensor board that captures environmental data and uploads it to the Internet and a platform that collects these data to make them useful for the users 
Hardware and Software integration in the Smart Citizen project will allow any person to be a producer of useful data of a common good. 
It will help us to understand the real environmental conditions of our surroundings and it will also allow to alert us about sound or air contamination limits to the community. 
The Smart Citizen Kit is a board based on the Arduino platform. 
It has a solar charger that allows connecting photovoltaic panels that charge a battery to install the kit anywhere inside our homes, parks or public square. 
It consists also of 5 sensors: air quality, sound, temperature, relative humidity and light quantity. 
Our first version of the kit was made ​​as a backpack or shield. 
The version we want to do with the funds from this campaign will remain based on an open hardware and Arduino, but it will consist of a single board with all its integrated capabilities besides having expansion possibility to provide advanced options. 
Once our kit is connected, we can set it to upload data to the online platform through the Internet. 
We can create a new user by accessing our social networks accounts such as Facebook or Google +. 
Once our profile is created we can access our sensor's data through graphics and decide what we want to share with our friends or neighbours. 
We can also document progresses and experiences which can be useful for the community. 
We can create personalized alerts for receiving SMS, tweets or emails each time a value reaches a limit or goes under it. 
This information can be used for a better collective management of our shared spaces, providing real-time maps about air pollution, level of noise or humidity at any given environment. 
Computers allowed us to generate digital contents. 
Internet has allowed us to share those contents. 
Nowadays more than ever before we have access to tools that allow us to understand our reality and to transform it. 
By backing this project you will collaborate to make "smart cities" being produced by smart citizens. 
Hello, my name is Martin Hausenblas and I'd like to thank you. 
By now there are more than 45,000 marketers in more than 170 countries worldwide. 
Thanks to your hard work, taxi drivers and passengers have also begun registering. 
The highest priority now is to launch Liftago in the first 4 markets: 
Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania. 
The better we launch in these markets, the easier and faster the launch will be in the markets that follow. 
Today I'd like to answer some of your questions and also show you the Liftago Taxi app for the first time! 
Before I start, I'd like to point out that the key to success is the understanding of our product and the way we do business. 
That's why I'd like to ask you to carefully go over the materials we provide in our newsletters and on our website. 
If you haven't taken a look at them yet, please do so now. 
Now to address your questions. 
When is the launch of the Liftago service? 
We are launching the service in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania in June. 
We'll keep you updated about the launch timing for the next markets. 
Our aim was to launch the service a couple of weeks ago. 
Unfortunately though, software development is not as predictable as we'd like it to be, especially when developing such an innovative service as Liftago Taxi, together with our Liftago Community Business. 
Currently we have been field-testing the apps and there's still some fine-tuning of features ahead of us before we can launch the service. 
What happens after the launch of Liftago Taxi? 
First of all, we'll celebrate! 
More importantly, the true work will begin. 
We'll launch the full version of the Liftago website for passengers, drivers, and marketers. 
We'll launch the apps and send a download link for Google Play or the App Store with your invite code to all of your pre-registered members. 
How do we know that a new member belongs to your community? 
The key to that is in the invite code. 
You've already been using your invite code to register new marketers or to pre-register new taxi drivers and passengers. 
If you don't know how to use it, take a look at our materials on our website. 
After the launch, share your invite link through www.liftago.com, and also directly from the Liftago apps in various forms, such as QR code, sms, e-mail, or social media. 
Users can install our apps also without the invite code, but it will be much easier for them to simply click on your invite link. 
The main factor determining your success will be your marketing skills. 
Will the Liftago service work from day one of the launch? 
Yes, indeed. 
Our Liftago Team will take care of that. 
What we expect from you - the marketers - is to help us spread our business across the globe. 
No passenger can order a taxi without taxi drivers using our app. 
And likewise, no Liftago driver can receive an order without passengers. 
That's why we share half of our taxi ride revenue with you. 
You are the only ones with enough power, resources, and motivation to share the apps with drivers and passengers. 
What is the key to success? 
Support your community, talk to taxi drivers and passengers, and share your experience and knowledge. 
Create a group of skilled taxi drivers who will join your community and attract many new Liftago passengers every day. 
And now I'd like to ask Ondrej from our Liftago team to show you our app. 
Hello, let's have a look at what our apps will look like. 
We've been developing two of them: the Liftago Taxi app for passengers and the Liftago Driver app for drivers. 
Both of them are compatible with iPhone and Android devices. 
All versions will be availabe in local languages upon launching. 
Let's take a look at the ordering process from the passenger's point of view. 
Now imagine that I'm a potential passenger sitting in a café, finishing my coffee and waiting for the bill. 
I'm launching the Liftago Taxi app and I immediately see there are 3 available taxis around. 
I click on the taxi icon and the app gets me the best taxi according to my preset preferences. 
But since I know where I'm going, I'd rather insert my destination address. 
I switch to the list of taxi drivers and I can see that there is one I have hired before and whom I was happy with. 
I can see the fare and I take a look at the rough estimate for the total price of the ride. 
It's acceptable for me, so I place an order. 
Now I'm waiting for the driver to confirm the order, which he does quickly! 
I can see he's just around the corner. 
Now I'm just waiting for him to tell me he's here. 
I can see him on the map, and in the meantime, I pay my bill. 
He's arrived! 
I'm leaving the restaurant and my taxi is waiting outside. 
The driver greets me and has indicated I'm on board. 
Now I can see the suggested route to my destination, the length of the ride, and also the price estimate. 
We've arrived. 
I'm paying for the ride and I'm rating the driver. 
I was very satisfied. 
Done. 
You can see how very easy all of this was. 
Instead of waiting, the driver got a job thanks to Liftago. 
As a passenger, I am happy with the service. 
I didn't wait in vain and my order didn't depend on a single phone number or on a single transport company. 
I chose the best driver around. 
I was able to see his price in advance and his rating. 
I knew who would pick me up and in what car. 
Actually, I didn't have any trouble at all. 
With Liftago, we're creating a free taxi market. 
Hassle-free for passengers and hassle-free for taxi drivers. 
The better and more convenient service we provide, the more orders we get for Liftago drivers. 
And that is our goal. 
Thanks to the skills of the whole community of marketers, we can create something truly great together. 
Just imagine that in a few years, we'll be as important for city transport as Google is right now with searching for information on the internet. 
Good luck! 
Previously on "The Vampire Diaries"... 
You took everything from me, Klaus. 
Let bygones be bygones. 
Resentment gets old. 
You know what never gets old? 
Revenge. 
No. 
What's a matter, Klaus? 
Missing something? 
Three sleeping originals, four coffins. 
Who is in the locked box? 
He's been sired. 
Feels loyal to Klaus because Klaus' blood created him. 
He released me from a curse that was ruining my life. 
I owe him for that. 
I need you to bite your girlfriend. 
A hybrid bite would kill a vampire. 
Consider this me putting your undying loyalty to the test. 
Klaus can't control me. 
Not when it comes to you. 
Ahhh. 
Oh! 
Oh, no. 
Did you just...Bite me?! 
Caroline! 
Get away from me! 
I figured out how to open it. 
Can you? 
Let me out! 
Please! 
Oh, my God, oh, my God. 
Hey! 
I'm in here! 
I'm in here! 
I'm in here! 
I've been having these dreams for days now. 
It's like the witches are trying to send me a message. 
I just can't believe you guys have kept this from me this whole time. 
Stefan thought if you knew where the coffins were, 
Klaus could threaten people to get the information out of you. 
So these are the rest of his family? 
Yeah, Elijah and two others. 
Now this one... 
Is the one we can't open. 
We don't know who's in it or what's in it, only that I think my dream's telling me to help kill Klaus. 
What the hell are you doing? 
I needed her to know about the coffin. 
And I needed you to keep her out of it, Bonnie. 
So what are you going to do, Stefan? 
Are you going to kidnap me so that I won't tell anyone? 
Don't tempt me, Elena. 
I think I know who can open the coffin, Stefan. 
And I need Elena to help me find her. 
Find who? 
What are you talking about? 
I couldn't place her face at first. 
Then I realized... 
Oh, my God, Bonnie. 
Who is this? 
It's my mom. 
Los alamitos? 
Um, too old. 
Honolulu? 
Ugh, I wish. 
How many of these are there? 
A lot. 
I asked the sheriff's office to pull up every single Abby Bennett in the country. 
I know we haven't been able to really... 
That things have been weird because of Jeremy. 
So thank you for helping me with this. 
I know you have a lot to deal with. 
There's nothing more important, Bonnie. 
It's surreal. 
Having to track down a woman who bailed on her own kid. 
You know you don't have to, right? 
Let Stefan obsess over opening up the coffin. 
It doesn't have to fall on you. 
The coffin is spelled shut. 
That makes it a witch problem. 
So it does fall on me. 
I was bound to see my mother again sooner or later. 
Sooner. 
Abby Bennett Wilson, Monroe, North Carolina. 
Born in Mystic Falls hospital, graduated Mystic Falls High, blah, blah, blah. 
A little compulsion helps to speed up the research process. 
This is her. 
Yep, road trip. 
I call shotgun. 
Yeah, no. 
Why? 
You want me to hang out in the back with you? 
You're not coming, Damon. 
Why? 
I'm the one who found her. 
Ok, Damon, look, 
Bonnie hasn't seen her mom in over 15 years. 
We don't need your snarky commentary narrating the experience. 
What's going on with you two? 
We kissed. 
Now it's weird. 
Have a great trip. 
What are you doing here? 
I came to apologize. 
Apologize? 
You bit me. 
I could have died. 
I think we're way past apologies, Tyler. 
That's the problem. 
Klaus told me to do it and I said no. 
And then, it just happened anyway. 
Like it was completely out of my control. 
That's why I had your mom call him. 
Daddy? 
Hi, Caroline. 
I thought since he could resist compulsion, maybe he could teach me to resist a sire bond. 
Can you help him? 
I'm going to try. 
Why? 
Because he made a mistake. 
And now he wants to make good. 
And I understand that. 
Do you want anything else? 
A beer? 
Ah, I'd love one, but I've got rounds in 15 minutes. 
And a drunk doctor is a bad doctor. 
Well, that depends on what kind of drunk you are. 
Angry. 
Oh. 
Thanks for lunch. 
Yeah, sure. 
Ah, so, um, next time, dinner? 
Yeah, that would be great. 
Cool. 
Take care. 
Bye. 
Thanks. 
Who's that? 
My doctor. 
She's a doctor? 
Ooh. 
What's her damage? 
No damage. 
Come on, Ric, it's a fact of life. 
A girl that hot, that smart...Damage. 
Well, you know, I'm looking for red flags. 
Her, uh, her ex called her a psycho case the other day. 
Yeah, but if it comes from her ex, it doesn't count. 
I guess you're right. 
It's yours. 
I wonder what my exes would call me. 
Nothing. 
They're all dead. 
Hmm. 
Well, her ex is the medical examiner, so he's dead-adjacent. 
She dated the medical examiner? 
Mm-hmm. 
Well, I don't think he's dead-adjacent. 
I think he's just dead. 
What? 
Murdered. 
Sheriff's trying to keep a lid on it because he was staked in the chest like a vampire. 
Well, Meredith didn't say anything about that. 
Well, red flag number two. 
Who do you think killed him? 
I don't know. 
But if I was a cop, your sexy doctor lady friend would definitely be a suspect. 
What are you doing here, Klaus? 
Enjoying our stalemate. 
What do you want? 
Question is, what do you want? 
My hybrids left town as you demanded, so please tell me what I need to do to get my family back. 
Well, ahem, see, Klaus... 
I'm not negotiating. 
And you understand that holding them indefinitely is the same thing as dropping them in the ocean? 
No, no, you leave Mystic Falls and then give me a call in a few years, and...We'll talk. 
I'm going to give you another chance. 
Just one more. 
Let's make a reasonable deal. 
Or what? 
You make one move, and I will... 
Yes, that's right. 
Crazy Stefan. 
Mmm. 
How's that working out for you? 
Any friends left? 
I just can't believe I'm actually going to see her. 
Or meet her. 
Sort of. 
Since I don't really remember her. 
You don't really talk about her. 
What's to say? 
She left, never wrote, never called. 
Not even when my grams died. 
Can we talk about you and Damon instead? 
I'm not talking about it. 
He kissed me. 
It's not going to happen again. 
I mean... 
Was it good? 
It doesn't matter. 
That means it was. 
It's Stefan. 
I told him I'd call him as soon as I got the address. 
Ignore. 
Bonnie, you're about to see your mom for the first time in 15 years. 
I'm not letting anyone ruin that moment. 
Yeah, but he's going to keep at it until I pick up. 
Fine. 
What? 
Where are you? 
Bonnie and I are going to spend the night at the lake house while we wait for sheriff Forbes to give us some more addresses. 
You're kidding me, right? 
No, Stefan, I'm not. 
We need a night off from your insanity. 
Klaus is getting antsy. 
He knows I'm stalling him. 
We need to move faster. 
Well, we're doing everything we can. 
So could you maybe not call every 5 minutes? 
Sure, Elena. 
Whatever you say. 
How's life on the road? 
- Scenic. 
- How's life in Mystic Falls without any hybrids? 
Boring. 
For now. 
If you want any of us back, you just have to say the word. 
There's no need. 
I've been making friends with the town's civil servants. 
There's a deputy who's awfully chatty, but useful nonetheless. 
Are you clear on what you need to do? 
I've got it covered. 
Can I help you? 
Abby Bennett Wilson? 
That's me. 
Cute house. 
For the middle of nowhere. 
You ready? 
Come on. 
Hey there. 
Hey, we're looking for, um, 
Abby Wilson. 
She's not home. 
Is there anything I can do for you? 
That's ok, we can come back. 
I'm sorry, but you look so familiar. 
Yeah, Abby's my mom. 
Oh. 
I'm Jamie. 
Um, you guys want to come inside? 
Right this way. 
You guys sure you don't want anything? 
We got fresh O.J., coconut water, some mango guava something. 
Water's fine. 
Cool. 
So, ahem, are we, like, related? 
Oh, no. 
Uh, Abby's not my mom. 
Oh. 
Good. 
Yeah, she, uh, she dated my old man back in the day. 
He was kind of a deadbeat, so when they broke up, she took me in. 
Put me through school. 
Didn't freak out when I totaled her car. 
Twice. 
She sounds...Great. 
- Yeah. 
- Jamie? 
Whose car's out front? 
That's mine. 
I'm Bonnie. 
Your daughter. 
Hello, Bonnie. 
How do you know this is going to work? 
It's a process. 
It took decades to train myself to resist compulsion. 
The brain's like a muscle. 
The more you use it, the more it can do. 
A sire bond, at its core, is about one thing... 
Gratitude. 
If you believe you owe Klaus your life, ask yourself why. 
I was cursed. 
Every full moon, I had to change into a wolf. 
It was torture. 
Klaus took that away. 
Freed you from your pain and you feel indebted to him. 
To break the sire bond, you've to make yourself turn. 
Own your pain, then you'll owe Klaus nothing and you'll be free. 
But how can he turn? 
It's not a full moon. 
He doesn't need one. 
You're a hybrid now, right? 
I mean, you can turn at will or not, am I right? 
Yeah, but I don't know how to just...Start. 
Now you're making excuses. 
You don't understand! 
When I turn, I break every bone in my body. 
You asked for my help. 
This is the only way. 
How badly do you want your freedom? 
Ok. 
Ok. 
How are you holding up? 
Oh. 
I'll be fine. 
I'm not here to get my mom back, I'm just here to get her help. 
So I hope you guys are hungry. 
'Cause, uh, food has always been my go-to icebreaker. 
You have a really beautiful home. 
You're so sweet. 
Just like your mom. 
You knew my mom? 
Miranda was my best friend. 
So you had a daughter and a best friend and you still left? 
My best friend is why I left. 
15 years ago, a vampire came to town. 
Looking for you, Elena. 
Looking for the doppelganger. 
No one could manage to kill him, so I lured him out of town and cast a spell to desiccate him. 
Mikael. 
He was an original vampire. 
It took every ounce of power I had. 
Almost killed me. 
I recovered. 
But my magic didn't. 
My powers never came back. 
And neither did you. 
It wasn't that simple. 
It wasn't? 
You cast a spell, put Michael down, then... 
What? 
You had to teach Jamie how to drive? 
Bonnie... 
This was a mistake. 
She has no magic, she can't help us. 
Bonnie, wait, please. 
Don't go. 
Talk to me. 
Please? 
I'll wait outside. 
Hi, Elena. 
Nice lake house. 
You know, we never got a chance to officially meet, doctor...Fell. 
You're Alaric's friend, right? 
Damon Salvatore. 
Saw you at the council meeting. 
What are you doing here? 
Strolling the halls. 
I like to wave at the newborns through the window. 
Sorry about your boyfriend. 
Animal attack. 
Brutal. 
Ex-boyfriend. 
And thanks. 
I'm still kind of processing. 
Yeah, I'm sure. 
You know, I just thought I'd come by and tell you that it wasn't an animal attack. 
And then I realized. 
You signed the death certificate. 
Would you rather I say he was staked like a vampire? 
Wasn't he the guy that coined the phrase "animal attack"? 
Why do you even care? 
Because Ric likes you. 
And if you're a psychopath, it would probably really suck for him. 
You think I killed my ex-boyfriend? 
I think psychopaths are incredibly high-maintenance. 
If you care about your friend, go figure out how Alaric came into the icu on his deathbed and walked out an hour later without a scratch. 
Fair enough. 
I can't. 
I can't. 
Try harder. 
Can't he just rest for one second?! 
We're doing this my way, Caroline. 
If you can't handle it, you should go. 
He's right, Caroline. 
Just go. 
No! 
Tyler! 
Go, Caroline. 
What are you doing? 
What the hell, man? 
Does it bother you? 
Knock it off! 
Good. 
Get angry. 
It's in you. 
You know it is. 
I said knock it off! 
Your bond to Klaus is putting my daughter in danger. 
Now either you turn or I kill you right here, right now. 
You've grown into such a beautiful young woman, Bonnie. 
Please, just stop with the muffins and the compliments. 
I just want to know the truth... 
Why didn't you come home? 
I had no magic. 
I was in a new city, and I realized 
I had a chance to be somebody else. 
To be Abby Wilson, the woman... 
Not Abby Bennett, the witch. 
I'm not proud of what I did, Bonnie. 
I ran. 
I know I ran. 
But you had your dad and your grams, and, ok, let's face it... 
Your grams is way better at this stuff than I am. 
You don't know? 
What? 
Oh. 
How? 
We were doing a rough spell... 
And we both exhausted ourselves. 
Her more than me. 
Well, she raised you right. 
I'm sure she was very proud of you. 
Well, now you know my whole story. 
Yep. 
How about you tell me yours? 
What brings you to me? 
It was a dream, actually. 
I thought you were supposed to help us. 
But if you don't have any magic, it's... 
Well, no spells, no. 
But I'm not completely useless. 
I mean, the earth still provides herbs and such. 
There might be something I can do. 
I...Don't think so. 
Bonnie, please. 
Let me help you. 
So what, you'd think I wouldn't find out? 
Honestly, I didn't care. 
This is exactly why I didn't want you in the loop, Elena. 
Yeah, because now you can't do whatever you want. 
- Damn it! 
- Hey! 
Everything all right out here? 
Hey. 
Jamie, go back inside, ok? 
Please. 
Trust me. 
It's better off for you there. 
I don't think so. 
I'd listen to her. 
Get back upstairs, man. 
I said I don't think so. 
Get back upstairs before I tear your damn throat out, do you understand me? 
I don't think you realize how bad you've gotten! 
This is the way it has to be, Elena. 
Oh, yeah, right. 
Out-villain the villain. 
I get it. 
You're not supposed to be here. 
Jamie, what are you doing? 
What I was told. 
He's not supposed to be here. 
Elena, he's compelled. 
What was that?! 
What are you doing here? 
Ah, looking for a bunny. 
You're good. 
For now. 
You still obsessed with Meredith? 
Ah. 
I mean, don't you have an original vampire to worry about? 
Ah, ah, ah, do ten more of those. 
You're going to want to buff up if you start dating this one. 
Self defense and all. 
What is your problem? 
Your doctor vervained me. 
And then she bloodjacked me. 
What? 
I mean, when did you even see her? 
When I went to the hospital to accuse her of killing her ex-boyfriend. 
Which, by the way, very sensitive subject. 
Damon, what the hell are you doing, huh? 
Why are you mad at me? 
I told you I'd handle this! 
I proved your theory... 
Diagnosed psycho case. 
You're welcome. 
Why are you doing this? 
Stop moving. 
Jamie, let me go. 
Jamie, he needs help. 
- Jamie! 
- Bonnie! 
Bonnie! 
What the... 
These chains aren't strong enough. 
You need to leave. 
Run! 
So? 
She didn't tell me where the coffins are. 
The vampire showed up. 
Did Jamie take care of him? 
He did. 
But she's not going to talk now. 
There's no way. 
I tried. 
Well, you should try again. 
What did you do to me? 
You'll be fine. 
But don't try and use spells. 
Those herbs I used muted your magic. 
Where's Elena?! 
She'll be fine, too. 
Bonnie, listen to me. 
I need your help. 
I need you to tell me where those coffins are. 
Why? 
Because if you don't, that man compelled Jamie to kill himself. 
I can't. 
This goes beyond you and me. 
All you need to do is tell me where they are. 
Then we'll have held up our end of the bargain. 
Bonnie, please. 
I've almost got it. 
Abby hasn't called yet. 
Jamie, please, just let us go. 
No! 
Please, don't do anything. 
Look, I don't know why I shot him. 
I don't know why I'm holding this gun, but if you move or do anything, 
I'm going to shoot him again. 
Ok, I won't. 
Who gave you that gun? 
A man came by here earlier today. 
He said it was wooden buckshot. 
Told me if anyone got in our way, 
I'm supposed to shoot 'em. 
What else did he say? 
If Abby didn't find the location of some coffins... 
I'm supposed to shoot myself. 
What about me? 
What did he say about me? 
I'm not supposed to hurt you. 
Are you sure? 
Because... 
These ropes are so tight that it is hurting me. 
What can I do to help? 
Every time I move, the wood shifts inside of me. 
I can feel it scraping against my heart. 
You need to get the pieces out. 
Aahh! 
What took you so long? 
I've been hiding behind your witchy friends. 
And in squalor, no less. 
Insulting a bunch of dead witches... 
Not smart. 
I made the exact same mistake first time I came in here. 
Well, you know the funny thing about the witches is that living or dead, they care about their own. 
A hundred dead witches have a thousand living descendents... 
And I have no problem killing every last one of them if I don't get my coffins back. 
As we speak, my hybrid friend is prepared to end the Bennett line. 
Now. 
Please... 
Show me the coffins. 
Here we are. 
Where's the fourth? 
Show me! 
Well, ehh, here's the thing. 
They can't. 
It's not here. 
What did you do? 
Well, Bonnie gave me the head's up. 
I mean, I didn't have enough time to get all four, but I did have time to get one. 
I will tear you limb from limb. 
And only then, when you are a writhing mass of blood and flesh, will I rip your heart from your chest. 
Sorry. 
Same rules apply. 
Leverage and all. 
I know you want your family back. 
But something tells me you want what's in that coffin a lot more. 
You want to tell me what you're up to? 
You talked to Damon. 
Yeah, I did. 
He wasn't supposed to wake up so soon. 
I used enough vervain to sedate him for hours. 
Well, he drinks it, every day. 
To build up an immunity so people like you don't get the jump on him. 
I'm not crazy, Ric. 
Really? 
Then what are you? 
Watch your back. 
You really want to know? 
Stick around. 
Is that bill Forbes? 
Aaah! 
I'm just trying to help! 
Just get it out, Elena, please. 
Just get it out. 
If you keep squirming, maybe I'll feel sorry for you. 
You've changed. 
Something's different about you. 
You're stronger. 
Tougher. 
You're not the only one who changed, Stefan. 
We all had to. 
That's good to know. 
There's something I have to tell you. 
And it's not because I feel guilty that it happened. 
It's because I feel guilty that you don't know. 
I kissed Damon. 
There. 
All done. 
What happened to him? 
He was found in the woods. 
An actual animal attack. 
Bite marks and gashes over half his body. 
Lost about 3 liters of blood. 
Well, is he going to make it? 
Nope. 
At least not on his own. 
What is that? 
Exactly what you think it is. 
Vampire blood. 
You wanted to know my secret? 
I cheat. 
I'm a doctor and I hate when people die. 
So when I have the ability to do something about it, 
I do. 
Stefan... 
Say something. 
Please. 
I shouldn't have kidnapped you. 
The car, the bridge, it was too far. 
Thank you. 
But you shouldn't have lied to me today. 
You can't go off and do things like that, Elena. 
Not while Klaus is still alive. 
I know. 
I just...I wanted to give Bonnie a moment with her mother without everything else getting in the way. 
Without me getting in the way. 
I didn't plan on kissing him. 
You're better than him, Elena. 
You're better than both of us. 
Elena's on her way. 
Jamie's safe. 
He's a little bruised, but he's safe. 
Do you think the hybrid will come back? 
You kept your end of the bargain. 
Klaus usually keeps his. 
You're willing to do all of this for him... 
And he's not even your family. 
He is my family, Bonnie. 
I know that might be hard for you to hear, but he is. 
But that doesn't mean that I don't care about you. 
I want to help you. 
You can't. 
You have no magic and I don't trust you. 
When I put mikael down, my magic didn't just leave me. 
It drifted away. 
The longer I stayed away from you, the weaker it got. 
I think nature was punishing me for abandoning you. 
Maybe you can help me get my magic back. 
I thought you said you didn't want it anymore. 
I don't. 
But if it's what you wanted... 
I would do that for you. 
You're better. 
Yeah. 
I shouldn't be, but I didn't have any say in the matter. 
I didn't mean to hurt you. 
I lost control. 
Again. 
I knew the risks when I decided to help you. 
So... 
Was it worth it? 
How do you feel? 
Different. 
A little more myself. 
Then we'll continue tomorrow. 
What are you talking about? 
I turned. 
Once. 
To break the sire bond. 
Turning needs to be painless. 
And from what I saw today... 
We're still a long way off. 
I can't put myself through that again. 
You will. 
Because until you're capable of acting on your own free will, 
I'm not going to let you anywhere near my daughter. 
You told me your secret. 
This is mine. 
You're a vampire hunter. 
Ah, semi-retired. 
You're trying to get out of taking me to dinner, aren't you? 
Just want to be honest. 
No secrets. 
Ok. 
Then tell me how you survived getting hit by a truck. 
Your injuries were fatal. 
Was it vampire blood? 
That, and, uh... 
This ring protects me from death at the hands of supernatural beings. 
A vampire hunter who can't be killed by vampires. 
Convenient. 
Are you worried I'm a supernatural being? 
One can never be... 
Too careful. 
Oh, um, hey, um. 
Sorry. 
Oh, uh, I'm gonna go. 
Ok, yeah, sure, sure, sure. 
Elena, I am... 
I'm sorry. 
Please, it... it's ok. 
Ah, it's not ok, Elena. 
I mean, this is not even my place. 
It's... it's your place. 
It's Jenna's place. 
It's your family... 
It's your family's place. 
The minute that you slept on that couch, it became your place, too. 
We needed you, and... 
And you stayed. 
Sp thank you for that. 
Hey, look, I know it's hard. 
But Jenna's gone. 
And you're allowed to move on. 
Oh, you're still alive? 
I assume that means 
Klaus didn't get his coffins. 
Well, don't look so happy. 
I was only able to get one of them out in time. 
The locked one. 
Probably a good choice. 
Yeah. 
You know, if you're banking on Bonnie's mama to open it, you're screwed. 
She doesn't have any powers. 
Ah. 
Doesn't surprise me. 
It's been that kind of night. 
Is Elena ok? 
I take it you two had a heart to heart. 
And I take it you don't want to talk about it. 
Noted. 
So why don't we talk about this? 
What did you do? 
You have your family back. 
Finally. 
You're going to open them? 
Not quite yet. 
I still have some unfinished business to take care of. 
What business? 
So, Niklaus... 
Elijah? 
What did I miss? 
Sync and corrected by Rafael UPD www.addic7ed.com/ 
I have a speech prepared, but... 
I don't know if it's for the toast. 
I didn't know I was gonna lead the toast. 
[laughter] 
Be prepared next time! 
[laughter] 
Bring your walking legs. 
[laughter mixed with gasps] 
Okay. 
Now this is something uhh... 
I didn't know I was gonna give a speech today, but 
I happen to type at 30,000 words per minute, so... in the time that I was up there I quickly whipped something up for you, Bayley and Megan. 
I promise you, it will be the most touching thing you've ever heard in your entire life. 
[laughter] 
More touching than the vows? 
Yes. 
[laughter] 
Fornication such as this...! 
Wait... [hesitant laughter] 
For an occasion such as this, it is very important to recognize the people that put their time and effort into making this a reality. 
So thank you... me, for working to make sure that this thing went off with out a hitch... power issues aside. 
I wasn't a part of that. 
And thank you, me, for almost making it right on time for the rehersal. 
And thank you, me, most of all for taking time away from myself to recognize the efforts of the little people - Megan, this isn't a dig at you, don't worry, those are coming later, but instead I mean all the people that weren't me and still gave their (less important) time and energy to... decorating... 
This means to clap, monkeys. 
[applause and laughter] feeding us all... [applause] 
and finally, thanks to you for having me here, which lets face it, was  the most important thing to happen today. 
Now, as many of you already know, my name is David Sprague. 
And, as many of you have felt strangely compelled to point out, some of you doing so cruelly within ear shot of the groom, I am the best man here today. 
Don't get me wrong, I understand that I am great, but come on people; this is supposed to be Bayley's special day. 
He has had to hear just how great I am every single day since well before he even met me, so can we please just give him one day free of constant reminders that I am better than him? 
For those of you that haven't been to a wedding, this is normally the part of the best man speech where I would point out that the groom is actually the best man here because the bride is marrying him instead of the person titled "best man", me. 
But I think, for obvious reasons, we can just skip that particular punchline and instead, silently ponder why 
Megan made the poor decisions that she made. 
Joking aside, it should now be burnt indelibly into your brains that I am the best man. 
But I hear some of you asking, "Why would Bayley, somebody so obviously filled with bitter jealousy and feelings of inadequesy, pick somebody as awesome as David to be his best man?" The truth is, I am as stumped as you. 
Don't get me wrong, I am Bayley's best friend in the whole wide world - closer to a brother, really. 
But Bayley, he is just my ... 
I don't know... what is closer than a stranger, but still shy of pal...? 
"Casual work acquaintance"? 
No, I would need a job for that to be the case... ah well, we'll come back to that. 
After all... 
I can't ignore his lovely bride! 
Heh heh heh... 
Megan, I actually want to use this time to appologize for the way we have treated you. 
To be mocked about your height for so many years by me, my brothers, friends, family, strangers on the street, well, it simply isn't fair to you. 
And to know that you've actually looked up to me all this time, metaphorically speaking, of course... 
Well, I'm sorry for all of it. 
I will try and be more respectful from here on out. 
That's a lovely dress, by the way. 
Does it come in an adult size? 
Darn it, I didn't even make it a full 10 seconds into my resolution. 
Here, to make it up to you, I will now improvise a touching poem, just for the two of you. 
Now if you notice that I am still scrolling down my speech, understand that I am simply doing that for continuity. 
Ugh, starting is always the hard part. 
I dunno, uhh... roses. 
Roses are... red! 
Violets are... violet? 
No, I know there is something better. 
Come on David, you can do this. 
Roses are red, Violets are blue, 
Today we learn what they already knew, This beautiful couple makes their official debut, Put themselves up for their familiar review, 
Verdict comes in, it was worth the pursue, 
Pastor asks, "Do you and do you?" 
Both say in unison, "I certainly do." 
Marriage is the same from here to Peru, Here, some examples of what it will construe: 
Megan, baby Bayley when he gets the flu, Sure to feed baby Bayley hot chicken stew, 
And top notch was his beer home brew, And no you don't smell his smelly old shoe. 
Bayley don't demonstrate your clumsy kung foo, 
Take Megan out when she wants fondoo. 
Here's your biggest marriage advice clue, 
Don't you dare speak of her taboo tattoo! 
And let NO ONE speak of a love that's untrue, From humble beginnings, all of this grew. 
Megan and Bayley, almost time for adieu, Honeymoon awaits, have fun when you scream down the highway at a high rate of speed on the way to your destination. 
All seriousness, you two are a great couple. 
Bayley, you are truly the best man here and 
Megan, you could not have chosen anybody better to spend the rest of your life with. 
Congrats to both of you. 
The answer for the first one is 0.125--that is the half times the half times the half, makes an 8th. 
We showed earlier that this was 1/K--1 over the size of K. 
Now we've shown that the probability of M equals M* is equal to the probability the message is M* divided by the K. 
We've shown these two things. 
Now we just need to plug them into our conditional probability formula. 
We're going to have this on top, and we're going to divide that by the probability of B, which is 1 over K. 
The "over Ks" will cancel out, leaving us with the probability that the message is equal to M*. 
That's exactly our definition of a perfect cipher. 
We can conclude that the one-time pad is a perfect cipher. 
It exactly satisfies the definition of a perfect cipher where the cipher text reveals nothing at all about the key. 
You might think the class should be over. 
We've achieved our goal of perfect secrecy using a cipher that was invented over 100 years ago and is actually provably perfectly secret. 
We're not going quite done yet. 
There are some pretty serious problems with the one-time pad. 
One problem is that it's malleable. 
What malleable means is if Alice sends her ciphertext to Bob, and our evil interceptor--this times it's not just an eavesdropped, it's an eavesdropper with a hammer. 
If our interceptor has control over the network, and instead of just being an eavesdropper can be an active attacker. 
An active attacker means they can actually change messages on the network. 
The message that arrives at Bob is not C. It's C'. 
Because at the perfect cipher, the attacker can't learn anything new about the message from C, but she could modify it. 
Maybe she had a pretty good guess. 
Maybe there was a number in the message somewhere or something that she wanted to change. 
Well, she could flip the bits at that part of the message, change the ciphertext that Bob receives to C. 
It would decrypt, and with the one-time pad encryption and decryption are the same function. 
The decryption of C' would be M'. 
The attacker can actually control the difference between M and M', because the way the one-time pad works is just XOR. 
The attacker could decide whatever difference she wants to introduce in the message. 
This is a dangerous property for a cipher to have. 
Another big problem with the one-time pad is that it's very impractical. 
The real reason that it's impractical is because the keys have to be as long as the messages, and we can never reuse the key. 
The is this property that the number of possible keys is equal to the number of possible messages. 
Maybe what we should try to do is to find a more practical perfect cipher. 
Unfortunately, Claude Shannon proved that that's not possible. 
That's what we're going to look at next is why this property that the key space has to be at least as big as the message space i s a requirement for a cipher being perfect. 
Let's take a look at an approach for actually finding shortest paths in graphs, and we'll use this example once again. 
It will help to actually have names for the other nodes, so I'm going to add these in. 
Just remember what breadth-first search does for this graph starting from A. 
We mark A as visited and we add it to the open list. 
We pull off the open list and add all the neighbors of A to the open list. 
Letter C, B, and D then we choose one of these nodes, 
Let's say C and add all its unexpanded neighbors to the graph, but all its neighbors are expanded. 
Do the same thing with B. B has F, and D's unexpanded neighbors are E. 
Now, F's unexpanded neighbors are G, and E has no more unexpanded neighbors. 
We finish this step for a search. 
What we get here is that by the assumptions of breadth-first search, the shortest path from A to B is this direct link from A to B. 
The search would have actually terminated here, but we ran that anyway. 
These are supposedly the shortest paths in terms of number of hops to all these nodes. 
It actually makes sense. 
One hop to C. One hop to B. One hop to D. Two hops to F, sure. 
Two hops to E, sure. 
Three hops to G, one, two, three. 
Yep. 
There's no faster way to get to G. 
This actually does the right thing in terms of number of hops, but let's take a look at what happen when we went to expand B. 
At this point, even though we have a shortest hop path to B, we don't have a shortest link path to B. 
All we know is that from A, you can reach C in three steps. 
Well, that's really all we know. 
Even this A to D, we don't know, there might be like a half weight path that goes from C to D, but we do know that there's going to be no faster way to get to C right because that is the shortest edge out of A. 
Any of the longer edges we're assuming we can't take negative weight edges that would cause this four to get smaller than the three. 
All we really know is that this three is the smallest. 
What we should do is not expand B, but we should focus on C. 
We now know that there's a path that actually can get us there in 13. 
This 10 edge plus the three that it takes to get to C. 
We can get to B faster than 15. 
We can get to B in 13. 
Now, is that the shortest possible path for B? 
We don't know cause we know that we could get to D in four and maybe there's a link one, 
I mean ignoring the graph for a second. 
Maybe, there's a link one path that would get us to B, which would be even shorter. 
All we know from what we've done so far is that the shortest path from A to D is four. 
Let's lock that down and pull D off of the open list, and let's focus on D. 
D has edges to B, F, and E. Here's B, and here's F and E. 
This path to F through D is going to add another seven for a total of 11, and this path to E through D is going to add another three for a length of seven, and remember there's also a D to B link, which would add nine to this, which would get us there in 13, and we already knew how to get there in 13, so that doesn't really change anything. 
Based on these three, we know the fastest way to A, C, and D, and once that we have also been able to reach, we know that E has the shortest distance, which is seven, and there isn't going to be any faster way to get to E cause there aren't any other nodes that we could get to and then get to E faster than seven. 
We can lock that one down, pull off the open list, add all its edges to the non-completed nodes. 
E can go to F, and it has a link of five. 
We could go seven steps to E and then another five to F for a total of 12. 
No, we can already get there in 11. 
That's probably not a good idea. 
From E, we can also get to G in one step, which would have been seven plus the additional step for a total of eight, and that's all we can reach from E. 
Looking things over, we now know that the fastest way to get to G is eight steps because the only other way we could get to G would be to visit one of the other nodes, and then go to G, and that would have to be longer than eight. 
We're going to lock it down, and now we pull of the open list and look at the edges out of G. 
G can get to F in two steps, and that's an improvement because before the best we could get to F was 11 steps. 
Now, we can get to F in ten. 
Can we get anywhere else new? 
No, cause the only nodes that are complete now are B and F, and they're already in the picture, and in fact, now we see that the fastest way to get to F is going to be in ten steps cause the only other way to get to F that we haven't considered is getting there through B, and that's going to be longer. 
We can lock this down. 
Alright! 
So, let's look at F. 
What edges are coming at F to uncompleted nodes, just this one to B. 
That would have been F is ten steps plus one more would be 11 to get to B. 
That's an improvement over what we had before, and that's it for F. 
Now, the only node that we've got left to think about is B. 
There's no way to get to be any faster than 11 cause there's no other place that we can go and then get to B. 
We can lock it down, and that finishes the picture. 
We now know what the shortest distance is from A to === in the graph. 
The distance to B is 11. 
Now, we've kind of lost a little bit of information of how we get to B in 11? 
But, we'll deal with that in a little bit. 
Good morning to everyone and above all to our guests. 
A warm " thank you" to Mrs Di Ture who represents the General Direction of our Education Department. 
I myself thank you because I don't have any merit for this event, I am only doing my work according to the general political and administrative lines of our Institute , which I consider more useful for our students. 
This activity was led by Mrs Calò and a starting group of Section A classes infact I think that this first step was made by our V A and to them, to these students our thanks must be given for what they have made and for what other students will be able to do on their example 
Let's look at multiplying binomials. 
For example, if we want to multiply (2x+5y) (3x-y), we could take this entire binomial here and distribute it to each of these two terms, which would give us (2x+5y) (3x) + (2x+5y) (-y). 
And again, we can distribute this 3x to these two terms, as well as the -y to these two terms, which gives us (2x) (3x) + (5y) (3x) + (2x) (-y) + (5y) (-y) = 6x^2 + 15yx - 2xy - 5y^2. 
And now, 15yx and -2xy are like terms because yx and xy are equal by commutativity. 
So we can combine them, which gives us our answer of 6x^2 + 13xy - 5y^2. 
Now, this type of multiplication comes up often and there is an acronym used to describe it. 
And the acronym is FOlL. 
The F in FOlL stands for First, which means we multiply the first terms in each binomial. 
So, a * c. 
The O stands for Outer, which means we multiply the outer terms in the two binomials, so a * d. 
The I stands for Inner, which means we multiply the inner terms of the two binomials, so b * c. 
And finally, the L here stands for Last, which means we multiply the last terms in the two binomials, so b * d. 
And the answer to this multiplication is the sum of all of these, F + O + I + L. So, let's apply this method here to see that we get the same answer that we just found. 
Okay. 
So, we still have this product, (x+5y) (3x-y). 
So, what is F here? 
This is the product of the first terms in the two binomials. 
So, 2x * 3x, which is 6x^2. 
And what about O? 
I is a product of the outer terms in the two binomials. 
So, 2x * -y, which is -2xy. 
And I is the product of the inner terms in the two binomials. 
So, 5y and 3x, which is equal to 15yx. 
And L is the product of the last terms in the two binomials. 
So, 5y *, - y, which is -5y^2. 
And therefore, this product is the sum of all of these. 
So, it's 6x^2 - 2xy + 15yx - 5y^2. 
And again, -2xy and 15yx are like terms so we can combine them, which gives us the same answer of 6x^2 + 13xy - 5y^2. 
So, FOlL is a quick way to distributive multiplication of two binomials. 
Let's see another example. 
Let's multiply these two binomials here. 
Well, we can apply the FOlL method we just saw. 
This is equal to the product of the first terms in the two binomials. 
So, 2x * 2x, plus the product of the outer terms in the two binomials, so 2x * one. 
And then, plus the product of the inner terms of the two binomials, so -one * 2x. 
And then, plus the product of the last terms in the two binomials, so -one - one which gives us, 4x^2 + 2x - 2x - one. 
And notice the outer and the inner terms will cancel, which leaves us with our answer of 4x^2 - one. 
Now, it should be pointed out that these binomials are special and that we're multiplying together the difference and sum of the same two terms. 
We have 2x and 2x, and one and one. 
And there's a special formula in this type of case. 
And the formula is that (A-b) (A+b) = A^2 - B^2, because the outer and inner terms will always cancel, which is what we just saw. 
That is, in our case, our A is 2x and our B is one. 
So our answer here is A^2 - B^2 or (2x)^2 - (one)^2, which is this 4x^2 - one. 
Let's see another example. 
Now, be careful here with this power of two. 
We can not apply that to each of these two terms. 
What this means is (3y-5), (3y-5). 
So again, we can FOlL. 
This is equal to the product of the first terms in the binomials, so 3y * 3y. 
And then, plus the product of the outer terms in the two binomials, so 3y * -five. 
And then plus the product of the inner terms in the two binomials, so -five * 3y. 
And then, plus the product of the last term in the two binomials, so -five * -five which is equal to 9y^2 - 15y - 15y + 25. 
And combining the outer and inner terms gives us our answer of 9y^2 - 30y + 25. 
Now again, this is a common type of multiplication here where we're multiplying a binomial by itself. 
And there's a special formula again in this type of case. 
And the formula is that (A-B)^2 = A^2 - 2AB + B^2. 
That is the outer and inner terms are the same, so there'll be two of them. 
Which we just saw with A = 3y, and B = five. 
So, our answer here is A^2 or (3y)^2 - two * A * B, and then plus B^2, or 9y^2 - 30y + 25. 
And this is how we multiply two binomials. 
Thank you, and we'll see you next time. 
Now we're going to succinctly talk about body fluid cleanup, from a potential bio-hazard. 
Now, when we do this, I'll tell you, one of the best things you can do actually, is have your scene set up first. 
I mean making sure you have extra pair of gloves already laid out, having your disposable wipes, having your premixed 1 to 10 household bleach solution, 
One part bleach to ten parts water, which is suggested by the Centers for Disease Control for a disinfecting household solution, if you don't have a commercial virucidal, or another disinfecting solution. 
The goal here, now, is to obviously disinfect the surface, this could be applied to tools or other inanimate objects as well, but in this case it's a table top. 
Somebody had a bloody nose, a child or an adult, they bled on the table, and now we're coming in later to disinfect this. 
In the meantime, if you notice there's a blood-spill, and you can't disinfect right away, block off the area so that other people don't come in contact with it, and become infected as well, or at least exposed. 
So first is to actually clean up as much of the gross contaminate as possible. 
We're gonna do this by wiping the bulk of the contaminate off the table. 
If you can have someone assist you by bringing the bag in, we're going to dispose of the contaminate in a bio-haz bag, being careful not to cross-contaminate. 
Now, if we're working with a clean bottle, and we've just wiped up contaminate, 
I mean I can get this contamination on these gloves pretty easily. 
Let's remove the first contaminated gloves without snapping or popping the gloves, with a glove-on-glove, skin-on-skin, removal procedure. 
Now we're gonna be careful, and actually drop those into the bio-haz bag as well. 
Now clean on clean, we place our second pair of gloves. 
One side-note though, just from experience, is the more sweaty your hands get, the harder it is to put on secondary pairs of gloves, so if you're purchasing gloves, a light powdered glove is not a bad idea, or a powder free that's just a good quality glove. 
Now we can take our disinfecting solution, spray down the contaminate. 
Be careful not to spray it hard, because if you do, it can glance off and shoot the contaminates off the surface that you're working on, and now we've got another cross-contamination issue, and we're gonna continue to have to clean up. 
Make sure that you spray in a circumference enough that you're really decontaminating the greater part of this surface. 
Now we're gonna take another disposable wipe, and now we're going to clean the second phase, and get the rest of the existing contaminate off the surface. 
And we're going to dispose of that in a bio-haz bag. 
Again, keeping dirty-dirty and clean-clean, we're gonna dispose of those in the bio-haz bag, and this should be our last time that we actually have to put on gloves, even though they're clean, and ideally the disinfecting bottle is clean, we really want to break this chain of infection through putting a personal protective equipment piece between us and the potential pathogen. 
Now we're going to mist-spray a saturation of the disinfecting solution. 
If it is made out of bleach solution, be careful it doesn't get on other products that have color, it will bleach those products. 
Maybe it's a carpet, or other things. 
And now we're going to put this stuff away properly, but we're going to let this wet surface literally dry on its' own, which is the prescribed amount of time for the chemical to be in contact with the hazard, or potential hazard, the bio-hazard, in order for it to completely have its' kill time. 
Hey! 
Welcome back to 20 Minutes Or Less, my name is Elliot Morgan, 
I'm Trisha Hershberger. 
So 17 year old Savannah Dietrich was sexually assaulted in 2011 by 2 boys after she passed out from drinking at a party. 
Months after the party she learned that those 2 boys had taken pictures and shared them with people. 
Then news of the assault spread around her Louisville high school. 
Last month the boys who attacked her struck a plea deal. 
They plead guilty and were charged with felony sexual abuse and misdemeanor voyeurism. 
Dietrich felt this was not an appropriate punishment and that it amounted to a "slap on the wrist". 
Then the court added an order for the victim herself: don't talk about it, or go to freakin' jail. 
Because nothing sends a better message to victims of sexual assault than telling them not to talk about it. 
When Savannah heard this, she cried, logged onto Twitter and tweeted: 
"There you go, lock me up." 
And then proceeded to give the names of the little worthless pieces of trash, and then finished the tweet up with: 
"I'm not protecting anyone that made my life a living hell." 
She immediately violated the stipulation that she not say anything. 
The attacker's attorneys then asked a Jefferson District court judge to hold Dietrich in contempt for lashing out on Twitter. 
She could face up to 100 days in jail and a $500 fine if convicted. 
So to summarize: the boys who violated this girl got to have it both ways. 
They were able to make what they did public to whoever they wanted to know, and then they were able to tell a court to keep it quiet. 
Dietrich stated on a note on her Facebook wall: 
"If reporting a rape only got me to the point that I'm not allowed to talk about it, then I regret it. 
I regret reporting it." 
But, one good thing that has come out of this is that Savannah recently opened her Facebook page to the public, allowing hundreds of random friend requests from people offering financial support and petitions in her cause. 
And with her Facebook page and Twitter account, 
Savannah Dietrich gets to control what people see of her, for once. 
It's ironic that technology, which helped humiliate her previously, is now allowing her to put her best foot forward. 
The judge behind the ruling is named Judge Deana "Dee" McDonald. 
The defense attorneys for her rapists are 
Chris Klein and David Mejia. 
Oh! 
And her rapists, the boys who decided to violate this girl and spread that violation throughout her highschool, potentially ruining her youth, their names are Will Frey and uh I'll spell this for you if you want to write it down, that's Will, like Will, and then Frey. 
F. R. E. Y. 
And the other rapist is Austin Zehnder, that's Z.E.H.N.D.E.R. 
Please do not share this information or let anyone know that there are two rapists in Kentucky named Will Frey and Austin Zehnder. 
Because Judge Deana McDonald doesn't want you to. 
Nor do their lawyers David Mejia and Chris Klein. 
That's David Majia and Chris Klein, uh, Will Frey 
Austin Zehnder 
Austin Zehnder and Will Frey 
Perfect! 
Now of course there are two sides to every story. 
For example, Will Frey and Austin Zehnder "allegedly" raped Savannah Dietrich. 
Oh! 
Wait. 
Sorry. 
No. 
They plead guilty, so yeah, they definitely raped her. 
The thing is it's important that we protect the identities of Will Frey and Austin Zehnder, because, like, this could look really bad for Will Frey and Austin Zehnder. 
Like, real bad. 
Cuz they're rapists. 
It's insane to me that a court system would allow a victim of sexual assault to be silenced. 
That's counter to justice, 
I mean, that's counter to common sense! 
Apparently Judge Deana McDonald isn't aware of the thing called the internet, where names like Will Frey and Austin Zehnder can be spread very very quickly. 
I would call the judge and defense attorneys behind these actions disgusting, but that wouldn't be an appropriate enough word. 
So I'll use these words: 
WlLL FREY AND AUSTlN ZEHNDER. 
Look, bottom line, in a world where half of rape victims don't say a word, we have a justice system that's encouraging girls to keep their mouth shut, at least one specific girl. 
That's completely counter to what we need to have happen in this country. 
It's beyond offensive, it's freakin' wrong. 
So tell us what you think of Will Frey and Austin Zehnder, 
Judge Deana McDonald and defense attorneys Chris Klein and David Majia in the comments down below. 
Like, subscribe, click the annotation... 
I'm Elliot Morgan 
I'm Trisha Hershberger 
This is SourceFed, bye! 
- [Voiceover] 
Tree rings are rich with history and can reveal the exact age and geographic origin of a tree trunk or a piece of wood. 
The scientific analysis of tree ring patterns is known as dendrochronology, and was used to learn more about the cabinet's wood. 
Only certain types of wood can be analyzed with dendrochronology. 
In the case of the cabinet, the oak interior was most suitable. 
But the end grain of these oak panels, where the tree pattern is visible, was inaccessible. 
So to examine the hidden tree ring pattern of the interior, an innovative method of x-raying was devised. 
To begin, parts of the cabinet were carefully disassembled, transferred to the museum's x-ray laboratory and placed on a rotating table. 
For dendrochronology to be effective, the rings must be measured very accurately. 
Once the tree rings were perfectly aligned, the image was recorded on x-ray film. 
The tree rings were measured from this high resolution image and these results, along with many other samples, were analyzed by a dendrochronologist, who compared the tree ring measurements to weather patterns in different regions, going back in history. 
The dendrochronologist concluded that these oak panels came from a tree that grew in the region of Burgundy, in eastern France, and was cut down in 1574, six years before the cabinet was made. 
Even the cabinet's smallest details had much to reveal about its origins. 
The middle drawer is lined with a silk and linen fabric, which is held in place by rose head tacks. 
Scientific analysis could tell us whether these tacks are from the 16th century or are later reproductions. 
A loose, broken tack discovered inside the cabinet was prepared for analysis. 
It was embedded in liquid resin that was hardened under blue light. 
The embedded tack was then cut and polished. 
To determine the tack's composition, it was analyzed using an x-ray technique known as X-ray fluorescence or XRF. 
The XRF instrument creates a spectrum with each line representing a different chemical element. 
The spectrum showed that the tack was made of brass, but also contained significant traces of other metals. 
Such impure brass was commonplace in the 1500s, but not in more recent times. 
Next, to determine how the tack was made it was examined under an optical microscope. 
Getty scientists observed that the tack had a very even and rounded crystal structure, which indicated that the metal was cast into a mold and then allowed to cool naturally. 
A common working method in the 1500s. 
A tack that had been made more recently, would probably have been hammered or stamped resulting in a very different crystal structure. 
The microscope also revealed an interesting layer on the surface of the tack. 
To identify the composition of this surface coating, a scanning electron microscope was used. 
The upper layer was targeted and analyzed with an electron beam. 
The spectrum produced by the microscope showed that the layer was primarily composed of the element tin. 
As you can see in this replica, the thin layer of tin was used to imitate the shiny appearance of silver. 
These discoveries about the manufacture and chemical composition of the tacks, enabled Getty scientists to conclude that they are authentic and date back to the fabrication of the cabinet in 1580. 
What's the most important issue  to you this election season? 
You know, the most important issue to me is  really the economic disparity. 
I have a lot of concern that the rich keep getting richer,  and the poor keep getting poorer, and I really think we need a big overhaul  to change what's happening in our country. 
Do you think the political system is broken? 
If so, how would you fix it? 
You know, I do a little bit, 
I think the way that I see it as broken is that we have a lot of political backing by donors who can afford to back the politicians. 
And, so, I don't know that I see it as equal representation, and so I think if there was some way we could make our system be more about an equal - starting at an equal base. 
Okay? 
So each - each party had an equal amount to spend we would have a little more equality in terms of the voices and the issues that we heard. 
Are you hopeful about the future? 
I am hopeful. 
I do think we need some changes, and that I don't necessarily mean changes in presidency, but we need some changes in the whole system. 
But I'm always hopeful; I'm always hopeful. 
I think we have a great country, and I think people have their hearts in the right places. 
Let's do this again,using once again our election example. 
This time with four parties--A, B, C, and D. 
And here the election outcomes party A received 175,000 votes, party B 50,000, party C 25,000, party D 50,000. 
In most democratic parties, you don't find such a distribution that one party takes the vast majority, but say that's the case for our country. 
If I now draw a pie chart, let us assume that we try to graph party A first, then B, C, and D--as indicated over here. 
Please check exactly those boxes that define the separator from one party to the next. 
Design For Change, our young innovators' world winner. 
Some of you might have noticed we have some rather young people in the audience tonight 
Design For Change begins with simple and powerful premise - I Can 
More specifically - children can 
By empowering students to identify the challenges that most effect their communities 
Design For Change encourages them to find the solutions themselves and lead adults and their classmates in this effort 
Design For Change first began in the school of Ahmedabad in India, 
Growing just a few years later to more 32 thousand schools across the country 
Not long after, Design For Change became an international movement empowering 25 million students in 35 countries to improve their communities children are introduced to a four step process feel, imagine, do, and share and rather then ask the question "Can I?" they are a part of the power of saying and believing in the phrase "I Can" in India, Design For Change students have taught their parents to read, stop child marriages, cleaned up their neighborhoods, and fixed pot holes on the street 
In Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a group of students concerned about childhood obesity reached over 55 thousand members of their community, as they advocated for bypass there 
In Bhutan, students of one school decided to reduced their use of throwaway package food after visiting a landfill and seeing the waste piled there expanding the impact of their project the students got 80 other schools to endorse their efforts 
All around the world, children, including the children who will be on the stage tonight are stepping up and learning that the power to create change lies in them as much as with the adults who educate them and influence their lives this feeling of agency and advocacy will stay with these children their entire life encouraging them to remain engaged as they become adults as an ambassador of the organization once said the task inherent in the Design For Change school challenge defining problems determining solutions, and affecting change, something the Rockefeller Foundation also inspires, too 
Challenges both sides of a child's brain and all parts of their hearts for recognizing the children our untapped resource in developing better and more livable communities and in creating the potential for leadership and citizenship for the youngest among us around the world we celebrate the accomplishments and innovations of the Design For Change school challenge and the work of its founder -- Kiran Bir Sethi 
Let's welcome up the school challenge participants who are accepting tonight's innovation award on behalf of their many peers around the world who are inspired on a daily basis on Design For Change 
Kiran, and students-- TuoYe Chang from Taipei, Taiwan 
Daniel Antonio Domingaz from Guadelahara, Mexico and Katelyn Freedberg and Abigail Frankel from Pearl River, New York please join us (praise, claps, music) (music) 
(claps) 
All children grow up listening to stories, tales of great valor and courage, performed by superheroes and magical powers. 
They listen with rapt attention of how these heroes slay dragons and save the world 
And just as a child start to believing in this we adults tell them 
"Stop it, superheroes are only in fairy tales." 
Today, Design For Change has uncovered a new breed of superheroes 
Heroes who are still slaying dragons, the only difference is that their dragons are bullies, child marriages, and loneliness. 
They are still using magical powers, only not laser vision or fancy masks, but two most powerful words in the English vocabulary: 
I CAN. 
They are still saving the world, and they are our children. 
Design For Change would like to give a big hug to the Rockefeller Foundation for honoring these young heroes and telling every adult that 
Yes, superheroes are not in fair tales, they are every child that says "I CAN!" instead of "Can I?"Thank you! 
(shouts, claps) 
Hello, everyone, my name is Jonathan, and I am from Taiwan. 
My project starts with my friend Jack. 
My friend Jack couldn't see, and he wants to know how people around him "look" like. 
How his friends, his family look like, but he was too shy to ask, so I designed little invitation cards that he could give to his family, or to his classmates, to his teachers, and to his friends. 
To tell them that he wants to feel their faces, and see if they accept it. 
Through the project, 
I learned that it is the first time that Jack ever touched his mother's face, and I am very touched, and by the same time I feel very warm. 
And I think there are many people like Jack out there, so I printed more cards, and I spread them out to other organizations. 
We hope to help more people, and this is my story. 
Thank you. 
(claps, shouts) 
Hi, everyone, my name is Danielle, and I am form Guadalajara, Mexico. 
I am here to share my story about 
"The Kilometer of Love," my project. 
Well, it all starts well... 
I invented the project, so that we can help our children that have cancer from all around the world, so that they have better medications, and so that they could live a better life. 
And I believe that this program, it can help everyone, it showed me to never give up, no matter what the problem is, and that we can all make a difference, even someone like me, and we do it all from the heart, thank you. 
[claps, shouts] 
Hello, I'm Katelyn Freedberg from Pearl River, 
New York, and my classmates and I did a project. 
We tried to prevent bullying from happening in our school, because it's a big problem, and we wanted everyone in the school to have someone there for them when they need help, so we decided to have ADDvertisements instead of regular advertisements because they subtract from us. 
But we wanted to add something to someone's life, so, yeah. 
Our ADDvertisements were posters that display positive messages, such as "Kindness doesn't cost anything", 
"Be a friend not a bully", and "This is a bully-free zone". 
And we display these messages throughout the school. 
As soon as our peers began to understand what these messages meant, words began to turn into actions, and soon enough you couldn't find anyone who is lonely at lunch table, everyone have someone there for them. 
So, thank you. 
[Car starting, tires screeching] 
The first sight of Pyongyang is pretty dismal. 
[Anthem playing in background] 
We're in a hotel that's about 47 stories tall. 
Nobody's in it. 
Um, I think there's only one floor with any people on it. 
[Anthem playing in background] 
We're in the hotel room and, um, we've been told that they're bugged. 
That they're listening to us. 
I don't know if whispering is going to help. 
That might be where it all stems from. 
Hello! 
Hello! 
Come in, Come in Tokyo. 
Hello, Hello. 
Hello, Hello. 
We're here. 
[Woman singing on TV] 
Right after we get there, we were taken for our first meal. 
The first time you eat in North Korea, it's kind of a sign of the very weird things to come. 
[Girls laughing] 
[Girl speaking Korean] 
Is this where we go? 
Here? 
The table is over here. 
We're in a big banquet room. 
As you can see it's huge. 
There's about 20 women who are getting ready for our dinner. 
First of all, they give you about 3 or 4 courses of absolutely inedible food. 
It's just matter. 
It's like fried matter. 
And you're kinda going, yeah, yeah. 
But you're waiting for every one to fill in, when's this banquet happening? 
When's the banquet? 
There is no banquet. 
Where is everyone? 
It's not very busy here. 
You realize they've gotten so much bad press for not having food that they want to show, oh there's plenty of food! 
Food everywhere! 
And they're carefully laying out the food the whole time you're eating. 
As you're leaving you notice, they're pulling all the things they've just carefully laid into little tiny trays they're going to carefully bring back and keep for the next day. 
And you're just sitting there by yourself eating your matter going, 
"Okay, I've come to Crazyland!" 
Now that we have the model of experienced utility, we can model the behavior of the consumer as a utility maximization problem. 
One thing that you should keep aware is that this is a model of a rational consumer. 
And the consumer is rational in the sense that he knows each experience utility function and is going to act, either explicitly by thinking about it or implicitly somehow, his psychological processes will guide him to choose the action that maximizes his well-being, his experienced utility, okay? 
Now, this consumer faces the following constraints, or has the following characteristics. 
Has an extenal amount, W, which we are going to denote or call wealth, of this composite good m. 
And is allowed to buy any non-negative amount of good x at a fixed price p. 
Notice that there is an assumption here that is often called a price taking hypothesis, which is that the consumer has no control over the price. 
He can only control how much it can consume. 
And the consumer can choose how much x it wants, or how much m it wants. 
But notice that, how much m it wants is just given by his total wealth minus the cost of buying the level of x that it wants. 
So in reality, we can make this a problem over a single maximization. 
Sorry. 
We can make this a problem over a single control variable as we saw repeatedly in the previous unit. 
By the quasilinearity assumption on the form of the experience utility function, this problem is just a equivalent to maximizing over x negative the benefit function, plus the total amount consumable m of, of, the composite good, which is just W - xp. 
Now, that's just replacing the functional form of the utility function. 
But we also see that we can drop the constant from any maximization problem since it affects the total value of the experience utility subject gets, but it doesn't effect the optimal choice of x. 
So, this is equivalent to maximizing wver x greater than zero, B(x) - xp. 
Where B(x) is the benefit from consuming x units of good x, and this is the cost of buying them. 
So I hope that you see that the utility maximization problem under the assumptions that we have created has this familiar structure of a benefit minus a cost, okay? 
Now, one piece of notation. 
We are going to denote the solution to the problem, the optimal choice, as a function of the price as x star of p. 
That is equal the optimal choice as a function of p or for p given p. 
But that's also going to recall the demand for good x at p. 
Now, as 
I mentioned before, the consumer in reality has to choose how much x and how much m he's going to consume. 
It's just that m happens residually. 
So, notice that once we have x star of p, the amount of the composite good that he consumes is just given by the budget constraint, basically by W minus p x star of p, is automatically followed from the nature of the problem. 
Now, what about the solution to the utility maximization problem? 
So, recall that the problem looks like maximize over x greater or equal than zero, B(x) - xp. 
Now, we go also that we half assume that B prime is greater than zero, and B double prime is less than zero. 
Given the linearity of the cost function, this implies that the problem satisfies the concavity, concavity conditions are satisfied. 
And that, and in that case, we know a lot from unit one about the properties of the solution, and that's what I am going to do now is characterize them. 
In particular, we have to worry about three cases that I am going to draw for you. 
Case one is the most interesting one in some sense, which is that interior solution. 
And this is a solution in particular where the demand at that price is equal or less than zero. 
Now, how do the first order conditions for this case, in general the, the, the characterization of the solution look? 
So, we can do this first order condition maps or graphs that we were doing before. 
And, it's going to case, it's going to be a case that look like follows. 
We have a p, this is the x. 
A constant, what we were referring to before in the math section as a constant marginal cost. 
We're going to have a marginal benefit function that somehow crosses from above. 
So, B prime of zero is above B and it eventually crosses. 
And we're going to have that the optimal 
level to, of the man is this given by the cross, xP, star of p. 
So, in particular, xP star of p is given by the solution to B prime of x equals p. 
That is the equation that determines into your solution. 
Now, there is a second case that we also look at length in Unit one, which is a corner solution with x star of p equals zero. 
I mean, if you remember that's a case of looks like this. 
We have the marginal, the price for example here which is the marginal cost. 
The marginal benefit function, B prime, crosses at zero below. 
So, in that particular case, it never paid off to take out the first unit and the optimal solution is to set equals to zero. 
Now, unfortunately, since there is nothing in the model that guarantees that the crossing conditions are satisfied, we need to worry about a third case that look like this. x star of p is equal to infinity. 
In some sense, the solution doesn't exist. 
And that's a case that looks like this. 
You have x, you have p, and you have a marginal benefit function above but that somehow keeps going down but never crosses. 
It never crosses, okay? 
So, in this particular case, it keeps, it is profitable, in terms of inclusion experidentry to keep doing the marginal, buying more and more of x on the margin all the way to infinity. 
And since we can spend as much money as we want, the composite good m can go negative as much as necessary that is feasible. 
Blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah. 
Now, two additional things about the nature of the solution to the utility maximization problem. 
First is that, for most utility functions that are used to model economic behavior, this case doesn't apply. 
And it doesn't apply because they tend to satisfy the crossing condition property or, or something that you know is a crossing condition, which is that B prime of infinity is equal to zero. 
In other words, this marginal benefit keeps going down, down , down to zero for x sufficiently 
large. 
So, in most examples that we're going to do and in most applications of this models in economic analysis, this case is not interesting and we're not going to basically look at it again. 
The other thing that I wanted to bring out which is extremely important is to highlight the economic intuition for the solution to the utility maximization problem. 
And, of course, it's going to parallel the math that we saw in unit one. 
But there is something extra about the current situation that is worth thinking. 
So, think about what is going on. 
You start at zero, okay? 
And you can ask a way of solving the optimal choice problem for x is to start at zero and decide where to stop. 
Okay. 
So you can start at zero, and say, should I take the first unit? 
Well, if I do that, that increases my utility by the marginal utility of x at zero, which is this much, B prime of zero. 
And it only costs me p dollars. 
That decreases my consumption of the composite good by p, so my net increase in utility is by this. 
So, when B prime of zero is greater than p, I should do it. 
In this particular case, I should not do it because the loss in the composite good is more than the gain in utility. 
And clearly, I should keep doing that. 
I should keep increasing x as long as the marginal utility of increasing x exceeds the marginal cost, which is the loss of consumption on m at the margin. 
So, I should keep going all the way to this. 
It's only at the point with the marginal benefit or the marginal utility of x is equal to the marginal cost that it generates, the loss and consumption of x, that you should not take the extra step of x. 
In this particular case, since the extra cost of x, of consuming x, keeps getting larger and larger by the decrease on B prime, just stop at zero and you never go further. 
So, the marginal benefit function is very important because it really measures the value of this additional unit. 
And the reason, the, the, the, it really measures the value in terms of utility of consuming an add itional unit of x. 
And p is very important because it measures the cost, in terms of lost utility from consuming less m or buying an additional unit of p. 
And somehow, the optimal solution involves balancing these two. 
Hello again, this is Roger Coke Barr for the bioelectricity course. 
Week one, lecture eleven. 
Thought it would be useful to have a problem session. 
Let's see if we can work the following problem. 
So our problem says, suppose we have a source, right here. 
And just one millimeter away, we have a sink, right there. 
What is the potential that results, form this source and sink? 
At this point up here, A. 
And what is the potential that results from this source and sink at this point b. 
If you notice this diagram is not to scale, it gives you the idea that the separation along the x axis between the source and sink is small only one unit. 
And both the source and sync are a long ways a way from either field point a or field point b because field point a and b are ten units away on the z axis. 
So if we take these segments, in turn we can say look this problem is done readily enough but the fact that we have a equation that gives us the potential to a source and sink combination, We compute 5p as I0 over four pi sigma R etc. 
And if we specialize that to our particular situation we'd say that means that pi over A is equal to I zero over four pi sigma. 
One over R, minus one over R prime. 
If we go over to our diagram and we say, how much is r and how much is r prime? 
Well, r is the distance to the source. 
R is the distance from field point a, where we're computing the potential, to the source. 
That's distance r. 
R prime is the distance from the field point A to the sink. 
Now if you look at these, this problem you would say hm. 
R and R prime are just about the same. 
Cuz A is a long way from the source and a 
long way from the sank. 
So surely the answer here is zero, or if not zero, inconsequential. 
It seems like that would be the case, but it's just not true. 
The difference between R and R-prime may be small, but there is a difference. 
And because there's a difference, this term, one over R, minus one over R-prime is definitely not equal to zero. 
I'll write that up here, too, just for emphasis. 
That term is not equal to zero. 
And as a result, when you compute phi A. 
It will have, a definite number value. 
I'll leave it up to you to complete the calculation. 
If we now move on and look at the second part, the b part of the, of the problem session question, it's the same question, except it just asks for a different field point. 
Now we're asking for b rather than a. 
So if we go over to our expression, say well, just as before, we'll make it pi b now, instead of a, still is I zero, over four pi sigma. 
One over R minus one over R prime. 
And you look at that and you say, hm, this is just the same as we had in part a, so therefore the answer is just the same as in part a. 
Is that right? 
Well, actually, no, because r is the distance now from point b, from point B to the source, so R is here. 
And that's just a little bit longer than it was in part a. 
In R prime, the distance to the distance to the sink is just a little bit shorter than it was in part a. 
So even though the equation is the same, the two distances are, are a little bit different. 
Some people would say, well in order to distinguish these symbolically, you might want to put a subscript on the r's. 
So I'll do that here, indicating that these r's come , come from field point B, rather than field point A. 
So, once again, I'll count on you to go ahead and substitute the numbers in. 
I think you'll find it worthwhile to do so. 
You have to do one over RB and one over RB prime, with high precision, so as to retain any significant procession, and the result, but the result should not be zero, and in fact because of the symmetry of the problem, we can see that if you do this, it should come out to be the negative of the result that was found in part A. 
Check and see if that what's happens. 
So here we are in the problem session part 
C, and this part of the question it asks, what is the voltage between point A and point B? 
And we are in very good shape to answer that question, because we already know the potential of A and the potential of B. 
So the voltage between two points is simply the difference in the potential of two points. 
So we can see Vab is equal to phi A minus phi b. 
You have the values for phi a and phi b from the previous section, previous sections, so if you could go ahead and substitute those in and put the net result right here. 
Please do that now. 
So now I thought I would ask you a more difficult challenge question. 
If you look at the calculations we have done so far, you'd say, well now look. 
Five p involves, for either p of a or p of b, if it's a we could say, okay, it's five a. 
And if we want to, we can put superscripts on the R, so that we have RA, or prime A. 
If we want to we can factor out I0 over four pi sigma as we did before. 
But when you get it all done what we're doing is we are computing two terms, and each term is very similar to the other. 
They're just a little tiny bit different. 
That seems like a situation that needs improvement because when you compute two things that are very close in value and then you subtract, it's confusing, it's repetitive, and it's prone to error. 
That is to say human error but also error in computer calculations. 
I mean most numerical error comes from doing subtractions of two quantities that are very similar, because then there's a big loss of numerical significance. 
So is there a way, mathematically to reduce the two terms to one? 
And the answer is no. 
But if you say, is there a way to reduce the two terms to one to a good approximation, the answer is yes. 
And the reason the answer is yes, is because to a good approximation, if you know, if you know R, and if you know this angle in between that angle. 
Which we know that angle because we know all the coordinates. 
You can estimate R prime with good accuracy. 
If we can find R prime, in terms of R, possibly also using that angle, Then we can reduce this expression from two terms, down to one. 
Can you do that? 
I'll leave it to you to see if you can figure it out. 
So we'll conclude this segment with this nice picture of one of the main quads at 
Duke University. 
Thank you for watching this problem session. 
We'll see you in the next segment. 
Good evening friends. 
I am Shinzo Abe, representing the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. 
Hearty congratulations India Center on 10th Anniversary. 
I am very impressed with this grand ceremony. 
Mr. Vibhav is a good friend for the last ten years. 
I do not know anyone, who has passionately devoted his life to the relationship of India and Japan. 
It was from Mr. Vibhav that I learned the greatness of India and the significance of strong friendship between India and Japan. 
Last year, Mr. Vibhav gave me an opportunity to visit India and there I have met many dignitaries. 
Including Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan. 
India and China are the top two growing countries in Asia. 
I believe that the key to the prosperous future of Japan is by learning from these countries' progress and growth. 
To strengthen relations between two countries, it is important that each countries think earnestly about the other. 
This is the first step forward. 
Mr. Vibhav is a very passionate man. 
Sometimes we get exhausted, because of his enthusiasm. 
But I have realised that it is this passion and enthusiasm that is significantly inevitable. 
I am now in the position of the President of the LDP, and I attach importance to the friendship of India and Japan. 
With common values such as freedom, democracy, basic human rights, and feudal society, 
let's strategically establish and develop the relationship between the two countries. 
My grandfather, Nobusuke Kishi, was the first Prime Minister to visit India. 
After the summit with Nehru Prime Minister then, introduced my grandfather to the citizens who gathered. 
He introduced, 
"We have a special guest form great country called Japan. 
Japan once fought with and defeated Russia. 
And that gave India inspiration and hope to strive for independence." 
At the time, Japan was still recovering from the defeat of the World War Il. 
And so I was told from my grandfather that Nehru Prime Minister's speech deeply encouraged Japan and my grandfather. 
I, as a leader, would like to strengthen and develop this long relationship with India. 
I wish India Center further success in the future; with wonderful leaders like Mr. Vibhav and Mr. Yoshimi Ishikawa, I am very confident. 
I call upon your support for the cause and I would like to send my best regard to the India Center. 
It was a coincident that the MC of today's ceremony gave a campaign speech for me during the election. 
It gives me a sense of fate with India Center. 
I would like to end my greetings with graces to India Center. 
Thank you very much and congratulations once again. 

ALEX FAABORG: 
All right, good afternoon. 
Thank you coming. 
This is Advanced Design for Engineers, and really glad to have you here. 
Design's often broken into two components, form and function, and this talk is no different. 
We're going to have Christian Robinson presenting on form, and he designed the Roboto typeface. 
And I'm going to present on function, on interactive design. 
And I got to work on Google Now, which launched yesterday. 
So as you can imagine, I'm incredibly tired. 
Being engineers, you guys know how launching software isn't making sure everything's perfect in the end. 
But while I am physically incredibly tired, I am extremely excited to be able to give this talk. 
The thing I love more than actually doing interactive design is teaching it, so it's really exciting to get a room of incredibly smart people and to provide all of this information to you So let's dive into interactive. 
Now this is a room of engineers, I'm assuming? 
Raise your hand if you're an engineer. 
Yep, OK. 
So often engineers don't have a tremendous amount of respect for design, and it's not that they don't think design's important. 
They realize it's critical to the success of their application, but the reason they disrespect it is it's not controllable in the way that software is normally controllable, and hardware, because you're dealing with people, and people can be kind of random. 
So because you can't control the people, you feel like well, I'll spend more attention on the things that I can control, the execution time, the amount of storage being used, if it's crashing or not, if it's reproducible. 
And it's not entirely true that people aren't controllable because really, what we're fundamentally dealing with is two information processing machines. 
And that's of course, the CPU and the brain. 
And in some ways, they're very similar, they're both doing computation, one parallel processing, the other one massively parallel. 
One's base2, the other one's based on action potential, so you have dramatically more computational power. 
But where they start to be different is we know exactly how computers work. 
We can go back and talk to a lot of people that were kind of instrumental in the field, it hasn't been that long. 
So computer scientists, there's things they're still discovering about how to make things efficient, but it's not 
like there's any part of the machine we don't understand yet. 
Whereas if you talk to someone doing neuroscience or cognitive science, you say, how does the brain work? 
They have to kind of shrug and say, we're still trying to figure that out. 
And that's OK. 
We don't have to have a complete knowledge of how the brain works to still have predictable results. 
There's enough that we understand about it that we can rely on to get those predictable results. 
So for the purpose of this talk, it's really kind of dehumanizing where we're going to treat people like information processing machines. 
You might think, well no, I'm a special snowflake. 
And yes, you are. 
But you're also, for the purpose of this talk, a uniform snow processing machine. 
So three aspects of a great interface. 
First, it needs to be self-describing. 
Secondly, you need to prevent errors, and then third, make users fast. 
So we're going to dive into each of these. 
So starting out, self-describing. 
The first thing I want to talk about is this notion of mental model, and a mental model is basically a simulation of reality inside of your mind. 
So to pose a question, how many instances of this talk are happening right now? 
And of course, the answer is one. 
It's right there. 
The photons are bouncing off the screen at you. 
And when you're in a big room, you've got the talk there, and that's reality. 
But then on another side, you have the fact that everyone is interpreting the talk in a simulation of the room inside their own head. 
So you have all these simulations going on, and these are the mental models they're building of the reality around them. 
So this is very sort of dystopian movie, maybe we're all in our little pods and we don't know it. 
But what's important about this is when you're dealing with interface design, you're not necessarily designing reality as much as you're designing the simulation. 
You're designing how people are going to think about your application, and how they're going to interpret it, and if they're going to understand things. 
So looking at this just in terms of a quick diagram, you have the implementation, which of course you're incredibly familiar with, then you have the interface, which is how that implementation manifests itself. 
What's really important is the mental model, the simulation of the interface inside the user's head. 
This is something Alan Cooper writes a lot about in his early work. 
And of course, you have this fourth component, which is the manual. 
And often, the manual likes to take the blame in email lists or talking engineers, it's not uncommon to run into, read the fracking manual as kind of the explanation of why this doesn't work. 
And just passing the blame forward if you don't want to blame the manual, you can always blame the users, which maybe they're stupid, maybe they didn't get it, that's why it failed. 
And I would argue that it's really not about the intelligence of the user. 
So to quickly make that argument, let's say we take four geniuses, we'll just select Einstein, Turing, Eric 
Schmidt, and you. 
And we're going to run a lot of experiments, so we're going to need clones. 
So we start cloning all these guys and we put them in our deep underground lair, and now, clones are really expensive. 
So we're going to have to keep them safe, so we're going to put them in a room like this. 
And the rooms are to protect them, because clones are expensive, but it's also to protect them from any external information. 
We want to have total control over this experiment, right? 
So every day, we bring them into a testing chamber, looks like this. 
We start to teach them, we start to teach them about the world. 
We go over various things like traffic lights, common things people are going to encounter, turtles, you get the general idea. 
And then once we've got that baseline knowledge of what we expect them to have encountered in the world, we're not going over any theoretical physics or anything, just baseline knowledge, then we start running our experiments, and here's where it gets fun. 
So we show them a screenshot and we say, looking at this thing you've never seen before, what does that button do, and can they get it? 
Can they get it right, even though they don't have access to anything other than what they're seeing right here? 
And they're starting to think, well, the curvature is very similar to the arc of the thing that's next to it, it's visually lighter so it feels like it's sort of not there 
like the other thing is there. 
There's only one of these, and it's just the side. 
So they might not know for sure, but they might start to guess, I bet it creates another one. 
Just the way that it's shaped, the way that it's placed, conveys those types of things. 
Or another example, this one harder. 
You say, OK, what does HTTPS stand for? 
And there's no way they're going to get this right because we didn't tell them, right? 
It's jargon. 
It's an acronym they're not going to get. 
But it's green, we did teach them about traffic lights, and next to a lock, a metaphor. 
So even if they don't get it totally right, its sort of placement and the various things that it conveys, they might get close enough to say, well, it probably means that this is better somehow. 
So they're able to bootstrap conceptually just up enough. 
Or another example, this one more visual. 
We bring them in and we say, what does this application do? 
And they're going to say, it's very pretty. 
And then they're going to say, I don't know, because while this icon is pretty, also I think, did you work on this one? 
MALE SPEAKER: 
No. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
All right. 
For the designer in the room who worked on this, I'm sorry. 
It's a great icon, but it does not convey to the user in this test chamber with access to no other knowledge, what it actually does. 
It is a great application, though. 
It's shipped on all the devices you guys have, you should check it out. 
I use it everyday. 
This is Currents. 
So what does this app do? 
They're not going to know. 
So I would argue that success in these situations, it doesn't have to do with their intelligence, it has to do with access to information. 
Is that information embodied in the thing that they're using? 
So quickly you're thinking, all right, well, what if I don't have this underground testing facility? 
That sounds really expensive. 
And that's true, and this is controversial, it's especially controversial for any user researchers in the room, or user researchers watching later. 
But I would argue while it's really, really useful to have access to user researchers, you don't absolutely have to rely on them. 
You could just start running user tests in your own head, basically short-term amnesia. 
What you have to do is you have to kind of encapsulate your mind, you have to start thinking, forgetting the things that you know about your interface, try to look at it with fresh eyes, try to think, OK, I've never seen this thing before, which is hard because you have seen it before, really, really hard. 
But if you can do that, if you can look at it with fresh eyes and try to have all the assumptions fall away that you've already built up, then you're able to do that kind of user test just on yourself quickly right then. 
And if you're just regularly doing that, it's going to really improve your applications. 
I think this is one of the most important things that I can convey. 
But obviously, you're going to be more familiar with the underlying implementation because you are literally building it. 
In the case of a clock, you are probably intimately familiar with each of the gears and how they fit together and all of these details, but you have to just 
let that fade away. 
You have to think about, OK, just the interface. 
Is the interface conveying the right things? 
And then beyond the interface, the mental model. 
How is the user simulating this in their head? 
What information are they getting out of it? 
So back to the diagram, letting that implementation fade away. 
So that's self-describing. 
At least, that's talking about if something should be self-describing, but how do you pull that off? 
It's one thing to say it's important, it's another thing to tell you literally how to do it. 
So there's at least five ways. 
The first one is consistency, and this is cheating, basically. 
It works great, but it's also a kind of a tautology to say, hey, if I design something that's things that the user already knows, they're going to know how to use it. 
That is true. 
You do not have to rely on this entirely, though. 
In fact, Google products are often very different from what's already in the marketplace, and they still are able to bootstrap knowledge from users and have them figure it out. 
I mean, in the case of Gmail, it was sort of a radical reimagination of how email interfaces worked, but it still worked. 
And also, if everyone did consistency all the time, we wouldn't see dramatic innovation in interfaces. 
So we're not going to focus on this one too much. 
Basically, it's really useful, and you can guarantee that users are going to understand your application if you focus on consistency, but it's not the only way. 
So the second one is affordances. 
Let's go back to the test chamber, and let's say one day, they encounter this, and they've never seen it before, and they're thinking, whoa, that's really interesting. 
This might actually be a way out of the test chamber. 
And how are they going to figure that out? 
Everything about this design is designed to convey what it does. 
The way that the door is recessed from the frame, the curvature of the handle, the way that you can just imagine the handle rocking in. 
You might not know on which side of the door it's going to open, and you might not know what the words mean, but the picture sure looks like yourself and it seems to be going through it. 
But that's sort of cheating. 
Just the physical design of this has been very carefully crafted so that when you look at it, you understand what it's going to do. 
You understand that you need to push on it. 
And this is a type of thing that we do just throughout the day, constantly, where you encounter stuff and you have to look down and say, I'm going to push on that. 
It's just this kind of thing that cognitively, you're just constantly doing without really even thinking about it. 
And that's called an affordance, and that's not just in the real world, but also in the physical world. 
All these various widgets have these physical properties that are baked into their visual design. 
When you look at one of these, you can very quickly infer how you are going to interact with it because of those properties. 
The way that the circle's slightly larger makes it seem grabbable, the way that it's brighter on one side implies that it's been sort of filled so it feels like a track that you can grab this thing and move it on. 
Seeing a check box, a square in the presence of one that has a check box, is going to convey that that one could also have a check box. 
On and off, literally writing it on the switch is going more towards the direction of writing your manual on top of it, but the visual design conveys what it does, the same with the button. 
So these are all affordances. 
Basically, an affordance is implied physics from the visual appearance. 
Moving on to the third one, natural mapping. 
So let's run a quick experiment on the audience. 
Say we're looking at a stove. 
So the second dial, which burner does it control? 
And silence, you don't know, because there's no way to figure it out. 
We could literally write the glyphs on top of it, that would help. 
But the thing is, writing your manual directly on the product is cheating. 
Then what if it wears off? 
That's definitely one way of doing it, but it's not a natural mapping. 
A better Ul, and this is something that Alan Cooper 
likes to talk about, is if the dials were in that same configuration as four things, then it just naturally affords which burner they control. 
This is also always true of light switches. 
So light switches only are frustrating when they don't actually map in order to the lights in the room, and if they do map in order, you usually just flip the right one without even thinking about it. 
If they don't, then you start randomly hitting them to try to figure it out and getting frustrated. 
So this is a natural mapping. 
Another example, controls in a car. 
I love this one, because it's actually two natural mappings at the same time. 
The first is it's directly below the window, so it's a sort of natural orientation to where the window is, and also the four controls map to the four windows in the car. 
Sometimes, these are placed on the center console, which is really weird. 
So that's in the physical world. 
In terms of the virtual world, we have things like this where the Full Screen control has a natural mapping to the window becoming larger. 
It's placed on the edge. 
It seems to afford expanding. 
In this case, the Account Selector has a mapping to the window, because the account controls the window as a whole, not an individual tab. 
So that's natural mapping. 
Basically, natural mapping is correctly abstracted layout. 
But even better than natural mapping is direct manipulation. 
So especially in touch interfaces, you don't want to have abstraction if you don't need it. 
You don't necessarily need little Close buttons on things because you're able to literally directly touch the interface, whereas in the world of mice and keyboards, you had to have this type of abstraction. 
So for instance, closing an open application on Android, you're just swiping it away, just as you would get rid of something in the real world, and that's a consistent affordance throughout platform. 
So going back to the stove example, what would direct manipulation of a stove corner look like? 
This is, of course, kind of curious because now the dial is the burner and it's going to light on fire, but you can imagine maybe some kind of gesture, or like, you create fire, or you put it out. 
It would be at least very exciting, and you'd never be confused over which dial, because you'd have direct gestural control over the burner. 
So that's the fourth one, direct manipulation, no abstraction, you actually act on the objects themselves. 
Then the fifth one is metaphor. 
So metaphor shows up a lot in application icons. 
Basically, what you're trying to do is you're trying to bootstrap off of something the user's seen, either in the real world or in the sort of introductory phase of our crazy experiment. 
So things like telephones, maps, various real world objects, helps kind of frame them and ground them in something in reality to explain what the application does. 
And you don't have to go too far with this. 
It's enough to just kind of give them the cue as opposed to having stitching or something in your application, unless you want to do that because you think it looks nice. 
You don't have to be super literal, but at least draw that kind of distinction of, this is the object that I'm conveying to you. 
And it's not just application icons, but also it's sometimes more fundamental things, like we're just used to having a 
light source which is above us, the sun just shining in the sky all the time, and the way that conveys light. 
So when you see a button, that light source is conveying to you that this thing is convex and you can make it concave. 
It looks like you can push it in. 
So it's just that kind of quick, interactive affordance that you're getting through your experience with the real world through that metaphor. 
And also not just small widgets but larger ones. 
You know, a tab. 
If you have that sort of same curvature and angle, people are going to be immediately thinking of physical folders they've seen in the real world. 
So major structural components are going to be part of your interface as well. 
So metaphor is basically abstract consistency. 
So those are the five parts about making it self-describing. 
So let's move onto the next one, which is preventing errors. 
So the first one I want to talk about is mode errors. 
Obviously, engineering audience, so how many people think vi is better than Emacs? 
Actually not that many, all right. 
Emacs versus vi? 
Better? 
So vi has a tremendous number of mode errors because you are in either insertion mode or command mode. 
And I say it has the mode errors, because you could blame the user. 
I mean, it is their job to maintain state in their head of what's going on. 
But maybe they got an email or something, things are distracting them, they're thinking about their day. 
Next thing you know, they're entering commands when they want to be entering text. 
It's a classic example of a mode error. 
Another example, you're in your car, put the car in reverse, it checks on messages, then floor it. 
You don't have that mental state of what mode the car was it right then, or even just if your garage door is up or down, the occasional mode error. 
So to avoid these, you want to make sure that your application doesn't have modes unless absolutely necessary. 
And if you do have a mode, there's a couple ways to fix it. 
If you have a mode where the user is actually actively doing something, it's considerably more useful. 
So like keyboard shortcuts, you have that muscle memory of sort of pushing the key in, as you're in the Command mode, once the keyboard shortcut accelerator is invoked, so you're not going to have mode errors because you're actually doing something. 
If you have a very strong visual change on the screen during a mode-- imagine there was something obvious to indicate this was in Command mode-- that would help. 
But generally speaking, you want to try to avoid modes as much as possible, because otherwise you're going to have mode errors. 
Next one, reasonably obvious, data loss. 
It's often the user's fault, you want to protect them from themselves. 
Google Docs does a really good job with preventing data loss where it's reasonably hard to lose data with Google Docs. 
You have to sort of type the most important thing in the world, pull the ethernet cable, and knock the computer off a cliff all in one gesture, and it's hard. 
Android phones, also really useful, where all the data on the phone is going to be backed up into the cloud and secured in your account, so you're not going to lose all of that really important information. 
So that's just some examples of preventing data loss. 
Also really important as people move between devices is to have access to information. 
And those are major cases. 
Also, you have to worry about minor data loss, which is, you did a change and you want to undo it. 
It is really important to support undo across all the various actions in your application to help prevent users from making these mistakes. 
So that covers preventing errors. 
Now finally, making users fast. 
Obviously, speed is something Google cares deeply about, and it's not just true of how things operate, but also how the user operates. 
So the first thing I want to talk about is visual hierarchy. 
Computer science obviously focuses a lot on trees, the various algorithms you can apply on trees, and B trees, and [? black ?] trees and binary trees, and all these various things, and breath for a search versus depth for a search, and actually, it doesn't just apply to computation. 
Like obviously, if you're caching data, you want data that users access the most to be higher in the hierarchy, so you have the least number of hops to get to it, a very common thing with computing. 
But also in terms of the interface, in terms of the visual search that people are going to do. 
So Gmail's actually a really good example of this. 
Let's look at your average Gmail inbox where the first thing, right off the bat, the first branch point is read versus unread. 
Now in this case, all the unread messages are grouped together, but even if they were kind of scattered, you can easily visually select on how dark it is, and just immediately at a glance, just kind of parsing it, you immediately know which ones are read versus unread, versus some little tiny glyph that was indicating it. 
So that's the first branch point, which is a good one, because it's one of the branch points that people often want to branch on, knowing if they're looking for something new that they thought might have come in versus something they know hasn't come in. 
The next branch point in the visual hierarchy is author versus message, and this is achieved not through contrast but through spacing. 
So because you have a lot of space here, it's really easy to look at the Author field versus the Message field, have another branch point there. 
Then the final branch point is the subject versus the body of the message, and here this is less obvious because it's less important, because we want to build that hierarchy. 
But you can also quickly differentiate the subject line versus the body, because of that visual difference in the hierarchy. 
So here it's just spacing and contrast are being used to 
literally create this tree in terms of the order in which you're going to be able to scan stuff and how easy you're going to be able to scan things. 
So if you know you're looking for an unread message from a particular person, you have two hops, and you can get to it really fast. 
So that applies to the messages coming in. 
Also in terms of the interface itself, you have visual hierarchy. 
It's reasonably obvious looking at this what the most common control is, but just dropping the color and the contrast a little bit, let's overlay some user metrics. 
I should note, these are entirely fictional. 
I just made them up, but you can imagine user metrics look something like this. 
Where you see more common controls, like Compose, being interacted with a lot, and also their placement reflecting that. 
Then least common things, like More Labels, rarely being interacted with. 
And this type of user metric, you can almost sort of see it when it's not there, in terms of the spacing and the order, and the visual dominance of various controls. 
On mobile as well, you want to have in primary Ul, the controls that people are interacting with a lot, then in secondary Ul, the controls that they might occasionally interact with. 
So you can just pretty quickly look at the user metrics and create the visual hierarchy, but it's not just that. 
Also, from the visual hierarchy you create, you can actually kind of create the user metrics, because people are going to use stuff more if they find it. 
So it's really kind of circular, where you're both designing it and influencing them in their usage, and then their usage is influencing you as a designer in terms of how you want to expose stuff. 
So it's not purely like you could just have an algorithm that's just going to feed the data in and stuff gets bigger, because you can actually influence the data itself. 
So diving into a couple other things, Fitt's law. 
Basically, this is solving for time, given target size and distance. 
It's pretty straightforward. 
You have your target time, you have your distance, device speed is like mouse speed, or if it's a touch interface, 
literally the speed of the person's arm. 
Device lag is if there's any number of milliseconds to actually process the event. 
Based off of this, you can find out that larger things that are closer, you can click on faster, which is pretty obvious. 
Hick's law is more interesting. 
It's about solving for time based off of the number of choices and probability. 
It's been proven that if you simplify the Ul, people are going to be able to click on things faster. 
So the argument of, why don't we just introduce a button for that? 
It's because it has cost. 
It literally makes interface less efficient if people have to search against it. 
So equation here, you have the number of equally probable choices, which first of all, no interface is going to have equal probabilities, so this form's bad. 
What you actually want is summation with the probability of each one individually. 
And based off of that, you can determine when you have something lined up with others, what the access time is going to be as people try to locate the one that they're 
looking for and choose. 
So the combination of things like Fitt's law and Hick's law goes into the field of cognitive modeling. 
And basically what this is, is predicting a performance assuming highly trained users. 
So unlike the self-describing section, here you're assuming that people know what everything is. 
And it's purely about access time and how quickly they can target the control and get to it. 
So a lot of this work is actually done. 
At NASA Ames, there's a really good group doing it right next to the Google campus, and they're primarily doing it for fighter pilots, actually. 
This is a simulator of the F35, and in this case, you obviously have really highly trained users because they know what every control does, and it's purely about visual access time and small controls and proximity to other small controls. 
But even for a standard interface, a mobile application or a desktop application, you could do this type of modeling to try to make sure things are super efficient, looking at the metrics. 
So that's how to build great interfaces. 
But the things we talked about, self-describing, basically the user building a mental model and sort of simulating in their head how stuff works, preventing errors, making users fast, the idea of cognitive modeling. 
That's how to make something really easy to use. 
Show an example. 
This is really easy to use. 
If you know you have to get to the other side, we talked about doors a bit, you know how to get there. 
You can assume the thing rotates, being inside a circle. 
There's no mode errors, because it only rotates in one direction, and it's easy to use. 
It also looks like a human cheese slicer. 
It is not a happy door. 
So that leads us to the second part, which is visual design. 
Here's Christian Robinson. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
So not to contradict you, but I think that the design of that is actually really quite appropriate. 
It communicates perfectly, don't even think about going in me backwards. 
I will hurt you and mess you up. 
So Alex started out talking about users and how we can't blame users because it's not the stupid users. 
I'm going to argue that users, in fact, are very smart. 
It's actually a hard problem to design a system that people can't figure out. 
Even think about things like cryptography, or DRM, or even code obfuscation, where it's difficult to create something that people can't reverse engineer. 
So if this is also true of Uls, then why are we here talking about making things easier? 
The reality is that people just don't care that much. 
If they care enough, they can figure things out. 
But in reality, they have a lot of things competing for their attention, whether it's all of the other apps in the 
App store, all of the other sites that are going on, all the TV shows, they're watching Game of Thrones, The 
Bachelorette, both, and comparing, I don't know. 
So if something is really easy to use and people don't care, then it doesn't matter. 
So my argument is, if we do things to help people to care more, move over to the right, then even things that are very difficult, like learning how to drive a car, people are going to do it. 
Things that are really difficult like riding a unicycle, and I know that some people care a lot about this, but in my case, I haven't cared enough to learn how to use it yet, or something that's both easy and care a 
lot about, like eating a sandwich, that's going to happen all the time. 
So the tricky part about this is that a good portion of these decisions that we make as what we're going to care about, what we don't care about, actually happen a lot below the conscious level, and this plays out in the kind of research that we do. 
It's actually pretty hard to find out what people care about, and if you ask them questions like, why do you 
like that, or even, what do you like, people are really bad at giving answers. 
You get kind of garbage data back because we're not very good at even introspecting and knowing these things. 
So as designers, our job is to understand this and help people to make choices. 
Now, there's a lot that happens in this process from when something hits our eyeballs for the small percentage that it reaches the top of our brains. 
So you may have had this experience in elementary school where the teacher told you that the eyes are not, in fact, at the top of the head, that the eyes are in the center of the head, and there's probably people in your class that argued. 
Or in my case, I remember being the artist in the class, thinking that my eyes had betrayed me, or how could I have not seen this? 
It's so clear, once you get the ruler out. 
And as it works out, there's a special unit of processing in our brain for facial recognition, and this is speculation on my part, but I think it's probably less important, the information from the eyebrows to the top of the head, and so our brain just kind of squishes it, and what we think we're seeing isn't really what we're seeing. 
This idea that design and these ideas of perception happen below consciousness aren't new. 
In fact, there are many people that have made this made this point that sometimes the best design is invisible design. 
A very famous essay on typography-- famous for those of us who are really into typography, so famous for a small subset-- where Beatrice Warde makes the case that good typography should be like a crystal goblet. 
It's transparent, that you can't see it. 
You see the content inside, but the glass is doing its job best when it's almost not there. 
So a bunch of psychologists at the beginning of the last century-- 
I see a lot of people doing this, recognizing a failure in my position of the text there. 
A bunch of scientists at the beginning of the last century wanted to figure this out. 
They were a bunch of Germans, they wanted to figure out how to order things and group things, and how we do that. 
They call this idea of order, they considered it order or rightness, they called it gestalt. 
Here's an example of some gestalt principles at work. 
You can see here how some very simple changes in the structure of the data make it so much easier to process on the right. 
Alex talked about these hierarchies of information and how, since we can't change the algorithms in people's brains, we have to speed things up by structuring the data. 
Well, these gestalt principles are how we structure the data. 
Now, I'm not going to go through all of the principles here. 
I'd recommend that you read the Wikipedia article on the topic, it's great. 
I could have just read it and done well. 
But I've distilled some of these ideas into two practical principles that you can put to work immediately when you're evaluating designs. 
Here's the first one. 
This is the thing that I wish that people had told me on the very first day of design school. 
It's line stuff up. 
That's it. 
Everything should be lined up with something unless it has a good reason not to. 
So even if elements are at the very opposite sides of the screen and they're almost aligned, line them up. 
If we don't do it, then our subconscious brains are spending precious cycles trying to figure out, why are those things not lined up? 
Does it mean something? 
Does it not mean something? 
It's almost like I'd compare it to a memory leak in your software, where something's going on, you're not exactly sure, but you're wasting your resources. 
Let's line that back up. 
That's better. 
So even stuff that isn't on the same screen, let's say three or four screens later, you've got something that's maybe in this case, a little bit above halfway down the page. 
Line it up. 
Even though it doesn't seem like people will be able to make that association, and consciously they certainly won't, our visual processing systems are using that information to know how to decode this. 
Now I might also point out, if you do want to bring emphasis to something, then not lining it up is a really great way to do it. 
You can see in these suggested paragraphs right here how just pulling one line out of alignment gives you a bunch of information about what's the most important and a lot of structure. 
Here's the second big idea. 
Design the spaces. 
Now, this is a little bit hard to do because again, our conscious brain is really good at examining objects in the foreground. 
Backgrounds tend to be less important once we've actually picked out the objects. 
But if we're designing the experience, it's important for us to help people do that, pick out the groups in the foreground. 
One of the ways we do that is by looking at the spaces in between things. 
Our subconscious brains are constantly parsing our field of view, looking at the spaces between things, and when have the same amount of space between them, we very easily and very quickly just rest. 
We check that off. 
Those things are grouped together, those things make sense. 
In the case where every element on the screen has slightly different spacing, again, our subconscious brains are wasting cycles. 
In our massively parallel processing brain, there's billions of threads that are just in infinite loops trying to figure out what's going on, and in the best case, maybe we'll still be able to parse it. 
In the worst case, we'll just discount it as noise and we won't understand the intended structure. 
So design the spaces. 
Likewise, using bigger spaces is a great way to break things up. 
We could talk about white space. 
So this is especially true in typography. 
This is kind of a typographer's curse. 
Once you see kerning, you kind of can't unsee it and you'll constantly be looking at, every time you see a v and an a, you're like, did they kern that? 
The idea is, just the squares of the letters are drawn and don't naturally fit together, so you have to sometimes push them together. 
In the case of type designers, spend many hours looking at all of the possible combinations and straightening them out. 
So the very last gestalt principle says something like, people can also order things based on past experience, which is a very short way of kind of discounting the whole rest of design. 
It turns out that this is really one of the biggest and hardest parts. 
All of style and culture and all of these things fit in as the very last principle. 
If you look at this right here, you can see some of these spacing and grouping principles, and help me to understand, maybe make this number easier to parse. 
But if you've ever called somebody in the US or looked up something in an address book, you know immediately that this is a format for a phone number. 
It's not because of the spacing, it's because of these kind of learned ideas. 
We have a lot of these, and they're hard to deal with because they're kind of vague. 
The associations aren't super crisp always, and here's an example of that. 
Let's consider for a moment a grocer that wants to communicate to everybody that her produce is extremely fresh. 
And wanting to put her best foot forward, she commissions a sign, and she hires an expensive designer, and they may make it out of chrome and neon, and she thinks, good, now people will always know that the produce here is fresh. 
Now contrast that with the grocer across the street who doesn't really think about it too much, but all of her produce that comes fresh from the farm, just like the one across the street, comes in these cardboard boxes. 
She cuts out pieces of the boxes and just scrawls "Fresh peaches" on it. 
Now, which of these two design systems conveys, fresh peaches? 
This is a good example of the idea that better isn't always better. 
When you're communicating something, these vague associations that people have been can be a very strong cue. 
So as product designers, we always have to be asking this question, what associations are people going to make from what they're looking at here? 
Sometimes it seems absurd looking at a simple web form thinking, what associations are people going to make with this thing? 
What does this look like? 
So in these design processes, this is one exercise that we do, and I would highly recommend it. 
It's not hard to get started. 
Just pull up a whole bunch of imagery and start sorting out on the table, start making these associations. 
What should our product feel like? 
What does our product feel like right now? 
What do our competitors' products feel like? 
What associations do we need to evoke in the minds of our users? 
So now we're talking about how to make people care. 
There's one last idea I want to put out there, that one of the best ways to make people care about our products is to show people that we care about our products. 
Now, this is a reality about perception that's hard wired into our brains that sometimes very small things can make a really big difference in how we see something. 
Now, I don't know whether, if I download an app that has a poorly-executed app icon, whether it's going to be more flaky or whether it's going to crash on me. 
I haven't necessarily seen the data with that correlation. 
But I do know that that's the association that users are going to make based on millions of years of evolution. 
When you see something that's not quite the right color or that has a hole in the wrong place, you bite that fruit, you might be seeing the second half of a worm. 
So also, we need to do not miss the opportunities to do the things that we don't have to. 
Those little pieces of design in places where they're not needed, where they're uncalled for, tell the user that hey, a designer was here. 
Somebody thought about this. 
They're like little love notes for our users. 
It's the interactive doodle on the home page, or the mint on the pillow, what you put on the back of the box in the package. 
It's the hidden extra level of the game. 
There's value in doing these things that don't have an apparent commercial purpose, where we're showing people that we care so they'll care enough to use our products. 
In this case, PacMan didn't help people to finish their searches faster. 
It probably actually got in the way for some people, me included. 
But people loved it, and why? 
Because we didn't have to do it. 
It's like a note or flowers. 
It's these intangibles that show people that we care. 
Here's another small example that comes from Google Now, where the Context Header changes based on your time of day or your location. 
And when we were making these, during the process people said, this is going to be hard. 
We're going to have to draw a lot of things, we're going to have to draw a lot of states. 
That's kind of difficult. 
And the answer was yes. 
That's the point. 
It's these little pieces and these little touches that don't necessarily have a practical purpose that demonstrate to people that hey, if they thought that much about this, then think about how much work they put into the actual search results. 
Now, you have to be careful with this because it's a very, very strong message to send. 
You have to make sure that your product backs it up. 
So how do we apply this to thinking to products? 
Well, it doesn't have to be the large things. 
The Pac-Man example, the effort to actually make the game was a lot smaller than to produce the search results. 
But simply ask yourself this question. 
What are the things that I can do that I don't have to? 
So that said, here's a couple pieces of reading that we recommend that you look into to find out more about some of these topics, like affordances and natural mapping, an in Don 
Norman's book, or the mental models in Alan Cooper's classic, About Face. 
And for typography and layout, one of my favorites is The 
Elements of Typographic Style. 
Tomorrow, there a number of design sessions relating to 
Android development, so take advantage of those. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Let's move onto questions. 
[APPLAUSE] 
And it was supposed to be on the slide, but tomorrow at 5:30 PM at the W Hotel in the living room, we're going to be having drinks with the Android Design Team. 
So if you guys want to stop by, that should be a lot of fun. 
And we're really eager to take your questions. 
We've got quite a bit of time. 
So go ahead. 
AUDlENCE: 
I don't actually have a question, I just want to say that was the best presentation I've had since 
I've been here, so thank you guys. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
You're welcome. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Thank you. 
[APPLAUSE] 
AUDlENCE: 
Hi. 
I have a question about lining stuff up. 
So in Android, I would try to put an image next to a text view, and then there would be this little bit of space from the top of the text view until the text actually shows up, so it does not line up. 
The top of the image does not line up with my text, and it bothers me. 
I try to fix it, but there doesn't seem to be a way to fix it. 
Should I even try? 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Yes. 
Please try. 
I am reminded again and again that that's a little bit difficult right now because the reality is top of the text as we perceive it is the top of the caps, it's usually the place where we want to measure from. 
And in this case in a lot of the systems, it measures from the clipping bounds. 
So measuring from the very top of the text, if you're building these kinds of systems, measuring from the cap height and the baseline is where you want to measure from. 
So you may have to do some kind of-- people always hate negative margins, or I don't know how to technically achieve it. 
AUDlENCE: 
I mean, I guess the next question is, if I decided to do it, how do I figure out, what is the amount to shift for my font? 
Is there a computational way to do it? 
I don't want to just trial and error, one pixel, two pixel, I do it until it lines up. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Yeah. 
We can talk a little bit after. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
It's an important limitation. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Em height times 0.23, I think. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
But thank you for trying to line it up. 
That's great. 
AUDlENCE: 
This is something I've been really curious ever since Google started rolling out the new design, because in 
Android, the basic theme is always black, the background, whereas iPhone is always white. 
So I'm wondering if you can speak to that, or why you guys decided that kind of design? 
ALEX FAABORG: 
There's a few functional things. 
The OLED screens consume less power when they're not illuminating. 
Also, they're occasionally very bright, so you don't want to just burn the retinas of the user. 
Those are very literal things. 
Christian can speak to the [INAUDlBLE]. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Particularly when we first 
launched Nexus 1, the OLED screen on that device is amazing, and some of these design decisions were made based on that. 
AUDlENCE: 
Right. 
So you talked a little bit about how people have assumptions that they've made based on a world that we've all got, and how that's not always that important. 
And like a good example of that is that designers, I think, try and do a lot with color where green is a positive action and red is generally error, warning, whatever. 
And so in Gmail, the Compose Mail button is a bright orange red, and I've always wondered, what is some of the thinking? 
I don't know if you guys worked on that, but what is the thinking that makes you break that really, really firm color association model that most of us have? 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
So first off, I won't put words in your mouth, but when we're talking about the design process, sometimes it's really important to get those associations out of our mind to make sure that we can work on that more fundamental level. 
But those associations are extremely important. 
And so once we've kind of worked out, how do we make it work without these kind of elements of style and trends and all that stuff, it is really important to layer that stuff back on to evaluate the work. 
In terms of the specific choice of that color, I can't speak to it, except for the fact that red is a signal for, look here. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Also, I didn't work on it either, so I don't want to put words in the mouth of the designers that did, but one thing you can see from the design is that the colors, they have external consistency meanings, but they also have really good internal consistency meanings, where blue is always representing Search, green is always representing Share, and red is representing Create. 
And that's not the kind of thing that you have to actually know, or on a conscious level know, but it's the kind of thing that on a subconscious level, as you're trying to find the Search button, or you want to quickly share something, you start to pick up those color associations as you're doing your targeting. 
So I thought that was a really nice touch they did with the design. 
AUDlENCE: 
Thank you. 
AUDlENCE: 
I work at a fairly large media company, and many projects I end up working on tend to have five or six design cooks in the kitchen, and I'm primarily an engineer. 
I was wondering if you had any suggestions on ways to influence the design when I see something bad or that I disagree with from that position? 
ALEX FAABORG: 
So the first thing is, you want to always speak in terms of the user base as a whole. 
If you immediately go in and say, I find this bad for my usage, the designer is going to be like, I don't care. 
You are statistically insignificant. 
Even if what you're saying is identical to the mainstream views, it's just the phrasing. 
So that's really key. 
Also, if you can back up any of the things you find wrong with it with irrefutable principles, then you're actually having a debate on the actual design, as opposed to opinions. 
We don't see opinion debates in engineering as much because you have these irrefutable principles like, something shouldn't crash, or it shouldn't use too much memory, or it should be fast. 
So if you start grounding things in mode errors, or consistency, or the user being able to find help if they need it, things that everyone agrees should be right, then it's not really a debate as much as you just pointing out a bug that they need to fix. 
AUDlENCE: 
Thank you. 
AUDlENCE: 
I've worked on projects with dedicated designers, and then I've also worked on projects that are just a bunch of engineers making something that inevitably ends up looking horrible. 
Do you have any suggestions when you have just engineers working on a project, and any things that they could do, when they know they're making something that's not well-designed, what to do to help improve the design? 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Well, hiring an agency is always an option. 
People often discount that as too expensive, or they haven't done it before so they haven't tried it, it works really well. 
And also, you often see a lot of the return in having a 
[INAUDlBLE] designed thing if you're selling the application. 
If you're just doing it yourself, trying to isolate your mind and look at it from the perspective of a user. 
If you are able to, show it to other people that haven't seen it before, and do sort of quick tests. 
I Ask them to think out loud as they're interacting with it so you can hear their thought process. 
Sometimes everyone's so secret about their stuff that you can't do that. 
So that's really important. 
Do you have other suggestions? 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
Another thing for independent developers that don't have a very big staff is that for a 
lot of these platforms, there is a lot of work that's done into making the platform and making those pieces so that they work and do the right thing. 
So looking at the platform itself and kind of figuring out the standard way that the platform does things is a really good way to get oftentimes a good portion of the way there. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Also reading the style guide, I should mention that. 
Android has a great style guide that we both worked on, so biased. 
But what's nice about it is it doesn't just give you the various principles, but it also gives you kind of the thinking behind all of them. 
And it's not like a rule book as much as guidelines so you can understand, this is why this will make your application better as you follow these various guidelines. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
It's some kind of another instance of 
line stuff up. 
Don't reinvent a new way to do a list unless there's a really good reason to. 
Unless it really changes the character of your thing and there's a purpose, there's no reason to invent a new kind of scroll bar. 
AUDlENCE: 
For the Android design style guideline, I was wondering what you guys foresee in terms of how its evolution is going to be over time, especially with phone devices, mobile devices. 
The screen size is getting larger, and a lot of times 
I've heard that you want to keep things closer to your thumb, but with things like the Action Bar Menu and the 
Overflow Menu, it's so far away on a large device that you no longer have the ability to easily do single hand actions. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Yeah. 
Well, on large devices you have the radius of thumbs on the edges. 
You want to definitely think about that. 
And the style guide, it's evolving as fast as the ecosystem and the devices are. 
We're constantly pushing out updates, considering new patterns, things like that. 
So it's not like this sort of fixed thing that everyone has to adhere to as much as a kind of organic living document as we all collectively learn more. 
AUDlENCE: 
Thank you for the phone number slide. 
I really like that. 
It reminded me of one of the horrible failures of iTunes that I've just been annoyed by. 
If you have a date, and you format it with four numbers, a dash, two numbers, a dash, and two numbers more, that should be in ISO format for year, month, day, and no other order. 
If you're having sort of the other random orders that some 
locales like, then use the slashes or whatever is sort of standardized for that. 
And it helps users so much. 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Yeah and especially thinking about your users, because you're going to have your own date format that you're familiar with, but knowing who you're designing for is really important. 
AUDlENCE: 
I do have a question this time. 
Can you talk about tools a little bit? 
I mean, Photoshop is the obvious one, but what other tools can you talk about? 
ALEX FAABORG: 
So I really like Fireworks. 
It has more direct manipulation of the objects, you can actually do nine slice symbols in it. 
A lot of people use OmniGraffe or Keynote. 
For OmniGraffe and Fireworks, we have stencils. 
We also have a Photoshop stencil for Android design. 
Really, the granularity of your mock-ups has a lot to do with how final you want people to think they are. 
So if you show someone a full-fidelity mock-up and ask their opinions, they're going to start commenting on the colors and those types of aspects. 
If you show them a wire frame, they're going to start commenting on the organization of the information, how you flow through the application. 
So it's important to create the mock-up at the level of fidelity of the feedback that you want. 
Otherwise, really just sketching stuff on paper is a very quick, fast way of conveying ideas. 
Early in the process, it's about how many different designs you can come up with as opposed to creating a perfect one, so that's also important to consider. 
AUDlENCE: 
A little bit taboo, but a lot of us have apps that are on multiple platforms, like iOS as well. 
I just wanted to see what comments you might have on 
like where I work, there's like a-- to try to get it completely the same on both, and there's a lot of directions that designers want to go to consistency versus [INAUDlBLE] for the platforms? 
So I just kind of wanted to see what your comments are there. 
CHRlSTlAN ROBlNSON: 
This is one that comes up quite a bit for designers in this industry. 
And the way that I think about it is, from the product to designer's point of view, what we're dealing with is all of these products across the different platforms. 
And so the first instinct is to design everything exactly the same because, and yes, it works the same across all the different platforms. 
But from the user's point of view, there are some users that have three different phone platforms in their pocket at all times, that's uncommon. 
More often, users will have one platform, and they're using all of these different parts of the platform. 
And so when they're looking for something to hang onto from a consistency standpoint, they're expecting things to work like the platform. 
So when you create an app that's consistent for you but not consistent for your user, then it's maybe not making the right choice. 
So designing for the specific platforms and designing for those conventions, it's a challenge to find a way to express your brand across all those platforms, but-- 
ALEX FAABORG: 
Also, your brand should be stronger than just the Ul. 
It's kind of silly if the UI is your brand. 
Your brand is about the emotional connection people have to your application, and your colors, and watermark, and things like that. 
And then also, Christian concluded his talk with showing users that you care, and also talking about how a poorly-designed icon, does that application crash more? 
Your application, you could care a lot about it, but if it's identical to the other platforms, it kind of looks 
like it was quickly ported over. 
It doesn't convey that level of effort, and people are going to see that and make judgments off of how much effort you put into it. 
It's kind of a negative note to end it on. 
All right, well thank you for coming. 
Hey there. 
I'm Paul Irish. 
I'm a Developer Advocate on the Google Chrome team and today 
I'm going to show some advanced uses of the core Chrome Dev Tools features. 
First, let's enter into the dev tools. 
It's common to use the app's menu. 
And you can also use a keyboard shortcut, like Ctrl-shift-I on Windows or Cmd-option-I on Mac. 
But I prefer to open them by right-clicking on an element and choosing Inspect. 
Now that we have this open, I can navigate the DOM by clicking on the arrows, but it's much quicker to use the keyboard arrow keys to traverse up and down the DOM tree. 
You'll notice as I'm selecting these elements, I get an onscreen blue highlight, but I also get a css selector that represents that element, along with its current width and height. 
Sometimes, I like to zoom out of the page with ctrl - to get the full view while I do this. 
Now, over in the Console tab, I'd like to share a few things. 
Let's say that you have a big string coming from your app, and you want to copy it into your clipboard. 
While you certainly could highlight the entire string with your mouse, it's much more effective to use the console's built in copy method. 
I can now paste this wherever I am going. 
Sometimes you get too much text in the console. 
You can use the clear() function to clear it out. 
Or, of course, the clear icon below will do just the same. 
Now sometimes, you have a reference to a DOM element, and you want to inspect it. 
Right now, I have a reference to the big headline on the page. 
A simple way to do that is the console's inspect function. 
Now, let's say you have the reverse: 
You're 
looking at an element in the Elements tab, but you want to access it via scripts. 
What 
I used to do is add an ID onto the element and use getElementByld. 
You'll notice I brought up the console right here. 
In fact, I can toggle on a console on every tab of the dev tools with the escape key. 
But instead of setting a temporary ID to the element, to save time, I can just type $0 in the console. 
This is a shortcut reference to whatever element is currently selected in this panel. 
It's just a regular reference, so if I'm using jQuery I can toss it into it's dollar method easily. 
Now over on the Network tab, I'd like to share a few things. 
In this waterfall chart, two lines are added. 
The blue one points out where the DOMContentLoaded event fires, which is basically "document ready" and the red is window's load event, which waits for all images and iframes to finish. 
Now you probably have had to inspect the cookies that are associated with your page request before. 
The Headers tab has that info as one of the request headers, but you can now view the current cookies in table format. 
You also have the size of each cookie, which you want to keep as small as possible, as all the cookies are sent in the HTTP header with every request of the page. 
Now, I'd like to show you a few handy features when doing Javascript debugging. 
I'm going to bring up a page with some basic script. 
So here, I can filter our results here using search or a category filter. 
Easy enough. 
This gallery.js contains most of the functionality. 
Now I'd like to add some logging to see what's going on. 
In Chrome, I can edit the script on the fly inside the Ul. 
This feature is unique to Chrome because of how the V8 Javascript engine executes your code. 
I'm going to jump down to the showGallery function. 
I can use cmd-G or ctrl-G to jump to a specific line number. 
Now I'd really like to dig into this JSON argument here, so I'm going to console log it out. 
Now when I filter, I get the object logged to the console, where I can poke around with it further. 
You'll notice I'm also getting an exception thrown on the page. 
Sometimes it's difficult to figure out where these errors are coming from. 
By clicking on this pause button, I can ask the dev tools to pause execution whenever an exception is encountered, effectively giving me a breakpoint at that position. 
I can now open up the console, again by hitting 
Escape, and figure out what's going on. 
Whoops! 
Looks like that element doesn't exist yet. 
I guess it's time to file a bug report. 
If you'd like to dive into the dev tools, I definitely recommend picking up a dev channel version of Chrome. 
It updates weekly and gets new features in the dev tools very regularly. 
Holding your baby is something that's very different for every individual you really need to hold them in a way that is most comfortable for you. 
The most important thing that you have to remember when holding a baby especially a newborn is to cradle them holding their head and neck up to make sure that the head does not fall too back or too forward. 
There are few different holds that people prefer when holding a baby you can hold the baby chest to chest, you can hold the baby stomach to stomach on an angel, you can cradle the baby, you can hold the baby in what's call the football hold where you put your hand underneath their chin flip over the baby and pull them out stretch this way sometimes when people are walking around and need another free hand this may be helpful. 
Some parents have the head lean back against the baby and hold them this way where they put their hands supporting underneath between their legs and hold them this way really as long as the baby is comfortable and you are comfortable and its safe it is important for you to do what ever is the most comfortable so you can do it often. 
There is nothing that prompts bonding as much as holding and being close to your infant. 
A lot of parents when their arms get tired like to even put the baby in their lap so you can look right into their eyes this was my most favorite hold with my three daughters because they can grow up and fit right here as they grow and you can look into their eyes you can talk to them, you can hold their hands, you can play with their feet its a wonderful way to be close to the baby and but also see your baby because sometimes in certain holds like this one its hard to really see their whole face. 
So remember keep their head up and try to hold your baby as much as possible its really crucial for bonding during those first couple months that the baby feel very safe, very secure, and very much attach to mom or day. 

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JON GRUBER: 
At the beginning of the lecture, we're going to actually talk about productivity, one of the most important topics in economics. 
And really one of the most famous applications-- or, more generally, misapplications-- of the principles of diminishing marginal product in the history of economics. 
Many of you may have heard of a guy named Thomas Malthus. 
He was a famous philosopher who, in 1798, posited the theory that we're all in big trouble. 
And he did so following the basic tenets that I've taught you so far. 
Malthus pointed out look, we've got-- he said, think about production of food. 
He said, with the production of food you've got, as with any other production process-- he didn't put it in these terms, but basically he was appealing to what we 
learned last time. 
He said, like any other production process you've got two inputs, labor and capital. 
But with food, the capital is land. 
And unlike other kinds of capital, it's fixed even in the long-run. 
That is, we talked about the long-run being defined as the period of time over which all inputs are variable. 
Well, land is never variable. 
There's a certain amount of land on earth, that's not variable. 
And at the end of the day, production of food is essentially just short-run, there is no long-run. 
At the end of the day, production of food, capital's fixed, it's only labor. 
Moreover, in that situation labor has diminishing marginal product with a given amount of land. 
It doesn't matter how many workers you have, there's only so much you can grow on it. 
Obviously, as you increase workers you can grow more originally. 
But eventually, you'll run out of useful use for those workers, yet the demand for food will not stop growing. 
So basically, the demand for food is going to continue to grow unabated over time as population grows. 
Demand for food [? it fuels ?] proportional to population, so it's growing over time. 
Yet the production of food eventually has to slow down, because there's a diminishing marginal product of labor without an increasing capital. 
So basically what you've got is a forever growing demand, but a gradually slowing production, because the marginal product of labor's diminishing with this fixed capital or land. 
The result is mass starvation. 
So Malthus predicted that by about where we are now, if not before, the world would be suffering from mass starvation. 
Through the basic principles-- not because he's a crazy nutcase-- but the basic principles we've studied so far. 
Which you've got ever-increasing demand, but diminishing marginal product of producing food. 
And in the end you get mass starvation. 
Well, as we all know Malthus was wrong. 
World population has risen about 800% since he wrote his article at the end of the 18th century, and yet we're fatter than ever. 
Our problem is we eat too much, not enough. 
Now that's not true around the world, there's starvation elsewhere. 
But there's clearly no more starvation worldwide than there was at his time despite the fact that the world population has grown eight-fold. 
So what did Malthus get wrong? 
What Malthus got wrong is what I haven't taught you yet. 
Which is that aggregate production is not just about k and I, but also about productivity. 
It's also about productivity. 
That the production function really looks like-- the form of the production function, which we wrote last time as q equals f of k and l. 
Really more generally, can be written as q equals A, times f of k and I, where A is aggregate productivity. 
Really, let's say that this is big Q. If we think about the big Q for society, now let's think of aggregate quantity for society or else we wouldn't talk about a specific firm. 
But if we think about aggregate product, aggregate quantity produced in society, it's a function of the aggregate capital and labor of the society, but also a function of productivity. 
It's also a function of the fact that we use our inputs more effectively over time. 
So for example, one thing Malthus missed is that the acreage of land-- it's an empirical fact, the number of acres of land on Earth are fixed. 
Earth is not growing-- but the arability of that land is not fixed. 
We get better and better at figuring out how to grow more and more stuff on the same amount of land. 
That's the factor A, that's a productivity improvement. 
Likewise, agricultural technology has improved. 
We have disease-resistant seeds, we have better land management. 
The bottom line is we are making more and more of a given plot of land compared to what Malthus saw in his time. 
So while k if it's defined as land may be fixed, and l therefore there's diminishing marginal product of a given production function, the production function itself is improving over time because of productivity improvements. 
Productivity, the arability of land, disease-resistant seeds, and other things are making that given quantity of land more productive over time. 
So effectively, in the long-run if A goes up faster than the marginal product of labor diminishes, then overall quantity can increase even though k, the underlying level of land, is fixed. 
That's what Malthus missed, is that there's two factors going on over time. 
The marginal product of labor's falling, it's true, for a given plot of land. 
But we're making each plot of land so much more productive, it's overcoming that. 
And as a result, food production is actually rising per capita. 
So since 1950, world food consumption per capita has gone up 40%. 
Despite the fact that the Earth's not gotten any bigger, and despite the fact the population's grown a 
lot over that time. 
And basically this huge increase of agricultural productivity has overcome the diminishing marginal product of labor. 
There's actually a great little box in the Perloff Text about a single individual and his contributions to that. 
A scientist who led what's called the Green Revolution. 
He experimented in Mexico with different methods of improving agricultural productivity, and then essentially brought those to Southeast Asia-- 
India, Pakistan and other places. 
And they estimate, saved about a billion lives through the increase in agriculture productivity he made possible for this Green Revolution in Southeast Asia. 
Really, just changed the entire trajectory of that part of the world through the agricultural productivity improvements that he put in place. 
So it's very interesting putting a personal face on this impersonal letter A, how one scientist can really make a difference in that case. 
This also leads to the larger question which this course doesn't spent a lot of time on, but which is more of a macro question, which is what determines the overall standard of living in our country? 
The standard of living in our country, that is basically for a given level of labor we supply, what determines the 
level of our utility, of our social welfare, given how much 
labor we can supply? 
Well, ultimately, what's going to determine-- or another way to think of it is what determines the amount of stuff we can have for a given amount of labor effort we put in? 
Well, that's society's productivity. 
Society's productivity is how much more we can have for each given level of labor input. 
So what determines how much stuff we can have? 
Well, it's k and A. Given a fixed amount of labor input, given how much we work, what determines how much stuff we can have, with how much capital we have, and how productively we make use of it? 
Now, productivity in the US has followed a very interesting trend. 
So productivity, which is how much we produce for a given amount of inputs, has followed an interesting trend. 
From World War II until about 1973, productivity grew rapidly in the US. 
Productivity grew at about 2.3% per year-- 2.4% per year-- from the end of World War II through 1973. 
That is, working no harder and having no more machines, we can consume 2.4% more stuff every single year. 
That's pretty impressive. 
That means we can just sit around, work no harder than we were, and have no more machines, and produce 2.4% more per year. 
Now, of course, over time we worked harder and had more machines, so overall output in US economy grew much faster than 2.4% a year. 
It grew more like 7-10% a year over that period. 
Yet, the point is that a lot of that we can get for free, essentially, without any harder work or any more capital. 
However, starting in 1973 until the early 1990s, productivity growth fell dramatically to 1% per year. 
That is literally we lost 1 1/2% per year of stuff we were getting before. 
We were getting 2 1/2% a year up to '73, all of a sudden it's down to 1%. 
That's 1 1/2% a year less stuff we can get unless we work harder to make up for it. 
Why did this happen? 
Well, we don't exactly know, but there's two good candidates. 
We know the two candidates, we just don't know the right proportions. 
One is that we have less capital in our society because savings fell. 
The amount of savings US households do fell dramatically. 
And the US has a very low savings rate. 
The US savings rate over this period averaged about 3%. 
That is, every dollar we earned we saved about 3% as a society. 
Compared to countries like Japan, where it's more like 20%. 
Every dollar they earn they save about 20%. 
Now why does that matter? 
Well, we'll talk about this later in the course, but essentially the amount we save determines the amount of capital we have in society. 
Because essentially, where do firms get the money to build machines? 
They get it by borrowing from households who save. 
And the 
less we save, the less money there is that firms could invest in building machines. 
And we'll talk about that at length later in the semester. 
But the bottom line is, the more we save as a country, the more money we have available, the more firms can take that money and build machines that improve our standard of living. 
And that saving fell a lot, and that's one reason. 
And the other reason is that productivity fell for reasons we don't quite understand. 
We know that productivity slowed down, but we don't quite understand why that is. 
But then in the 1990s, productivity shot up again. 
So productivity went back up towards our historic levels, from 1% back up to over 2% a year. 
Why is that? 
Well, it's unclear, but we think it's basically the IT revolution. 
Essentially, we think that the slow diffusion of computers, which people were predicting should increase productivity as way back as the 1980s, suddenly in the 1990s it really happened. 
And this IT revolution led to a big productivity increase. 
It's not clear if that's dying down now again, or if it's going to continue. 
It'll be interesting to see what happens over the next 15 years. 
So we have this period of high productivity growth, slowed down from '73 to the early '90s and then picked up again. 
We're not quite clear if that year's coming to an end or not, but that's sort of where we are now in that time path. 
What's very interesting-- so that's what happens to productivity, that's all I'll talk about it for this course, it's more of a macro topic. 
But I will mention an interesting micro spin on that. 
Which is, if society's more productive, that's like found money for society. 
That's like saying with all our resources we suddenly get extra money. 
Society then has to decide what to do with that. 
The US and Europe have followed very different paths in what to do with that money. 
In the US, we've taken that money and bought a lot more stuff. 
We have the highest standard of living in the world. 
We buy the most stuff per capita of anyone the world. 
In Europe, they took a lot of that money and took more 
leisure with it. 
They decided we're not going to quite have as much stuff, but we're going to have six weeks a year of vacation instead of two weeks a year of vacation. 
So if we go back to our discussion of what determines 
labor supply is the choice between leisure and consumption, and you think of the wage as the opportunity cost of leisure, well, what they've decided in Europe is to choose more along the leisure axis, and less along the consumption axis. 
In the US, we've chosen less among the leisure axis-- we work way harder than Europe-- but we have more stuff. 
And the question is, how do we feel about that choice? 
Has that been ultimately a welfare maximizing choice? 
Now an economist will say of course it's been, because it's a choice we made. 
Of course, it's been welfare maximizing. 
We talk about revealed preference, and people's choices reveal what they prefer. 
So our revealed preference, we just prefer stuff more and 
leisure less than Europe. 
But in fact, it's not clear that that is each individual's optimal choice. 
If a given individual says, look, I'd rather have less stuff and more time off, it may be hard to find the job that lets them do that. 
So while that may be the choice we've made as a society with our social institutions, that may not serve the interests of every individual in society. 
And that's the kind of trade-off we need to think about. 
So anyway, that's sort of what I wanted to say on productivity. 
Yeah, question? 
AUDlENCE: 
Does higher productivity translate into more income, or more income for individuals who will buy stuff [INAUDlBLE] taking more leisure? 
JON GRUBER: 
Because basically the point is think of our economy as a pie. 
That basically the idea is let's think of you have a start up, and your start up is such that you can make this product, and you could make $1 million a year with 10 workers. 
You could make $1 million worth of stuff with 10 workers. 
So each of your workers takes home $100,000. 
Now imagine that you discover new technology which lets you, with the same amount of workers, make $2 million a year. 
Well, some of that you'll keep, but some of it you'll pay your workers more. 
So suddenly they have more money, because you've suddenly managed to make twice as valuable stuff with the same amount of resources. 
So that's the situation which improves our standard of living. 
Other questions about that? 
Comments? 
OK, so the bottom line, coming back to sort of micro-theory we're talking about, is we have to think about production functions as having a productivity adjustment. 
Macro raises these big issues about sort of ultimately what determines our standard of living in this country, and how do we want to spend that money? 
So, with that as background, we're now going to stop talking about production and move on to cost. 
Cost is-- quite frankly this is perhaps my least favorite thing in the whole course. 
It's a little bit boring, but you need to understand how cost structure in a firm works to understand how firms make the decisions that ultimately get to be a lot more interesting again, so just sort of bear with me. 
Now, so we talked about costs, let's start with a couple of definitions. 
Basically, let's back up, where are we coming from? 
I talked about what the firm's decision is, the firm has to maximize profits, which is revenues minus cost. 
So we have to ask what are costs if we're going to make this profit maximizing decision. 
Well, costs are going to have a few components. 
The first component, costs are going to have really two major components-- fixed costs, and variable costs. 
Fixed costs and variable costs. 
Fixed costs are the costs of inputs that cannot be varied in the short-run. 
Remember, I said that the short-run is defined as a period over time which only some inputs can vary. 
Well, fixed costs are the costs of those inputs that can't vary in the short-run. 
Variable costs-- so that's like capital in the short-run-- variable costs are the cost of goods that can vary in the short run, that's like labor. 
So total costs is the sum of these two, so total costs equals fixed cost plus variable cost. 
Finally, another definition that's important is marginal cost, which is the change in cost with a change in output. 
So the marginal cost is just like-- remember, we want to think in terms of marginal decision making in this course. 
So the marginal cost is the change in cost with the change in-- actually, that should be a little q. 
The change in a firm's cost with the change in the firm's output is marginal cost. 
And then finally, average cost is just what it sounds like. 
Average cost is just c over q, it's just the average. 
So the difference between marginal and average cost, is basically average costs is the average over the whole set of goods produced. 
Marginal cost is the cost of that next unit of production. 
So those are our key definitions. 
Now with those in mind, let's ask how do we get costs? 
And the answer is we get them from the production function. 
Once we do a production function, we can derive costs. 
So if we have some production function, q equals f of I and k, then we can say the cost of producing q is equal to f of wl plus rk. 
Where w is the wage rate, or the rate you pay per unit of 
labor, and r is the rental rate, or the rate you pay per unit of capital. 
Now, let me just pause here for a second to talk about pricing capital. 
It's easy to think the cost of an hour of labor, it's the wage you pay for an hour. 
It's harder to think about the cost of a unit of capital. 
Because we buy the machines, right? 
So how do we think about the cost? 
I'm going to cover this later in the course, for now imagine all machines are rented. 
Imagine you rent every machine you use. 
And think of r as the rental price of that unit of capital. 
So with buildings it make sense, firms often rent the buildings they're in. 
Think of r as the rental price of that unit of building, or that unit of machine. 
We'll come back later to see why that's a sensible way to think about it. 
The key point is, the reason we have to do this is the wage is a flow measure, every hour I pay you a new wage. 
If I use the cost of buying the machine, that be a stock measure, so you couldn't really compare it to wages. 
So we want to use a flow measure. 
The flow measures is what we have to pay every period to rent the machine. 
Yeah? 
AUDlENCE: 
[INAUDlBLE] just take the cost of the machine and estimate the amount of time we want, and then divide it? 
JON GRUBER: 
Sure. 
No, and I'll cover that later. 
You could think of the rental-- if I bought the machine today and sold it tomorrow, that'd be like I rented it. 
And this would be the cost difference between what I paid for it and what I'd sell it for. 
But it's just easier to think of it as the rental, because the flow measure-- like the wage-- is a flow measure. 
Now, in the short-run, capital is fixed. 
So in the short-run, our fixed costs are rk bar. 
That's our fixed cost, the rental rate times the fixed amount of capital in the short-run. 
And our variable costs are w times I, which is a function of q. 
That is, the more you produce the more labor you use in the short-run. 
So total costs in the short-run, short-run total costs, are rk bar plus wL of q. k is not a function of q because k's fixed in the short-run, but the amount of labor used is a function of how much you produce. 
This implies that the marginal cost, the key concept we want to work with, marginal cost, which is the derivative of total costs with respect to quantity. 
So dc dq is going to be equal to w-- or, let's do it in deltas, because we're not doing calculus here. 
Delta c delta q is going to be w times delta I over delta q. 
That's going to be the marginal cost. 
The marginal cost-- so I'm just differentiating the total cost function-- is going to be the wage times delta I delta q. 
So the marginal cost of producing the next unit is going to be how much labor I have to produce to produce the next unit, times the wage I pay per unit of labor. 
Now, does anyone remember what we call this? 
I know this wasn't on the exam last night, so you may not-- cast your mind back to the lecture on Monday. 
Do you remember what we call delta I over delta q? 
Anyone? 
Bueller? 
No? 
It's the marginal product of labor. 
Remember from Monday? 
So this is the wage times the marginal product of labor. 
So what we say is that the marginal cost is equal to the wage times the marginal-- 
I'm sorry the wage over. 
I'm sorry, it's one over. 
That delta q does-- I was the marginal product. 
The wage over the marginal product of labor. 
So marginal cost is the wage over the marginal product of labor. 
Marginal product of labor was delta q delta I, so wage over the marginal product of labor is the marginal cost. 
So think about this intuitively. 
What we're saying is the cost of the next unit of production is declining with the marginal product of labor, it sort of makes sense. 
The more productive is a worker, the less expensive is producing the next unit. 
The less productive is the next worker, the more expensive is producing the next unit. 
So it's an inverse relationship between the marginal cost and the marginal product where the wage is the constant that scales that relationship. 
So basically, when workers are very, very high marginal product, then it's going to be cheap to produce the next unit. 
When workers have a low marginal product, it's going to be expensive to produce the next unit, and that's going to depend on what you actually have to pay the worker. 
Questions about that? 
So basically, the first key thing we want to derive here is that the marginal cost is directly related to the marginal product of labor, and the marginal product of labor we saw last time comes out of production function. 
So if you're given a wage, and given a production function, you should be able to derive the short-run marginal cost. 
You might someday be asked to do that. 
Now what about the long-run? 
The short-run's no fun, what about the long-run? 
In the long-run, firms can choose their mix of labor and capital. 
Remember, in the short-run the capital is fixed, so fixed costs rk bar. 
The only thing they could change was the amount of 
labor, so we could derive their marginal costs. 
What about in the long-run? 
Well, the long-run's a little more interesting because in the long-run firms get to choose their input mix to maximize their production efficiency. 
So input mix is chosen to maximize production efficiency which equates to minimizing costs. 
Maximizing production efficiency equates to minimizing costs. 
So we talked last time about isoquants, and the notion that isoquants were combinations of labor and capital that delivered the same output. 
Just like indifference curves are combinations of pizza and movies that deliver the same utility, isoquants are a combination of labor and capital that deliver the same output. 
The key point is that, technologically, any choice of 
labor and capital produces the same q, so there's nothing that tells you technologically which of those to use. 
We just know, technologically, there's a set of choices which deliver the same q. 
Well, how do we tell which to use? 
Well, we want to choose the one which is minimizing costs. 
So to do that, we're going to have to bring in the cost of those inputs. 
Just like we said there's a set of pizza and movies, all of which leave you indifferent. 
How do you decide which pizza and movies to choose? 
Well, you bring in the relative price of pizza and movies. 
Here, we're going to bring in the relative price of capital and labor to determine how we choose between capital and labor. 
So to do that, we're going to draw isocost lines which are going to be just like our old budget constraints. 
Isocost lines which represent the cost of different combinations of inputs, just like our old budget constraint represented the cost of different consumption goods. 
So if you look at figure 9-1, here we're going to have isocost curves which are going to represent-- and we're going to assume here that the wage is $5 an hour, and the rental rate is $10 per unit of capital. 
So, in other words, the $50 isocost line in figure 9-1 shows all combinations of labor and capital that cost $50. 
So you could spend $50 in production if you had 10 units of labor, and no units of capital. 
Or five units of capital, and no units of labor, or any combination in between. 
These are all the combinations of labor and capital that cost $50. 
Likewise, the $100 isocost is all combinations of labor and capital that cost $100. 
So each of these isocosts give you the combination of inputs that cost a certain amount. 
Just like a budget constraint gave you the combination of pizza and movies on which you spent your income. 
Now, you may have said well, wait a second, the difference with consumers is we knew their income so we knew what their budget constraint is. 
Here we don't know whether to choose the $50 cost, the $100 cost, $150. 
We don't know what the total amount is. 
That's what makes firms hard, that's why we have an extra step. 
So hold that thought, we'll come back to that next lecture. 
For now, let's just say there's a set of trade-offs that the firm can choose from, and a set of isoquants that they have. 
And what's the slope of this isocost line? 
It's the negative of the wage rental ratio. 
The slope of the isocost is minus w over r. 
The slope is minus w over r. 
It's basically the trade-off between labor and capital's going to be determined by the relative prices of those inputs, so slope is going to be minus w over r. 
So basically, how many units of capital do you have to give up to get the next unit of labor? 
Well, what this isocost tells you is you have to give up 1/2 a unit of capital to get a unit of labor. 
So the slope is minus 1/2. 
Likewise, you could say you have to give up two units of 
labor to get one unit of capital. 
So that's why the slope is minus 1/2, that's what it's telling us. 
Once again, budget constraints are about opportunity costs. 
How much labor do you have to give up to get another unit of capital? 
Or how much capital do you have to give up to get another unit of labor? 
Now, armed with isoquants, which are like indifference curves, and these isocosts which are like budget constraints, we can then figure out what is the economically efficient combination of inputs for the firm to use. 
The economically efficient combination of inputs for a given level of output. 
So the economically efficient input combination for a given 
level of output is going to be determined by the tangency of the isoquant with the isocost, as you see in figure 9-2. 
Here we're going to use our same isoquant we had before, which is we're going to assume that q equals square root of k times l. 
So same production function we had before, which gave a series of isoquants last lecture. 
So basically, what we see is that the efficient-- if you want to produce a given amount of q, then basically what you're going to do is you're going to look for the tangency of that isoquant with the isocost. 
And you're going to say that the efficient way to produce that is going to be to use 2 1/2 units of capital and 5 units of labor. 
It's going to say look, given the relative prices that are given to us by this budget constraint, the production technology is given to us by this production function from which we derived isoquants last time. 
So the optimal combination of inputs to get this level of output is going to be 2 1/2 units of capital and 5 units of labor. 
And that will produce basically square root of 12 1/2. 
So basically the quantity will be equal to the square root of 5 times 2 1/2, or the square root of 12 1/2 units of production. 
So basically, that is going to give us the efficient way to do that. 
Now, once again as always, we want to think about things intuitively, graphically, and mathematically. 
Let's think about for a second the mathematics. 
We know that the slope of the isoquant-- we talked last time-- the slope of the isoquant at any given point. 
The isoquant slope was the marginal rate of technical substitution. 
We defined that last time. 
The slope of the isoquant was the marginal rate of technical substitution which is the marginal product of labor over the marginal product of capital. 
And what we're saying is we want to set that marginal rate of technical substitution equal to the input costs ratio w over r. 
That's what we're saying, the efficient thing to do is to set the marginal rate of technical substitution equal to the price ratio. 
That's what happens when the slopes are equal. 
Now, once again, I find it easier to rewrite this equation-- once you've developed the intuition, I find it easier to think of it this way. 
Rewrite this as the marginal product of labor over the wage, equals the marginal product of capital over the rental rate. 
What this is telling us is the efficient place is where essentially for every dollar you spent on workers, you're getting the same return as a dollar spent on machines. 
The marginal product of labor over the wage is sort of the bang for buck of workers. 
What are you getting for your next dollar of wage? 
The marginal product of capital over r is the bang for the buck of machines. 
What are you getting for your next dollar of rent? 
And the efficient point is where these are equal. 
If they're not equal, then you have too much of one and not enough of the other. 
So basically, what we can do is we can solve in this example-- in this example, we could say the marginal product of labor is 1/2 k over the square root of k times l. 
The marginal product of capital from this production function is-- once again I'm using this production function q equals square root of k times l. 
Marginal project of capital is 1/2 I over square root of k times l. 
So the ratio of the marginal products is simply k over l. 
The marginal rate of technical substitution, given this production function, is k over l. 
That's the marginal rate of technical substitution. 
So this says that given this production function and these prices, at the optimum you should set k over I equal to w over r, which equals 1/2. 
So what this says is given this production function, these price ratios, the optimal thing to do is to use half as much capital as labor. 
Half as much capital as labor is the optimal thing to do, and that's what we see in figure 9-2, is the optimal thing to do is use half as much capital as labor. 
Now, in other words, let's say, to now develop the intuition. 
Imagine you told me no, I should use as much capital as 
I should use labor. 
As much capital as I should use labor. 
Imagine I told you that. 
Imagine I said no, in fact, the efficient thing to use is why not have one machine for every worker? 
How would you tell me intuitively why that's wrong? 
Why would I be wrong to say use one machine for every worker? 
Why would that be wrong, given the prices prevailing in the market? 
Someone can tell me this. 
Yeah? 
AUDlENCE: 
Well, renting machines is a lot more expensive than paying more workers. 
JON GRUBER: 
Twice as expensive to rent a machine as get a worker. 
AUDlENCE: 
So it would be more cost-effective to have the workers share machines rather than get a whole new machine. 
JON GRUBER: 
The key point is the machine costs twice as much, but the machine doesn't do twice as much. 
The machine and the worker do the same thing. 
The marginal rate of technical substitution is one. 
You're indifferent between one more machine and one more worker, but the machine cost twice as much as the worker. 
So you want more workers and fewer machines, right? 
Given the machines and workers, this is a perfectly substitutable production function. 
The marginal rate of technical substitution is k over l. 
You're perfectly indifferent between these two, given that-- not perfectly substitutable, but at this point you're indifferent between the two. 
So given that you're indifferent and the machines cost twice as much, why not buy half as many machines? 
Yeah? 
AUDlENCE: 
But then, if the machines cost twice as much, why buy any machines? 
JON GRUBER: 
Oh, that's very good point. 
Because it's not a perfectly substitutable function. 
My bad. 
If it was, if the production function-- great question. 
Let's say the production function was of the form q equals k plus l. 
That's perfectly substitutable production. 
Then you're right, in that situation you should only buy workers because they do exactly the same thing. 
But that's not the case here. 
This exhibits diminishing marginal product. 
So if you only bought workers, eventually each worker would do so much less that you'd be better off getting a machine. 
It's not perfectly substitutable, I misspoke before. 
At the margin they have an equal effect. 
But as you get more and more laborers, they'll be less and 
less productive, so eventually you're going to want to buy a machine. 
But you're only going to buy half as many machines as workers. 
You never want to buy one machine per worker. 
But you also don't want no machines per workers, because the workers won't have anything to do then. 
Here you'd want no machines per worker, right? 
The optimal thing to do, if you have a perfectly substitutable production function, you'd only just buy the cheaper input. 
But that's not the case when you have diminishing marginal products, then you're going to use a combination of inputs. 
But the combination used will be determined by the prices in the market. 
Other questions about that? 
So now we can ask, just as we asked in consumer theory, how does a price change in the price of goods affect your consumption decisions, we can ask how does a change in the price of inputs affect your production decisions? 
You could see that in the next page, figure 9-3. 
Imagine that wages went up. 
So imagine now wages, instead of being $5 an hour, are $7.50 an hour. 
They pass a new minimum wage, and wages go up to $7.50 an hour. 
What does that do? 
Well, that steepens the isocost. 
Your trade-off is now you're going to get fewer workers for every machine you give up, or more machines for every worker you give up. 
And so at the same isoquant, that's going to shift you to using less labor and more capital. 
By the same logic as before, you're going to use less labor and more capital, because you're going to see this shift in relative prices. 
This figure shows why the minimum wage leads to unemployment. 
We talked about it last time. 
We did in a graph, we just said supply and demand and showed you. 
But actually this is the underlying mechanics of how minimum wage leads to unemployment. 
Because the minimum wage, by change, is relative input prices. 
If the only way you could produce things was with labor, there wouldn't be much unemployment for a minimum wage because basically you wouldn't have anything else you could do. 
You'd still have to hire the workers. 
But, in fact, that's not the only way to produce things. 
You can substitute to capital. 
As a minimum wage goes up, firms will substitute towards capital, and that's why the minimum wage will lead to unemployment. 
So this is sort of the underlying mechanics of how that happens. 
All right, now armed with that-- so basically when we did consumer theory we were done here. 
We basically said, look, we now know you have a budget constraint, you have indifference curves, you're fine with their tangent, you're done. 
The reason firms are one step harder is you don't have a budget constraint. q is not given to you, q is ultimately decided by you. 
You the firm are going to decide on little q. 
With our example for consumers, your parents gave you $96, you had no choice. 
Well here the firm isn't given little q, it's going to decide little q. 
What that means is we're not done yet. 
There's one extra step we need to do with firms, which is figure out where little q comes from. 
So to do that, we're going to have to then say well, how does a firm think about the set of choices of little q? 
And how does it think about how it changes production as 
little q changes? 
So to see that, go to figure 9-4a. 
This shows the long-run expansion path for a firm. 
This shows how, as it produces different amounts of goods, it will choose different units of inputs. 
So for the first level of production, it chooses five machines and 10 workers. 
Then if it wants to double production, it chooses 10 machines and 20 workers. 
So if it wants to increase production by another 50%, it chooses 15 machines and 30 workers, and so on. 
This is a linear expansion path. 
This says this firm is a production function, and prices are such that basically they always want these inputs in fixed proportions. 
So it would be a fixed proportional expansion path. 
No matter how much you choose to produce, you always want to use twice as much labor as capital. 
However, that doesn't have to be the case. 
So this long-run expansion path is going to be what becomes our underlying cost curve. 
This is where underlying cost curves are going to come from, and hopefully where supply is going to come from, is this 
long-run expansion path. 
This long-run expansion path is going to show us how much more we have to spend to produce different amounts of quantity. 
Now in this case, what you see here is that you have these fixed proportions. 
That as you increase quantity, that the input portion stays the same, but that doesn't have to be. 
For instance, figure 9b, you can imagine a world where, as you produce more units, capital becomes less productive. 
So you want more and more labor, but not that much more capital. 
So this might be the example of like McDonald's. 
If McDonald's wants to produce more burgers, ultimately there's only so many fryolators it can use. 
Ultimately, it needs more people to package up the burgers and sell them. 
So you might think that capital becomes less and less productive. 
And as a given McDonald's franchise expands its sales, it might want to increase the ratio of labor to capital. 
So this is a case where capital's becoming less productive. 
And as you see, as you expand production you're going to more labor and less capital. 
In other words, the marginal product of labor is still steep, and the marginal product of capital is flattening. 
So you want more and more labor, and not as much capital. 
That's one kind of expansion path. 
Figure 9c shows a different kind of expansion path. 
Here's one where labor becomes less productive. 
So this might be, for example, something which is a mass production process, like producing automobiles. 
Where basically as you produce more and more automobiles, you need more and more machines to produce them. 
The people just run the machines. 
So it's much more efficient to have to do it through more machines and less through more workers in automobile production. 
So in that case you could have a steeper expansion path, where basically the marginal product of labor is falling relative to the marginal product of capital, so you want to increase the ratio of capital to labor over time. 
The bottom line is as firms produce more, they may hold constant or may change the ratio of their inputs, but they'll clearly use more inputs. 
They're going to use more inputs, but the mix of the inputs they'll use will change with their production levels. 
So the question we have to ask is, well, what's going to determine their production level? 
Where does q come from? 
I'll have to leave that as a teaser for next time. 
Let me just say where q comes from, is q is going to come from market competition. 
We're going to get q-- 
I'm not done, I have one more thing to cover. 
But we're going to get q from market competition. 
Now there is one other thing I want to cover though related to costs. 
Which is an important concept that we have to have in the back of our mind, which when we come back, we think about competition. 
Which is fixed versus sunk cost. 
Fixed-- my wife always thought I was saying some costs, I'm not. 
I'm saying sunk costs. 
Fixed versus sunk costs. 
Fixed versus sunk costs. 
Sunk costs are costs which are fixed even in the long-run. 
Fixed costs are costs which are fixed in the short-run, and variable in the long-run, so capital. 
Sunk costs are costs which are fixed in the long-run. 
That is, they're foregone once you produce. 
The minute you produce one unit, those sunk costs are gone forever, and they cannot be changed even in the long-run. 
In other words, importantly, they cannot be changed by how much you produce. 
So in the long-run, you can change the cost of capital by building bigger or smaller plants, producing more or less. 
But some costs cannot be changed. 
So what's a classic example? 
Well, the classic example for example would be medical education, or any professional education. 
Once you've gone to med school and done all your grueling years of staying up all night, you've paid those costs. 
They're now paid for, and it doesn't matter if you see three patients the rest of your life or three million patients the rest of your life, you've already paid those costs. 
Think of that as the capital of a doctor's office. 
Now when you take your office as a doctor, if you want to see more patients in the short-run, they might be crammed into your office, and in the long-run you might build a bigger office. 
So in the short-run, how hard you work is variable. 
In the long-run, how big your office is is variable-- how many secretaries you hire, et cetera. 
But your medical school spending is gone. 
That's not variable in the long-run, that's sunk. 
And that's a very important distinction is between basically these fixed costs, what we call fixed costs. 
Which are costs where, like the costs of the office and the machinery the physician uses, which can be changed over a 10-year period, versus sunk costs which once paid are gone forever. 
And the key reason, just to give you a hint about why these will matter, is because when firms set up this-- we may see firms in the market losing money. 
You may see firms in the market losing money. 
In fact, in any point in time we see lots of firms in the market losing money. 
You might say, why don't they go out of business? 
The reason they don't go out of business is because they've already pay huge sunk costs. 
It's not efficient to go out of business. 
They've already invested a certain amount. 
It's not going to be efficient to go out of business, because then they'll give up the cost they've invested. 
So if you're a doctor, and you've spent all this money on med school, and you're not making money as a doctor in the first couple of years. 
If you quit and go do something else, you've just given up all the investment you made in med school. 
So if there's any prospect that eventually you'll make money, you might want to hang on and keep being a doctor. 
So that's the difference between a fixed cost and a sunk cost. 
So I'm going to come back to that, but it's important to remember that distinction when we talk about competition. 
So let me stop there, and we'll come back on 
Wednesday, I guess. 
Have a good three-day weekend. 
We'll come back on Wednesday and we'll talk about competition. 
One of the things we of course are tremendously interested in is the whole idea of the Readymade. 
We are familiar with the concept of junk sculpture. 
This is something that such artists as and even Picasso in earlier days more or less advanced, to pick up an object which was made for an entirely different use, possibly a discarded object, which because of its shape and its patination, its configuration, suggests another possibility. 
It may be a very satisfying texture, a very romantic kind of quality about the piece, in other words, it became a kind of chosen object but chosen for esthetic reasons. 
In what respect does junk sculpture differ from the concept of the Readymade? 
Let's say for example, the Bottle Rack or the Bicycle Wheel? 
This was of course the difficulty when it came to my mind but that was back in 1915, when I applied the word Readymade to these objects. 
In fact, I only made 13 of them in my life, in 40 years so it is not very much of an occupation. 
[Laughing] 
But even so, even so I mean the fact of choosing, of selecting and deciding on one was the result of being very careful about not using my sense of beauty or my belief in some esthetics of some kind. 
In other words, finding some object of complete indifference as far as esthetics are concerned and that indifference is very difficult because there is always some detail in any object that will attract you esthetically. 
Meaning, that you find it beautiful or even ugly which is the same thing. 
Ugly or beautiful is the same thing when it comes to choosing an object in the form of a Readymade. 
By Readymade, also the idea of it was being made by either manufactured or made by another person can be a Readymade, too, you see. 
I even remember signing a big painting in a restaurant for the pleasure of calling it Readymade. 
You see, and of course it was not manufactured. 
[Laughing] 
So, of course I couldn't take the painting with me because it was attached to the wall. 
But this explains that the difficulty is to make people understand that was not through an attraction or the beauty of the object that I would call it Readymade. 
That's why I made so few because after a certain while, anything becomes beautiful. 
You know, it takes 40 years sometimes 
[Laughing] 
but my - what is it called? 
Bottle Rack to be become - and people say, 
'It's so beautiful' and that's the worst complement they can give me. 
[Laughing] 
Maybe I should try again 
Maybe I'm not listening 
La la la la la la oh! 
La la la la la la oh! 
Sail with me into the dark 
Sail with me into the dark 
But she never could get drunk enough 
To get him off her mind 
Until the night 
She put that bottle to her head and pulled the trigger 
And finally drank away his memory 
Life is short 
But this time it was bigger 
Than the strength she had to get up off her knees 
We found her with her face down in the pillow 
Clinging to his picture for dear life 
We laid her next to him beneath the willow 
While the angels sang a whiskey lullaby 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
La, la, la, la, la, la, la 
Holy shit... 
No i met her in a butchery. 
Oh yeah totally.. 
May i help you? 
We'll be asking the questions old man 
Who are You? 
YU! 
No, not me... 
You... 
Yes, I am YU... 
Just answer the damn question! 
Who are you? 
I have told you! 
Are you deaf? 
No, YU is blind... 
I'm not blind, You blind! 
That is what i just said! 
You just said what? 
I did not say what i said YU! 
And that is what i'm asking you! 
And YU is just answering =) 
SHUT UP! 
You! 
Yes? 
Not you! 
Him! 
What's your name? 
MI 
Yes You! 
I am Ml... 
He is MI and I am YU! 
And i'm about to whoop your old a## man because i'm sick of playing games! 
YOU! 
Ml! 
Everybody's a## around here! 
Him! 
I'm gonna kick his.... 
Carter! 
Carter! 
I'm kicking his a##! 
I'm kicking it! 
So two years ago today 
February 11, 2006 my partner, Juan Montealegre died in Miami 
For those who were listening to Yeast Radio at the time will recall the entire ordeal and the memorial service is on Yeast Radio in complete unedited form if you go to somewhere around February 15th or 14th, 2006 the funeral was on February 14th, 2006 
I want to show you something, though which is the point of this video 
This is Juan's death certificate now I've crossed out the parts that I don't want to show because they are, you know, irrelevant, relatives, Social Security, that kind of thing and I've highlighted things I want to show you 
Now, keep in mind that first of all, if you've listened to Yeast Radio you'll know that I was 
Juan's sole caretaker when he was sick and I had to deal care of all matters of significance and I was his partner and we were planning to come here to Chicago on Feburary 1st 2006 and he died shortly after that 
Needless to say, he was unable to come up here 
I say that just as evidence of our partnership together. 
Plus we had already had a business - started a business together - a hair salon 
So here is what I want to show you. 
Bla bla bla 
You see this? 
It says 'Marital status': 
'Never married' and the part I highlighted - I should have highlighted - the part next to it: 
'Surviving Spouse's Name, if wife give maiden name' 
'Surviving Spouse's Name' is blank 
Because in this country, gay couple's are not legally recognized. 
Gay love is not recognized as love. 
And we are therefore not treated as equal human beings to heterosexual human beings 
Now look here. 
I am on this though. 
Number, box 22a of the Florida Certificate of Death. 
'Informant's Name': 
Richard Bluestein. 
That's me 
And next to it in 22b: 
'Relationship to decedent'. 
'Friend'. 
'Friend'. 
'Friend'. 
'Friend'. 
'Friend'. 
I'm at a payphone trying to call home 
All of my change I spent on you 
Where have the times gone 
Baby it's all wrong, where are the plans we made for two? 
Yeah, I, I know it's hard to remember 
The people we used to be 
It's even harder to picture 
That you're not here next to me 
You say it's too late to make it 
But is it too late to try? 
And in our time that you wasted 
All of our bridges burned down 
I've wasted my nights 
You turned out the lights 
Now I'm paralyzed 
Still stuck in that time when we called it love 
But even the sun sets in paradise 
I'm at a payphone trying to call home 
All of my change I spent on you 
Where have the times gone 
Baby it's all wrong, where are the plans we made for two? 
If happy ever after did exist 
I would still be holding you like this 
All those fairytales are full of it 
One more stupid love song I'll be sick [blah, pause] 
I'm at a payphone trying to call home 
All of my change I spent on you 
Where have the times gone 
Baby it's all wrong, where are the plans we made for two? 
If happy ever after did exist 
I would still be holding you like this 
All those fairytales are full of it 
One more stupid love song I'll be sick 
Now I'm at a payphone... 
Gimme a sip of vodka! 
Gimme vodka! 
Saturday night and there's vodka on the table 
Krycha drinks with us, Zuzia drinks too 
Zuzia looks at me smiling wide 
We're drinking vodka hard!!! 
So here it is, when it's saturday 
From the evening we pour vodka and then eat pickles 
Our faces smile 
Our glasses are up high 
Everyone gulps down, gulps down 
Someone got weak, but didn't drop down 
He's sitting here and drinking again 
There's porn on TV 
Everyone's drinking for a hundred more!!! 
I'll drink so much my stomach will hurt 
Gimme a sip of vodka! gimme vodka! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Gimme a sip of vodka! gimme vodka! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip. 
Aaaaaand... 
I'm drinking! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Gimme a sip of vodka! 
Aaaaaand... 
I'm drinking! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Saturday night, we're still pouring hard 
Pickles are over, we called for Juzek 
Juzek has a plantation and a shitload of cucumbers 
Zuzia is already smiling... 
Tomorrow will be fine 
His mom will let him come to us with a guitar 
He'll take the car and bring us more pickles 
Who doesn't know Juzek will drink with him 
So we drink! 
Someone got weak, but didn't drop down 
He's sitting here and drinking again 
There's juice on the TV 
Everyone's drinking for a hundred more!!! 
I'll drink so much my stomach will hurt!!! 
Gimme a sip of vodka! gimme vodka! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Gimme a sip of vodka! 
gimme vodka! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Heeeeeeey... 
I'm drinking! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Gimme a sip of vodka! 
Heeeeeeey... 
I'm drinking! 
Sip, sip, sip, sip, sip 
Gimme a sip of vodka! 
Last year president Barrack Obama established April as national sexual assault awareness month this weekend the 139th airlift wing raises that awareness by hosting a 5k walk-run at Rosecrans over 150 members either walked or ran in support of the event 
Major Barb Denny leads the sexual assault prevention and response program at the 139th and says this is the first time they've held a 5k we wanted to do something different this year than we've done in the past and we thought this was a good way to get people together work on our fitness and just have a lot of fun sexual assault is actually a societal problem, it's one that we really need to raise awareness for so we can make sure victims understand they can come forward the event also took donations that will go to the YWCA in St. Joseph it's a non-profit group that has programs aimed at assisting individuals who have been victims in domestic violence 
Master Sgt. Jackie Moser works at the YWCA in her civilian job and says the program is for both women and men 
The YWCA has always been a huge resource for her program because they have several different different programs that can assist women and men that have been sexually assaulted 
This weekends event raised over 600 dollars that will go to the YWCA to support that program 
For the 139th Airlift Wing 
I'm Staff Sgt. Michael Crane 
Today, we're going to talk about some things that are ingredients in success of a team or a group. 
And in the stead of the roles on this particular lecture, we are going to look at some others things that are outside the person or at least are different processors that a person may bring or ingredients they bring into the group that has nothing to do with the actual functions of that person or what they actually do. 
There's sort of external variables that affect the group, but yet they're important. 
And so the three things we'll look at here that are these variables that have a lot to do with group success, or can detract from it, are what we are going to call norms, status, and power. 
And I think you can already figure out that norms can be a good thing or a bad thing, and same with status and power. 
When power is used properly and ideally it's a good thing. 
It is used properly for positive force in a group. 
Now, let's start with norms. 
What I'd like to do is define these three terms and give examples of them and actually do a little more detailed analysis of how they affect a group. 
And these are things you're going to want to pay attention to when you're in a group: what the norms of that group are, is status affecting a group, and how is power influencing the people in that group - is it a positive force or not. 
Let's start with norms. 
Norms are defined as rules or standards that effect what's appropriate or inappropriate behavior in a group. 
Now, if any of you are teachers or have been teachers, you know, that you have to have order in your classroom and rules for students - what's appropriate and what's inappropriate. 
And even a parent does this in the family, which is actually a type of group. 
It's more of a social group. 
Kids have to know what is expected of them and when they're behaving appropriately and inappropriately. 
Well, norms keep things orderly. 
They maintain respect. 
They make sure everybody has a chance to talk, makes sure that we don't take short cuts or discriminate against some one in some way or put somebody down. 
So, let's talk about norms. 
We're going to talk about two types of norms that are important, like the rules of the game or the ideal team. 
And now, these two types of norms, and this is actually something I am going to do is create my own categories for you just to make norms a little more analytic or make it a little more common sense. 
I'm going to talk about process norms and relationship norms. 
First, let's talk about process norms. 
Now, process norms are rules about who can talk and what can they say when they're talking. 
It's like turn-taking. 
Like what order are we going to take, and how are we going to make sure everybody gets to have some input? 
And let's not interrupt each other. 
Let's give everybody enough time, and let's listen and make sure that everybody gets a chance to say what should be said, and what shouldn't we say. 
What's off limits? 
What crosses the line into being something that's outside what this group really needs to be doing? 
Maybe it's confidential information, or maybe it's information about the past that's not relevant to what we're doing right now, staying on task for example. 
That this is not on task. 
This is a new issue; let's wait until later on that. 
It's a process norm, right there. 
Now let's look at relationship norms. 
Now, relationship norms are about people. 
Rules about treating each other in ways that are appropriate in a group. 
It's about mostly respect. 
Listening and respecting each other and making sure we don't insult each other or condescend, even feel inferior in a group just to be on a mutual respect level that everybody is equally apart of the group and no one's better than anyone else. 
Everybody is entitled to their opinions and no one's opinion is superior. 
That's one of the norms is a relational norm, and there are also norms about power. 
What's appropriate use of power? 
Perhaps somebody in the group is the legitimate leader, who's been appointed to be the head of that group. 
And it's important that they run the meeting and not somebody else take it over. 
So power use. 
Is there some power, inappropriate use of power, try to use power for personal use even. 
And then we get into fairness. 
We don't want to discriminate. 
We don't want to stereotype people. 
We want to make sure everybody has a fair chance for whatever opportunities are there that the decisions we make are fair to everyone in the group as well. 
They won't dump all the work on one person. 
There are rules about politeness and yelling or insulting, as well as rules about listening that we don't interrupt. 
These are all important parts of just being social, being courteous and polite, and that's important in a team just as much as it is in relationships. 
And what we're going to do next is we're going to go to the subject of status. 
Now, status is a very difficult to understand variable because it's very closely related to power. 
In fact, just understanding the difference between power and status, sometimes it's sort of tough to draw that line. 
You'll be probably doing an exercise or a paper just on the subject of status and power in this course. 
So be ready to understand what these are and be ready to define them as you do your assignments or take your exam. 
Let's talk about status. 
There are actually two types of status. 
Let me define it first, so before we actually look at the types of status. 
What status is is it's simply how much value or importance we put on someone in our eyes. 
Like somebody is a celebrity, somebody is, maybe there is somebody we all look up to because maybe it's the mayor of our town that's in this group, so they have high status. 
Or maybe the minister is in our group, so that person has higher status in our eyes. 
So, maybe we are going to listen more to this person, maybe not. 
But status is how important we all seem to be in the eyes of the community and others. 
And we're going to talk about two types of status. 
The first type of status is what we call ascribed status. 
Now, ascribed status is based on a lot of factors about ourselves or mostly socioeconomic and demographic. 
You know like maybe it's our income level, maybe it's the job we do or career, maybe we're teachers or lawyers, or maybe we're managers, or maybe we're athletes or have other jobs where there is a lot of status attached to that career. 
Gender also is a factor that can affect status. 
Sometimes if we have too many men or too many women one gender could actually not be respected as much or given as much status depending on our view. 
Physical attractiveness can affect status. 
Maybe some people are handsome and tall. 
In fact there is research on CEOs. 
CEOs tend to be tall and attractive, and that's just not fair is it? 
But that's just status; that's having an effect on decisions that are made in cooperations. 
Age. 
Sometimes we don't look with as much respect on people who are older or younger. 
We see them as immature or maybe out of date. 
And so these are some status variables that affect groups, and hopefully, that isn't going to be a factor that prevents those variables from people from contributing in an equal way. 
Now, we're going to talk about attained status next. 
Ascribed status is somethings you bring into the room. 
When you come into that meeting you bring it with you. 
You have your clothes on; you have your job, your economic status. 
It's all already in your past, but attained status is different. 
It's something you build. 
It's something you actually develop in the group itself once the meetings start. 
So we're going to call this more of a internal type of status that maybe you do some really neat things for the group, and you help them solve problem. 
Everybody's proud of you, and you're a hero in your group. 
You've done some amazing stuff, and so now you have high attained status. 
People almost want to start listening to your ideas because you were the one who worked through the last situation, successfully. 
Or maybe of low status because you had this idea, and the group went with it, and it didn't work very well. 
And now we've got to go back and fix that a little bit. 
Well, you've lost some status; you're credibility is a little lower now. 
So, that's what we call attained status. 
We'll be paying attention to that in this course. 
The third thing we're going to look at is power. 
And I think if you're in the work place you know that you have to be able to use power in a healthy way. 
So we're going to talk about some of these types of power. 
And when we look at this type of power, we have things like legitimate power. 
Now, legitimate power is power that you're given by being chosen, and you actually have, you've been given the assignment to be in charge of a group. 
Another one of these is what we call referent power. 
Now, I want to you to pay special attention to referent power. 
Put an asterisk next to that one. 
That is actually the ideal form of power, if you can have referent power and use referent power. 
What it is it's sort of like charismatic power - being likable, having a charm factor, being respected highly, being looked up to for who you are, for you integrity, for the way you think, for the way you're cool and calm and rational, and you're cooperative and collaborative, and you just have these characters that people admire. 
You're actually going to see this in some of your assignments. 
Maybe you'll see it in groups you belong to. 
You know people like this. 
Everybody follows them because they seem to know how to act, but also their ideas are pretty good, and they just set such a good example by the way they are. 
The third type of power, we tend to use it too much, it's called expert power. 
You know it's having the answers, having some knowledge, bringing knowledge in from our past. 
We have the answers because we've done this before. 
You know, every group needs expert power. 
You need people who are veterans who have some experience, so they can bring it to the group as long as it's not overdone or telling the group what to do or the know-it-all. 
You've got to be real careful about overusing expert power. 
Let the group sort of make its decisions, bringing ingredients in appropriately as an information giver, as we talked about that role, rather than trying to control outcomes by overusing expert power to sway a group toward something you think is best. 
The fourth of these types of power is called reward power. 
Now, reward power is the ability to give people something, some kind of perks. 
Maybe, "I'll bring refreshments next time, again." 
And everybody says, "Ah, I love that." 
Maybe you're a good cook; you can bake something. 
I was in a Bible study once, and it was a men's Bible study, a bunch of farmers six in the morning, and we all took turns. 
It was such a cool thing. 
There was a reward there though. 
It was almost like, you brought the cookies, you brought the baked goods, cinnamon rolls, and you made the coffee, and everybody took turns giving perks, and it was all sort of a cool thing. 
If you've every been in a group, maybe somebody in the group says, 
"Alright if we succeed in this, I'll buy everybody dessert at Applebee's after the meeting if we can figure this out by nine o' clock." 
So, if there is some reward power everybody is on task. 
They want this to happen. 
And the next of these, the fifth type of power, is what we call coercive power, where we punish people. 
We don't like somebody's idea, so we try to embarrass them. 
We try to criticize them; we try to shut them down. 
We try to get them to be quiet. 
And those are not good things. 
And this is where gate keeping comes in, so we don't allow people to misuse gate keeping to quiet down people while letting other people talk more. 
And the last of these is persuasive power. 
Some people just have the ability to get people on their side. 
They have good reasons. 
They know how to explain things well. 
They're just naturally persuasive. 
They can sell things effectively. 
They just have that persuasive power. 
And that's a form of power as well. 
Well so now what we've done, we've gone through norms, we've talked about status and power. 
These are all important ingredients. 
Hopefully you'll be aware of these, look for these and try to use them constructively too in your own group dynamics. 
And I wish you the best in doing that. 
Stop the disco music, it steals our jobs, the Musicians' union says - 
- who demands a special disco fee and that discotheques shouldn't be allowed to serve alcohol. 
Disco music on grammophone is competing dance orchestras to death. 
The Musician's union now tries to save the live music by demanding a special disco fee - 
- and retracted liquor license for restaurants who abandon live music for disco. 
Every month one dance orchestra here in Sweden dies and the lines of musicians waiting for unemployment benefits are growing. ♪ I am a giant tree. ♪ 
Janne Landegren, finalist in the Swedish Eurovision song contest qualifier two years ago - 
- and vocalist in Telstars, one of the most wellknown dance orchestras in Sweden. 
But now Telstars has disbanded. 
The latest victim to the death of dance orchestras and Janne Landegren is going to the office for unemployment benefits. 
-It feels tough to have to disband a group like Telstars. 
Not just because it affects me personally, economically. 
-And your family? 
-And my family economically to say the least. 
It also feels hard to disband a group like Telstars that have existed since 1963, for 16 years. 
The Musicians' union forces so called live music upon us. 
This is live music if there is such a thing. 
Today this type of public usage is totally unregulated.For example we can listen in department stores, elevators, sports arenas and discotheques. 
This without any compensation to the musician who is the person actually performing. 
We can't accept that. 
The disco fee hasn't been decided but today the Swedish broadcasting corporation pays 32 SEK for every minute of record music played. 
This discotheque owner is also DJ in order to save money. 
The only cost for music is the two percent to composer and lyricist. 
A cost of no more than SEK 200 a night. 
A popular orchestra would cost tenfold. 
-Most of them refuse to play disco music. 
The play socially critical music you can't dance to. 
They are welcome to play that but then they can expect to be unemployed. 
-We've tried the last two or three years to play seventy percent disco music but it is apparently not enough. 
-The new technology is here to stay. 
It has many advantages in terms of stimulating the music scene, interest in music and so on - 
- but it can't serve as an alternative to a job outcompeting the live music. 
Beer to thirsty disco dancers, but now the Musician's union want to retract liquor licenses to dance halls who don't play live music. 
-I refuse to play music my guests at large does not want to deal with and then some bastard blackmail me and take away my rights. 
It is the part of Swedish society today that I must strongly protest against. 
Also amusement parks begins to stop using dance bands. 
This weekend saw the premiere of the dance to video discotheques and the Musicians' union advice all artists to not participate in these kinds of video recordings. 
No aunty I can't do it 
What is it that you're worried about and can't do? you will go on stage and sing the songs that you know say couple sentences and you will be done she's right we will do what we usually do in weddings 
No.. 
I can't do it 
The stage is ready sister 
Ok they will come, you go 
- get up - No 
Get up the stage is waiting for you get up with your right foot 
Let's go my sister! who told you where we are? 
My mother told me what you're doing? 
All what is happening to us is because of Cobra 
If you want I will go on stage.. you can't do it 
No don't intervene in this matter.. we've everything under control just sit here 
We'll spin and shake our waist twice then we'll be done how can this happen Aunt kadriyeh it can.. it can 
Everyone is waiting for you sisters they didn't die yet! you don't leave an artist speaks two sentences here.. 
Oh God!! come on go.. 
look, pray for us.. 
You too pray for me go don't worry come on woman.. where is your drum? oh shit I forgot it.. never mind she brought it thank you Balçiçek.. how do you take this microphone out? 
Ok.. go now are you ready? 
1,2,3000 hello dear guests.. welcome all... 
Tonight we will have a lot of fun.. me and my aunt oh I mean me and Mrs Kadriye will entertain you tonight although we are new to show bizz 
Tonight we will dance and sing.. oh aunt kadriye stop thumping that drum.. 
I cannot hear myself talk.. 
I will give you time to play solo at the end of the program.. 
Why are you laughing? 
She was always like this even when we were kids.. she didn't play the drum then but she used to hold it and hit our heads with it she's a real witch.. she is.. 
let's hear the drum aunt Kadriye.. 
"Hoppa" 
Oh Great! 
Why are you laughing? 
Hey blondie why are you laughing??? 
You!! how can you laught with only 1 tooth in your mouth.. yeah you!.. they laugh a lot at everything.. 
Are you ready? we're ready 
Ok let's start 
We will start with a song 
It was a wonderful concert.. thank you so this means you forgot last night 
At one moment I began daydreaming and forgot everything 
Who am I.. and where am I.. and what is this place 
I just went with them and started daydreaming 
Excuse me. 
I had to speak politely as the last time don't worry, be at ease.. it suits you more 
Aunt Kadriye it seems we have succeeded 
I'll close my store and go on with show bizz from now on you're right 
Get up girl and dance.. such a fool it seem they perfected the job 
I hope they finish before they face any problems 
God willing 
The food was extremely delicious when it comes to cooking, Nakiye is excellent 
Shewket what do you do? 
Doctor 
What is your domain? 
Internal Disease 
Very beautiful 
Have you worked in places other than Istanbul? 
He worked in so many locations that we forget the number 
My mother is right 
But the last location would be Istanbul 
I mean this is what it looks like 
I'm going to see Nakiye 
I didn't expect to get to know you in such occasion, Mr. Murat you can call me Murat only 
Do you have a fiancee? mom what kind of question is this? not yet for now 
What are you doing here? 
What do I do I could not eat in front of them 
My head is spinning from hunger you too take one 
It's really very delicious 
How did it turn out that delicious with all the rush .. 
I don't know does it need more salt? 
No, it is perfect 
Look at what I'm doing? 
I'm eating dolma with you 
What's happening inside 
They're gazing at each others wondering what to talk about they didn't ask for my hand yet? 
Did he abandon me? he didn't.. 
Everyone is waiting for the coffee Nakiye 
Am I to prepar it? don't drive me crazy Nakiye.. of course you'll prepare it.. who will? 
I am in shock Mrs. Nesrin 
Thank you all 
An good evening to you all.. bye bye get up again .. again .. 
Again 
See they want us to sing again 
No again 
I'm tired here 
I am tired a lot .. 
I'm done 
I'm So tired 
Look they're laughing.. 
I'll smash them under my feet 
What is happening? 
Stop it .. 
I'm tired .. 
I am a human 
I'm tired .. 
I am pregnant get up .. they won't shup up aunt Kadriye 
I'm pregnant please... again .. again.. again ok .. we'll ask them to be back 
We want them .. 
We want them 
How were we? great sister congratulation you girls 
Many of them fainted from admiration yeah because they were drunk, they loved you get out from here .. why are you so jealous? jealous of what? you were wonderful ladies 
We tried our best 
And you, you have to rip that contract .. 
Agreed? 
We have paid our debt .. we're not in debt anymore well what if you don't leave now what if you go out again on stage 
No I am not moving from here 
Look .. 
Customers are upset.. they started breaking dishes 
I do not care .. it is not my dishes 
There has been a misunderstanding madame but.. please grant my request and go up on stage again 
Please 
Ok.. 
We will go out again 
But we have some conditions 
Of course, madame, anything you want 
Gülnaz, What are these conditions? 
You shut up 
First, you owe us an apology 
I apologize to you vey much, madame 
I even apologize on behave of everyone who hurted you 
Thank you 
Second you'll forget all the money you gave Cobra and will pay us our own money no problem, sister just go up on stage thanks three 
What do I want? 
I do not know you'll pay for the taxi to get us home at the end of the evening 2 taxis .. there are many of us 
Ok sister 
Crazy.. 
He agreed to our terms quickly if so, we will go out on stage.. what can we do he granted all of our requests 
Ok dear sister here you go 
Did you put salt in the coffee 
No I added sugar 
Oh! does he like it with salt? 
No Nakiye it's a tradition to put salt in the groom's coffe well I don't believe in these traditions 
Nakiye, sit down 
I have to sit down .. right? 
If you may allow me I would like to get into the main subject 
You have seen our son 
I have raised him well until he got to this age 
And young people will not stay single 
And want to get married mom stay in the main subject 
In short, they liked and loved each other 
So we want Nakiye to our son Shewket for marriage to Allah and His Messenger 
What would you say Nakiye? 
Do you need something Mr. Ethem? 
No he means, do you want to marry Shewket? 
I want to of course .. 
I agree 
Then, it's done .. congratulations congratulations 
I kiss you congratulation my daughter 
I Kiss you sir congratulations 
We want them.. 
We want them 
Ok calm down.. they'are coming.. ok they're coming 
Ok they're coming.. 
Ok..Ok calm down they're coming now 
Applaud.. 
Applaud.. here comes the great artist 
Thank you very much 
How did we do aunty.. they liked us and who does not love a woman like me you fill the whole stage.. of course they'll love you you fill it so much that they can't even see the Kanoon player 
- Kanoon player how are you? - fine.. fine since you're ok then let's start 1, 2, 3,4 
Go ahead 
Thank you you're welcome 
I'll have my coffee then leave why the rush? 
I'll go home and look on the internet for a home to rent since you're looking for a house for rent it means you're staying in Istanbul 
No .. 
Not for this reason 
I don't want to be a burden on Mrs. Nesrin it's not nice 
And if you see any house suitable for me just tell me 
Ok .. what are you looking for? 
Not very expensive, small, doesn't have any problems no noisy neighbors.. would be enough do you have a friend for me I can share the house with her in fact there is 
Where? 
Very close to here 
Do you know the owner? 
Yes I know him very well but is there a proper house in this area 
There is 
Ok, can we go tomorrow and see it together in fact in fact we don't need to go anywhere because the house I'm talking about is this one it has many rooms Jeren 
Why don't you stay here? you mean to live together here 
You said you need a friend in the house 
I wish for you to live a beautiful and happy life 
God willing 
Now you have a big responsibility 
It's easy to make a family 
But what's important is, how this family will be you have to make great effort to keep it together 
Now you'll be both responsible for each other 
I am sure you will do great 
But you will also face some storms you'll have fights.. discussions.. all this might happen 
But it is important to know how make up you have to yield for each other try to be silent when angry 
If you do these things your ship will sail 
If you don't we will always remember your words 
Don't worry we will do our best to keep our family happy 
God willing excuse me 
For many years there was only one truth. 
A good quality product 
>> I'm going to get you. 
You better run. 
[ Silence ] 
I'm going to get you. 
Ruff. 
You better run. 
I'm coming. 
Oh, you better run. 
I'm coming. 
I'm coming. 
Rawr. 
[ Silence ] 
. And that's still not the end of the story. 
We're gonna look at one more really interesting al-, algorithm that has, lots of important applications, called a Rabin Karp Algorithm. 
Invented by two Turing award winners. 
Michael Rabin and Dick Karp. 
I can remember hearing about this algorithm, from my friend, Dick Lipton, who explained it to me over the phone, and, I, he explained it to me in about, fifteen seconds, and I realized I had to have this, in the book. 
And, so now, here we are, presenting it. 
Th, that was, in the 70's. 
So the basic idea for the Rabin-Karp algorithm is, has to do with hashing. 
In it's a particular kind of hashing, called modular hashing. 
It's just a particular way of computing a hash function. 
It's easiest to think about in terms of numbers, although it, it works in all kinds of situations. 
Because remember everything in a computer is encoded as a byte, which can be treated as bytes which could be treated as binary numbers. 
And so what we are going to do is in this case We saw a pattern characters are decimal digits. 
And so, we'll treat a sequence of pattern characters as the decimal number. 
And modular hashing is, just take a big prime. 
And compute the remainder when you divide your number by that prime. 
So in this case, 613 is the remainder that you get when you divide 26,535 by 997. 
So you can check that. 
So that's what we're going to use as the hash function. 
And that. 
This type of hashing is widely used. 
You have a prime number, we talked about it when we talked about hashing. 
It satisfies, it seems to satisfy something like the uniform hash assumption under various circumstances. 
So that's our pattern, a five character pattern, and we're going to keep the small hash values 613 and this is going to generalize to longer patterns, and we'll talk about that in a minute. 
So now, suppose we have this text. 
And our pattern happens to occur here in the text. 
And what the method is built on is the idea of you take the first five characters in the text and compute its hash value. 
In this case, 31,415, mod down 97, is 508. 
So that's different so that's not the pattern. 
Maybe take the next five characters, that's 201. 
That's diffent It's not the pattern. 
Take the next one. 
That's 715, different it's not the pattern 15,926 by 97 is 971, it's not the pattern. 
Eventually, when you have the text characters that are the same as the pattern characters you're gonna get the same result, it's a match. 
If the pattern hat, hash equals the text sub-string hash you, you have the potential for a match. 
And that's what the algorithm is based on. 
Now it seems like, we're doing a lot of calculation, with, making numbers out of these things. 
And, and keep doing modular arithmetic on it. 
But actually there's, a really, simple way to, severely limit the amount of calculation. 
And give a quick linear algorithm for, search. 
Sub-string search. 
So first thing is how to compute the hash function. 
So we take the, just convert the Math. 
So R's our Radix. 
So in this example, we're using ten so we have decimal numbers. 
And then the digits, say t's of i That's the text characters. 
So we have a number x of I, which is the, 
M characters starting at position I. And that's just in Math, ti*R to the M-1 
So you know, in this case that's two10000+61000+5100+310+5 that's just 
Math for that. 
And our goal is so it's an N digit base based our integer modular Q And our and our goal is to do the math. 
That gives us the remainder that we would get when dividing that by Q well there's really easy method called Horner's Method that we can use to evaluate a degree in polynomials just with a multiplied M multiply and add. 
And we can do the modular computation all the way through at each step, to keep the numbers less than q and we still get the same result. 
And so the idea is, you multiply by R. 
You go from left to right through the digits and you just multiply by R and add the digit, and then do mod q at every time. 
So we start with two mod 97 is two. 
To six mod 987 is two*10+6 mod 987 and that's 26. 
And then I take that value. 
Multiply by ten and add five that's 265 mod 997. 
In that case it's, it's 265. 
So 265*10+3 is 2653. 
Our remainder is divided by 997, it's 659, so even though our number gets bigger than 997, might take them out every time, we keep our running total less than 997. 
And then the last step is to take the 659. 
Basically we've thrown out a bunch of multiples of 997 that we don't care about. 
And 659*10+5 mod 997 is exactly equal to 26535 mod 997 and that's 613. 
That's our value. 
So that's A using Horner's method we got a, well known linear time method to do compute or hash function with this simple code. 
And this notice will work even for a huge key that we wouldn't compute a hundred dig, convert a hundred digit key in to some number to do the calculation. 
We do one digit at a time using Horner's method and then we have no limit because we're always keeping our numbers less than our prime queue. 
So that's a first step, so no matter how big the pattern is, 
We can efficiently compute a hash or, since that is the first step. 
So now the second step for the Rabin Karp algorithm is to realize that if we know xi mod q we can efficiently compute xi+1 mod q cause they have a lot of digits in common. 
And you can just do a little Math to get to xi+1 you take. 
Xi, we don't care about the first digit anymore, so you subtract it off. 
Multiply by r and then add the new digit. 
That's like one step of Horner's method. 
Now, then you have to take that computation and you can do mod q all the way through. 
All you have to do is pre-compute r to the n+1 mod q And so here's the computation for one example. 
If we're at this position 41592 and we know 41592 mod q we can compute 15926 mod q by subtracting off 40,000. 
The TiR-1 and that gives us just the four digits, multiply by the radix add the new trailing digit and that's the new value. 
And if we just keep that all mod q then we can with just a multiply and an add at each step we can keep a running total of the Modular hash value of the five digit thing. 
So, for example, this is the case that, that we just did 4152 on 997 is, is done by ex, exactly as we said we subtract and then add and then multiply by the radix mod 997. 
So, doing those calculations all the way through the search, we eventually get to a match. 
That's again remarkably small amount of code. 
We're going to keep a long random prime. 
Just keep it a little smaller than the biggest long value to avoid overflow. 
So we pre-compute r to the m - one mod q 
'cause that's the little calculation that we have to do. 
We compute the hash function. 
And for the pattern. 
And then, with those pre-computations, the search is extremely straight forward. 
So we take our current hash value. 
And this is just, add a q make sure it's positive. 
And subtract off rm times the first character in then add in the next character mod q. 
And that gives us the text hash for the current position. 
And then we compare to see if that's equal to the pattern hash. 
Now there's this is an introduction to the idea of randomized algorithms. 
There's two ways to proceed from here. 
One way called Monte Carlo version. 
Where we guaratee that the algorithm is gonna be quick but with low probability, it might get the answer wrong. 
In that version we don't ever bother to check whether the go through and check all digits to see if there's actually a match. 
We take queue large enough so that we're confident the probability of the, to, two digit numbers or two m digit numbers having the same hash value. 
And so low that we're not gonna worry about it, that's called the Monte Carlo version. 
The Las Vegas version is guarateed to get the right answer. 
In that one we would go and check to make sure that the M characters match if we have a hash match. 
And then if it could be that with such at a low probability could be that there's a hash match but not a substring match. 
Then we're just. 
Move on. 
And from a theoretical point of view there's some very extremely low possibility that one could be slow. 
But lets look over at what the analysis says. 
So the theory says that if you take a sufficiently large random prime say mn^ three So a long value maybe you can get that and remember n is huge. 
Then the probability of a false collision is about 1/n. so you know in a billion things you might get, you might get 1/n, you might get a false collision. 
So in practice we choose actually q just to be, there's no reason not to choose as 
large as we possibly can, not related to m and n.m And then the probably collision is going to be about 1/q. 
So we're going to take it to be like the biggest law, and that means that probably collision is extremely small. 
And then you can take your chances. 
You can do a Monte Carlo version where you just say I got a match because I got a hash match. 
And be confident in the laws of probability. 
And not worry about the client getting the wrong answer. 
Or you can have the Las Vegas version where you go, go ahead and return the correct answer. 
And. 
And be confident that your client's not gonna run into a slow case cuz the probability is so, so tiny, 1/q, that you don't have to worry about it. 
That's the Rabin-Karp algorithm. 
Now, why look at this algorithm? 
It's linear time. 
We have other algorithms that are linear time. 
One of the key reasons to, be interested in Rabin-Karp is that it's easy to extend it to more complicated situations. 
So, say you wanna look for one of, several different patterns. 
Well, you just compute the hatches for those patterns, and then look for any one them Use, a symbol table, to look for'em. 
So, that's a much more, general capability than, we can provide with the other methods. 
It also can be extended to do 2-dimensional search and other things like that. 
For straight suffering search, it's gonna be a little slower because, there's, interloop it's kind of long, the arithmatic operation, are gonna be a 
little slow, if you wanna do the Las Vegas version you have to back up the text and you have this, Monte Carlo Las, Las Vegas thing, and you should think about, writing code to extend it to look for any one of p possible patterns, thats, an interesting, 
Algorithmic puzzle as I mentioned is not so difficult to solve. 
So here's our summary. 
We started with a brute force algorithm, and although typically you don't have this worst case thing. 
It works fairly well for typical cases. 
And then we've got the Knuth-Morris-Prath 
Method that can guarantee linear time and has no backup. 
And maybe uses extra space unless you use Pratt's version. 
The Aboriamor who can get the running time down to n/m which is quite an amazing jump and quite useful and in a Rabin Karp that's very flexible and extends through all these other situations. 
This is a nice mac, microcosm of algorithmic technology where, really interesting, and unique and path breaking algorithmic ideas give us. 
A good algorithm, for even such a simple problem. 
That's an introduction to pattern 
(laughter) 
Majestic: 
Hello Ashley 
Ashley: 
Hi 
Majestic: 
You're looking very sexy tonight 
Ashley: 
Oh, I just put on my, lingerie. 
Majestic: 
Dance for me baby 
Ashley: 
Oh well if you insist 
Majestic: 
(laughs) 
Ashley: 
Wait, I just want to sink into it. 
Majestic: 
Oh yeah, ohh yeah 
Ashley: 
This is how I ground myself in my sexuality (laughter) 
Majestic: 
I like it when you get your hands going. 
Oh there they go! 
Ashley: 
Wait 
Majestic: 
Ohhhh yeah (laughter) 
Majestic: 
The side view is really amazing. 
Ohh yea! 
Yeah baby. 
Yeahh baby 
Ashley: 
(laughs) 
Majestic: 
Clench your ass. 
Oh yeah 
Ashley: 
Okay okay. 
I just really, without music it's really hard to feel it 
Majestic: 
(makes music sounds) 
Ashley: 
(laughs) 
Majestic: 
You really didn't work the claws as much as I thought you were going to, that's like 
Majestic: my favorite part of it all. 
Ashley: 
Is it over? 
Majestic: 
Definitely not. 
(mocking) 'is it over'? 
Majestic: 
It's not over till the fat lady sings 
Majestic: 
(belts a note) 
Majestic: 
Oh yeah 
Ashley: 
I can't do it anymore (laughter) 
Dear Andreas, thank's a bunch for the power and the love you give us daily. 
Blessed be your name. 
Amen. 
So, and now let's go, once here around, there around. 
Let's search for a good place... 
Bad luck, Grunzi is not here. 
Let's search for a good place anyway. 
For that, we hop out here, here over the ice - and then, 
Hope you know a good place to live because, uh-- 
Whoo. 
Dear Lord. 
Heh. 
I'm looking to make a new start. 
Don't touch the handle! 
Whoa, mother of God! 
Dear Lord! 
Whoo! 
[♪♪♪] 
Excuse me. 
Hello. 
Dad! 
Oh, my-- Oh, there is kind of a girl here. 
Didn't say it was your cousin. 
No, right? 
Michael. 
TOBlAS: 
Gob? 
MlCHAEL: 
Lindsay. 
George-Michael? 
Lucille. 
Tobias Funke. 
LUClLLE: 
George. 
Maeby? 
Buster. 
[WHlMPERlNG] 
I really love you, Tobias. 
Oh, Lindsay. 
We've got to get you to that acting class. 
Hey, I just want my son to have a job where his incompetence won't be out of place. 
Well, that's not a great sign. 
[CAWS] 
[EUROPE'S "THE FlNAL COUNTDOWN" PLAYlNG] 
I would love to help you. 
We like to pull together. 
Watch your back. 
No, you watch your back, mister! 
Unh! 
Oh, my God! 
I bet it's been a long time since you've seen your... ...cherry. 
I have lupus. ♪ It's the final countdown ♪ 
This is the sign I've been waiting for. 
Good luck with your night terrors! 
Now no one will be there to hear your screams! 
M-M-M-Ma! 
Now with this car you might get some stares. 
I'm used to a car with some stairs. ♪ It's the final countdown ♪ 
[LAUGHS HYSTERlCALLY] 
Seo Jen (Jean) Lee: 
I really enjoyed to be Support Leader. 
It was great to have responsibility of taking care of Year 7s and be as a leader. 
I loved it. 
[Mitt Romney] 
I'm not gonna let this battle be dictated by facts 
I'm rich! 
I've got fat stacks and super PACs 
We all know what went down in that 2008 election 
You're a decent politician with a winning complexion 
You're all Barack and no bite, been no change and we're all still hoping 
That you'll shut your mouth, but like Guantanamo Bay they're both open 
You're from the windy city, where you're looking pretty with your blowhards 
But come January, you'll be left evicted and with no job 
Raw rhymes stronger than my jawline when I spit a phrase 
Knocking you harder than front doors in my old mission days 
You see this silver spoon, this dug Mass out of debt 
It took you four years to drop unemployment down below 8% 
You feel that Barry? 
You're old news, everyone's having doubts 
And your rhymes are as weak as this economy that you've done nothing about 
Call me a vicious business man cause Romney's stealing this race 
I'll go Bain Capital on your donkey ass, restructure your face! 
[Barack Obama] 
They say your father was a great man, you must be what's left 
Need to stop hatin' on gays, let 'em teach you how to dress 
You've got the momma jeans, and a Mister Fantastic face 
So rich and white it's like I'm running against a cheesecake! 
Republicans need a puppet and you fit 
Got their hands so far up your rear, call you Mitt! 
I'm the head of state, you're like a head of cabbage 
'Bout to get smacked by my stimulus package 
You're a bad man with no chance, you can't even touch me 
I got four more years (two terms) in the White House, just trust me 
I hoped you saved your best rhymes for the second half 
Cause right now, I'm 47% through kicking your ass! 
[Mitt Romney] 
Whatever, that 40% thing got you real mad 
What, did it remind you how many decent parents you had? 
[Barack Obama] 
Uh, look, I respect all religions, uh, but it might get crazy 
If the White House has a first, second, and a third lady! 
[Mitt Romney] 
Ha! 
Don't bring up wives, man! 
What are you doing? 
You got hitched to the female version of Patrick Ewing! 
[Barack Obama] 
Uhhhhhhh, let me be clear, uh, don't get it twisted 
We'll see how pretty your face is after my fist has kissed it 
[Mitt Romney] 
Ahhuuhhaa...You're a stuttering communist 
[Barack Obama] 
Oh yeah? 
Well you're stupid 
[Mitt Romney] 
You're stupid! 
[Barack Obama] 
Nuh-uh! 
[Mitt Romney] 
EERRGGG! 
[Barack Obama] 
EEEERRRRR! 
[Eagle] 
CAWWWW! 
[Abraham Lincoln] 
By the power invested in me by this giant bald bird 
The President shall not be the shiniest of two turds! 
You, I wanna like you, don't talk about change, just do it! 
I fought for what was on my brain until a bullet went through it! 
And you, moneybags, you're a pancake, you're flip-floppity 
It's a country, not a company. 
You can play like Monopoly 
I'll properly reach across the aisle and bitch-smack you as equals! 
Of the people, by the people, for the people 
Eagle! 
[Eagle] 
CAAAWWW! 
VlNSKI OF THE TOWN 
Life is a dream. 
-Calderon 
A dream is life. 
-Vinski 
This boy is Vinski and as you know this rugrat is a redhead. 
It's not some sort of a rare thing, Vinski also has huge freckles. 
This boy is Vinski and as you know, this rugrat is a redhead. 
It's not some sort of a rare thing, Vinski also has huge freckles. 
Apothecary 
How may I help you 
Hello! 
Could I get some invisibility powder please. 
Yes, would you like the older or the newer kind, the patented powder. 
Of course the patent power, I've heard that it's better, it was invented abroad after all. 
Yes, indeed. 
It's called "Through the walls" powder, I recommend it. 
Look, dear young sir, if you ingest this powder, not only do you turn invisible but you can also walk through walls. 
A French invention, a well-known Ime brand. 
Of course it's a French invention, that is exactly what I want. 
How much would you like 
Let's say a bagful. 
Thank you, just a moment. 
Excuse me, before I sell you the French invisibility powder, I am obligated to ask you if you know how to use it. 
I suppose you ingest it. 
-That's correct! 
That's not all. 
Many people think that all you have to do is ingest the powder and everything will be ok. 
When taking the invisibility powder, or any other medicine, it is important to believe in it. 
Do you believe -Of course. 
Thank you. 
In that case, here's what you do. 
Do you have the patience to listen. 
-Yes, mr apothecary 
Do the following - ingest a pinch of invisibility powder, kick the big toe of your left foot with the heel of your right foot, and shout in your mind, through the walls! 
In that instant, you'll be invisible. 
You may also walk through walls if you feel like it. 
But only in the clothes you're wearing. 
For example, if you turn invisible and steal teamster Ruuskas' hat and run away it is going to look like only the hat is running down the street. 
Will I stay invisible then 
Don't worry, Mr Vinski, if you want to become visible again, you just have to do everything in the opposite order. 
Kich the big toe of your right foot with the heel of your left foot and shout in your mind, walls through! 
In that instant you'll go back to normal. 
Yes, I think I got it. 
Thank you! 
-It's quite simple really. 
All great things are simple. 
Excuse me, considering that my shoelace came untied with all this climbing you won't mind if I tie it up. 
Of course! 
-Thank you! 
That'll be ten marks, about t--- 
This scoudrel took off without paying, 
He just upped and left. 
Sacramentum what a redhead. 
He didn't take off. 
I was just trying if your powder is the real thing. 
Here's your money. 
Thank you, thanks a lot! 
Just like that, excellent! 
Would you like anything else. 
Nothing else, thanks, except that you stop calling me a redhead behind my back. 
Goodbye, I'm off. 
Goodbye 
Come back again. 
Hey, redhead! 
Here, take this suitcase to the teacher's apartment. 
Now I'm out of breath. 
Oh my god, where did this brat disappear to. 
That must have been a stone from under a car tyre. 
The doorbell is ringing. 
The doorbell is ringing. 
Oh how long I was waiting for you, darling. 
Dear teacher. 
My master dear. 
Why do we meet so rarely. 
How nice it is that school has breaks. 
We can spend the entire break together. 
When we'll be together all the time for all our lives, we'll bear the good and the bad things together. 
Take a seat on the sofa. 
What a lovely sofa. 
And now we'll have a cup of hot coffee together. 
Are you tired from the long winter 
Hello... 
I obtained permission for each one of you. 
There is not going to be any restrictions on the number of visitors, despite Mustafa's illness. 
What illness? 
We all know why he is here! 
Okay... 
Duriye.. 
Metin didn't say anything. 
That is, he is just saying it is protocol. 
My son!!! 
My son... 
Son... 
Son.... 
It is time for medication.. 
Mustafa, son.. where are you going? 
We came to see you.. 
Look, Asiye is here.. 
Yasar is here... 
Your mother... 
Your father... 
You say that, but Mustafa doesn't recognize you. 
We are going 
My son.... 
How could they do this to you... how???? 
We... ... are such a burden to you.. 
If only Kadir could get out.. ... we won't stay... 
And, you won't even let us do any work. 
We just sit around. 
You are not a burden to anyone. 
I am going to ask you something... 
Are you not comfortable here? 
Is the place too small? 
Nooooooo.... of course not! 
We like people with big hearts, not big houses... 
Like you all.... 
But, we can't continue like this... 
Yes, yes, you can... and, you are company for my mother, as welil... 
Don't let anyone trouble themselves for now... 
I am leaving, Mom. 
- If you need anything for this evening, call, okay? 
- Okay, my dear. 
See, how well she is talking??? 
She got her voice back! 
Bravo, Doctor, Bravo!!! 
You couldn't take my son's life, but you took away his mind. 
Did you hate us, this much, eh? 
Mustafa doesn't even know his own mother! 
Is your conscience clear? 
It is normal. 
How can this be normal, Doctor? 
It has only been a week, and my brother doesn't recognize any of us! 
Right now, he is going through an intense treatment and medication program. 
Because, he refused to eat, we have hooked him up to an I.V. 
We need time to see the results of the medication. 
So, what are we to do, then? 
Don't worry, and be patient. 
He is going to get well. 
Don't reduce your visits. 
Come often as possible. 
Spend time together. 
It will be good for him. 
Would you like to go to a doctor, Duriye? 
No.. 
I don't want to.. 
I have had enough of doctors and hospitals.. 
I certainly hope God doesn't get rid of them, but... ..I don't have the strength to see them.. 
I don't know what to do. 
Don't worry about me, I will be fine. 
You take care of your son. 
- Save my Mustafa from all this. 
- God, look at this! 
You don't have any strength in your limbs or tongue, but you are still nagging at me! 
Seher... 
Take your lady to her room so she can rest.. 
I know what I need to do. 
I know what I need to do, as well, Duriye! 
Go to your room and lie down! 
Seher! 
God, give me patience!!!! 
Are you happy, Ms. Narin? 
Asiye? 
We went to see Mustafa a little bit ago... 
But, he didn't see us. 
Do you know, my husband, a mountain of a man, has become almost vegetative? 
You will celebrate, now! 
Our new work place is here, Pasa. 
Ah, Doctor? 
Isn't this the place where we had the situation with the picnic? 
Yes, it is. 
If we can provide not just for the farmers, but for the social needs of the community, then we will have won, Pasa. 
Yes... 
Actually, a astro turf would be great here. 
Really... no... 
No, that won't be enough for you! 
For you, hopefully, we will build an Olympic stadium. 
It will be the Ali Olympic Stadium. 
That would work, as well. 
Doctor? 
How is Mustafa Bulut? 
He isn't very well, right now. 
But, it is still early. 
- He will get better. 
- How can he get better? 
Is the technology to make him well discovered in this world, yet? 
For me, I think he has found the perfect place for himself! 
They should leave him alone. 
Really, it was because of you, Doctor! 
Thanks, to you! 
Really, thanks! 
You don't know what it is to live under those conditions. 
We wanted him to go there for treatment. 
So, that he gets better and gets out. 
We have no other agenda. 
Okay, my dear... drink this.. 
Isn't it a hospital? 
He is there to get well. 
Your husband is going to get better and come home. 
You can't carry on like this. 
But, Mom, what can I do? 
How can I bear this, Mom? 
Go to sleep, my daughter. 
Come, sleep. 
Pray to God.. it will give you strength. 
Hey, Naciye... look for second.. 
Don't mess with me, Safiye... 
I will tear your hair out! 
You crazy idiot, aren't we from the same village? 
I just called over to have you drink a soda, relax, tell me your trouble... come.. 
I am coming.... 
Here.. drink... 
I threw my beautiful daughter into the fire with my own hands. 
She had so many opportunities! 
I fell under the spell of this huge mansion. 
But, now, I am in pain inside. 
My daughter has no more tears left from crying so much. 
This fire is going to consume me and you.. 
Look, Naciye... you look like this, but.. ... you are a mother, too. 
How do I look? 
Frizzy haired Naciye from Odakli Village.. 
Look, idiot.. 
Pay for the soda, then leave... is this a charity house? 
Here.. if only your soda had some flavor! 
Rude, insolent! 
Idiot! 
Thank you. 
Ya, Yasar..? 
Is he still not using anything? 
That is, Mustafa, in that condition? 
Look, I am going to say something, but... 
Maybe, Mustafa is faking? 
This is Mustafa Bulut we are talking about! 
Medicines, needles, mean nothing to this man! 
Abi, I told you, I saw it with my own eyes! 
The man doesn't recognize any of us! 
Don't you think I would know from his gaze? 
Of course! 
Why would he fake this? 
Well, maybe he is trying to guilt you all, because you put him in the nut house. 
It's possible, isn't it? 
You can go tomorrow, and see for yourself, then! 
Harun said I had to go, but I am not going. 
You... ...only thought of us... 
It is enough, my daughter... 
There is nothing left to do for your father.. 
We have to wait for the hearing... 
Look, my darling. 
There are people who can take care of us here.. 
Don't think of us. 
Think of yourself from now on 
Your husband. ..it is not good to leave him alone. 
- Go - I won't go.. 
What are you are going to do? 
Narin.. 
Narin... 
Narin??? 
You went to Serdar, didn't you Narin?? 
I know you went to Serdar! 
You won't sit at home, waiting for me! 
What is there that you can't find here, I don't know!!! 
Good evening. 
- Welcome... 
- Thank you 
Hello? 
Where are you, Narin? 
It is late. 
I should go. 
Let me drop you off. 
No, don't trouble yourself. 
I can go by myself. 
It is late. 
It won't do to go by yourself this late. 
Go, my daughter. 
Go with Serdar Bey. 
Good evenin, Zilan 
Ohhh. welcome... 
You are coming with full hands, again, I see... 
What can I say? 
I am a middle man. 
Serdar Bey buys and we carry the stuff. 
How are you doing? 
Are you okay? 
Do you get weary? 
May God thank you, Inci abla, and Serdar Bey. 
If I said my prayers have been accepted, it would be true. 
Are all your dreams this? 
A comfortable job, place? 
Enough money.. anything else? 
Ali Asker... a person never stops dreaming of more... 
But, we don't have the strength (right) to ask for more than this. 
Nothing is certain, Zilan... 
You are okay, right? 
Not bad... 
You are saying you are not good, then? 
You are saying, 'don't even ask.." 
Good night. 
Good night. 
Didn't I say that you were not go there? 
That if you wanted to see your mother, to go during the day?! 
And, Serdar is the one to drop you off! 
Why is this doctor still in our life??? 
Why do you bring this man to our door? 
I didn't want to, I said I could come by myself. 
My mother said.. 
Why don't you listen to me? 
He???? 
Who am I??? 
I am your husband, Narin!!! 
Even if you won't do your wifely duty, I still acted as a husband towards you. 
Don't touch me! 
What's my fault? 
Eh??? 
What's my fault? 
It's been over two months since we got married. 
I did whatever you wanted. 
Whatever you wanted. 
Get up, get up... sit.. sit... 
It's enough!!!! 
What do you think I am, eh??? 
What do you think I am????? 
I am supposed to shut up over everything, accept everything, and you all twist me around your fingers, eh??? 
There is no such world, Narin. 
There is no such world. 
From now on, we are going to live as man and wife. 
Everyone is going to know their place. 
I am your husband. 
Mustafa... you can fool everyone, but.. 
I won't fall for your act, son... 
I understand you.. if you have anything you want, tell me... relax.. 
Don't worry yourself over it.. 
If he needs anything, Neco is here.. 
But, when one sits around all day like a potato, they don't have any needs, right? 
It's enough to give a little fertilizer... 
Ah, now I believe you! 
If you won't stuff this man's words back into his mouth.. ... you are not aware of anything... 
If I wasn't too embarrassed, I swear to God, I would cry. 
It troubles me so much. 
You don't know him.. but.. 
If his hand stayed still, his arm would not.. 
If his arm didn't work, his mouth would.. 
Look at his condition... 
I understand. 
It is difficult for you all, too. 
But, Mustafa Bulut has given up on the real world, even without the effects of the medication. 
This is the most difficult time for us, as well. 
He will heal faster if those close to him come and spend time with him here. 
What are you saying, Doctor? 
Of course, we will come! 
We are childhood friends! 
Everything we eat, drink has been together. 
Do you think I would abandon my brother? 
Why don't you sit down? 
Why are you acting like a stranger? 
Of course she is not a stranger! 
Gulengul is our daughter. 
Our big family... ... this is all we have... 
Ah, my son... look at us.. 
My beautiful Mother... don't worry yourself so. 
He is going to be happy again... 
He is going to mess with us when he returns.. 
Just wait... 
Hasan... 
Aslan Bey ordered somethings, Yasar Abi. 
Enjoy your food. 
Come, sit with us... 
No, my mother wanted somethings... 
I am going to go home. 
The poor woman is by herself. 
Let me help Hasan.. With your permission.. 
Did something happen, Hasan? 
Abla, you are here every day! 
This house's troubles will never end! 
Mom says somethings, too. 
Stay home for a little bit!!! 
Did you stay here, Aslan? 
Duriye... 
I told myself not to mess with you, but... ... this is my house! 
My name is Aslan Bulut! 
Don't drive me crazy! 
Don't push it!!! 
My God, I don't want to hurt your feelings, but enough!!! 
I will stay in my house whenever I want!!! 
Am I supposed to ask your permission, woman???? 
I have tried to make you happy... ..to show you your worth... ..but, enough is enough! 
And, I don't want to hear such ever again, from anyone!!! 
Where is my tea??? 
Off, what a difficult situation!!! 
Eh, they are going to be sorry even more, Ibo... 
It's not that easy... 
Don't say that, Seher... it is a pity for everyone. 
Wasn't it a pity when they were doing it??? 
Let's hope we are not guilty of anything... 
See, how they have been torn to pieces.. 
I don't think they will be problem free until Narin forgives them.. 
I doubt Narin will forgive them.. 
Inci, I have been calling Narin, but she is not answering her phone. 
Harun went to Ankara... she shouldn't stay there by alone by herself, She should come here, Inci Abla. 
Okay.. relax.. perhaps she is in the garden, has some work to do.. She will come when she finishes her work. 
- I hope that's the case. 
- I am going mom... 
- Ok, sweetheart. 
My Lord... 
Forgive me... 
I am mired in sin. 
There is no escape from here. 
I am in hell. 
I cling to your compassion... 
I come to you with my shame and guilt 
Forgive me... 
Do you remember this? 
Look, do you remember this? 
This, my brother? 
Mustafa... 
Look! 
Do you remember this? 
This is the picture of the baby inside me. 
I mean, your baby's picture. 
Look... 
There is a baby here. 
Waiting for its daddy... 
Abi... 
My brother... 
Do you remember something? 
Who is this? 
Narin... 
Narin, you are inside... 
Open the door. 
Narin! 
Narin! 
Narin, you are inside. 
Open the door... 
Narin... 
Narin... 
Narin, please... 
Narin! 
Narin! 
No Narin! 
NO! 
It is not going to end like this... 
This is not going to end like this. 
1...2...3...4...5 1...2...3...4...5 
Why did you save me? 
Why did you? 
I won't leave you Narin 
I won't leave you... 
Your life won't be like this. 
I promise. 
I promise... 
Narin... 
Wake up, let's eat... 
Haven't you left? 
How could I leave you? 
I am not leaving. 
I am here. 
Don't do it. 
Don't... 
Don't cry... 
I feel very ashamed before you. 
Don't tell anybody. 
I promise. 
I won't tell anybody. 
But you have to promise me, too... 
Whatever happens, don't give up on life. 
Life is very valuable. 
You saw the bottom of the pain, Narin. 
There is no beyond. 
Now, it is time to see the sun. 
We won't give up our hopes. 
We will see beautiful days. 
Narin, how are you sweetheart? 
I talked to the man in the Ministry. 
You should have seen how he attended to me... 
He will take me to the lunch soon. 
Hello? 
Narin, do you hear me? 
This is under the shadow... 
Let it see some sun... 
Come on... 
Mmmm! 
Smells so good! 
Right out from the oven... 
Who eats gets fat, who doesn't eat becomes sorry... 
Doctor Bey, since you said you would leave early, I packed yours. 
Thank you very much. 
Enjoy. 
No matter what we have done all this time He only showed some reaction to Narin. 
Looks like he recognized her from the picture... 
Huh! 
Come, come Duriye... 
You don't have any strength anymore. 
Take a sit. 
Mom, are you ok? 
Duriye Hanim, would you like to have a cold cherry syrup? 
Yes... 
Maybe, it will calm us down a little bit. 
There is nothing to do Yasar. 
After all this time, if he only recognized Narin from a picture... 
Then there is nothing we can do. 
It was Narin who tied Mustafa's mind, then she will be the one who would untie it. 
You say that we should bring Narin, don't you? 
I thought about it, too, but... 
I haven't said anything. 
Very well, but who is going to ask Narin? 
Take it easy! 
-Welcome! 
-Welcome! 
- Take it easy! 
- Welcome Yasar - Thank you. 
How nice that you've started cleaning here. 
This place is important for Guzelyurt. 
There aren't many places like this that people can use. 
I love this place very much, too. 
How is your brother? 
In fact, I came here for him. 
I am going to ask you something difficult. 
My brother doesn't recognize or remember anybody;  my mother... my father... me... his friends... no one... 
It must be because he is taking a lot of medicine. 
They say so...But they say he shut himself off completely and doesn't talk at all. 
He doesn't even eat. 
The doctor says that visitors whom he knows will be helpful but... 
He only recognized Narin, from a picture. 
It will be very helpful if Narin visits my brother. 
Well, what do you want from me? 
Doctor Bey, we can't ask Narin this. 
If you ask her as a doctor, maybe she would be convinced. 
How could you ask me something like this, Yasar? 
I've already been involved enough in your family affairs. 
And I've paid the price for this greatly. 
Your mother, father, everybody see me as their enemy, 
I don't want to be involved in this anymore. 
Believe me, I wouldn't ask you this if there was any other solution. 
How could you believe that this is the only solution, Yasar? 
Enough... 
Stop reminding Mustafa of Narin anymore. 
Isn't everybody trying to make Mustafa forget her and get out of the hospital? 
If my brother forgets Narin, he will also forget himself. 
I thought like you, I wanted him to forget Narin... 
But, he is my brother. 
When we take Narin out of him, we see that there is nothing left. 
And, you will see it as well. 
You will understand. 
It is true that we gave Mustafa Bulut high dosage medicine. 
But this can't be the only reason for him shutting himself off and not remembering anybody. 
He refuses to eat and take a test. 
In fact, he is aware of everything. 
What he went through and being here affect his situation as well. 
For every patient in this kind of situation, there is a circumstance that initiates the healing period. 
A constant that attaches him to the life. 
- What can it be? 
- It can be anything. 
Something he hid in the deepest corner of his mind, something he didn't share with anybody, 
Something that he would never give up even though he could give up on everything else 
An object... 
A memory... 
A person... 
We honorably succeeded in every war within 10 years. 
In 10 years, we created 15 million young people at every age... 
Sahan came here from Diyarbakir Prison. 
He had very difficult times there. 
Now, whenever he sees somebody with uniform, he stands at "Attention" and starts singing a march. 
We built railroad tracks across the country... 
How long has he been here? 
You won't believe this but 16 years... 
You can find people like him in these kind of hospitals all around Turkey. 
Nobody asks about them or visits them... 
You can't find their family or relatives if you try to search for them. 
If somebody doesn't take him out of here, he will spend his whole life here. 
They get along very well. 
Mustafa... 
How are you? 
It is time for the medication... 
Duriye Hanim! 
Did you see him? 
Yes, I did Yasar. 
Look... 
I know that you can't bear your brother's situation. 
In my opinion, he is fighting his conscience and trying to come to terms with what he has done. 
And you should let him do it. 
And Yasar, you know this, too. 
My brother will not come back to us as long as Narin doesn't come. 
That's all I know. 
Yes, Seher... 
What? 
My Mom? 
Duriye... 
What happened Duriye? 
Father, she suddenly fell down. 
Seher found her. 
When I heard Seher screaming, I immediately came here Aslan Bey. 
It seems to me that her blood pressure went up... 
My Duriye, what will I do without you? 
Look, don't you play a trick on me! 
Don't... 
It is dropping down... 
Oh, thank God... 
Yasar, could you please buy these drugs immediately? 
Look at us, Serdar Bey... 
I am trying to keep my family together, but... 
But, I can't. 
And mother's heart can bear upto some point. 
Whatever prescription you give me, whatever you tell me... 
Useless... 
My only medicine is Mustafa's health... his goodness... 
When I see Asiye pregnant and in despair... 
When I think about the innocent baby yet to be born... 
I am losing my mind... 
Be patient... 
He is being treated. 
Believe me, the things being done is for Mustafa's benefit. 
Tell Narin... ...to see Mustafa. 
Help us. 
We are falling apart... 
We are breaking into little pieces.. 
This mansion is collapsing onto us. 
We are getting burried under its weight. 
It broke my heart to see the woman in that condition. 
She was begging so desperately that 
It broke my heart...She said "This mansion is collapsing onto us." 
"We are getting burried under it." 
We.. stayed burried a lot under those walls... 
Nobody heard our voice. 
She was about to have a stroke because of high blood pressure... 
Luckily, you were there on time, Serdar. 
Mustafa didn't recognize anyone of them. 
He doesn't communicate with anybody. 
They said he only recognized Narin from a picture and pointed her by his hand. 
And they say "Maybe, if Narin sees him, it will be good for him." 
I won't go. 
Nobody can make me go there. 
I will die.. 
Why do you bring this topic up when she is here. 
You know better... 
I had to say it Mom. 
Of course, it is up to her... 
They are cursed by many people. 
Now, these curses take their toll on their children. 
I have never cursed. 
This is not my curse... 
Not my curse... 
It is from my Lord... 
How is Duriye, Doctor Bey? 
Her blood pressure is normal now. 
I gave her a medicine and she is sleeping. 
But, we have to be careful. 
It doesn't matter if we are careful, her son is always on her mind. 
Have you talked to Narin? 
I told her everything. 
But, You have to see it from her side. 
Narin said she won't go. 
She already did what she wanted to do to us. 
She had Mustafa wrapped around her finger. 
She stole my husband, too. 
She must be laughing at us right now. 
You don't eat... 
You don't drink... 
And then you don't have any strength for anything, of course... 
Does a wheelchair suit a handsome young man like you? 
Eh? 
Three... five times... 
They are giving you ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy). 
Very gently... 
You should have seen the electric shocks that I was given... 
You couldn't stand it even while watching. 
This is nothing... 
For seven years... 
I was given electric shock. 
They fried us with electricity in Diyarbakir prison. 
I smelled the burning of my own flesh. 
They made us into human kabobs, Mustafa... 
And then what? 
Don't you be afraid. 
You don't die from electricity. 
You die from loneliness. 
You die if you are not loved... 
How did you get the rich Mustafa, eh? 
Do you get a good tip, eh? 
Serve him well... 
This is a whale family... 
Let's stay away from this piece of shit, Mustafa... 
Yesterday, I was looking at old pictures... 
Look what I found, Asil. 
Look what Mustafa did. 
The world will never see another man like Musto, dude... 
I pushed him around the garden in his wheelchair for about an hour. 
Now, he is yours. 
I'll go and check the tea house. 
Sahan... 
Shame on you; put it back into your pocket, brother... 
You give it to the poor... 
Let them be happy... 
Sorry... 
You bring us tea and etc... 
That's why... 
Bring your tea when you come next time. 
I'll brew it for you... 
Please, no money! 
Mustooo! 
My brother! 
How are you? 
Eh? 
Look what Muko brother has brought for you... 
Do you remember what you did to neighbourhood's dogs and cats? 
Wasn't this Uncle Aslan's dog, Kral (King)? 
Do you remember this? 
We used to hunt with this in the garden of your village house. 
You were the best slingshooter. 
The children of the village still have marks on their head. 
All of them are your marks... 
Look, do you remember this? 
You did this to me, remember? 
He doesn't even look, dude... 
He is completely lost. 
Unbelievable... 
My brother... 
My dearest brother... 
Come on... 
Take this. 
Musto??? 
You see... 
He took the sling, dude. 
Keep your maniac under control, brother... 
Don't mind him brother. 
He is still a child. 
His mind works like a child's mind right now. 
As a matter of fact, his mind doesn't work at all... 
I will take his mind in such a way that... 
And he is like this not because of his mind,  but because of electic shock and drugs... 
Hey, pal... 
Let it go... 
Come on... 
My brother! 
Yaw Mustafa, see, you make us happy by splitting his head open... 
Come on, my ram, don't leave us... 
Why don't you say something? 
I am going to burst now. 
We went there, sat with him. 
We saw him. 
His treatment still continues. 
Don't jerk me around... 
I see Aslan Bey... 
He is worn out... 
Take me there to see him, please... 
For God's Sake... 
I swear... 
Ok, Bahar Hanim, we go one day. 
But, please be quite a little bit. 
I mean... we don't want people to hear it. 
Just a minute Asil, my brother... 
When Bahar Hanim visited Mustafa in the hospital,  didn't he have a fever and then went into coma? 
If we take her there, maybe he will remember something. 
Eh? 
Isn't that possible? 
I am his medicine. 
Look, Muko has just confirmed it. 
Please... 
Eh? 
Ok... 
Let's try. 
Then Bahar Hanim, please be ready early in the morning tomorrow. 
I won't even sleep. 
Your fate, your medicine is here Mustafa... 
When dawn breaks 
I put my head down 
And, get lost in far off places 
Becoming sad. 
Don't ask how I am... 
Don't ask.. 
I am miserable.. 
Don't ask.. 
I am in flames from time to time... 
Don't ask, I am ashamed... 
Don't ask.. 
I can't tell you... 
Don't ask, I am in hell... 
- Good, at least, he cheered up... 
- Yes... 
They say music is the nutriotion for the soul. 
Bahar Hanim is very talented, praise be! 
You set it up, I'll come again... 
If you are going to give a concert like this every time,  then I would bring you every day. 
Even if it isn't every day, it would be time to time, at least... 
Do you remember What I told you before you came here, Mustafa? 
I said that she would be no longer where you look at  and you would see only me. 
Look, I am here now. 
You understand? 
Loooook! 
These are our wedding pictures. 
You are the groom, I am the bride. 
Whole Guzelyurt was there. 
Everybody admired the gold jewellery given to me. 
They said this land had not seen such a beautiful bride for years... 
Yes, take a good look at me. 
Do you remember you hit me? 
I wanted you to give me a present to see my unveiled face... 
And you hit me in the face. 
Mustafa Bulut...You are something... 
You can't run away like this... 
You will remember each one of them... 
And then you will answer to me. 
I won't forgive you unless you kiss ten times every part of my body you hit. 
Welcome... and good bye. 
Visiting time is over. 
Today, there were too many people coming and going. 
Mustafa brother, it is time for your medication. 
You are loved by beautiful women. 
One comes while the other leaves. 
Mustafa... 
Where are you going, son? 
Mustafa... 
Please look at me. 
Son... 
My child... 
Hug your father once, eh? 
Hug your father... 
Mustafa held the sling and you should have seen it... 
Everybody in the garden dispersed. 
But he had already set his eyes on someone. 
Duriye Teyze, I swear... 
You should have seen it.. 
He aimed at the most vile, problematic person in the garden... 
Oh Gosh... 
Unbelievable... 
Yasar dude, have you seen what your brother did? 
Good job... 
You are raising a child there, it seems.. 
Why didn't you play long donkey and five stones? 
The man has gone... 
My husband has gone...And you don't even care... 
My son has gone... 
It is only Narin who can do something about this, but... the Doctor is not going to say anything to her, either. 
Give that to me... 
You go and bring the cold meals from the downstairs. 
Stuffed grape leaves and beans... 
Asiye! 
Go away! 
Don't spill your poison here... 
It is easy for you to say go... 
You didn't see Mustafa in the nuthouse. 
But, I did. 
I wish I were blind and didn't see him in that condition. 
He is finished Hatun Abla. 
They ruined my husband! 
Not just me, he doesn't even recognize his parents. 
He looked at us as if he was a five year old kid. 
They just don't diaper him; it is that terrible... 
We took old pictures there,  thinking that they may help him to remember... 
He only recognized Narin. 
He pointed at her with his finger. 
He has kept only... ...Narin in his mind. 
He has forgotten all of us. 
Hatun Abla... 
Look...Maybe this baby will be born but... 
Mustafa won't even recognize it. 
What kind of husband or man... ...or father he will be, that I don't know, but... 
If you and the doctor ask and if Narin helps and goes to the hospital to see him,  maybe he will get better. 
Stay away from Narin! 
Enough of your malice! 
Enough! 
Hatun Abla, for every cruelty I did to you... for my every misbehaviour, forgive me! 
Please... 
Look, I will cary you on my back until I die. 
I will clean you... 
I will be your slave. 
Please, forgive me Hatun Abla. 
Doctor, please help... 
Look, If you want, I can give you golds I kept at my mom's house. 
Fatma, take me... 
Hatun Abla, please! 
Hatun Abla, please forgive me. 
Pull yourself together... 
Get up... 
Please... 
Inci Teyze... 
Get up my girl... 
Hatun Abla, please... 
Asiye...Pull yourself together... 
Maybe you should give her some medicine??? 
Not now, mom... 
Let me take you home. 
They will be worried. 
Who will worry about me? 
Who will treat me like a human? 
Look, don't behave like this. 
Think that your baby feels whatever you feel right now. 
Ok, my baby... 
Ok, my baby... 
I shut up... 
Everything is fine. 
Ok... 
Narin... 
I didn't have the face to come to you, so I came to your mother. 
But, God wanted you to hear what I said. 
You see... 
Have you heard? 
Ok, don't forgive me and Mustafa, but... 
Please don't attribute our sins to this innocent baby. 
You have a conscience, Narin... 
Don't leave us in the dark... 
Please Narin... 
The things Asiye told, are they true? 
Is Mustafa like a child? 
Yes, that's true. 
He didn't recognize me, either. 
He only recognized only you from the pictures. 
All of these wouldn't happen if he could forget only me. 
You're right. 
Don't go alone at this hour. 
I will go alone. 
I am not afraid. 
My lord, brighten my path and keep my heart pure... 
Please don't see me as one of your cruel servants... 
Good morning Yasar... 
Could you please take me to Mustafa? 
I am at home. 
Welcome. 
Thank you. 
Mustafa, this girl is very beautiful, too. 
But... 
There is pain in her eyes. 
Have you burned this girl? 
She burned you? 
No, I don't believe that... 
These eyes have learned to get burned,  they don't know how to burn. 
These looks are not the ones that burn,  they are the ones that get burned. 
Narin?! 
I'm here... 
Narin, where are you? 
This is my fate, Yasar... 
To look at Mustafa from a distance. 
I won't be able to be beside him until I die, but... 
I will always look at my husband from a distance... 
Like this... 
I will always look at my husband. 
You haven't been eating... 
They said so... 
You should eat... 
Think of your child... 
Narin... 
Where have you been? 
Where have you been, Narin? 
I have been in the hell that you put me, Mustafa... (Singing in Kurdish) 
You are a rose 
A spring rose 
You are the light of my soul 
You are a rose 
A spring rose 
You are the light of my soul 
Where are you going? 
Where are you going? 
Come back... 
Come back, oh crimson of my soul 
Where are you going? 
Where are you going? 
Come back... 
Come back, oh crimson of my soul 
I'm very proud of you. 
You did very well on the last exam. 
Class average is a little bit above 70. 
Congratulations. 
There were 22 students who scored 100. 
Many of you are interested in where the dividing line is between C and D. If I take only the three exams into account, forget the quizzes, forget the homework, forget the motor, and you add up the three grades of your three exams, the dividing line between C and D will be somewhere in the region 135 to 138. 
So you can use that for your calibration where you stand. 
The controversy between Newton and Huygens about the nature of 
light was settled in 1801 when Young demonstrated convincingly that light shows all the characteristic of waves. 
Now in the early twentieth century, the particle character of light surfaced again and this mysterious and very fascinating duality of being waves and particles at the same time is now beautifully merged in quantum mechanics. 
But today I will focus on the wave character only. 
Very characteristic for waves are interference patterns which are produced by two sources, which simultaneously produce traveling waves at exactly the same frequency. 
Let this be source number one and let this be source number two. 
And they each produce waves with the same frequency, therefore the same wavelength, and they go out let's say in all directions. 
They could be spherical, in the case of water surface, going out like rings. 
And suppose you were here at position P in space at a distance R1 from source number one and at a distance R2 from source number two. 
Then it is possible that at the point P the two waves that arrive are in phase with each other. 
That means the mountain from two arrives at the same time as a mountain from one, and the valley from two arrives at the same time as the valley from one. 
So the mountains become higher and the valleys become lower. 
We call that constructive interference. 
It is also possible that the waves as they arrive at point P are exactly 180 degrees out of phase, so that means that the mountain from two arrives at the same time as the valley from one. 
In which case they can kill each other, and that we call destructive interference. 
You can have this with water waves, so it's on a two-dimensional surface. 
You can also have it with sound, which would be three-dimensional. 
So the waves go out on a sphere. 
And you can have it with electromagnetic radiation as we will also see today, which is of course also three dimensions. 
If particles oscillate then their energy is proportional to the square of their amplitudes. 
So therefore since energy must be conserved, the amplitude of sound oscillations and also of the electric vector in the case of electromagnetic radiation, the amplitude must fall off as one over the distance, 1 / R. Because you're talking about 3-D waves. 
You're talking about spherical waves. 
And the surface area of a sphere grows with R squared. 
And so the amplitude must fall off as 1 / R. Now if we look at the superposition of two waves, in this case at point P and we make the distance large, so that R1 and R2 are much, much larger than the separation between these two points, then this fact that the amplitude of the wave from two is slightly smaller than the amplitude from the wave from one can then be pretty much ignored. 
Imagine that the path from here to here is one-half of a wavelength longer than the path from here to here. 
That means that this wave from here to here will have traveled half a period of an oscillation longer than this one. 
And that means they are exactly 180 degrees out of phase and so the two can kill each other. 
And we call that destructive interference. 
And so we're going to have destructive interference when R2 
- R1 is for instance plus or minus one-half lambda, but it could also be plus or minus 3/2 lambda, 5/2 lambda, and so on. 
And so in general you would have destructive interference if the difference between R2 and R1 is 2N + 1 times 
lambda divided by 2 whereby N is an integer, could be 0, or plus or minus 1, or plus or minus 2, and so on. 
That's when you would have destructive interference. 
We would have constructive interference if R2 - R1 is simply N times lambda. 
So then the waves at point P are in phase and N is again, could be 0, plus or minus 1, plus or minus 2, and so on. 
If the sum of the distance to two points is a constant you get an ellipse in mathematics. 
If the difference is a constant, which is the case here, the difference to two points is a constant value, for instance one-half lambda, then the curve is a hyperbola. 
It would be a hyperbola if we deal with a two-dimensional surface. 
But if we think of this as three-dimensional, so you can rotate the whole thing about this axis, then you get hyperboloids, you get bowl-shaped surfaces. 
And so if I'm now trying to tighten the nuts a little bit, suppose I have here two of these sources that produce waves and the separation between them is D, then it is obvious that the line right through the middle of them and perpendicular to them is always a maximum if the two sources are oscillating in phase. 
So this line is immediately clear that R2 - R1 is 0 here. 
If the two are in phase. 
And they always have to generate the same frequency, of course. 
So this line would be always a maximum. 
Constructive interference. 
It's this 0, substitute there. 
And in case that we're talking about three-dimensional, this is of course a plane. 
Going perpendicular to the blackboard right through the middle. 
The different R2 - R1 equals lambda would again give me constructive interference. 
That would be a hyperbola then, R2 - R1 equals 
lambda, that would again be a maximum, and you can draw the same line on this side, and then R2 - R1 being 2 lambda again would be a maximum. 
And again, if this is three-dimensional, you can rotate it about this line and you get bowls. 
And so in between you're obviously going to get the minima, the destructive interference, 
lambda divided by two, and then here you would have R2 
- R1 is 3/2 lambda. 
We call these lines where you kill each other, destructive interference, we call them nodal lines or in case you have a surface it's a nodal surface. 
And the maxima are sometimes also called antinodes, but I may also refer to them simply as maxima. 
And so this is what we call an interference pattern. 
If you look right here between -- on the line between the two points, then you should be able to convince yourself that the linear separation here between two 
lines of maxima is one-half lambda. 
Figure that out at home. 
That's very easy. 
Also the distance between these two yellow lines here right in between is one-half lambda. 
And so that tells you then that the number of lines or surfaces which are maxima is very roughly 2D divided by one-half lambda. 
So this is the number of maxima, which is also the same roughly as the number of minima, is then approximately 2D divided by lambda. 
And so if you want more maxima, if you want more of these surfaces, you have a choice, you can make D larger or you can make the wavelength shorter. 
And if you make the wavelength shorter you can do that by increasing the frequency, if you had that control. 
The first thing that I'm going to do is to make you see these nodal lines with a demonstration of water. 
We have here two sources that we can tap on the water and the distance between those two tappers, D, is 10 centimeters, so we're talking about water here. 
Uh, we will tap with a frequency of about 7 hertz and what you're going to see are very clear nodal lines, this is a two-dimensional surface, where the water doesn't move at all. 
The mountains and the valleys arrive at the same time. 
The water is never moving at all. 
So let me make sure that you can see that well. 
And so I have to change my -- my lights. 
I'll first turn it on, that may be the easiest. 
Starts tapping already. 
I can see the nodal lines very well. 
So here you see the two tappers and here you see a line whereby the water is not moving at all. 
At all moments in time it's standing still. 
Here's one. 
Here is one. 
And you even with a little bit of imagination can see that they are really not straight lines but they are hyperbolas. 
If you're very close to one tapper, the zero can never be exactly zero, because the amplitude of the wave from this one then will always be larger than the amplitude from that one, because as you go away from the source the amplitude must fall off on a two-dimensional surface as 1 / the square root of R. 
In a three-dimensional wave must fall of as 1 / R. 
But if you're far enough away then the distance is approximately the same and so the amplitudes of the individual waves are very closely the same and you can then, like you see here, the water is absolutely standing still. 
And here are then the areas whereby you see traveling waves, they are traveling waves, they're not standing waves, that here you see if you were sitting here in space the water would be up and down, bobbing up and down, and the amplitude that you would have is twice the amplitude that you get from one, because the mountains add to the mountains and the valleys add to the valleys. 
But if you were here in space you would be sitting still. 
You would not be bobbing up and down at all. 
And that is very characteristic for waves. 
If I were to tap them 180 degrees out of phase, which I didn't -- they were in phase -- then all nodal lines would become maxima and all maximum lines would become nodes, that goes without saying of course. 
It is essential that you -- that the frequencies are the same, that is an absolute must. 
They don't have to be in phase, the two tappers, if they're not in phase then the positions in space where you have maxima and minima will change but a must is that the frequency is the same. 
Now I was hiking last year in 
Utah when I noticed a butterfly in the water of a pond which was fighting for its life. 
And you see that butterfly here. 
Tom, perhaps you can turn off that overhead. 
You see the butterfly here, and you see here projected on the bottom the beautiful rings dark and bright, because these rings on the water act like lenses, and what you see very dramatically is indeed what I said, that the amplitude of the wave must go down with distance, because energy must be conserved of course in the wave, and since the circumference grows linearly with R, the amplitude must go down as 1 / the square root of R because the energy in the wave is proportional to the amplitude squared. 
So when I saw this it occurred to me that it would be a good idea to catch another butterfly, put it next to it, and then photograph -- make a fantastic photograph of an interference pattern. 
But I realized of course immediately, having taken 8.02, that the frequencies of the two butterflies would have to be exactly the same and so I gave up the idea and I decided not to be cruel. 
So no other butterfly was sacrificed. 
If we look at the directions where we expect the maxima as seen from the location of the sources, then I want to remind you of what a hyperbola looks like. 
If here are these two sources and here is the center, I can draw a line here, then a hyperbola would look like this. 
Let me re- remove the part on the left, doesn't look too good, but it's the same on the left of course. 
And what you remember from your high school math, that it approaches that line. 
And therefore you can define angle theta as seen from the center between these two, which are the directions where you have maxima and where you have minima. 
And that's what I am going to work out for you now on this blackboard here. 
So here are now the two sources that oscillate, there's one here and there's one here and here is the center in between them, and let this separation be D. And I am looking very far away so that I'm approaching this line where the hyperbolas merge, so to speak, with the straight line. 
And so I look very far away without being -- committing myself how far, I'm looking in the direction theta away. 
This is theta. 
And so this is theta. 
And I want to know in which directions of theta I expect to see maxima, and in which direction I expect to see minima. 
So this is what we called earlier R1 and we called this earlier R2, it is the distance to that point very far away. 
If I want to know what R2 
- R1 is that's very easy now. 
I draw a line from here perpendicular to this line and you see immediately that this distance here is R2 - R1. 
But that distance is also -- you realize that this angle is theta -- it's the same one as that one, so that distance here is also D sine theta. 
And so now I'm in business, I can predict in what directions we will see constructive interference. 
Because all we are demanding now, requesting, that R2 - R1 is N times lambda. 
And so we need that D sine theta and I'll give it a subindex N, as in Nancy, equals N times lambda. 
In others words that the sine of theta N is simply N lambda divided by D. 
And that uniquely defines all those directions, the whole zoo of directions N equals 0, that is the center 
line, N equals 1, N equals 2, 
N equals 3, and so on. 
And then I have the whole family of destructive interference. 
Which would require that lambda 
R2 - R1 which is D sine theta must now be 2N +1 times lambda/2. 
Just as we had it on the blackboard there. 
We discussed that earlier. 
And so that requires then that the sine of theta N for the destructive interference is going to be 2N+1 times lambda / 2D. 
So this indicates the directions where we expect maxima and where we expect minima as seen from the center between the two sources. 
But now I would like to know what the linear distance is if I project this onto a screen which is very far away. 
And so let us have a screen at a distance capital L which has to be very far away, so here are now the two sources. 
It's a different scale. 
And here is a screen. 
And the distance b- from the two sources to the screen is capital L. And here is one of those direction theta. 
And you see immediately that if 
I call this the direction X, X being 0 here, that the tangent of theta is X/L. 
If but only if I deal with small angles, the tangent of theta is the same as the sine of theta. 
And therefore I can now tell you where the maxima will lie on that screen, away from the center line, which I call 0, that is now when X of N is L times the sine of theta, in small angle approximation. 
So this is approximately L times N lambda divided by D, and for the same reason you will get here c- destructive interference when X of N is going to be L times 2N+ 1 times lambda / 2D. 
That is simple geometry. 
So now we have all the ingredients here on the blackboard and I'm going to 
leave it there for the rest of the lecture. 
Whenever we're going to do an experiment with two sources which are in phase, at the same frequency, you can predict the directions of maxima and minima and you can even predict the separation, the linear separation, if you know how far away you are from these sources. 
And the first demonstration that I'm going to do is with sound. 
We have here two loudspeakers. 
And the distance between those two loudspeakers, we're going to do it with sound, D, is 1.5 meters. 
That's a given. 
And the frequency is 3000 hertz. 
The wavelength, therefore, 
lambda, equals V divided by the frequency, the speed of sound is about 340 meters per second, divided by 3000, is about 0.113 meters. 
So the wavelength is about 11.3 centimeters. 
I can now calculate everyone who is sitting here [fweet] right in the middle through this whole plane will have a maximum of sound, and then when we go away at angle theta, some will again have maxima, and we go further away theta, again maxima, and in between will be the minima. 
And I'm going to calculate where they fall in the lecture hall. 
The first thing that I'm going to do is I'm going to give you N as in Nancy and calculate that angle theta of N and I will do it for the maxima. 
In other words, I'm going to use constructive interference and you see there, the sine of theta N is lambda divided by D. That's the equation I use. 
When N is 0 the angle is 0. 
That is 0 angle. 
Everyone here will hear a maximum. 
When N is 1, and you may want to check that at home, I find an angle of 4.3 degrees, and when N is 2, the angle is about double that, is about 8.7 degrees, and when N is 3, it should be close to 13 degrees, 13.1. 
In case you take N is 10, so I skip a few, you get about 49 degrees. 
This is where the maximum fall. 
And so there's going to be a maximum here and then 4.3 degrees away is again a maximum. 
But surely we would like to know how far you in the audience will have to move in order to go from a maximum to a minimum. 
And so the way you have to think of this is that if I make here a picture of the lecture hall, if here are these two sources, you are at a distance L away from here. 
Some of you are 5 meters away. 
Some are 10 meters away. 
Some are 15 meters away, all the way in the back of the audience. 
And you want to know where you're going to hear the maxima. 
I call this X1, 
I call this X2, and I call this X3, and this is 0. 
So this is the meaning of theta 1. 
And this is the meaning of theta 3, and this angle here would be theta 2. 
That's the meaning of these angles. 
And so I can calculate now how far you have to move depending upon what capital L is to hear, to go from one maximum in sound to another maximum. 
And we raise the a little more. 
And so I will show you now s- some of the results for maxima. 
So I only go now for constructive interference. 
And I have done this for three different distances. 
Those of you who are 5 meters away from me, 10 meters away from me, and 15 meters away from me. 
And what you see on the left side is going to be X, that is the linear separation, and these, so these were in meters, forgive me but I will do these in centimeters. 
And this is X1, if you are 5 meters away from me, you will have -- I will put X1 a 
little lower than I have it now, you will see shortly why I put it a little lower -- X1, this is about 38 centimeters. 
So the linear separation from one to the next is 38 centimeters. 
And you're 10 meters away, it's double that, that's no surprise, 76 centimeters. 
And if you're 15 meters away it is 113 centimeters. 
And then X2, which is the position where you have another maximum, would be at 76 centimeters and it would be at 152 centimeters, and it would be at 228 centimeters if you're 15 meters away from me. 
So the minima will fall almost exactly in between, and so the minima where, in an ideal case there is no sound at all, sound plus sound gives silence, think about it, sound plus sound will give silence, will be when you are roughly at 19 centimeters, half of this, this will be 38 centimeters. 
Half of this, and here will be something like 57 centimeters. 
And you can calculate what these values are, they are exactly in between. 
And so the conclusion is that if you're 5 meters away from me and you're near the center line, but you can also be a little bit in this direction, that the separation between bright sound, 
loud sound, which is always at zero of course in the middle, to silence is 19 centimeters. 
And then you move another 19 centimeters and then you hear loud sound. 
If you are however 10 meters away from me, just past the cameras, then you have to move 38 centimeters to go from loud sound to silence. 
And if you're all the way in the audience, in the back of the audience, it's more like 60 centimeters. 
And this is what we're going to do now together. 
I want you all to stand up and I'm going to make you listen to 3000 hertz. 
And what I want you to do when 
I turn on the two loudspeakers, I want you to move your head very slowly and try to find locations where you hear silence. 
The position of silence is extremely well-defined, so don't go too fast, you miss it, also keep in mind that there are reflections of the sound from the walls, and from the blackboard, and so the pattern that I have calculated here is not perfect. 
But you will see that there will be locations where sound plus sound will give you silence. 
[tone] 
[tone] 
You are a couple of lousy scientists. 
[tone] 
You are a couple of lousy scientists. 
If the separation between a lot of sound and silence is 19 centimeters, that's about the separation of your ears, you dummies, so one ear could be at a maximum, the other ear could be at a minimum, so at least close one ear. 
[laughter] 
[tone] 
Go very slowly. 
[tone] 
Who has found clear location where [tone] the sound is nearly zero [tone] or practically zero? 
[tone] 
Most of you. 
And you certainly can hear if you move that there's an enormous difference [tone] in sound intensity. 
[tone] 
[tone] 
So again, who has found locations [tone] whereby you clearly say this is practically silence? 
[tone] 
Ah, you see them all the way in the back, [tone] 
[tone] and the separation, how far you have to move, depends on how far you are away from me. 
Sit down again. 
[audience noise] 
Young was a sound engineer and as a sound engineer he was very familiar with the interference of sound. 
He knew that sound and sound can make silence. 
And so in 1801 he demonstrated in a convincing way that light plus light can create darkness. 
That would be the nail in the coffin that would demonstrate uniquely that light are indeed waves, and there was still this controversy between Huygens and Newton as you perhaps remember. 
Newton wanted light to be particles but Huygens wanted them to be waves. 
And the way that Young did his experiment is as follows. 
He had a screen, don't think of it as this big, you're talking now about extraordinarily small dimensions, you will understand shortly how small, and in this screen are two openings, two pinholes, and light is coming from the left and think of light as being plane waves. 
They reach these two openings and these two openings according to Huygens will produce circular waves, spherical waves of course, three-dimensionally. 
These openings become Huygens sources and spherical waves will propagate out in this direction. 
And so now we have exactly the situation that we had with our sound. 
Now if all works well there should be directions theta away from this line where you see darkness and other directions where you see bright light. 
And we are going to do it in a way, we have the luxury of laser beams, so we have very strong 
light sources, which Young did not have. 
The way we are going to do it, we have a -- a slide, which is completely black, but with a razor blade two 
lines have been drawn on it. 
And so I will draw these lines as white lines. 
But they're really openings. 
And there is another one here. 
And the separation between these lines D is 0.088 millimeters, 
less than a tenth of a millimeter. 
When you look at them you cannot even see that they are two lines. 
Our laser beam has a diameter of about 3 millimeters, which is 30 times larger than this distance, 30 times larger. 
So what I'm going to show you now that this is our laser beam, is not to scale, the laser beam is much larger than that. 
And so the light will go through some parts of these slots, as far as our laser beam reaches, and we are now capable of predicting when we're going to project it there, here are the two slots which are like so, and so you're going to get interference patterns in these directions theta, and we can calculate what the position X is going to be there between the maxima. 
And so if that is the screen and if this is X equals 0, and if this is X1 and this is X2, and of course the whole thing is symmetric, you can always go in the opposite direction, you can now calculate, and you have all the tools, 
I did it for you in great detail using sound, but you have all the tools to do it now, you know D, 
I'm going to tell you what lambda is, it's 6328 
Angstroms, and one Angstrom is 10 to the -10 meters, so you can calculate all the direction theta for which there are maxima and for which there are minima. 
Minima means light plus light gives darkness, an amazing concept. 
And you can then if you know the distance from here to the screen, which is capital L, you can calculate what the separation is as we see it on the screen, and L is roughly 10 meters, maybe 11, but that's not so important. 
And so I calculated, and you can confirm that -- and you should confirm that, that the angle theta 1, I will only calculate theta 1, which is the angle then to this point, theta 0 is of course always 0, right, that's the easiest, 
I find that theta 1 is 0.41 degrees, that is for maximum, and that means that X1 given the distance of 10 meters then becomes 7.2 centimeters. 
So from here to here on the screen, from maximum to maximum, will be about 7.2 centimeters, and from here to here will then of course also be about 7.2 centimeters, and in between you will see darkness. 
The light from the two sources, 180 degrees out of phase, and that will give you darkness. 
Let me turn on the laser. 
And turn off the lights. 
Make sure I have my -- OK. 
And there you see it. 
There you see a maximum, darkness, a maximum, darkness, a maximum, darkness, and so on. 
And the separation if I didn't make a mistake between the maxima is indeed about 7 centimeters. 
Imagine what an incredible moment this is in your life, that you actually see that light plus light can make darkness. 
So the waves go simultaneously through both openings, and each opening acts like a 
Huygens source, and the net result is that these two waves arrive there on the screen 180 degrees out of phase at the locations of darkness. 
The censor is of course that they have exactly the same frequency which is what they do, because we have one laser gun going in and so the wave goes through both slots. 
So we're guaranteed, and that was the secret, that Young understood you're guaranteed that the waves are not only the same frequency but they're even in phase because they both go through to both slots. 
Now if you look very carefully here you will see of course that these maxima don't have the same strength. 
We will understand next lecture why that's the case. 
They would have very closely the same strength if the opening where we scratched out the black on the slide was much, much smaller than the separation between the two slots, so to speak. 
And that separation is 0.088 millimeter. 
If we make the openings much narrower, indeed, the light intensities would be more uniform, each maximum would be approximately the same strength, but then very little light will go through. 
And so it's a trade-off. 
And the moment you make these two openings, these two slots, 
larger and larger, you will understand Friday why then the light intensities are not the same, why the light intensity is a maximum at the center and then falls off near the edge. 
As you see. 
It's a maximum here, and then the light intensities become smaller. 
I've shown you now the interference pattern with sound and for red laser light, but imagine now that I did the same with white light. 
The situation would be very different, and maybe even disappointing for you. 
Let this be the location on the screen. 
So we -- we have X here, and here X is 0. 
And I want to know where the maxima are in the red, well that's very easy, there will be a maximum here when this position is L times lambda divided by D. 
This is when Nancy is 1. 
And there will also be a maximum here when we have 2L times lambda divided by D. 
And of course there will be one on this side, same distance. 
And there will be one here, this is when N is 0. 
N is 1. 
N is 2. 
The red light will have maxima. 
How about the blue light? 
The blue light will have maxima here, where L lambda divided by D, but lambda is different, 
lambda for blue light is smaller. 
Substantially smaller than red light, so the maximum of the blue will fall here, the maximum of the blue will always fall at N equals 0 together with red, and then Nancy equals 2 the blue will fall here, so this is Nancy 2, Nancy 1, Nancy 0. 
And here Nancy 0, Nancy 1, Nancy 2. 
And so the red and the blue and therefore all the other colors 
live a life of their own. 
They don't talk to each other. 
They come in with their own separation in terms of angles and in terms of locations X. That's the reason why I chose one and only one frequency with the sound. 
Because if I had exposed you to many different frequencies, many different wavelengths, then the location of silence for one wavelength is not the location of silence for the other wavelength. 
And so the experiment would not have worked. 
And that's why it worked so well with the laser, the red laser, which is practically one wavelength, and so the minima and the maxima are extremely well-defined. 
If we had done the experiment with white light, it wouldn't have been so impressive, and on the next slide I show you what you w- would have seen then. 
This is what white light would have done, this is a two-slit interference pattern. 
This is what red light would have done. 
Red light is a narrow bandwidth of wavelengths, well-defined black lines, light plus light give darkness, well-defined maxima, and the blue -- notice that the separation between the dark lines and therefore also the separation between the bright lines is substantially smaller. 
Because blue light has a wavelength of about 4500 Angstroms and red light roughly 6500. 
So there's a big difference. 
And so white light would then give you the superposition of all these colors, and so you don't really get a very nice interference pattern of dark areas and bright areas, because all the colors begin to overlap and each live a life of their own. 
What I can do with sound and what I did with water and what I have done with laser light 
I can also do with radio electromagnetic waves. 
With radar -- we have a 10-gigahertz transmitter here that we have used earlier in this course. 
And so I will now show you that with radar you can also show interference patterns and the calculation that you see there are absolutely identical. 
The only thing I want to remind you of, that the approximation when you know capital L that the tangent theta is roughly the same as the sine of theta is only true for small angles. 
5 degrees is fine, 10 degrees is fine, but by the time that you reach 50, 60 or 70 degrees that approximation is not true. 
So then you really have to take the tangent of theta. 
That's no problem because you first calculate what theta is, because that equation is correct, and then you can calculate always where X is, but then you use the tangent and not the sine. 
So these are approximations which hold for small angles. 
And so if now we look at a 10-gigahertz transmitter, that means we have two transmitters, one here and one here. 
And their separation D is 23 centimeters. 
You see them here. 
This is where they are. 
Here's one and here's the other, 23 centimeters apart. 
At 10 gigahertz the wavelength is 3 centimeters. 
You can confirm that. 
The speed is speed of light. 
Lambda is the speed of light divided by frequency. 
That gives you the wavelength. 
And we have here at a distance 
L which is 120 centimeters, we have here a receiver and a track, so this is X equals 0 and here we can move it along X and so you can calculate now at what angles seen from this point there will be a maximum there. 
Theta 0 is obvious. 
Right here there will be a maximum. 
The two waves, the distance between them is zero, R2 - R1 is 0. 
So they will constructively interfere. 
But there is another angle, theta 1, for which again there will be constructive interference. 
And you can confirm that I found for these numbers that theta 1 is about 7.5 degrees. 
This is now for maxima. 
And so roughly at an angle which is half that value you will find silence. 
Silence means that the two radio waves will kill each other. 
Essential for the maximum to be here is of course that the two transmitters are in phase. 
We could have rigged it up so that they were 180 degrees out of phase in which case there would be silence here. 
Silence in this case means that the radar would kill the radar. 
But I do use the word silence for a good reason, because the way we rigged this up is the same way we did it before. 
We modulate this 10-gigahertz signal with a 1000-hertz audio signal. 
We call that amplitude modulation. 
And the receiver which is here receives the 10-gigahertz radiation which is modulated at 1000 hertz. 
We feed it to an amplifier. 
We demodulate it and you will hear the 1000 hertz. 
And so we can also move it along this track here and find the location X1 whereby we have our first maximum apart from the 0. 
And I found that that is very roughly at 15.5 centimeters. 
And you should confirm that using those equations. 
Equations are the same. 
Whether you deal with sound or with red laser light or with gigahertz, makes no difference. 
And so let's turn now to this demonstration. 
I will turn on the -- the two transmitters and here is the receiver which is exactly at angle theta 0. 
So there's a maximum. 
I'm now going to close one transmitter, [tone] put my hand in front. 
[tone] 
And you think about what will be the reduction of intensity of the sound here. 
[tone] 
If I close one, it's substantially down. 
You may think that it is down by a factor of two. 
Because we have only one transmitter instead of two. 
You're wrong. 
If you think that, you do not understand interference. 
It is 4 times lower when I hold my hands over one. 
Figure it out for yourself. 
I'll test you on the final to see whether you really understood that. 
So now the sound is 4 times larger than when I cover one up. 
I'll cover the other one up. 
It's down by a factor of 4. 
[tone] 
I can cover this one up and then you hear nothing of course. 
[tone] 
Now I will move this one [tone] to the location [tone] where there is destructive interference, [tone] which should be about half of 15.6 centimeters. 
[tone] 
Maybe you have good ears but I hear nothing anymore. 
Now I go through it and find the maximum, which is about 15.6 centimeters. 
[tone] 
Here it is. 
[tone] 
And the other side, [tone] here's the maximum at center, so here should be a minimum, there it is, and I go to the other side, there should be a maximum. 
[tone] 
And there it is. 
[tone] 
So what I have shown you today is I've shown you the interference pattern of sound, of water, of red laser light, of radar, and at the very least I hope I've convinced you as 
Young convinced the world in 1801 that light are waves. 
And that means that Huygens was right and Newton was wrong. 
Now that should perhaps not surprise you because Huygens was Dutch. 
But now, just to show you how complicated these learning problems can be, here's a story that is the flip side of Lauren's. 
Across the country in New York City there is a young girl whose social success has been masking a painful learning problem, a problem that because it exists in the inner city, might have been written off as something other than the neurological disconnect that it really is. 
11-year-old Sara Lee Harris has always had lots of friends. 
Some of my friends are Amber, Roshida, Shana, Akima, Kimmy. 
Sarah Lee is the youngest of four children. 
Her mom has one simple goal for her children, a good solid education. 
My oldest daughter when she graduated from high school she went to Queensborough 
College. 
My son graduated from high school. 
The twins graduate this year. 
I graduated from high school and went to college and business school. 
So, you know, it's important to get ahead in life. 
Sarah Lee keeps up the family tradition by attending the children's storefront school in Harlem, where at first she is a standout student. 
And to everybody who knows her, Sarah Lee is a leader, highly motivated, and highly verbal. 
She can really hold a conversation. 
She will talk to you. 
You say, alright, 
Sarah just a minute. 
Just take a break for a minute. 
Go get you something to drink or get a fruit or something, just to hush her up for just a few minutes. 
[INAUDlBLE] been in the store, right? 
Yeah. 
For a long time. 
Told you. 
Feelin' it, feelin' it. 
But in the fourth grade something changes. 
She got real shy in history. 
She wouldn't participate in classroom activities in history class. 
She wouldn't come with the answers. 
She would do her homework but it would take her a little longer. 
So she got tired of being slower in the work. 
And she kept saying, mom, something is not right. 
Like, I couldn't understand. 
My comprehension wasn't well. 
And my vocabulary wasn't well. 
And my reading skills wasn't well. 
Her teacher also notices a puzzling difference between Sarah Lee's personality in class and out. 
By nature she's very energetic and outgoing socially. 
But in class, a lot of time, it's the opposite. 
She'll listen and she's not a behaviour issue. 
And she'll sort of look at you and focus right at you. 
But I always wonder, you know, how much she's really absorbing. 
To find out why Sarah Lee is suddenly tongue tied in class the school's resource teacher takes her to see speech and language specialist Donna 
Orloff. 
I'm going to read a sentence to you. 
Orloff starts by testing Sarah Lee's basic language skills. 
Look at some pictures and you can start up here at A. 
Lion, horse, mouse. 
She has very good language for single words. 
She knows a lot of labels, a lot of nouns. 
And she uses them and she understands them. 
But there are other words that were associated-- not the direct label-- but associated with the pictures. 
And that posed difficulty for her. 
Perfect. 
Point to swine. 
So we get to swine. 
She had no idea what swine is. 
She's heard it. 
She's heard it from reading Charlotte's Web. 
But she doesn't have that rich storage system that enables her to tap the vocabulary and to retrieve the words that she needs. 
Our brains are basically a very complex storage and retrieval system where every piece of information that comes in to you, you put it someplace so that you can refer to it later on. 
If you see a Saint Bernard walking down the street, your retrieval system goes to your storage system, pulls out all of the note cards that it has on dogs, go through it until it finds Saint Bernard, and says, oh 
look, there's a Saint Bernard. 
All this happens in a millisecond. 
And then you take that card and put it back where it belongs so when you need it next time you can find it. 
The problem with these kids is that the storage and retrieval systems are very complicated and generally very confused. 
So they will go and take the card out and then put it back in the wrong place. 
That ability to make mental connections, to go from one file drawer to the next also affects the way kids think abstractly. 
A student talking about a trip says, it's still up in the air. 
Probably he's talking about a trip going around the world. 
This is the child who only sees the picture of the pig is the pig. 
The picture of the train is the train. 
If it's up in the air, he's got to be on an airplane. 
Language is never that one to one, rigid, concrete correlation. 
It's much richer and much more demanding, particularly when you get to fourth grade. 
That's when it starts. 
I'm not surprised in Sarah Lee's case that things began to unravel at third and fourth grade. 
If Sarah Lee is a bright child, she was probably able to fake her way through first and second grade. 
You can fake your way through if you listen to your friends talk about the story they've read and then you use those answers when the teacher asks you the questions. 
But around third or fourth grade is when you begin to deal with expressive language problems. 
In other words, the 
language is there. 
I don't know it. 
But it's almost locked away. 
The language is inside the brain. 
They have an inner language. 
They know what they want to say. 
And they just can't express it. 
They can't get the words out. 
We're going to make a paragraph that matches the picture. 
Like, sometimes when I'm in a class and my teacher, she asks us, like, what's the answer? 
And I'll raise my hand and I'll know the answer. 
But then when I say it, it won't come out the way I was thinking of it. 
What about the way Homer used the gun in that episode? 
What do you think that they were trying to say? 
Sarah Lee. 
He used it in-- he used instead-- he used the gun to-- he used the gun to shoot place instead of shooting people. 
When you think about it, you're thinking in your head, I didn't want to say that. 
Did he use it for what it was really intended for? 
Sometimes it's a little embarrassing because people, they'll laugh and mumble under their breath, that's the wrong answer. 
That's embarrassing. 
Sara Lee masters the language of TV shows and commercials and the playground. 
But she locks up when confronted by the more fully dimensional language encountered in books and in the classroom. 
Experts say she has expressive 
language deficiency. 
She understands well but she has trouble explaining what she knows. 
The expert's strategy, a full immersion language treatment. 
She needs a lot of practice talking in complete sentences, talking on a more 
literate level of things, really talking about issues. 
What was Clinton's position in the article that you took your notes on? 
We want to build these muscles, these expressive language muscles because one of the best ways to learn to talk, right, is to have plenty of practice. 
It's almost like working out for a sport. 
And she has to do that. 
She needs a verbal work out. 
You need to be a risk taker. 
You need to try a new word. 
You need to make that 
leap. 
But you have to be comfortable. 
You have to be confident. 
You have to know you're in a safe place to do it. 
And someone's got to be there to help give you the ammunition to take that risk. 
But once you start taking it and once you start succeeding, the ripple effect is wonderful. 
There, it's very positive. 
So the prescription for Sarah Lee is a kind of immersion therapy, almost like 
learning a foreign language. 
There will be flash card drills, practice conversations, lots of reading, and new vocabulary words over and over and over. 
If she keeps it up, the experts believe she can overcome her expressive language deficiency. 
What should you do if you find someone's wallet or purse in a store? 
You should-- if the person it not too far-- you should run and give it to them or you can-- 
One year later, the assessment of Sarah Lee's progress is indeed hopeful. --and let them know that you have their wallet. 
I hope if I loose my wallet you're the one who finds it. 
This past year has been a year of real growth for her. 
She's contributing more to classes now and she's doing more reading. 
And she's found ways to help herself. 
And that alone is like shooting baskets to prepare for a basketball game. 
The more she does, the better she gets at it. 
Sara Lee has improved dramatically. 
Well, here are her total reading scores. 
Last year in the seventh grade, she made a dramatic leap. 
Her comprehension score went from fourth grade, second month up to seventh grade, nearly a three year gain. 
What's very distinct in our community is a division between blacks and whites, right? 
What, specifically, about the way that they speak? 
How does she feel about the way mama speaks? 
She feels embarrassed because, like, she's still using improper English. 
She feels it's improper English. 
Great. 
What else? 
What other issues about race have come up? 
I definitely noticed a willingness in Sarah Lee to think beyond the first initial thought. 
She's starting to push herself beyond that, beyond cliches. 
She compares how the schools-- the stamps are different from the schools. 
She's highly intelligent and she's a good thinker. 
She's capable of thinking through ideas. 
But perhaps the best witness to Sarah Lee's progress is Sarah Lee herself. 
Remember this moment from a year ago? 
He used it in-- he used the gun to-- he used the gun to shoot place instead of shooting people. 
I have matured a lot. 
I have participated in my classes. 
I've been behaving well. 
I've been doing my homework. 
My grades have been pulled up. 
I've been working very hard. 
And, like, I've been overcoming the mistakes that I did many years ago. 
It's clearly beginning to happen for her. 
And I think this is going to be a wonderful year. 
She's a wonderful girl. 
And I think she will leave here and go to high school and college. 
And I hope that whatever her wishes are, they will be realized. 
So far our journey through these young lives has been a difficult but mostly hopeful one. 
But what about a kid who wasn't identified early or who wasn't targeted for medication therapy or one on one attention? 
This is the story of a teenager who slipped through the cracks, an object lesson in missed signals. 
On the edges of Boston in this neighborhood known as Hyde Park, many families are scratching to make a living. 
One family, the Dunnings, is raising four kids here. 
Adam is their second son. 
He was just a good little kid, very well liked. 
Always, neighbors and teachers, and CCD teachers, and coaches would always tell me, what a well mannered son you have. 
His mother realized early on that Adam had a problem. 
Adam and I would read together every night. 
And he couldn't identify words that he should have been familiar with. 
When he started second grade, I knew that there was a building block that was kind of beginning to crumble. 
The school teachers kept saying he's just lazy, you know. 
And his personality carried him through. 
Adams a good kid he's just, you know, we'll worry about him 
later. 
Finally, by the fifth grade, Adam's problems in school were obvious to his teachers. 
He was given a battery of tests. 
But school officials assured the 
Dunnings their son was average and would do just fine. 
I think the problem with the initial testing was that when you do an IQ test, you've got 12 sub tests. 
And half of them are language based and half of them or not. 
So you end up getting scores that get added together. 
And Adam's scores added together come up as average. 
But Adam, struggling with even the most basic reading, writing, and spelling tasks had the feeling he wasn't even average. 
I felt embarrassed at some times, like when I couldn't pronounce words and then other kids would pronounce the word for me. 
Say hurry up, you don't know how to read. 
I got comments like that all the time. 
By now his parents began to really worry about Adam. 
They asked the school for more tests. 
And by the end of seventh grade the school had a bombshell for the 
Dunnings. 
They told us that Adam was reading on a third grade level. 
And he's in the seventh grade. 
So what happened to the fourth grade, the fifth grade, and the sixth grade? 
I mean, something's wrong. 
At that point, I did think I was dumb. 
I was stupid, like, why can't I read? 
All my friends go to Latin, Boston Latin, one of the best schools-- probably the best school in Massachusetts, like, an exam school. 
They read fine. 
Why can't I read? 
Adam was too old for the early intervention remedies and the school's solution to help Adam sounded better on paper that it was in reality. 
They said Adam needs a small classroom setting. 
And where did they send him? 
It's like going into prison. 
He's down in the cellar, in a little room about this size with 12 other kids. 
So instead of working on ways to make it in school, Adam started working on ways to get out of school. 
I went to the school and went room to room to room to his teachers. 
Some of his teachers had never seen Adam. 
And this is two months into the school year-- had never seen him. 
You take school out of that age, you take it away, you take it out of the picture, what else is there? 
There's marijuana, there's stealing cars. 
I mean, what else is there for a kid? 
So you run the streets. 
And you run the streets, you get in trouble. 
You make bad choices. 
Adam was so-- he was mad. 
He can't read. 
Adam's parents knew it was time for professional help. 
At the Boston Medical 
Center, Doctor Andrea Weiss, a clinical psychologist, gave Adam a new battery of tests. 
What we're going to do first is I'm going to give you some reading lists. 
And what I'd like you to do is just read down the list out loud. 
And if you come to words you don't know-- 
Doctor Weiss's tests provide a kind of road map to when Adam's learning skills hit the wall. 
Bridge, neighbors, courage, inclusive? 
Inclusive. 
OK. 
Let me just take that word for you and break it down into syilables and see if it helps. 
As he got up in grades and his reading vocabulary got larger, he was faced with all these multi-syilabic words that he couldn't decode. 
In- cuse? 
It could be cuse. 
But if this is qua? 
Quis? 
Quis, good. 
In- quis-a- tive. 
Good. 
So can you put it together? 
Inquisitive. 
Excellent. 
OK. 
Go on. 
Clever. 
Success. 
And Adam's reading problems were affecting his spelling and writing as well. 
What's your best guess with success? 
How do you think it's spelled? 
Good. 
That's pretty close. 
By the time he got to ninth grade, he was getting no Special Ed help. 
And he was really at a distinct disadvantage. 
He fell apart. 
He stopped going to class. 
He stopped doing his homework because, essentially, it was way beyond what he could do. 
And when Jane said, oh, he needs help, people said, you know what, if you look at his profile, he's solidly average. 
There's nothing going on here. 
He's not trying. 
He's lazy. 
And they gave kind of behavioral descriptions to something that wasn't behavioral at all. 
To be told over and over again, you're not quite cutting the mustard, it breaks down your self esteem. 
And you have to go somewhere else to get your self esteem built up. 
And kids get into trouble. 
And they go looking for things that are more exciting than being told every day that you're dumb. 
I think there's a huge payback for not providing kids with what they need. 
Just as the experts could have predicted, Adam turned to drugs and alcohol. 
When I drink, it's just to forget about everything. 
If I'm really having a tough time, I can't take this anymore, I just have to go drink some beers to let it all just get away. 
There's been a lot of evidence of drug use. 
Continuously money being stolen, no matter where it was. 
We're kind of guilty of overlooking it, thinking, well, you know, so he needs some money. 
But when he gets into the thousands, you know, we've let it go too far. 
And it got there. 
Then, one night, the phone call every parent dreads. 
We get a phone call from the state police. 
I thought he's getting ready to tell us that somebody been killed. 
I thought about, how do you plan a funeral for a kid who doesn't seem to want to be part of your family anymore, doesn't want to be a kid? 
Adam was safe but in deep trouble. 
The police claimed that he had crashed a stolen car. 
The next morning, Terry took his 15-year-old son to the psychiatric ward at Boston Medical Center and had him committed. 
I've had my son hospitalized to give him some attention. 
I mean, he could have been killed that night. 
And he was out that night because he skipped school that day and didn't want to come home. 
So he was out that night. 
I mean, how many more chances does he have? 
After years of academic failure, Adam's slow, downward spiral was turning into every parent's nightmare, a teenager too far gone to rescue. 
His parents will soon be confronted by that terrible prospect. 
But right now, the story of another young boy sending alarming signals that he is headed for trouble. 
His parents, desperate for help, can feel him slipping away. 
10-year-old Nathan Suggs lives in rural Bear Creek, North Carolina where he 
leads a lonely existence. 
A bright boy who loves science, he cannot succeed in school. 
Forgetful and willful, Nathan has been a handful from the beginning. 
Getting out of line and talking in class-- 
Those were some things. --kicking other kids, you know. 
From kindergarten on there were signs of discipline problems. 
So Nathan's parents had him tested. 
They came up with a diagnosis of ADD without hyperactivity. 
And so we knew that the pencils rolling on the desk or dropping or anything like that would probably take him off task. 
It's like a jigsaw puzzle. 
Some days I wake up and it's just like two or three pieces to put together. 
And other times it's like 500 3D puzzle or something. 
Ritalin was prescribed. 
But Nathan's parents learned there was no magic pill. 
We went up to 10 milligrams. 
It helped for a little while. 
But we still had the problems with getting the assignments home. 
So his parents took him off Ritalin. 
But now they had nothing. 
He would be real sad that he was not able to learn, that people didn't like him, that they were out to, you know, ridicule him or make fun of him. 
He got to where he hated everything when he started school. 
He didn't want to 
learn, didn't want to read, didn't want to write. 
Didn't want to go. 
He didn't want to go. 
A lot of times when, you know, he's not in a good mood and he's real irritable and says stuff like why am I even here and stuff, I get real worried. 
I hope he doesn't get too drastic. 
And when he said, I just shouldn't be alive. 
I said, this child does not have to go through this. 
His parents are desperate. 
For them, public school is not working and private school is too expensive. 
So his mom, Edie, is trying home schooling. 
But Edie is not prepared for how difficult teaching Nathan will be. 
OK, where were you? 
The most basic school work is a chore for Nathan and a challenge for his mother. 
Nine times six is 54? 
Do I put it under here? 
Do you remember what to do next? 
You put it under here? 
OK, what do you put? 
5-4. 
Nope. 
5-4. 
5-4. 
I don't know that. 
OK, I'm trying to remind you. 
By early summer, Nathan's frustration has turned to anger. 
He is kicking doors, hitting his brother. 
He loses control. 
And that part is what's frightening. 
His family is becoming increasingly fearful that Nathan's plummeting self esteem might cause him to hurt himself or others. 
Sometimes I can't stop crying. 
And, like, I'm just in my bed with my head down. 
I just get sad. 
A little while ago, like last year, I was like, I could just kill myself. 
I tried to run away. 
I just felt like no one really wanted me to be there. 
Nathan's mom, desperate to do something to improve her son's self image, begins to look outside Bear Creek for help. 
An hour down the road are the offices of pediatrician Mel Levine whose specialty is finding out what's going on with kids 
like Nathan. 
Dr. Levine tests for strengths and weaknesses. 
You know, for kids, success is like a vitamin. 
And it's a real vitamin deficiency to grow up success deprived. 
Let's just compare it to the original. 
The testing shows that Nathan excels at visual and spatial perceptions. 
Fantastic. 
What I would like you to do next is write the alphabet for me from A to Z and join all the letters together as if the whole alphabet was one long word. 
And 
I'm going to time you to see how long it takes you, OK? 
Ready, go. 
Along with his tally sheet of strengths there are significant weaknesses. 
M-- I forgot how to do one letter. 
Were you forgetting how to make the letter or were you forgetting which letter came next? 
Forgetting how to write it. 
Yeah, how to write it. 
So you knew what letter you wanted to write? 
And could you picture it in your mind? 
I could picture it in my mind but I just couldn't-- 
Couldn't remember the procedure for making that letter? 
So let me give you some others now and see how you do. 
Dr. Levine now knows something vital. 
Nathan knows what the letter K looks like. 
But it's simply too much work to write it down. 
Kids like this have what is known as an output problem. 
These are kids for whom work is too much work. 
Effort is too much effort. 
And they sit down to do something and you'd think they'd have to climb the 
Matterhorn. 
And these same kids tantalize everyone because their intake is so good. 
They're so good at understanding things. 
They're so good at analyzing. 
Often, they're very creative. 
A lot of times they're a wellspring of phenomenal ideas. 
But to be productive, to get some output, to be efficient in your output, is sort of out of the question. 
Nathan, do you see only designs here? 
It's as if within the mind of the child with a learning problem there are three clocks. 
The clocks are set at different times and moving at different speeds. 
So the clocks are totally out of sync with each other and the child is generally out of sync with his environment. 
But the law of averages will tell you, if you take three clocks, set them at different times, and move them to different speeds, eventually-- bingo, bingo, bingo-- there will come a time when the three of them are all telling the same time. 
And when the clocks are in sync, there's this incredible forward movement on the part of the child-- for a day or week or a month if you're lucky, this incredible forward movement and progress. 
And then the clocks get out of sync again. 
The moment of truth called demystification. 
You are like a wonderful car like a Mercedes or a Jaguar. 
But it has a very small gas tank so that when you try to think or do a lot of work, it runs out of fuel pretty easily. 
Demystification, I think, may be the most important movement in this field in the last 10 years. 
And that is explaining to the child what the problem is. 
If you have a child with diabetes, one of the first things you do is explain to the child this is what diabetes is. 
These are the foods you can eat. 
This is what's happening to your body when you don't eat the proper food. 
And explain line and verse. 
Yet when a child has a learning problem, we try to protect the child from it. 
I've had parents say to me, he doesn't know he has a learning problem. 
Indeed, he does. 
And sometimes a child takes great comfort in the diagnosis, in knowing 
I'm not the only person that has it. 
I'm not stupid like the kids tell me in the school bus. 
I'm not lazy like the teacher tells me every day. 
There's really a name for this. 
The second problem you have is what we call a graphomotor problem. 
You don't have very good control over the very little muscles at the ends of your fingers. 
And you know what you do because of that? 
You try to get rid of them. 
You know how you get rid of them? 
By putting your thumb over these two fingers. 
And you bear down real hard. 
And you end up writing with your wrists. 
And that's too slow. 
And then you know what happens? 
You have to work so hard to form the letters, that it's hard to do that and spell at the same time. 
And it's hard to do that and have good ideas at the same time. 
You're so good spatially-- 
Dr. Levine tells Nathan his strengths can help overcome his weaknesses. 
For example, his ability to draw this complicated design from memory can help him visualize facts like history dates that otherwise he would forget. 
Remembering dates is a lot of detail. 
But it won't be a lot of detail for you if you make a diagram of it and remember it as a visual pattern. 
I have evidence that you're very smart. 
You need to convince yourself of that. 
It was probably the first time he's heard somebody-- since the second grade teacher-- tell them how great he was, instead of ADD, you know, this huge thing. 
It was really specific and it was something that seems manageable. 
So it's very encouraging. 
But Nathan's parents think he needs one other thing, discipline. 
One year later, the ranks of the Hargrave Military Academy include Nathan Suggs. 
We get a lot of boys that are very smart and intelligent, have a lot of potential. 
But for whatever reason they come here because they do not think they can do it. 
Cadet Suggs. 
For his parents, sending their son here is a big sacrifice. 
But they believe it's his big chance. 
For this year, we cleaned out his college fund and my parents also contributed. 
And so, I don't know exactly what we would do for next year. 
I love you. 
I love you. 
I've missed you so much. 
He lives at Hargrave. 
And this fall has been very difficult for me. 
But I'm hoping that he will take in some of the discipline, make it his own. 
I'm feeling happier. 
I have more self discipline. 
I'll probably have more than I have now at the end of the year. 
And it will probably be a whole lot easier. 
You look so nice. 
I've seen Nathan's self confidence grow in the last four or five months. 
And so 
I feel like even the mistakes that we've made have somehow turned toward building his character. 
And he's learned a lot. 
I'd say just don't worry about what other people think. 
And if you feel bad about yourself, just try to make yourself feel important and do something. 
And be proud of it no matter what. 
But Nathan's parents know better than to invest too much hope just yet. 
They know that kids like Nathan often have good starts in new environments. 
Later this spring they'll know more about whether they have finally found an answer for their boy. 
Now back to Adam Dunning's story. 
He's out of the psychiatric ward. 
But now Adam's parents have come to this courthouse. 
Their son is on trial for breaking and entering. 
He's been given a court appointed lawyer. 
His parents are told that if he's found guilty, their boy will be in the custody of the state until he's an adult. 
The prosecution makes its case. 
I saw a glimpse of his face and I saw the outline of his face. 
And I said, oh, that's Adam. 
Shouldn't he be in school and-- 
It doesn't take the jury long to render it's verdict. 
We find the defendant guilty. 
As they say goodbye to their son, Jane Dunning comes to grips with a harsh new reality. 
Adam's birthday is four days from today. 
And I didn't expect to have to ask somebody else permission to bring a birthday cake. 
Four days later, it's Adam's 16th birthday, celebrated in jail. 
But as terrible as it is to visit him here, Adam's parents are in for a surprise. 
When the sunset looks for the moon-- 
Their son is finally in an educational environment that seems to suit him. 
The classes are small and because so many of these kids have learning problems, the teachers here have found a way to get through to them. 
Mercury has a rock cross made of the same kind of rock found on earth. 
Beneath the crust it is thicker mantle layer of the same material. 
You have to appeal to more of their senses in your teaching. 
You should almost check a checklist. 
OK, we got sound going on, all right. 
Hearing? 
Hearing. 
What am I doing on visual? 
Am I doing any art work? 
What am I doing on touch? 
Am I getting their hands engaged? 
All of that. 
I think that happens a lot in the elementary or lower grades. 
And we figure high school, they don't need to do that anymore. 
And I think we're very, very wrong. 
It's really the first time Adam Dunning has any positive feelings about 
learning. 
I feel good about going to school. 
I mean, school here is fun. 
It's like the teachers care. 
They help you out like regular school should be. 
He has come to believe jail time is actually good for him. 
Me being locked up was good for a learning experience for me. 
Because if I stayed out, if I didn't get locked up, I'd probably be dead or in a lot worse trouble. 
I probably wouldn't be at a treatment facility. 
I'd probably be back wearing an orange suit. 
For years, Adams says, he used drugs and alcohol to blunt the pain of his failures in school. 
He's clean and sober now but worries about how long that can 
last. 
The only thing I'm really afraid of going back to school are the kids around me, pressures. 
They seen me before. 
The know how I acted before. 
I never been to high school when I was clean. 
I mean, it wasn't 30 days where I wasn't using. 
So 
I think kids are going to push my buttons. 
And that's the thing that scares me the most about going back to school, just the other kids. 
After three short months, Adam is starting again at Boston High. 
His brief success in the jail classroom is a stark contrast to what he is about to face. 
It's like asking a baby to read. 
And I said it was like to trying to make gold out of straw like Rumpelstiltskin. 
And mom said it was like trying to make silk purse out of-- 
Adam is still well below grade level and Doctor Andrea Weiss worries that there is nothing in place to help him. 
When I went back to test him, he hadn't made any progress. 
But he shouldn't have. 
There was no way for him to make progress because he needs specialized instruction. 
He's not going to get it by osmosis. 
He's not going to stand in a room and it's going to, you know, kind of go through his pores. 
It's not going to happen. 
He needs somebody to say, look, this is the way to do it. 
This is the structure. 
This is the recipe. 
It works every time. 
And then he'll own it. 
What's that called? 
Food chain. 
Exactly. 
Food chain. 
Adam has been placed in two Special Ed classes. 
But the kids here have such a wide variety of learning problems, that, ironically, Adam appears to be doing better than he really is. 
An element in all organisms is-- 
Carbon. 
Carbon, exactly. 
Academically, he's probably at the top of my classes. 
I have the whole gammut, you know. 
I have real low level, acting out kids. 
For the most part we have acting out kids altogether. 
But, he, academically he does very, very well when he wants to do it. 
I don't know, some days I can go into school, sit down, not say a word, do everything. 
And everyone will say, wish we could have Adam like this all day without his hat on, without him talking, doing all his work, asking for more work. 
And other days it's like Adam comes in and starts goofing off. 
So real high school turned out to be another missed opportunity. 
He's a fragile guy right now. 
You know, I want him to be successful. 
But when you don't give a student what they need, the potential for really falling apart and giving up is so high that you really have to factor that in. 
It's a possibility. 
A year later the school has expelled Adam for poor behavior. 
Once again, adrift, 
Adam has held a variety of odd jobs. 
And his mother fears he is back on drugs and alcohol. 
When I was a little kid I dreamed of going to college, going to school. 
But I haven't finished high school so I can't go to college. 
Now I have no high school diploma so I just work full time. 
It's like what else do I have? 
Nothing. 
I see kids every single day that are like Adam. 
And sometimes I can get to them. 
And sometimes I can help them. 
And sometimes they slip by. 
But there's no reason that Adam needed to slip by. 
We had Adam. 
We had a hold on Adam. 
What Adam needed, the experts say, was the hardest thing to get, early recognition of his problems and a consistent plan for dealing with them. 
In some states the size of prisons are predicted on the basis of third grade and fourth grade literacy rates. 
So it does portend an alienation from society, in a sense. 
And it's for those reasons, these downstream consequences of loss of self esteem, poor academic development, limited vocabulary and other cognitive developments, difficulties with social relations, difficulties getting and holding jobs, and getting in trouble with the law that we consider reading problems to not only to be an educational issue but a public health issue and a public health concern as well. 
Now Adam's parents are left with what they had at the very beginning but only that they still have hope. 
You change your dreams. 
You adjust. 
And you just settle from I'd like him to graduate from college to I hope he graduates from high school. 
And then you change from well, I hope he graduates from high school to I hope he makes it. 
You've seen kids that are in jail one day and the next year they're in college and doing great. 
So he still has a shot at it. 
I'm not saying it's all over for him. 
You can't give up hope. 
That's about all you do have is hope. 
Hope is what has motivated each of these families to share their stories tonight, hope that we can all learn from their experiences and realize that no child with learning problems has to become a lost child. 
It's a lesson that's been a long time coming, including to families like mine, that with the right diagnosis, the proper management, and lots of hard work and ongoing support, none of our children is beyond rescue. 
There really are so many different ways to solve this problem called life. 
I mean, there really are. 
And if you look at successful people, nine times out of ten they will tell you of stories of tremendous struggle. 
If you've got a different kind of brain, and I submit the most interesting people do, that's great. 
And as you're remediating all this stuff and learning how to be on time and all this stuff that you got to learn how to do, never lose sight of those strengths, those talents, because that is what is going to take you to great places. 
Misunderstood Minds continues on PBS online. 
Find resources, explore strategies, and understand learning challenges firsthand. 
Misunderstood Minds at pbs.org. 
The Misunderstood Minds documentary is available from WGBH Boston Video for $19.95 plus shipping and handling. 
To place an order, please call 1-800-255-9424. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
Funding for Misunderstood Minds is provided in part by Schwab Learning, a service of the Charles and Helen Schwab Foundation, dedicated to helping kids with learning differences, and by ExxonMobil because we value creative energy in all its forms, the Spencer T. and Ann W. Olin Foundation, dedicated to improving education and the environment, the Emily Hall Tremaine foundation, supporting innovation and diversity in the arts, environment, and learning, the Roberts 
Foundation, providing learning opportunities for disadvantaged children and youth, and the Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation, supporting educational, cultural, and environmental initiatives. 
This is PBS. 
Hello, my name is Tyler Shadick, and I'm the Digital Media Specialist for Concordia University. 
I'm here today to share some tips, words of advice, for instructors that wish to add digital media content, specifically video content, to their online learning course. 
Before we can add content to your course, any form of content that we would add, we first need to know the learning objectives. 
Now, to develop the learning objectives for a video piece, it involves 3 people. 
The first person is you, you are the subject matter expert. 
You know the content, and you know the goals that your media piece is aiming to achieve. 
I am the Digital Media Specialist. 
I know the possibilities that our equipment has, and the capabilities that we can run with. 
I know the artistic directions we could take; I ensure media quality, and I have some control of the production process. 
But it's important to involve one more person in this process, and that person is the 
Instructional Design Consultant. 
You should have one assigned to you when you begin teaching, if you haven't been teaching already, and they are aware of course objectives, I don't really know course objectives when you come in, I only know that you need a video done. 
So, it's important to involve the Instructional Designer in that aspect. 
They also know the best teaching methods that can be used. 
It's important to have this three-way meeting between these people before we move on and actually start creating the video. 
Next, you need to know your format. 
There are a few formats that we can use. 
There is: interview, teleprompt, teleprompted PowerPoint, and extemporaneous. 
The interview format is the most natural because it's conversational, it doesn't really require that much preparation because it's whatever happens, you need to have the person next to you to prepare. 
You should be familiar with questions and follow up questions, which means you need to pay close attention to what your guest is speaking about in order to follow up correctly. 
Next is the teleprompter. 
A teleprompter is... 
I'm actually using one right now... 
It is a script from a word processing document. 
It's very rigid due to it's word for word nature, and I would suggest not using it. 
Now, I'm not actually using a scripted teleprompter, 
I'm using a PowerPoint teleprompter controlled by an iTouch device. 
I call this teleprompted PowerPoint, or just PowerPoint. 
It's a good alternative to teleprompting because it is not word for word, you don't lose your spot, and it's like using note-cards, but you're not looking down. 
When you look down, away from the screen, it looks awkward and people can tell. 
You can control, again, with an iTouch, and it can't be seen by the camera. 
So, what would you do if you're going to use this format? 
You would e-mail me the PowerPoint. 
I'll provide my e-mail at the end of this presentation. 
Do watch out for small text, no less than 24 pt. 
The best way, finally, to approach a format, is to use extemporaneous style. 
That is, without (maybe without) notes, but don't read word for word... it feels very rigid. 
That leads me to my last point, know your presentation. 
All of these techniques, excluding maybe the interview, require a good amount of practice before coming in to film. 
Mistakes can be edited out, but it looks more professional with the less cuts I have to make. 
Practice your presentation until you feel comfortable. 
If you have any questions, contact me at: tyler.shadick@cuw.edu or call 262-243-2009. 
Thank you, and I look forward to assisting you in making a great online learning experience for our students. 
Welcome to the Simulation Center at the University of Alaska Anchorage. 
My name is Marissa Carrillo, the simulation technician providing your tour. 
The simulation center is currently located on University of Alaska Anchorage campus, in the School of Nursing. 
We have two high-fidelity simulation rooms with one control room. 
Each patient room is equipped with medical supplies and enhanced with features that may be found in a hospital room to practice care of patients. 
This is our adult human patient simulator or adult simulation mannequin. 
Can you see the chest rise or did you notice his blinking? 
I can listen to heart, lung, and bowel sounds. 
I can check his carotid, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, and pedal pulses too! 
What are the more exciting capabilities? 
Interventions such as CPR, defibrillation, IVs, intubation, and urinary catheterization may also be performed on the mannequin. 
("Go Away") Oh, and he can speak too. 
Sounds like now is the time that we should visit the SimBaby. 
[NOlSE] 
>>How long have I been gone?  >>About twelve hours. 
[MUSlC] 
[MUSlC] 
[SOUND] 
>> I'm back. 
[INAUDlBLE] 
again. 
Are you in? >> Sam, what's been going on? 
How you been? 
[MUSlC] it's not 12 hours, it's 12  months. 
You've been gone a whole year. 
Sorry. 
[MUSlC] 
(Music) 
(Applause) 
Thank you. 
Imagining a solo cello concert, one would most likely think of Johann Sebastian Bach unaccompanied cello suites. 
As a child studying these eternal masterpieces, 
Bach's music would intermingle with the singing voices of Muslim prayers from the neighboring Arab village of the northern Kibbutz in Israel where I grew up. 
Late at night, after hours of practicing, 
I would listen to Janis Joplin and Billie Holiday as the sounds of tango music would be creeping from my parents' stereo. 
It all became music to me. 
I didn't hear the boundaries. 
I still start every day practicing playing Bach. 
His music never ceases to sound fresh and surprising to me. 
But as I was moving away from the traditional classical repertoire and trying to find new ways of musical expression, 
I realized that with today's technological resources, there's no reason to limit what can be produced at one time from a single string instrument. 
The power and coherency that comes from one person hearing, perceiving and playing all the voices makes a very different experience. 
The excitement of a great orchestra performance comes from the attempt to have a collective of musicians producing one unified whole concept. 
The excitement from using multi-tracking, the way I did in the piece you will hear next, comes from the attempt to build and create a whole universe with many diverse layers, all generated from a single source. 
My cello and my voice are layered to create this large sonic canvas. 
When composers write music for me, 
I ask them to forget what they know about the cello. 
I hope to arrive at new territories to discover sounds I have never heard before. 
I want to create endless possibilities with this cello. 
I become the medium through which the music is being channeled, and in the process, when all is right, the music is transformed and so am I. 
(Music) 
(Applause) 
bjbjLULU JUDY WOODRUFF: 
And to our two-part look at immigration. 
On the U.S. Supreme Court docket Wednesday is a tough new law in Arizona. 
NewsHour correspondent Tom Bearden traveled there recently and sets the scene for tomorrow's arguments. 
TOM BEARDEN: 
Daniel Bell's family has raised cattle on this land along Arizona's southern border since the 1930s. 
But in the past few years, he's had to repair the simple barbed-wire fence that separates the U.S. from Mexico more and more often, because the steady stream of people entering the country illegally are always cutting it. 
DANlEL BELL, Arizona: 
So this is a common occurrence every day that we deal with on the ranch. 
TOM BEARDEN: 
Do you ever get mad about this? 
DANlEL BELL: 
It gets frustrating. 
It definitely does. 
TOM BEARDEN: 
Bell says the ranch has become a much more dangerous place, too. 
Do you fear for your life out here? 
DANlEL BELL: 
Yes, when we're out in places like this, where we don't have communications, and you're always thinking, what am I going to do if something happens? 
TOM BEARDEN: 
Have you ever come across armed people coming across the border? 
DANlEL BELL: 
Yes, I have, on several occasions. 
And the most recent one was actually when we were building this fence. 
We were hauling material in with a mule and we came around on a trail that's used by smugglers, and ran right into a group of about 10 people. 
I have two daughters now. 
That's Ida and her baby sister Rosa. 
And to the junk food industry I say this: my children - all of our children - are none of your business. 
(Applause) 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 

TV VOlCEOVER: 
What Jimmy didn't know was that Ralph was sick, a sickness of the mind. 
You see, Ralph was a homosexual, a person who demands an intimate relationship with members of their own sex. 
One never knows when the homosexual is about. 
He may appear normal, and it may be too late when you discover he is mentally ill. 
VAUGHAN MENESES: 
The problem, or some of the challenges, that are faced with being gay are actually not through being gay itself, but through the discrimination and the challenges that other people put upon us. 
My name is Vaughan Meneses. 
I'm the General Manager of OUTLine New Zealand. 
And we run an 0800 number which is 0800 OUTLlNE. 
The issues and the calls that we get now haven't really changed in nature in the last twenty-five-odd years that I've been taking these kinds of calls. 
So even though as a society we might like to think that we are much more accepting and 
liberal than we were twenty years ago, the story's not that much different. 
We know from research that quite a significant number of people from within the gay community do suffer from quite a lot of depression; we have a high risk of alcohol and drug dependence; we have high risks of suicide. 
Those are baseline mental health issues that confront a lot of us as individuals - disproportionately high for us as a community. 
When you grow up in a sort of heteronormative environment and you are gay, you don't feel as if you have a sense of belonging or community. 
When we come out, we actually have to learn a different language and different way of being, because we're brought up to be heterosexual people, essentially. 
We are not taught how to have our relationships with someone of the same gender, for instance, where the dynamic is different; we're not role-modelled that; we don't have those images and those constants through our lives that actually let us know that it's ok. 
There's a time, probably when we're heading into our late thirties and forties, which is actually quite a high risk time, particularly for a lot of men. 
It's a time when a lot of our peers, for instance, have moved into relationships and are drifting on, and we sometimes sense that we've lost our youth. 
We've got ourselves maybe financially secure and then we look around and say, 
'Well, what else is there?,' and quite often that can be a really high risk time for us in terms of depression and suicide as well. 
The older we get, the more invisible we become; we're more prone to have issues around depression or other mental health issues that might come to the fore during that time. 
Most of us as lesbian, gay, trans people don't actually build up a whole family environment behind us - an extended family that come and actually support and nurture us into old age. 
What happens is we grow old with our peers. 
There are also a lot of challenges with aged care services at the moment; they're real basic fundamental problems that we have in terms of our relationships being respected. 
If you went to an aged care facility, for instance, and asked if you could move in there with your same-sex partner, there are a lot of challenges around that; and if those people already have a mental illness, then that just compounds that and makes it really, really hard. 
What we're finding now, and our calls are up eighty percent year on year this year, is that we're doing a lot more counselling, and a lot of it is around those life-issues that people face: around their isolation, around depression, around coming out, around relationships. 
Mental illness is often invisible, and so is being gay, or being lesbian, or being trans. 
It's not until you get to certain points of confidence that you can actually start sharing that you have a mental illness or that you might be gay or lesbian, or, heaven forbid if you're a gay or lesbian that experiences mental illness. 
The most important thing that you can do when someone comes out is actually let them know that you still love them and that you're still there for them. 
Be there, and be involved. 
Ask about their partners, ask about their lives; find out what's going on in their lives in the same way that you would have with any other friend or family member in terms of conversations. 
And that is probably the single biggest thing that we can do in terms of our engagement with family and friends who are lesbian, gay, transgender, or with mental health issues, is actually engage them and validate that their experience is really important; and their lives are no less significant because of the new information that we've learned about them. 
It was no ordinary village election. 
As the people of Wukan in southern China voted for their local representatives, an observer from the US government was on hand! 
The open ballot was a key prize won by residents of the fishing community, on the Guangdong coast, after they took a stand against corruption. 
Protest leaders were arrested amid last year's popular uprising but against all odds, Wukan ultimately won concessions from the authorities. 
They came too late for the father of one man who died in custody in suspicious circumstances. 
However a key figure in the revolt has now won a landslide in this vote to become village chief. 
Wukan rebelled amid claims that local officials had stolen and illegally sold farmland. 
Its new administrative authority is being hailed by many as a model for greater grassroots democracy in China. 

I am an Accounting major. 
I am a Nursing major. 
Civil Engineering. 
Biology. 
I study Communications. 
Psychology. 
I study Marine Biology. 
Pharmacy. 
I'm a Communications major. 
Education. 
I'm a Sophomore, and I'm a Bio major. 
I want to be an Archaeologist. 
There's a very broad range of disciplines and fields of study that are offered here. 
Over eighty different majors to choose from. 
I am studying Medical Laboratory Sciences. 
I want to be an event planner. 
I'm and Education major. 
Criminal Justice. 
I think employers now are looking for people who are well rounded and who are thinking globally. 
They're one of the only schools that has an I.E.P. program. 
It stands for the International Engineering Program. 
It's a great opportunity to be able to go overseas. 
I'm studying abroad next year. 
The classes are awesome. 
The faculty is excellent. 
I love all of my professors. 
It's pretty easy for the professors to keep in touch with the students. 
Of course we make ourselves accessible. 
If you have a question, you can always contact them through mechanisms like the online learning system "sakai", through emails, through chat. 
They really care about their students which is great. 
It's fantastic every step of the way. 
Dorm life is great. 
I love, love living here. 
It's a great way to meet new people. 
It's alot of fun. 
You make so many new friends. 
I have a big room. 
That's nice. 
Living in the dorms is probably where I've met the most diverse group of people. 
Here at U.R.I., we have this thing called the Living and Learning Community. 
I lived in the Living Learning Community at Morrow. 
If you need help, you'd go to your neighbors. 
If you have some kind of random question, all you'd have to do is poke your head out the hallway and ask someone, which is so convenient. 
Chances are somebody else will understand it. 
The food's phenomenal I really like how we have a variety of food. 
The grilled cheese. 
I have never had onion rings like I have at home. 
Well I'd definitely say that my favorite food in the stir fry. 
The stir fry. 
They're crispy, the onions are soft. 
I like to get the omelettes at Butterfield. 
On weekdays, there's omelettes. 
All you can eat buffet. 
Its alot of variety, there's alot of options here on campus. 
I like to put yogurt and granola and banana in a bowl and mix it up. 
It's healthy if you're trying to eat healhty. 
Usually every Friday, it's nacho night. 
There's plenty of pizza and chicken nuggets, everything a college student needs. 
I love the campus. 
I fell in love with the campus. 
A ton of nice people here. 
You can't help but smile, it's so nice here. 
The quad is what I really like. 
For about ten minutes a day, every hour, people come together. 
We're very diverse. 
Absolutely beautiful. 
Fresh air, and the weather here's pretty awesome. 
The seasons, they're all awesome. 
It's a big University, but they still give you a sense of community. 
Small but big at the same time. 
You feel connected to all the students. 
It has a small feel in a big place. 
Hands down the best school. 
Any interests that you have can be accommodated somewhere. 
What I like about U.R.I. is they have alot of clubs that are specific to your major. 
We have over a hundred different clubs here. 
Making alot of good friends is fun. 
If there's something specific you want to do, you can probably find another group of active people who want to do the same thing as you. 
If you're looking for something, you can find it. 
Whether it's community service based, or maybe you want to be on student senate, or news paper, the year book. 
The Ryan Center is a pretty awesome facility. 
The concerts are getting alot better around here. 
I have alot of friends in the student entertainment committee, so I always get really good seats. 
I love my job, I work on campus. 
Over here, we have all of our U.R.I. merchandise. 
Sweatshirts, sweatpants, tshirts, beach towels for the beach. 
You can go to the beach. 
The closest one is probably 
Narragansett. 
Boston and New York are really close to U.R.I.. 
Newport's not far if you wanna go. 
This semester, I've been to the gym every week day. 
Gym hours are very flexible. 
Everyone gets together, they do what they have to do. 
They have free weights, they have machines. 
The exercise machines are awesome. 
I'm involved in the U.R.I. marching band. 
I definitely love being at the football games and really channeling the school spirit. 
You have the football team here. 
The games are so much fun to go to. 
Alot of students get into it. 
We have a real close team. 
The basketball is great. 
My favorite sport is college basketball. 
Lots of great rivalries. 
You kind of just really get into it because everyones energy is high. 
It really gives me that sense of school spirit. 
I really feel like I've 
learned alot and gotten alot of life lessons from all of the activities outside of my classes sometimes. 
You're gonna gain a really great education. 
I think it's a really great option, especially financially. 
They really focus on making sure that you get the bang for your buck. 
I feel like I'm getting a good deal. 
Get the most out of your college career because it goes by quick. 
The education I'm getting here is great. 
They prepare us well for the real world. 
Wow, I really have gotten alot out of the University. 
I love U.R.I. 
For this question, we do a little recap of our packet protocol. 
If we look at this wave form here you have the clock at the top. 
We have the valid signals that says, we are transmitting data. 
And then, the valid signal goes low the 
last cycle of the packet we are sending out a parity. 
In the second packet here, packet 2, you can see that while we're transmitting a packet, we can suspend that packet by asserting the suspensd signal. 
And therefore, the data transmissions will be delayed and the packet will not transmit until the suspensd signal goes again low. 
This is a waveform. 
Now, let's emulate some waveform debugging. 
The question here is in which of these cycles is the protocol being violated? 
Remember, the packet starts when the valid signal goes high. 
It gets interrupted by the suspend signal. 
And then, the packet ends, when the valid goes low and the parity byte gets transmitted. 
We are only 
looking at the control signal here. 
Please go ahead and check off the cycles from one to seven. 
Which one of these is a protocol violation? 
Do you remember what you were thinking about when you were doing your performance? 
It's nerve-wrecking. 
Budweiser Apresenta 
TURNlNG POlNTS Momentos decisivos de carreira 
So, we're back here. 
First show we did here. 
XXX 
Somebody had suggested that maybe we wouldn't be a real band unless we played live. 
We must do it now. 
This was a moment to actually see if we could put off any kind of existence. 
BE ACTUAL INSTEAD OF VlRTUAL. 
I was over there and I had this big, fat white speaker and you could see my showbusiness in a nice, big white speakerhead. 
And I had the laptop. 
I had to put it on my feet for it not to be seen. 
We're not really playing with a laptop. 
It kind of felt like a weird kind of karaoke gig, didn't it? 
- A little bit, yeah. 
- Risky karaoke. 
We had our friends and stuff in the audience. 
It was definitely full to the back cause it was a small venue. 
Those were the day when performing was the scary experience where I kind of escape from my body. to get me through the gig and then would come out the other side: 
"Oh! 
Did we do it? 
Is it finished?" 
Something made the whole thing actually plausible somehow. 
We got away with it. 
I remember coming offstage and being like: 
"I think that actually went alright." 
Uma Produção noisey 
Para Mais TURNlNG POlNTS facebook.com/budweiser / budweisermusic.com 
Prof: 
Okay everybody, let's start in. 
Today I want to talk about green building and the opportunity to also think about the laws that surround green building, and also the energy implications of green building standards. 
And I'd like to also address the history by having you think about the way that these standards have evolved over time, particularly the evolution of certification programs. 
So the idea of certification, I want you to think about it quite broadly at the outset. 
Because it basically implies that certain standards are being applied to something. 
It might be a product, it could be a service. 
It could be a neighborhood, a city. 
So that the idea that there is an expert group that would review something, whether or not it's your academic preparation and performance, or whether or not it's a building's performance, and then certify it, give it a symbol. 
It would rank it relative to others. 
One obvious example would be looking at a GPA on a transcript. 
Well, what we'll see after today's lecture is that the green building programs that have evolved in Europe, in the United States, and Australia, they really are based on that same kind of concept. 
So how would you rate the environmental and health responsibility and energy efficiency of new building standards? 
How would they apply or how might they apply to renovation projects? 
So I'm basically going to use the lecture today to share with you an overview of a paper that will be published in about two weeks that is a critique of the U.S. 
Green Building Council's program known as LEED. 
So I'd like you also think about the importance of the building sector in its demand for energy in the United States. 
Buildings consume seventy-six percent of the U.S. electricity and emit almost half of the nation's greenhouse gases. 
So that how we manage the future of building and development will very much influence the intensity of energy demand. 
Keep in mind also that the U.S. consumes more energy than any other country in the world, and U.S. consumers consume nearly twenty-five percent of the world's energy and only accounts for five percent of the world's population. 
So that our energy demand is increasing at about two percent per year. 
So why might that be? 
I mean, obviously, we're changing our behavior. 
We're changing our technology and our dependence on technology. 
And also the environments that we shape around us have enormous implications for energy that often are not well understood, for a variety of reasons. 
You, for example, probably have no understanding of how your daily behavior and variability in your behavior might influence your daily energy demand. 
The way that you manage your computers, the way that you manage your windows, your air exchange between indoor and outdoor environments, the way you manage lights, whether or not you have a car on campus. 
If you do, how often do you use it? 
Where do you park it? 
What's its fuel efficiency? 
So thinking about how to keep track of an individual's energy demand is really not in most people's minds clearly defined. 
So as I just said, the contribution to the climate change problem and our dependence on foreign oil is really very much dependent upon the way that we build and the way that we set up standards to encourage energy efficiency. 
So thirty-nine percent of CO_2 emissions come from the building sector, forty percent of total energy consumption, thirteen percent of water consumption, and about fifteen percent of gross domestic product per year is associated with the building sector. 
Think about the different patterns of growth and how the different patterns of growth and neighborhood development influence the way that we use energy. 
These houses are not connected, so they can't gain any benefit for heat conservation by having adjoining walls. 
They all had their own yards. 
And in fact, if you think about how people move around in these kinds of neighborhoods, you'd realize that because of the fencing in the back yard and without gates that go between all the different lots it would be quite normal for somebody to get in a car and then drive all the way around the block to take their kids to somebody else's house that might be less than a baseball throw away. 
So that patterns of development encourage patterns of transit that have just an enormous influence on the way that we consume electricity, but also petroleum products. 
So think also about the cities in the nation that during the 1990s and over the past decade have experienced some of the most rapid rates of growth. 
Well, these include Las Vegas. 
And Las Vegas is expanding into the desert in a manner and at a density that is suburban, it's sprawling. 
But it's unusual in Las Vegas because of the arid environment. 
So that the every house would likely have a lawn, the lawn would require sprinkling. 
Many of these houses also, once they're built out, would have swimming pools. 
So that think about the way that the use of water demands energy to not just move it around, not just the distribution, but also filtration and also the energy that goes into putting in the infrastructure to move it around. 
Now, on Thursday, I'm going to come back and talk more about the new town movement in the United States and this problem of managing growth at a larger scale than today's 
lecture, which is really focused on the individual buildings. 
But it is interesting that a movement evolved in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States to design neighborhoods, to design whole new communities in a way that would take into account some of these problems. 
Irvine, California is the example in this slide. 
And you can see the center of the campus, but you can also see the large academic buildings surrounding a green in the center, and then in the adjacent areas, you have recreational facilities, but also higher density housing nearby. 
So a very walkable community, one that is not based on the idea of segregating land uses, commercial versus residential versus industrial versus recreational. 
So that in suburban Connecticut, you put your kids in a car and you drive from the area where you live to where you work to the recreational area to dance lessons, whatever it is. 
So that this community was intentionally designed back in the '60s and '70s in a way that would provide for mixed land uses and offer opportunities for much increased pedestrian traffic. 
As opposed to suburban areas around New Haven, here's an example of a community about twenty miles away that many of my colleagues live in. 
And this is zoning at a scale of about one unit per four to five acres. 
So each of these houses has a strip of land that reaches back from it into an area that might otherwise be common open space. 
So that this low-density development demands even more time spent in cars and more fuel. 
A good example of a house in a more rural part of Connecticut. 
So keep these things in mind as you're thinking about your own behavior, the way you grew up, and you try to consider how your lifestyle choices influenced your family's consumption level. 
Also, I want you to think about the idea of size, and how we are increasingly dependent upon many consumer products in our lives that are larger than they used to be. 
And housing is no exception. 
So that the average house size in 2009 is grown to about 2,500 square feet, with about two point three on average people per house. 
That's really pretty remarkable. 
So you know, roughly 1,000 square feet per person. 
Whereas back in 1950, the average number of people in a house was much closer to three, a little bit over three with the post-World War II baby boom, with a total size of 800 square feet. 
So the house size has grown by three fold. 
In 1970, it grew to 1,500 feet. 
So the energy demands of a larger house like that are actually quite difficult to predict if you try to take into account the diversity of building materials. 
Boy, I apologize for this. 
And, you know, one of you might go outside and 
let them know that there's a lecture going on in here. 
That would be really nice. 
The construction is creating also diesel fumes inside the building. 
Many of the garages that you find in suburban areas also have grown in size. 
So here's an example of a garage that is actually larger than the average house size was back in 1950. 
This is probably about a twenty-two, twenty-three by thirty foot house. 
So that's roughly 1,200 square feet, pretty interesting. 
Now think about the way that space is laid out. 
So here's a studio apartment on the right hand side. 
And you see a dining table, a kitchenette, walk-in closet and a bath on the upper level. 
Whereas the base level is dominated by a garage. 
So that we're allocating less space indoors to our bedrooms than we are to our auto storage areas. 
Also, many buildings are now constructed with much more glass in them than previously. 
And the newer high-end buildings are using special glass that is designed to reflect radiation so that it's not absorbed. 
But different glasses are really designed for different climatic regions so that some are more efficient at reflecting radiation that are used in southern climates that are warmer. 
And others are more efficient at providing insulation, so they've got a barrier in the interior that basically protects against heat loss. 
So that overall though, buildings' increased use of windows has created increased energy demands. 
Also lighting. 
And also the way that we have increasingly designed bathrooms to have more than one fixture. 
So here's an example of a shower stall that has multiple showerheads in it, multiple faucets. 
So that water demand is often increased in bathrooms designed 
like this. 
Most green building programs also attempt to regulate the building materials that are used in furnishings. 
So here's an example of a bookcase and set of drawers that seemingly are made out of oak. 
But this is actually an oak veneer. 
And if you have been up in Kroon Hall where the Forestry and Environmental Studies School is, you may know that about seventy percent of the wood that's on the interior of this was grown on Yale property, on Yale forests. 
It also is red oak, but it's solid red oak. 
It's not a veneer. 
So what's beneath the veneer? 
Here you can see a strip of pressboard that is faced with a white oak surface. 
But the interior is basically low-grade wood chips of a variety of different species that are compressed together and they are mixed up in liquid form with adhesives and then they are rolled out in a strip and then cut into a variety of different sizes. 
The adhesives have compounds that are often proprietary and even unknown to most who purchase them or sell them at building supply houses. 
They commonly contain adhesives that are epoxy resins, some of which contain bisphenol-A that we talked about earlier in the course. 
But also formaldehyde is a component that is commonly used that is an allergen and it's a suspected carcinogen. 
I'd like you to think too about the problem of your understanding. 
How could you increase your understanding of the energy intensity of your own lifestyle? 
Well, here's a pretty good example of the way that houses that were built in the 1990s and previously are metered. 
So that this is at your utility junction box, where the line comes in from the road. 
This is my meter. 
I have the same brand. 
And it's got five dials on it. 
And you might think, well that's not that tough to figure out. 
But if you walk up to it, you'll see that the dials actually have the numbers that on the first dial on the left, it goes from lowest to highest in a clockwise motion. 
But in the second it goes from lowest to highest in a counterclockwise motion. 
So they switch on as you move across the screen. 
So this is actually a very difficult thing to keep track of. 
Now also, you might wonder well, how would I find out how my variance in behavior, how I manage my computers or my 
lights or my water consumption, or how big a refrigerator I have, how is that going to affect my electric bill? 
It's really hard to figure it out given this kind of a metering system. 
Because if you can decipher what the meter says, you'll only get a total figure for your consumption. 
Now, this has created an opportunity for people to design a variety of smart meters that keep track of energy intake and use and how it's distributed in a house for different purposes. 
So that I tried to figure this out given my dial meter at my home and ended up turning off absolutely everything in the house and then starting up appliances one by one. 
So I'd start the refrigerator and I'd turn the refrigerator off. 
I'd start a dryer, start a dishwasher, but that would be the only appliance that I would have running. 
But you can imagine, every time you plug in one and then go out to the meter and take a reading, come back in, unplug it and plug in something else, it's going to take you a very 
long time to figure out where you're spending your money. 
By doing that over a period of about eight hours, 
I was able to save about twenty-five percent of my average monthly energy bill by figuring out how to restrict access or fully turn off different appliances in the house. 
Building products and building construction is normally regulated by a variety of building codes, many of which have been adopted internationally. 
So that these codes apply to materials, they apply to electrical systems, they apply to energy sources, fire prevention, mechanical, heating and ventilation and air condition systems, plumbing. 
They even apply to historical sites and in earthquake-prone parts of the country, they have a code that is distinctive in California for earthquake stability. 
So that these codes evolved originally as being voluntary, so that they were not formally adopted by state or local governments. 
But now you'll find most states do have similar kinds of building codes. 
And they were originally designed to promote understanding of the functionality and the safety and the durability of different kinds of products, also to promote truth in labeling. 
But they never really were designed to promote environmental responsibility, health protection or energy efficiency. 
So that the green building movement was really ripe for a brand new certification system that would apply a variety of different kinds of standards. 
And the three programs that I'll mention today include the 
LEED program by the U.S. 
Green Building Council, the BREEAM program in the 
United Kingdom, and the Green Star program in 
Australia. 
And the BRE Environmental Assessment Method is perhaps the best known in the world right now, and it's the most widely adopted throughout Europe. 
And it set standards for best practices in sustainable design and has become really a de facto measure used to describe a building's environmental performance within the European 
Union. 
Australia has the Green Star program, which is national, it's also voluntary, that evaluates construction, environmental design, and has been particularly well developed for commercial structures, especially office buildings in downtown districts, where about eleven percent of the buildings have been constructed and certified under the program. 
So its purposes are to first of all, try to figure out a common 
language and common definition for what "green" is. 
So that before the National Organic Food Standard was adopted, there was no national consistency in the definition of what organic food was, so it varied by certification scheme. 
The Green Star program also sets measurement standards. 
So that there is a common approach to measuring say energy consumption or the capacity of different building materials, such as electrical conduit. 
And they also promoted a whole building design, so that one would think about not just the individual components, the individual building materials or the different systems, and by systems, I mean like water supply, electrical supply, perhaps the heating and ventilation system, plumbing. 
But to figure out how to put all of these components together in a way that would minimize the long-term adverse affect on environmental quality or human health or energy loss. 
So this idea that one would think about building materials and the style of design in a way that would consider the ultimate product lifecycle, this is really a pretty new idea in the building industry. 
So that, you know, what's going to happen to that 
PVC pipe that exists in your house when your building gets torn down? 
What's going to happen to the copper piping that delivers the water? 
Well, the PVC pipe, you can almost be assured is going to be either burned or it's going to be discarded in a 
landfill. 
But the copper piping is highly likely to be recycled because of its market value. 
So differences in these programs are normally associated with the way that they allocate credits or points to buildings for different purposes. 
But they really are quite similar in their attempt to promote energy conservation, concern for chemical life cycles, as well as human health. 
So the Green Building Council evolved, beginning in 1993. 
And this is what I want to focus on now for the remainder of the session. 
And it is a voluntary nonprofit organization that has no government affiliation, although it was started by a grant from the U.S. 
Energy Department. 
So this is created with a board of directors that include people that have expertise in architecture and engineering as well as some of the largest development firms, construction firms, in the nation. 
There are really not a number of people on this board or on the staff that have deep environmental or health expertise. 
And its orientation has predominantly been to promote energy efficiency. 
They claim that the benefits of this leadership in energy and environmental design, which is what the LEED acronym stands for, that it has three predominant purposes. 
One is to promote environmental quality. 
The second is economic development to basically stimulate a new type of building and new building materials that are more environmentally responsible. 
Sorry about the noise. 
And also to promote healthy lifestyles within buildings and communities. 
And by healthy lifestyles within a building, 
I'll give you one example. 
A colleague of mine works at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta, and they have a relatively new building. 
And just as a healthy lifestyle attribute, they decided that instead of putting a staircase in the back of the building and the elevator right near the front door when people walked in, that they would reverse that. 
So the elevator was put in the back and the staircase was surrounded by glass panels that made it really light, sunlight steams through and attractive. 
So that people, when they go into the building, normally walk up the stairs, a seven- or eight- story building. 
So that this individual who directed the National Center for 
Environmental Health told me that he and his staff, that nobody uses the elevator, everybody goes up and down the stairs. 
So it saves energy, the elevator is not used much. 
And it also is healthy, it's burning up calories. 
So that the purpose of LEED falls into a variety of categories. 
One is sustainable sites, another is water efficiency, another is energy and atmosphere, another is materials and resources. 
The fifth is indoor environmental quality, and the fourth is really creativity and innovation in design. 
So I mean, you might image different categories might be a part of a system such as this. 
But there are interesting questions about the relative importance that these categories should be assigned. 
Should you be assigned as much about the nature of the site that's chosen for building? 
Whether or not it's remote and is going to be in a green field area as opposed to the site that might be hazardous and contaminated? 
So that the Kroon Hall up on Prospect Street across from the 
Whale, Kroon Hall was built on a highly contaminated site. 
So that a former power plant was there, and a lot of work had to be done to clean that site up to remove contaminated debris as well as other infrastructure, the heating and electrical and hot air conduits that go from the power plant up to Science Hill, particularly Kline Science Tower. 
So that the idea that you would give more credits to a building program that would not chew up undisturbed areas that are in say the suburbs, you'd give more credit to those that were actively going to restore sites, is an interesting concept. 
The certification program that I'm going to talk about today has to do with new construction and renovation. 
Although there are other programs that LEED has, for example a program for schools, a program for homes. 
So that in this program, there are a hundred base points plus ten possible bonus points. 
And there are different levels of certification that can be achieved. 
So if you achieve forty to forty-nine points, you are certified. 
Up to fifty to fifty-nine points, you're given a silver certification, a gold is sixty to seventy-nine, and then platinum is eighty to a hundred and ten points. 
You could imagine a variety of different strategies here that would hold the bar higher for the base level of certification or perhaps hold the bar higher for only the platinum level. 
The Kroon Building was just certified to be a platinum building, as an example. 
So these are the different kinds of certification programs that LEED has beneath its umbrella. 
And as I mentioned, the first one, new construction and renovation, is the subject of today's talk. 
But also, schools, core and shell components of buildings, neighborhood development, retail facilities, healthcare facilities, commercial interiors, and homes. 
Sorry, I've got a couple of duplicate slides here. 
So I'd like you to think about sustainable sites. 
Credits can be awarded for building on previously developed 
land. 
They give additional credits for minimizing impacts on ecosystems and waterways, for promoting landscaping that is regionally appropriate. 
So if for example, in the slide that I showed in 
Arizona, if you were trying to get LEED certification for a new project, you would need to be very careful about the kind of landscaping that you put in, making certain that it wasn't water dependent. 
Whether or not the building site encourages access to public transportation, so proximity say, to a rail station would improve the number of points. 
The control of storm water runoff, and erosion. 
So as an example there, Kroon Hall has a very large gutter that overhangs the south side and funnels water down into that water garden that is on the eastern side of the structure. 
Then that water moves through a filtration plant inside the building, and then is recycled into gray water, so that it is used for removal of human waste in the bathrooms. 
Well, also, here's an example of how that building achieved certain points by the restoration program, digging out the old contaminated lands and rebuilding. 
So for each of these categories, I'm not going to spend much time on this. 
But for each of the categories, you can achieve points in different directions. 
And you can imagine that the way that these points are allocated category by category could have a pretty significant implication for providing encouragement. 
By the way, why would a developer want to be LEED certified anyway? 
What's the value? 
Well, I mentioned one value that would be to the building industry at large, which is creating an incentive for a new line of products and a new approach to building design that would create jobs and cause the industry to grow generally. 
But most developers are in this because they know that if they achieve certification and the property value is higher, they can demand a premium for the structure or the complex. 
So that in this case, the sustainable sites category allows one to seek about twenty-three percent of total number of credits that are possible. 
So that these can be awarded for brownfield redevelopment, for alternative transportation, the bike storage area that you find behind Osborne Laboratory caused FES to gain additional points. 
The management of storm water, trying to manage a heat island effect, reduce that intensity of heat absorption by creating green roofs. 
There was a green roof that's on part of that site. 
Water efficiency also is a source of possible points, about nine percent of the total. 
So that within this category, appliance efficiency, fixtures and fittings are good examples of different ways of saving water as well as the landscaping that I mentioned earlier. 
And I wanted to mention a couple of kind of relatively recent technological designs. 
One is these leverless faucets that sense your presence, either by an electronic eye or sensing heat that causes them to turn on and off. 
And it's kind of interesting. 
You know, I have become more curious about this and watch people's hand washing behavior, particularly in places like airports. 
And it's really common to have a whole array of these things on a countertop. 
And people often have to move from one the other to get one to work. 
And after that happens a number of times, people I think are more likely just to not wash their hands. 
So there's a sanitation problem that is potentially associated with it. 
If you go into the men's rooms and look at the flushless urinals, you will immediately recognize that there is a serious problem in Kroon. 
And it's led many to argue that they really would rather make the tradeoff between the odor in the bathroom that might otherwise be managed by improving the heating and ventilation system. 
So that right now, no water is used in this toilet, only a synthetic compound is put in to try to maintain its sanitation. 
But it often is not as effective as it is promoted to be. 
So that water efficiency can be achieved in a variety of ways. 
The faucets themselves are often fitted with restrictions in flow so that if you're interested in taking a more powerful shower, you'll need to figure out how to get the flow restrictor out, which many people do try. 
The flow restrictor itself is governed by local and state building codes. 
And it was kind of interesting to me, it was an education for me. 
When I wondered, I asked a plumber who was installing a new faucet in my sink, and I said, you know, I really would like a larger rate of flow in this sink so that I could be more effective in washing dishes or whatever. 
And he said, well you know, you really don't understand the energy implications of not restricting the flow. 
And if you thought about it, then you'd realize that the energy costs are really quite high to move the water to your home. 
And I said, "Well, I've got my own well." 
He said, "Well think about where the energy is coming from that causes your pump to lift the water 600 feet. 
And then also think about the more water that you use, the more waste you create, so you're likely to disperse biological and chemical contaminants more broadly." 
So my plumber gave me a lesson in environmental behavior that I thought was quite valuable. 
So the majority, not the majority, but the highest proportion of points or credits are awarded under the LEED program for energy and atmospheric concerns. 
So that new buildings can obtain points by monitoring energy consumption, and this is being pretty carefully done in Kroon Hall, as an example. 
And the orientation of the building, of Kroon, it's facing east to west, so that it has more window space on the south side to absorb more solar radiation. 
It also has solar panels that run across the south side and a variety of other saving techniques. 
So that the dominance of energy and energy conservation in the 
LEED certification and credit program relative to these other categories is quite interesting. 
With respect to materials and resources, the management of waste is also more intensely monitored within a 
LEED-certified building. 
And when a building is actually certified, it's not certified forever, it's certified for a fixed period of time, often only a single year. 
And a building is not certified until it can demonstrate that it has performed at a level of X during that year. 
So it's kind of an interesting idea. 
If a building's heating and ventilation system malfunctions, then a year or two down the road, it's not going to be recertified. 
Indoor environmental quality is increasingly a concern, and only fifteen points compared to about thirty-four points in the energy category. 
Only fifteen points are allocated for indoor environmental quality. 
Now, what does that mean? 
It generally means a concern for the chemical content of the indoor environment. 
But it also includes the opportunity to gain points for natural daylight and views, and also for acoustical control, noise control, so that the situation that we're experiencing here might be avoided. 
Now, you know, again, think about the importance of this in terms of human chemical exposure given the fact that we spend so much time indoors. 
You know this diagram is now a couple of years old. 
But in the latter part of the 1990s, 
EPA was estimating that about eighty-six, eighty-seven percent of time was spent indoors, about five percent of time was spent in a vehicle. 
So thinking about the chemical content of the indoor environment is important, especially for certain subgroups, like kids. 
This can be managed in a variety of ways. 
And you could think, well, the ventilation rate or the air exchange rate, indoor to outdoor, is one way of doing that, depending upon where your building is. 
So in general, outdoor air quality is better than indoor air quality, unless you live in proximity to an industrial area or to a highway. 
So that being able to mechanically and individually control windows is an important strategy for managing air quality. 
But also thinking about a variety of different materials and compounds that are brought into the built environment, so that some compounds and some products are discouraged under this program. 
So that paints, for example, that emit a high level of volatile organic compounds are discouraged. 
So low emitting paints, varnishes, polyurethanes, are now designated. 
So that if you look at the can of oil-based paint, you'll find that roughly two and a half pounds of volatile organic compounds are contained. 
Whereas certain paints are now manufactured with no volatile organic compounds. 
You might also think about the compact fluorescents that pose kind of an interesting problem in that they contain mercury. 
So that this is a piece of personal advice for you, as you install or remove compact fluorescents, be really careful about them. 
Because if they break in your room, it's going to scatter mercury around, and the mercury will vaporize. 
If it gets into a rug and you vacuum the rug, the rug is going to give off the mercury vapors, and it will increase the volatilization rate. 
And it will be just about impossible to completely remove the mercury from the room. 
So this is a problem associated with the compact fluorescents that is turning into a rather interesting and serious dilemma for waste management. 
So not many people really want to take an old burned out light bulb back to a recycling center. 
In fact, the probability of getting it there without breaking it is probably not too great. 
And also, think about again, plastics and landfill. 
An increasing proportion of the interior built environment is made up of a variety of plastics that we've talked about in the past. 
But the extremely low chance that plastics are going to be recycled is a logic to rethink the way that points are allocated. 
There was an interesting debate inside the Green Building 
Council about polyvinylchloride plastics and whether or not PVCs ought to be either banned or whether or not you would have credits removed if you used PVC, as opposed to a more recyclable product like polyethylene, that most soda bottles are made out of. 
But they decided not to do that, which is quite curious. 
So thinking about the kinds of materials that are put down on floors, the sealants also. 
This is encouraged. 
Credits can be gained if you choose not just the low VOC paints, but also the clear finishes. 
Also, you'll find a variety of products, including this type of a vinyl flooring that you could see in 
Kroon Hall, particularly in the stairwells, that gives off volatile compounds that I haven't been able to identify and the manufacturers are not required to label. 
So think about the variety of different products that go into the construction of a building, and how these products may change the chemical content of that environment. 
So that the quality of the air exchange system is really critical to govern the chemical exposures that occur. 
And this is particularly the case in a new building. 
As an example, rugs. 
Rugs may be made out of natural products, natural fibers, such as wool or cotton or now increasingly some reed material from South America. 
But rugs that are made out of synthetic compounds and their backing, many are recommending that those be aired out in a warehouse or in a garage for a period of time, up to a couple weeks before they're installed so that occupants of new buildings would not be exposed to those fumes. 
A couple of other examples that are not managed by LEED. 
Certain golf courses have been certified. 
Whereas the expectation on the part of the Green Building 
Council is that the chemicals that are used are regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. 
And the chemicals that are used on golf courses are commonly quite a complex mixture. 
And as you remember from the pesticide section of the course, many of these have not been fully tested. 
A variety of insulating materials also can expose workers at levels that are potentially hazardous to their health. 
So that some acrylics, for example, that play an important role in increasing the energy efficiency of a building, but they can lead to worker exposure situations. 
So thinking about whether or not LEED should get involved in concern about the production of the chemical and its application and the way that it's actually used to build a building is interesting. 
LEED has also certified a bottling plant, raising kind of an interesting question. 
Well, what if say DuPont Corporation wanted to build a plant to produce a variety of chemicals that were extremely hazardous, and perhaps they got into water or air or soil. 
Should they be allowed to get platinum or LEED certification for that structure? 
Should Nestle be allowed to gain certification for marketing products that are not likely to be recycled? 
Here's another example of a project that was certified in 
Florida. 
And you remember the lecture last week about barrier islands. 
Well, this owner owns the tract of land slicing across a barrier island from the bay to the shoreline, and obviously, has quite intensively developed it. 
You know, seeing the amount of square footage in homes and the 
low occupancy rates has led me to wonder about whether or not the government might think about regulating square foot per person or cubic foot per person. 
I mean, how much space do we really need per person? 
So I'm going to run through just a few summary of findings here before I close today that should give you a sense of what's working and what's not working too well with the LEED program. 
These standards have been designed by a voluntary nonprofit organization. 
But they've been adopted increasingly at all levels of government in law. 
So they've been added to Connecticut's laws, for example. 
So that Connecticut now requires that new buildings that are going to cost more than five million dollars need LEED certification. 
Many of the Department of Energy's programs are now designed to encourage giving of grants to projects that gain 
LEED certification or would gain LEED certification. 
And many local governments are now adopting these standards. 
So that what's happening here is that the standards are being developed by a voluntary nonprofit organization really to promote a new form of growth and development. 
But they're being incorporated wholesale into a variety of different levels of government without really thinking critically about what's working well and what's not. 
There's now no federal definition of what a green building standard should be. 
Clearly this program gives a higher priority to energy efficiency over indoor environmental quality or human health. 
And if I were going to design a statute that would encourage green building, it would certainly give increased precedence to public health concerns and the chemical content of buildings. 
The Green Building Council has very little expertise in human health, and that in part explains why these standards are not well developed in that area. 
Still, the green certification program, the LEED program, gives a false impression of healthy buildings. 
And tighter buildings are more energy efficient, but tighter buildings also more effectively contain chemicals that get into indoor air. 
So that no level of certification, even the highest level, the platinum rating, assures health protection. 
LEED also neglects drinking water, so that drinking water supplies are managed in the nation predominantly by the Safe 
Drinking Water Act and the maximum contaminant level standards. 
So there is no requirement under LEED to filter water, despite the fact that many water lines are capable of transmitting not just metals but also some of the components of plastics. 
So that the core problem with respect to managing chemicals in the indoor environment and the ultimate life cycle of chemicals has to do with Congress's inactivity, its failure to demand that chemicals that are used in the building industry be labeled, that they be tested before they're used. 
So that it's creating a pattern of exposure that really we don't understand well. 
We know we're being exposed to a brand new mixture of compounds. 
So what kinds of recommendations might you think about to improve this system? 
Well one would be to simplify the scoring system so that rather than using the platinum, the gold standards, 
I would prefer to see a scale that was simply a zero to one hundred scale so that people would not have the incentive just to get to eighty points so that that would ensure that they would be awarded the platinum certification. 
I think that the categories of certification need to be diversified so that if the Green Building Council judged and scored a project's performance in separate categories, developers would have an incentive to score higher in all those categories. 
In other words, set up a separate scoring system for indoor environmental quality and human health. 
Set up a separate system for energy efficiency. 
Set up a separate system for water supply. 
But whether or not we want to have this system managed by a nonprofit organization that is run by the board of directors that have predominately for-profit organizations, that's another basic question. 
So should the federal government take this over? 
So this system is not designed in its current form to encourage the use of safer chemicals in the building industry. 
So that what kinds of innovations might encourage builders to want to buy building products that contain safer products? 
Well, they would certainly need to know what the chemicals were in the products so that there's a labeling issue that needs to be confronted. 
But also, there's a testing issue as well. 
The Green Building Council also has the opportunity not to disclose the results of its building performance tests. 
So that the public really has no opportunity to hold the Green 
Building Council accountable for its declaration of performance in different categories. 
So I think I'll close with the thought that this is a very interesting historical example of how certification standards evolved in a nonprofit organization that really is representing for-profit industries, the large building products industry, the major building companies, large architectural firms and engineering firms. 
And this program has no accountability at all to the 
United States public, at the same time that it's being built into law at all levels of government. 
So something seems really very much out of whack. 
And it demands I think a pretty careful review. 
One critical improvement could be made if minimum performance criteria were set within each of the specified categories: sustainable sites, energy, the category for indoor environmental quality. 
So that if there were minimum and protective standards set inside those categories, it would go a long way to meeting some of the objections I just raised. 
Okay. 
Thank you very much. 
We'll come back to larger questions of community design on 
Thursday. 
This is a video about how Vi Hart creates her videos. 
He is filming a video about how I actually make my videos but I am filming  a video about How I make a video about how I make a video... 
She's famous for being YouTube's most popular Mathemusician and a Khan Academy employee. 
If you haven't seen any of her videos, go to  youtube.com/vihart and watch a few of them. 
Vi aims to make videos that show math is cool and  she's doing a great job of achieving her goal. 
For example, ever since seeing her videos about plants and the Fibonacci spirals and Sponge Bob's pineapple when I watch an episode of Sponge Bob or see a pine cone, 
I've become aware of patterns I never seen before... 
Vi Hart has been featured in newspapers including the New York Times, on the YouTube home page several times, and on the YouTube channel "The VlogBrothers" from Hank and John Green. 
"Nerd fighters, Click here watch a Vi Hart video  and your whole life will be changed" 
Well, who am I? 
Well, I am Ethan Bresnick 
I am a student and short filmmaker. 
Although math is not my thing, making films is and I want to show you how Vi Hart makes her videos. 
Vi starts by writing a script, first. 
If you are interested in how she writes scripts, click on the link in the description below to  view an example of her script writing. 
It takes Vi anywhere from a few hours to a  day to write a script for a doodling video 
Videos that require research take up to a week or even a month! 
But sometimes it takes a few weeks, as in the  case of her "What Was Up with Pythagoras?" video, to make sure that nothing was embarrassingly wrong. 
Vi spent several months researching and scripting her plant series of videos. 
For you tech geeks out there, Vi uses Microsoft Word on her work computer and Open Office on her home. 
Next, she shoots her videos. 
"Filming time!" 
Shooting is one of the shortest parts in her process. 
While she usually shoots her videos alone from start to finish, sometimes she offers supporting roles to a few of Khan Academy's interns and employees. 
They are eager to help out. 
We are just going to do the old switcheroo 
You can finish out writing this 100 times. 
Keep going! 
It kinda like, you smear it on the back of my hand. 
Okay we need more snakes! 
Hand out of the frame! 
What is this fractal snake doing here? 
Vi uses speed ramps and transitions, effects available in Adobe Premiere to produce a fluid switch between her hands and the intern's hands. 
My video includes snippets of Vi's video and  her video includes snippets of my video so our two videos are intertwined, like Escher's Drawing Hands 
When I began watching Vi's videos, I wanted to know where Vi sets her camera and desk when shooting her doodling videos. 
Alright! 
So I got my tripod with my camera. 
Looking at my notebook. 
And I guess usually you don't know what else is on my desk. 
In this case...Well there is always going to be sharpies everywhere on all sides... and possibly some snakes... 
I have this pen holder for holding my sharpies...but  very quickly they end up screwing around. 
My script is here for reference. 
I have some lights clipped  to random things...That I may or may not use. 
Sometimes I like to spin around in my chair when I am waiting 
I do a lot of chair spinning... 
Many of you may be wondering whether she storyboards her doodling? 
No! 
She just draws whatever fits her script. 
After shooting, she does a voiceover, typically at home  because it is quieter than her office. 
She uses a Blue Microphone to capture the best possible sound. 
She records straight into Audacity, a free audio editor and recorder. 
As you'll learn later on in this video the vlogbrothers appreciated vi's videos and as a present gave  her a mic and a higher resolution camera than the one she had been using before. 
If you look closely at my video, you can see  Vi is shooting on a Canon VlXIA HF M40. 
Next Vi edits her video. 
She uses Adobe Premiere on her Toshiba laptop. 
She speeds up videos so you can see in just  a few minutes what takes hours to shoot. 
Then she syncs it to her voiceover so that her  narration correlates to the images in the video. 
Next she uploads her new creation to YouTube. 
Vi has a "cool" interface on YouTube because she is a partner. 
Following up on the theme of this video, recursion, Vi  and I point our cameras at each other. 
On the basis of viewers" and fans" comments and questions, Vi  and I decided to do a short interview. 
If you have questions about Vi's videos that aren't answered in my video, please let me know by writing a comment  below and I will answer them on a live chat, see the description below for the date and time. 
Thanks for watching my video, and thanks to Nancy Blachman for giving me the opportunity  to collaborate with Vi, and thanks to Vi for giving me the opportunity... 
If you haven't seen Vi's version of this video,  press the annotation on my left. 
See ya! 
-Hey! 
Hey, Kiwi! 
Hey! 
Hey, Kiwi, hey! 
Hey, hey, Kiwi. 
Kiwi? 
-What? 
What is it, mate? 
I'm trying to read the paper. 
-[laughs] 
[with accent]: 
What happened to your voice, mate? 
[laughs] 
-Dude, I'm a kiwi. 
I'm from freakin' New Zealand. 
-Oh. 
Well, that explains the accent and the boomerangs. 
-I told you, we're bananas. 
-Accent? 
I don't have a [hiccup] accent. 
-What's a hippo accent? 
-It's [hiccup] not a hippo, it's a... [hiccuping] 
-Whoa, sounds like a Hungry Hungry Hippo. 
[laughs] 
-It's... [hiccup] it's not funny. 
-What's the matter, Kiwi? 
You look all choked up. 
[laughs] 
-[hiccuping]: 
Stop it...aw, man...I don't feel so good. 
-Are you okay? 
-[hiccuping] 
-What the hell's going on? 
-Oh no, everybody watch out! 
-[hiccuping rapidly] 
-He's gonna blow! 
-[yelling] 
-What the...? 
[boom!] 
[all screaming] 
[footsteps approaching] 
-What the heck was that? 
-Seriously, I heard that in the other-- oh my, God! 
-That was Kiwi. 
He had the hippos. 
-Hiccups! 
He had the hiccups, you idiot. 
-What? 
Oh man, that's scary. 
-What are you talking about? 
-You've never heard about what happens when a fruit gets the hiccups? 
-Uhh... no. 
-First, they hiccup. 
-Then, they... they... they... 
-They explode! 
-[laughs] 
That's the most ridiculous thing I've ever... [hiccups] 
Uh-oh. 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian [phone line rings] 
-(dispatcher) 911, what's your emergency? 
-Uh, yeah, we got an orange with a case of the hiccups here. 
-(dispatcher) Uh, please say again. 
-I said we have an orange with the hiccups. 
-(dispatcher) Oh no! 
You're screwed! 
[screams, dial tone] 
-Ugh. 
All right, I'm out of ideas. 
-[whimpers] 
-Look, everybody. 
The important thing right now is to just remain calm. 
-[hiccup] 
[all screaming] 
-No, no, no! 
Everybody just shut up! 
We're not going to freak out. 
-That's easy for [hiccup] you to say. 
You don't have an exploding [hiccup] hippo in your tummy. 
-Dude, it's not a hippo. 
-It's an exploding hippo. 
-Listen to me, Orange. 
Do you want to get rid of your hiccups? 
-Duh. 
-Then you have to do exactly what I tell you, okay? 
-Okay. 
-Okay, it's really simple. 
All you have to do is take a deep breath and hold it for 30 seconds. 
-Okay. 
[inhales] -(Pear) What? 
No, that never works. 
-[groans] 
-I always heard you have to stand on your head and cross your eyes. 
-Mmm! 
-Shouldn't he be humming? 
-What? 
-Yeah, I heard all he's gotta do is hum The Star-Spangled Banner. 
Works every time. 
-[humming] 
-(Passion Fruit) N-n-n-n-no. 
-(Banana) No, this is ridiculous. 
He's got to breathe into a paper bag, right? 
[all talking at once] 
-No, that one never works. 
-[yells, crash!] 
-(Pear, echoing) Orange? 
-(Passion, echoing) Orange, can you hear me? 
-(Banana) Wake up, Orange. 
-Whoa! 
-Orange! 
-Are you okay? 
-Who turned out the lights? 
-Dude, you crashed and blacked out. 
-I did? 
Then why am I still orange? 
-Orange, do you hear that? 
-Yeah, his hiccups! 
-(both) They're gone! 
-Yay! 
-Yeah! 
-Yay... [hiccup] [all groan] 
-Oh, no! 
-Oh, I'm sorry, guys. 
I never thought I'd [hiccup] get the hiccups and go boom. 
-Orange, it's not your fault. 
-Yeah, could happen to anyone. 
Look at Kiwi. 
-I know. 
He's everywhere. 
[laughs, then hiccups] 
Oh. 
-We've got to figure out a way to stop them. 
-Oh, no. 
They're getting worse by the second. 
-[hiccuping]: 
Help... me. 
-Hey, uh, Orange? 
I know we just met and all, but... 
-We're really sorry this is happening to you, Orange. 
You seemed like such a great-- [crashing/crumbling sound] 
-What was that? 
-I don't know. 
It kind of sounded like a-- 
-Gorilla! 
-Huh? 
[bananas screaming] 
[all screaming] 
[gorilla hoots and chomps] 
-Whoa! 
That guy doesn't monkey around. 
[laughs] 
-How did that thing get in here? 
-Poor boomerangs. 
I don't think they'll come back from that one. 
[laughs] 
-Okay, we get it. 
Enough. 
-I wonder why they didn't give him the slip. 
[laughs] 
-[groans] 
-Oh, my God. 
Orange, your hiccups! 
-What about them? 
-They're gone! 
-Wow, gorilla must've scared them away. 
-Yay! 
-Yay! 
-Yay! 
Whoo-hoo! 
-Now that's what I call a close-- [hiccup] 
Oh, crap. 
-Sounds like a like a Hungry Hungry Hippo-- [laughs] 
[laughter] 
-(director) Cut. 
All right, guys. 
-I'm sorry. 
He started laughing and-- 
-I can't help it. 
It sounds so funny when you hiccup. 
-[clears throat] 
From the top, from the top, here we go. 
-(director) Action! 
-It's [hiccup] not... 
So let me tell you what cutting edge astronomy looked like not so long ago. 
It looked like this. 
First of all, that's just a sketch. 
Somebody stood at a telescope from night after night, incidentally wearing a top hat, sketching what they could see. 
And secondly, they're looking at a single object. 
In this case, it's what was known as a spiral nebula. 
An island universe. 
A mysterious, massive cluster of stars, that we'd now call a galaxy. 
And back then, what we could know about the universe was limited by the amount of data that we could collect, and things just aren't the same anymore. 
Modern astrophysics looks not like this, but like this. 
A picture of a million galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. 
Each dot, an individual system of  hundreds of billions of suns. 
And if we want to understand the evolution of the universe, if we want to understand how we got this wonderful universe that we see around us, we need to study these galaxies. 
But there's a problem. 
The problem is that we don't really like the universe that we've ended up with. 
We've got this 96% of the universe in a form that we don't understand. 
In dark matter and dark energy. 
And so we need to pay closer attention to each one of these millions and billions of galaxies. 
We need to treat them not as points of light, but as individual spirals or galaxies, because the shapes of the galaxies tell us about their history. 
So you can tell that this spiral galaxy  has had a very different past from a big ball of stars that we call the elliptical. 
That's what we set out to do. 
We set out to try and identify the shapes of the galaxies. 
And that's a task that humans are much better at than computers. 
We're very good at this sort of pattern recognition task, and computers are really rather poor. 
We tried getting a student to look at a million galaxies, and I can tell you that, after about  the first 50,000, they give up. 
And so we needed a new solution. 
We decided to call for help. 
We set up a web site called "Galaxy Zoo". 
This is what it looks like today. 
And Galaxy Zoo asked everyone in the world to help us classify these galaxies, to say what shape they are. 
And on the first couple of days at Galaxy Zoo, we got this amazing response. 
We were doing 70,000 galaxy classifications every hour. 
And while we haven't continued at that speed, over time, we've done hundreds of millions of classifications from hundreds of thousands of people. 
And the even better news is that, taken together, those classifications are more accurate than those supplied by professional astronomers. 
The crowd does not make mistakes, and it has endless enthusiasm for this task of sorting through pictures of the universe. 
But actually that's not the interesting part. 
Something else very interesting happens when you invite hundreds of thousands of people  to take part in your research. 
What happens is that you have to remember that yes, there's a crowd, but the crowd is made up of individuals. 
So here's one of our classifiers. 
You may recognize him. 
This is Brian May from the rock band Queen, who's actually a PhD astronomer, it should be said. 
And Brian, not right now, not in this image, but Brian is  an avid Galaxy Zoo classifier. 
He inspired many other people to come to Galaxy Zoo and join in. 
He inspired in particular this woman. 
This is Hanny van Arkel, who's a teacher in the Netherlands. 
As you can see, she's got a guitar that's just like Brian's. 
Anything that he did, she was going to do. 
And so she took up Galaxy Zoo too, and she became the first person in history to pay attention to this object. 
And this illustrates the ability of humans to get distracted from what they are supposed to be doing. 
What we wanted Hanny to do was classify the galaxy. 
It's a Warped Spiral. 
A rather beautiful one. 
But of course like you, she wanted to know what the blob underneath was and she called it a "Voorwerp", which I believe is Dutch for "thingy", a term which I'm proud to say we've worked into the scientific literature. 
Because this object is literally one in a million. 
We didn't know it was there. 
It's a gas cloud, a galaxy sized gas cloud, hanging in space, energized by a jet, driven by a black hole in that neighboring galaxy, which has recently shifted from being an active black hole to a quiet one. 
It's a process that we knew happened, but never before have we managed to catch a galaxy in the act, catch it in the act of this transformation. 
But because we had so many eyes and we could pay individual attention to each image, we were able to catch this and follow it up. 
We also discovered that, as astronomers, we're not the only people  struggling with this data flood, with having more information than we knew what to do with. 
This is a problem that confronts scientists in field, after field, after field. 
And so after the last few years, we've helped researchers not just look at galaxies, but provide the most accurate forecasts of whether solar flares are going to hit the Earth with a project called "Solar Stormwatch". 
We've transcribed more than a million log book pages from World War I Royal Navy logs to help climate scientists understand  the weather of the past, and thus predict the weather of the future. 
We have a side project, trying to find out whether wales have accents. 
And we're also helping cancer scientists in the UK do that pathology by classifying images, like the one on the screen. 
Each of these projects makes use of the time and the pattern recognition abilities of hundreds of thousands of people. 
It uses them collectively to accelerate science. 
We've collected all of these projects together in what we call the "Zooniverse", a platform for this kind of citizen science a place where people can sit in front of their web browsers and, within a few minutes, see something  that no one has ever seen before, and, more importantly, make an authentic contribution to science. 
This is science education, but it's also the cutting edge. 
People actually get to help us. 
Even that's not the exciting part. 
Magical things happen once you convince people that they too can take part in science, once you convince them that they have  the ability to contribute. 
And to illustrate this, 
I'd like to talk about  a project called "Planet Hunters". 
So Planet Hunters is a project that's been running for a few years now, and we thought we'd try  and discover planets around other stars. 
This is the most exciting area of astronomy right now. 
We thought there might be a few planets left over for our citizen scientists to catch. 
Now whenever you go hunting planets,  you can't see the planets directly. 
What you have to do instead is look for  the indirect signs that they're there. 
And one of the most effective methods  is to look for what we call "Transits". 
A planet transiting in front of its star will cause the start to dip in brightness  by much less than 1%. 
But if you can catch that dip, then you can infer that the planet is there. 
It's a rather simple case of Dark Matter, if you like. 
You can infer that this planet is there from the data. 
And we have data from NASA's Kepler satellite, which is staring -- actually Kepler, I feel rather sorry for it, it's got the most boring job in the world, because it just stares at 150,000 stars, and every 29 minutes tells us what brightness they are. 
It can send that data down here, and we can look for these transits. 
And sometimes these transits are really obvious. 
( beeping ) 
In fact, in this case, they're so obvious that you can hear them. 
That modulation is the dip at the repeated transit of a planet orbiting its star in just a few days. 
But sometimes the transits aren't so obvious. 
This is what it might just look like to be on a moon, orbiting a Neptune sized world, now know as Planet Hunters 1B. 
This was a planet discovered by a group of citizen scientists using our project. 
And Planet Hunters 1B is currently a unique world. 
It's the only world that we know of  that has 4 suns in its sky. 
So this is a system with 2 pairs of stars, and a planet orbits one of those pairs. 
It's a planet that simulations tell us shouldn't exist. 
So we didn't even know to look for this and yet there it is. 
And it's there because a group of volunteers saw something strange in the data and they didn't even tell us about it. 
They went out, they got more data from the professional NASA website. 
They did their own analysis, and they came to us when  they'd worked out what was going on. 
These were people who did not start off as scientists, who'd gone through the engine of motivation, being convinced that they could do something real by taking part in the main project and then collaborated together to make a truly gobsmacking discovery. 
And then we made the nice image, so that they could try and image  what that planet was like. 
This is real citizen science. 
And so we're at a stage now, where we're running more than 20 projects, where we have humans and robots  collaborating together. 
We have the robotics systems that take the data, 
like poor Kepler up in space, and then we have the humans down here on Earth, who are able to analyze the data. 
So humans and robots are able to work together in harmony. 
Except that it never works like that. 
We've all seen the Sci-Fi movies. 
We all know that the robots  always go wrong in the end, and this is the vision of my nightmare. 
This is the future that we're heading towards, expect it doesn't quite look like this, it looks more like this. 
Because this particular machine that's going to run roughshod over our classifiers, is the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. 
This is a telescope being built right now. 
It's going to be on a mountaintop in Chile. 
It's as big as the biggest telescopes in the world right now. 
But it's a survey telescope. 
It's going to scan the whole sky once every 3 nights. 
And it's no exaggeration to say, it's going provide a movie of the universe. 
We're going to see all the asteroids whizzing around the solar system. 
We're going to see all stars flickering as they have star spots. 
We're going to see the planets, we'll catch those transits. 
And we're going to see the centers of galaxies flicker, as material falls down into the black holes that lurk within their centers. 
But to cope with LSST is going to be a challenge. 
It's going to produce roughly 30 terabytes of reduced data each and every night. 
If all we care about is things that change in the universe -- 
let's simplify the problem: a conservative estimate is that we're going to have half a million alerts, every single night. 
Even if all of you, even if everyone watching, even if we all commit to doing Galaxy Zoo and its friends, we're not going to cope with this. 
So we need new solutions to combine the machine with the human. 
But luckily, there are things we can do. 
The first thing we can do is we can just be smarter about using people's attention. 
We could pay attention to what it is that machines can do. 
Maybe they can classify the routine events. 
We can let them do that and we can give only those things that really need human attention to the humans. 
The other thing we could do is that we can educate our volunteers. 
We can use the power of the Zooniverse, the power of citizen science to train up a generation of volunteers, so that they're able to take on the task of dealing with the truly unusual things that LSST is able to provide us. 
And that's what we're trying to do. 
You can see here one of my colleagues, fighting off school children as they attempt to classify in an attempt to discover their own planet. 
And so the message I want to leave you with is that there is a solution to this problem of big data. 
There is a solution to this problem of having more data about the universe than we can possibly use. 
The solution is to invite hundreds of thousands, millions of people to come along, and join us in our scientific adventures. 
And if we can find a way to do that so that they feel they're making a real contribution, we not only educate these volunteers, but we can change their lives, and change their attitudes towards science as well. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
*Moaning and growling* 
Library zombies again? 
This is getting to be an everyday occurance. 
These zombies are going to keep us from the instruction class. 
It starts in 10 minutes! 
And that zombie wants to eat up all our research. 
What can we do? 
Maybe.... 
That's it! 
Here's an online course that deals with our research topic! 
So we can learn how to use the library without having to run by the hungry undead! 
The library provides several hour-long virtual instruction sessions each semester, so that you can learn how to start your research assignments, and use citation management software without ever leaving home. 
The research classes provide a tour of the library's website, a description of our physical spaces, and help on finding resources that your professors will love, while the Zotero and Endnote classes will teach you basics, tips, and tricks for those programs. 
In this video I'll talk about various aspects of the course, the topics that we'll cover, the kinds of skills you can expect to acquire, the kind of background that I expect, the supporting materials and the available tools for self assessment. 
Let's start with the specific topics that this course is going to cover. 
The course material corresponds to the first half of the ten week Stanford course. 
It's taken by all computer science undergraduates, as well as many of our graduate students. 
There will be five high level topics, and at times these will overlap. 
The five topics are first of all, the vocabulary for reasoning about algorithm performance, the design and conquer algorithm design paradigm, randomization and algorithm design, primitives for reasoning about graphs, and the use and implementation of basic data structures. 
The goal is to provide an introduction to and basic literacy in each of these topics. 
Much, much more could be said about each of them, than we'll have time for here. 
The first topic is the shortest, and probably also the driest. 
But it's a prerequisite for thinking seriously about the design and analysis of algorithms. 
The key concept here is big-O notation, which, conceptually, is a modeling choice about the granularity with which we measure a performance metric like the running time of an algorithm. 
It turns out that the sweet spot for clear high level thinking about algorithm design, is to ignore constant factors and lower-order terms. 
And to concentrate on how well algorithm performance scales with large input sizes. 
Big O notation is the way to mathematize this sweet spot. 
Now, there's no one silver bullet in algorithm design. 
No single problem solving method that's guaranteed to unlock all of the computational problems that you're likely to face. 
That said, there are a few general algorithm design techniques. 
High level approaches to algorithm design that find successful application across a range of different domains. 
These relatively widely applicable techniques are the backbone of a general algorithms course 
like this one. 
In this course, we'll only have time to deeply explore one such algorithm design paradigm, namely that of the divide and conquer algorithms. 
In the sequel course as we'll discuss, there's two other major algorithms on paradigms to get covered. 
But for now, divide and conquer algorithm, the idea is to first break the problem into smaller problems which then gets solved recursively, and then to somehow quickly combine the solutions to the sub problems into one for the original problem that you actually care about. 
So for example, in the last video. 
We saw two algorithms of this sort, two divide and conquer algorithms from multiplying two large integers. 
In later videos we will see a number of different applications. 
We'll see how to design fast divide and conquer algorithms for problems ranging from sorting to matrix multiplication to nearest neighbor-type problems and computation of geometry. 
In addition, we'll cover some powerful methods for reasoning about the running time of recursive algorithms like these. 
As for the third topic. 
A randomized algorithm is one that, in some sense, flips coins while it executes. 
That is, a randomized algorithm will actually have different executions if you run it over and over again on a fixed input. 
It turns out, and this is definitely not intuitive, that allowing randomization internal to an algorithm, often leads to simple, elegant, and practical solution to various computational problems. 
The canonical example is randomized quick sort, and that algorithm and analysis we will cover in detail in a few lectures. 
Randomized primality testing is another killer application that we'll touch on. 
And we'll also discuss a randomized approach to graph partitioning. 
And finally we'll discuss how randomization is used to reason about hash functions and hash maps. 
One of the themes of this course, and one of the concrete skills that I hope you take away from the course, is, literacy with a number of computational primitives for operating on data, that are so fast, that they're, in some sense, essentially free. 
That is, the amount of time it take to invoke one of these computational primitives is barely more than the amount of time you're already spending just examining or reading the input. 
When you have a primitive which is so fast, that the running time is barely more than what it takes to read the input, you should be ready to apply it. 
For example, in a preprocessing step, whenever it seems like it might be helpful. 
It should just be there on the shelf waiting to be applied at will. 
Sorting is one canonical example of a very fast, almost for-free primitive of this form. 
But there are ones that operate on more complex data as well. 
So recall that a graph is a data structure that has, on the one hand, vertices, and on the other hand, edges. 
Which connects pair of vertices. 
Graphs model, among any other things, different types of networks. 
So even though graphs are much more complicated than mere arrays, there's still a number of blazingly fast primitives for reasoning about their structure. 
In this class we'll focus on primitives for competing connectivity information and also shortest paths. 
We'll also touch on how some primitives have been used to investigate the structure of information in social networks. 
Finally, data structures are often a crucial ingredient in the design of fast algorithms. 
A data structure's responsible for organizing data in a way that supports fast queries. 
Different data structures support different types of queries. 
I'll assume that you're familiar with the structures that you typically encounter in a basic programming class including arrays and vectors. 
Lists, stacks, and queues. 
Hopefully, you've seen at some point both trees and heaps, or you're willing to read a bit about them outside of the course, but we'll also include a brief review of each of those data structures as we go along. 
There's two extremely useful data structures that we'll discuss in detail. 
The first is balanced binary search trees. 
These data structures dynamically maintain an ordering on a set of elements, while supporting a large number of queries that run in time logarithmic in the size of the set. 
The second data structure we'll talk a fair bit about is hash tables or hash maps, which keep track of a dynamic set, while supporting extremely fast insert and lookup queries. 
We'll talk about some canonical uses of such data structures, as well as what's going on under the hood in a typical implementation of such a data  structure. >> There's a number of important concepts in the design and analysis of algorithms that we won't have time to cover in this five week course. 
Some of these will be covered in the sequel course, Design and Analysis of Algorithms Il, which corresponds to the second half of Stanford's ten week course on this topic. 
The first part of this sequel course focuses on two more algorithm design paradigms. 
First of all, the design analysis of greedy algorithms with applications to minimum spanning trees, scheduling, and information theoretic coding. 
And secondly, the design analysis of dynamic programming algorithms with example applications being in genome sequence alignment and the shortest path protocols in communication networks. 
The second part of the sequel course concerns NP complete problems, and what to do about them. 
Now, NP complete problems are problems that, assuming a famous mathematical conjecture you might have heard of, which is called the 
"P not equal to NP" conjecture, are problems that cannot be solved under this conjecture by any computationally efficient algorithm. 
We'll discuss the theory of NP completeness, and, with a focus on what it means for you as an algorithm designer. 
We'll also talk about several ways to approach NP complete problems, including: fast algorithms that correctly solve special cases; fast heuristics with provable performance guarantees; and exponential time algorithms that are qualitatively faster than brute force search. 
Of course there are plenty of important topics that can't be fit into either of these two five-week courses. 
Depending on the demand, there might well be further courses on more advanced topics. 
Following this course is going to involve a fair amount of time and effort on your part. 
So it's only reasonable to ask: 
What can you hope to get out of it? 
What skills will you learn? 
Well. 
Primarily, you know, even though this isn't a programming class per se, it should make you a better programmer. 
You'll get lots of practice describing and reasoning about algorithms, you'll learn algorithm design paradigms, so really high level problem-solving strategies that are relevant for many different problems across different domains, and tools for predicting the performance of such algorithms. 
You'll learn several extremely fast subroutines for processing data and several useful data structures for organizing data that can be deployed directly in your own programs. 
Second, while this is not a math class per se, we'll wind up doing a fair amount of mathematical analysis. 
And this in turn will sharpen your mathematical analytical skills. 
You might ask, why is mathematics relevant for a class in the design and analysis of algorithms, seemingly more of a programming class. 
Well let me be clear. 
I am totally uninterested in merely telling you facts or regurgitating code that you can already find on the web or in any number of good programming books. 
My goal here in this class, and the way I think I can best supplement the resources that you probably already have access to is to explain why things are the way they are. 
Why we analyze the algorithms in the way that we do, why various super fast algorithms are in fact super fast, and so on. 
And it turns out that good algorithmic ideas usually require nontrivial mathematical analysis to understand properly. 
You'll acquire fundamental insights into the specific algorithms and data structures that we discuss in the course. 
And hopefully, many of these insights will prove useful, more generally, in your other work. 
Third, and perhaps the most relevant for those of you who work in some other discipline: this course should help you learn how to think algorithmically. 
Indeed after studying algorithms it's hard enough not to see them pretty much everywhere, whether you are riding an elevator, watching a flock of birds, buying and selling stocks out of your portfolio, even watching an infant learn. 
As I said in the previous video algorithm thinking is becoming increasingly useful and prevalent if you are outside of computer science and technology like in biology, statistics and economics. 
Fourth, if you're interested in feeling like a card carrying computer scientist, in some sense, then you'll definitely want basic literacy in all of the topics that we'll be covering. 
Indeed, one of the things that makes studying algorithms so fun, is, it really feels like you're studying a lot of the greatest hits from the last 50 years of computer science. 
So, after this class, no longer will you feel excluded at that computer science cocktail party when someone cracks a joke about Dijkstra's Algorithm. 
Now you'll know exactly what they mean. 
Finally, there's no question that studying this material is helpful for technical interview questions. 
To be clear, my sole goal here is to teach you algorithms, not to prepare you for interviews, per se. 
But over the years, countless students of mine have regaled me with stories about how mastering the concepts in this class enabled them to ace every technical question they were ever asked. 
I told you, this is fundamental stuff. 
So, what do I expect from you? 
Well, honestly, the answer is nothing. 
After all isn't the whole point of a free online class like this one that anyone can take it and devote as much effort to it as they like. 
So that said, as a teacher it's still useful to have one or more canonical students in mind. 
And I thought I'd go ahead and be transparent with you about how I'm thinking about these lectures. 
Who I have in mind that I'm teaching to. 
So again, please don't feel discouraged if you don't conform to this canonical student template. 
I'm happy to have the opportunity to teach you about algorithms no matter who you are. 
So first, I have in mind someone who knows at least some programming. 
For example, consider the previous lecture. 
We talked about a recursive approach to multiplying two numbers and I mentioned how in certain mathematical expression, back then we labeled it star and circled it in green. 
How that expression naturally translated into a recursive algorithm. 
In particular, 
I was certainly assuming that you had some familiarity with recursive programs. 
If you feel comfortable with my statement in that lecture, if you feel like you could code up a recursive integer multiplication algorithm based on the high 
level outline that I gave you, then you should be in good shape for this course. 
You should be good to go. 
If you weren't comfortable with that statement, well, you might not be comfortable with the relatively high conceptual level at which we discuss program in this course. 
But I encourage to watch the next several videos anyway, to see if you get enough out of them to make it worth your while. 
[sound]. 
Now, while I'm aiming these lectures at people who know some programming, I'm not making any assumptions whatsoever about exactly which programming languages you know. 
Any standard imperative language you know, something like C, Java or Python, is totally fine for this course. 
Now, to make these lectures accessible to as many programmers as possible, and to be honest, you know, also to promote thinking about programming at a relatively abstract conceptual level, I won't be describing algorithms in any particular programming language. 
Rather, when I discuss the algorithms, I'll use only high-level pseudo-code, or often simply English. 
My inductive hypothesis is that you are capable of translating such a high level description into a working program in your favorite programming language. 
In fact, I strongly encourage everyone watching these lectures to do such a translation of all of the algorithms that we discussed. 
This will ensure your comprehension, and appreciation of them. 
Indeed, many professional computer scientists and programmers don't feel that they really understand an algorithm until they've coded it up. 
Many of the course's assignments will have a problem in which we ask you to do precisely this. 
Put another way, if you're looking for a sort of coding cookbook, code that you can copy and paste directly into your own programs. 
Without necessarily understanding how it works, then this is definitely not the course for you. 
There are several books out there that cater to programmers 
looking for such coding cook books. 
Second, for these lectures I have in mind someone who has at least a modest amount of mathematical experience though perhaps with a fair bit of accumulated rust. 
Concretely I expect you to be able to recognize a logical argument that is a proof. 
In addition, two methods of proof that I hope you've seen before are proofs by induction and proofs by contradiction. 
I also need you to be familiar with basic mathematical notation, like the standard quantifier and summation symbols. 
A few of the lectures on randomized algorithms and hashing will go down much easier for you if you've seen discrete probability at some point in your life. 
But beyond these basics, the lectures will be self contained. 
You don't even need to know any calculus, save for a single simple integral that magically pops up in the  analys of the randomized quick sort algorithm. 
I imagine that many of you have studied math in the past, but you could use a refresher, you're a bit rusty. 
And there's plenty of free resources out there on the web, and I encourage you to explore and find some that you like. 
But one that 
I want to particularly recommend is a great set of free lecture notes. 
It's called Mathematics for Computer Science. 
It's authored by Eric Lehman and Tom 
Layden, and it's quite easy to find on the web if you just do a web search. 
And those notes cover all of the prerequisites that we'll need, in addition to tons of other stuff. 
In the spirit of keeping this course as widely accessible as possible, we're keeping the required supporting materials to an absolute minimum. 
Lectures are meant to be self-contained and we'll always provide you with the lecture notes in PowerPoint and PDF format. 
Once in a while, we'll also provide some additional 
lecture notes. 
No textbook is required for this class. 
But that said, most of the material that we'll study is well covered in a number of excellent algorithms books that are out there. 
So I'll single out four such books here. 
The first three I mention because they all had a significant influence on the way that I both think about and teach algorithms. 
So it's natural to acknowledge that debt here. 
One very cool thing about the second book, the one by Dasgupta, Papadimitriou and Vazirani, is that the authors have made a version of it available online for free. 
And again, if you search on the authors' names and the textbook title, you should have no trouble coming up with it with a web search. 
Similarly, that's the reason I've listed the fourth book because those authors have likewise made essentially a complete version of that book available online and it's a good match for the material that we're going to cover here. 
If you're looking for more details about something covered in this class, or simply a different explanation than the one that I give you, all of these books are gonna be good resources for you. 
There are also a number of excellent algorithm textbooks that I haven't put on this list. 
I encourage to explore and find you own favorite. >> In our assignments, we'll sometimes ask you to code up an algorithm and use it to solve a concrete problem that is too large to solve by hand. 
Now, we don't care what program and language and development environment you use to do this as we're only going to be asking you for the final answer. 
Thus, we're not requiring anything specific, just that you are able to write and execute programs. 
If you need help or advice about how to get set up with a suitable coding environment, we suggest that you ask other students for help via the course discussion forum. 
Finally, let's talk a bit more about assessment. 
Now this course doesn't have official grades per se, but we will be assigning weekly homeworks. 
Now we're going to assign homeworks for three different reasons. 
The first is just for self-assessment. 
It's to give you the opportunity to test your understanding of the material so that you can figure out which topics you've mastered and which ones that you haven't. 
The second reason we do it is to impose some structure on the course, including deadlines, to provide you with some additional motivation to work through all the topics. 
Deadlines also have a very important side effect that synchronizes a lot of the students in the class. 
And this of course makes the course discussion forum a far more effective tool for students to seek and provide help in understanding the course material. 
The final reason that we give homeworks is to satisfy those of you who, on top of learning the course material, are looking to challenge yourself intellectually. 
[sound]. 
Now, this class has tens of thousands of students. 
So it's obviously essential that the assignments can be graded automatically. 
Now, we're currently only in the 1.0 generation of free online courses such as this one. 
So the available tools for auto graded assessment are currently rather primitive. 
So, we'll do the best we can, but I have to be honest with you. 
It's difficult, or maybe even impossible to test deep understanding of the design and analysis of algorithms, using the current set of tools. 
Thus, while the lecture content in this online course is in no way watered down from the original Stanford version. 
The required assignments and exams we'll give you, are not as demanding as those that are given in the on campus version of the course. 
To make up for this fact, we'll occasionally propose optional algorithm design problems, either in a video or via supplementary assignment. 
We don't have the ability to grade these, but we hope that you'll find them interesting and challenging, and that you'll discuss possible solutions with other students via the course discussion forum. 
So I hope this discussion answered most of the questions you have about the course. 
Lets move on to the real reason that we're all here, to learn more about algorithms. 
>> 
GAETJEN: 
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. 
Thank you very much for the warm welcome. 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] 
My name is Steven Gaetjen, and I will be your host for today's closing keynote of the International IFA Keynote Program. 
Great to have you all here. 
I hope you're well and are ready to get started. 
This is a very special keynote that we have today, not only because we have one of the most important IT managers worldwide; the Chairman and CEO of Google, Dr. Eric Schmidt here as a guest on stage, but also because we will give you the chance to ask questions at the end of the keynote, an especially designed 
Q&A section for you. 
So, there are a couple of things that I would like you to keep in mind. 
First of all, dear photographers, welcome, great to have you here. 
We know that you want to take the best pictures as possible and we do want you to get the best pictures as possible, but please keep your activity to three to four minutes once Mr. Schmidt has entered the stage. 
Thank you very much. 
Number two, just to have a smooth, nice, fun and exciting keynote and Q&A section, please turn off your cell phones. 
And last but not the 
least, in order to give you the chance to get a question to Mr. Schmidt, please raise your hand. 
We have ladies on each side of the stage with a microphone in their hands and we will guide the microphones to you. 
Once you have the microphone, please get up, state your name and your outlet and start shooting the question. 
I think that's basically all. 
The Q&A section will probably be limited to about 10 minutes. 
Ladies and gentlemen, so please give a warm welcome to the COO of the Messe Berlin, Dr. Christian Goke. 
Welcome. 
>> GOKE: 
Thank you, Steven. 
Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. 
Usually, when I'm standing 
here in front of you trying to kick off the keynote, I'm either trying to present the speaker, or the company, or I'm trying to give a short summary of what have happened so far at our show. 
Today, there's obviously no need at all either to introduce the speaker or the company. 
And on the other hand, our show is running so smoothly, we are hitting new record numbers that there is time--very little time for a very brief observation. 
Most of you--as you do know by now that our show started in 1924. 
1924, that was only six years after the end of the First World War; and in 1929, after some years of Europe again blossoming and a period that was later on called the Golden 20s, in 1929, the party abruptly stopped; Wall Street crashed. 
And one year later in 1930, almost to the day 80 years ago, Albert Einstein himself delivered his first keynote to our show here in Berlin; another radio talk. 
And then again only three years later in 1933, Hitler's Nazi regime came into power. 
So, what I'm going to say is, this was a very special moment in time when he delivered his first keynote here in 1930, 80 years ago. 
And what he said in essence was, "Technology enables communication and communication enables democracy." And I think 
that this statement is more valid today than ever before. 
And it should really remind us that every new means of communication has a direct impact on our political system. 
So, 
ladies and gentlemen, I'm reasonably sure that Albert Einstein somewhere up there is watching us and he is looking forward as much as we are to the closing keynote of IFA 2010 given by the chairman of the board and the CEO of Google. 
But before we start; film up, roll on the movie please. >> Now, our lives are changing fast. 
Now, our lives are changing fast. 
Hope that something pure can last. 
Hope that something pure can 
last. 
We used to wait. 
We used to wait. 
We used to wait. 
Sometimes it never came. 
We 
used to wait. 
Sometimes it never came. 
We used to wait. 
Still moving through the pain. 
We used to wait. 
We used to wait. 
We used to wait. 
>> GOKE: 
Ladies and gentlemen, please give a warm welcome to Dr. Eric Schmidt. 
>> SCHMlDT: 
Thank you. 
I'm over here. 
I'm over here. 
Thank you very much. >> GÖKE: 
Mr. Schmidt, we're honored. >> SCHMlDT: 
Thank you. 
Thank you. 
Thank you all, and thank you very much for having me back to this, such a gorgeous city and congratulations to this show for 50 plus years of great achievements. 
In the years that this show has been going on, there's been a lot of discussion about new ages, new eras, new ideas and I am absolutely convinced that we're about to see a new age, an age of augmented humanity. 
A time when computers will work for us, and they'll make it possible for us to do the things that we really want to do, which are mostly around people and happiness and making the world a better place. 
And when I think about the compute--the consumer electronics industry in particular, what you all have built over the years, we have an opportunity now to entertain, to inform, to educate with technology that we've never been able to do before. 
And that's what I want to talk about in this show. 
Today, when you look at a consumer electronics product, think about it as a music player. 
If it's not connected to the internet, it just has what's stored on it. 
It can't get the music that's nearby. 
It can't get the latest music. 
It has to be on the net. 
The same is true of everything. 
That change is very subtle. 
It's something that's happened over the last five or ten years in consumer electronics, but it's fundamental. 
So, what's happening now is that people are finally getting it to the point where we can build computers and computing technology that people actually want to use in their daily lives, it just works. 
It's taken us a very, very long time and I'm very proud to say that the just works option finally is available. 
It starts from a new strategy in the industry which I'm going to call "Mobile First." If you look at what's happening today in the industry, the best applications, the most powerful new uses of computers are occurring on smartphones. 
Now, why? 
You would think that they would occur on these big, big expensive computers that are still being made. 
No, because the smartphones are so powerful now, and they have everything that you need to have a great information source, a great entertainment source, and of course, it's a very, very large market. 
So this new generation of programmers, the new generation of companies are starting Mobile 
First. 
And in a particular, smartphone first. 
It's interesting that smartphone sales will soon surpass PC sales, never to--never to catch-up again. 
And the mobile web, which is the web services that the mobile use is using, is growing eight times faster than the equivalent desktop web from ten years ago. 
So, not only is this a larger market, but its also growing much, much quicker. 
As a result, we see all of the developments that are occurring today. 
And this is against the backdrop of pervasive connectivity. 
I don't need to tell you, Europe and Germany are particularly good at this. 
There are very high-speed networks all throughout at least the western world. 
And when you go on vacation or you go to another country you don't normally visit, you're shocked to discover that they have no data connectivity or a small amount of data connectivity. 
We take it for granted that these networks have always been there, but in fact, they're relatively new, only a few years. 
So how quickly we forget? 
It's interesting that the next generation of mobile technology, which is called LTE will generate 50 megabits per second. 
I can remember thinking, "Oh, if we could just get to one megabit per second, I'll be happy." Well, of course, I'm never happy and now I want 50. 
When we get 50, I'll want more. 
What can you do with 50 megabits? 
Video, real-time streaming, all sorts of things that you could never imagine doing with a handheld device, all of these now are possible because of the technology that people are using. 
It's interesting that the Internet is now so pervasive that one estimate has 35 billion devices connected in one form or another, including devices in cars and all sorts of other kinds of things, many more than the kinds of devices that we're used to. 
It's amazing that this is all occurring. 
And this is giving us an opportunity to build these large platforms. 
And so, there's a set of products, a set of platforms and a set of companies that are driving this move forward. 
Let me give you an example, look at the iPhone and the iPad; new powerful applications that could access the data in the back, Google, of course, is a partner. 
We'll show you Android. 
We'll talk about Chrome OS. 
We'll talk about a new product called Google Television that's part of--part of this right now, which, again, think of them not as devices but rather as portals onto this very, very large set of data and supercomputers that are in the back. 
So it's not the smartphone by itself, and it's not the network by itself, it's the smartphone and the network and then all of the information that is behind it; it's the sum of that that is creating all of the excitement that everybody cares so much about. 
Now, in that model, which is called Cloud computing, it's like having a supercomputer in your pocket. 
This happens all the time. 
When we do voice translation, when we do picture identification, our computer, the smartphone, all it does is send the request to the supercomputers that then do all the work. 
They wait and then the answer comes back. 
The smartphone itself just has to have enough power to get to the network, take the picture or what have you and give you the answer. 
So it's the sum of all of that that has made such a huge, huge phenomenon. 
So when I go for example to the--to the cathedral, the Berliner Dom and I say, first question is "How do I get there?" Well, it'll say you can--how long to get there to walk or bike, you have lots of bike paths here in Berlin. 
And when I get there, I can say, "Navigate to it" it will tell me there. 
I can point it at the cathedral and it will tell me all of the information about the cathedral, you know, in this particular case, yesterday, the building dates back to the 15th century; the present building was completed in 1905, reconstructed after the war and the organ has a 113 stops, whatever that is. 
So, all of a sudden, my experience as a tourist, I found it where I wanted to go, I was told this is the most important place. 
I managed to walk there by myself, I looked up and everything 
I needed to know was right there. 
And I can repeat that in all of the great cities of 
Europe and, in fact, in all the great cities around the world, and soon, we think, pretty much everywhere. 
That's an amazing extension of my experience here in Berlin. 
This is a form of artificial intelligence. 
Its intelligence where the computer does what it does well and it helps us think better. 
One way to think about it is the computer and the human, together, each does something better because the other is helping. 
We help the computer, the computer helps us. 
How do we help the computer? 
You do it all the time because you help tell the computer, "This is a--this is this kind of an object, this--this is that kind of an object" and we use those signals, they're called classifiers, and all of a sudden we learn, this is this type of thing, this is that type of thing and the computer can then map that. 
Obviously, humans then benefit from all that information as you go. 
So in this notion of augmented humanity, of Google helping, computer companies helping, it's not a new idea. 
It's been around along time, Bill Gates in 1990 in Comdex called it "Information at your Fingertips." All the information that someone might be interested including information they can't get today. 
And we're nearly there, which is what's so profound. 
And literally, you can know literally, everything. 
It's fantastic, right? 
And this is only going to become more pervasive. 
Think about it as hearing, speaking, thinking, augmenting the way you understand things, all of it literally available to you now. 
That's the big change because of the combination of the mobile device, the network. 
I need super computers. 
So, what does Google do here? 
What does--why do we do this? 
Well, partly, at the end of the day, it's paradoxical. 
We want to give people time back. 
We want them to get you to an answer quickly. 
We want you to be more productive so that you can get back and give us the things that, that--the things that you enjoy, which 
I would argue or relay around people in society and culture and the things that all of us appreciate so much. 
So in our case, a new definition of Google would have--we're trying very hard to get you something fast. 
Never underestimate the importance of fast, quick, quick, quick. 
We want it there. 
We want it now. 
We want to help you right now. 
Speed matters because your time matters. 
We make hundreds of improvements to search every year. 
You see them gradually all over and over again. 
The accuracy gets better. 
The index gets much bigger. 
You'll see some of the facilities in a sec now that we've done around translation and other kinds of annotation. 
We have one of the largest infrastructures now which we just introduced, which is internally known as Caffeine, which basically allow us to handle even greater, greater indexes and many more information. 
Now, what are we going to do with search? 
Ultimately, search is a personal activity. 
So, ultimately, where search goes is it searches not just the web, but literally all of your information, your email--the things that you care about. 
This is with your permission, I might add. 
This is personal search for you and only you because ultimately, search is about finding what you want right now. 
And the next step of search, of course, is doing this automatically. 
So when I walk down the street of Berlin, I love history, what I want is I want the computer--my smartphone to be doing searches constantly. 
Did you know? 
Did you know? 
Did you know? 
Did you know? 
This occurred here. 
This occurred there. 
Because it knows who I am, it knows what I care about and it knows roughly where I am. 
So this notion of autonomous search, the ability to tell me things that I didn't know but I probably am very interested in, is the next great stage in my view of search. 
And ultimately, we think we can understand things like what you really meant. 
So, for example, you ask the question, "What's the weather like?" That's the question. 
And what you're really asking is, "Do I wear a raincoat?" Right? 
Or, "Do I water the plants?" 
We think we can make that bridge or get closer to it, to understand, "What did you really mean? 
What is the problem you're really trying to solve?" We've also thought a lot about new areas in commerce, specialize searches of one kind and another. 
We brought a company called ITA around travel. 
So we're very, very interested in making it possible to answer very deep questions using Computer Science about things that you care about. 
It's interesting that--that one in three queries from smartphones is now from about where I am, where my location is, something around me. 
So, we know that users are doing this and we know they're doing it a lot and it makes sense to them. 
So, the area of mobile--it's interesting that our most mobile search traffic grew 50% in the first half of 2010. 
It's growing much quicker than everything else. 
So, not only is--do I believe my strategy is correct here, but also the data says that our users really, really like this. 
It's interesting that Android and I, of course, I hope everybody has their Android phones with them. 
Android is shipping about 200,000 activations per day now, and God knows what the growth rate is going to be. 
It's so fast. 
What's interesting about Android, of course, is it's not just one partner. 
There are more than 60 devices and 21 OEM partners across 59 carriers in 49 countries, and that number is growing very, very quickly. 
And you can imagine those numbers will be much, much greater before Christmas because of all the new products that are coming out. 
Search traffic from the Android phones tripled in the first half of 2010, another example of all us taking on. 
Another part of this is a browser strategy. 
Everybody here knows what browsers are; the things that you use when you are using the Internet? 
We have a browser which we like a lot called Chrome. 
It's based on an underlying technology called 
WebKit, which is very much the fastest underlying browser technology. 
It's used by many of the browsers now and that's part of why it's so quick. 
And in Chrome's case, it's getting--it's got a huge momentum; it now has more than 70 million users. 
It's--the latest release is four times faster, that are really four times faster than the release we did two years ago. 
And deeper integration with the browser means that we can have more autonomous actions. 
Literally within the browser, we can have more things going on to benefit you because it's a more powerful platform than any other browser; and I could assess that technically, but the important thing is it really is a much more powerful platform for this new augmented humanity model. 
At the same time, I've not talked about monetization and ads and so forth because I wanted to talk about end-users first. 
It's also important that the people in these ecosystems make money. 
So an example would be that people have thing--information that they want to sell. 
They have advertising they want to show. 
There are many, many examples of this, and we take this very seriously, so obviously our revenue is among other things. 
YouTube is a very interesting example of this. 
YouTube--and everybody here is using YouTube--YouTube is this amazing global phenomenon now. 
It has more than two billion of views per day. 
Think about that. 
Two billion views of YouTube everyday. 
I mean, think about the amount of time being spent doing this. 
A hundred and sixty million mobile views per day, 24 hours of video uploaded every minute, right? 
You can imagine the quality. 
I'll leave that up to you. 
The business is doing very, very well with more than two billion monetized views per week and the number of advertisers, the number of monetized views is up 50% in the 
last year. 
Partners are doing well, our display business, another component of this. 
We have more than 300 million visitors per day. 
We have more than--we--the DoubleClick platform, which we acquired awhile ago, serves over 45 billion ads per day, and 94 of the top 100 Ad Age advertisers advertise on the Google display network. 
So, what I wanted to do in a, in a sort of to start was to lay a framework, a model for you of what things are like now. 
And what I felt would be fun would be to have some demos of products that are just about to get released and I hope will work in our demo. 
The person in-charge of our mobile effort is Hugo Barra. 
You want to come on up? 
Why don't you get started? 
And let's see--let's see what Hugo has for us. >> BARRA: 
Thanks very much, Eric. 
Hello everyone. 
My name is Hugo Barra and I'm part of the mobile product team at Google. 
Well, Eric was talking to you about the super computer in your pocket which, of course, is your mobile phone and what I wanted to do is actually show you a few specific examples of what exactly we mean by mobile super computing. 
One of the most exciting and challenging technologies that we've been working at Google for many years is speech recognition. 
Two years ago, we launched the first version of our voice search application which I bet many of you here in the room use everyday to search the web. 
It's really fast. 
It's really easy. 
And in fact, voice search has become an incredibly popular application. 
Just to give you an idea, out of every four searches that we receive from Android devices in the USA, one comes from voice. 
That's 25%, which is pretty amazing. 
So what I wanted to do today is actually show you how we're taking the voice UI to an entirely new level; through Cloud computing innovation. 
Let me ask you a question. 
Have you found yourself, say, rushing at an airport? 
You've got one bag in one hand, you've got a jacket or maybe, you know, a baby on the other hand and you need to send a quick text message but it's just too hard. 
Wouldn't it be great if you could do it with just one single click? 
Let me show you how you're going to be sending your text messages very soon. 
Send text to Robert Hamilton: let's meet outside terminal 
five in 10 minutes. 
So this is going to process on the Cloud for a couple of seconds and then it's going to come back. 
So, let's see, perfect recognition. 
Just nailed it. 
And... >> SCHMlDT: 
By the way, Hugo, the important thing is the computer was in the back room somewhere, right? >> BARRA: 
The computer was in the back room somewhere. >> SCHMlDT: 
The computer--the computer was somewhere... >> BARRA: 
Not this back room. >> SCHMlDT: 
Not this back room. 
The computer there was in the data centers. 
You shipped it all the way somewhere. 
It did all that work, all the thousands of computers and it came back and boom. >> BARRA: 
Yes. 
That's exactly right. 
So, all 
I have to do here, of course, is just press send and I'm done. 
What you saw is called a voice action and there's a bunch of them in the new Android Voice Search application. 
Let me show you another one. 
Call Grand Hyatt Hotel in Berlin. 
Let's try that again. 
Actually, 
it's right there. 
And of course, I don't have a sim card here, so it didn't place the call, but it's incredibly fast and this was a real live local search. 
The number is not stored in my address book or anything. 
It literally took half a second to find it and call it. 
Let me show you another one. 
So, a friend of mine told me about this museum here in 
Berlin. 
He said there's all this cool Egyptian arts there. 
So I want to drive there, but the name is very long, it's complicated, I forgot it. 
I can't remember what the name of the museum was. 
Well, maybe I could do something like this: 
Navigate to the museum with Egyptian stuff. 
And let's see what I get back here. 
So it recognized what I said. 
So this is going to launch Google navigation which will figure out where I want to go and, in fact, it's right there. 
It's the Pergamon Museum. 
So I can just click on it and get directions. 
So let's think about what happened here. 
So, first of all, my phone is with me and it knows that I'm in Berlin. 
So it knows to search here. 
Secondly, there are thousands of pages on the web about the Pergamon Museum which obviously talk about the Egyptian art that's in this museum. 
So, all that Google has to do here is relate and connect all these pieces of information together and come up with a magical answer like what you just saw. 
This is precisely what Eric means by Cloud Computing Innovation. 
Let me show one more voice action. 
This happens to be my favorite. 
Listen to Lady Gaga, Just Dance. 
So this is going to launch your favorite music application, in my case it's Spotify, and it will just going to play the song for you. 
We'll stop that. 
So those are voice actions. 
They are 
available today in US English and they're coming pretty soon in many other languages. 
I hope you enjoy that. 
Let's talk about another Cloud Computing Application; this is one of my favorite demonstrations. 
It's called Google Translate, which Eric called summation earlier. 
So the Google Translate App that's available today from Google Apps in the Android Market, allows you to type or even speak a phrase in one language, and then have it immediately translated and even spoken back to you in one of 50 other languages. 
So that's pretty cool and you can try it out. 
But what I want to do today is I actually want to show you a preview of a feature that we've been working on for a little while--it won't be out for a few months--it's called Conversation Mode in Google Translate. 
And for that, I'm going to invite my colleague Kyle over back on stage to help me out. 
Please keep in mind this is experimental, so it may or may not work perfectly. 
Nice to see you, Kyle. >> KYLE: 
Were going to be in Germany in a second. >> BARRA: 
Hold on, it says French. >> KYLE: 
We're in Germany. >> BARRA: 
So--I know, yes, so Kyle, I'm a tourist and you're a salesman at a local shoe store here in Berlin. 
So we're going to start conversation mode here, and you'll notice that I have a button in English and you have a button in German. 
So, our conversation would probably go something like this. 
Do you have these shoes in size 41? >> [SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE]. >> KYLE: 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE]. >> Which cable? >> BARRA: 
Try that again. >> KYLE: 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] >> BARRA: 
Try it again. >> Which cable? >> KYLE: 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] >> What color? >> BARRA: 
Black or Brown would be fine. >> [SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] >> KYLE: 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] 
>> We have black and brown. >> BARRA: 
Can you give me a discount if I take both? >> [SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] >> KYLE: 
[SPEAKlNG IN FORElGN LANGUAGE] >> Twenty percent. >> BARRA: 
Sold. >> KYLE: 
That's a deal, that's a deal. >> BARRA: 
Vielen Dank. >> SCHMlDT: 
That--this really is history because for 50 years people have talked about being able to do what you just demoed. >> BARRA: 
[INDlSTlNCT]. 
So, conversation mode will be available on Google Translate in a few months. 
We just wanted to give you a sneak preview. 
I have just one more demo to show you before I go. 
This is actually launching this week. 
It's the new Street View Ul, which will launch as part of an update to Google Maps for Android. 
And to show you that demonstration, 
I'd like to take a quick trip to Florence in Italy, so I'm going to click on the bookmark here on my desktop. 
So here we are in Florence, Firenze. 
I'm going to zoom in a few times and move around. 
Now, to activate the Street View feature, I can click on the business so I can just hold in place anywhere on the map, so which is exactly what I'm going to do here. 
Let me try a different--slightly a different place. 
So here we are. 
So, I can click on this little guy here, we call him Pegman and he will just launch the UI for me. 
So what you see here is a beautiful, you know, three-dimensional panorama on Street 
View and there's a little guy here which we just launched, and if I drag Pegman around, you'll see this little circle, we call it the pancake; and the pancake actually knows the three-dimensional structure of the scene pretty well, so you can see that it understands that there are building and facades; and I can just drag it where I want to go, just 
like I do on the desktop, and it will just take me there. 
Pretty cool, right? 
So it looks 
like there's something interesting here down the street, so let's keep going a little bit. 
Let me just try this again. 
Sorry about that. 
So let's take an even bigger leap here. 
So 
I just keep going down the street and there's a beautiful building down there which I would 
love to take a closer look. 
Now, here, I just want to show off this again. 
Look how amazingly well is the understanding of the 3D scene here that we have with Street View. 
So I can actually get very close to that building down there, that's the Santa Croce Cathedral here in Firenze or over in Firenze. 
Again, I can zoom at it more closely. 
So if I want to take a look at the very specific details of the facade, I can see them in high resolution. 
This is beautiful, almost as if I were right there. 
So these are the demos that I wanted to share with you. 
I hope you try them all and enjoy them. >> SCHMlDT: 
Thank you, Hugo. 
Now, you know, what we've talked about is we've talked about the importance of mobile, and we've also talked about the mobile--the importance of the connection with the super computer. 
We've not talked about much about entertainment and YouTube and so forth. 
But we, in fact, do want to talk a little bit about Google Television. >> BARRA: 
Yes, of course, we've saved the best for last. 
So with no further ado, I'd 
like you to welcome my colleague from the Google TV team, Brittany Bohnet. >> BOHNET: 
Thank you. 
So you would never want to buy a computer without an Internet browser. 
In these days, especially after that demo, you'd probably never want to buy a mobile phone without an Internet browser. 
Soon, you're never going to want to buy a TV without an 
Internet browser. 
And I'm here today to show you a few examples of what's possible when you have an Internet browser on TV. 
First, a few notes before I get started. 
I want you to understand the context here. 
Google TV is launching this fall in the US only. 
And while we're very excited to bring Google TV over to places like Europe, unfortunately, we don't have anything specific to announce at this time. 
So consider this a sneak preview. 
Now, I'm actually not demoing on any of the final hardware today. 
You see here a dish satellite box that I'm using to control my DVR recordings in the presentation. 
The box on top of it is a generic development box that we're testing the Google TV software on right now. 
I'm even using a random wired keyboard that I picked up at an electronic store a few days ago. 
It has full QWERTY keyboard functionalities, a pointing device and some 
TV specific buttons. 
Now, when we come to market in the US this fall, we'll be launching with three devices from Sony and Logitech. 
Sony is launching a Google TV powered HDTV, as well as a Google TV powered Blu-ray player. 
Logitech is launching a Google TV powered box that connects to the TV you already have. 
Now, both of these OEMs are going to be building incredible remote controls that you can use with the TV. 
However, you can also use your 
Android phone or iPhone as a remote control as well, and, yes, you may be able to do some of these incredible voice commands, that Hugo just demonstrated, on your TV. 
Can you imagine searching for a channel name and watching your TV tuned to the channel? 
That's all going to be possible in just a few months. 
Now, we have the Sony Bravia over to my right just to simulate the Google TV living room experience. 
And for the sake of all of your eyes, we'll be projecting Google TV back on the screen behind me. 
Let's see if we can get it started. 
There we go. 
So, everyone clear on everything? 
We're going to get started with the demo. 
You notice here I'm watching TV as if I normally would in my living room. 
I can change channels; 
I can do all the same things I usually would. 
With one button, I can press the search button and bring down this box. 
And for up here, I can type in any URL. 
So let's go straight to YouTube. 
In just a few seconds, YouTube.com is going to be loading. 
Now, you notice this transition between TV and web was completely seamless. 
I didn't need to change my input channel, I didn't need to use a different remote; the web just became an extension of my TV. 
So I'm here on YouTube and I can do any of the same things I could do in my computer. 
So let's search for something to watch. 
The Salt's video trailer came out just a couple of months ago; let's see if we can find that here. 
Again, just like on my computer, now 
I can see it and I can go click on the link and watch the video. 
Now, one of the great things about YouTube is that as camera technology has improved, more and more people are uploading high resolution video. 
This means that it makes a great experience when you navigate into full screen. 
So let's try that now. 
So, the video is rendering and we're actually 
going to be using hardware acceleration in the Google TV devices to make this rendering happen very, very fast. 
Let's see if this actually is rendering. 
All right. 
Well, let 
me show you another example of YouTube, oh, this is what happened; the play button was not started. 
Minor details when you're watching a video. 
There we go. 
Now, we can have it into full screen and it will show me what's happening at a 720 pixel. 
Look how great that 
looks on your TV screen. 
This is YouTube. 
It's pretty amazing. 
All right. 
We're going 
to go pause this again. 
Now, YouTube has actually launched a new product called YouTube Leanback that's actually defaulted for the Google or for the big screen experience. 
Not specifically for Google TV, but for any large screen that you're viewing YouTube on. 
Now, YouTube Leanback automatically defaults video into full screen. 
It also has very intuitive controls so that you can search, pause, play, rewind all the videos one by one. 
So you see here I can just navigate right, play any video I want to, I can even browse down and search by category. 
And again, it controls, are large and very intuitive. 
So, with Google TV, all of these can become a reality in your television. 
But this is not just about video and it's not just about YouTube. 
From here, I can go anywhere on the web. 
What about FarmVille? 
Now, did you know that the last I checked, 10% of Americans are playing FarmVille every single day? 
I don't know what the statistic is for Germans, but that boggles my mind. 
Okay. 
So, online games are pretty fun. 
What about music? 
Now, there's so many online music streaming sites these days, what if you could play music from your TV? 
Your TV if often connected to the best speakers in your house, so why shouldn't your music be coming out of those speakers? 
What about photos? 
A lot of people these days are uploading their photos to places like 
Picasa, Flickr, Facebook, and a lot of these sites actually have a very interesting feature called slideshow mode. 
Now, again, what's more compelling, a 10-inch digital photo viewer sitting on your coffee table or a 50-inch TV sitting in your living room? 
It's the best and brightest screen in your house. 
This is the screen that you should be displaying all of your photos on, and now you can. 
Okay. 
So you've essentially gone from hundreds of channels in your TV line-up to millions of channels just with the implementation of a browser. 
How do you search all of this content? 
Well, we thought of that, too. 
So I'm going to bring down the search box again, and from here I can type in the name of a channel and 
I could see that right now this is a show that's playing. 
With one click, I tune there and I'm done. 
People don't have as much time as they used to. 
We want to get them there quicker. 
But the search box is interesting not just for channel searches, but we can search for anything. 
Let me search for Star Trek. 
You'll see here that we're integrating 
TV search as well as pages from the web. 
I can even search TV and video content and this takes me to a page where I can access all the content about Star Trek that I ever want to watch. 
I can browse movies. 
I can go to specific shows, specific episodes, and even clips from the web. 
Now, it doesn't matter what's on right now. 
What matters is what do I want to watch? 
Google TV lets me watch it. 
And this is--some of this is free and some of this is paid. 
We're doing integrations with different video on demand providers to allow users to pay for things instantly and watch them immediately on their TV. 
So now you have all your TV, you have all of the web, and you have a way to search it all. 
It gets even better. 
I'm going to go to my home screen really quickly and navigate to one of my recordings for Top Gear. 
Now, this specific episode of Top Gear is all about the Ferrari. 
And let's just say for a minute that I was so captivated by this show that 
I wanted to buy a Ferrari. 
Check this out. 
With one button, I can collapse the screen into a smaller screen size and I do a search for a "buy a Ferrari". 
Granted, this is just a demo, I'm not really going to buy one today. 
Now, I can go online and do that just now. 
Now, you can imagine all of the use cases where this can be very compelling. 
I'm watching a breaking news story and I want to go see what people are saying on Twitter or Facebook or I'm watching a game show like Jeopardy and I want to go cheat and get the answer before the people on TV do. 
They're all different kinds of scenarios you can come up with here. 
The thing to note there is it's such a simple enhancement to TV, yet it makes it so much more interactive. 
So all of your TV, all of the Internet and a way to find everything you watch, want everything you want to watch, as well as the way to integrate the TV and 
Internet together. 
One last thing I'm happy to announce, soon we'll be bringing tens of thousands of the same applications you can get on your mobile phone to your TV. 
We're going to be launching support for Android Market in early 2011. 
TV, a full web, tens of thousands of applications. 
Google TV gives you access to more entertainment than any other living room device you've ever experienced. 
Thank you. >> SCHMlDT: 
Thank you, Brittany. 
So that was phenomenal. 
I think you've seen two really 
historic things today. 
The first, of course, with Google Television, you saw--and it happened so fast, you got used to it--you saw an active browser with a picture and picture window of the screen show that you would or previously selected in your web search. 
You also saw in the selection in search that you had five television shows, 230 YouTube videos and 5,000 other sites that you could visit over Star Trek. 
All of a sudden, we can combine the two together. 
The other thing that's happening is because this is a Chrome-based solution, talking about browsers, you can actually program this, and it'll be possible, over time, to actually write programs and program your television to do exactly what you've always wanted to do rather than just yelling at it, which is what most people do. 
So--and in Hugo's presentation, you saw the ultimate extension of what we could do technologically by having people who, at least in theory, can't speak the same language, literally being able, with a little bit of help, to communicate and do an economic transaction on the shoe department. 
The important thing here is that these are things that were the stuff of science fiction a few years ago, and now they are very, very real. 
So what I'd like to do is talk a little bit about the political context of all of this. 
And then talk a little bit about the future and then take your questions or comments. 
And thank you--thank you both again. 
The Internet is creating a great Internet disruption, and that disruption is changing so many things. 
It's affecting so many of us in so many different ways. 
It's--there are many quotes in this. 
Joseph Schumpeter called it the "perennial gale of creative destruction," that over and over again, some assumption that we had is no longer true and a new assumption takes forth. 
And the Internet has replaced the economics of scarcity. 
How difficult it is to get to things with the economics of ubiquity. 
You have to be everywhere. 
You have to be--you have to be all over everywhere all the time. 
And any business that's built on controlling or restricting the flow of information is having difficulty, whereas businesses that are about popularizing information, getting it as broadly as possible, tend to benefit in this new world, and you see this from our technology. 
And all of these disruptions are both terrifying and exciting, especially, obviously, for the incumbents that are affected by this very seriously. 
It's exciting because of scale. 
We can bring, and other companies can bring out products that can touch a billion people fairly quickly. 
And these markets are 
large. 
They're very, very large. 
They touch a lot of people. 
They touch humanity at it's--in the way it really is as opposed to the way we think--we think of it is. 
But it's terrifying because it's all about information, and ultimately, information is what people care a lot about. 
So we end up, we Google, end up in the middle of most of these debates, whether it's privacy or street view or numerous other issues which people here in the audience know about. 
And from my perspective, I think the debate is healthy. 
These are new ideas. 
These are new issues. 
Society hasn't really decided what to do about some of these things. 
Having the sharing and the opinions of everybody really does help, at least, us inform how we make the decisions of how we go forward with these new products. 
And we encounter this--the scrutiny and we're prepared to participate, and of course, we accept it very much. 
This disruption, this benefit is going to continue. 
It's going to continue from companies like Google and others as well, and the future gets very interesting very quickly. 
This golden era--I talk about the golden era of--or the age of augmented humanity, you can imagine a golden era of breakthroughs. 
The computer science is now driving knowledge in human discipline in all sorts of new ways that can--that we can really solve the scientists' big problems; global warming, terrorism, financial transparency, because these are fundamentally information problems. 
So, imagine a future--this is a very near future that goes something like this: you don't forget anything. 
Why? 
Because the computer remembers. 
You don't have to remember anymore. 
The computer remembers. 
It remembers the things that you should have remembered but you don't remember anymore because you have too much else going on in your life. 
Computers, in many ways, will become good at what we're not good at, making lists, remembering things, keeping memories and track of all the things going on in our lives. 
Humans are just not very good at that. 
Computers sort of excel with this sort of thing. 
You're never lost, right? 
It's funny how, you know, you're always buying maps and worrying about things. 
Now you're never lost, right? 
Your smartphones certainly knows where you are. 
You know your position down. 
So, do your friends, right? 
This could be use in all sorts of very powerful ways. 
Your car, right? 
Your car should be able to drive itself. 
After all, the car knows where it is, knows where the other cars are, knows where you're going, right? 
You can monitor in case it has a bug in it, right? 
But aside from that, the car should take you where you want to go. 
This explosion of real-time telemetry, which is a fantastic explosion on information measured in what are called terabytes and petabytes of information, is the defining computer science data challenge. 
And what's interesting about products like 
Google Maps, you saw some of this in our demo, and Google Earth is that people who love the earth--and I hope it's all of us--can love it even more. 
We can know even more about what's going on in our planet, by the way, our only planet that we care so deeply about and want to make sure it's in good shape. 
You really do have all the world's information at your fingertips in any language. 
There are more than 160 million uses of translate every day. 
That number is, again, growing very, very quickly. 
People actually don't all speak English. 
It's always a shock to Americans, sorry. 
Germans understand this very well. 
It's amazing how much information there is in languages that you don't speak. 
It's true for all of us, and especially for English speakers. 
We will know and we can help you figure out what to pay attention to right now. 
The explosion in user content, the explosion in real-time data, what am I thinking, what am I doing, social networks and so forth, we can help you sort that out. 
We can help you figure out what is most relevant to you right now. 
Now, it's interesting, you're never lonely because your friends are always nearby, we always know where they are, they're always near you, they're always connected to you, at least in cyberspace. 
Your friends make Google in the web more powerful, they augment it, they make it special, and you're never bored, right? 
Instead of wasting a lot of time watching television, you can waste time watching the Internet, right? 
And we have a lot more choices for you to waste your time with. 
So, not only you're never lonely, you're never bored. 
And occasionally, you might learn something in the process of being entertained, so whether it's games or movies or videos, and in the Leanback experience, we actually suggest what you should be watching because we know what you care about. 
So you don't need to worry so much about what your--what are the choices. 
We figure it out for you. 
We're never out of ideas. 
We can suggest what you put--what you should do next, what you care about, all the things in front of you. 
Imagine the world's calendar knowing everything, all the events, and we know where you are, we know what things that you like and all of a sudden, we can suggest, "Well, there's an amazing play over here or there's a great concert around the corner that you didn't know about it, that your friends care a lot about. 
And what I'd like the most about this vision is it's a future for everyone. 
It's not a future just for the elites. 
Historically, information services and information and power have been for the rich people, the knowledge workers and so forth. 
This is technology which is accessible to every single person on the planet, or at least all the people who can afford or are working very hard to get smartphones, too, which is today on the order of a billion people. 
And in my view over the next five to ten years will approach three to four billion people with powerful networks that will back them up. 
That is a humongous change. 
It is a tremendous change in accessed information for people who have struggled to get through the day and worrying about all the things that we all care about. 
So for me, this is a future that is committed to doing good. 
It's a future that we care a lot about at 
Google. 
It's a future that's gives people time to do what they really care about, thought, ideas, intuitions, solutions and doing what they love, which I think is mostly about people and about society and about the fun that they all have. 
It's interesting that this is a future that is a stuff with poetry. 
It's a quote that I like, "Google is made of us, a sort of coral reef of human minds and their products," from William Gibson last week. 
I tell you now that the future--this future that I've talked about that you've seen is really available to all of us right now. 
I'm proud to be part of it and thank you so much for coming and participating in this talk. 
Thank you so much. 
I think we have--okay, we have some time for some questions. 
If you will give us comments or questions, we have some hands up here. 
I think we have some microphones. 
Do you want to just sort of do them. >> FABlEN: 
Fabien from AndroidPlT. >> SCHMlDT: 
Yes, how are you? >> FABlEN: 
I was wondering when I saw your 
Google TV presentation as well as your presentation for the Android phones, if Google becomes a content provider more than like right now, someone where everything gets into Google and someone else can retrieve it, this is more because I think, from my perspective, and my perspective, TV is a very passive medium where I sit in front of it and then I get information, but I don't want to probably check information out. 
I just want to be passive, in my personal opinion. 
Is Google becoming a content provider? >> SCHMlDT: 
We've decided to stay right on--there's a line that we've decided not to cross. 
So we want to work with content providers and get them onto this new platform, whether it be Google Television or YouTube or the web. 
We're very unlikely to go into the actual content production, at least in a significant way because we want the content providers to be able to make money. 
I will tell you, by the way, as a passive television viewer, once you have Google Television, you're not going to be passive. 
You're going to be very, very busy. 
It's going to ruin your evening. 
It's our strategy. 
Some more questions? 
Yes? >> ASANTl: 
Matt Asanti, IFA International. >> SCHMlDT: 
Hi there. >> ASANTl: 
You mentioned all of the benefits of the new technology and I'm sure when you're doing your research as well, you're considering the downsides with all of the information that you're collecting and possessing. 
So, what are the dangers according to you? 
And do you think there's a real danger also in creating an elite by restricting access to the Internet as well? >> SCHMlDT: 
Well, for the latter part, we've worked, all of us at Google, I personally--many people that I've worked with have worked very hard to make the Internet available to everyone. 
And because of the tremendous success of mobile phone, data and a particular GPRS edge, UMTS and now LTE Technology, it's reasonable to expect that over the next 5 to 10 years, 5 out of the 6 billion or so humans will have access to some level of mobile connectivity and some number of billions, certainly more than one because we're nearly there now, will have access to powerful smartphones and the kind of web computing. 
That is a life-changing experience for them, so I'm very, very excited about it. 
I think that the downsides are all obvious. 
It's always a shock to people to discover that criminals use the telephone, and yet we still use the phone. 
We haven't banned the telephone. 
And I think the fact of the matter is that there are evil people in the world, they will use this technology. 
It's important that we be alert. 
It's important that we recognize that the laws are there for the reason that we all follow them. 
But we have no illusion about how this technology could be misused as well. 
And I think that the governments in the world, police forces and so forth need to focus on this because it will be a new source, among other things, of some bad behavior as well as hopefully enormous amount of good behavior. >> [INDlSTlNCT], I'm working for a German 
Radio Stations. 
Will Google phones also be able to identify people in the future? 
You gave us a great example with this cathedral, how about I point my hand--my Google phone on just, say, a person that I want his email address or like his hobbies or--can Google help me with that? >> SCHMlDT: 
The answer is no. 
And I hope that--and 
I'm sorry if you wanted that feature, it's no. 
There are a number of reason why it's no. 
One is it's illegal because you can't use--in the European law, you can't use that kind of information which, I think, is a good law. 
So the second thing is that it would be a significant invasion of people's privacy. 
So, if people want to give you that information, it's easy for them to transmit it, but you won't be able to randomly find things out about people without their permission. >> And in the US? >> SCHMlDT: 
Same answer. 
We're not going to do it in the US. 
It's just too--it's too creepy. >> SHlGA: 
Okay, Doctor Schmidt. >> SCHMlDT: 
Is that where you are? >> SHlGA: 
It's me. >> SCHMlDT: 
Oh, there you are. 
Sorry. >> SHlGA: 
Okay. 
My name is Doctor Shiga. 
Actually, I just picked up the example of the cathedral. 
Actually, you know, you spoke about the organ of the cathedral. 
My mother was one of those who have the chance to play this organ. >> SCHMlDT: 
Ah, good. >> SHlGA: 
And I would like to say, when you come back to Berlin we will offer you a concert. >> SCHMlDT: 
Oh, thank you. >> SHlGA: 
And I say that because I wanted to discuss a topic, which you haven't discussed with us today, but I heard in the grapevine that there is something behind the curtain which may be of interest for us, but it's up to you to spoke about. 
It's about generating and retrieving and working out proper memory. 
As you know, all this digital age we're approaching, we speak about the future. 
But I think maybe some of the most important challenges is not just hosting data, but it's not just giving us the data of our actual life, but actually hosting parts of our past. 
And I know that there are some projects in the way in the background of your big, big, big empire which are working on that. 
Maybe it's too early to speak about that, but maybe you can give us at least some ideas about these things which are less on the future which will have to do with our past and once we are done, we give you the concert. >> SCHMlDT: 
Thank you. 
Well first, thank you, sir for such a kind offer. 
We're very interested in getting historical information into Google. 
Usually, that historical information is owned by somebody; a library, or a cathedral, or a church, or what have you, and so we have organizations that go and talk to them and try to get that information to be published. 
We want to be very respectful of copyright. 
We don't want to do it without their permission. 
But most people, when we talk to them, are very interested in getting their information out because it helps popularize what they're doing. 
The more information we have, the more signals, the more information that we can have that we link things together. 
I don't think there's anything particularly special about music or sheet music or any of those things. 
We have a number of projects around going on a pro bono basis trying to do digital images of the original vellum of recordings from hundreds of years ago. 
But our real objective is just to get all the information digitized. 
Once it's digitized, then it's available for the next thousand years in whatever formats will occur. 
We've done this very successfully with historic books, and we've done that with a set of partnerships here in Europe as well. 
Some more questions? >> MORGAN: 
Jerry Morgan from IFA International. 
What would you define as the main business sort of strategic benefits to Google of Android, this free operating system which is use to cross different tablet, smartphone devices? 
What would you define as the key business benefits to Google of this? 
And the second question is will this--could this possibly lead to commercial conflict with other organizations which you haven't had in the past? >> SCHMlDT: 
Well, I'm sure that there will be commercial conflict with other people that we've not competed in the past because this is so new and we accept that. 
Google takes an unusual view of these business questions. 
We try to solve the problem from the end-user perspective and then we try to figure out a way to make money later. 
So in the Android's case, we think it's just interesting technology. 
It enables a whole generation of new applications. 
We demoed some of them. 
These are things which we would never even conceive of a few years ago. 
And more importantly there are many, many people who are built--who do not work at Google, who are building powerful applications on top of the Android platform. 
So, from our perspective, the end-user benefit is obvious. 
If there are many, many, many millions of users of Android, I am sure that Google can figure out some ways to make money from that, but it will not be from charging for Android, it would be an insularly things. 
I'll give you an example. 
People who use Android search more. 
Well, we--as they search more with a powerful browser, they click on more ads. 
So we estimated that Android already pays for itself so we're very happy with Android. 
You could imagine there are many other things that we could do if we really cared about growing that business. 
For us, Android is precisely strategic because it allows us to create the complete system that we just showed you, the smartphone to the network to the super computer, and strategic because with that system you could do these amazing things that we saw in our demos. 
And by the way, Android is part of the Google television platform as well. >> I've got to say, I appreciate your--right next to him--your vision of a bright future. 
I would think that we would all like to share that. 
There are some very large players your vision has to navigate around. 
Players you don't and can't control whether it'd be autocratic governments. 
I know Google has had some issues in China recently, there's issues regarding network availability, whether or not the 3G network can--or the mobile network can handle, this new traffic data farms, et cetera, et cetera. 
What are some of these issues that you can't control you are concerned about that we should be looking towards? >> SCHMlDT: 
Well, it's worth saying right now that Google is not a country. 
We are not a sovereign government and we are subject to the laws of the countries that we operate in. 
And I want to make that very explicit because people get sort of confused about all of this. 
We have to follow the European 
laws in Europe. 
We have to follow the Chinese laws. 
We decided in China we did not like the way in which their censorship was working, so we moved to the other China, which was 
Hong Kong. 
So we'll see what happens. 
So we make that decision on a per country basis. 
My own view is that these changes are happening so quickly. 
The societies are not really prepared for what's going to happen when everybody is online. 
Everybody is posting information about what's going on around them. 
I also think that in general this is very good because it empowers citizens, and citizens are fundamentally good. 
Citizens fundamentally want to make their countries a better place, and so I would say that in a positive context. 
But I think that countries are a classic example where the laws conflict. 
There are obviously also corporations that have different models from us that we also compete with. 
I see there are some questions over there as well, don't forget them. 
Yes, sir? >> KAVlTSKl: 
Kavitski from Online Magazine in Germany. 
I have two questions. 
One that is a specific one, Google translate, is that something you write, you also doing in a phone call over the air? 
And the second, more general question about Chrome OS which, in my opinion, is almost like the big Android, for example, very suitable for tablets, is that coming soon or can you give us a short update there? >> SCHMlDT: 
So, two separate questions that the live translate is the next logical succession to the demo that you saw and you could imagine eventually it might be possible. 
Right now, we can do it the way you saw it. 
So we're pretty close. 
And I think eventually it'll be possible to speak. 
Today, you can SMS somebody and without speaking the language and I think it's reasonable to expect that with some level of accuracy you'll be able to do it live over time. 
Again, as the technology gets better, and remember these algorithms are trained algorithms. 
As they get more data, they get better. 
So a classic example where the computer does something better because the humans help it and the humans do something better because the computer is there, they can actually communicate with each other. 
On the question about Chrome OS, Chrome OS has been announced. 
Chrome OS is an operating system which is in early availability and it's targeted primarily at the Netbook space today. 
And of course, because it's free, it's open-source. 
People will also use it for tablets. 
But I think it's too early to say exactly how it will be played out. 
We're 
looking forward to the partnership announcements later this year. >> Thank you. >> PAARGlA: 
Florian Samuel Paargia, TWN. 
What about the responsibility from Google? 
You asked where can I find the Egyptian things and stuff, then you got the answer at the Pergamon Museum. 
I assume most of the people believe that now, but that answer is wrong. 
Your time is--in Berlin, I assume, very limited, so if you want to see the Egyptian stuff, you get that information, now, you're ending up in the wrong museum. 
Thanks. >> SCHMlDT: 
Okay, so what was the right museum? >> PAARGlA: 
It's in the so-called Old Museum and Altes Museum. 
It's very close to it... >> SCHMlDT: 
Okay. >> PAARGlA: ...but the Pergamon Museum is, as far as I know, not known or famous for Egyptian stuff. 
It's famous for something--other things. 
Thanks. >> SCHMlDT: 
Okay. 
Well, I will--I will defer to the--to the unique knowledge that this audience has to debate that point. 
Thank you. 
More questions. >> KELVlN: 
This is Kelvin from Shenzhen State 
Micro Technology in China. 
First question is about the applications to Hugo. 
Just now, you were playing the Lady Gaga, Just Dance, and you will have to stop it by finger-click, right? 
You can't stop it by yelling at it? 
Can you stop it by yelling at it? >> SCHMlDT: 
Can you yell at--if you yell at the Lady Gaga video, it will stop? >> KELVlN: 
To stop it. >> SCHMlDT: 
Or will she yell back? 
Do you have a personal relationship, Hugo, with Lady Gaga? >> KELVlN: 
Oh, I don't know. 
The question actually is about, is your Android platform the ear of your supercomputer, or if the voice control can control the mobile phone itself? >> SCHMlDT: 
Hugo, do you want to go ahead and answer? >> BARRA: 
So we've chosen the things that sort of solved the most complexity like being able to send an SMS with one click, being able to navigate some of it with one click. 
There's one that I didn't demonstrate, which I use, like, ten times a day, which is to say, "Note to self," and then, you know, "Buy milk on the way home," or whatever reminder you want to send yourself. 
I'm sure many of you geeks here send yourself emails all the time, trying a reminder. 
So we're trying to solve the biggest problems before we try to voice-enable everything. 
The next step, by the way, is to actually open the voice actions platform with a public API so that third party developers can then start adding different actions to do anything, right? 
So, Spotify, for example, could say, "Well, it's great that a user can launch Spotify and play a song or a playlist, but what about controlling the playback?" You know, "What about being able to say 'pause' and other thing like that?" 
So we're going to open up the voice actions API for that stuff, and all of these actually are doable today because there's an open API on Android itself for speech. 
Hopefully that answered that question. >> KELVlN: 
I'm looking forward to that. 
And the second question is to--I'm sorry, the second question is to Eric. 
Now, Google TV is one of the best of product from Google, right? 
Okay? 
What's your strategy to get Google 
TV into China market, because I'm a Chinese, right? >> SCHMlDT: 
Well, our current strategy is to try to get it. 
Because of the partnership you saw, it has to be integrated with the content provider. 
We're trying to get it launched in the next couple of months in United States, and then we'll do a worldwide launch later or basically in 2011. 
And I won't go through the details on a per-country basis, but it's pretty obvious what we need to do. 
We need to talk to the broadcasters and make sure we have the content, get the thing certified. 
Televisions are, in fact, offered by the local manufacturers. 
They have to actually install the software in their televisions. 
Go ahead. >> Dr. Schmidt, I'm really sorry, but I've Googled your schedule, you only have time for one more question. >> SCHMlDT: 
One more question. >> And please try and keep it to one question. 
So, anymore? 
I think the gentleman all the way in the back. 
If you could stand up and just announce yourself. 
Thank you. >> POPl: 
Hello, my name is Luppa Popi from Symantec Eds and my question is, what's your view about Apps? 
Everybody is talking in Apps and Apple has taken this phenomenon to the 
last stage. 
And when we talk about Apps in two or three year's time, what will be the mash up use cases from the Apps. >> SCHMlDT: 
First is I think the iPad Apps have really shown a very good model. 
- I did everything for you! 
I did everything, what else do you want me to do? 
For God's sake, Basha. 
Is your heart that cold? 
I beg you, answer me! 
What? 
Answer me! 
Popoy stop it! 
Basha... 
I love you. 
And it hurts. 
Take me! 
Right now! 
Take me right now! 
Hello? 
Where are you? 
Huh? 
Where? 
I've been going around here over and over, where are you? 
I'm coming. 
You keep saying you're coming but I still can't find you! 
Subtitles brought to you by Ebb and Tide Team @ Viki 
E B B and T I D E 
I say whoops! 
Don't take tings granted.. 
It could be really bad, at the end. 
What are you saying , man?- Don't use every opportunity, to come close to Mira. 
I don't want to see you next to her again. 
Man, Nylon (Plastic), Whom are you threatening? 
Get away from my girlfriend, otherwise I will cut your legs. 
Man, i would chew you on this soil and plant parsley over your body. 
Leave.. 
You will die in my hands! 
But I swore I wouldn't get involved with you again. 
I said leave me, leave! 
I don't use any opportunity . 
I don't look at anyone's wife or girl either. 
Put this in your goofball head. 
Did you get me man? 
EPlSODE 5 - Leave me ! 
What can you do man alone? 
Come on, do it! 
Mira is my friend and whenever I want to be with her, i will be . 
Got it? 
Now get out! 
Don't dare to come here again! 
What's going on here? 
Nothing... 
I came to thank him for helping in the club, but... alas... 
I forgot that we don't talk the same language with our friend. 
It'm not at fault, but I'm sorry for disturbing you.Good night. 
What did we talk with you Yaman? 
This man came to my door. 
What's his trouble with you? 
It's okay, nothing. 
- If you're right you will tell what happened, why do you keep quiet? 
We've solved it already . 
There is nothing to tell. 
Come on Ender, anyway we have more important things to do, let's go and talk with Faruk. 
Come dear... 
Subtitles brought to you by Ebb and Tide Team @ Viki 
Thank you. 
What is it ,dear Ender? 
As soon as you heard ,did you also come to ask for your money? 
Far from it! 
You should be thankful that he isn't the man of your life.Look! 
We came to ask if there is anything we can do for you? 
Where is Faruk? 
I don't know, just left, and went away. 
Maybe he threw himself somewhere. or maybe he is getting ready to throw himself. 
His life- insurance will pay his debts then. 
Do something ,Selim... 
Please ..-You know that i am Ümit's lawyer. 
But I'll help you.I can recommend a good lawyer for him. 
We're finished. 
We simply got ruined. 
Thankfully, land register of this house is on me. 
Could something happen? 
Could we lose this house? 
It depends on amount of the debt. 
But of course, as his wife you're debt's -partner.. 
God damn it... 
God damn him ! 
This incompetent guy! 
Come here, we can go outside for a bit if you want. 
Since you couldn't carry out this work successfully why did you take such a risk? 
Wait let me see the dimensions of this issue tomorrow first. 
Let us first see what's the issue befor you maul yourself, right? 
I 'il check on Beeren. 
Everything is clear. 
In the middle of the business world, they proved that he is a thief. 
Even if he can get out of this mess, who's going to work with him again? 
He played with the future of the children. 
This is the most important thing. 
It looks like Mira will go from here before than that outskirts boy. 
They will go away from here. 
I'll go already... 
I'm tired... 
You have to take a look to the future plans with your lover once more 
Come on.. 
You were in class A, I was in B 
I'm saying... 
This is why I don't remember you ,... 
But i remember you.. 
I remember of my all primary school friends. 
It means there is a problem in my memory card. 
You were not interested in anyone, you didn't play with the other kids. 
Even during the breaks when everyone was running, you were sitting in the edge and reading books. 
So that no one would mess with me. 
Actually, I was like you too.. 
Did you study a lot? 
I did not have many friends. friend.. 
In fact, no friend at all. 
Oh snap! 
Why? 
First I was very tall, I looked older next to them , and I had dental braces until the end of junior high school. 
It's beautiful to be tall, I wanted to be tall too. 
But your height is good. 
Thank you! 
Your dental braces served the purpose, your teeth are very beautiful >Thank you! 
No one cares about Mira. 
And it's understandable why Eylul left us. 
Life goes on... 
Thanks for the beautiful moments tonight ! 
Don't mention it. 
Good night, > The same to you. 
Mom? 
I struggled a lot to reach this Mira, 
I don't want to return to the beginning again now. 
Come on! 
I had very difficult childhood. 
there were so many things i did not have in my life. 
I didn't know about the comfort of a bed at all... a warm house, sleeping with a full stomach , to dream of beautiful things... 
But now i know.. 
When one is in poverty it doesn't impose so much, because there is nothing, , nothing! 
One is subzero... 
But now is difficult,Mira. 
I don't want to lose these. 
At least that will not happen... 
When we met with Faruk, he loved an ignorant but beautiful girl. 
I did everything,.. so he loved me. 
From the day I walked out of that neighborhood, I didn't return there again ,never looked back. 
I wanted to forget.. 
And, I did forget. 
I wanted Asude to be Sude, 
And it happened like that... 
I know the value of my life better ,than any other women , who lives this kind of life.. 
That i don't want to lose .. 
Do you understand? 
I don't want my children to live in bad conditions , which i had as kid.. 
I don't want you to worry about your future. 
So you won't have to climb through life.. 
Mom, please! 
Don't write tragedy scenarios right away, for God's sake 
Nothing will be as you think. 
Above all, i trust my dad. 
You trust the man who licked the dust in front of everyone.? 
Don't do it, for Gods sake. 
Okay, i mean i also will not forget what happened this evening. 
but I am not in love with this sort of life, as much as you are. 
Because you don't know poverty - Whatever it is! 
My dad can go to bankruptcy, we can go down to Zero... we will rearrange our life according to that. 
What are those mom, what are those, what? 
You mean the real, true happiness is this, those things? 
My sweetheart, are we not a family? 
How fast have you given up ? 
You will see, 
That man will be ashamed for what he did... 
And also for attacking my dad in front of everyone .. 
He will apologize to dad in front of everyone... 
I am saying it again, I trust my dad. 
We have to support him. 
After all this I don't even care what people say. 
And i know my father is not a thief. 
I know that he never wanted to do something bad. 
We will pull ourselves together. 
You also pull yourself together, please.. 
Are you alright? 
I am worried about you. 
(and he deletes it). 
And that Orkuc is an orkuc (blurt out) really. he wanders around with Hale, but I can't believe what Eylul did, how can one abandon the friend and go to them? 
Instead of consoling Mira, both of them ran away... 
I thought that "plastic" was next to Mira, he also went to Hale? 
It looks like your receiver broke down, I am telling you since one hour. 
I am saying I saw him, I am saying she was in the car, I am saying he was with Hale. 
She needed moral support, by finding and putting her head on a pillow like this... 
Okay, don't brisk up (simulate),i got it. 
I can understand all of them, but never Eylul. 
I will take one too, my head is exploding too. 
This night after talking to you, i did not get a wink of sleep. 
I was so sad. 
Who knows what they are talking about us? 
Just close your ears (don't listen), no other way. 
What are they saying?- I didn't see any of them since the evening. 
How am i to look in their faces?!.. 
Don't be like this Mira, please! 
It's all because of uncle Umit's stupidity, 
He did a very shameful thing. 
Whatever it is, was there the place to settle accounts. 
Can one attack like savage in that way. 
That was definitely barbaric...Inhuman... 
No one cares about what he did, dear Eylul. 
Every body will talk about my father. 
About our disgrace..- What disgrace ? 
This is business life, one can sing and get out... 
Uncle Faruk was a good person when he earned money for them, when he lost it he became a bad one? 
Empty words! 
Mom.. 
Where?- To fix our reputation (honor), which is licking the dust. 
Any news from dad? 
No, his phones are switched off. 
I will have to find a solution on my own. 
Good morning. > Good morning. 
Wow, my dad did the omelet, I knew it from the smell. 
Sit down, it will get cold.. 
What is it? > Nothing. 
There is something... 
Everybody is tensed because of what happened last night Mert, don't force it if you want. 
If I get anything I will be Darth Vader 
Yaman, you have to take care of the official documents for the school.. 
Birth and citizenship certificate and so on. 
Don't neglect it, Friday is the last day. 
Ok, I will prepare them someday. 
-This is important, get it done today! 
Right away! 
You will talk with the foreman and will get the permission. 
Thank you. 
Is there any news from uncle Faruk? 
What will happen if they find him? 
Will he go to jail? 
He has to pay his debt, of course first he has to appear. 
Give it! ~ Faruk calling. 
Yes, Faruk. 
-Hi -I guess you need me more than you need her? 
Thanks, ..Thank you very much. 
How bad is the situation ,Faruk? 
Very bad, very. 
I am totally in a mess. 
We guess so. 
Of course you're Umit's lawyer, you must know it. 
But now I am here as a neighbor. 
As much as I knew you were a hardworking man who loved his work. 
We knew that everything was going well. 
What happened that you came in this state? 
I made an investment in Japan, 
I was in reserve incomes and a little risky but... ... the business was a flop, and the money lost. 
Exactly. 
For a time being I managed by taking in cash from the account .. but after the rumors, everyone started to withdraw their money at the same time. 
I was disintegrated. 
How do you think to pay your debt? 
Actually not everything is over... 
There are also other investments I am waiting for the return. 
Those are solid, but I need at least 3 month till the money is back.. can't postpone the debts anymore. 
My problem is time, I don't have any other worry. 
Let's consider that you postponed your debts, how much can you pay? 
Everything. 
of course if they go well as I hope. 
I need to take a breath too, this short holiday will be good for both of us. 
I also would like it very much , my baby but I have to be here on Monday. 
On Friday evening I'll pick you up at Dalaman, from the airport we will go straight to the ship. 
You have a guest, Sude Beylice. 
Yes, of course we'll talk again, see you, bye. 
Welcome Sude. 
Thank you. 
You know everything, so i get straight to the subject. 
Please , take a sit. 
I came to ask your advice, Mr.Asim. 
After last night's happenings in our life , i really don't know what to do. 
Why are you thinking? 
Leave it to Faruk to think . 
Yasemin, please bring us some coffee. 
Let mine be quite strong please!-Of course. 
Tell the captain to prepare the ship for the weekend. 
Don't let anything be missing. 
I will invite my friends.- Good ,sir. 
Yes dear, now i'm listening you. 
We must do this work before the switch sockets come. 
Look! 
Master! 
I will change my clothes and will go. 
Okay, take your money..(pay). 
What money is that?- It's your pay for the week my boy. 
Is that so? 
- Were we going to make you work gratis? 
May God make it plenty (way of thanking )- Use it with happiness >Thank you. 
Hypocrite. 
Be careful. 
Faker. 
May it be easy, dot com.. 
What's up?- you tell me..(the news comes from you). 
What? 
I am saying news come from you. 
Anyhow you follow the two sides. 
What are you saying, man? 
I'm saying anything... whatever, what can i tell you.. 
What kind of a girl are you, man? 
How do you play with everyone separately? 
Look here, you, what are you bullying around? 
While your best friend was living a tragedy last night, you went to hang out with the others. 
How was it? 
Did you have fun at least? 
Whith who did i go, i don't understand? 
With Hale and others...Now you blackbirded to Mira for atonement.... 
Congratulations. 
I'm looking, even there is no Sun to have affected your head.But firstly, last night I was at home all the time . 
We talked with Mira by phone until this morning. 
So ,this night you were not with Orkun and others? 
First repair your head... 
Unbalanced! 
Well balanced! 
(Stable) ! 
Yaman, where? 
I am going to the other side to my neighborhood,I have things to do on the reeve. 
Jump in.. 
No, thanks, the bus is coming.. 
Come on, get it. 
I was going to piano lesson. 
I could not stay at home. 
I wanted to get out as soon as possible. get in, i 'il drive you, and we can talk as well. 
I will get out by the metro station. 
How are things? 
My dad is not back yet... 
We don't know his where about- Oh,really? 
He sent a message, only to me. 
"I am out of the city, I have to clear my head a bit, don't worry and so on" - he wrote.. 
So much. 
- Good thing,that he informed you.. 
I have a terrible headache. 
If you want we can stop in a "Pharmacy", before you get the forest street. 
No, i already took some medicines, i have always these migraines... 
If I have the pain I can't open my eyes. 
Now of course got worse...-Then we turn off the air conditioner and open the widows.. 
The air comes in. 
Open your side too. 
If there was a little support for Faruk, if there was a source to handle his assets for some months, 
I know he will pull himself together. 
There are some things he is waiting for but... 
Don't cry my dear, don't cry.. 
Everything went so wrong... 
The only thing I can't endure in this life is woman's tears. 
Don't do it, please. 
For sure, there must be a way to save us from this situation.. 
The only way is to pay the debts... 
Unfortunately.. 
The wares can't compensate the debt.. then everything will be sold... whoever buys it. 
Ender also will have to wait fairly to get her debt back, I know this. 
What has Ender to do with it? 
You did not know? 
Faruk borrowed money from Ender too. 
Exactly 500.000 US dollars. 
Leave it for Gods sake, this is all humbug (palaver)... 
I wonder why are you so cruel when it comes to Faruk? 
Because Faruk is lying,... because Faruk is an unreliable man. 
Ah,Selim..-An hour long he was droning "No i'm not a thief,no the business went wrong "... ... 
"No, don't worry , when i get the money, i'll pay back..." 
" Is it not so? 
Couldn't he tell this on the phone? 
He wanted to talk face to face - And with it we are alright ! 
Again, he wanted to ask for money from you.. and when he saw me, gave up that idea. 
And he is taking me for a fool... as i don't understand his mind.. 
Again he did a wrong calculation. 
He couldn't guess we would come together of course. 
It 's enough now, Selim.- And you, if I were not there when he called you, would you tell me? would you tell me come,we go together? 
He is even calling you to come to the hotel..Impertinent( Inappropriate.) 
What is there, he did not want to be seen. 
Anyway you're the lawyer of the other side, but don't forget a common friend of ours is in a very difficult situation. 
Okay, i know, you're right, see you. 
Yes, Burcu. 
Okay i know i'm late. 
I am on my way. 
I am coming to the office. 
What?... 
Oh, No... 
Which hospital? 
I am not crazy, I am not crazy man! 
I am not crazy. 
Untie me! 
Find my lawyer, let my brother come to me. 
Man is okay, be quiet... - Leave me, i'm not crazy.. 
Man i am not mad... 
Leave me! 
Untie me ,i'm not crazy- Stop man, stop,they left.. 
You will get mad by force! 
Did they really inform my lawyer?-Yes they did..> Good... 
You could have dropped me by the subway, you didn't listen to me and got stuck in this traffic down the drain. 
Oh , don't prolong it.-You 'il miss your lesson. 
I still have time. 
I will take you to your neighborhood... and I will also see the place where you lived. 
There is nothing to see... 
I mean, you can't look at things there as you look to an aquarium. .. 
what sort of a man are you? 
You take out your spines right away.. 
Do I want to look at your life as one looks an aquarium? 
Is that the way you see me? 
No... of course not.. 
Last night I told you my secrets. 
I put my head on your shoulder, I trusted your sincerity. 
Should I think " I wonder if..." 
Okay i am sorry... - But you are are doing it always. . 
Whenever I want to come close to you, you push me away.. 
Last night it happened the same way... 
Why do you hide yourself so much, I don't understand. 
I mean what are you afraid of? 
You put on your armor right away! 
Why are you afraid? 
What harm can I do to you? 
Get out of the car then! 
Get out, if you don't want my friendship, don't look at my face from now on. 
What's all this now? 
Ok, come on, let's go, I will show you every place, but you won't insist saying: 
"I will see your home" 
Why can't I see your home? 
Because I want to forget the way to it too! 
Don't you miss your mom? 
I will get out! > Okay! 
There left.. 
Ohh there is bazaar today, I forgot! 
If we enter we can't get out. 
You go down on the right! 
On the right from here! 
You come also, if you want. 
- No, I will wait in the car, you go! 
Don't hurry ! 
Good afternoon! 
I wanted to move my registration 
First let me find your registration here. 
You know how devoted I am sister. but really, i can' t endure Kenan's trouble anymore... 
What can I say, you're right.- I gave him many opportunities, you know it.. but it's a must to break up. 
He lost me. 
Don't feel yourself guilty. 
It's his choice.. 
I wrote a letter and send it to him.I told him everything was needed... 
Did he ask me when he got into trouble? 
Yaman was also angry with this. 
"How can you do this when the guy is in jail?" 
Do you talk with Yaman? 
He calls sometimes to ask about you. 
I wish you stayed with Yaman aunt! 
You wouldn't be apart and your life would be better too. 
My life can't be better. 
My condemnation is until death. 
I will be at ease when I close my eyes. 
Sister, who is Turunc Nadir? 
What? > Turunc Nadir 
O don't know... 
Who is it? 
I heard uncle Hasan and Kenan fighting once. 
Kenan threatened uncle Hasan with him. 
My Goodness!- I heard that uncle Hasan is afraid of Turunc Nadir. 
I made Giray tell him as if Kenan said that he has to take his complaint back or... 
Turunc Nadir will get to know about it.. 
You really don't know? 
Did you wake up? 
Come. 
I didn't know you were home. 
We work at night girl, I wake up only now. 
While you sleep, probably nothing will be left to the bazaar. 
I am waiting for you many hours already.. 
Wait I will wash my face and we will go. 
I will leave as you will go to bazaar. 
I am sorry.- No dear, that takes the cake! 
I will come again. 
Goodbye! 
Say hello to your mom! 
-Yes of course! 
It means I was deceived but this**** girl and I didn't know. 
The account for this will be asked. 
Here you are,- Thank you! 
Have a nice day! > Good day! 
I'm alright, I'm good, sweetie, don't worry. 
Okay , we'll talk later. 
Okay, my dearest, kisses for you too. 
Bye - bye! 
Are you done? 
If yours (Orkun) is worried you can go if you want.Don't let him reproach later. 
I was talking with Eylul, she calls constantly to ask how I am. 
Again. 
If you have things to do, I won't keep you. 
If you are going to meet and so on... 
You start to cop out right away? 
It's not because of that...> get in.. 
By the way I am sorry,yesterday your night was destroyed because of us. 
It wasn't my night.- Your date with Eylul was left incomplete. 
It was not for me, Mert and Eylul had a date. 
Mert didn't want to be alone as it was the first time and I had to do it. 
I understood. 
Ehh?... 
What are we doing now? 
In fact this is the whole bazaar but there are two more places i can show, or we can go... if you want 
Then show me ... 
I will be pleased... ! 
I wish I could see your home too. 
Okay, you're a very stubborn! 
Are you hungry? 
In fact, I didn't eat properly since yesterday. 
Let's go then, I will take you to eat the best meatballs you can ever eat in your life.> Okay. 
It's superb.. 
There is no one,who doesn't enter if this smell gets on his nose,if there is money in the pocket,can't escape this place 
Excuse me! 
- Tell me , what do you need? 
Please , sister. 
Can we have some red pepper flakes - Of course- And from those little pickle peppers if you have. 
I'll bring it right away. 
Shall I ask for one more portion from the grill? 
In fact my stomach is full , but my eye not. 
I will share it together. 
Master, can you prepare another one in the grill please? 
The engine is ruined , master. 
it can't be repaired, it has to be changed. 
You talk with that man, if he agrees we will get it done. 
No, impossible, it can't be done before a week. 
We also had a place where we ate meatballs in the way Bodrum. 
Every summer we were excited of going there not because of the holidays ,but because we would eat there. 
We would go there without fail. 
The same for this place. 
It's like that, they have many clients, everyone comes. 
Thanks > enjoy it. 
Yoghurt? > I will have one more! 
Brother if you could bring us two other yoghurts please! 
Ok, ok. 
I will take care of Mr. Ismet's issue now. 
I have his car. 
I'll eat something, then I will go, it's a long way. 
Ok, if there isn't any lameness we will hand it in at the evening. 
Okay, bye... 
Wooow, what's up man? 
I recognized you only from your face. 
What can there be, what about you? > Fine. 
Hello..> Hello. 
I was talking about you here in above. 
I accused you wrongly, by God... 
I said: 
"Yaman forgot all this way" 
I can't forget it even if I wanted. 
How are you, do you have any trouble?> No, thanks. what are you doing?- As you know, the same. 
I still work in the phone installment . 
Do you have any news from Kenan? 
I didn't see him yet, he is fine. 
I am waiting for the visit permission. 
Say hello to him when you see him. 
I will go to him on the first opportunity I have. 
I'll tell him. 
Hey... who's she?- I just came to the reeve, there is nothing more. 
Did you get your registration?- For some papers issues. 
It's obvious you're doing well. 
It looks good on you! 
Come on, enjoy your meal...- hey. dude... 
Didn't you find any other place to take the girl for a walk? 
Your head doesn't work at all! 
Don't let your friend wait for you. 
Enjoy...> Thanks. 
May God never let you lose your appetite! 
If you want we can leave right away. 
We will leave after you're done with your meal.- If it's for me, I am sated. 
I did a cheekiness. 
When it gets colder it has no taste, come on! 
Did you really give rein for 500000 USD to Faruk? 
I gave it from my personal account. 
Only fools do unrequited favors. 
I didn't grant that money to Faruk, dad! 
Cut it out, for God's sake! 
I was married four times... and I didn't give reins to so much money for anyone. 
I didn't lend anyone money without getting the return until today! 
Neither in my personal life nor in my business life. 
Because I know that everything which belongs to me, belongs to you, to your brother, to my grandchildren and to this holding at the same time. 
I don't ever forget this either.-But you don't behave like that 
You take steps which you can't take them back. 
Dad, please! 
Really, I don't have energy to discuss with you. 
I have been running here and there all day. 
Please could you let me unbrace myself a bit... 
Don't test my patience Ender! 
I can tolerate you to feed "street dogs" at your home.. but nothing else except your family is yours. 
Don't ever forget this! 
Call Haldun right away! 
Let him investigate about all Faruk personal possessions.. and put on my desk.-as you wish ,sir. 
Gossip magazine: 
Mister ASK left a broken heart behind him again. 
Go straight on from here! 
We came until here but you didn't see anyone, if you want to meet any friend or something like that, I can wait or I can go... 
No thanks! 
-Don't you have a friend or you don't want to meet with anyone? 
I don't have friends. 
To the left! 
The guy from the meatballs place? 
He is my brother's friend. 
Come on, jump out here!- Papa, at least you could drop me by the shop.. 
Tell the master I will be back late from the test. 
I understood, you're going away again! 
Man, get out, I am in a hurry.- Come on, go on, quick, quick.! 
Why did that boy upset you today? 
He talked a bit rudely. 
I don't like him that much. 
Did he say something bad?> No. 
Do you do it intentionally?> What? 
You say a thing, then you keep mum for a while.As if I make you talk by force. 
You tell everything half... 
It's because I have nothing to tell. 
You saw my life... there is nothing else good except the meatballs. 
You're doing an injustice. 
Err... you're not late for your lesson, are you? 
I still have time. 
We fell again here... 
It's okay, no problem... 
Do you have lessons every weekday-Two days in a week. 
There was a school you mentioned the other day... did you get an answer from it? 
No Word from there. 
But even if they don't accept me I won't be so surprised. 
Because it is one of the best music schools of the world. 
They accept very few students. 
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Go Mira! 
- Don't Yaman! 
Your mom saw you, it's a shame...! 
Mira, I said go .please!- Don't do this Yaman, it's a pity for the woman... 
While that man is by her side I won't take a step to her again. 
Go for the sake of your mom.. 
Mira please, can you continue? 
Let's go to the other side before traffic starts or you will miss your lessons. 
You also go as soon as possible, I will send these to a reeve... 
Look here, don't act like this! 
See, he is in a good mood. 
He came to see you from a distance. 
He is in beautiful cars,with beautiful girls.What do you want more? 
He has a real job! 
I won't tell your brother you are here. 
He has an opportunity to save his life. 
He will take exams for a scholarship at university .. and I don't want anything to distract Yaman until then. 
Lawyer, you tell Yaman I want to see him, 
let him decide whether he will come. 
You can see him only at the end of the month. 
Then find a way so they keep me here until the end of the month. 
Mr. Selim, please. 
Soon I will be in front of the committee, they will send me back to jail. 
I think they should send you there, because you're more intelligent than me... 
Stay in jail like a man for 11 months. 
Don't involve your brother too. 
Just this morning you were ranting man, what changed now? 
I came back from a big mistake, Yaman. 
Eylul didn't betray Mira. 
I accused the butterfly wrongly. 
The charge was written on me man. 
Let it be, no problem at all. 
So?-The thunderstorm in my heart will go on. 
I love Eylul so much 
Good- It can't be just go with "Good" and step down to the edge, we must join our powers for a new rendezvous. 
Mert, don't mix me man.- You can't ruin it. 
We will stick together through thick and thin 
You can't leave me in halfway... 
Man, you ask for a war man! 
But I am asking for it in a sweet way, am i not brother? 
You can't say no. 
I can see the smile in your face. 
Okay, I will close it.-Wait, wait, wait... don't close it, don't close it! 
I draw into talk. 
I forgot something. 
I am in the forest way, I am done with my obligations I am coming back. 
See you at home!- Don't dare to be late, come early! 
Are you alright? 
Did something happen? 
No,nothing, I'm alright. 
Your knee looks bad, shall we go to a pharmacy? 
No need, my house is near anyways 
Will you be able to walk? 
Nothing is sure in this life. 
Mind is more important than money. 
A stupid investment can turn one's life upside down. 
Unfortunately dear Mine, unfortunately... 
How old are you?> Eighteen... 
Okay sweetie, thanks for calling, good night! 
Hypocrite! 
- Are you ok sweetie?-She was worried to know how I am. 
We gave people material for 5 years of gossip. 
Does it hurt? 
Slowly... 
Easy, easy... 
Slowly... 
I can go on my own.. 
Okay. 
I don't have a white horse but I saved you with my white car. 
I am ready to help you whenever you want.- Thanks again! 
Use your mind, don't be stupid as me. 
It doesn't matter if he is handsome, tall... 
The important thing for one man is to have so much money that it would not end because of his stupidity. 
This is my number. 
Don't lose it please! 
Let me know how you are.I will be worried... 
Okay, Thank you. 
Otherwise your life will pass decreasing, you look and you see that youth belongs to the past... 
Are you better sweetie?- I am very well. 
I elicited to the girl. 
I told her she two faced hypocrite and so on... she took care of her friend all night, my flower. 
She called me unbalanced... 
"Unbalanced" . 
My sweetie. 
She is very beautiful ,even when she gets angry... 
Don't! 
Open it! 
Don't close it! 
I'll lick the window and you will have to clean it again. 
Don't do it man! 
Eylül calling. 
Yes.- I came to the building today but you took flights. 
I got your phone number from the foreman. 
Let me see, where were you? 
Mert whispering: is that Mira? 
Hello?>Just a second.. 
I will go so you can talk comfortably. 
Your voice sounds interrupted... 
Last night was left half. 
In fact we have to complete it. want to talk with you a bit tonight, but alone. 
Okay? 
Don't take Mert with you. 
Only you and me. 
Look, girl! 
I am telling you the last time clearly, I don't have anything to do with you and will never in this life. 
Did you understand it?-Ah..ah...-Ah or not, this is it! 
You will have nothing from me! 
I'm telling you this from the beginning. 
Do you understand me? 
Hey, talk properly ! 
You're the girl that my friend loves. 
Be wise, be worthy of him! 
I am trying to explain it politely but... 
look Eylul, if you sadden that boy, I will break your heart, know this too! 
OK? 
Did you get me? 
You're out of your mind!- Whatever it is! 
Don't call me again, ok? 
Or even say "Hello" as a human... or don't even greet me. 
That's it! 
Mert?! 
I forgot my phone. 
There is a girl at our place... 
Err... 
Giray's girlfriend... stupid... she calls me constantly.. 
Is her name Eylul too? 
They are pulling my leg, by God. 
Don't worry! 
You weren't here all these years, she didn't love me (all the same)... 
Anyways I don't need her because I love her. 
You will take three exams. 
The first is "General culture" and you will definitely make it. 
You will have to study for the second one, if it's necessary I will help you, but you already have high grades. 
Are you in "good level" for mathematics? 
Wow, his favorite! 
You will rock! 
Only language is left, you will study a bit for it too.. or if you really want it you will manage it too. 
But forget about it, I think you should study, 
language is always important anyways. 
What happened with his mouth today? 
I have to occupy my brain or I will swear very badly. 
Why?- Forget about it! 
It's like that! 
The interviewing can be a little hard. 
You shouldn't be excited, but you are cool anyway, you won't be excited. 
But again they will deal with you, it" obvious. 
Eat! 
Asim Sekip Kaya University won't give you that scholarship so easily... 
Let me tell you, first Asim Sekip Kaya won't give it to you... 
He won't ever in this life show favor to you.He won't ever in this life show favor to you. 
Furthermore he will deal with you. 
Don't think it's so easyyyy!!! 
You pass this two exams like a lion... after that even if you *** in their mouths during the interview again nothing will happen! 
Mert! 
Are you doing it intentionally? 
Mom, don't mess with me today! 
It's like that. 
It has different legendary levels. 
It is very good, you teach me... 
OK, I showed my dad a new game and... 
Yes... 
You have completed your things! 
I made my registration to the reeve here.At this house. 
It was necessary like that for school. 
Did you talk with the prison management? 
When can I see my brother? 
I was busy with Faruk Beylice's lawsuit , so I couldn't take care of that but I will solve it. 
I promise! 
Is there any development about that issue at least? 
No, unfortunately, it looks very hard... 
What's that Suzan? 
Have you ever seen us eating dessert after dinner... 
Yaman bought it with his first weekly salary. 
Oh... 
My dear... 
The master gave us our weekly salary and I bought it to thank you.. 
You bought us dessert... 
This dessert will take away the whole sadness and tiredness we had all day. 
Exactly.. 
May God give you abundance. 
- Enjoy it! 
Oh, my brother... 
Good that I bought half a kilo, if I bought one kilo we would have floods here. 
Are you comfortable my sweeetie?> yes. 
Don't worry for anything, okay? 
Don't be sad for anything! 
Everything will get better. 
We will sleep and wake up and everything will be better. 
Don't treat me like a baby, it's okay. 
But you are still a baby, you are my big baby. 
Okay then, Okay, have some rest, 
Don't ever force your leg okay? 
If you need something, shout to us. 
Okay, I am lying down.- Bravo ! 
Lie down! 
Mira, did you talk to Orkun? 
Yes mom, is the third time you're asking today. 
What does he say? 
- He doesn't say anything. 
He went together with his dad to the fabric in Luleburgaz, they will be staying there for some days. 
See ?, he is escaping too.> Mom, don't please! 
The owner of this wants his vehicle in some days, you have to take care of the instruments order right away on morning.Beeren calling 
OK, no problem, I will solve it tomorrow!- Good bye! >Good night uncle! 
Yes? 
Err... 
I called to tell you I am fine, maybe you are worried about me, 
It's me Berren...- Beeren? 
Aa Beren... 
So good you called me.. 
I was thinking of you.> Really? 
Dad?!... 
Daddy... > My sweetheart... 
Where were you ,i was so worried , dad..- I am sorry.. 
I am sorry. 
I will solve everything. 
I know my dear dad, i know... 
Shall I go and talk with him too? 
No.. just let him.. 
It means he is suffering from love. 
My precious boy! 
He is growing up dear Ender. 
Mira!> Okay , we will talk later. 
Can you stop for a minute? 
I am trying to explain you something. 
Can you wait for a minute?-it's OK. 
Stop it! 
Stop it! 
Please! 
You always are like this. 
Go! 
~ ChatGiray: 
I miss you, are we going to meet tomorrow? 
Ayse: 
I wil do promotion at the market again in the morning. 
Come in the afternoon break if you want. ~ Kenan calling. 
Yes..> Ayse, hello.. 
Kenan?! 
Where are you? 
Are you out? 
Not at all girl, don't be happy right away. 
Where are you calling from? 
Cut it off, I can't talk for long. 
Ayse, I need Yaman's phone number, could you find it? 
Just a minute I have it registered on my phone, I have to search it. 
Are you OK? 
Did you get my letter? 
Did you write a letter? 
No, I didn't get anything. 
Come on, I really don't have time. 
We will talk with you later, give me that phone number. 
Okay , I'm spelling it. 
Ah man, Mert! 
I brought you lucky chestnuts instead of lucky rice.(kind of believe that -special rice blessed with prayers brings luck 
They are a little cold but, I thought it will serve. 
Oh, thank you... 
Okay then, tomorrow in your last exam,no? 
I have the interview and exam too, they come in package. 
Interviews are very important, you know. 
You have to show them you have sufficiently capacity to study in that school. 
I would say something for their capacities but...anyways.., 
From tomorrow you will be a university student. 
With God's willing! 
What?- I will say something... but don't get angry right away.. don't say: 
"Don't interfere", okay? 
Call your mom too, talk to her. 
Tell her that your exam is tomorrow. 
Let her be happy too. 
Okay, i'll call her. 
Of course I won't call her. 
Mira we'll talk properly about this in a suitable time but let's not talk about it at the last night before my exam,OK? 
Good! 
I am sorry. 
Good luck !> Thank you. 
Success! 
I will ask something...You will be angry with me too... 
Ask.. 
Last night, why did that blighter make you cry?- Are you spying on us? 
He alarmed the whole street with the voice of his burned plastic.( applying breaks on tires) 
Do... you really love that man? 
Good night. 
Kenan calling... 
What's up Dwarf ? > Brother! 
- It means you remembered you have a brother. 
Brother, where are you calling from? 
Don't make a show man, as if you don't know I am at the hospital. 
Which hospital, what happened to you? : 
Finally I ran off the rails. 
Your lawyer knows it. 
What happened, didn't he tell you? 
No, nobody told me anything. 
Why are you at the hospital? 
Anyway, leave it now Yaman. 
I need money. 
Tomorrow the committee will have a meeting. 
They will decide, they will decide if I am crazy or not. 
I have to please someone so that he gives me a sick certificate for being crazy. what are you saying man? 
Yaman, listen to your brother. 
I can't return to jail, if I return I will really go crazy. 
Until tomorrow until midday you find 1000 TL and bring it to me, OK? 
Hello? 
Yaman? 
I am not asking if you can find it,i'm saying..find it and bring it. 
Yaman, it's very important, please! 
Where are you? 
Which hospital?- My lion! 
This is it! 
Good morning > Same to you. 
You are so excited, look at your state.-Don't touch me. 
Suzan, today the men will come, you check the invoice, it must be around 500 TL... 
OK, Mr Selim, don't worry at all. 
I won't pay it without having the invoice 
Thanks! 
If there is something, you call me. 
While we are here, my sail has to be renovated too. 
Fall in the middle as soon as you find a chance, of course, don't wait at all. 
How much do you need?- 8040 EUR 
Where am I going to get so much money for you Mert? 
No problem we can do it later too, the important thing is that you know and don't object. 
That's my work boat. 
Your work boat? 
Very good, then pay it on your own! 
Okay, Mert, we'll talk later. 
Yaman, come on son, today is the big day. 
You are in the last level now. 
Ah yes! 
-You didn't eat anything. 
I ate something 
I think these frowning eyebrows are from exam's stress and... 
I wish you good luck.- Thank you! 
I am leaving!-Aren't we going together? : 
No, no need. 
I can go on my own. 
I don't want to go all together. 
It can't be, Yaman! 
I have to introduce you to the people from interview. 
These things are important son. 
Come on! 
I will take my jacket ,Coming... 
Madam we have to do the processing. 
Please! 
No, it's impossible! 
No- Look, don't cause trouble! 
This can't be like this, you have to inform us first... there has to be done something before. 
We sent you the notification. 
I am doing my work madam. 
Don't interfere please! 
Don't cause trouble. 
Permit us to enter in. 
Dad we are going to be late, what's happening?- Okay, dear. 
What okay? 
It's not , far from it. 
What's all this hurry to achieve your interests from every opportunity? 
What does that mean madam? 
We didn't do anything yet.- Sequestration officers are here. 
How do you know?> I know. 
What's happening Selim? 
Can something like this happen? 
You brought the officers to our door without notifying us. 
Just a minute, I am the representative of the claimant, Mr. Umit didn't demand me for something like this. 
The claimer is Safet Orhun, not Mr. Umit. 
Mert, you go, I will come after. 
Can I take a look to the documents? 
: 
I am saying there is a mistake in this issue, why don't you listen? 
Is there any news from your brother? 
Don't worry, 
This issue will be solved today. 
It's not my trouble. 
If there is no money there won't be a sick certificate either. 
Then you will be moved to prison way. 
OK... 
I said I would find it. 
It will come today. 
We will see. 
Did he enter inside?-Yes he did. 
Why did you choose this school? 
Because I want to have a good education. 
Can you define "Good" to us? 
How, in the lexical meaning? > No, no... 
What do you mean when you say "Good education", I am curious about that. 
Good.... promising in every way. 
How can I say, you don't learn only the things written in books, but also you prepared for life. 
I heard like that. 
I know it like that. 
Isn't that so? 
You learn to differentiate the wrong from good. 
You don't have a diploma only, but also have a specialty that everyone would ask from you. 
What kind of privilege is this? 
The simplest one, diploma from here opens many doors for you, you find a job easily, you establish your life even easier... you have a chance to reach your dreams. 
This school provides possibilities like this. 
So you want an opportunity? 
Who doesn't want? 
Good, but what's your dream? 
I want to be a man. 
What else can I ask? 
Which profession do you want to choose Yaman? 
I want to be an architect. 
I want to draw the houses where people will be living. 
I want it to be like this. 
Shall we do something after the registration? 
Okay.> But can't let me down at the last moment! 
No, I promise! 
But first let's get these things done. 
The school ambient hit me, I am in a huff in two minutes. 
~Mira calling... 
Yes sweetie.- Orkun where are you? 
I am at school, what happened?-I need you, can you come to me for a little? 
Where are you? 
By the seaside.- Why are you crying, what happened? 
I started a nightmare day... 
I took my car from the sequestration police a little before. 
This is all I can tell you. 
Oh no ! > My dad said, take it away quickly. 
Why do they involve you? 
Good heavens... 
Okay, I won't to talk about these now Orkun. 
Come here! 
Please! 
Take me out of this nightmare. 
Please I want you to be by my side today. 
Sweety I can't come now, I am at school. 
I am solving the registration procedures. 
You know our department has the courses selection today. 
I can only come at the evening. 
Let's do something at the evening. 
Anyway... good, forget about it. 
But, don't... 
Hello? 
What happened again?-Nothing, come on let's get these things done and go right away. 
Where do you see yourself after five years? 
Probably I will graduate until then, I will find a job. 
A higher degree?- I don't want a higher degree or something like that, straight to the working life. 
It looks like you're in a hurry, do you have to go somewhere? 
I have one more exam today and... 
I am stressed a bit because of that. 
Good, what's your life's philosophy in general? 
Not to quit the right way even in the hardest times. 
Hello children.! 
Do you know where is Yaman's house? 
Yaman Koper? 
I don't know, do you know, dude? > No. 
Okay, but do you know where is the reeve? 
Thank you. 
He is coming. > How was it? 
I don't know, Mert give me the scooter's keys. 
What happened? 
What did they say? > Why? > Tell us Yaman! 
Later. 
Come on,Mert! 
What's happening?- I have something to do, I will solve it and be back. 
Come on man! 
You will take the exam.- I will come until then 
What can be more important than exam? > Yaman!- I will come, don't worry! 
Your exam is at 3 o'clock you have to be her at 2:30. 
Can it be that the interview was bad? 
Wait for me.. 
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Hello, can I come in? 
Please Mr. Selim, you're welcome.- I won't take your time... 
I wanted to ask how was the interview? 
Take a sit. 
Don't say it wasn't brilliant. 
Actually as you said, Yaman is a very intelligent boy. 
He shows this with the grades from the previous exams but... 
But... -I don't like these "but-s" at all ...by God, 
Really..- I don't think he is suitable for this school. 
He is a tensed boy and I found him emotional too. which one of us wasn't like that in that age? 
Yaman is very intelligent, very wise and... hardworking... 
A determined boy, 
I believe that if he has an opportunity he will be very successful . 
Be sure..> You did what you could about him Selim. 
After this he will find the opportunity for himself on his own. 
According to the grade he will get in the last exam otherwise... 
I don't even want to think about a contrary possibility! 
Have an easy work! 
Master, I need 1000 TL urgently! 
1000 TL??- As an advance payment. you will cut it from my weekly salary. 
Let me ask Mrs. Ender, let me see what will she say. 
Don't let Mrs. Ender know about it please! 
I can't give money to anyone without her knowledge. 
How can I give it son? 
Brother, I really need it very much.Look, I will pay it back as soon as I can. 
What do you need this money for? 
I family matter. > I'm sorry..> Okay, thanks. 
Yaman, here you are, 300, it's not advance payment, it's from my pocket. 
But it's a debt. 
- OK, it's a debt, you will complete the rest somehow. here 50 from me, > Thanks, > and from me, >also from me &gt, me too- Thank you , Thank you all ! 
This is from me.> thanks.. 
Do you have 50 TL now? 
Thanks to all of you, really, as soon as I have money in my hands I will pay it back, I promise 
How will you complete the rest?- I will see. 
Thanks- May you use it for the best. 
How much money would you give for this? > Let me see. 
Mira calling. 
One moment... 
Hello! 
Mira: 
Hello! 
Did you get out of the interviewing? > Yes. 
How was it? 
Not bad- This means it was very good, right? 
I don't know. 
Let me take the last exam and we will see... 
What time is your exam at?-At 3 o'clock! 
I have to close it, I have to study a little more. 
OK, let me know as soon as you are out OK? 
I want you to give me the good news first. 
I will call you> Okay, success! > Thanks. 
The interviewing was very good. 
We can say congratulations now. 
Let this exam's result come in the best way, let my son pass it too. 
Don't worry, Yaman will make it! 
You will see. 
Today will be a beautiful day for him, and for you too, if it's not for anyone else. 
Thank you very much.- Enjoy it. 
You won't have headache after you drink the tea. 
Today, my day started very bad.. but I want it to be beautiful for someone else. 
Thank you very much. 
Good bless you! 
There are analgesics in the closet. 
No, I have my medicine. 
If I say that I have also headache from the excitement... 
Come on bro, I am in hurry.- You told me to stop. 
Take it. 
Thank you. 
Calling Yaman. 
Your brother let you down. 
Cut your hopes! 
There were some in photo albums too but who know where they are. 
The photos spread why moving from one place to another. 
I will order pita. 
Don't take the trouble. 
I will go now. 
It can't be, you came from far away. 
I will get it and bring right away-Order it, of course. 
Your must have headache from hunger. 
It's obvious you didn't eat anything. 
Eylül calling. 
: 
Actually I can't look you in your face. 
I disgraced mysself that night.- After that night so many disgraces happened that... don't worry at all. 
Really, you made me so happy by coming here. 
I was so touched that day... 
I couldn't stop the car, you couldn't talk with Yaman... 
Enough to know that he is fine, I will come from time to time to see him even if it's from distance. 
It's okay even if I don't talk. 
It's enough for me to know that he is happy. 
What's up? 
Fine! > It's been a while we have met. 
Do we use to meet in the past? 
What's happening to you? 
Let me know if we are on outs. 
No... far from it, why should be on outs.. for being on outs... there has to be a communication... right? 
What? > All the best with your studies! 
See you! 
Rudeness... 
He has grown in the mud but ,my kid didn't become dirty. 
Don't let him become dirty! 
Keep it if you want. 
Really? 
- Take !. there are more in the photo album. 
Do you love Yaman? 
Yes...I mean like a friend,i love him.. 
I have a boyfriend. 
We are together for a long time. 
Do you love him then? 
In fact if you look, it's very stupid to think of something like sitting here... but Orkun was always in my life, from my childhood. 
We grew up in the same aquarium. 
I don't know if it's really love, habit or we got used to each other... 
We get on well. 
I mean Orkun is very nice, cheerful, ... 
Funny.. -Yaman is funny too... 
Yes, Yaman Is very different of course... 
Different. 
I think he grew up fast. 
Forcedly.... - He is more mature, but he is a good person. 
He tries to look harsh but in order not to be hurt... it's obvious he is the only one who is not aware... 
Yaman is a tender kid, he is merciful, he is a real man.. 
Mira, what happened , Mira, what is wrong my girl? 
We lost hopes with you- I am not late, take it, there are exactly 1000 TL here, count it! 
Is it OK? 
Kenan's issue will be solved, right? 
Hopefully! 
Brother , what time is it? 
- Half past two. 
Brother, can I use your phone shortly. 
I have to make an urgent call. 
I will pay for it. 
But don't let it be so long! 
- OK, give it. 
Hello?> Hello Mert, it's me ,Yaman. 
Hello Yaman, where are you man? 
Half an hour is left for the exam. 
I am dying from worry.-I am on my way, I am coming, I will catch it, don't worry! 
OK, were you by Mira's side too? 
What happened to Mira? 
- Okay... okay... see you! 
Mert i'm saying what happened to Mira? 
Yaman! > Where's Mira? 
Inside. 
Her parents are with her. 
What happened, what does she have?- I don't know, they said they would take her for operation but... 
Why are you here mom, what's happening? 
Sude, calm down.- Oh my God! 
Again everything comes from you. 
Why did you send her there? 
What was she doing at your mom's house? 
What did you do to my daughter, tell me!- It's okay dear, okay... 
Mira?!... 
Yaman did you take the exam? 
Yaman did you take the exam? 
No, I came to you... 
Subtitles brought to you by Ebb and Tide Team @ Viki 
The End of Episode 5 
EBB and Tide 
subs by www.whatisfatmagulsfault.com 
- What is all this about, Reşat Bey? 
- What do you mean sir? 
Haven't you seen the local newspaper? 
I am... 
I am very sorry but I don't know what you're saying. 
The party members have just read  your town's local news to me. 
Explain to me what this rape scandal is about. 
They mention Selim's name in it, too. 
You will tell me everything. 
You will tell me what you did to Fatmagül. 
Are you alright? 
Back off! 
They asked me to help the girl. 
So I went to the hospital. 
And I found out that the girl had an affair with Kerim. 
Lies! 
Don't give me bullshit! 
Tell me the truth! 
You just don't want to see the truth. 
The real lie is what you see here. 
This rape slander. 
The girl made this up because she was scared of you. 
She went away with Kerim, willingly. 
And that's all there is to it. 
This is a terrible ruse! 
It's a disgusting frame set up by my rivals there. 
Then do whatever necessary to clean up this mess. 
- What's in the news? 
It says Selim did it? 
- They're fabricated news, dear. 
- Who's the girl? 
- Will you calm down please? 
Do whatever's needed to clean it up. 
If my family's name gets involved in such a scandal... ... 
I will burn the bridges, just so you know. 
Meltem, calm down sweetie. 
Let's first understand what it is. 
Then do what needs to be done. 
Don't waste time. 
I'll be on it right away, don't worry. 
God... 
My hands and legs are shaking. 
God damn whoever is responsible for this slander. 
- I'll be waiting for your call. 
- I'll call you right away. 
We're toast now, Perihan. 
We're toast. 
God damn it! 
Girl, look... 
It's on the local news only. 
It's most likely a slander. 
That's what the man said. 
For God's sake... 
Do you think Selim could do such a thing? 
- Can't we take a look at that newspaper? 
- It's on its way. 
What's wrong Perihan Hanım? 
What do your in-laws want this early in the morning? 
Hello? 
My love? 
What's the matter? 
They say it's Reşat Yaşaran's son. 
Who? 
Give me a name and I'll strangle him! 
They told me last night. 
And it's on the newspaper this morning. 
Tell me who said that, and I'll sue that bastard. 
It's on the local newspaper, Münir. 
Turaner Bey has just called me. 
The news reached even him. 
Yeah, I know. 
The girls fiancé has already told me. 
- What? 
- He's here, he's gone crazy. 
I'm trying to explain it to him. 
- Damn it... 
- But I'll find that man and make him pay for it. 
- God damn it! 
- I'm going to the prosecutor right away. 
Yes, of course. 
Going to the prosecutor. 
Don't get the prosecutor involved. 
Don't get us deeper down. 
Don't you worry, I'll take care of it. 
Call you later, uncle. 
Poor man, they'll give him a stroke one of these days. 
Selim! 
But I'll get that newspaper shut down. 
That'll teach them. 
Of course, you have the power to do anything. 
You wouldn't move a finger in the first place if the Yaşarans weren't also in it. 
- You're the one cleaning up their mess, aren't you? 
- Look mister... 
I told you a thousand times already... 
I went to help the girl, because the town folks asked me to. 
And I helped her without expecting anything in return. 
Unlike you, I didn't turn my back on her. 
And if this news was right then you'd be the one  who really abandoned her, am I wrong? 
You did the right thing though. 
Everyone went their own way now. 
And that chapter's over. 
It was that girl, wasn't she? 
She was there at the night of engagement. 
You're talking nonsense. 
I am Fatmagül Ketenci's yenge. 
Was her yenge there to ask about her? 
You were acting so weird all night. 
For God's sake Selim, just tell me, is it true? 
Are you crazy? 
How can you believe that rubbish? 
This is how much you trust me? 
Are you serious? 
I can't believe you. 
No... 
This is unacceptable. 
You can't ask me that. 
Look, Meltem...This is over, if you don't believe me. 
You understand? 
Yes... 
Let's end this. 
That'll be better for both of us. 
Come on, pull yourself together. 
Bravo... 
Bravo... 
You've convinced even me. 
- Can you please leave me alone? 
- Look... 
For years... ... 
I worked my ass off to establish this empire. 
I'll strangle you, if I lose it because of you. 
I will kill you! 
- Reşat, get out! 
- Shut up! 
What are we gonna do now? 
Tell me what's gonna happen now? 
Soon they'll find Kerim too. 
- What are we gonna do when they make Kerim talk? 
- Kerim won't say anything. 
- He wants to leave the country. 
- Come on... 
- He was threatening you to confess everything. 
- Not anymore. 
- We talked with him last night. 
He's going abroad. 
- So you saw him? 
- You didn't listen to me, is that it? 
- He had called Erdoğan... 
God damn Erdoğan! 
What did I tell you? 
What did I? 
Didn I tell you not to see him anymore? 
But who am I talking to? 
God... 
God damn both of you! 
What if someone saw you together? 
Huh? 
Call that ****, tell him to come here immediately! 
Right now! 
He wants to break up. 
If you let a slander separate you like this, maybe you should break up. 
Really, just end it. 
- He wouldn't do such a thing, mom, would he? 
- Of course he wouldn't. 
How can you even think that? 
Did I do anything to you? 
My memory about that night is so blurry. 
I don't remember anything. 
- Shut up. 
- Believe me that I... 
Shut it! 
- Fatmagül... 
- Don't say my name! 
- I swear, I didn't do anything to you. 
- Shut up! 
I don't want to hear your voice! 
- I can't do such a thing, I wouldn't. 
- Shut up lowlife! 
- I am not saying I am not guilty. 
- Enough! 
- I am guilty because I didn't stop them. 
- Back off, or I swear I'll kill you. 
Your yenge is calling. 
If you say her anything... 
What's the matter sir? 
You're bothering our customers. 
- It's okay, we're sorry. 
- You can go out, and sort it out there if you want. 
It's all right. 
It's over now. 
- You couldn't wake up, huh? 
- I wasn't sleeping. 
And we departed in the morning. 
We're half way there. 
- When do you think you'll be here? 
- Hopefully before it's dark. 
- Where are you? 
- We're in a hotel in Beyoglu. 
Okay, we'll come there then. 
Is it Fatmagül? 
- What's Fatmagül doing, is she with you? 
- Give it to me, let me talk with her. 
- Her brother wants to talk. 
- Give it to me. 
Hello? 
Hello? 
No body is there. 
- Abi... 
- Are you all right sister? 
- I am OK, are you coming? 
- We're on our way. 
We hit the road before the dawn. 
Are you OK? 
- I think about all the time. 
- Come quickly, don't leave me alone with him. 
We're coming. 
We'll be there soon, right Mukaddes? 
Almost there... 
We missed the ferryboat. 
But it's OK. 
Are you crying? 
But don't cry. 
- Fatmagül's crying. 
- Come on, wrap it up Rahmi. 
- Fatmagül? 
- Yes? 
I'll come and save you from that man. 
- I'm going to the toilet. 
Keep an eye on the kid. 
- You heard me? 
- I did. 
- We'll be there soon. 
OK? 
- OK. 
- God be with you. 
Don't be sad, don't cry. 
I'll be with you by the evening. 
I kiss your cheeks. 
- Abi, can you move the truck? 
- I am hanging up. 
- The truck... 
- Yes please, there's a car behind. 
I can't move it now... 
Murat, go fetch your mom. 
Run! 
Sorry, my wife will be here now. 
- Mukaddes! 
- It's OK abi, no need to hurry. 
Sorry, my wife is coming now. 
Good morning. 
I can understand how you feel, really. 
I've met all kinds of people and situations in this profession. 
I found cure to many wounded men. 
I will help you, too. 
Yes. 
I will help you. 
For instance, I won't file a complaint about you. 
You broke into my house in the morning. 
You almost suffocated me. 
These are big crimes. 
But I won't report you. 
Thank you very much. 
Look, you go now and pull your mind together. 
- And quit messing with Reşat Yaşaran. 
- I am still not convinced though. 
It'd be stupid of you to have him against you. 
- He is a man, whose hand you want on your back. 
- I'm fine, thanks. 
You know what he said when he first heard of that incident? 
He said "poor guy". 
"Watch over him, don't let him ruin his own life." 
- What is it to him? 
- That man works for this town! 
Don't tell me bull shit! 
Look son, this man is so powerful. 
Not only in this town... 
He has a great empire in Istanbul. 
You know how many people are working for him? 
Do you have any idea, how many people from this town he took under his wings and gave jobs to? 
And Selim... 
His father-in-law is a parliament member. 
Now why would a reputable and popular family like that want to ruin all their reputation? 
Why would they get involved in an incident like this? 
It makes no sense! 
It's absurd. 
Besides, Selim got engaged the night of that incident. 
He spent the whole night with us until he joined his fiancée, and... 
Don't make me talk more... 
That's why, you better listen to me and accept that "everything happens for a reason". 
Forget about what happened... 
Forget about Fatmagül. 
Hey dad. 
Okay, I am on my way. 
OK, I'll be there. 
Mustafa... 
Stay out of trouble son. 
Good day, Mr. Prosecutor. 
It's Lawyer Munir Telci. 
Sorry to bother you this time of day. 
Are you in your office? 
Yes, I'll visit you to make a complaint. 
Yes, did you see the local newspaper? 
Yeah, don't ask. 
Yes. 
I'll be there soon. 
Just leaving home. 
OK, thank you. 
See you soon. 
Mom, Ebe Nine is here. 
Mithat Bey. 
Habibe Hanım, I've brought your ointments. 
Habibe called me and said she wouldn't be home. 
But brought them anyway, as I'm on my way to Galip Usta. 
I thought I'd find someone in the house. 
You shouldn't have. 
Because we don't want your medicines from now on. 
No one wants your cures in this village anymore. 
- Why not? 
- You know what your son did. 
And you let him get away with it. 
Kerim didn't do anything. 
So what they say is right... 
You're shamelessly denying it. 
Look... 
You don't know what really is the case. 
- That corrupt family, the Yaşarans are behind it. 
- Get lost, stop slandering people. 
I am telling the truth. 
It's me who's telling you! 
It's me! 
I healed your wounds for years! 
I swear on everything I know and I believe in. 
They put those pisliks crime on my son! 
You're still protecting that bastard? 
Leave, now! 
And never knock on any door in this town again. 
If you don't want to be as lowly as her, you should never talk to her again. 
If you were our Ebe Nine, you'd have let them put him into prison. 
- You let him get away with it. 
- That's not true. 
- That's not true. 
- Either way, no body wants you here anymore. 
Shame on you. 
Shame on you. 
No, shame on you... 
For you raised that demon. 
Shame on you. 
How's your foot? 
Is it swollen? 
I see you wrapped it. 
But heat won't do good if it's sprained. 
Let's go see a doctor before it gets worse. 
Don't be stubborn. 
We can have breakfast too. 
And buy you some clothes. 
That's enough... 
That's all we wanted to say. 
It's up to you now. 
Isn't she his sister? 
Hoşgeldin. 
- What's going on? 
- Nothing, come on inside. 
It's something that can't be forgotten. 
Let everyone know that. 
He should never come back to town again. 
- Is he talking about Kerim? 
- Never mind him. 
You heard me Galip Usta? 
He better not come back just because his abla is here. 
Or he'll have his answer from the town folks. 
What's this? 
What are you trying to do? 
Meryem Hanım, let's go inside. 
It's Reşat Yaşaran who is making you do this, isn't he? 
Don't blame others for your own sin. 
We don't want any of you here. 
- It is hard enough to contain Mustafa... 
- Are you threatening me? 
- We're just saying... 
- Okay, go back to your own business. 
Let us go inside. 
I can't believe it. 
I really can't. 
They nearly lynched me today in the town. 
I bet it's the pig called Reşat who let those men on us. 
I bet. 
Do everything to prevent this news to reach the national newspapers. 
People might believe it. 
Münir will sue them, of course. 
But you should pressure them as well. 
Your food. 
I pity this country if people like them can freely write their fabricated lies. 
- He's not picking up. 
- That's better. 
A crazy man throws a stone in a well... 
Please sort it out. 
- Where you going? 
- To meet my father for visa procedures. 
Okay, I'll call Mustafa Bey right away. 
Let's see how we're gonna clean up this mess. 
Reşat Amca, I have a visa appointment. 
I have to go. 
Okay, let our driver take you there. 
- Where are you going? 
- I'm here, I'll tell the driver. 
- I'll call you later. 
- Don't forget what I told you last night, OK? 
Vural. 
- Don't (do something silly). 
- OK. 
Naci, take Vural where he needs to go. 
- What's the matter? 
- Last night, he kept me up till morning. 
- What's his problem? 
- He says Kerim didn't do anything. 
- Get out of here. 
- He meant it. 
Selim! 
He says that the girl was unconscious. 
And Kerim was just sitting beside her. 
He was gonna tell Kerim everything but I talked him out of it. 
Is he out of his mind? 
- Selim, what are you doing there? 
- Coming, dad. 
He really didn't do it? 
God damn it. 
Now we're done for! 
It's on the Internet now. 
We can't stop it now. 
It'll be on the newspapers tomorrow. 
God damn it! 
Did you talk to Kerim? 
These idiots don't know where he is. 
I'm calling him, uncle. 
He's not picking up. 
Stop calling him. 
He'll think it's a big deal. 
Let him think it's a big deal. 
Because well, it's very important! 
Come on... 
We're going to Ankara. 
- Perihan, you get prepared, too. 
- I'm not coming. 
- What do you mean you're not coming? 
We should be there as a family. 
- I am not coming! 
I can't lie, looking in their eyes. 
You go. 
What are you waiting for! 
Go! 
And you go find out if it's that journalist who put it on the Internet. 
Go, we're doing all this for you. 
It's all in vain... 
It's too late. 
Everyone will know it by tomorrow. 
I don't know how we'll recover from this. 
Make a call and sort out the tickets. 
So that we depart as soon as we get to the airport. 
And tell Perihan not to talk to them. 
If they know we're going, they might refuse us. 
"It's on the news and Internet... ... we've got to talk!" 
They are gone. 
They ran away. 
"Münir Telci Law Office. 
We can't answer your call right now. 
Please leave your message after the tone." 
God damn you, Münir Telci. 
This is ridiculous. 
Throw dirt and hope it sticks. 
You've been doing that to the Yaşarans for years, I know. 
I'm confident with that news. 
My source is reliable. 
Who is your source? 
Tell us so we know. 
You will have to spill it out in court anyway. 
I'm lose my mind... 
There's the sworn statement of the girl. 
And there's the gendarme reports. 
Easy now... 
Save yourself to the prosecutor. 
You can't fabricate news like that. 
You'll publish a refutation. 
- Okay... 
- I'll get your newspaper shut down. 
I'll sue both you and your source. 
You may come in. 
Mustafa, ignore her son. 
Madam. 
Madam. 
Your husband left these bags for you. 
Can you imagine my uncle? 
He got furious. 
And Selim is a wreck... 
That's a bummer... 
Just when we thought the things were settling. 
Won't you say something? 
What do you want me to say? 
Don't think we're safe just because only Selim's name's involved. 
If Münir Abi can't stop it, then all the newspapers will write about it. 
And when they dig deeper, they'll find out more. 
We will all be screwed. 
They'll find out about all of us. 
Whatever will happen will happen. 
I don't care anymore. 
Then everyone will know that it's an arranged marriage and you took money for it. 
This and everything will be revealed to public. 
And then not even my uncle and Münir Abi can save us. 
Then we'll all end up in prison. 
Kerim... 
Do you have any idea what it means to go to prison as a rapist? 
Who do you think is responsible for the news? 
Hey, could it be your Ebe Nine? 
Who else could have gotten suspicions and spoke with that newsman? 
- Maybe it's Galip Usta. 
- Of course... 
- Galip Usta is good friends with Newsman Ahmet. 
- And he hates us. 
I bet it's your Galip Usta told him everything. 
I bet it's him. 
Oh, Kerim... 
Don't know... 
Maybe it's someone else. 
I mean, it can be anyone. 
There were mixed thoughts regarding the incident. 
- So it can be anyone... 
- Anyway, it's okay. 
It doesn't matter now. 
We need to be careful from now on. 
If they reach you and try to make you talk... ... you shouldn't give them anything, no matter how hard they try, you understand? 
Or else, we will all be toast. 
It'll ruin us all. 
- Who is it? 
- Vural. 
Don't answer it. 
He's panicked as well. 
He'll probably say what I've already told you. 
I wasn't going to answer him anyway. 
I don't want to talk to anyone. 
Don't go, man. 
It's okay. 
I got it. 
Don't talk to anybody. 
And tell the girl not to, as well. 
Thank you very much, Cemil Bey. 
Much appreciated. 
We're done here. 
Thank God we had a connection here. 
We don't have to wait anymore. 
Your visa is in your pocket. 
Let's go book a flight now. 
So that you'll waste no time. 
Every day you spend here is against you. 
- Hello. 
- Good evening Meryem Hanım, how are you? 
How am I... 
I am packing his stuff. 
Maybe he'll need them in Istanbul. 
I've spoken to a friend of mine who lives in Istanbul. 
You know, the one I mentioned before who might help Kerim out. 
- Oh, thank you. 
- I explained to him the situation. 
- Of course, only the bits he must know. 
- Thank you. 
Thankfully he said "I'll help him, make him call me." 
He'll find a place for him to stay. 
I'll give you his number. 
Tell Kerim to call him. 
OK, a second. 
Need a pen... 
Where did I put them... 
- A moment, there... 
- Okay, no need to rush. 
I'm writing. 
OK, I'll save it to my cell phone as well. 
He'll be waiting for Kerim to call. 
- OK. 
- Tell him to go meet him, he'll help him. 
- Thanks to him. 
- And how are you? 
- Do you need anything? 
- No, thank you very much. 
- Good night, see you. 
- See you. 
Come on. 
Get inside. 
You'll catch a cold. 
Take these on your shoulders then. 
Have your medicine, too. 
That lawyer named Münir knows where they are. 
He knows or he knows not. 
What is it to you? 
Just forget about them. 
You know what... 
I didn't believe a word he said to me. 
He's a bastard like the others. 
Look, brother... 
I know it's hard to accept but... 
Everyone knows about it now... 
Everyone, in the bazaar, market, streets talking about it. 
They know who cheated you. 
I am saying the painful truth, as your friend. 
To make you bleed the poison out. 
She was smiling to you, but she loved someone else. 
God saved you from the worst. 
And they got lost. 
Just leave it. 
Who cares if the lawyer knows where they are. 
They can go to hell. 
You should focus on your own future. 
Figure out what are you gonna do with your life. 
But it's difficult to do it here. 
- I know... 
- It's best if you go away from this town. 
You're a good seaman. 
You can find a good job in a fine ship. 
- Of course, I can. 
- Look for one that's going abroad. 
Just sail away... 
Some trips will take months. 
I can't think of a better way for you to leave here. 
You'll make money, too. 
You'll see a lot of countries. 
You'll travel the world. 
And eventually, you will forget. 
I will forget... 
... that dark night...  ... and the smell of the ashes. 
I will forget everything. 
Stop being stubborn, let's show your foot to a doctor. 
At least eat your food. 
You haven't eaten since yesterday. 
Okay, I'm done. 
It's yours. 
Your folks... 
Hello. 
Kerim, we've arrived but we don't know where to go. 
Where are you? 
I don't know... 
We've followed the road signs but... 
- Can't you ask somebody over there? 
- There's no one to ask, around here. 
Is it my brother, give me the phone. 
Give it to me. 
- Abi? 
- It's me. 
Yenge. 
What happened? 
Fatmagül? 
- Fatmagül, you OK? 
- What's going on? 
- Hello. 
- What's happening there. 
Hang up, I'll call you soon. 
Come pick us up from here. 
Fatmagül... 
Pull yourself together. 
It's OK, don't be afraid. 
You've just passed out. 
Calm down. 
Don't be afraid. 
Is your foot too bad? 
Where are they? 
What's happening over there? 
Why didn't you answer your phone? 
- It's nothing. 
- Are you gonna come pick us up? 
Is Fatmagül all right? 
- Where are you? 
- I don't know... 
It says "Dolapdere Taksim" Do we take the turn here? 
I don't know either. 
Hold on, let me ask somebody here. 
Okay, call me right away. 
- Let us forward a bit then... 
- Let's not get lost, Mukaddes. 
Shut up Rahmi. 
I am so tired already. 
- Damn it, what's your hurry? 
- Be careful Mukaddes! 
I'll go get your brother and yenge. 
Stop being stubborn. 
Just eat these. 
You passed out, out of hunger. 
Eat them before they get cold. 
You'll feel better. 
I shouldn't have known... 
- How stupid I am... 
- You couldn't have known, something that didn't happen. 
I've explained that non sense to you how many times now? 
There was something strange that night... ... with the three of you. 
And then, that woman... 
She said she was Fatmagül Ketenci's brother's wife. 
What did she come to talk with your dad about? 
God... 
The woman was looking for her when she was missing. 
- And she knows we're Kerim's friends... 
- Please, I don't want to hear anything. 
Thank you. 
He should be here soon. 
Our phones kept ringing since the morning. 
Everyone who saw it on the Internet dialed our number. 
You can imagine how difficult a situation it was for us. 
It's indeed difficult, having to defend ourselves against such a groundless and ugly claim. 
- I can't believe we're even talking about it. 
- Exactly... 
Exactly. 
I'm disgraced before all my friends. 
I have been believing your lies closing my ears to what others said... 
But I don't know how I am going to deal with this! 
I've never lied to you. 
Even if it's denied and refuted... ... the question marks in people's heads will remain. 
Even today, my best friend told me  "There's no smoke without fire". 
To hell with their smoke and fire! 
You'll keep hearing such things if you don't shut them up! 
After all I've told you... 
Is this how much you trust me? 
Do you think I could possibly do something like this? 
Meltem... 
That girl was Kerim's girlfriend. 
Would she marry him, if she wasn't? 
Meltem... 
That news are set up by my father's rivals. 
Everyone in that town knows that. 
It's OK. 
Leave it. 
Welcome, dad. 
Welcome dear. 
Reşat Bey has been waiting for you. 
- Hello. 
- Hello Turaner Bey. 
Believe me, I am terribly sorry. 
We're facing a very ugly slander. 
But, we won't let it go any further. 
- We took our precautions. 
- It's too late, Reşat Bey. 
It will be front pages of every big newspaper in the early edition. 
[Song: 
Kimseye Etmem Şikayet Singer: 
Şevval Sam] 
Oh God! 
Is he OK, Fevzi? 
Is he wounded? 
Call an ambulance. 
Quick! 
OK, I am on it. 
For the love of God. 
Don't talk reproachfully to me. 
Please. 
- Do you know how bad I feel? 
- I can imagine, my dear. 
But you didn't call me once today. 
You make me feel lonely, when I need to hear your voice the most. 
Don't talk as if you don't know what I've been doing, and how busy I am. 
I'm working to clean up those idiots mess. 
And now we have the girl's fiancé deal with, too. 
I weaved between the town and the prosecution office all day. 
I didn't have time to blink an eye. 
It won't be easy to cover this up. 
I am so scared. 
I am doing my best. 
Please don't be long. 
Your absence makes it even more unbearable. 
- I'll be on my way soon. 
- When is your flight? 
Okay, dear. 
See you tomorrow. 
- I love you, my love. 
- Me too. 
I love you too. 
Your grandma is saying hello. 
- Vural? 
- I've heard. 
Thank you. 
They won't rob our truck I hope. 
He said the park is open 7/24. 
It not only has audio, video and images, but for the first time, it's a broadcasting medium that can except a whole lot of text. 
So, there's a whole lot of stuff typically going on at once. 
Its also a great interruption system. 
It's feeding us messages, alerts, our access notices, tweets, Facebook updates all the time and again that's one of its powers as a medium, but it's also very distracting. 
And finally, and due to many of those, its encouraging a constant multitasking, constant juggling of visual stimuli as well as actual jobs. 
So I think it's all those things combined. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Now one of things that stuck me, you cite Maryanne Wolfe, whose an expert in this area, and she says 'the web returns us to the time of scritura continua', which is like the Latin script where there are no spaces in between words and supposedly its an additional cognitive task to be able to separate that out into spaces and so deciding not to click on a link is this additional cognitive blow. 
Now ironically, that paragraph had a footnote at the end of it. 
And looking up that footnote took me about twenty to thirty times longer than it would've taken if I would've had that book online and really got me out of the flow and I got really distracted. 
(Laughter) 
And I also wanted to say that from what I know of the task of word segmentation, it's really not that difficult. 
That Chinese and Japanese don't have spaces between words; they have no problem doing that. 
I have a little example from my text book where I have a ten line program that does word segmentation with ninety percent accuracy. 
So that not really so bad and maybe hyperlinks are so bad either. 
And maybe, its that we have to train ourselves that 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
You're saying that having no spaces between words wasn't bad? 
PETER NORVlG: 
Yeah that uh 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Well let me correct one thing. 
It wasn't Maryanne Wolfe who said that. 
It was actually me. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Okay 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
So don't blame her if that was ridiculous. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Excuse us Maryanne. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
But she did say that she worries that the kind of intensive decision making and problem solving that now goes along with reading in a hypertext multimedia environment, could return us more to our decoding method of reading and steal away our ability to make deep interpretations of text. 
But, no, I think actually that's incorrect about having no spaces between words. 
I mean, and this is going to get a little esoteric, but up til a thousand years ago there were no spaces between words and also there was no silent reading. 
And the reason there was not silent reading is because it was really hard to figure out where one word ended and one began so you had to read it out loud and it was only after. 
So I think it was a very cognitive stress, cognitively intense process and it was only after you had spaces that you saw the emergence of silent reading and the kind of personal reading and deep reading that went along with it. 
So I thing that shows us that if you return a lot of cognitive juggling to the act of reading and whether it is just your frontal cortex flashing a little to click a link or whether you have ads running down the side of a column or all sorts of other things, you are kind of overloading our short term memory, which has a very small capacity, and you're making it much harder to comprehend the reading, understand it at a deep level and make all the interpretive leaps and jumps, give interpretive reading its richness. 
PETER NORVlG: 
So you're saying the Chinese and Japanese people can't do deep reading? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
I think they can. 
You're talking there about a completely different alphabet, and it is true actually that studies show that it is more cognitively intense simply because of the huge number of letters, so reading is different in those languages, the act of reading is cognitively different in those readings, with those languages than it is with English. 
And there's even differences between like English and Italian because of the way the words either match up with the way you pronounce them or not. 
So all, even small changes in language or the way words are presented does have cognitive implications. 
PETER NORVlG: 
So I guess that is one of the things that always struck me. 
To write the book, I think you do an excellent job talking about the plasticity of mind to say that this theory that we are born with what we have and that is it, is not proven to be true that we do change all the time, that the technologies we deal with change us that our experiences change us and our mind is always growing and altering. 
But some of the places it seems, like it's just too much kind of scare quotes. 
You quote Mersinach, and she uses all caps to say 
'HEAVY USE OF THE INTERNET HAS NERUORLOGlCAL CONSEQUENCES' and geez that sounds scary, but then you think about it and you say 
'well what's the neurological consequences?' 
It's that you know stuff. 
(Laughter) 
And maybe that the neurological consequences that's not so bad. 
And it seems that's what you're pointing out is that you're always being changed and we should think about which of the changes are positive and negative and how we're going to arrange it to push us in the right direction. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
I mean I completely agree with that. 
And the more we can push the technology and the way we can use it in the direction to encourage attentiveness, I am all in favor of. 
I think there are differences. 
I think it is absolutely true that all our experiences influence our brain. 
I mean at the very base line, we have to store memories or we lose memories or whatever. 
But what I think neuroscientists have found is that when there are certain types of experiences that have particularly deep affects on a brain and those that are particularly highly 
Repetitive are intensive and kind of involve a lot of stimuli and a lot of physical activity and mental activity and it's precisely what we do when we're sitting at our computers. 
We're constantly repeating physical actions, clicking or scrolling or you know using the touch screen on our iPod or iPad or whatever and we are constantly getting signals and alerts and messages that we respond to in particular ways. 
So it's a very intensive way of training our minds in a particular way of thinking. 
I think what is happening is we are reinforcing those mental functions and even down to those mental circuits that make us good and skimming and scanning and there has been certainly studies that show our visual acuity and improves that as we use video games but there is no encouragement, there is no reward for the more attentive mode of thoughts, for contemplation, for reflection, for introspection, for deep reading and neuroscientologists tell us that when we don't practice different ways of thinking we lose those, even down to the point that the circuits begin to weaken in our brain, if not eventually dissolve. 
PETER NORVlG: 
So I agree with you that there is a temptation that you could easily spend your whole life playing farmville or looking at the pictures of kittens and never get anything useful done. 
But that is your choice and you also have the option of doing this deep reading and I don't see how deep reading is in any way cut out by being online and if anything it's easier to get an entree. 
One way to think about it is in game theory. 
There's this notion of a multi-armed bandit. 
Now in Las Vegas of course we have the one-armed bandit; you go and you put your money in the slot, you pull it you either get a reward or you don't. 
In game theory multi-armed bandits means there is many slot machines and unlike Vegas some of them pay off positive results, rather than negative, and your task then is to decide is which slot am I going to put the money in. 
And so there's these two phases; exploration phase, when we say which slot machine is the good one and then the exploitation stage, when I say, you know, I found one that's pretty good. 
I'm going to stick with this. 
And I think that the trade-off of between those two which we always have according to the percepts of game theory is different on the web than it is in the library. 
You go to the library, you go to the shelf, there's four books on that shelf. 
It's pretty easy to say, you know what, this is the right book, I'm going to exploit that book and read it deeply. 
On the web, you go to the shelf, there's 40,000 results, you've got to spend more time in the exploration stage and then, after you've done more exploration now you say, now I'm going to start reading deeply. 
So I think there's a shift and when that happens but i don't see any reason why the deep reading is recluded. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Well, first of all, since we know that the vast majority of people just look at the first three google results. 
I am not even that sure that there's all that much exploration going on. 
I think people can look at their own experiences, their children, other people's experiences, or can look at general societal trends. 
I don't think there is that 
- I totally agree with you - that, you know, we should define thinking as having two parts; the exploration part, where scanning, skimming and browsing and surfing can be very, very important. 
Googling and everything else and then there is the time when you stop and you pay attention to what you found and go deep. 
And what I think what we are doing is redefining as a society intelligence as being all about access, all about finding, all about filtering, all about skimming, and acanning and we're losing sight of the fact that we also have to pull back from the technology, disconnect, and go deep. 
Obvious there are people who still do that, plenty of people, but I think more and more that is becoming a rare skill. and I think it's the nature of the net, the nature of this medium, that encourages us to be constant browsers of information but never to disconnect in a way that lets us go deep. 
PETER NORVlG: 
I don't know, it seems to me if that's the case we are doing it wrong. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Oh, I agree! yeah but I'm more interested in what's really happening than how people, you know, I mean McDonalds has salads and fruit plates and people go in and buy Big Macs. 
I mean it's not just, it's not impossible but you have to look at how people actually use it. 
PETER NORVlG: 
I certainly agree with that there are temptations and there's great opportunities but there's also opportunities for squandering that and making choices that aren't wise. 
But i guess you have to measure on the whole which way is it going and to me I see the benefits more than the negatives. 
So i look at the uh the people i work with, especially the younger employees and boy am I impressed that they are doing far beyond what I was able to do at their age because they can do so much more. 
I look some of the homework assignments. 
My friend was telling me of the homework assignment his ten-year-old got which after the Haiti earthquake they were told okay, come up with a plan to spend one million dollars are gopto help in Haiti.and so these ten-year-old 5th graders I guess, his kid said I'm going to build schoools and so he researched how much it costs to build a school, how much desk costs, he sourced them out, found a place to buy desks on the web, found a shipping container company and figured out how many desks fit in the shipping container, got a quote from the shipping container company and figured out how many schools he could have by building this spread sheet and multiplying everything out and that just seemed like an excellent educational experience, one that you couldn't get from a book because no books had been written yet about the Haiti earthquake. 
So much was done that was facilitated by this online information and of course, sure,he needed help from his teachers and parents not to be going on Facebook and keeping on task, but those opportunuties are there that are far beyond what we could have done a generation ago. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
I think that's right and I would be lying if I said I hadn't received huge benefits from the web and from the ability to do research much more quickly to solve problems much more quickly and there's no doubt, for those type of problem solving exercises, the web can a huge benefit and you can do things that were impossible before. 
And I think that's one of the reasons we use it so much, one of the reasons it's become so ingrained in our work lives which our often about solving problems, finding particular bits of information. 
But that's not the only way to think and it's certainly not the only important way to think. 
There are also the more attentive, more contemplative ways of thinking that I think are also essential to not solving problems but expanding our mind, expanding our creativity expanding our perspective on life and it's those type of things that are being pushed aside by the web and its many benefits, so I don't disagree with you that there are was of being smart and being intelligent that are enhanced by the technology. 
PETER NORVlG: 
So you mentioned McDonald's and some of the choices they make there and in the sixties President Johnson declared the war on hunger, and today, Michelle Obama has the war on obesity, so we've sort of solved one problem. 
But now it's not the problem of scarcity, it's the problem of abundance we're dealing with and the problem of bad choice. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
And there's certainly, in our web habits, and there's certainly a quarrel there. 
I think, you know, there are very deep instincts we have to overvalue new information, particularly if it has some kind of social value. 
You know it's very worrisome if you disconnect for a while and think 'oh my friends are saying something and I don't hear it or there's new information about something I'm interested in' 
So I think the net, just as in someways I suppose the abundance of calories, and cheap calories encourages overeating, I think our natural instinct to overvalue the new, is fed by the technology. 
And, unfortunately, the expense of overvaluing the new, is sometimes we don't spend enough time looking at what's really important. 
If you have a new piece of information, but you know something new and trivial is coming, you often shift your eyes, shift your glance to consume the new stuff. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Yeah I don't know if it's the net that contributes to that, 
I know it certainly makes the new available. 
I think its a pervasive problems in humans and not just humans, but in all mammals, that they value the short term over the long term. 
And Georgia Ansley in the Great Down of Will, says that the roots of addiction is that people say 'yes I see the benefit of taking this alcohol or drugs right now, and I can kind of discount the long term negative effects' and you need to be able to have some discipline to get past that and say 'I'm going to think about the long term, in a rational way and not just go for the short term effects.' 
And so we need those kinds of societal rules. 
We need the parents saying 'you can only watch TV or you can only use video games or whatever for so much time.' We need the teachers saying 'you're not allowed to do this in the bathroom'. 
And even for adults, the need their ways to limit their own usage and make good use of technology. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Unfortunately, we're going in the other direction, however. 
We're giving ever younger kids cell phones with unlimited texting plans. 
We are putting TV's and computers in their rooms and we are not supervising them. 
I mean anything we can do to counter those trends I'm all for, but we still have to pay attention to what's really going on, and the fact that it's becoming more and more socially accepted to be distracted all the time. 
To talk to your spouse while glancing at your stream of email on your iPhone or something. 
I mean these things, to do it at a restaurant, I mean these things are becoming accepted in society. 
We seem, we're not imposing that kind of discipline and you know, maybe we will, but I don't see any signs that that's happening. 
It seems to be going in the other direction. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Again, it seems like every generation has its complaints about that., that we're all going to hell in a hand-basket , and we have been for every generation. 
Let's see. 
I wanted to, I guess in a few minutes, we are going to do the question and answer. 
We talked about the information overload, we talked about the sort of addiction and irrational behavior and so on, and we talked about reading and deep reading. 
I guess one thing I wanted to say about that is, it seems like sometimes you're trying to have it two ways, that you're saying the experience you're really aiming for is this deep reading where we're contemplative and reflective and engaging in a deep way, but you're complaining about the web technology saying that it's changing our brains. 
And it seems to me that it can only change our brains, if it's engaging us deeply. 
Is that a contradiction? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
It is kind of a contradiction, but I think there's, as I write in the book that one of the, probably one of the most profound characteristic of the net is that it seizes our attention only to shatter it. 
So, we become, we are immersed in the medium itself, very deeply immersed, but what we are immersed in is constant distractions and constant shifts of our attention and shifts of our focus 
So, it shows you that there are different kinds of immersion and you can be immersed in a medium without necessarily being attentive to one thing. 
You can be immersed in the action of being distracted, so to speak. 
So, I think as we do that, that can create those changes in the brain that you know, it's not the brain changes that are making us to behave that way. 
We behave that way and then our brain changes to adapt, so it's a reinforcement mechanism. 
But, I do think that were immersed in the medium even if the medium is constantly distracting us. 
Peter Norvig: 
I think were both in a way examples and counter examples, so I certainly feel that. 
I feel distracted, and yet you were able to put together this book and it's deep and contemplative and you did that while you were researching on the web and I was able to put together my textbook, which by the way was 6 times longer than your's. 
(people laughing and booing) but I don't get a book tour. 
I don't get a book tour out of it and we were able to do this while researching on the web so it is possible to get past those temptations and think deeply and think much more broadly, you know, so I was able in a couple of hours to bring in 20 different friends and have them comment and have them go back and forth a couple of times on what I was thinking and on what you were thinking and get a couple of ideas. 
I couldn't of done that in that short amount of time without the web technology isn't that helping me a great deal? 
Nicholas Carr: 
I'm sure it is and I'm not trying to be overly deterministic about the influence of technology on out brains the human brain is a wonderful thing and it's not really its not as though a binary switch and suddenly we, we turn off our contemplate of nature. 
I do think that these trends were seeing are very very important and I think a lot of people feel that in their own lives they are not having an opportunity to be attentive and to think deeply and they are constantly distracted and I think that they feel for a reason because it's real and, you know, it's true that you can still read a book you can even write a book, although to write mine 
I had to pull back from the net quite a bit and I made an effort to use Google for say to find information but then to find relevant books, relevant journal articles, but then I actually went to the library to get the print material to read and I found that extremely useful 
You know cut back on email and stuff, and unfortunately I'm drifting back in the other direction now, but It's still, I still had to make some changes and I could really feel it in my attentiveness and my concentration, but never less I think we have to take the big picture and look at how, you know, all of us as a society what direction we are moving in. 
And whether we still put any value in the more attentive, more contemplative modes of thought or whether we're given them up and being pushed in that way by technology. 
PETER NORVlG: 
I mean it seems to me that we still value that and we make it easier to value that in a way and that it's easier for an individual or a small group of people to get together and do something great if they work hard at it. 
So we heard earlier today about how a small group put together Facebook, 
I'm at a company that only ten years ago came from nothing and now has a big effect on the world. 
Smaller start ups are able to do that and they are able to do that because of these web technologies and you can't say these entrepreneurs are not engaging deeply and working hard and concentrating on what they are doing. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Fair enough. 
(Laughter) 
PETER NORVlG: 
And I just wanted to, one other thing I talked about the emails that came in with suggestions and one of them was commenting on what a modern idea this concentration is, 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
That's absolutely right, it is and that's way it's so precious. 
I mean it's not our natural way to think its not our natural way you know when we were cavemen or whatever we were if you concentrated on one thing, you go eaten or clubbed in the head or something 
So I think that's absolutely right. 
Our natural inclination is not to pay attention. 
It's to be distracted and allow the environment and stimuli in the environment to control our attention. 
So yeah I think it was the book and other developments that trained us to pay attention, but the fact that that was has been a fairly short part of our history doesn't mean we should give it up easily, but cherish it all the more and protect it all the more. 
PETER NORVlG: 
I'm all for protecting it. 
And we are going to go to questions in a few minutes. 
There's the mic so if people want to ask questions please line up there. 
And while we're doing that I just want to mention one more thing which is maybe the book that is closest to yours that's popular now is Clay Shorkey's Cognitive Surpluses and he talks about what he calls cognitive surpluses is this idea that its the thing television stole form us 
That in history from most of history, we had to spend all of our time just sort of surviving. 
And then in modern society, we got this new notion of leisure time and that was something that never existed before, and then television took it away to the tune 200 Billion hours a year in the U.S. alone. 
And clay points out, if one percent of the TV watchers throughout the world stop watching TV, and did something useful, they could produce two Wikipedias a week. 
(Laughter) 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Just what we need (more laughter) 
PETER NORVlG: 
What's your comment on Clay's take? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
I think Clay's a very smart guy and think he's a very hopeful guy and if in fact we see that change in behavior that would be a good thing, but what we know from the statistics is that TV viewing hours have gone up throughout the entire era of the web and in fact they hit their highest era since the Neilson Company began monitoring TV last year. 
And if you had to those TV hours which are now at the highest point ever, all the time we waste online as opposed to creating Wikipedia or doing other useful things, you see the time we waste with media today is enormous and far greater in the Hey day of Television. yeah we might all start changing and getting together and creating all kinds of things or we might still continue to waste a lot of time online and TV. 
I don't know. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Okay let's go to questions. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Start from this side. 
MAN 1: 
I haven't read you book yet, but I have a question for you. 
Part of growing up is making breaks in your past. 
For me growing up was going away to school and then from school going to another school and from there going to another school and then finally moving away. 
And going to start working. 
And you took these points in my life and I had to choose who I was going to stay in touch with. 
One of the things with that the previous talk with the Facebook of that and these social networks, you have to choose who not to stay in touch with and how is that part of making us smarter and making us dumber in that conversation? 
How is staying with the burden of your choices as a young person, is that holding people back? 
And is that, I went through all these breaks before the internet and I'm sure you probably did to. 
You had to get back in touch. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Can we get back to the question? 
MAN 1: 
Yeah how do you see that type of thing growing up in a network connected society changing? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
It's a very good question. 
I think for a lot of people it's an entirely good thing to be able to stay in touch but there are certain people who, as you said, have always throughout history had a possibility to make a clean break and reinvent themselves. 
And I head Jaron Lanier recently talk about Bob Dylan when he went from being 
Robert Zimmerman in the town in Minnesota, left, totally reinvented himself and became 
Bob Dylan in New York City, great artist. 
You know what would happen today, if Facebook was around and there is Robert Zimmerman goofing off in Minnesota and everybody when he goes to Greenwhich Village and says your that guy, you're not Bob Dylan. 
And so for a certain segment of people, it does lock us into an identity, I think, much earlier than we're ever locked in before. 
And, for those people, which might be just, you know, the great majority of people might not mind being locked into an identity and might like having perpetual contact with their co-kindergarteners or whatever, but I think there is a segment of society which is going to find it much much tougher and these might be great artists as well, since they tend to go through this will find it much tougher to reinvent themselves. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Okay as a reminder to our audience, this program has been provided by the 
Commonwealth Club's Inforum Division. 
Tonight we are hosting Nicholas Carr, author of the Shallows: 
What the Internet is Doing to our Brians. 
And I'm Peter Norvig, director of research. 
Lets go to a question on this side. 
MAN 2: 
Okay I know from my personal experience that I tend to agree with you. 
My ability to read a book is diminishing every year, whereas I could read one a week, now I'm about one a year. 
So I know that its happening. 
One thing that I would be interested in is your feelings about the future affect of this. 
I think you are underestimating the affect. 
I think that it is actually worse because we have an accelerating rate of change in society so the number of channels that we have to deal with, the number of modes of communications that we have to deal with continue to accelerate and change. 
So I'm wondering if it'll actually become a worse affect over the next 5 years, ten years and so forth? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
I'm already kind of pigeonholed as a commergent, so I'm a little nervous about answering that question truthfully, but I think that's right. 
I mean I think that we're facing a continuation of this trend. 
It's true that we all can make person choices and back away. 
It's true that we might reinvent the net to be a very different type of technology that encourages concentration, it's true that our employers might say 'no don't stay connected all the time go away and think for awhile', but I think you're right. 
That all the trends in society point to a continued devaluing of that whole way of thinking that doesn't fit in to our kind of utilitarian kind of problem solving mode. 
MAN 3: 
I would like the chance Mr. Norvig a little bit, as much as I admire and respect your research work, I think you made a methodological mistake in you poll because you missed a sort of large part of the population. 
I think a different results would come out of this poll if you ask the chairs of University computer science departments, let's say California State of Dominguez Hills or 
Florida Gulf Coast University or University of Idaho. 
Next maybe I think Google wouldn't hire my students if I told them to get their knowledge from Wikipedia, although it is a very good tool. 
And finally, I think that you have to take a look at Universities which offer degrees online, so there's many more examples, so I would say the question 'Is Google making us stupid?' is a valid question because there is a large segment of the population which is just not getting anything out of this. 
And I have a question for Mr. Carr. 
You mentioned at the beginning about the probably your very first computation on a machine know to humankind although you didn't call it that way which is the clock. 
Some of these great philosophers like Louis Mouthford or you know media, people like 
Marshall Mcluhan recognized the changes which a clock makes, I mean enforced on us. 
And they say that we don't eat when we want to eat, but when there is a specific time we go to work at the same time, not because there's a need to work but because there is a time to go to work. 
Do you see these tendencies with the internet because this is what they call a big megamachine right? 
And I know this, everybody does now. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Lets see if we can answer thes two question. 
I'll go first. 
I think you raise a good point that technology sort of accelerates differentials. 
And that leads now can do better and those who don't have the right education are farther behind, so there's a bigger gap. 
I sampled one part of that gap and not the other and that is a very important question for society. 
I think, you know, one of the points over here was 'well people aren't reading books anymore' well that's somewhat true, but now completely. 
Harry Potter sold 4 million copies, the Twilight series, I hate to admit it, sold over 100 million copies 
My generations equivalent to that, which has been selling for over 50 years would be the Narnia books, and that only sold 120 million copies so I feel so bad I got to go out and buy another whole set. 
So in general there is a whole lot of reading going on. 
Non-required book reading is going down slightly. 
Sixty-one percent of people said they read a book for pleasure in '92, whose down to 57 percent in 2004. 
Total sales of books are up certainly worldwide literacy is down by fifty percent since the seventies, so, but that's probably more to do with wealth than with literacy per say or the web. 
So, it's mixed; magazine readership is way up, newspapers is down, reading on the web is up. 
It's a complicated picture and there's a lot going on. 
I thing we do have to try and educated everyone and we have to be creative in the ways we do that. 
So sometimes a lecture in the university is not the best way to do that, have one person sitting in front of the class, you want something a little more interactive and I think we've seen that. 
There's developments like Sollen Conn with Conn Academy. 
It's fifteen hundred educational videos online and it gets twice as many students online as the 
University of California as a single person. 
There is great opportunities out here and I think we are a point to where there is a disruptive shift in how we are going to deliver education and it will be interesting to see how it plays out. 
And I think there was a question for Nick in there as well. 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
Yeah, I think you're absolutely right to point out the fact that any new technology has costs as well as benefits and when we did begin to parcel out time in little increments, we became more synchronized as a society. 
We were able to work together better, but we did lose some of our sense of a natural flow of time and we could live by that flow rather than by the clock, and similar with the map. 
I mean we almost certainly as we become more dependent on the map we lose some of our natural navagation sense and that almost is certainly being amplified by GPSs and stuff like that and that's not to say that those technologies are bad, but the benefits don't far out weigh the costs, but we do have to realized that whenever we adopt a technology we're adopting, we're amplifying some part of ourselves, but we're also reducing some of our old skills and handing them over to technology. 
And so any technology has to be evaluated in that way I think. 
PETER NORVlG: 
Okay let's go over here and keep it to one brief question each. 
MAN 4: 
Nick it seems like your book is focused very much on the personal choices and the personal affects, but I'm curious about the societal effects. 
So, when you we have 1.6 Billion people on the internet all behaving in this way, what is going to be the effect on human civilizations as a whole? 
I mean Peter mentioned great companies are still being born and great books are still being written, but what do you see has the broader effects? 
NlCHOLAS CARR: 
That's a big question. 
You know, I think there is going to be a lot of effects and some of them honestly, particularly with the social sphere are very hard to figure out and I can't say that I've figured them out. 
I will say that if you look through the history of culture you see that many of the great monuments of culture come from people, whether we're talking about science, art, literature, come from people who were able to think attentively and think deeply and be contemplative, be meditative and be reflective, and if we devalue those things and practice those things less, 
I think we not only become less interesting as individuals, we face a culture that is flatter and not as vibrant and again not has interesting as it used to be. 
PETER NORVlG: 
So I want to take my perogative to throw in my answer as well. 
And I want to quote Stuart Russell, who is the chairman at Berkley, he was one of my respondants and he said that 'students today are like prolog programs with ninety-nine percent of their clauses missing', for students in the past were like that. 
Now what does that mean for you non-programmers out there? 
So prolog program is a means for doing logical inference by describing what you know and allowing the program to do very deep inference of combining all those clauses, and what Stuart was saying was in the past, his students could do that but only on one percent of their subject matters, they knew very deeply about one thing and they could reason deeply in that area, and usually get a thesis out of it. 
Now, he's saying that things have changed, that you can start and not know very much in that area and very quickly gather what you need to know and then start doing the deep thinking. 
That ability to do the deep thinking was always in the student, but if you didn't have information about the are, you couldn't go anywhere with it. 
So he said, 'Google encourages mental energy, persistence, and diligence, as well as learning about knew things.' 
MAN 5: 
My name is Peter Cilla, I'll try to be brief. 
It seems like were doing a juggling at priorities towards spending sometime dumbing down as a form of entertainment verses smarting up as a form of career and more knowledgeable thinking. 
My question has to do with the fact that one of the things that I felt for 30 years were smarting up has been this idea that national use service program that was a bill in the congress and it was a volunteer basis, but what was unique about it was it would challenge youth to register at 17 and spend a year thinking about what is our democracy? 
At 18 indicate a interest in volunteering to do some kind of contract with service. 
Now when President Clinton became President he inacted a program called Ameracore and pushed this and one of the things that I focused on communicating to them was does concept of information communication computer, the internet wasn't even a term being used. 
Right now were in certain economic problems and environmental problems and to me this seems to be the balance between challenging youth as they go through the education system to be able to intergrate into something in their community that would benefit it, but there seems to be a lot of apathy among the thinkers and the general public. 
Nicholas Carr:I'm sure your right. 
I don't have any thoughts on that. 
That sounds right . 
Peter Norvig: 
Let's try to keep it to questions so we can keep Nick involved. 
(people laughing). 
Man 6: 
As earlier you mentioned your challenge of juggling so many research projects at the same time 
I am in contact with many computer science students at Stanford and with vision media students at the Acadamy 
University many feel that Google is over extending itself. 
What is the current research focus of Google right now. 
Peter Norvig: 
I guess that the focus is making information accessible to people and we see a lot of opportunities and our biggest cost is opportunity costs for things missed and so we are going to try to do it and there is opportunities is media in Mobil, across the board in deeper semantic processing of text and images and videos and so on. 
Were looking at all those things and were trying to build a system where infrastructure is such that we can address a new area with a very small team around 3 people so we can be broad in what we approach because the investments that we make in each one is small because all of our research is are advertised over all the researchers 
That's how we try to approach it. 
Nicholas Carr: 
Can I ask you a question about google? 
Do you think that universal search where now we get not only a ranking of not only what are the best webpages out there, but images and maybe videos and maybe a stream of tweets. 
Do you think that's an example of google dumbing down itself? 
Peter Norvig: 
No I don't think so at all. 
One thing is you say, "Well the internet is very distracting," but we get these criticisms from magazines saying, "Well the internet is so limited, it doesn't have the rich images that magazines have" 
So there are different types of media I think that McClumn was wrong the media is not the message the message is the message. 
If the media was the message then every year the accademy awards would end in a tie and say the Oscar goes to movies, but it doesn't happen that way instead the author goes to the best story. 
Whoever the story is told and sometimes the story is going to be told as text and sometimes its going to be told as video so its just telling me earlier today they were asking a very technical scientific question and they were expecting to see an article but instead they got a video lecture from an expert in that area and it was exactly what they wanted and if we had made them go to video search they would of never occurred to them to try video search for they type of a query, but by surfacing it we give them what they want at the right time. 
Man 7: 
Hi, I read your article in the Atlantic Monthly I have to say 1st off my wife totally agrees with you and 
I totally disagree with you, 
Nicholas Carr: 
Listen to your wife (people laughing) 
Man 7: 
So I have several kids and I watch them use the internet and both frivolously watching one youtube video after another on Family Guy and also drawing incredibly deep into research for school and then moving to get books on the Civil War they never read and knowing more than I did at their age and doing it faster. 
Now I can't say that all kids can do this, but you know and some kids probably don't go farther than just watching family guy. 
So were dealing with a world of some people are drilling deeper and it is detracting for others who live at the 
level of distraction. 
So my question is really any different than in 1965 when there was no internet? 
Are the same people not looking deeper, not reading books doing the same thing now? 
Nickolas Carr: 
I don't think so that's not to say that the kids with the right motivation and the right smarts and stuff are not going to go deep on the internet and stuff, but I don't think that's the way that kids are being pushed by technology. 
There is a new study that just came out this week or was just distributed this week, the biggest study yet of what happens when you put personal computers into kids homes between the 5th and 8th grade. 
And that's been a big focus on a lot of public spending to subsidize the purchase of computers. 
Interestingly enough their weeding and mathematical test scores actually went down rather than up after they got a computer, but it was a small decrease a very modest decrease, but never the less it really caught it really highlights the fact that for most kids its actually bringing a lot more distractions into their lives, it gives then a lot more ways to goof off, and I'm not against kids goofing off. 
It also brings distractions into the process of doing homework doing studying. 
So fortunately some kids are able to tune that out, but I think 
looking broadly it might be having a very different affect overall. 
Man 7: 
I would say that you have brought up a good issue that needs to be constantly discussed 
Peter Norvig: 
I want to throw in one anecdote about distraction communication and concentration that's sort of a trade off between them, which is that at google every year we have a questionnaire for all our engineers, what do you like what do you not like about your job, what's bothering you and last year the number one question that people liked the most was the quality of the Colleagues and the interactions they had with them and we thought that was a great result and the question that they liked the least was being interrupted by other people. 
So we figured it out that if I can ask anybody a question, but none of them can ask me a question. 
Perfect situation, but we haven't figured out how to deal with that. 
So I think that there's always this trade off that you want to have this deep concentration, but communication is important to because I can't have all the ideas. 
The one book that I'm reading deeply can't have all the ideas, but communication with 
lots of people can and Nick talked about this bucolic retreat into the countryside where your siting by the lake reading a book and everything is peaceful and that's great, but if you look where all the big scientific and artistic movements have come out well maybe one for Waldon Pon, but against that it's Paris it's New York it's London it's San 
Francisco. 
The cities where all the action is and people past the detraction because they want that communication 
Ok, now I get to ask a question Nick, which is in 60 seconds what is your one idea to change the world? 
(people laughling) 
Nickolas Carr: 
The embarrassing thing here was that I was prepped to answer this question. 
Well I think just to, I'm sure there are bigger ideas than this, just to stick with the subject I would hope that even though I don't see this in purely generational terms, I would hope that parents begin to realize that handing your kids constantly inundating them with new technologies and giving them motivation to be interrupted all the time and to inundate themselves with information has to be balanced by encouraging them to be attentive, to read, to back away from the technology and to back away from there friends sometimes, and like you said collaboration and conversation is great, but there is a role in the world for solitude and I think that we should encourage our kids and ourselves to practice that as well. 
Peter Norvig: 
Ok (People Clapping) 
So thank you to Nicholas Carr for sharing your incite and vision with us tonight. 
This meeting from the common 
Perez, thank you for your kind words as well as sharing my latest Old Spice commercial with your readers 
Receiving accolades from you was truly an honour 
If I were to create a metaphor of blogs using mountains, your blog would be the mighty Everest, sitting on top of a skyscraper 
And that skyscraper would be sitting on top of one of those rolling library ladders used to reach really, really high shelves 
And on top of that wildly high ladder mountain, would be the mightiest of falcons, wearing an oxygen mask and flying at an impossibly high altitude 
And this falcon would represent your generous and flattering comments about me and on that falcon's head would be a top hat because top hats are for gentlemen 
Gentlemen like you, Perez. 
I thank you. 
Translation: 
Lovekpop & LYBlO.net Subbing/Timing: 
KPOPMV020 
U look at me right T-ARA U Ready 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
Shubidubi ShaLaLaLa, Both of us YaYaYaYa 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa, Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
Shubidub Su Supa Nova 
Sizzle Sizzle like fire, It's getting hot hot 
Round and round with dazzling eyes ah ah 
Yo ma Yo ma Lova Lova Yo ma Yo ma Supa Nova 
U Hee U U Hee 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
In front of you, oh, I feel small oh I like you 
Shubidubi ShaLaLaLaLa, Both of us YaYaYaYa 
I only see you 
U Hee U U U U U U U U Hee Hee Hee Hee Hee 
Oh Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go Go it Go 
I put my heart out exactly Ah Ah 
Both of us Do it Do Do it Do Do it Do 
Throw me the bouquet Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it 
Ah Ah Ah Do it Do it Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go 
Many Many Many as you, as you pass by 
My heart is beating, beating, beating, I知 so nervous Go it Go it Go 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
Shubidubi ShaLaLaLaLa Both of us YaYaYaYa 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
Shubidub Su Supa Nova 
Burning Burning, look at my eyes hot hot 
Shaking shaking look at my messy body Ah Ah 
Yo ma Yo ma Lova Lova Yo ma Yo ma Supa Nova 
U Hee U U Hee 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
Inside oh going crazy oh My good boy 
Shubidubi ShaLaLaLaLa Both of us YaYaYaYa 
I only see you 
U Hee U U U U U U U U Hee Hee Hee Hee Hee 
Oh Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go Go it Go 
I put my heart out exactly Ah Ah 
Both of us Do it Do Do it Do Do it Do 
Throw me the bouquet Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it 
Ah Ah Ah Do it Do it Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go 
Many Many Many as you, as you pass by 
My heart is beating, beating, beating, I知 so nervous Go it Go it Go 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa, Love me hey YaYaYaYa 
U make me go LaLaLaLa, Baby boy U So Hot Hot Hot 
U & Me Only the two of us, Yes We, This P.A.R.T.Y only of us 
With hearts that continue to cry 
Oh Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go Go it Go 
I put my heart out exactly Ah Ah 
Both of us Do it Do Do it Do Do it Do 
Throw me the bouquet Ah Ah 
Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it, Ah Ah Ah Do it Do it 
Ah Ah Ah Go it Go it Go it Go Go it Go 
Let me seeya LaLaLaLa 
Translation: 
Lovekpop & LYBlO.net Subbing/Timing: 
KPOPMV020 
In the summer of 1995 under my grandfather's favorite reading chair, I found a tattered 
Webster's International Dictionary. 
In the back were ganged together and printed all the wonderful images from the book; a little universe of 19th century America. 
Little did I know I was about to devote the next 10 years of my life to organizing and printing 4,000 of these little blocks. 
The Merriam Webster Company gifted these engravings to Yale University in 1977. 
They now live in the press room of the Arts of the Book Collection. 
I was enthralled when I first had a chance to see the engravings themselves. 
I was fascinated by the numbers stamped and written onto their sides. 
I spent much of 1997 identifying and organizing the collection into categories. 
I estimate there are about 13,000 of these little blocks. 
Here are carriages and footware. 
I used photocopies from the dictionaries to identify the blocks. 
I then culled the images I was to print and organized them alphabetically. 
Each engraving was logged out as part of a special loan agreement. 
At Quercus Press engravings were cleaned, often revealing amazing manuscript. 
Most engravings were not type-high. 
Using various bits of paper, the engravings could be made 
level and raised so they could be printed properly. 
Each engraving was then measured for labeling. 
The latin names were added for flora and fauna. 
The labels were then cast on my 1938 Model 8 linotype machine. 
The linotype is really 3 machines at once. 
It composes a line of type, passes it, then redistributes it. 
It's all done used these little brass mats. 
The slugs are then trimmed to exactly match the width of the engravings. 
The forms of engravings and slugs are then set as pages. 
The page form is filled with bits of leading. 
Here's my setup for making engravings. 
A jig for engraving small blocks. 
Some slugs needed underlay for the I's and L's to print properly. 
This is the final packing layer for a run, showing the make ready. 
I spent an additional year writing the pancreas section. 
"Here we are at Quercus Press, on 6/6/06. 
Printing the last, well the first of the last of the runs of the Pictorial Webster's." 
I used the labels from the book to create a marbleized text pattern. 
First the yellow run is printed, then the reds, and finally the green and blue. 
"Is this really the last one? 
Here it is." 
"Last one!" 
"And this is the speed I printed the book, basically; that real slow speed." 
"Alright that's it. 
Hooray!" 
Next began the binding process. 
For hundreds of years, binders have cut and folded sections this way. 
The Pictorial Webster's had over 5,000 sections to fold. 
The sections have holes punched for sewing. 
Using a sewing frame, the books are sewn on double flexible rolled linen tapes with supported kettles. 
Because the sewing is so time consuming, I invited 11 bookbinders to Strong Arm Bindery in Maine where we managed to sew 50 books in a weekend. 
After a book is sewn the spines are pasted up, the edges are trimmed, 
the book is rounded and backed. 
The edges are prepared for decoration and edge decoration is applied using rubber stamps. 
The endbands are sewn. 
The spine is lined with airplane linen and paper and a hollow is formed on the book. 
Boards are attached. 
The leather is pared, 
it gets wetted out, then pasted up. 
It is then put on the book. 
Tying up with string helps articulate the raised bands. 
The book is then put to sleep in felts. 
The alphabetical code design is pressed into the leather. 
The covers are tooled. 
Using real gold leaf and a small letterpress the leather spine labels are basically printed in a two-step process. 
The leather on the spine is roughed up and the label is attached. 
And finally on the deluxe copies, the fingertabs are cut. 
Pictorial Webster's. 
Have you ever taken a low-floor bus ? 
Some people will say, "Yes," but other people will say. 
"No." A few months ago, my grandmother and I took a low-floor bus to go to the library. 
Riding a low-floor bus was the first time for me. 
My grandmother usually takes a low-floor bus because she has problems with her knees. 
It is difficult for her to get on a bus with steps. 
When I was on the low-floor bus, some old people came onto the bus. 
There were no steps on the bus, so they could get on the bus easily. 
I thought that the low-floor bus was designed very well for old people. 
Two weeks later, in class, we had a chance to think about life in our city. 
Our teacher said to us, "In our city, there are many good projects. 
These projects make our life better. 
Now I want you to talk about some of the projects." Then we started talking about them in groups. 
In my group, we talked about the low-floor bus. 
I said, "The low-floor bus is designed well for old people." 
Everyone in my group looked interested in the low-floor bus. 
One student said, "I didn't notice that the low-floor bus was so useful for old people. 
There are many old people in our city. 
We should have more low-floor buses for them." Then another student said, "I don't think the low-floor bus was designed only for old people. 
We should get more information about the low-floor bus. 
Lets go to City Hall after school. " 
At City Hall, we talked to a man there and asked him questions about the low-floor bus. 
He said to us, "The low-floor bus is not only for old people. 
It's designed for other people too. 
We should think about everyone living in our city. 
We need more things designed for everyone." Babies, children, young people and old people are living in our city. 
Some people are physically challenged. 
We sometimes care about only ourselves but we should care about those people too. 
As a person living in this city, I want to make everyone happy. 
It's important for us to think about things from other people's points of view. 
That's the thing I learned in this class. 
Let's work together to have a better life in our city. 

Hey guys. 
Welcome to another episode of Drive Clean. 
I'm Larry from ammonyc.com, where we're obsessed with driving and protecting cars. 
Now, on today's episode, we're going to be working on a 1958 
Porsche Speedster. 
Now, the paint is totally wrecked, so we're going to restore it. 
That's all coming up today on this episode of Drive Clean. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
Before we get started, I want to thank all you guys for the emails and comments I received since the first episode. 
They've been spectacular, and I'm really grateful for them. 
But the cool part is I've actually kept track of everything you suggested, and we're going to try to incorporate them into the upcoming episodes. 
So for today, we're going to restore this 1958 Porsche Speedster. 
Now, I think the problem was they washed it improperly, and nobody took care of it, didn't put a cover on it and left outside, so the paint is totally wrecked. 
Now, the first question you want to ask yourself is whether you want to clean, protect, or restore the paint. 
Now, obviously, in this condition, it's so bad, we're going to need to restore the paint. 
Now, the second question is what year is the car and has it been repainted? 
Now, this particular car is a 1958, but it's been repainted in modern times. 
So now I know there's clear coat on it, I can approach it differently. 
Now, the third question is a little bit more complicated. 
It's deciding whether the paint is hard or soft. 
We're going to talk about how to figure that out in the upcoming steps. 
So this episode is going to be a little bit more complicated, because we're really going to geek out. 
So make sure you download the free PDF at ammonyc.com. 
Before we can look at the paint, we have to undress it, what we call stripping the wax off. 
Now, if you guys remember back in the first episode when we cleaned the Audi R8 Blackbird, we talked about dish soap versus car soap. 
Now, 99% of the time, you want to use car soap. 
Why? 
Because you want to leave all the wax on the car. 
In this particular case, you actually want to use dish soap, because it removes all the wax, and then you can actually see what's going on in the paint. 
Stripping the wax is essential for paint correction and requires a little more than switching from soft car soap to strong dish soap, and of course, following the same steps as you normally would when cleaning your car. 
Add a few squirts of dish soap to your clean wash bucket and/or foam gun. 
Then rinse down the paint with hose water to remove the loose dirt. 
Next, use the foam gun or the wash mitt to apply the dish soap that will emulsify the wax, uncovering the paint beneath it. 
Once the car is completely washed, use your clay bar, along with the wash mitt and the dish soap as a 
lubrication, and remove any contaminants that may remain embedded in the paint after the initial cleaning. 
Now, we can be sure the surface is uncovered, or what we call naked paint, so that we can see how bad the scratches really are without waxes or silicones hiding them. 
Now, that the car's been stripped, what I like to do is use my crazy tools here to inspect the paint at the microscopic level. 
What that does is it shows me what's going on and how bad the paint is, and it helps me approach it and fix it or repair it in the best and fastest way. 
Mind you, these may not be necessary for the weekend warrior, but I still think they're pretty cool. 
All right. 
So the first thing I have here is an assortment of lights, and my favorite one is this Brinkmann Dual Xenon light. 
Now, what I do, is I use it by shining it right here on the quarter panel, and I can see any of the swirls that are present. 
Remember, we removed all the wax, so what I'm seeing is actually there. 
This is a great tool for visualizing how bad the damage is. 
The second little tool I like to use is my infrared thermometer. 
Now, what I do is I shine it at the paint. 
Right now, it's telling me it's 83.5 degrees. 
Now, anything under 100 degrees is usable, meaning I can actually work on the paint here. 
If it's above 100 degrees, it's too hot for me. 
So I'll let it cool down, or I'll put some water on it, or 
I'll pull it inside the garage. 
Now, the reason why you want it so cool is the products happen to flash, meaning they burn up too fast, and it reduces the rate of abrasion that you can use to fix the paint. 
So this is a very useful tool to figure out what temperature you're at. 
Now, the most useful tool I have is the PosiTector paint depth gauge. 
Now, the way you use it, you take this little cord here, put it on the paint, and it tells me there's 894 microns of paint on this car. 
Now, if you get to a lower and a lower and a lower number, at some point it'll tell me that I can't buff the car and I can't restore it. 
So on occasion, I'll come to a customer and say, hey, your paint is really trashed, but there's nothing I can do because I don't want to take away the UV protection or the clear coat on the car. 
This machine will tell you that. 
And normally, you can't see it just by looking at it. 
You need one of these. 
They are a bit pricey, but they're worth every penny. 
All right, the geekiest tool I have and probably the most fun, is the Dino-Lite microscope. 
Now, the way you use it is you put it on the paint just like this, and it gives me an image on the Mac here of all the scratches in the paint. 
It helps me determine whether I've actually repaired the paint or filled it in. 
Now, this here, is really, really high tech. 
Now, as you can see here, we've isolated a very big scratch. 
All these will come out, but this may give us a little bit of trouble, so I'll keep an eye on that. 
Now, that we stripped the car, clayed the car, and taken a microscope and seeing all the little scratches so we get a better idea of how to approach the car, the next thing you want to do is you want to create a test panel. 
Now, what I like to do is pull my masking tape out just like this, break a little piece off, and the trick is to 
lightly tap it on your thigh. 
What that does is it removes the extra glue that's on there. 
So when you put it on just like this, when you go to pull it off, there isn't that line that's really annoying that you've got to rub it a little bit extra. 
And so I'm going to mask off the rest of this and test this panel right now. 
Using tape allows me to see a before and after shot when determining what products and procedures are working and when it's not. 
Be sure to keep test areas to one panel only and in the 
least conspicuous part of the car. 
Before we can repair the clear coat, it's important to understand what makes up the different layers of paint, how scratches affect your clear coat, and more importantly, how they're removed. 
Brand new paint, or what we call perfect paint, has a flat, glass-like surface that reflects 100% of the light back to your eye, much like a mirror. 
However, over time, with poor cleaning habits, the clear coat will develop minor and sometimes major scratches that reduce the amount of reflection causing it to appear dull. 
Once wax is applied, it acts as a filler to flatten the surface of the clear coat once again making your car look shiny. 
Although the paint looks repaired, it's actually only a temporary or cosmetic solution to the dullness. 
After a few washes, the wax or filler will degrade and the once-covered scratch will be exposed again putting you right back in the same situation. 
So what are we to do? 
In this case, since we decided to permanently repair the paint, we need to know a little bit more about abrasives and how they work. 
Compounds and polishes work in almost the same way as sandpaper. 
In fact, they are sometimes referred to as liquid sandpaper, because they're delivered and applied to the paint in a fluid instead of the traditional paper. 
The trick to understanding the basics of abrasion lies in this chart. 
The lower the numbers, the more abrasive it is. 
Likewise, the higher the numbers, the 
less abrasive it is. 
Although body shops commonly use heavier and more aggressive products, the sweet spot for detailing and paint correction is roughly 2,500 to 4,500 grit. 
The detailing industry uses what's called a diminishing abrasive. 
It's designed to break down during use or when you're buffing the paint and finishes off at a lighter abrasion than you started off with to help minimize the appearance of the dreaded holograms or swirls commonly found on dark-colored cars. 
There are three general categories of abrasives when discussing paint restoration-- compounds, polishes, and ultra-fine polishes, or what I 
like to call jeweler's polish. 
Now, over the years, there has literally been hundreds of derivations and unique blends to address different damages, paint depths, detailer skills and, of course, paint hardness. 
Now, combine that with hundreds of different pad selections, and you might see how choosing what pad and product to detail your car with might be confusing, but here is a more simplified approach. 
I stick with three core products, along with three core pads that work 99% of the time, except on those extremely rare and unique paint-damaged situations. 
So here is how it works. 
The compound polish and jeweler's polish have their own respective pads, but sometimes the paint requires what I call half steps to be repaired perfectly. 
For example, if you're using a polish with a polishing pad and it seems like the paint needs a little bit more bite but doesn't require the use of a compound, simply switch to the more aggressive compounding pad with the polish to make this a half step instead of a full step. 
When working on a test panel, it's best to use the least amount of abrasives that are necessary to complete the job, because there is a finite amount of clear coat on your car. 
As you can see in this animation, there are a few small scratches and one deep gouge. 
Using the least abrasive product first, which is the jeweler's polish, does little to remove these particular scratches because of their depth. 
Although in some situations, this might be enough to bring the paint back to perfect, it doesn't work here, so we need to bump up to the next most abrasive and retest. 
Next, we tried polishing the test panel and got much better results, but still not good enough. 
So we moved on to the compound. 
Compound is the next jump up in abrasion while still being user friendly. 
This product should allow you to remove light, medium, and even some heavy scratches to your clear coat. 
Now that you've removed most if not all of the scratches, the trick is to back out the paint after you've compounded. 
This is when you use a less abrasive product than the previous one to create a flat, glass-like surface. 
Now that almost all the scratches are out, it's time to add paint sealant for increased UV protection and to fill in any super heavy scratches that couldn't be fully repaired. 
Once dried, the sealant will create a perfectly flat surface that will reflect light just like a mirror. 
Next, I add a thin layer of Carnauba wax on top of the cured sealant for insane depth and shine found on all amazing show cars. 
Now, that we figured out what products and pad combination work best to repair this paint, I love pulling up the test panel masking tape to get a better look at the before and after results just to be sure I'm happy with the finished product and because it's really exciting to see the perfect paint correction side by side with the thrashed paint. 
It really gives you a great perspective, and it's kind of cool. 
Based on the results of our test panel, we figured out how we're going to approach the rest of the car. 
But before we do that, we want to tape off all these little badges and emblems and lights an of course, these little guys right here so we don't catch it with our pad. 
Masking tape helps protect your car, your buffing pads, and, of course, makes it easier to clean up at the end of the day. 
Now that everything is taped off, it's time to get to work. 
Work in two-by-two areas and complete the rest of the car. 
Now that we've compounded, polished and jeweled the paint, the next step is to seal it. 
Apply paint sealant one panel at a time, then remove with a microfiber towel until every painted surface is covered. 
Once cured, the sealant will protect your freshly restored paint and help hide any scratches that were just too deep to safely repair during the correction stage. 
Now we've sealed the car so it looks spectacular, and it's protected. 
Now, if remember back in the previous episodes, we talked about putting Carnauba wax on top, and that's exactly what 
I'm going to do. 
That's going to bring in a pop, that shine back to this paint. 
So let's get started. 
The trick here is to add a light, thin layer of Carnauba wax on top of the cured sealant. 
It's possible to do two or three panels before removing the wax with a clean microfiber towel, and the car should take no more than 15 to 20 minutes to get insane depth and shine. 
Although the Porsche took about eight hours or so from start to finish, it was totally worth it. 
Remember, we started off with paint that was completely neglected and in need of some serious correction. 
And after a bit of testing, we managed to restore the paint to near perfection with a safe and easy-to-use machine. 
All right, guys. 
Well, we finally finished this beautiful Porsche Speedster. 
Now, the one thing that we've learned is that you need the right tools. 
You need the right techniques, and a little bit of patience. 
And you, too, can have your car look as amazing as this. 
Now remember, download your free PDF and product guide at ammonyc.com. 
If you have additional questions, shoot me an email or visit my blog for other how-to videos. 
Well, that's it for you guys. 
Thanks for watch another episode of Drive Clean right here on the Drive Channel. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
A bit overwhelmed and actually humbled, with all the faces I see out here today. 
You represent a lot of great memories from my family and I. 
So stick with me as I kind of fumble through the next few minutes. 
Writing has always been a form of therapy for me, 
So, today, I welcome you to the congregation of voices that reside in my head. 
Might be a scary thought. 
But, in unison, we are celebrating the life of my Dad. 
My first friend, the best man at my wedding, and an individual that set the bar when describing a true "family man." 
Being a simple person, it didn't take much to please our Dad 
After he served 8 years in the U.S. Navy, 
Dad often wore a hat in public, with an image and the name of battleship on which he served. 
Should someone recognize him as a veteran and thank him for serving, 
Dad would beam with pride. 
The word "handy" and our dad, were never used in the same sentence. 
His most exhaustive chore, just might've been re-setting his dozens of clocks, in the spring and fall. 
Yet, incredibly until about the last year of his life, he maintained his tropical fish tanks with meticulous care. 
Dad loved to make people laugh. 
Through his timeless and - often repeated - stories, to his quick-witted comments, to his juvenile behavior, intended solely to draw belly laughs from his grandchildren and great-grandchildren that he adored. 
Many of you here today experienced those fun-loving times with us while in our Dad's presence. 
And at this point I would be remiss to not formally thank so many people as we close this chapter of our lives that included Dad in our physical presence but, with your help we will continue to re-live so many wonderful memories until the day we are called, and that the faith we hold that our Dad nurtured, we will see him and the other loved ones we lost once again. 
We thank you - his sisters, brothers, sons, and daughters-in-law. 
Nieces, nephews, cousins, former co-workers, family friends, neighbors for all of your comforting words and support. 
Your visits, the food you have prepared for our family. 
We're grateful to have you in our lives, and have you be a part of our Dad's. 
I'd also like to thank Father Steve, for leading our service. 
Outside of perhaps a certain individual who resides at the Vatican, 
I know my dad would prefer no one else presiding here today. 
To my sisters... 
Chris, Theresa, Karen and Donna. 
Each of you and your own unique ways brought so much happiness into dad's life. 
Chris your selfless love and cheery disposition engulfed Dad. 
You always made the time for what ever was needed without complaint. 
I'm convinced that no one in this world has a bigger heart than you. 
Theresa, 
My sister with a tough exterior, originating, perhaps, from her delivery by dad in a bar. 
But someone who displays a soft spot at the moments of her choice that is welcome by those, like my parents, on the receiving end. 
On many occasions, even during your own life's challenges 
Mom and Dad would share stories with me of your visit or phone call and rave how your carefree attitude and laughed would bring cheer to them when, at certain moments, the roles should have been reversed. 
To Karen, the only sibling who proudly wears our mom's label of a "kraut" just like our Dad. 
How tough is my sister? 
In the past two weeks she had the entire nursing shift at the Sherman hospital taking care of my dad replaced, had a senior services cleaning lady fired and ensured one hospice nurse would never step foot in my parents house again. 
Karen like my sister Theresa is a registered nurse. 
As we contemplated every angle to maintain a quality of life for our dad, 
Karen illustrated a balance of compassion and professionalism that let me nothing short of proud. 
At one point in the hospital Karen paid a visit to the nursing station to rally the troops 
"I realize you're short handed, and have many other patients." She said 
"But selfishly the only person I need you to care about right now is my Dad." 
Trust me they understood her message 
To Donna 
Ding Dong Donny 
At times I believe your sole mission in life is to ensure mom and dad are truly enjoying their golden years. 
You helped them to experience so many joyful times culminating perhaps, in their trip to Vail in April for the wedding between Alex - her son - and Ali. 
From baseball games, to Lake Delavan getaways, your generosity was never lost on the man you affectionately called "Daddio." 
To our mom 
An individual who has never had any issue 
looking someone directly in the eyes and telling them exactly how she feels. 
We trust, when looking into Dad's eyes, those words were more often than not, endearing because until the day he died, I don't think anyone could've loved an... ...could've loved an individual more than our dad loved our mom. 
Which brings us to our Dad. 
I think my family is lucky because our parents did raise us to express ourselves and to not hold anything in. 
For this reason, I believe my Dad knew how important and how much he was loved by each of us. 
He doesn't need to be here today to hear it. 
He already knew. 
Nonetheless, those voices in my head are echoing a few final words of gratitude that I would like to share. 
I'm grateful for the love of music Dad instilled in me. 
For those Sunday afternoons when he would play some Frank Sinatra, Nat King Cole, Glen Miller, or one of his old 78 RPM records records on his stereo and often offer a subtle "SHH SHH, just listen to that. 
Isn't it beautiful?" 
I'm grateful for the love of fishing Dad instilled in me. 
The nights before a fishing trip with my Dad were like Christmas Eve, 
I struggled to get to sleep and I woke before dawn. 
Dad convinced me we had to hit to the lake early to have any success, 
I recall the fish biting several hours later. 
But those times alone with him in a boat, on a lake, sharing thoughts, memories and laughter... no Christmas morning could top them. 
I'm grateful for my Dad instilling within me the recognition of the value of a family. 
Upon marring my wonderful wife Katie and raising our three children, 
I gravitated to spending as much time as possible with them. 
That meant perhaps sacrificing time with my Dad. 
None the less, I know he understood because he did the same with my mom, sisters and I. 
He helped build a bond with a strength that was no more evident than our presence during the final days of his life. 
Finally, I'm grateful for my Dad for instilling within me the love of the Chicago Bears. 
As my friends who in attendance today will attest, 
I chose during my adolescent years to spend fall Sundays beside my dad agonizing the Bears losses and celebrating their wins. 
As I grew older, the phone would be our connection to chastise a poor play or simply yell into the phone to each other following a Bears touchdown. 
During my sport writing days I summarized the Bears Superbowl victory with a column confessing simply, that my love of the Chicago Bears was hereditary. 
I wrote at the time, "As I think about the emotion that swells within me as I watch 
'Brian's Song' for the umpteenth time, 
I see my father sitting in his easy chair. 
Heredity is a difficult facet of life to ignore. 
My love for the Bears, I have come to realize, is all in the genes. 
Chicago Bears - Superbowl Champions. 
It has the ring of a Christmas wish. 
Well, Dad, here's to our wish finally coming true." 
Dad, my wish today is that you have a heart-to-heart with the good lord. 
To ensure a certain team from Chicago performs to the level that provides us and you with the satisfaction of another Superbowl victory in 2013 in your honor. 
And dad that you also find your peaceful lake, accompanied by Uncle Bob and Kevin, enjoying in the laughter and your limitless catch. 
And that you look down upon us in peace, knowing that your success on this earth has been measured by the love you family shares. 
And from that regard, no one in this room could be considered richer. 
My friends, the information you are about to witness from all of my years of research is the most important. 
Its been hidden in plain view the entire time. 
This is the ultimate secret and its about to be exposed. 
THE ULTlMATE SECRET EXPOSED. 
FOOD. 
I have hundred of government document, text books, white papers where for over 80 years the Elite of the western world have talked about adulterating food and water to sicken and sterilize the population for the purpose of eugenics its all covered in the book " Ecoscience " written by the White house science czar John.P.Holdren. 
They talk about a planetary police state to carry out the forced sterilization , they also talk about covert systems in the water and food to sterilize the population. 
Now this was written decades ago, before he was White house science czar. 
Now suddenly the stuff that's in this book is all over the news there selling it to the public as if its a good thing. 
You see here before you what an average person would buy when they went shopping at the store, not everything here is bad for you but much of it has compounds and artificial chemicals that have been added that are extremely toxic and bad for your health and they have known this the entire time and they have approved them for use. 
Lets start with 
Aspartame. 
You cannot go to the grocery store now and buy any type of even regular sugar gum that hasn't had aspartame added to it. 
In the 1970s Searl tried to get it approved and they couldn't, it took them three separate times, because in there own studies with monkeys large portions of them who where fed it, died and contracted cancer, now we have mainstream news articles and the E.U has done a major study finding lower birth weights, early births and yes miscarriages from women that drink aspartame laden soft drinks like Coke Zero. 
What is Aspartame it is the fecal matter of the E.Coli bacteria they take it genetically engineer it, they can feed it toxic waste and it can defecate aspartame. 
It has so many bad health effects its just unspeakable. 
Does Aspartame Cause Human Brain Cancer? 
FDA Pivotal Safety Study: 
Aspartame Caused Brain Seizures 
Sweetener Linked to Leukaemias 
Safety of Artificial Sweetener Called Into Question 
Aspartame Side Effects 
This is being done by design, its also very very addictive. 
But lets just go ahead and move away from aspartame and talk about McDonald's and Chicken McNuggets. 
Now I remember a decade ago or so, reading health advisories claiming that a form of plastic that's used in sealing putting basically a type of silicone was in the Chicken McNuggets but also in many other TV dinners and in other foods. 
It is illegal in every other nation in the world to add these chemicals into the food, but its not in the United States. 
The big secret is all of this was done by design by the FDA. 
Look at all the drugs they've approved and then it comes out later that they knowingly approved them when these drugs are causing heart attacks and cancer. 
FLUORlDE 
In the Nuremberg trials it came out that the Nazis where adding Sodium Fluoride to the water supply in the labor camps and death camps to make the population more docile and controllable. 
There had been hundreds of university studies before Hitler even came to power. 
This is a form of forced medication. 
They admit that 1 part per million (ppm) of Sodium Fluoride more than doubles the chance of bone cancer in boys and men. 
As the public became educated in the last few decades the governments and industries response was not to just put it in water but to start adding it to thousands of products like childrens water thats mixed with there formula or with there cereal. 
They started adding as much as 900 parts per million (ppm) in things such as powdered eggs. 
It causes reduction in IQ it increases sterility or lack of fertility and its being added to so many of the daily staples that we consume. 
We'll get back to food additives in just a moment but first I wanted to look at Genetically Modified Organisms. 
Did you know that for many years the American people have been eating cloned beef and pork and now there expanding out into other forms of meat lets look at salmon first. 
Major university studies conclusively have proven that the type of genetically modified salmon, that is actually a cross species, they mixed other animal genes in with it, that when this fish is introduced with wild natural salmon within forty generations all the natural salmon are extinct and the FDA approved this and there going to allow it to be released into the wild that isn't even a salmon it is a cross species " chimera " it is a mixture like something out of island of doctor 
Morrow something out of a nightmare. 
Genetically Modified Corn 
More than 85 percent of the corn now consumed in the United States, its also starting to turn that way in Europe and Canada, is genetically engineered. 
It grows its own pesticide within the corn kernel so the insects wont eat it. 
If insects cant eat this and live what do you think is gonna happen when lab rats or humans eat it? 
We have literally hundreds of studies showing that not just Monsanto's but other GMO companies corn. 
That's the majority of corn where now eating in the United States, has been linked to organ failure in lab animals. 
The studies also show massive increases in sterility in rats and gunny pigs that are fed not just GMO corn but GMO cotton seed. 
Studies in India, Germany and the USA have conclusively shown that when they feed the cotton seeds left over from the cotton crop from these GMO varieties, that the cows are having miscarriages they are having low birth rates or in many cases there simply dying. 
And what is in most processed foods? 
Genetically modified cotton seed oil. 
Major studies are also showing that GMO crops are killing honey bees and monarch butterflies. 
They don't stop there now they claim there coming out with a GMO mosquito that's malaria proof that there gonna release in the open biosphere, the very genetic code of the planet is being butchered in a hostile corporate take over. 
Many years ago an executive from Monsanto was quoted in National Geographic as saying that that is there program that they want to basically have there crops and there organism take over the entire biosphere of this planet. 
And the major Genetic engineering companies have focused mainly on eight major food crops now there expanding out into hundreds and hundreds of other plants literally changing the genetic code of the planet. 
This is a genetic dictatorship this is genetic vandalism and that's why the Rockefellers the United Nations and others have built these giant armored seed volts all over the world not just at the arctic cycle and they admit there doing it in-case all of this gets out of hand but they will have a type of Noah's arc. 
So all these fake environmental groups they never complain about this they never talk about true environmental degradation they want to put a Tax on carbon dioxide that humans exhale that plants respirate and carry out photosynthesis with as a way to shut down industrial society and control every facet of our lives, that's the big secret. 
This is a population reduction program. 
It is an epidemic, the sperm count has dropped in the western world exponentially, even the government has been predicting within another generation almost everyone is going to be sterile. 
This is the Globalists religion there philosophy they want the planet for themselves the UN has said that there stated plan is an 80% population reduction, you have heard Ted Turner call us useless eaters and feeders and say that 80% of us need to be killed, you have heard prince Philip say that he wants to come back as a virus to kill the majority of the world population, doctor Eric Pianka, Peter Singer. 
Its all over the News where they tell us that we should only have one child because more than one is bad for the environment and that the recession is good for lowering our carbon footprint, this is the big secret: we live in a scientific dictatorship and the United States and England are the epicenter of this and its expanding world wide. 
Remember all the secret testing all the secret sterilization that went on in the United States and Europe. 
Remember what Hitler did he learned all of that from the eugenicists and the Rockefeller family in the 
United States. 
This is a culture of death being pushed on you and your family and even if you think that the world is over populated you need to understand that your being targeted by this as well, targeted by design. 
Recombinant bovine growth hormone in your milk making 8 year old girls go into puberty when they should be going into puberty at 12 or 13. 
Silicone in Chicken McNuggets and hundreds and hundreds of other processed foods. 
Aspartame that is the fices of Genetically engineered bacteria which causes incredible health problems that have been proven. 
Think for yourself. 
It goes on and on. 
ABC News this goes back four years ago " Viral meat spray advancing food safety " they spray a live virus on the meat to supposedly kill the bacteria. 
This a live vaccine they spray on most of the meat your consuming.That your buying from the store. 
It gets even worse , the petroleum distillance or toxic waste that's left over from petroleum refineries that refine oil into gasoline they take these tens of millions of pounds of toxic waste that's left over, the Fluoride, the Mercury, the Lead and they dump it on crops as supposed fertilizer and what do crops 
like tomatoes and corn and potatoes do? 
They pull in all of those toxins out of the ground, in fact scientists for many years have used plants to actually detoxify areas that have been contaminated and those plants are pulling all of this up and you are eating it. 
That's why the Washington Post reported in January of 2008 that a major study found that nearly a third of the 55 popular brand named food and beverage products where filled with Mercury. 
Despite the fact that the people of Europe for over 20 years have fought off all of the genetically modified wheat and corn and other crops being planted in there nation, now the 
E.U has buckled it is accepting it. 
The United States is literally a testing ground for all of this its just automatically approved and the people that work for these corporations there compartmentalized they don't know whats going on, the people that work at these stores they have no idea whats happening. 
This is affecting all of us, this is hurting everyone. 
Many different forms of cancer are growing by thousands of percentage points, diabetes all these different diseases and in major studies its all been linked to the toxic additives that are in our food and our water. 
And I haven't even had time to get into MSG, 
I mean Ive interviewed brain surgeons, neurologists, scientists I mean it just devastates the brain. 
Its an exitotoxin it destroys the liver and its in tens of thousands of products. 
We can say No we can stand up. 
But if you've got a neighbor who's giving fluoride water to there baby please go over and warn them, if you've got a neighbor that's sitting there eating MSG filled chips one after the other. 
Warn them. 
You have got a responsibility. 
If you know people that are feeding on processed foods filled with 
GMO. 
And for Gods sake don't give it to your own children, if you wanna kill yourself that's your own business but don't hurt your children, don't do this ladies and gentleman. 
In closing I want to talk about some positive things, just 15 years ago or so you couldn't find organic food anywhere on store shelves and now about half of what you see is organic just a few years ago all the milk had the growth hormone in it. 
Now its hard to find milk that has the growth hormone in it because the consumers have spoken and said no. 
A few years ago you couldn't find tooth paste that didn't have Sodium Fluoride in it, now tons of them made, there starting to take over the isle space and displace the other mainline toothpaste makers where it says on the back " if you swallow this call poison control immediately " even Colgate is putting out fluoride free toothpaste, people are demanding that they not be poisoned and there finding out about whats going on and so industry is starting to respond and at least give people who want a choice an option to not be forcibly medicated through the food and water. 
You know cigarettes are bad for you but just 20 years ago the cigarette makers where getting up before congress and saying it was a conspiracy theory that it was killing people and later it came out in there internal documents they knew it was deadly. 
Ladies and gentlemen I have seen the studies, much of what there putting in our food and water is far worse than even cigarettes as bad as they are one of the biggest killers in the country. 
This is a covert soft kill operation, we will put a lot of links beneath this video so you can check out the facts for yourself and I'm just begging you to do your own research and find out that one of the most dangerous places in the world is your grocery store and the tap water in your house. 

What people need to understand is the secrecy around UFOs and extraterrestial intelligence really has nothing to do with ETs. 
It has to do with humans 
And the power that is resting in large corporations and financial interests that do not want you to know the truth. 
And here it is 
The truth is that not only are we not alone but that for a hundred years the advanced sciences and technologies dating back to the time of Tesla 
Faraday 
T. Townsend Brown and others 
Have had technologies that would liberate the world from the slavery of our current 
Macroeconomic system. 
We were impressed when we came upon Dr. Greer and his brilliant team. 
They'd been working on groundbreaking ideas over the past decade and pushing a truth that not many people either know about or are scared to discuss. 
So we thought to ourselves 
This is a right topic to  document and expose in a film. 
After contacting Dr. Greer we found out he had bigger and better plans. 
This is a film that is the culmination of 22 years of research and discovery and journey in Space and time and consciousness  and it's going to be the most significant release of information on the UFO subject and new Energy that has ever occured. 
The documentary film is just the tip of the iceberg but it's a crucial step toward moving forward in finding new technology and lifting the veil of secrecy blinding the masses. 
There's a lot of talk about 2012 
Well this is the year for this to happen. 
But it isn't about the end of the world 
It's about the end of an old and corrupt order in the world 
And the beginning of an entirely new civilization on Earth and that civilization on earth will be one that has free energy abundance social justice and Interplanetary capabilities. 
We need all of your support 
The main corporate media will not cover this story 
Not even place it at NPR, PBS or BBC. 
This is why we the people are going to make this film 
The internet is our home. 
Each person is going to co-produce this with us, it'll be funded by all of us together 
It'll be distributed by all of us together. 
We want to have a thousand screenings, events and premiers 
But this is an undertaking that requires a large group of people. 
So please spread the word 
I hope you will help us 
I hope you will join us 
I hope you will network this information of this campaign to raise the funds for this film to everyone on your email list every organization you know 
Because the time frankly is short. 
Everyone on earth knows that we cannot live with  7 billion people burning oil and gas and coal. 
Most of the public know that we are not alone and that the UFOs are real more than half the public know this. 
And yet what we are doing about? 
Our State Department isn't making peaceful contact 
So we must. 
Our Department of Energy is not funding non-classified projects dealing with these  science and technologies 
So we must 
And certainly the Pentagon is not disclosing this information and therefore 
We must. 
So this returns this whole issue to perhaps where it should be 
And that's us, we the people 
And not just the people of America or of Europe 
But of Africa and India and China. 
Every man, woman and child on earth has a stake in this. 
The Disclosure of this information will enable us to move forward as a People 
With all the science and technology that we need to have thousands of years of abundance and peace on this planet. 
This is really what this is about and I hope you will help us. 
Thank you very much. 
So if 2π radians is one full circle 360°, what do you think will be 1π radian or just π radians. 
Can you tell me where in the circle you would wind up if you walk 1π radians? 
Select the appropriate check box. 
Fifteen years ago, if anybody would have told me 
I'd be standing in front of you guys talking about food, 
I would have said they're totally nuts. 
Because I was in Texas, in business school, on a full scholarship. 
I was about to graduate as the top woman in my class, and I was being recruited by Enron, (Laughter) and the oil and gas industry. 
I so wasn't a foodie. 
But I was so type A, and I channeled that into academia, and what I decided to do - I wasn't really interested in Enron, thank goodness - and I decided to go into the investment world as an analyst, and I covered the food industry. 
And I was so completely inept at this whole food thing that when Martha Stewart came through our offices bringing her company public, and everybody had her sign the cookbooks, 
I had her sign the financial statements. 
(Laughter) 
I couldn't cook. 
So when my husband and I decided to move here 12 years ago, 
I traded the briefcase for a diaper bag. 
Threw all of that type A energy into having kids, and we had four kids in just over five years. 
(Laughter) 
And I was busy nuking those Dino Nuggets, (Laughter) serving flourescent mac and cheese, and blue yogurt. 
I didn't want anybody telling me what to feed my kids; 
I didn't want anybody telling me what to eat. 
And then one morning, five years ago, over breakfast, everything changed, and our youngest child had an allergic reaction. 
I was so clueless. 
As I raced her to the pediatrician's office, she said, "Robyn, what did you feed the kids for breakfast?" 
And I said, "Well, tubes of blue yogurt, 
L'Eggo my Eggo waffles, and scrambled eggs." 
And she said, "Well, those are three of the top eight allergens," and she starts rattling off these statistics about food allergies. 
And I had totally rolled my eyes at the whole thing, and I thought, "Since when?" because I hadn't known anybody with a food allergy when I was a kid, and I didn't understand why all of the sudden a PB&J and a carton of milk were loaded weapons on a lunch room table. 
So as I got everything under control and I got the kids back down, and everybody was down for a nap that day, every analytical gene in my body went off, and I wanted to see the data. 
And that morning I learned that from 1997 until 2002 there'd been a doubling of the peanut allergy. 
I learned that one out of 17 kids under the age of three then had a food allergy. 
I learned that one in three American kids now has allergies, autism, 
ADHD, or asthma. 
And I later went on to learn, according to the CDC, there'd been a 265 percent increase in the rate of hospitalizations related to food allergies. 
That was people checked in to the ER - big kids and little ones. 
That wasn't somebody making it up. 
And as I learned that a food allergy is when your body sees food as foreign, and launches an inflammatory response to drive out that foreign invader, it just begged the question, is there something foreign in our food that wasn't there when we were kids? 
I don't think anything really could have prepared me for the answer that I found. 
Because as I dug into the data, I learned that in 1994, in order to drive profitability for the food industry, scientists genetically engineered an E. coli bacteria to create an artificial growth hormone to help a cow make more milk. 
The analyst in me - it made perfect sense: you drive profitability for the dairy industry, there's the argument you can lower the cost of milk, who can stand in front of that? 
But at the same time, I kept coming back to the fact we were genetically engineering E. coli bacteria to create an artificial growth hormone that we were injecting into our dairy cows. 
And we were the only developed country in the world that did it. 
Canada, the UK, all 27 countries in Europe, 
Australia, New Zealand, Japan - they all said, "This has never been proven safe." 
The product label for the product said that it caused fertility problems, reproductive problems, mastitis, ovarian cysts. 
It resulted in an increased antibiotic use in animals, and so for that reason, these countries never allowed it. 
And yet, we did. 
And then studies started to come out showing that it elevated hormone levels that were linked to breast, prostate, and colon cancer. 
So the analyst in me wanted to see what are the rates of cancer here in the US versus the rest of these countries that never allowed this? 
Because while correlation is not causation, 
I wanted to see the data. 
So I turned to the American Cancer Society and I learned that one in two men, and one in three women are expected to get cancer in their lifetime here in the US. 
I then learned from the Centers for Disease Control that cancer is the leading cause of death by disease in kids under the age of 15. 
So I wanted to learn more because milk allergy is the most common allergy in the US according to CNN and the Wall Street Journal. 
But I was an analyst so I knew correlation wasn't causation. 
And so I turned to soy, because a couple of years later, scientists genetically engineered the soybean to contain a new protein so that it could withstand increasing doses of weedkiller. 
Again, it makes sense as a business model. 
If you're a chemical corporation, you're trying to sell weedkiller. 
But at the same time, it had never been proven safe, there were no long-term human studies, and the one human study that had been conducted showed a 50 percent increase in the rates of soy allergy. 
And so when I learned that, I thought, 
"Why is nobody talking about these foreign proteins, and the risk that they might present, and that they might trigger an allergic reaction?" 
Because I was learning that while protocols were in place, there were no definitive tests to determine whether or not these proteins were causing these allergic reactions. 
So I reached out to some food allergy doctors, some food allergy organizations, and they pretty much had an allergic reaction to me. 
So I pulled their financial statements, 
(Laughter) and I learned that some of the largest food allergy organizations, and some of the most prominent researchers, were funded by the agrichemical corporation that was engineering these proteins into our food supply. 
And as I sat on that, I thought, 
"You know, I guess technically, there's nothing wrong with that. 
But I sort of wish these guys were more like Nascar drivers and maybe wore those logos on the fronts of their jackets." 
(Laughter) 
And so I thought, "You know, what else?" 
And I learned that a few years later, in the late 1990s, using this new technology, scientists genetically engineered a new protein into our corn. 
It was to reduce the spraying of insecticides over cornfields. 
Who could argue with that? 
But what they did was that they engineered that insecticidal protein into the corn seed, so that as the corn plant grows, it manufactures and creates its own insecticide which it can release as it grows. 
It's a brilliant business model. 
But because of that new protein, that corn was then regulated by the EPA as an insecticide. 
Countries around the world again said there are no long-term human studies we don't want this in our food supply. 
Some countries didn't want it fed to their livestock. 
And in some countries like France and New Zealand, they didn't even want it planted in their soil. 
And yet, here in the US, we introduced it. 
And as I learned how these other countries had either not allowed these ingredients, or insisted on labeling, believing that their citizens had a right to know about these ingredients in the food, 
I couldn't unlearn this information. 
And I know correlation isn't causation, but we have one of the highest cancer rates on the planet. 
The American Academy of Pediatrics has linked pesticides to ADHD and hyperactivity in kids. 
And the President's Cancer Panel has recently urged all of us to reduce our exposure to these chemicals in an effort to try to prevent the onset of these diseases, which according to the New England Journal of Medicine is placing an increasing burden on our economy. 
And I got it, it was a business model. 
But at the same time, I couldn't unlearn this. 
And I struggled with what people might call me. 
I'd dismissed it as a hippie thing; 
lifestyle of the rich and famous. 
And I really didn't want to put my face on this movement. 
And yet I sat across the table one night from my husband and I said, "I can't unlearn this." 
And so we sat the kids down the next morning, and I said, "You know how mom's learned about how we have all these ingredients in our food and we didn't know? 
I'm going to have to try to teach others about it." 
And one of the boys looked at me and he said, 
"Mom, how many people are on your team?" 
(Laughter) 
And I said, "Well, it's you four... and daddy." 
(Laughter) 
And he said, "Mom, you need a bigger team." 
(Laughter) 
And people were telling me to reach out to Erin Brockovich; they were saying, "You're food's Erin Brockovitch." 
And people were telling me to reach out to Bobby Kennedy because he was really involved with food politics. 
And I'm from a conservative family, (Laughter) and I thought, "I can't." 
(Laughter) 
But at the same time, I thought, "You know, I have to at least try, and I do have all of these type A genes." 
And so I harnessed them, and I spent a couple of weeks around the Christmas of 2006 drafting a very short e-mail to Erin Brockovitch. 
And when she actually responded, 
I thought, "You know, maybe one person can make a difference." 
Then later that spring, I took all of the data and of the research that I had done, and I spent a good two weeks in a Kinko's office binding it, and shipping it off to Bobby Kennedy. 
And when his Chief of Staff called, she had me on speakerphone. 
And to this day, I still don't know who was in that room, but she said, 
"This is unbelievable information." 
And as I began to move through this, 
I realized that we spend more on healthcare in this country than any other country in the world. 
And that disease doesn't know party lines. 
Cancer doesn't care if you're a Republican or a Democrat. 
We spend 16 cents of every dollar in this country managing disease. 
And as I thought about that, I thought, 
"None of us can do everything, but all of us can do something." 
And right now, we've got this prototype, this new technology in our food supply. 
And I thought, it's kind of like the fax machine - you know, maybe it served its purpose there for a while, but the two products that it's brought us have allowed an increased spraying of weedkiller, and for something to produce its own insecticide, and maybe it's time for a new technology. 
Because right now, these farmers, they sign End User Agreements, where they have to license the use of this technology, they're charged royalty fees, trait fees, licensing fees. 
I spent time with these guys on their farms - and this is not the farming that their grandfathers did. 
At the same time, the Department of Justice is investigating this stuff because of the monopolistic practices, the way that these seed companies can increase their prices five to ten percent in order to drive shareholder return. 
And while none of us can do everything, all of us can do one thing. 
Because each and every single one of us has something that we are uniquely good at. 
And when you leverage that with something that you're passionate about, you can create extraordinary change. 
And as I leaned into this - you know people were trying to call me an activist, and they were trying to call me an advocate - and I just thought none of those terms hit me quite right, because I realized that this was so totally inspired by love. 
And I thought, what do you call people who are working and totally inspired by love to restore the health of our country, and to create a better way? 
And I realized that our country was founded on that spirit, and that you really simply call us citizens. 
And so I invite you to lend your talents, to find a friend, so that together, we can create the change that we want to see in the health of our families, and the health of our food system, and in the health of our country. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
hehehe, yeah baby ! alright then... what are your thoughts on driving the car? what is your reaction? 
Very possibly, the fastest car I've ever been in - unbelievable unbelievable - really like a rock, specially that second gear shift it is like the front wheels come off the ground, 
I think, i'm speechless - it is amazing ! 
Not bad for a car that was engineer to try to be efficient - yeah 
Yeah - Close the mind ! 
No reason why efficiency has to be boring. 
That much is clear... 
Wait! 
The crates from the Juarez are in the hold. 
We gotta get to a phone. 
Sam! 
Look out! 
Dad! 
No! 
Ow! 
Your arm's broken. 
Ow! 
You scared me, man. 
How long have I been out? 
Just a few minutes. 
Where's Mai Jad? 
They took her up to the bridge. 
Hold still. 
Where'd you learn how to do that? 
I don't know. 
Just kinda made sense. 
Ah. 
I should've listened to you. 
Going after Chung was stupid, and... 
Hey, we all make mistakes. 
Yeah, some mistake! 
Look at the fix I got us into. 
You gotta learn to be more optimistic. 
Look at all the options. 
testing testing one two there 
Testing testing one two three 
Testing testing one two three welcome to the introduction of this course and blasa blas blas and let me give you a little about my personal testimony and how i got here blasa blasa blasa 

SPEAKER 1: 
I don't go out after a certain hour of the night like during a weekday. 
SPEAKER 2: 
I generally don't go out at night by myself. 
SPEAKER 3: 
I try to walk around with friends, so I'm not by myself all the time at night. 
SPEAKER 4: 
Not be alone at night. 
SPEAKER 1: 
Go out with friends. 
SPEAKER 5: 
I make sure I'm with a group of people. 
SPEAKER 6: 
I don't walk alone at night. 
SPEAKER 7: 
Walk in pairs. 
SPEAKER 3: 
Just keep a buddy system. 
Definitely. 
I don't like to separate, because you never know what can happen. 
SPEAKER 8: 
Have my phone right on me. 
SPEAKER 6: 
I have a phone with me. 
SPEAKER 9: 
I text my roommate when I'm going out so that she knows when to expect me back. 
SPEAKER 10: 
Walk confidently. 
SPEAKER 3: 
Try to know exactly where I'm going. 
SPEAKER 6: 
Walk in a well-lit area. 
SPEAKER 11: 
It has to be well-lit areas. 
SPEAKER 3: 
Try to make sure I stay somewhere well-lit. 
SPEAKER 12: 
Take a cab, or drive in a car if I'm by myself. 
SPEAKER 11: 
Try to park my car close to door openings. 
SPEAKER 8: 
And I just try to have a plan in advance, like where I'm going to be parking in relation to walking around campus. 
SPEAKER 13: 
I know where all the blue lights are on campus. 
SPEAKER 2: 
Like to try to make a mental note of where all the 
little blue light box thingies were. 
SPEAKER 14: 
I'm just aware of my surroundings. 
SPEAKER 15: 
I'm really aware of my surroundings. 
SPEAKER 8: 
I'm not talking, I'm not texting. 
SPEAKER 15: 
Look at who's behind me. 
I don't like people walking behind me. 
SPEAKER 2: 
Like if I'm walking by a shop window, I'll look in the window to see if there's a reflection of someone behind me. 
SPEAKER 15: 
Because I pay attention to who's walking around me and behind me, especially at night. 
SPEAKER 16: 
Make sure I have my keys all out and ready for me to get into the house. 
SPEAKER 17: 
Don't talk to strange adults that you normally don't see around campus. 
SPEAKER 11: 
You never talk to strangers or guys or take rides or certain things like that. 
SPEAKER 17: 
I lock my doors. 
SPEAKER 18: 
Dude, we do lock our doors. 
Our house has been broken into a couple times by some people, mainly dudes. 
SPEAKER 19: 
I've taken self-defense classes. 
SPEAKER 16: 
I know how to fight, so I'll kick some ass. 
SPEAKER 20: 
Good question. 
SPEAKER 21: 
Oh, man. 
Uh. 
SPEAKER 22: 
Shoot. 
Uh, I don't know. 
SPEAKER 23: 
[LAUGHS] 
SPEAKER 24: 
Have you ever felt like you're in danger of sexual violence? 
SPEAKER 25: 
No, I haven't. 
No. 
SPEAKER 26: 
I mean, I've never really felt at risk. 
SPEAKER 27: 
Sexual violence? 
Well, I don't know. 
It's not really something that I think about a whole lot. 
SPEAKER 25: 
It's not really something I think about that much. 
SPEAKER 21: 
I mean, when you think of sexual violence, you usually think of a woman walking down a street at night. 
SPEAKER 28: 
I don't really have to worry about it that much as a guy, I feel like, so. 
SPEAKER 29: 
Being a guy, I feel like it's less of a concern. 
SPEAKER 23: 
And I'm not scared of personally being assaulted. 
SPEAKER 20: 
As a boy, I would be less likely to be sexually abused or something like that. 
SPEAKER 30: 
To protect myself? 
I don't really feel like I'd be too much of a victim. 
I'm more focused on my girlfriend, my female friends. 
SPEAKER 31: 
Yeah, I don't think there's much I actively do or at least consciously do to protect myself [INAUDlBLE]. 
SPEAKER 32: 
Um, I don't really do anything. 
SPEAKER 29: 
I probably don't do anything on a day-to-day basis to protect myself from sexual violence. 
SPEAKER 31: 
Essentially nothing. 
SPEAKER 33: 
Nothing. 
SPEAKER 34: 
This video is not intended to demonstrate what women should be doing to protect themselves. 
Rather, it is intended to highlight a social reality. 
100% of women experience the threat of sexual violence every day. 
This is a lived reality that most men never personally experience nor are aware of. 
SPEAKER 35: 
Additionally, women are often blamed for the violence committed against them. 
She should have worn a longer skirt, or she shouldn't have drunk that much are victim-blaming phrases. 
Rape is never the victim's fault. 
SPEAKER 34: 
This activity highlights only one facet within a vast framework of gender inequality. 
The movement resisting this inequality is feminism. 
Many people shy away from the term feminism. 
But in reality, the movement purely seeks social, political, and economic equality between men and women. 
SPEAKER 35: 
The best way to dismantle gender inequality is feminism. 
The disparities that men and women experience will cease to exist only when we stop talking about gender equality and start taking action to make it a lived reality. 
In children it is possible to see the entire nasal passage and the back of the nose or nasopharynx with routine endoscopic nasal examination. 
Here we looked at the left side of the nose and then through the right side we are going forward with a thin pediatric endoscope, meticulousy touching to the right inferior turbinate at the medial side. 
And we begin to see the nasopahrynx at the back. 
This thin endoscope does children no harm. 
So we can see the situation of the nasal mucosa, the signs of allergy or infections. 
When we reach the nasopharynx as in this child we can see directly an adenoid tissue which is blocking the 3/4 of the posterior part of the nose. 
Courtesy of The Venus Project, Florida 
Hello happy viewers, and welcome to Golden Age Technology on Supreme Master Television. 
Today we present the conclusion of a two-part series introducing The Venus Project, a holistic, resource-based vision of the future, advocated by celebrated American inventor, designer and futurist, Jacque Fresco. 
Mr. Fresco was born in 1916 and grew up in New York city, USA. 
He has a background in industrial design and previously worked as a consultant and researcher in the aviation industry. 
He has authored numerous books including "Designing the Future," produced and been featured in documentaries and traveled extensively, promoting his ideas in television and radio interviews and seminars throughout the world. 
The Venus Project is a comprehensive plan to create a world where humans, animals and nature coexist peacefully. 
The goal is to resolve all of today's serious world issues such as climate change and hunger through a restructuring of global society. 
Mr. Fresco is confident that this enormous transformation would usher a new age of harmony, prosperity and cultural advancement. 
Implementation of The Venus Project would move us away from the current monetary-based economic system to a resource-based economy where our planet's gifts are designated as the heritage of all people. 
Designers and engineers would build holistic, sustainable cities using advanced technology. 
We have chapters all over the world of The Venus Project. 
We encourage you to look at our website. 
We have Venus Project design teams. 
We have over 1,600 people who have signed up so far. 
We are going to be working on more detailed brueprints for our city designs. 
We have a Corcen project where in one of Jacque's old books he talks about the Corcen, the centralized computer which is a database and organizes technically everything on a global basis within a resource-based economy. 
Under The Venus Project's plan how is energy generated for our cities? 
Energy for the city of the future. 
Photovoltaic on rooftops. 
There will also be, within the structure itself, a composite material. 
And when the sun is out the structure moves. 
That they call pressure transducers. 
They generate electricity by expansion and contraction. 
So all the roadways, all the rooftops are not only photovoltaic, but they are heat concentrators. 
In regions where you have natural volcanic energy, you use the heat of volcanos to boil water and turn turbines. 
And there is enough volcanic energy to propel the Earth for thousands of years, just that alone, if we develop it. 
Harnessing the Gulf Stream, these waters move under the ocean. 
There are cold water streams, there are hot water streams, moving in different directions. 
We can harness them by putting a turbine in there. 
There are thousands of different ways of generating electricity. 
You don't need oil or gasoline or coal, these are filthy ways. 
There is very little waste in the future. 
Today we manufacture things to wear out and breakdown so you have piles of television sets, computers, and cell phones in the junkyard. 
Piles of it. 
In the future we design things that last, so you can just change a part very easily by plugging it in and pull out the transistor, put in another one. 
It blinks and tells you where the problem is. 
Your cell phone will repair itself when it can. 
In other words, the way a machine repairs itself, it has, say, three resistors or transistors, and when one fails the other one rotates and plugs in. 
I think machines can do almost anything man can do except feel. 
Mr. Fresco has proposed innovative solutions to many of the environmental issues facing the world, such as the global shortage of clean, potable water. 
When it rains, we harness the water. 
We direct the water to storage basins. 
Instead of floods, we build canals all across the world, in different countries. 
And those canals terminate the floodwaters into strip mining, where we dug big holes in the Earth. 
We left these ugly places all over the world. 
In the future, we will store floodwaters there to be used at a later date. 
We don't pour chlorine in the water. 
Do you know that most embalming fluids are in all the reservoirs of all the big cities? 
You can't put embalming fluid in dead people and not know that it doesn't go down into the ground and contaminate the water table. 
When you spray poisons on plants, it's very hard to wash those poisons off, because they do go inside the food you eat. 
So everybody is being slowly poisoning, with artificial coloring, artificial tastes, artificial flavoring. 
Nothing will be artificial. 
Everything in the future will be organically grown. 
The Venus Project calls for building cities in the sea, which would include research and learning centers dedicated to bettering the ecological conditions in our oceans. 
We do have cities in the sea of many different designs. 
The purpose of the city in the sea is an university at sea. 
It's to train marine scientists, marine biologists, and what they do is they restore the reefs, restore the damage. 
The cities in the sea have units out away from the city. 
It's called a wedge. 
It's made of concrete, and it's got cells in it. 
And the concrete is towed out and mounted about a mile in front of an island. 
So, if a tsunami occurs, the waves are parted a mile out in heavy seas, you understand? 
That is how we deal with tsunamis. 
Earthquakes are generally based upon pressures in the Earth that build up over time. 
We will have sensors. 
We can dig holes six miles deep today with mining equipment. 
We could put sensors deep in the Earth that can let us know well in advance when the pressure build-up is occuring. 
How much will it cost? 
We don't have that problem in the future. 
Do we have the resources to do it? 
Yes we do, and that is all that counts. 
The Venus Project's headquarters is located in a pristine area of south central Florida, USA, on a 9 hectare parcel of land. 
The site features a research center and a number of other buildings designed by Mr. Fresco and Ms. Meadows. 
Within the structures are housed many models, illustrations, blueprints, and exhibits related to The Venus Project. 
The center runs informational workshops for the public, where participants are able to discuss Jacque Fresco's ideas face-to-face with him. 
There will be many different types of buildings in the future. 
Different people with different interests will want to select different types of buildings. 
But in most instances, most of the buildings are curvilinear. 
They have curves or bent lines. 
And that makes the building much stronger and uses far less material. 
So there would be lots of deck space on buildings so that people can relax, as you notice all the deck space on these buildings. 
But people will pick a building that suits their profession and their interests. 
So the buildings will vary depending on the interests of the occupant. 
Other than that, there would be a very wide selection of what buildings people can live in. 
All the lines are curved, which makes the building much stronger. 
And the boats and helicopter is there for your use. 
In the future i don't think people will want to own anything anymore. 
Everything is there for their use. 
But you don't own anything. 
You live in a building as long as you like. 
You can travel any place you want to travel. 
And then if you come over here, this may be a model of an art center in the future, where artist materials, you have access to any material you want. 
There is no fee anymore. 
And so what you see here is different buildings and different mechanisms that serve a different purpose. 
This represents a joint venture of all the world's people going out into space together and using it for the benefit of everyone. 
Now, if you come over here, you will see these are exhibition buildings. 
Some of them we built for China originally. 
And this represents a rooftop landing area. 
And the rooftop gardens will be on all buildings in the future. 
All of the larger buildings will have a rooftop gardens or solar generators as part of the roof. 
Jacque Fresco sees all repetitive tasks being performed by automated machinery in the future, enabling people to have more free time to explore their areas of interest and help advance society. 
This is a way we produce buildings in the future. 
This is a machine that has a die placed in this area and then it squeezes the buildings out like that. 
And then a laser beam cuts them. 
And this machine picks the building off and transfers it to this machine. 
And this machine, if i can change my position, if you can see this, this machine shoves the building onto that ramp. 
It shoves on like that. 
And once it gets there, the memory metals lock and keep it in place. 
The buildings will be put up in dry dock, that means like ships are built. 
Then a machine that looks like this will travel along putting in the windows and everything. 
And then when the buildings are finished, say you have got like 10 buildings finished in here, then we flood it with water and the buildings are built on a float, and we float the building to the location. 
Then we use water jets under the building. 
So we slip the building in place like that. 
Instead of bringing building material out there and cut it up and make it, we make them all in dry dock and we move them on water, because with water you can move heavy freight and it doesn't have to be fast. 
And this machine lowers this building over the canal. 
And the water evaporates by the sun and condenses on the inside, and you get drinking water, desalinization, without expenditure of energy, using the sun. 
After we have filled this with salt water, it's for irrigation and flood control. 
So all this water is directed towards water storage basins so you don't have flooding. 
Mr. Fresco sees a future where computer systems will monitor the world's environment and provide timely, accurate information on events that needs our immediate attention. 
This represents the government of the future. 
It would be cybernated. 
That means that computers will monitor farm production, harvest the crop, plant the seeds and maintain their packaging and everything else. 
Whereas these various image screens will give you an image of any part of the Earth. 
This represents a hurricane. 
So you can see on these screens any area on Earth. 
From 3000 miles out in space you can photograph plant diseases. 
They show up as red. 
If you photograph the Amazon jungle, you will see a dark red area, which means those plants are ill or sick. 
And so you can maintain with the satellite as the Earth rotates under the satellite. 
You will be able to show people everything on Earth and every airplane in the air and every ship at sea. 
When you ask the computer, how many planes are there in the air at this instant? 
It will tell you exactly. 
It will tell you 10,408, 9, 10. 
And you would be in touch with every area of the Earth by these screens. 
There is no government in the future 
The government is maintained electronically. 
But it is programmed to monitor food transportation, monitor the Earth, hurricanes, tsunamis, and tell people warning them of any problems. 
So everyone will have this which gives them information about the Earth until we learn to control the tsunamis and the weather which i believe man will eventually be able to do. 
Man will eventually be able to control hurricanes, the weather and most disasters. 
Supreme Master Ching Hai has also spoken about the potential for wondrous technology to be available on our planet in the future, as in this excerpt from a July 2008 videoconference with Supreme Master Television staff in Los Angeles, California, USA. 
The technology that we are having right now is nothing, nothing compared to what we will have if all the population of the planet turn to a loving kind compassionate vegetarian diet. 
Then you will see all kind of inventions that we have never imagined before, will surface. 
And all people will live in peace and love, even if they don't pray for it. 
It will come. 
Our sincere thanks Jacque Fresco and Roxanne Meadows, for taking time to introduce The Venus Project and its underlying philosophy to us. 
May a sustainable planet with everyone's needs met soon be a reality. 
For more information on The Venus Project and to see available books, DVDs, and CDs by Mr. Fresco, please visit www.thevenusproject.com 
Download a free ebook version of Jacque Fresco's "Designing the Future" in various languages at the same website. 
Blessed viewers, thank you for joining us today on Golden Age Technology. 
Next on Supreme Master Television is Vegetarianism: 
The Noble Way of Living, after Noteworthy News. 
May we always strive to elevate our world through compassionate actions and loving thoughts. 
For more details, please visit www.suprememastertv.com/GAT 
Soyuzmultfilmstudio 
The magic medicine 
Story by Anatoly Taraskin 
Director Roman Kachanov 
Art-director Natalya Orlova 
Cameraman Mikhail Druyan sound Boris Filchikov, A. Goldstein 
Animators A.Dorogov, M. Voskaniants, A. Panov, V. Kolesnikova, A. Alyoshina, E. Maslova voice artists Vladimir Filippov, Margarita Korabelnikova, Youry Volyntsev, Maria Vinogradova, Olga Gromova script editor Natalia Abramova executive producer Nikolai Yevlukhin Soyuzmultfilm studio 1982 
Well, get back the ball! 
But you shot it! 
Yes I did, but it bounced back from you! 
Oh, Coward, coward! 
Coward, are you afraid of dogs?! 
Why are you sitting at home? 
On your own ... 
Well ... 
Mind you Mitya, don't touch these pills! 
They are magical. 
Wow, That's great! 
Yeah-yeh. 
If you'd eat one you'd immediately turn to stone. 
Why didn't YOU turn to stone? 
Only children turn to stone For grown-up it's just a cure for the common cold. 
Will it turn dogs to stone too? 
Yes, Mitya, It will, very much so. 
What do you want? 
I ...wanted to ask ... if your dog was taken ill. 
Why should he? 
Perhaps an old hurt he always growls. 
Well, no, boy! 
Dick is my friend! 
He saved my life! 
It happened like this... 
That's how dick got written of for the border guard. 
So he is a real hero, that dog! 
You bet, he is! 
Now I will draw! 
- Give back the crayons! 
Do you want a candy? - what? 
Let's have it! 
Here! 
Have a treat! 
Watch out Sasha, don't eat it. 
It'll turn you into stone! 
Why did you bring it here at all?! 
Don't be angry, Valerian I'll bring you some chocolate tomorrow 
And me? 
And you? 
You'll get an ice cream! ans I'll buy you... a sausage. 
Mitya, have you perhaps seen my tablet somewhere? 
I did, grandpa, here it is, your magic tablet! 
Haha, It's not really a magic tablet I was just joking! 
See? 
I'm healthy again! 
So I don't need medication any more! 
Grandfather, Look! 
Why did he pretend it was only a joke?!? 
The End Subs by Chapaev & Eus 
Hi i'm Samantha Atwell i'm a junior Social Science Education major from Olathe, Kansas. 
The reason why 
I chose ESU is because being an education major, ESU is one of the top four schools in the country for education. 
Being empowered by E means a lot to me, I've been involved in alot of different organizations, meeting alot of friends have helped me to be empowered by E. Some of the things that i absolutely love to do are to scrap book and to take pictures, so at events on campus you'll see me with my camera at all times. 
One thing I would advise new students when they come here is to get involved on campus we have a lot of organizations here and by getting involved you get to meet new people really quickly and when you graduate you'll have friends from those organizations. 
. 
Now here's the question. 
Does it really matter. 
Why am I making a big fuss about this? 
Whether use it two norm or a one norm, right? 
Because you know what's wrong with using the two norm. 
There is no problem, right? 
There isn't, but at least from the surface, there would be any problem with using a one norm too. 
Okay, 
let me show you the difference. 
Today in class, you're gonna see it. 
Okay. 
So what 
I'm gonna do is take this data that I showed up here and we're gonna try to do an L two fit and an L one fit, and you're gonna see what happens. 
Alright, so there is our data we're gonna work with and we would like to put a nice line through that. 
Okay. 
So, how do we do this. 
Well, what we gonna do is use what's called. 
The 
F means Search Command. 
Cuz, we find to do is minimize this a quantity. 
Right. 
So, sorry. 
We're trying to minimize this. 
Right? 
This is the idea. 
When you do a 
least square you minimize this. 
Whether it's the two or the one norm. 
So really that corresponds to, the only thing I really gotta minimize is this. 
This stuff is always the same, so if I can minimize that some, that's all I care about. 
So there's this thing called fminsearch In Matlab, which allows you to just give it an expression, and it will try to minimize, and you give it some initial values, to try to say, hey, try these and then go find me a minimum solution. 
'Kay? 
So that's what we're going to use, fminsearch. 
All right. 
So, we come into here and here's how it works. 
We want the coefficients, using an L2 fit, the coefficients meaning a and b. 
And want to call the fminsearch, command. 
And want to call a function called line, L2 fit. 
And well we've gotta pass it, or the initial guesses for the values of A and B. I'll just pick one. 
And I'. gonna pass it the data X and Y. The box here is for tolerence settings, just allow you to make it, get more accurate fi, or less accurate fit. the default is ten minus six. 
It's gonna try to get you the minimum, and once it gets, it's, it's an iteration routine, and once you get down to 10-6, it stops, 'kay? 
So, ther e you go, that's how you do it. 
You send in your, you send in your data, you send in your initial guess for A and B, and what is gonna come out are two numbers, A and B. That, it thinks, so the minimum, give you the minimum values for those things. 
Okay, now we can do this without one by simply changing two:1. 
So we're gonna do two this, we're gonna first call F and then search, and use, yeah, two, minimization, and then we're gonna call F and search. 
A one immunization. 
Now, it turns out, it's kinda like the cooking show today. 
Where, 
like, you know, oh, you put it in the oven for 50 minutes and, you know, all of a sudden, right at that point, they pop one out. 
It's all planned as if, as if it wasn't spontaneous. 
Okay, so we're not going spontaneous today. 
We're going to go get these , they're sitting right there. 
There's one of them and let me get the other one, and then we'll talk about them. 
Where is it L2 fit, okay. 
Alright. 
So what are they, what are these subroutines. 
Well, here they are. 
They're actually quite simple. 
Two lines. 
And what do they do. 
Well, you bring in your initial guess, you bring in your data, and all you gotta do, right, is minimize that sum. 
So all you gotta tell it is, what do you want to minimize. 
Well the sum of remember i've, this x not, our initial guess of a and b. 
And I have ax+b is my guess for my line fit, minus the actual values, square it, sum it. 
Well, I don't need an absolute value here, by the way, right? 
Because my data is real and I'm squaring it, okay? 
So, if I had imaginary data, you have to be careful. 
Okay? 
So I'm going to go and then it's going to return e, which is there, I'm just trying to minimize this. 
So you've given it a guess: one, one. 
And it has an algorithm. 
Okay, so it's a utilization search algorithm. 
It just goes to look and say I'm going to change a and b. 
In such a way to minimize that thing. okay. 
That's it!!! 
Now, if you go to the L-1 case, the only difference is what? 
You don't square it anymore. 
In the L-1 case, what you do, here it is. 
Now I do take the abso lute ? that I'm not squaring I just. ax+b-y, absolute value, sum. 
'Kay? 
Line fitting. 
That's all we're doing. 
Okay? 
Everybody good with that? 
Line fitting today? 
So, it seems like we're taking a step backwards. 
We've been recognizing dogs and cats on our computer, and now we're just doing 
line fits? 
But there will be an important point to be made. 
Okay, so let's, we got those and here is our thing. 
And so then what we can do now is plot these things. 
So let's do the following. 
I'm sorry. 
How many coeffients of A and B which you were two of them which. 
You're trying to get new a's and b's. >> I'm sure like with many of those, like 35. >> Yeah, you can give, if you have something a higher, for instance, if you want to fit it a parabola, ax^2 + bx + cx, you've passed in a, b, c and you'll find out Yeah. 
The higher dimensional, the harder it is to, you get a lot more local, it finds a local minima, not your global minima. 
Your guessing is very important in this, 'kay? 
The higher, the, the more complicated your guess, or the, your thing you're trying to minimize, the curve you're trying to fit to, the more important it is to have a really good guess. 
So there are my coefficients, A and B, and let me do this here for A1 too and B1, and these are, so now what we want to do is say okay, my data, let's say XP for X plot, pretty much goes from zero To five, and now we'll just say is my y2 fit, What is it? 
It's a2 * xp 
*, oh + b2. 
There's my curve fit, y1 is gonna be a1 * xp * b1. 
And now I can say, hold on, and I will plot xp versus y2. 
And lets plot the L2 fit in red and the y, and the y1, L1 fit in magenta. 
Sound good. 
Oh, here, yeah, thank you. 
Okay. 
There we are. 
Look at that. 
Beautiful! 
I have an L2 fit and an L1 fit. 
And look at that. 
They kind of don't look very much different. 
Like you don't really expect them to look that much different I suppose. 
Okay? 
Everybody good with that? 
There's my data. 
And you can see that the L2 and L1, slightly different, especially up here, but slightly different. 
Now here's t he question I'm gonna ask, and this is why L1 becomes important. 
We think about our data Pretty easy thing about putting a line there. 
Now, what would happen if i had out-layers. 
Now, lets talk about that formula a little bit. 
Outliers get squared. 
Right? 
So if you're really bad, you square it, to get even that much worse. 
Okay? 
Now, it could be that, in fact, that outlying data shouldn't take up that much importance, but when you do the 
L^ The square fit with the L2. 
You square that distance and you put it into that thing. 
Where is if you do L1? 
You just take the distance and leave it, you don't square it. 
Okay. 
How does it impact this example? 
Well let's see. 
I'm gonna put in some outliers. 
So I'm gonna add a couple data set points here here's my data, here's what I'm gonna add at .5, it's at 3.8 and at 3.9 Now, let's try it. 
Okay, there is are results, so I added a couple points, outliers to the data. 
And now You can see there's a pretty pronounced difference between the L2 and the L1. 
And then, we can talk about, well, what's best? 
So, first of all, that's question doesn't even make sense. 
Because when we say, what's best, you could say, well, if it's an L2 sense, clearly, the red line is best because it minimizes the L2. 
So, best here is. 
Akward, mathematically its best and best by the eye. 
And then look at the magenta line. 
The magenta line really doesn't change because of the outliers. 
Right, hardly influenced by them, shifted slightly. 
The red took a huge tilt. 
So some would argue that when we answer the question about what is best, that in fact, the magenta is best, cuz it does not react to the outliers, and the only reason that red, and that red line got way shifted, because it's trying to compensate for these points that are way out squared the distance analysis and this red line doesn't do the job at all, bottom points or the top points, doesn't, doesn't do well anywhere. 
But the L1 says, tell you what, I got most of them right, I got a couple of outliers. 
But by the way, nobody is gonna get the ou tliers right, so I'll try to get the bulk of them right. 
Does that make sense? 
Okay, that's the L1 norm. 
All right. 
So curve fits. 
And that is curve fitting. 
I am Francesc Alted. 
I work for 
Continuum Analytics. and during my tutorial, I would like to introduce you to to Numexpr and Cython, as libraries that can help you to accelerate operations with NumPy. 
Can everyone hear me well? 
All I wanna say Girl I wanna say 
Saying I'm sorry 
August 4th, we were chilling at the house Said I'm done, I told you to get out 
Didn't mean a word that I said Cause I was hoping you would come back 
Cause I tried and tried And I cried and cried 
Up late at night and I'm hurt And I tried to fight and I cried to God 
Ooh, please let it just work And I'm going crazy with you 
You got me so confused Cause you walked away, and I walked away 
And we should've stayed baby 
All you have to do is say that I'm sorry Baby I'm sorry 
And I'm in love with you Baby I want this, baby I want it 
Say baby I'll do what it takes And I will be here all the way baby 
All you have to do is say that I'm sorry Baby I'm sorry 
You wanna know if I was moving on without you I miss you, miss you, miss you, I miss you 
To tell the truth I've thinking bout you lately I miss you, miss you, miss you, I miss you 
Christmas day, you said you had a ring But you changed your mind 
Too caught up in the streets Boy your truth is hard to believe 
Why are you really scared of me 
Cause I tried and tried And I cried and cried 
And up late at night and I hurt Cause I put in mine and worked all the time 
And you never put in your work And I'm going crazy with you 
You got me so confused Cause you walked away, and I walked away 
And we should've stayed baby 
All you have to do is say that I'm sorry Baby I'm sorry 
And I'm in love with you Baby I want this, baby I want it 
Say baby I'll do what it takes And I will be here all the way baby 
All you have to do is say that I'm sorry Baby I'm sorry 
You wanna know if I was moving on without you I miss you, miss you, miss you, I miss you 
To tell the truth I've thinking about you lately I miss you, miss you, miss you, I miss you 
Burning Desires Part Two 
[Questioner:] 
My whole life I thought I wanted to get married and have a child and live happily ever after. 
[Mooji:] 
Yes, Yes Yes.. 
[Q:] 
Ok? 
And it hasn't happened. 
I've been in and out of relationships. 
And I'm getting older. 
And I still believe I want to find this man, who is going to make me happy and I want to have a child with him. 
And I want to live happily ever after. 
And then I find this man, and then I'm finding his faults. 
And I don't know if I want him anymore. 
I don't know if I want his child. 
Because I'm looking for something else. 
And I've been doing this most of my life. 
[M:] 
Yes. 
Some,something. ..It's good, It's good to say 
It's good to say, because I don't think you're not the only one, Ok? 
[Laughs] 
[M:] 
Ok. 
So, like this, it's good to speak it out. 
Because then you send, it out again in to the empty, in to space. 
And what is clear, is that this is not actually bringing any happiness. 
It is a sort of like a promise, promise, a sort of something, and keeps you on the move, you see. 
But you're aware of this now. 
You're aware of that. 
So, the kind of programming , the kind of programming that is going on. 
And I'm asking you to just stay as only the awareness of it. 
You're aware of that. 
And somehow in being aware that you're observing a kind of pattern, a kind of story, a kind of picturing. 
Because this is what actually happens quite often, is that there is a picture, you've a little youtube in your head, of somebody going , 'I'm having a baby' 
'being happy and it's like forever'. 
Although it is only 10 minutes. 
It's kind of , you know.. 
You tube is only 10 minutes, but you can.. 
So, like this and something, the mind embellishes everything else. 
It fills in. 
This is how it is. 
You suggest something and the mind fills in all the other parts of it, like this. 
And so, it is the mind that is addicted to it's own projections. 
And you've identified with the mind. 
And so some of the stain feels like it is coming off on you. 
That is the 'I' who want it. 
So, it's a bit entangled there, you see. 
So, I only say, that you're aware of this. 
This activity of the mind or personality. 
It's creating these pictures, Ok? 
So, just now, even now, you can do, that you're aware of what you've spoken also. 
Something is aware of this. 
There is an awareness of this. 
That's the awareness of. 
But now I'm pointing you just to the awareness, without the 'of', something, you see. 
In which anything can come. 
Ok. 
Well, this story of wanting this, you know, shining prince or whatever, it comes and goes. 
It's not constant, continuously in your mind. 
Is it? 
No. 
It comes and goes. 
Like this many thing else, comes and goes. 
Like I was saying, just recently, you see the thoughts , they're random. 
They're not sequential. 
They're not really.. they're random. 
Like I was saying you were thinking, somehow meditating on just being self and then suddenly there is sort of like pizza or something come then after this sort of like 'aha, you know, go shopping in this place' and then 'ha, e-mail to somebody', you know, it's like just coming up like this. 
But this kind of thought for you is more seasonal. 
It comes about, because there is something that is grown around this thought, that seems 
like it is intensely got some kind of nectar promise in it. 
But now, you're aware this now. 
Because the fruit of this attachment or activity is that you're not happy about it. 
You're not happy with it. 
You're not happy with it. 
Nobody is happy with it. 
Because you've the power to dream , but you don't have the power to make your dream come true. 
Whatever we might think. 
If you've the power to decide what should appear in your life, Ok? 
You're the architect and designer, everything that happens to you. 
Then, you , with that, all of you will be clear about who you're or something, if this is what you want. 
Or you wouldn't include anything that is uncomfortable as an experience. 
You will go all for chocolates flavored moments. 
So, something is, life takes that away from you. 
You don't have this power. 
You may dream, but the purpose of life, is not to fulfill or to satisfy your projections. 
So, that is a wisdom in this and a maturity to learn to let go of that. 
That these dreams they're depleting of your energy. 
And brings in the state of confusion. 
So, what I'm pointing you to, is only the space of the awareness within which the story of , this kind of romance, and what this kind of images come and then another image come also, and it passes. 
Something else comes. 
Momentary attention passes. 
Innumerable thoughts , waves of , tsumani of thoughts come and they don't stick because you've no interest. 
But, some come and they stick. 
You can also begin to find out why they stick, if you want. 
Why? 
What is so sticky , what is so appealing about this? 
Why is this thought, this feeling so sticky? 
And hold this question. 
Don't ask two / three questions. 
Hold this question one at a time. 
What is so enticing about this thought? 
Ok? 
And you can see ,'Ok, because it promises that' 
Ok, as you said before, 'that is going to bring me happiness'. 
Ok. 
That's the first thing you've identified now. 
Now, you find out 'bring happiness to 'who' exactly'? 
Just this question, 'who's going to become happy?' 
And initially, it's going to be a lot of blurring. 
'Wow, you can't see. wow', you know like, 
Something can't handle this question. 
'Who's , Who suffers? 
It's me' 
No. 
But don't just satisfy yourself with the assumed 'me'. 
Ask again, you know, 'who, who will, who's going to be happy?' 
And keep your attention still and hold this question. 
And this stillness and focus of attention will begin to burn. 
It will begin to burn, all this noise. 
Stay with it. 
Stay with it. 
You might find yourself going to sleep a little bit. 
That's Ok. 
Hold the question. 
Even write it down. 
This question, that you want to find out. 
Because sometimes, there is so much distortion when you try to focus, that you'll forget the question. 
It's like something is zooming in on really what is important. 
And what happens is that, that part of your mind or psyche that's trying to avoid, seeing the truth for what it is. 
The mind as you come nearer to identifying the mind will begin to throw stones in the bush. 
To trying to get you to look somewhere else. 
So, this will be felt , like a kind of distortion 
'no, no, I can't cope with it' and all this type of stuff. 
So, write it down. 
And hold the question in your consciousness. 
And it will begin to burn something. 
You feel, feel it. what will be left is just a sort of spaciousness. 
And intense feeling of presence, just presence, and joy and space. 
Then , in this moment, you re-invite again the question , you see. 
'Now who wants, who wants this picture?' 
'Who wants to fulfill this picture'? 
And see what happens then? 
It will have no pulling power for you. 
So, this is really the effectiveness of the enquiry. 
I want to go over it again for you. 
Something is on the mind. 
Something is coming up. 
In India sometimes, when it is intense. intensely personal, nothing can trouble you except you personalize it. 
If there is no identity, it has no power. 
You've to somehow spray your scent on whatever it is, to empower it. 
You understand what I mean by this. 
See Part Three 
The last couple of days, we had heard that Tyler had his head shoved into a wall locker. 
They said he was a geek. 
My concern is that you were making someone feel so unomfortable that they didn't want to be in school. 
I feel kinda nervous on the school bus. 
I like learning, but I have trouble with making friends. 
They said he was a geek. 
Some kids had told him he was worthless, to go hang himself, and I think he got to the point where enough was enough. 
Tonight, a tragic situation. 
A Perkins boy, just 11 years ago, believed to have been desperate enough to take his own life. 
This is an awfully complicated and difficult issue. 
Kids will be kids, boys will be boys. 
They are just cruel at this age. 
Here what we get is, nothing's wrong, we didn't do anything, everything's fine. 
They punch me, strangle me, take things from me, sit on me. 
Give it to him hard. 
He is not safe on that bus. 
I have been on that bus. 
They are just as good as gold. 
My voice is not going to fall silent. 
I will go to my grave until a difference is made. 
We reached out to parents who have lost kids, parents of kids that are being bullied all over the world, and it took off like wildfire. 
All it takes is for one person to stand up. 
Be the difference. 
Go out and find that one child, that new kid standing over there by himself. 
Be willing to stand up for him. 
Everything starts with one and builds up. 
Eventually, we have an army. 
If we all do it together, we will change the world. 
Subtitles downloaded from Podnapisi.NET 
CJ Entertainment Presents 
A Sang Sang Film Production 
Executive Producer Jay C. Gil 
Associate Producer LEE Sang-moo lnvestment Executive JANG Jin-seung 
Produced by AN Sang-hoon Co-producers LEE Won-tae AN Young-jin 
I was an average street magician 
Famous magicians all have their special tricks 
Doing magic with doves and cards 
And transformation magic 
Overrated, right? 
I needed something really unique 
Just then 
I saw a strange woman 
One more time? 
She never smiled 
Like she had a dark secret 
I can't really explain it 
So 
I followed that mysterious woman 
It felt so strange 
How should I put it? 
Like a ghost was about to pop out of a wardrobe 
Just then 
I had an awesome idea! 
Exorcist magician 
Rattle 
Wardrobe ghost 
Magic spell! 
HORROR MAGlC SHOW 
Jo-gu Ma Rocks! 
I'm a star! 
Mega hit! 
Geez! 
I built up the courage 
From then on became a team 
And my magic show became a sensation 
SPELLBOUND 
Why did you come here? 
The one who killed you is here? 
Is the killer watching you 
Don't move 
No! 
Come back here! 
Let her go or I'll destroy you! 
One! 
Two! 
Three! 
Where did she go? 
Has anyone seen her? 
No one? 
Let me find her 
Everyone! 
If you need to apologize, do it sincerely 
That's our lesson 
Did you enjoy the show? 
That's the end of Jo-gu Ma's Horror illusion 
Come on out 
Amazing! 
Great job, today 
Just keep it up 
You were great 
It'd be nice if you were taller and your face smaller 
Touch up your nose and eyes? 
Great job 
Thank you 
You're a natural 
Live with an actual ghost or something? 
Wait 
Don't go We're all going out for drinks 
I have an appointment 
You always say that 
I have many appointments 
So sorry 
But 
I'll buy tuna sashimi if you come. 
The best kind 
The best! 
I'm dying for fresh tuna 
I'm sorry 
I'm really sorry 
She never went out once with us in over a year 
She's a Hikikomori 
- She doesn't shut herself at home - Someday she will 
- We're having tuna, right? 
- No, sausages 
You can't mess with tuna like that! 
Come on! 
I want tuna! 
The best! 
I'll buy tuna, then! 
A big can, that is 
Roll it around 
Happy birthday, Sweetie I sent a gift 
What Mom? 
- A husband - What? 
I signed you up at a marriage agency to meet men 
You didn't have to do that 
How's work? 
When will you become a magician? 
It's just a part-time job 
How's everything there? 
Good 
Great air and nice people 
It's so beautiful here 
There's a forest behind us 
On snowy days, it feels like a fairy will come out 
I wish you could come 
- I'm sorry, Sweetie - Don't start up again, Mom 
I'm fine, Mom 
I'm really happy here 
My co-workers love me 
Men are lining up to have dinner with me 
I met up with Min-jung again 
I see her often 
Mom, I'm fine Don't worry 
Leaving you alone like that 
Sure you're okay? 
I'm so sorry, Yu-ri 
- So sorry - Stop crying, Mom 
We'd better hang up, Sis 
Okay 
Take good care of Mom 
Okay, talk to you soon 
SEEKlNG WlTNESS 
I have information on a hit-and-run 
No, I didn't see it directly 
Someone told me 
Yes 
Practice at home, will ya? 
She's abnormal, that girl 
She doesn't eat with us, but chows down alone 
What now? 
Where are you going? 
Home 
No prior engagements today? 
No 
Then, we're all going out 
I have stuff to do at home I'm sorry 
No exceptions this time 
That was strong 
I have to do the laundry and feed my dog 
That can all wait, can't it? 
My dog goes crazy if she misses a meal 
Then, let it go crazy 
I'll be there in spirit Sorry 
No, you'll be there in person! 
If it isn't your parents' funeral, be there 
- She'll never come - This time, she will 
- Bet $100? 
- Sure 
That's fascist 
Fascist? 
Me? 
I just wanna take the whole crew out! 
That doesn't make any sense What's with you? 
I don't want to go 
You have to 
- No - Why? 
Not everyone likes to drink 
Then don't! 
Drink Coke instead! 
How can I drink Coke with beer in front of me? 
Looking good 
Okay, fine 
I'll go 
But I act out when I'm drunk 
Me, too 
I can drink 7 bottles of Soju 
Hockenheim. 
It was while test driving and I was always a proponent of hassling people. 
That's what we were talking about. 
This hierarchy... 
Mansell, Prost, Senna, Berger wanted to put us in our places, which I could never accept. 
One example was the test driving in Hockenheim. 
I was during a qualifying simulation. 
Ayrton already finished his turn, actually, but suddenly he wanted to come in again. 
He saw that I was straight behind him and even though he had Honda power he drove the curves very slowly, but I could not overtake in a curve, so I tried on the straight but he pushed the throttle and was gone again. 
I could not keep up with my Ford engine. 
He did that to me twice in different moments, but then there was a third situation. 
But this time, I was the one ahead and of course I made now the same play as he did. 
But he could not stand that and told me afterwards that this is not a correct behaviour. 
So that were the first conflicts with the established ones. 
I remember that Berger once said: 
"This guy is so eager. 
Totally overambitious. 
Actually we don't like him!" 
Did you feel that you got kind of ignored by those drivers? 
I felt the opposing wind from them. 
There was an interesting situation, I think in the first or second year 
Gerhard (Berger) had a flat tire, drove on the side, could not go fast anymore. 
I tried to overtake and he totally cut in on me. 
This was an act to show me that I should be aware when and whom I overtake 
Years later we went home from Monza in the same car... 
I already made my first championship and we had an honest conversation. 
He said: 
"Well friend, at that time we had the feeling that we must run rings around you." 
You were considered as unapproachable at that time... 
What do you think about it? 
Quite the contrary! 
Of course I was stubborn, ambitious and focused, but I always tried to be fair 
That's what I was talking about. 
To block somebody in a training session on purpose or tease somebody.... 
I never did that. 
And I think that, because of me, we have nowdays clear rules in this respect... 
That one treats another fair no matter if someone has the fastest or slowest car. 
Everyone tries to respect each other and let them their freedoms. 
Things in Formula 1 have changed a lot after 1994, also due to the death of Ayrton Senna. 
When you look now at yourself... 
What are the special things about Michael Schumacher? 
Considering the beginning of your career where you were considered unapproachable, overambitious, gifted with steady nerves and an intuition about how to act in critical moments... 
There is a good example. 
A German sport journalist described it like this: 
In order to describe the characteristics of Michael Schumacher there is one key moment! 
It was in Austria 2003, Schumacher is about to win and makes a pit stop. 
While he was standing in the pit, flames are blazing. 
The astonishing thing is that the remains calm, with an even temper. 
Not like that he would jump out of the car, as we might do it... but one recognizes that he moves the helmet slightly to the right and observes in the mirror what is Happening. 
He sees the flames and although everything is over quickly, he drives out of the pit and wins the race. 
And I think in this situation you can see what makes the difference between very good racing drivers and champions... 
The ability to be mentally ahead in criticial situations. 
That they take their time and analyse without any emotion and only after that make their decision without beeing hectic. 
Did he describe it correctly? 
... 
Not bad ... 
But I did not say that money is a bad thing 
I respect every religion ... ... as servile, as it is. 
Oh. .. yes ... you do not know ... 
Only calm down, stop splashing with your the spinal cord. 
MONEY IS GOD 
And you believe religion is Christianity Buddhism and shamanism0: 
00:00:23,501 --> 0:00:00:25,001 not ... but certainly not ... 
And you are not stupid ... 
Unique, modern, innovative religion is ... 
Unique, modern, innovative religion is ... .... 
MONEY! 
And different currencies are as Catholic and Christian religions, Protestantism, Buddhism, Judaism 
Literally money as your god. 
We all believe in them, they are the source of everything and may occasionally perform miracles. 
And this God has his disciples, sacred millionaires ... .. 
Which you so enthusiastically studying. 
Here also you do systematic rituals of divine society getting the envelope with piece of the sacred body 
And ask anyone, just for fun .. 
"How much money you get?" 
They gonna shit their pants as if you ask for confession 
And what's the story with this banknotes? 
They are the holy icons. 
You are looking at them and for you they are not just paper and ink, no ... 
For you are the body of your god 
Which arise in a sacred place, which can't access any common mortal. 
And these sacred scraps of paper fall into the hands of people and then tired, wrinkled and dirty .. ... 
Burn in the incinerator to be reborn again, like the phoenix 
To do their earth's path. 
We all touching them. 
Take out your wallet. 
Can you imagine the path each banknote have done? ... 
To get your hands. 
Who was the first who rinkle that? 
Where they are going? 
One with syphilis, a prostitute, a prime minister and you ... ... 
Wiping with the same piece of paper. 
People c'mon.... wake up .. 
Circulation of money used to give money your power 
Since the value of money means your work 
And without it money do not cost anything. 
The fact is that money is the result of working printing machine. 
Anyone can print his own ... ... 
MONEY! 
Only at the backstage not hiding the collective unconscious ... but ... 
PERSONALlTY! 
We've being split to govern 
Yes, money is common for all ... 
But everyone has their own money ... 
Money cost a lot, people nothing ... .. 
Because you do not have value ... ... 
Having proved that you can make god from any tale ... ... 
And you're ... 
Hello, hello, baby, sorry I can't hear a thing. 
I have got no service in my Crib, you see, see 
Wha-Wha-What did you say? 
Oh, you're breaking up on me 
Sorry, I cannot hear you, I'm kinda busy. 
K-kinda busy, K-kinda busy 
Sorry, I'm ignoring you, I'm kinda busy. 
Just a second, 
It's my favorite game we gonna play 
And I cannot text you when I am in my mercedes 
Why can't you just take a hint, I need some time for me 
My dudes are at my place and we are kinda busy, 
Stop callin, stop callin, I don't wanna talk anymore! 
We turned my living room, into a big dance floor. 
Stop callin, stop callin, I don't wanna talk anymore! 
We're just pumping like we' are at the Jersey Shore 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh Stop telephonin’ me! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh I’m busy! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, Stop telephonin’ me! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh 
You can beg all you want, But you won't gonna get the phone 
Cause you’il just gonna sit at home alone, You can be on the floor 
You can bark at the door, But you'r just gonna sit at home alone 
You can beg all you want But won't get the phone 
Cause you'r just gonna sit at home alone, You can be on the floor 
You can bark at the door, You’il just gonna sit at home alone 
Bitch the way you’re hollar-in won’t make me leave no quicker 
Stop updating my Twitter, Takin mobile pictures she threw my phone in the pool cause I’m finnin’ to slap ya 
Throw a back-hand at ya, Bitch I ain’t gonna answer 
Not that I don’t like you, I just need some time for me. 
And girls are not invited to our manly parties 
Sometimes I feel like you treat me like a baby 
But tonight I’m all grown up and drinking Hennie [Hennessy] 
Drinking Hennie, Drinking Hennie 
Actually Hennie makes me sick so I’m drinking Kool-Aide. 
Stop calling, Stop calling, I don’t wanna to talk anymore 
We turned my living room into a big dance floor, Stop calling 
Stop calling, I don’t wanna to talk anymore 
We’re wrist pumping like horny guys watching porn 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, Stop telephonin’ me! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, I’m busy! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, Stop telephonin’ me! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, You can beg all you want 
But you won't get the phone 
Cause you’r just gonna sit at home alone, You can be on the floor 
And bark at the door, but you'r just gonna sit at home alone 
You can beg all you want But you won’t get the phone 
Cause you’il just gonna sit at home alone, You can be on the floor 
And bark at the door, You’r just gonna sit at home alone 
Stop calling, Stop calling, I don’t want to talk anymore 
We turned my living room into a big dance floor 
- Wow! 
Eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh, eh Stop telephonin’ me! 
- So, there you go, that was my take on Lady Gaga's Telephone, when I say Lady Gaga's original video I was like you know what? 
I gotta do my version, because you know me, I’m always out at the club parting it up, getting phone calls by girls and by girls I mean my mom. 
So here is my question to you, what is your favorite music video of all time? 
Leave me a comment of video response letting me know. 
Also I just realized by looking at myself in the camera, I look like I’m wearing lipstick, truth is I have a a really have a bad rash on my lips, so I’m wearing Neosporin, but it still makes me look like a drag-queen. 
[kisses the air] 
That was the gayest thing I’ve ever done in my life. 
Alright guys, see you later, quick thanks to Totally 
Sketch [www.youtube.com/totallysketch] for helping me make this video, Klassicmaster [http://www.youtube.com/klassicmaster] for creating the amazing beat. 
Joe Dash E for recording the song with me and everybody else that was in the video, all there links are in the side bar. 
Thank you guys, hope you have a great weekend, I’m gonna go, 
I’m gonna go put on the rest of my make-up. 
Allwright see you guys later, woo! 
[Captioned By: 
ClosedCaptionsTV] 
[Laughing in slow-mo] 
If you're in it for the money and you're publishing short stories in a magazine, and you're getting paid something pitiful like a half a penny a word, or a penny a word, you want to figure out ways to resell those stories. 
You'd, love it if somebody sold the movie rights for you and you got a nice commission but the more obvious thing is to publish stories that somehow can go together and then, put them together into a book. 
A. E. 
Van Vogt was one of the most successful at doing this, at publishing stories that then could be drawn together into a book. 
He was one of the key writers of science fiction in the so-called golden age from the very late 1930's most people would say, until perhaps the 1960's. 
Different people judge this different ways. 
His weapon shops of Isher, his stories of 
Null A, all came out in separate pieces, and then he put them all together in what he called fix ups. 
And in fact a fix up to Van Vogt was just a way of getting some kind of a thread together that would make a story be salable as part of a book. 
Some of the more famous fix ups are things 
like Cities in Flight, by James Blish, where we have cities that are sort of self-contained terraria environments out in space, and they go around and each one has its own story. 
And it doesn't really make much of a story all together. 
These fix-ups, if they have the right pieces, give you the pleasure of returning to the same premise again and again, it gives you the same kind of pleasure that you might get in re-reading a Sherlock 
Homes story. 
And so these fix-ups were successful, they were successful for the publishers, and they were successful for the, the writers, that is to say people were making money from them. 
There is I think, though, a difference between a fix-up, what I call a composite novel. 
A composite novel takes these pieces and it puts them together in such a way that you actually have something more powerful or at least different than you would have if you had the separate pieces. 
For example, I, Robot by Isaac Asimov began as separate pieces. 
The seperate pieces all obeyed what were called the Three Laws of Robotics that 
John W. Campbell, the second great editor of 
Science Fiction after Hugo Gernsback, suggested to, to Aasimov. 
Here are the three laws of robotics. 
A robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 
Two, a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except in cases when the orders would conflict with the first law. 
So, robots are our slaves unless of course we ask them to do something that would harm us in which case they are suppose to resist us. 
Three, a robot must protect its own existence. 
As long as, such protection does not conflict with the first or second law. 
So, robots are pretty valuable. 
Entities, and they have a survival instinct but their survival instinct is subordinated to human beings' orders, and human beings' orders are subordinated to the survival of human beings. 
Robots are clearly second class citizens. 
Now if you think about this for a while, you'll realize that these laws are impossible. 
Alright. 
You know that saying about people who are exercising hard, they're training for one contest or another and they say, no pain, no gain. 
How is the robot to know that the pain that you are asking for is worth it to you, when the robot's law says it may not allow you to injure or harm yourself? 
But, but I'm training for a marathon. 
One of the best stories in I, Robot is a story in which the two technicians who are, who occur in the stories in the in the collection, set up a robot to beam energy down to Earth. 
This huge solar collector is not interfered with by the atmosphere that's why its up there and the microwave that they beam down to Earth are going to provide enormous power basically for free. 
It's terrific but if that solar collection station should wander a little bit, the beam would traverse the Earth and God knows what damage it would cause all that power. 
So, rather than relying on human beings to keep that beam on beam, they set up a robot, a very skilled robot. 
After they've got the robot up there, checking it out, making sure everything is working fine before they leave the station in the hands of the robot. 
And they get into a discussion you see, they congratulate each other on having gotten this robot put together and being able to leave. 
And the robot says huh, you didn't make me. 
And they say ofcourse we made you [laugh]. 
And the robot says how could you make me? 
I'm superior to you. 
What do you mean you're superior? 
Well if you aren't superior to me why do you want me to do this job. 
I, I can do it and you can't right? 
Well yes but we've still made you. 
Oh no that's foolish. 
To make a long story short, actually it's not a very long story but it's a delightful one. 
The robot is utterly convinced that, it is 
God's creation. 
And its, highest commandment is to keep that beam aimed at a particular spot on the surface of Earth. 
And these poor humans are simply mistaken about that. 
And there's no convincing the robot that they are right. 
The humans finally decide, you know. 
It may not be that the robot understands it's own origins, but it makes no difference because it will obey that commandment and so they leave. 
In other words, the robots have to know what is right for people and do it absolutely, even if they completely misunderstand what the human beings want, say and do. 
This is a fairy tale, okay? 
How can anybody know what's good and right automatically and always. 
No one can. 
How could robots, therefore, be able to? 
Can they read our minds? 
Well, that's not posited, but they have positronic brains. 
As one reads through the stories in I, Robot, one goes from the beginning where you just have a robot nanny to, who was selfless, of course, in the care of her charge. 
Its charge? 
The young child. 
All the way through to the last couple of stories in which the main character we need to confront, who's new, is Steven 
Bierley, the world administrator. 
The whole world, in other words. 
On the basis of having robots to do good and provide the wherewithal is moving ever more toward a utopia. 
As you read the whole book, if you think of it not as separate stories but as a composite novel, the ending would have to be utopian. 
Of course, if you read the story separately that wouldn't follow. 
And the very last story, the evitable conflict, that is we can get rid of conflict. 
The evitable conflict is one which Steven Briarly is having a colloquy with a character named Susan Calvin. 
Susan Calvin is a robopsychologist and she has been a continuing character referenced though out the book and interstial parts between the separately published earlier stories as a [unknown] was created to bind the whole into one work all feature Susan Calvin. 
Susan Calvin trains the technicians Donovan and Powell who go around setting up the robots. 
Susan Calvin is an advisor to US Robotics the industrial firm that makes things. 
Susan Calvin develops the positronic brain. 
She designs their three laws and their implementation. 
She is very important. 
She is also unattached to any mails. 
Interesting, she's a wise old woman, she's not in any way part of the Eden complex. 
She's much more like the female god. 
At the end, in the evitable conflict, she confronts Steven Bierley in his office. 
And she acknowledges that the whole world wonders whether or not he, who seems to be keeping everything running so well, whether or not he is not himself a robot. 
I mean, how can you distinguish perfect robots from human beings? 
Earlier in the novel, Susan Calvin had said the only difference between a robot and a human being is that robots are essentially decent. 
Well, Stephen Bierley doesn't answer her. 
He doesn't prove his humanity, and he doesn't prove his robot nature. 
He doesn't admit to anything he says in fact, which either a robot or a human would say, humans would not like to know that a mere man controlled everything. 
And humans would not like to know that a robot, a mere machine had taken over the government of the human population. 
And so it is better for human beings not to know whether I, Steven Barley, I am human or a robot. 
We can't argue with that logic. 
The last image of the story is a fireplace behind a quartz fire screen and we look in it and a flame goes out and a wisp of smoke rises. 
When I first read that I thought well the whole book seemed to be working its way toward utopia. 
But I know what it means for a flame to be extinguished. 
Hey when a flame goes out, you know, that's the end of insight. 
That's the advent of darkness. 
This is, this is negative. 
The robots have taken us over. 
But it didn't fit with the rest of the book. 
Well if you read the book as a series of separate stories that just happened to be published together as an anthology, what difference does it make? 
So one of the stories doesn't actually fit thematically with the others. 
But if you read it as a composite novel, How do you make sense of that smoke? 
So, one day I was speaking to a colleague of mine, a quite prominent our historian and as soon as she heard this she said that's the Merode Altarpiece. 
The Merode alter piece? 
The Merode Altarpiece is a key example of a medieval iconographic trick. 
When in the annunciation, when the archangel Gabriel announces to Mary that she will bear the child of God. 
The Devine Light goes across from Gabriel as God's messenger to Mary striking sometimes in some paintings into her head, sometimes into her womb. 
She's often shown reading an open book which would be that of the Bible which already existed. 
In other words, the Light of Heaven comes down. 
That's the annunciation the Spirit is entering into Mary. 
That light crosses a candle. 
And that candle is the one by which Mary is reading. 
In order for the medieval painters to show how bright is that divine light, the candle is shown with a wisp of smoke. 
Because, in comparison to that light, mere earthly light is as if it were darkness. 
Isaac Asimov wrote Asimov's Guide to the 
Bible. 
It's not unreasonable for him to understand perfectly well that, that image of the wisp of smoke at the end of the evitable conflict is not in fact the extinction of knowledge, it is in fact the advent of a new millennium brought to us by the perfect robots. 
The conflict is now evitable. 
We read that last story quite differently if we understand it as a composite novel. 
From the 1950s on, people began to be able to write novels rather than short stories. 
You see, something important had happened. 
Right after the Civil War, the American News Company bought warehouses near the railheads surrounding major cities. 
If someone printed a periodical in any city, they could sell their print run to the American news company, which would take it and sub divide it and send the different sections to their own warehouse, those around the country, where the subsection of periodical A will be joined with the subsection of periodical B and so on, and then, in that region of the 
American News Company would deliver all of the periodicals that it had contracted to, to distribute. 
So the American News Company, in fact, became the de facto distributor for virtually every national magazine in the 
United States. 
And it had no competition. 
After a while, American cities grew. 
And what had been cheap warehouse property near the railhead, often became very valuable property next to the downtown railroads, next to the downtown railway station. 
And in the 1950s, a Wall Street group realized that the value of the property that the American News Company owned was greater than the profitability of the 
American News Company. 
So they bought it, and over a period of a few years, they dismantled it, they sold it for it's property. 
No other national distributor ever came to replace it. 
In fact, we only have real national distribution again for a few journals that can afford to send their material through satellites and beamed them down to printing presses around the country. 
As for example, some newspapers now do. 
Before The American News Company disappeared, there were 38 science fiction monthlies published in the United States. 
By the time The American News Company had been entirely obliterated, there were four. 
Obviously we can't support many, many writers writing short stories who are going to turn out fix ups. 
On the other hand, in the early 1950's Ian and Betty Ballantine suddenly realized that instead of having soft Bantam books be a later publication of hardbound books that had already come out, it would be possible to have softbound books as original publications, and starting in the early 1950's Ballentine Press began to have paperback originals. 
As the market for short stories disappeared, the market for science fiction novels began to grow and so there was this change of the short story as the 
Epitome of science fiction, to the novel as the epitome of science fiction. 
The Martian Chronicles is a hinge. 
It's the first great science fiction novel. 
Although science fiction writers thought of it as fantasy, and were annoyed that Bradbury got this agilation to leap from the ghetto into the general consciousness, and it was, in fact, a book that got read as a book. 
It was not just a fix up. 
It was, in fact, a composite novel. 
We can see that if we take a look at the ways in which the stories changed from their original publication to the publication in the novel. 
Bradbury bridges the publishing history from before the 1950's to after the 1950's. 
The Martian Chronicles is not only a wonderful work of literature, it is a milestone in the development of American culture. 
The Valley of Tanayiku 
In Cou, 'Tanayiku' means "A Place without Sorrow". 
So, what does happiness mean in this Sans Souci? 
The happiest part for me is to work together with my people from the same tribe. 
It's such a delight! 
There was no way for me to co-work with my people before when I was working in other places 
What are we working for? 
For Tanayiku. 
For all the community. 
It's such a pleasure, such a delight! 
That's it. 
Oh, I'm almost crying...... 
The happiest thing for me is to get all of us together. 
Recovering from the typhoon disaster gradually, 
This is what makes me so happy. 
Also I've learnt a lot from this place. 
For example, the interpersonal relationship 
And also the working attitude, which is very important 
Whenever I help my customers, I feel very happy. 
Although sometimes they complain to us, we still try our best to reply to their complaint nicely. 
I have to work with pleasure everyday. 
Because sometimes the visitors want to take a picture with me. 
They say I look like, well, an actor in the movie Seediq Bale! 
And Power Station (a Taiwanese indigenous band) 
I feel happy as long as I can dance. 
I feel happy as long as somebody is watching me. 
I am happy as long as my customers are happy. 
I love the feeling living in mountains. 
Also I am quite interested in my own cultures. 
Every single ceremony gives me another different feeling. 
Since I began to work as a guide 
Of course, I started to have some students, five or six, 
Which made me so proud! 
And then, after the typhoon Morakot, I got more students. 
Like Wen-Feng, who became another new guide. 
This is what delighted me the most. 
So that we can pass down Tanayiku to the next generation. 
My child seems interested in my job, too. 
Because sometimes he is with me when I am working as a guide. 
And then, sometimes he told me, "Mum, you are so great!" 
And I feel, "Wow!"...... 
Am I really as great as he says? 
When the guests like what I cook and eat them all 
Then I feel happy 
I must try my cooking out 
Let's check it out 
This is...... 
Uh, salt! 
Haha, this is the spoon for salt 
Hahahahaha 
Happiness is...... 
Perhaps because they live in cities 
So they come here for leisure. 
To forget about all the pressure of days 
And then they feel very happy here. 
And I am happy when I see they are happy. 
What impresses me the most is the credit from my customers. 
Before, when we were still not ready to open the fish-watching area. 
Sometimes the customers would complain about us. 
But then later, after two or three months, the customers came back again 
He said 
I would like to come back, because I appreciate your service attitude 
This made me very happy 
I was so touched. 
Then all what they used to complain or even scold at me is nothing to me at all. 
With their credit and appreciation, I feel I need to work harder. 
I should work harder to have the people see what we own. 
Here these "screws" got much "torture" from us 
Yap...... 
Because sometimes we force them to learn 
And also we give them much pressure 
But from all this, you can see, from the first year, the second year, to the third year...... 
Everybody has improved himself gradually, everyone 
Little by little, they are not afraid of approaching people 
Gradually, they become more willing to try new things 
Before, they always said, "No, I don't want, I can't" 
We are happy when we see they are changing their attitude gradually. 
These employees have grown up. 
So, the happiness is, 
That I put emotion whenever I am cooking 
That I learn what I didn't know 
That a tour guide shows me a Like! 
That means, yes, you are doing better 
Welcome to Tanayiku! 
Many small pieces of Happiness here Pile up a big Blessing! 
Tanayiku 
Hi guys, this is another video from LifeSlGNS. 
Just a quick one this time, erm it's May so May the Fourth be with you guys. 
I hope your all well. 
Erm this is just going to be a quick one saying that I am sure you are all aware that LifeSlGNS is a user led organisation. 
And by that I mean that we rely solely on donations from you guys and we are extremely lucky to have such generous people who are willing to give us all these donations to help us carry on our work. 
And during this month we are going to thank every single person who donates £5 or more within the UK, sorry guys it can't be further. 
By sending them, one of our shiny new magnets. 
Yeah! 
This is what they are, this is what they look like. 
Little magnet. 
They've been designed by our Wedge, and they have the brand new images and motto on them. 
So it's a little Lighthouse. 
To get your hands on them, basically you just have to donate £5 or more during May and when your donation is received we will email you within 24 hours of your request to get your postal address, which is only going to be used for sending you your gift and then it will be deleted, so we won't spam you to death. 
So if you can possibly spare a fiver this month please consider just donating five pounds to us, it will do a really good deed for us guys and really help us out. 
So pretty please? 
(laughs) And it will be a lovely decoration for your fridge so who wouldn't want this? 
That's it guys, thank you. 
And I hope you are all having a wonderful May, bye. 
>> Secretary Salazar: 
Thank you very much, Neal Muholland, and thank you to all of the members of the National Parks 
Foundation for your outstanding work and for making this day possible. 
Thank you for the work you do to protect America's natural heritage and its culture. 
On behalf of the Department of the Interior and the National 
Parks Service and my colleagues on President Obama's cabinet, we are honored that you are all here with us tonight to celebrate this great American holiday tradition. 
Seventy years ago this month, just weeks after the bombing of 
Pearl Harbor, in those dark days, 
President Franklin Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill joined here together in the White House to light the national Christmas tree. 
During those dark days, President Roosevelt called on the nation to view the lighting of the tree as a reminder that we set our faith in human love and in God's care for us. 
Tonight let this tree remind us that in all times, the light of love and good will shines brightly across America and around the world. 
This occasion is also special for all of us, because we are gathered here in Presidents Park, one of the 397 national parks under the care of the service, and here we light our nation's spirit of peace, hope and joy for the holidays. 
Now on this remarkable night in these remarkable times, it is with great honor that I introduce someone who never rests, someone who never tires, someone who never quits, someone who is a champion for American peace and prosperity for all of its citizens, the 44th President of the the United 
States of America, Barack Obama! 
(cheers and applause) ♪♪ (music playing) ♪♪ 
The President: 
It's nice having your own band. 
Please have a seat, everyone. 
Merry Christmas! 
Merry Christmas! 
Thank you, Secretary Salazar, for that introduction and for your hard work to preserve and protect our land and our water and our wildlife. 
I also want to thank Minister Rogers for the beautiful invocation, as well as Neil Mulholland and everyone at the 
National Park Foundation and the National Park Service who helped put this outstanding event together. 
I'd like to thank Carson Daly and Big Time Rush, and all of tonight's performers for joining us to kick off the holiday season here at the White House. 
For 89 years, Presidents and Americans have come together to 
light the National Christmas Tree. 
And this year is a special one. 
This year, we have a brand new tree. 
The last one stood here for more than 30 years -- until we lost it in a storm earlier this year. 
But we all know that this tradition is much larger than any single tree. 
And tonight, once again, we gather here not simply to light some decorations, but to honor a story that lights the world. 
More than 2,000 years ago, a child was born to two faithful travelers who could find rest only in a stable, among the cattle and the sheep. 
But this was not just any child. 
Christ's birth made the angels rejoice and attracted shepherds and kings from afar. 
He was a manifestation of God's love for us. 
And He grew up to become a leader with a servant's heart who taught us a message as simple as it is powerful: that we should love God, and love our neighbor as ourselves. 
That teaching has come to encircle the globe. 
It has endured for generations. 
And today, it lies at the heart of my Christian faith and that of millions of Americans. 
No matter who we are, or where we come from, or how we worship, it's a message that can unite all of us on this holiday season. 
So long as the gifts and the parties are happening, it's important for us to keep in mind the central message of this season, and keep Christ's words not only in our thoughts, but also in our deeds. 
In this season of hope, let's help those who need it most -- the homeless, the hungry, the sick and shut in. 
In this season of plenty, let's reach out to those who struggle to find work or provide for their families. 
In this season of generosity, let's give thanks and honor to our troops and our veterans, and their families who've sacrificed so much for us. 
And let's welcome all those who are happily coming home. 
(applause) 
And this holiday season, let us reaffirm our commitment to each other, as family members, as neighbors, as Americans, regardless of our color or creed or faith. 
Let us remember that we are one, and we are a family. 
So on behalf of Malia and Sasha and Michelle and our grandmother-in-chief, Marian -- (laughter) 
-- I wish you all the happiest holiday season, the merriest of Christmases. 
God bless you all, and may God bless the United States of America. 
(applause) 
And with that, I'm going to invite the entire Obama clan up here to light the Christmas tree. 
I need some help, and there's a lot of technical aspects to this. 
(laughter) 
Come on, guys. 
(applause) 
All right. 
Okay, we're going to start counting down here. 
We've got the switch right here. 
The First Lady: 
All right, come on. 
The President: 
Everybody ready? 
And this is the new tree. 
I know it's not quite as big as the old tree, but it's going to take time to grow. 
But we're going to fill it up with some spirit and start a new tradition right now. 
All right, everybody ready? 
We're going to start counting down. 
Five, four, three, two, one -- (applause) 
There you go. 
That's a good-looking tree. 
Thank you, everyone. 
Now I have come to the crossroads in my life 
I always knew what the right path was. 
Without exception, I knew. 
But I never took it. 
You know why? 
It was too damn hard ! 
some of you already know that it's hard. 
It's not easy. 
It's hard changing your life ! 
That in the process working on your dreams you are going to incur a lot of disappointment, a lot of failure, a lot of pain, a lot of set backs and a lot of defeats. 
At moments when you "re going to doubt yourself and say: 
"God why is this happening to me, 
I'm just trying to take care of my children, my mother. 
I'm not trying to steal or rob from anybody. 
How does this have to happen to me? 
For those of you all that have experienced some hardships, don't give up on your dream. 
Pain is temporary. 
It may last a minute, or an hour, or a day, or a year, 
but eventually it will subside and something else will take its place. 
If I quit, however, it lasts forever. 
Talent you have naturally. 
Skill is only developed by hours and hours... ...and hours of beating on your craft. 
I will not go down, THAT WAY! 
it's about no days off no weekends, no holidays, no birthdays. 
Listen to me! 
No days off! 
No half days! 
No holidays! 
No snow day! 
It's about gaining the competitive edge. 
It's about separation. 
It's about separating yourself from the past ! 
I choose to rise, not fall! 
I choose to live, not die!! 
I choose to fight back! 
Here we go come with me there's a world out there that we should see take my hand close your eyes with you right here 
I'm a rockateer 
let's fly. fly, fly, fly up, up, here we go (go) up, up, here we go (go) 
let's fly fly, fly, fly up, up, here we go (go) where we stop nobody knows where we go, we don't need roads and where we stop nobody knows to the stars if you really want it got, got a jetpack with your name on it above the clouds and the atmosphere just say the words and we outta here hold my hand if you're feeling scared we flyin' up, up, out of here here we go, come with me there's a world out there that we should see take my hand close your eyes with you right here, I'm a rockateer 
lets fly fly, fly, fly up, up, here we go (go) up, up, here we go (go) 
let's fly up, up, here we go where we stop nobody knows baby we can stay fly like a G6 shop the streets of Tokyo get you fly kicks girl you always on my mind got my head up in the sky and I'm never looking down feeling priceless yeah where we at, only few would know we're onto the next level 
Super Mario 
I hope this works out, cardio 
'til then let's fly, Geronimo here we go, come with me there's a world out there that we should see take my hand close your eyes with you right here 
I'm a rockateer ... let's fly now I ain't never been to space befo' but I ain't never seen a face like yours you make me feel like I could touch the planets you want to moon, girl watch me grab it see, I ain't never seen a star this close you got me stuck by the way you glow 
I'm like oh, oh, oh, oh 
I'm like oh, oh, oh, oh here we go come with me there's a world out there that we should see take my hand close your eyes with you right here, I'm a rockateer 
let's fly fly, fly, fly up, up, here we go (go) up, up, here we go (go) 
let's fly fly, fly, fly up, up, here we go where we stop nobody knows. 
Unless you're faced with a disability you don't think about the needs of people with disabilities. 
People are not scroungers who are on disability especially people with MS. 
I would prefer to be earning a living wage, rather than on disability but unfortunately 
I've got MS and there's nothing I can do about it. 
Hello I'm Danni 
I'm the Senior Public Affairs Officer at the MS Society and we're here today to hand in a letter to the Minister for Disabled People regarding our concerns about Personal Independence Payment. 
46,000 people with MS will be shifted from Disability Living Allowance to Personal Independence Payment and at the moment the government are getting that wrong, the criteria they're using are too narrow, so too many people with MS will lose out if we can't get the government to change the criteria. 
We've had over 4,000 signatures, 96% of all MPs have seen our letter and over 25 MPs have signed the letter. 
There's a few of us here today, representing the 4,000 people. 
It's a chance for us to be heard. 
We feel so strongly about it; we've got to make a stand. 
There's one particular issue where I and the MS Society have a real problem; 
If you can't walk in a safely, timely or regular manner above 20 metres then you should get the higher rate mobility . 
Currently that's only a guideline; that's not good enough. 
Well I'm concerned about losing my freedom because I've got a Motability vehicle which is at risk. 
What I'm lobbying the government, very, very strongly with - 
- with the MS Society - is to move that to a regulation. 
If it's a regulation; the assessors have to follow it and that will mean our anxiety, our real anxiety, that many people with MS would lose higher rate of mobility, which would mean they lose their Motability car will not be an issue. 
If I lose the DLA; I lose my car, and then I lose my independence. 
No car; I'm pretty much stuck in the house. 
We've got enough to worry about with the illness; that's not counting what the government is trying to do to cut our money down. 
I thought this was a really good stunt, if you like, to highlight the difficulties faced by people with MS in walking 20 metres. 
It doesn't look like a vast distance to have to walk but it depends on the day. 
If you've got MS, you can't pin down that you're going to be that well all the time. 
It's different every day. 
I think it's gone really really well. 
It's nice to see that there's a lot of people on our side. 
I think it's very good that we had an MP with us. 
Stephen Lloyd (off camera): 
"I think a really good piece of campaigning from the MS Society." 
It's really nice that there's several different news people here. 
Well I hope it's made people aware of what the problems are that people like us have. 
I'm a bit more positive now than what I was earlier on. 
I think today more than anything I felt proud; proud of what we're doing a proud of people with MS. 
Anchor: 
Students at Western illinois are trying to get drunk drivers off the road. 
The university's emergency medical services hosted it's 16th annual Mock DUI project. 
College volunteers show people what a drunk driving accident looks like. 
With prom and graduation right around the corner, officers say it's important to stop drunk driving. 
Officer: 
The numbers related to DUI accidents and fatalities is pretty staggering. 
Everybody has somebody that they know or a loved one that knows someone that has been involved in a DUI accident or been killed in a vehicle accident of this nature. 
Anchor: 
Local hospitals, police and fire departments help set up the event. 
All emergency officials respond to the accident as if it was real. 
Cubs fans sing "Go, Cubs, go" 
White Sox fans chant "Go, go, White Sox" 
Both sets of fans say "Go, CTA" 
It's the best way to get to both ballparks. 
Whether it's U.S. Cellular Field on the South Side or Wrigley Field to the north the Red Line connects fans to their favorite ballpark without the hassle and expense of driving and parking. 
Fan: 
"It takes you all the way from north Chicago to south Chicago" 
Fan: "and back" 
The Red Line stops just outside the ballparks 35th Street is the stop for U.S. Cellular. 
Addison is the stop for Wrigley. 
What could be more convenient and fun than a train full of like-minded fans? 
How about a bus full of fans? 
The #152 Addison bus drops fans just feet from the friendly confines... ...as does the #22 Clark and #8 Halsted. 
The #35 35th street and 39 Pershing buses offer front door service to U.S. Cellular. 
The CTA once again has commemorative fare cards and posters for this year's Crosstown series. 
The posters have become sought-after souvenirs ever since they were first introduced in 1998 
This year's poster features the unsung heroes of the ballpark, the hot dog vendors. 
Let's be frank. 
Grilled meat and cold beverages are as much a part of the ball park experience as the game itself. 
"Exactly. 
It's part of the atmosphere, its part of the environment." 
Steve Musgrave is an illustrator who has created twelve Crosstown series posters for the CTA. 
The 2010 poster is a whimsical departure from past depictions of ball players. 
"I appreciate the fact the CTA was open to doing something a little more playful than a baseball player- so it's a hot dog vendor." 
Steve's first CTA gig was a series of baseball-themed paintings that adorn the Addison "L" station 
Now, his posters adorn countless walls in and across Chicago. " I really enjoy it, it's a lot of fun... 
Some people collect them and some go out of their way to pick them up, which is nice to see." 
"I'm a big fan of earlier 20th century European poster design kind of a streamlined or deco look." 
"Every time I design them I picture them on some kid's wall, what I would have done with them as a kid." 
And how does he decide whether to put Cubs versus Sox ... or Sox versus Cubs? 
"Whoever hosts the games first gets the top billing." 
Prior to each game of the series, CTA employees distribute the posters as long as supplies last. 
The commemorative farecards are available for purchase in CTA vending machines across the system, throughout the month of June or while supplies last. 
Close your eyes 
Have no fear 
The monster's gone 
He's on the run 
And your Daddy's here 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Before you go to sleep 
Say a little prayer 
Every day 
In every way 
It's getting better and better 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Out on the ocean 
Sailing away 
I can hardly wait 
To see you come of age 
But I guess we'll both just have to be patient 
'Cause it's a long way to go 
A hard row to hoe 
Yes, it's a long way to go 
But in the meantime 
Before you cross the street 
Take my hand 
Life is what happens to you 
While you're busy making other plans 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Before you go to sleep 
Say a little prayer 
Every day 
In every way 
It's getting better and better 
Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful 
Beautiful boy 
Darling, darling, darling 
Darling Sean 
Good night, Sean. 
See you in the morning. 
Bright and early. 
*♪ Ohh* 
*♪ Ohh* 
*♪ Look right down* *any crowded hall* 
*♪ You see there's* *a beauty standing* 
*♪ Is she really everywhere* 
*♪ Or a reflection?* 
*♪ One always calls out to you* 
*♪ The other's shy and quiet* 
*♪ Could there be two* *different girls* 
*♪ Who look the same at* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High?* 
*♪ Meet you at Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Meet you at Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Meet you at Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Meet you* *at Sweet Valley High ♪* 
*(bell rings)* 
Really, Jess, you should find a better class of guy, someone like Todd. 
He's dependable, trustworthy, loyal... 
That's not a boyfriend. 
That's a Boy Scout. 
News show? 
What's the scoop, Mr. Collins? 
The school's installing a new in-class video system. 
As of next week, Oracle goes broadcast. 
Cool. 
Lame. 
What a great opportunity. 
I'm signing up now. 
Hello. 
Can I help you? 
You already have. 
Russ Franklin. 
I'm the video consultant for the news show. 
Oh, you're working on this? 
Mm-hmm. 
Jessica Wakefield, 
Sweet Valley's next news anchor. 
Mind if I check out some of your... equipment? 
Film major at Valley College, huh? 
Creative men really turn me on. 
Must be a really tough program. 
Yeah, it's... murder. 
We have to watch five movies a day. 
They actually expect us to pay attention. 
Brutal. 
This is the nerve center of our operation. 
From here I can hook in and put your face in every classroom in the school. 
Really? 
Awesome. 
You'd do that for me? 
Yeah, I would. 
First you have to get your audition tape put together, and, uh, Mr. Collins has final say. 
Don't worry about the camera. 
I normally only loan it out for a couple of days, but for you, you can keep it for as long as you want it. 
Thanks. 
Let me know if there's ever anything I can do for you. 
Good luck on your audition tape. 
I hope we'll be working together soon. 
Count on it. 
What are you gonna do for your audition tape, Liz? 
I'm not sure yet. 
Something with substance. 
Well, I don't know about you guys, but I want to be the director. 
How hard can it be? 
I choreographed all our best cheers this year. 
I'm sure I can handle a little news show. 
Hello, future fans and news junkies. 
Make room for Sweet Valley's new Barbara Walters. 
Since when are you interested in journalism? 
Journalism? 
It's TV news. 
Easy, Babs. 
You have to research and write your own stories. 
Details, details. 
It's a small price to pay for having my face in every classroom. 
Hey, Winston! 
What's up... 
Patman? 
Now, why so suspicious? 
"Winston"? 
What happened to Egghead, Egg-breath, 
Eggbeater, Eggnog, Egg-brain? 
Egg salad? 
Good one. 
Ha-ha! 
Winston, this thing between us is getting out of hand. 
I play a trick on you, you try to get me back. 
The anger we're building up here could scar us for life. 
Here, let me get that. 
Sit. 
Now, as I was saying, 
I think we should try to live together peacefully. 
You know, let bygones be bygones. 
Have you suffered a severe trauma of the head recently, Bruce? 
What a kidder. 
Right, Manny? 
Yeah. 
Truce? 
(snorts) 
This is nice. 
Hi, guys. 
See ya. 
Whoa, Eggman, she wants you. 
You think? 
Yeah. 
Go talk to her. 
*(fabric rips)* 
What's the matter, Egghead? 
Butt too heavy? 
Aw, gee, empty. 
Someone must've spilled glue all over the bench. 
Tough break, Eggplant. 
(laughs) 
I'll get you, Patman! 
Principal Cooper. 
Egbert, stop that horseplay and get to class. 
Can I quote you on that? 
Thank you, Mr. Superintendent. 
Elizabeth, you're here late. 
Just doing some fact-checking for my audition tape. 
Well, I know you'll do a great job. 
You asked for it, Patman. 
(hissing) 
(Manny) Hey, Bruce, wait up. 
Want to get something to eat? 
(Bruce) Great idea. 
So, why do you want to get involved with this Oracle show, anyway? 
I want to do the editorials, share my opinions. 
I feel like owe it to these simpletons to tell them how to think. 
Hey, you're the man. 
Of course. 
What about the audition tape? 
Done deal. 
Made a call. 
I'm bringing in the best director money can buy. 
(coughs) 
Good morning, Sweet Valley High. 
Today's top story... 3, 2... 
*♪ I've got some news for you* 
*♪ I am the one you need...* 
Missing school fund discovered. 
After a recent probe into the school department's budget... 
Go again. 
OK, take 14! *♪ I've got the perfect story* missing $5,000 fund... 
I've got more babes than Hugh Hefner. 
Cut! 
A director's dream. 
Take 52. 
This money will now be redirected to Sweet Valley High Activities Committee. *♪ ...news for you* 
*And that's all the news* *you need to know.* 
*Till next time,* *Sweet Valley.* 
So, what did you think? 
It's OK, I guess. 
Let's see yours. 
I'd better not. 
I wouldn't want to show you up. 
Since when? 
Trust me, Liz. 
I'm just trying to spare your feelings here. 
I want you to be able to sleep tonight. 
*(door opens/closes)* 
*(Bruce on tape)* *As if you didn't know,* *I'm Bruce Patman.* 
Talk about pompous. 
Yeah, every news team needs a windbag. 
Ah, Elizabeth's tape. 
This should be good. 
*Hey, there. 
Hello. 
Hi...* 
I can't believe it. 
I was counting on her. 
I've got someone with real potential. 
Jessica Wakefield. 
Jessica Wakefield? 
Yeah. 
I've been working with her. 
She can carry the whole show. 
I'll stake my reputation on it. 
*Good morning, Sweet Valley.* *Today's top story...* 
*Missing school fund discovered.* *After a recent probe...* 
Now, there's our anchor. 
Hi, Russ. 
(boy) Out of the way. 
Quit shoving! 
Editorial! 
Yes, the Patman does it again. 
What's it feel like to be a loser, Egg-wad? 
There's no justice! 
Yes, I got anchor! 
Yes! 
I got the Fashion Forecast. 
Taste finally arrives at Sweet Valley High. 
(girl) I know. 
She's gonna be great. 
(boy) Oh, well... 
*(boy #2)* OK... 
So, Russ, looks like we'll be working some long hours together. 
It'll be my pleasure. 
Well, that's a start. 
Jessica and Lila got on and I didn't? 
There must be some mistake. 
Maybe you should talk to Mr. Collins. 
OK, news team, come get your story assignments. 
Go on. 
I will. 
Go get your assignment. 
I'll be fine. 
You did an exceptional job, Jessica. 
I was good, wasn't I? 
So, it looks like a tough assignment. 
Maybe you could give me a hand. 
Or maybe both hands. 
OK, those who didn't get talent positions, there's room on the crew. 
Talk to Patty. 
I thought my tape was really great. 
Elizabeth, some people like yourself excel at the written word. 
Not everyone's meant to be an on-air personality. 
There's still room on the crew. 
Get it together! 
We've got a show to do here. 
Enid, did you get that? 
(Todd) Man, Patty's really trippingon this director business. 
(Patty) People, please! 
Are you feeling any better? 
Not really. 
You're still *The Oracle's* star writer. 
No one can ever take that away from you. 
I wanted it so bad, Todd, and I thought my work was really great. 
Well, what did Collins say? 
There's nothing he can do. 
If you ask me, they should change the name from *Oracle On-Air* to *Airheads On-Air.* 
Hey... 
Present company excluded, of course. 
Hi, Liz... 
Todd. 
Have you met Russ? 
Yes, I have. 
Well, just wanted to say hi. 
Don't forget to watch me tomorrow. 
Is it wrong to hate your sister with a passion? 
In this case, I think it's required. 
I'd better get home. 
I feel a murder coming on. 
Mm, college man. 
Hi, I'm Lila. 
Which Greek god are you? 
Lila, Russ and I are trying to talk here. 
Russ, is it? 
(trills) Russ. 
Sounds kind of like an animal, doesn't it? 
Your nose is shiny. 
It is? 
It is not. 
Is it? 
If you're lying... 
Back in a flash. 
Let's bail before she comes back and ruptures a hormone. 
Bye. 
Manny. 
And I want a lot of closeups. 
Hello? 
Winston? 
Are you in this time zone? 
Hmm? 
Oh, yeah. 
Zooms, closeups, lots of energy... 
Gotta go. 
Bye. 
Focus here, people, focus. 
Remind me to talk to him about his attention span. 
What? 
Here's a little present for you, trashman. 
Whoa. 
*(revving engine)* 
Aah! 
Principal Cooper? 
Can you believe these people don't separate their paper from plastic? 
Egbert, down, now. 
Just doing... my part to save the environment. 
Liz, wake up. 
You've got to help me with my stories. 
Your stories? 
Don't tell me you didn't write them. 
Of course I wrote them. 
OK, so maybe I didn't write them. 
Jess. 
It's not my fault. 
I didn't get in until 3:00. 
We went to the movies. 
All night? 
What did you see? 
I don't know. 
Russ was in the way. 
Anyway... 
Liz, please. 
Here's the pen. 
I'm begging. 
Why can't you do it? 
I have to put on my makeup. 
You've got two hours. 
I know. 
It'll be tight, but I can just skip my bikini wax. 
I'm sorry, Jess, but this is your assignment. 
You'll have to do it yourself. 
Oh, I get it. 
You wanted this anchor job for yourself, and this is your way of getting back at me. 
You'd let your own sister go down in flames just to satisfy your petty jealousy. 
All right... but this is the last time I bail you out. 
You're the greatest. 
Afterwards, I'll tell Collins you wrote the stories. 
He'll see how good you are, he'll let you write all my stories. 
Me in front of the camera and you behind. 
We could be a team. 
*Good morning, Sweet Valley.* *Today's top story...* 
Jessica. 
Have you seen Elizabeth? 
Nope. 
Ten minutes, people. 
Jessica, I need to proof your copy. 
Sorry, Mr. C. Liz is still Xeroxing it. 
OK, looks good, Camera One. 
Camera Two, zoom out. 
Camera Two? 
Hello, Camera Two? 
What is that, Manny? 
Oh, sorry. 
Elizabeth, where have you been? 
I need my stories! 
These are blank. 
They are? 
Silly me. 
I must have mixed up the stories I wrote with the ones you wrote. 
Is there some kind of irony here? 
How can you stand there and pretend you don't know what I'm talking about? 
Practice? 
You knew how much I wanted to be anchor, and you switched the tapes just so you could get the job. 
Or was it Russ you really wanted? 
30 seconds! 
Where's Jessica? 
OK, OK. 
I admit it. 
I was dishonest, selfish and wrong. 
Now, can I please just have my stories? 
Jessica, you're on now. 
But the stories! 
No time to proof them. 
I'll just have to trust you. 
Now, go, all right? 
We're live, remember? 
5, 4, 3, 2... 
Hello, I'm Jessica Fakewiel... 
Wakefield... with the *Oracle On-Air News.* 
So, here we are... our first live broadcast. 
This doesn't look good. 
Oh, the news. 
Well, a lot has happened this week. 
Bunches. 
And now... with details, my sister Elizabeth. 
I should've known. 
Go get 'em. 
(Patty) Manny, pick up Liz as she comes in. 
Thank you, Jessica. 
Anytime. 
Good morning, Sweet Valley. 
Today's top story... 
Missing school fund discovered after a recent probe into the school department budget... 
We should talk. 
Winston, it still says "Jessica." 
Type in a new card for Elizabeth. 
You got it. *the superintendent of schools,* 
*this money* *will now be redirected* 
*to Sweet Valley High* *Activities Committee...* 
Great. 
You're up next, Bruce. 
(mutters) Bruce. 
And that's all the news you need to know. 
Till next time, Sweet Valley. 
And now, with his... unique take on Sweet Valley, 
Bruce Patman. 
Thank you, Jess... 
*I mean, Elizabeth.* 
Where's his card? 
It's coming right up. 
*Hello, fellow Gladiators.* 
*And as if you didn't know,* *I'm Bruce Patman,* 
*and this is* *the Patman perspective...* 
(giggling) 
I'm really sorry. 
This has to be done. 
What did Collins say? 
I have to talk to the principal. 
Can't say you don't deserve it. 
Hey, nice move back there. 
You really got me. 
Yeah, I did, didn't I? 
I'm impressed. 
You're a nightmare. 
*But I say there's nothing wrong* *with having money.* (Patty) Winston! 
*I love the way money feels.* *I love the way money smells.* 
I love what money does for me. 
*I never go anywhere* *without my money.* 
I've got more money than money can buy. 
It's the best thing in the world besides my Porsche. 
Bruce, you were great today. 
Those jokes running under your editorial were a howl. 
Uh, jokes? 
Don't be so modest. 
Money's the name of your gerbil? 
That's funny stuff. 
(Winston) Gotcha, Patman. 
Egbert. 
Hey, Russ, now that I'm gonna have more free time, what do you say we spend it together? 
I'd say, "I don't think so, Jess." 
Well, what's the matter? 
Jessica, you made a fool out of yourself and you made a fool out of me. 
You're just gonna have to excuse me. 
Yeah, you don't call me. 
I'll call you. 
Film geek. 
Hey, Rob, wait up. 
*♪ Look right down* *any crowded hall* 
*♪ You see there's* *a beauty standing* 
*♪ Is she really everywhere* 
*♪ Or a reflection?* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Meet you at Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Sweet Valley* 
*♪ Sweet Valley High* 
*♪ Meet you* *at Sweet Valley High ♪* 
Not in this particular program. 
Yeah, somebody asked, Glenn asked if it has a built-in spell checker, and it does not. 
If you were to invoke the edit menu while you're on "This Words" 
There is an option in there that says "replace." 
And replace essentially suggests misspellings. 
But it does not do a document-wide check as you're used to with Microsoft Word or Word Perfect. 
It does it on a word-by-word basis. 
Do you have a microphone or no? ...Zahir, oh, ok, good. 
I want to make sure that people on the phone.. what Zahir was saying that 
There is an edit mode that lets you go into a replace mode and it'll actually give you suggestions for a given misspelled word. 
But you can't do a document check for all of your errors like you can, with, you know, more sophisticated spell checkers. 
I've never played with that. 
And when I get home, that's something I'm going to mess around with. 
It sounds like it would be a good thing for me to know about. 
[Apple software speaking voice reading letters of the alphabet] 
Alright, so now ... [Apple software speaking voice] 
Someone is saying I have two spaces. 
And I'll tell you, I'll tell you what's confusing. 
And this is something, it takes a little bit getting used to. 
For those of you who are Windows screen reader users-- when you are move letter by letter or word by word you are always on the character that you are landing on. 
And if you type, you're always going to push that character to the right. 
So whether you're moving three words or ten letters, it doesn't matter. 
Your cursor is always going to end up on the character that will be pushed to the right if you type. 
With the i devices, the difference is significant, in that, if you arrow to the left you're before the word or letter. 
If you arrow to the right, you're after the letter. 
And one of the things I keep doing now is I'm hitting the Option Right arrow-- um, and I'm thinking I'm before the word, but I'm actually ending up after the word. 
So, I'm actually finding that a little confusing myself because I've been working on a Windows PC all week and this is a little bit different for me, cuz I haven't taken notes with this maybe in a week, week and half. 
So, let me see if I can quickly get this word fixed here for you guys. 
[Apple software speaking voice reading letters of the alphabet, speaking some words] 
And what I'm showing you guys, and this is very interesting, you can tell, all the notes I take 
I email to myself. 
I don't edit them on this device. 
I email them to my PC. 
And I edit them using Windows. 
So, I'm really good at taking notes on this; I am terrible at editing. 
And it just means if I really wanted to become good at actually... 
If I had to do final papers or let's say documents for my boss or something on this device, I would really have to practice using that before and after letter, ah, issue I was just talking about. 
But it's really confusing if you're not used to it. 
Because sometimes you're before the letter, sometimes you're after, depending on the direction you've moved. 
And I'm making a big deal of that because I don't want that to throw anyone or convince anyone not to do this. 
Ah, it's just something that if you practice with, it's fine. 
When I go to meetings, I just do a lot of writing. 
And there's a thing in here where you can email the note to yourself. 
And you get all the text, errors included, and that works out great. 
There's actually, If I can input here, there's actually a very good article on macaccessibility.net and that's www.macaccessbility.net, under the tutorials section that describes the cursor and how the cursor in mac or ios differs from the cursor in Windows. 
Uh, it describes it really well. 
That's what I read when I started using the ios devices cuz it got, it got me confused too. 
I'm like 'Wait a minute,' 
'I didn't want to delete that character, I wanted to delete the one to the left.' 
Then I read that article and now I realize that the cursor is different between the two operating systems, and so it's ah... 
I still make mistakes myself. 
It takes a bit of getting used to. 
I have done editing on here. 
But yeah, it's, It's definitely different than Windows. 
[new speaker] 
And it's actually kind of neat because it's much more precise, but if you're not used to it it can really throw you. 
And I don't want to waste everyone's time. 
If I were home, I'd spend the next ten minutes making this pristine just for the challenge, but I'm not going to waste everybody's time and do that. 
[Audience member] 
Thank you. 
Um..There's a lot of different places throughout the iPhone that you can actually go into edit mode, you'd like to be able to go into edit mode, like in the search fields, and um, and ah, text messaging, and things like that. 
Does this keyboard, this edit mode, work in every single one of the iPhone apps? 
Or does it only work in the notes? 
Um, the keyboard will work in any of the edit fields. 
That's the nice thing about all of the ios devices. 
If you have an edit field in texting, or whether it's in notes, or Navigon, or any field, or any application, this keyboard's going to work with it. cuz an edit box is an edit box. and if the developer has-- [sudden library announcement over PA system] 
We just got an announcement, for those on the phone, about a film Jurassic Park is being played, I guess somewhere in this building, I don't know. 
But , um, the nice thing is, if the developer has written the application properly, and it works well with voice over, any edit box you get to, you can turn Quick Navigation off and you have this whole facility of being able to move by line, character, word, cut, copy and paste. 
If you hold down Option and hit left and right arrow you'll move by word. 
You can do Command X to cut text, Command C to copy, Command V to paste--just like Control X, C, and V will do it in Windows. 
It's really wonderful. 
So, yeah, any edit box is going to work. 
[teleconference caller] 
How do you turn on QuickNav again? 
[coordinator] 
Um, sorry, question from the phone, would you repeat the question? 
[teleconference caller] 
How do you turn on QuickNav? 
[panelist] 
I didn't hear the question. 
[coordinator] 
We can't hear the question. 
It's something to do with quick nav. 
[teleconference caller] 
How do you turn it off and on? 
[coordinator] 
How do you turn QuickNav off and on? 
[panelist] 
Great question. 
On the keyboard, you hold the left and right... ok, you hit the left and right arrow keys together. ... 
It just said "quick nav on." 
And I'm going to hit them together again, [software speaks] 
"Quick nav off." 
It's a toggle. 
And the great thing about that is you can turn Quick Nav on, quickly move to the edit box, then turn Quick Nav off and, just, start, you know, typing away. 
Or If the edit box isn't selected, and you want to edit, you can actually, if you move to with Quick Nav ... if you press the up and down arrow keys at the same time to go into the edit box, it will automatically turn Quick Nav off for you. 
Good point. 
[Other panelist] 
Yeah, that's the way I do it, [laughter] it seems to work fairly reliably. 
[Coordinator] 
Um, there's a, hang ...There's another question from the phone. 
Go ahead. 
[indecipherable question] 
[Coordinator] 
So let me start with that. 
So if you're in a meeting and you're taking notes, ... and you either have voice over off and your headphones on...okay continue with the question. 
[Teleconference caller] 
That's my question. 
[Coordinator] 
That, So your question is, "When you're in a meeting taking notes, which option do you use"? 
Or, do you need voice over off when you have your headphones on? 
Do you guys understand the question? 
[Panelist] 
You definitely need voice over on. 
Voice over will work fine with head phones. 
[lower tone] 
I think that's what she was asking? 
[Coordinator] 
So Is your quest....is the answer you have voice over on when you have headphones on the answer to your question? 
long pause.....[teleconference caller] 
Uh...Yeah, I guess it is. 
[undecipherable conversation between two teleconference callers] 
You would have to wear your headset otherwise [undecipherable] 
[Coordinator] 
If I understand the question correctly, as a Skype user, ah, in setting up whether or not you're going to use the computer's built-in microphone and speaker ah, that is an option that needs to be selected. 
If you're going to use a headset, look forward to the option of listening through the computer speaker the headset speaker, and speaking into the mic. 
Does that answer your question? 
[Teleconference caller] 
Yes. 
[Phone coordinator] 
Ok. 
[Audience member] 
How do you select text using the keyboard? 
[Panelist] 
Um, I was alluding to that a little bit earlier. 
You select text by holding down, ah, the, I think Command A, will select all the text. 
Ah, command.... 
[Other panelist] 
I think it's Shift. 
[Panelist answering question] 
Shift. 
I'm sorry. 
Yeah, if you hold down the Shift key. 
And then use, ah, either the Arrow keys, or the Option left and right arrows, you can select by character or word. 
But you use the Shift key in the same way that you would in Windows. 
Um, You're holding down the Shift key and left and right arrow is going to select a character at a time. 
And then Shift Command left and right arrow for example would allow you to select a word at a time. 
And then you would use of course your Command X, Command C, Command V, commands to either cut, copy, and then paste that selected text. 
Obviously, I'm not going to get into that demonstrated at the moment. 
I can't even fix a misspelled word here. 
So, I don't want to, I don't want to press my luck here. 
Again, but you know that shows how I use it. 
I do a lot of typing in meetings. 
And I just send raw text with loaded with mistakes right to um, there's a way to do that in email. 
It goes to my email box as a text file--right in the email message. 
And then I can save it down, and then bring it into Notepad or Edsharp which I use a lot, or even Word if you want. 
And then I just do most of my editing right on the PC itself. 
So, I don't do a lot of selecting of text on the i device, but you certainly can do it, and it does work. 
[Other panelist] 
I've done it, and it does work very well. 
[First panelist] 
I should let you do that part. 
You can fix my word here too. 
[indecipherable chatter] 
[Other panelist] 
I will tell you guys, while Don's been talking, I've been up here occasionally and Chris, you tweeted to me, I responded. 
I've been actually tweeting. 
This answers your question Glen earlier. 
I'm using a wireless bluetooth keyboard connected to my phone and a bluetooth headset, which is why you guys haven't heard my phone babbling to tweet to various things that people have been answering. 
[undecipherable comments] 
[Other panelist] 
Not my phone you can't. 
[Coordinator in back of room] 
I can't hear it from here. 
[Other panelist] 
My phone? 
[Coordinator in back of room] 
No, I said I cannot hear it from here. 
No, cuz I'm using a bluetooth headset. 
[undecipherable] 
[laughter] [more laughter] 
[personal chatting] 
[Flute music] 
LlGHT 
[Mooji:] 
'Mooji,' it says. 
'Buddha,' 
This one I don't know: 
'Kovan' Kovan? 
'... 
Kovan, Shiva, Jesus...' and then in brackets it says, 
I think, '[Matthew 6:21] all speak of the light, as does Ramana Maharshi. 
They describe it as self-effulgent. 
Can these be enlightenment... 
Can there be enlightenment  without light? 
What does the third eye see? 
Love and respect,' 
I don't know if it says 'Tim,' 
I am not sure if it's what... 
Okay. 
'Buddha, 
Kovan...'? 
Am I saying something  like we know? 
'...Shiva, Jesus in [Matthew 6:21] all speaks of the light, as does Ramana Maharshi.' 
He describes it as self-effulgent. 
'Can these be... 
Can there be enlightenment without light?' 
If enlightenment... we're using this term,  'enlightenment'; enlightenment means to bring light  to the mind, maybe, not to the Self. 
Because even the term 'guru,' it means the remover of darkness, which, here, means ignorance, not the giver of light, even. 
But let's speak  about this light. 
Does the Self  need to be enlightened? 
It cannot be. 
It gives light to consciousness and the mind, but It, itself,  is the source of light. 
But light  is also a phenomenon; 
light is also perceived. 
Space is also perceived, because it is said that amongst all the elements known to us, that space is the most subtle. 
And we are the perceivers  of space, so something subtler  also than space is here. 
To the extent that we can say even the perceiving of space  is perceived. 
You cannot use your mind here. 
Mind will only create images and images are gross forms, are emanating out of that. 
The image is itself seen, the image  cannot witness itself. 
A cloud doesn't know  it is passing. 
A flower doesn't know  it is beautiful. 
To whom do they appear? 
This one. 
And this one sees them with the light of consciousness. 
The light that emanates from consciousness, this is revealing the forms of the creation,  you see. 
So that is also seen. 
So, the question: 
Sri Ramana, he describes it as  self-effulgent. 
Not relying  upon something else. 
Not relying  upon something else. 
The moon, they say, has no light of its own. 
I am told this; 
I never could prove it. 
They say the moon  doesn't have a light of its own, that it is reflecting only  the light from the sun. 
This is what I'm told,  like that. 
Okay? 
The sun is not depending  on something else. 
The moon is depending  on something; the moon is depending  on the sun's light in order to reflect  even this coolness that we enjoy. 
So, mind is like this moon and mind's light  is like this moonlight. 
It also can only reflect, also, 
Hm? the energy that's coming  from the sun-self, it's like that. 
And the light of the sun and the sun are one. 
Harmony. 
Like the fragrance  of a flower and the flower, they are one, not two separate things. 
They are like one. 
But the smell can come,  the flower can come. 
And this one is saying, 
'... that which is  self-effulgent.' 
I don't think 'self effulgent' - 
I'm not sure  about this term 'effulgent' - somebody can help me? 
Effulgent means self-radiating? 
Self-radiating. 
Then, if he speaks  about a light which is self-radiating, then it can only be  a metaphor for the Self, not the phenomenon  of light only. 
It must be  some metaphor for Self, because Self is beyond  light and darkness. 
In It,  light and darkness manifest, time and space manifest through  the mind and consciousness. 
All of these can appear. 
But It, itself,  is not an appearance. 
Hm? 
What are we speaking about? 
You! 
It's not  some abstract principle, somewhere behind here; that's also an idea. 
And when you  keep on looking and seeing that everything that has form depends upon a formless seer  of them, somehow. 
All of them report back, as far back as the attention can follow. 
It evolves into emptiness. 
Everything is coming back  to emptiness. 
You have to prove this  for yourself. 
This is why  I don't say it's a teaching; it's pointing. 
Look. 
Ultimately, can what we are be a phenomenon? 
And a phenomenon  cannot witness itself. 
We say the ego  is aware of itself, but what's aware of that? 
So that awareness somehow comes into emptiness again. 
And it is  the experience of this that brings clarity  and peace to the mind. 
'What does the third eye see?' 
First, the second eye  and the first eye, then they are seeing  only things. 
And the third eye  is seeing what, also? 
They call 'eye of intuition,' what is that one seeing? 
Hm? 
[Music plays in the background] 
[M:] 
Its light  is understanding, that is the light  of the third eye: intuitive understanding. 
But what sees third eye, also? 
Can the Seer of the third eye  be seen? 
And by whom? 
All these questions,  they can be solved here. 
Okay. 
[M:] 
Okay. www.mooji.org 
Discover 
Create 
Learn 
Participate 
Ministry of Education of the Nation 
It's a philosophy program presented through television. 
You asked youselves, "Why are we here?" 
"I exist, because I think." 
Man thinks... 
It's the place where all knowledge is thought. 
Descartes is a hero of thought. 
It's difficult to face the big questions of life. 
It's a book by Jean Paul Sartre...criticism of dialectical reasoning. 
Hegel:This is the history of the philosophy of Hegel. 
Philosophy is the totality of what is real. 
Philosophy: 
Here & Now 
Meeting 7 -- Hegel, Master-Slave Dialectic 
Contents: 
1. 
What is it that man desires? 
2. 
Who creates culture? 
3. 
How does the dialectic history of Hegel develop? 
4. 
From Idealism to Materialism. 
How to think about new historical subjects. 
1. 
What is it that man desires? 
In the Phenomenology of the Mind, which is Hegel's magnum opus published in 1807, there is a well known passage one of the highest moments in philosophy in which Hegel develops what is known as the Master-Slave Dialectic 
During the 1930s in France, a Russian philosopher named Alexandre Kojeve gave some courses about the Master-Slave Dialectic to some people who had gone to...pretty important philosophers like 
Merlo Pont, Jacques Lacan, Raymon Queneau, and its said that Jean Paul Sartre got the notes 
The Master-Slave dialectic sets out the origen of history. 
How did history begin? 
Perhaps no one ever asked himself this but the beginning of history is the beginning of human relations 
For Hegel, history began when two wills clashed, two desiring wills 
First let's differentiate between the human will and the animal will 
The human will seeks other wills. 
To wit: the will of one man seeks the will of another 
That is: he desires that the other recognize him ...that he recognize him as the superior. ..that he submits. 
So that I seek the will of the other. 
I want the other to recognize me and submit to me. 
And I'm going to constitute myself when this happens 
The relationship that is going to be established between the other and myself 
But at first the man seeks wills. 
The animal seeks things and the things that it seeks it usually eats. 
It desires natural things. 
But man doesn't seek natural things 
The consciousness is desire. 
Monsieur, c'est dommage 
We met earlier tonight at the party, Dali, si? 
Yes 
Dali! 
I remember, yeah 
Dali! 
Thank you 
Monsieur, un otro sil vouis plait 
Love the language 
The french 
The waiters, no 
You like the shape of the rhinoceros? 
The rhinoceros? 
Uhh, I havent really thought about it 
I paint the rhinoceros 
Si, you have sad eyes 
And big lips, melting over the hot sand 
With one tear 
Yes and in your tear, another face 
The Christ face, yes 
For the zillionth time, Dad, I'm an adult. 
You don't have to stalk me. 
Georgia, I said I'm dropping you off. 
Now, just take off that shell and get in the car. 
Dad, my costume is the business. 
I don't want it to get crushed. 
You look fantastic, love. 
I just don't want you walking around the streets on your own. 
Do you have any idea how long it took to get this right? 
I have to make an entrance. 
What's that? 
And what are you supposed to be? 
An obese leprechaun? 
Anyone can see I'm a stuffed olive. 
Stuffed is right. 
What happened to you, Ellen? 
You were supposed to come as a cocktail sausage. 
Well, my mum said no, her being a vegetarian and all. 
Jas? 
Cheese and pineapple stick? 
Well, the cheese made me look fat and yellow washes me out. 
I didn't know how to be a vol au vent. 
But we said we'd all go as hors d'oeuvres to be original. 
It was supposed to be a laugh. 
But boys don't like girls for funniness. 
- Sorry, Georgia. 
- Wait, Georgia. 
- Georgia, don't go. 
- Georgia! 
Georgia, what are you doing? 
You'll be late for your first day back at school. 
I'm coming. 
- Georgia, Mummy wants you. 
- Libby. 
Oh, flip, flipper and flipping hell! 
Excusez-moi. 
C'est trés grotesque. 
If you don't mind? 
Oi! 
Cheeky. 
Libby, stop putting Angus in the fridge. 
What do you want for breakfast, munchkin? 
Stuffed olive? 
Just because I did something so beyond the Valley of Sad City last night it doesn't give you the right, as my parents, to humiliate me further. 
Today is the first day of my life as the new Georgia. 
And who is she, my little elf? 
She's not an "elf". 
Not a munchkin. 
She is a mature, sophisticated woman called Ms Georgia Nicolson. 
So, to celebrate the new me, 
I've decided what I want to do for my birthday party this year. 
I want a proper party in a club, with a D.J. 
You're not old enough to get into a club, never mind hire one out for a party. 
If you haven't noticed, I'm a woman now. 
I wear a bra! 
Bob. 
Are you really trying to damage me permanently? 
There's no way that you are having a party in a club where there's drinking, and it's full of randy men. 
What sort of parents do you think we are? 
- Do you really want me to answer that? 
- That's enough, missy. 
- Why would we damage you? 
- We made you. 
Honestly, Georgia, this attitude is... 
Welcome to the tragic universe that is my sad life. 
Why? 
I'll give you five major reasons why. 
Number one, my parents are from the Stone Age. 
- No us, no you. 
- God knows what you'd do. 
- You understand? 
You wouldn't exist. 
- Yeah. 
Number two, they hate me having a life 'cause theirs are practically over and mine's just starting. 
- And it's not good enough. 
- Honestly. 
Every year it's... 
- Number three. ...a performance... 
My little sister's bonkers. 
Poor Angus will need even more therapy than me. 
- A lot of trouble! ...because of your fifteenth birthday... 
- Number four... ...it's not good enough. - ... my nose is the size of Jupiter. ...so ungrateful. 
- I need to go into an ugly home. 
- Georgia, what have you gone and done now? 
How did you manage to pluck them all so quickly? 
You haven't, have you? 
Oh, crikey. 
Bob, she shaved them. 
Number five, I'll never get a boyfriend. 
What's the hurry with growing up so fast? 
Why don't you just enjoy being 14? 
Enjoy being 14? 
How twisted is that? 
And if home isn't mental enough, 
I have to spend all day at this loony bin, or as some people call it, school. 
Sometimes I think Jas and I are the only normal people here. 
There's Dave the Laugh. 
- Why do they even call him that? 
- Okay, now get this one. 
Boys are such a mystery. 
- Yeah, how was that? 
- Oi, Nicolson! 
Watch it. 
The Bummer Twins are the school bullies. 
- Twice as mean. 
- What? 
Twice as mingy. 
Lindsay "Slag" Marling from the year above. 
She really is Miss Slag of the Century. 
And where did she get those bazoomas? 
How did they grow that fast? 
Two minutes to lessons, children. 
Let's not start the term with a detention, Nicolson. 
Our headmistress, Slim, likes to oppress me, 
'cause I caught her once with her skirt in her knickers. 
I laughed so much I nearly fainted. 
- Hey, guys! 
- Luckily I've got my Ace Gang to fill in the long hours before we get released. 
- Christmas tree. 
- D.J. 
Ellen, Rosie, Jas and moi. 
Now, when your hands are numb you lift them up to your bazoomas and press. 
See? 
It feels like someone else is touching them, not your own hands, right? 
- Wow. 
Freakilicious. 
- Oh, I could get used to this. 
I don't think we should be doing this. 
It's kind of lesbiany. 
Well, you asked me what it was like to be felt up. 
So, what's the best thing about having a boyfriend then? 
It just feels really natural. 
You know, really grown up. 
And the snogging is wicked. 
Sven uses varying pressure. 
That's what foreign boys do. 
My parents snog occasionally. 
Even at their age. 
Cringey. 
Seeing old people over the age of 30 snogging is just horrific. 
Of all of the boys I've ever snogged, Sven is definitely the best. 
'Cause he's emotional. 
Where have you got to on the snogging scale? 
What? 
Jas and I invented a snogging scale. 
The Ten Stages of Snogging. 
- You're mad. 
- No. 
It's scientific. 
- How would you know anything about it? 
- Please. 
- Who got 82% in Bio? 
- True. 
We cut out all the letters about kissing from the problem pages of every girls' magazine. 
So, it starts with level one, holding hands. 
Two, arms around waist. 
Three, good night kiss. 
Four, kiss lasting over three minutes without breath. 
- Five, open mouth kissing. 
- Number six, tongues. 
Oh, my God. 
Seven, upper body fondling outdoors. 
Eight... 
Oh, my God. 
I've gone all jelloid. 
- Who are those fitties? 
- They're well beyond fit, they're lush. 
They are sex gods. 
- They must be newbies. 
- Ace Gang, it's boy-stalking time. 
Ladies? 
- They have mushy peas and chips. 
- Yeah, yeah. 
Yeah, definitely. 
I want them! 
You're here. 
You're late. 
Get changed. 
We're going on a family outing. 
- Do we have to? 
- What do you mean, do we have to? 
You used to love doing things with the family. 
Georgia, don't start, not tonight. 
We're going to the Bonker's Buffet and your granddad's coming as well. 
Oh, look out. 
Oh, no. 
They're Granddad's teeth. 
Granddad's teeth. 
So, the sex gods are twins. 
- C'est magnifique. 
- Marvy. 
- But they're not identical. 
- Obviously, Jas. 
They're two years above us. 
Jackie's got Geography with the one called Tom. 
She says he just moved here from London. 
London! 
I knew they were cosmopolitan. 
Apparently their family just opened an organic shop on the high street. 
Dishy and nutritious. 
So, G, Tom or Robbie? 
Which brother do you want? 
- What about me? 
- El, we saw them first. 
That's not fair! 
Ellen, you have to be emotionally sorted to be ready for a boyfriend. 
Jas and I are there. 
We even devised a snogging scale. 
That proves it. 
We have to know ourselves, to see how boys see us. 
Can you handle that? 
Okay, so it's time for the Physical Attractiveness Test. 
Finished. 
You lot are so sweet. 
I got mostly eights for everything. 
- So did I. - Me, too. 
Hey, who gave me a four for my nose? 
And look. 
Someone else gave my mouth a six and one third. 
What's wrong with my mouth? 
God, I'm having a nervy B. 
We've only gone over the plan a gazillion times. 
You don't need to have a breakdown. 
Just stick to your lines and we'll be fine. 
Okay. 
How's my hair? 
Very Keira Knightley. 
Just get in there, you minger. 
Remember, lower your voice so you sound sexier. 
Okay. 
- Hi there, how are you? 
- Oh, fine, thanks. 
- Can I get some onions please? 
- Onions. 
Red ones? 
- Yeah. 
- How many? 
Just a pound, please. 
- A pound. 
- Yeah. 
- These are nice ones, these are. 
- Great. 
What are you doing? 
Jas? 
Hey, Jas. 
Quelle surprise. 
What a shock to see you here. 
I want this brother. 
That's fine. 
Just stop playing with your hair. 
How nice to see you, Georgia. 
I was just picking up some onions for my mum. 
Well, you know your onions, don't you, Jas? 
You've been eating organic food for ages. 
Cool. 
Oh, I'm sorry. 
This is my friend, Georgia. 
- I'm Jas. 
- Hi, I'm Tom. 
Do you need something for a sore throat? 
- So, what school are you two at? 
- Ridgley. 
Ridgley? 
Me, too. 
Just started. 
- Here you go. 
- Thanks, Robbie. 
That's all right. 
Can't let my brother work hard serving good looking girls without a cup of tea. 
Sorry? 
- Apples. 
She likes apples. 
- Great. 
About a pound, yeah? 
Robbie, this is Jas and Georgia. 
They go to Ridgley too. 
Okay. 
Yeah, I thought I recognised them. 
Tom, I got to move. 
I got band practice. 
- You're in a band. 
- Yeah, some mates from London. 
- Oh, what are you called? 
- The Stiff Dylans. 
- Great name. 
- Thanks. 
I'm a bass player. 
Did you know bass players have really big hands? 
I guess they do. 
I do have big hands. 
Hey, Jubbly. 
Is that my little Jubbly? 
Come here, little Jubbly Jubbly. 
- You like cats? 
- Yeah, love them. 
Don't I, lovely Jubbly? 
Do you have one? 
Angus. 
Her cat's called Angus. 
He's part Scottish wildcat. 
I used to walk him by the sea. 
But he ate his collar. 
- And his lead. 
- What? 
Georgia? 
What are you doing here? 
You hate vegetables. 
Mum, you're so funny. 
I'm getting apples. 
- My favourites. 
- But apples give you wind. 
What a lovely selection of Brie. 
How am I ever going to be able to face him again? 
My mum is so beyond the Valley of the Thick. 
- She wasn't that bad. 
- What? 
Telling the only cool boy in Eastbourne I have flatulence issues is okay? 
I don't think he took any notice. 
And, anyway, he was well into you before your mum came in. 
- Do you think so? 
- Yeah. 
You were great asking him about his band and stuff. 
- And he likes cats, like me. 
- Yep. 
Did you see the way Tom held onto my hand a little too much 
- when he gave me the onions? 
- He didn't! 
He is so gorgeous! 
They're both beyond the Valley of the Gorgeous. 
Oh, are you sure my mum hasn't ruined it? 
Oh, GG, it was really fab. 
- Fabbity fab? 
- With knobs on. 
And Robbie will understand. 
All parents say stupid things. 
He'll probably like you more 'cause he'll feel bad you've got a mum that's beyond bonkerdom. 
You're right. 
God, Robbie's just so muscley and dreamy and... 
- Tom said, "See you later." 
- I know. 
So did Robbie. 
- What exactly does that mean? 
- I'm not sure. 
Do you think Tom says that to everyone 
like a sort of "See you later" sort of thing? 
No. 
He wouldn't say "See you later" slowly unless he means "See you later." 
Otherwise he would just say "See ya later." 
- Don't you get it? 
- When is later then? 
I don't know. 
I'm not boy lingual yet. 
But I tell you what. 
I see a snog at the end of the tunnel. 
Big fish little fish cardboard box 
Big fish little fish cardboard box Fill the trolley fill 
Lindsay, stop it. 
You don't have to come. 
Oh, Robbie, stop. 
I promise I won't get in the way. 
Oh, no. 
I don't mind, honestly. 
Come on. 
Lindsay, stop messing about there. 
All right? 
Or you'll just have to sit in the back then. 
Oh, Robbie. 
Maybe they're just mates. 
Don't be a plonker, El. 
Mates don't hold hands. 
I already feel fed up with boys, and I haven't had anything to do with them yet. 
I don't know how she got in there before you. 
- I can never compete with Lindsay. 
- Yes, you can. 
You've got much better qualities than her. 
Yeah? 
Like what? 
- Well, you're really funny. 
- Yeah. 
You were so hilarious in that olive costume. 
But, Jas, you said boys don't rate girls for funniness. 
Well, I just meant that they rate other things more. 
Oh, yeah. 
What do they rate then? 
Skinny-Minnie blondie boobie girly girls like Slaggy Lindsay? 
Well, she does have that cover-girl look that boys die for. 
So, are you saying I have to be more like her? 
Thong alert! 
I always knew she was from Vulgaria. 
- Now that's what boys like. 
- But they just go up your bum. 
- Nah. 
- Do you think you should try one? 
No way. 
I'm not gonna injure myself just because boys like it. 
And Slaggy Lindsay should know that all those ancient women did not burn their bras and give women the vote so she could wear a thong. 
What a swiz! 
- That is just diabolical. 
- No, that is shocking. 
Bet you Robbie doesn't know about that. 
At least I sort of fill up my bra when I wear one. 
Even though it does bunch up when I run for the bus. 
So, she has false boobs, a massive bum and a blank personality. 
You would score more in all of those areas. 
Defo. 
But she's got Robbie and I haven't even kissed a boy. 
I can't. 
You want to move up on the maturity scale, right? 
I'm not that desperate. 
You have to step up to compete. 
It's educational. 
You'll gain skills Lindsay can only dream of. 
- Hi. 
- Hi. 
Are you Peter Dyer? 
The man, the myth, the legend. 
- Your parents aren't here, are they? 
- No. 
My hours are between 4:30 and 5:30 before they get back from work. 
Any musical requests? 
The right tune creates the right vibe. 
Coldplay? 
50 Cent? 
Dido? 
Inner Relaxation Mix? 
Whatever. 
You choose. 
Now, what kind of experience do you have? 
Oh, loads. 
You have to be completely honest so I can evaluate you accurately. 
Okay, I guess I practise a lot on the back of my hand. 
On average a person will have over 25,000 snogs in their lifetime. 
So close your eyes, relax, feel the magic. 
We're going to do a standard one first. 
Wow, you're a natural. 
- Really? 
- Not too firm or toothy. 
- That's very common with beginners. 
- Great. 
Next, movement. 
When I move my head in you go the other way. 
The boy leads and the girl always fits in. 
- Where should I put my hands? 
- The waist is safest. 
You're a quick learner. 
Now, tongues. 
They're a health and safety issue. 
The secret is to strike the right balance between yielding and giving. 
Start slowly, like a turtle, not a lizard. 
Avoid washing machine syndrome. 
Sadly, this session's over. 
My next client's here. 
- Hi, Georgia. 
- Hi, El. 
Thank you, Georgia. 
I'll be in touch. 
You did tongues, didn't you? 
Number six. 
You did a big fat tongue sandwich, didn't you? 
Oh, my God. 
All I know is, he was from Saliva City. 
But who cares? 
I'm a snogging sensation. 
Wait! 
Mum? 
Dad? 
I just want you both to know how much I really appreciate all you've done for me. 
I mean, it can't be easy since you can hardly remember being my age 
'cause it was so long ago. 
Have you been inhaling fumes from the science lab? 
I want to talk party details. 
Oh, Georgia. 
I told you I needed to talk about something important. 
Oh, this is important! 
- Oh, all right! 
You go first. 
- Can I invite boys? 
You haven't got some fancy fellow we don't know about, have you? 
No. 
Honestly, Dad. 
No one says "fella" any more. 
This isn't the Middle Ages, you know. 
Or the '70s as you call it. 
Sorry, Dad. 
I must be hormonal. 
Can I have a D. J? 
Why would we pay for one when we've already got one in the family? 
- What? 
- Oh, yes. 
No way. 
Oh, I want music from this century, Dad. 
If we hire a club, we'll get a D.J. thrown in. 
We are not going to hire a club. 
I can get a very good rate at the community hall. 
We've thrown some legendary bashes there. 
We still know how to get down. 
Hey, wait, missy. 
I haven't told you my news. 
Okay, just please stop snogging. 
It's not normal. 
- I have been offered a promotion. 
- Oh, cool. 
Maybe I can get a PDA instead of a mobile now? 
Georgia, where in the world do you find the most geomagnetic thermal activity? 
- I don't know, Dad. 
- New Zealand. 
That's the slight catch. 
The job's in New Zealand. 
- What? 
- Look, I know it's a big deal and I don't have to decide anything yet. 
I really want to discuss it with all the family. 
It's a bit of a shock for us all but your dad's not going to do anything we're not happy with. 
Oh, Dad, you should totally go. 
What an opportunity. 
Yes. 
One less parent to deal with. 
If Dad goes to New Zealand I can easily get around Mum and have my dream party. 
Now, I just need a plan to show Robbie I'm a natural born snogger. 
So, I've figured out what I've got that Slaggy Lindsay doesn't. 
Hair on the back of your legs? 
- The Angus advantage. 
- What? 
Get in! 
Inside, now! 
You will wait for the judge to sentence you. 
The prison warden is coming now. 
Whoever tries to escape will end up in solitary confinement. 
Don't you know that, Nazif Kara? 
Why did you try to escape, old man? 
Running to your wife & daughter?! 
Tsk Tsk Tsk... 
Sit down now! 
What happened Kibarim? 
I don't know. 
I went out, they pointed the gun at me and caught me. 
Who is the rat that told them? 
Nejdet wasn't waiting for you outside? 
That idiot! 
I'll scold him! 
Dalyan, I'm sure one of your men will have a knife. 
I want it now. 
What will you do?! 
I want it now. 
Don't waste time. 
I can be thrown in solitary confinement anytime now!! 
Dalyan... 
Stab me! 
My soul is burning when firing the trigger... 
That look of yours... saying 'Don't forget me!'... 
It marked my betrayal on my forehead. 
Lan... 
Come on then, shoot...Shoot! 
I have no one left. 
Shoot! 
C'mon, shoot!...Shoot... 
Shoot! 
Shoot, but know this Nejdet... 
I would never betray you, lan. 
Ibo, there is no return from here, son! 
You will never forget that i pointed a gun at you, Lan! 
And i can't live in fear, Lan. 
Stop it, stop it...I will redeem myself to you...Please don't do this! 
Come on stand up. 
Don't let your last words be begging ones. 
Who saidI asked you?! 
Why are you doing this? 
I'm talking to youI failed... 
Why are you doing this? 
I'm telling you I'm not betraying you! 
I will never do it! 
Why are you doing this? 
Damn it!... 
Damn it!...Damn it! 
Damn .. 
Dalyan, I don't know how my son is. 
Maybe he's dying. 
I have to look into Mahir's eyes and ask for forgiveness... 
Don't deprive me of this! 
Don't deprive me of this! 
Thank you, my brother. 
Come on. 
Now stab me... 
Then go to bed. 
They will find me alone. as i don't want to bring any trouble to you. 
Hello, Kemal. 
Why didn't you tell me that Mahir got shot? 
I called you but you weren't there. 
And how is he now? 
He's in the hospital, unconscious. 
Who did it? 
Did they arrest anyone? 
No Abi. 
No one got arrested. 
Ok, Ok. 
Look Kibrit. 
How much do you make out of rooster fights? 
Is it enough? 
I always find a way to make money. 
I should find a new way for you to make money, Kibrit. 
You're right. 
But all the ways are taken. 
It's a heavy traffic. 
I'll find a way, don't worry. 
And... 
I love people who keep secrets... who are silent until his death or be silenced by death! 
You have a sister named Nurten!... 
Ayten-Nurten .. 
She goes to high school, she's a very beautiful young woman... 
It is good to be careful because you never know that samething bad could happen but... 
I'm sure you'll be protected! 
yeah... but is Nedždet there? 
I do not know. 
Is everything all right, young man? 
I'm looking for Necdet. 
Me too. but he is not here. 
ok 
My daughter, it was a lower class, but I wanted to set it to a higher level to fit accommodation in our society. 
For your sake, I chose not to respect your love for him. 
I said to myself I will accept it for Feridie well to see a smile on your pretty face. 
But there have been other things, and the man was lying in the face manipulated you... 
Now tell me, dear Feride will you accept the man who cheated and lied to you? 
Maybe you're still confused that's why you went to see him in the hospital, but do not do it anymore, Feride., 
You're not like that you are a person with dignity and pride even if it was love. 
Can a person put their pride and dignity to a compromise? 
This man does not deserve all your pain. 
All these tears like that from you flowing drop by drop. 
Is that what is broken. 
Him I can not never forgive, never! 
Listen Feride, whatever is done I can not live without you, but please do not use this paternal feelings. 
Whatever happened left behind in the past bury love and feelings in the heartand considers them dead. 
I do not want nothing from you,nothing else. 
Guard... 
Watchman! 
I'm coming... 
What's going on? 
Who did this to you? 
Forget it, just take me to the hospital, I'm not good 
Who did this to you?Say it.Only then I'll take you. 
Serdar, I'm good. 
Take him to the clinicand stitch the wound, thenget him back. 
Take me to the hospital! 
You will not get away with this. 
You thought to go outand fly, birdie... it's a good plan, but menobody can cheat. 
Get him out! 
Mr. Serdar,If you had any humanity in you,let me... 
My son is dying. 
What the hell do I care? 
He's not my son! 
Perhaps you also will one daybe so helpless,Serdar, and I hope you will findsomeone to help you! 
See our daughter,does not look good. 
Girl is not good,Take her to her roomand let it rest. 
Change clothes you shall goand take a nap... 
'I waited for you,But you did not come. 
Pleasant.Your fiancee. ' 
Bride! 
Hello!- Turgut! 
I am Listening sir,tell me. 
Mahir Karaescaped death, he's alive! he canpostpone his fate, but there are thingsthat will happen immediately. 
Listen, afterthis change of events don t you daregive me empty promises! 
Hello!Is this the police station? yes please 
I need to report a crime. 
In the store of Bulent Tiryaki,in the mall, I sawhidden boxes with bullets in them was writtenin Bulgarian... 
They were very concernedand I think it will move quickly. 
With whom am I speaking? 
I am an anonymous citizen. 
I received the application. 
Thank you.good job. 
Sister! 
What happened? sister,what happened? 
Are you okay? something happened to Mahir? sister što se dogodilo? sister, what happened? 
hello 
Mr. prosecutor here Muhidin Cicekfrom the police station 
Sorry to bother you at this time,but we had a tip. 
Is that so? 
Someone saw the hidden box of bulletsshops in the center, we think it isone of the traders thatalready had a warning,go to search. 
We may need to orderthe arrest of Bulent Tiryakija,the store owner. 
Give me an addressbe right there! 
Right away, sir. 
Doctorhow si Mahir? 
Now sleepslet rest until morningthen we'll see. 
Is there something troubling,Mr. Doctor? 
No, sir. 
Mahir nothing wrongis going to happen, it's good.The danger has passed. 
God bless you,thank you 
Speedy recovery.! 
Thank you very much, Doctor. 
Thank Godthat's over! 
Sister, I wasso worriedhow to tell my dad about this, 
I was afraidWhat will he saythe brother something bad happened. 
It is, gone Songul, 
Do not worry. 
Do not worry. 
I'll stayhere tonight, Ilknur. 
You go home letyour sister take care of Nazif 
I want to stay with you,Mother. 
Look, you can not be pregnantand take care of the patient? 
Listen to meand go home, come on. 
Grandma, give me a callif my black uncle asks for meI will immediately come running. 
All right. 
His uncle is now better my son will grow wingsif necessary. 
Do not worry, mother,I'll take Ilknur 
Thanks for this. 
Be sure, aunt. 
You are mybeautiful boy, 
God saved. 
Speedy recovery. 
Thank Godthat's good! 
Mrs. Safija,I am going but I have told yousufficiently bother. 
You are not bothered!Is such a thing possible? 
I come in peace, 
I see that you are the motherof my son more than me. 
I left Mahirfirst in God's care,and then yours. 
Mrs. Kader! 
Thank you... 
My son... 
Thank God. 
Brz oporavak. 
Mr. Doctor 
There is a special requestfrom the prisoners heal the woundwithout painkillers! 
He lied to usand wanted to go to the hospital,I he cut himself, 
Administrator saidthat he should be punished. 
My son, see,I made this for you! 
Really, Mom? 
Really, baby, come on...Do you like it? 
I like it! 
If you like,I'll make you another one!- Create a rabbit! 
Just you wishI will turn the world for you... my Mahire sweet smell of my son,my soul... 
Mahir Kara? i am 
Quick recovery. we cameto get your statement. 
How are you Mahir? 
Quick recovery. 
Thank Godyou're good. 
Who's in? 
He would not say who it is. 
I hope it is not a false statement,I woke up in the middle of the nightcome here! 
search and browse! 
We found it ,Mr. Prosecutor! bravo 
Issue an order to the police stationfor whoever rented this store. 
At your command,sir. 
Mr. Mahir,Did you see who shot you? 
Yes, his faceis engraved on my memory. 
Can you describe him?We'll find it for sure. 
It was dark, boy hasAbout thirty years cheeks and eyes, skinny, and his eyebrowsdark prominent. 
That's it. 
Right.Do you know this man? 
I do not know...I can not remember... 
Can you remembersomething else ? 
Mahir just woke up, 
Leave it to rest,let it bother. 
Brother Yassine,There is another thing,arrest warrant. 
I've seen... 
Mahir, all these peopleneed to put handcuffs on your hands,they have a warrant, you're under arrestuntil the court hearing. 
let them dowhat they should do. 
I apologize .. 
If we know somethingabout who shot you,we'll let you know. thanks 
Thanks, Atif. 
thanks 
Who wanted to kill you?Who is this bastard? 
Describe it to meI will find him and punish! 
I saw his face, 
I said to myselfI know this man, but where... 
But where,I can not remember... 
But there is somethingin which I'm sure...I've seen it before. 
But where I saw it!?I can not remember. ok 
Tell me ifsomething comes to your mind. 
I'm going to talk to Kemaland see what you he has heard so far. thanks Yasin 
Can I do anything elsefor you? 
Thank you very much, brother. 
I'm coming day and nightuntil you recover, everything you want from me,I am at your service , brother 
Check my family,from time to timeand that's enough. 
Okay, do not worry. 
Mahir... well if you had not died,I'd be very upset. 
Sister, I should goto Ayten and Nurten we were very concernedfor my brother 
Mother, let's go inside,I feel very sleepy. 
Look dad was here... 
Dad, you're here,We are very scaredat night without you. 
I can not go in now, 
I have a very sick friend,I need to see him... 
I'll come back later,OK? 
Uff .. adults still do what they want!That at least once, do what I say! 
Ilknur... 
Tomorrow is my dad Nazifcourt date... 
I'd comeif you do not mind. 
good nighy bulent good night 
My brother is good,Ayten will be very happywhen it hears that and it will be better,It will raise its morale! 
My sister is really not good,she cried the whole timeand does not leave the room. 
It is because of my brother ..wait, I'll goand talk to her .. 
Sister Ayten, 
Don t be sad my brother is goodand will survive... 
Sister Ayten, my brother is good very well, the doctor saidit will quickly get out of the hospital! 
Sister Ayten, pleasedo not be sad... 
It's a miracle... 
is there something elsewhy are you like that? 
You d bettercome back later. 
Hey, my son 
Here you are, sir! 
We are looking for of Bulent Tiryakia!Where do we find him 
I am Bulent Tiraki? 
Get in the car,Bulent Tiryaki! 
Why do I have to come with you,sir? 
You'll find out at the station...Come on 
Orhane! bro 
Thank God you're alive! 
Good to see you,bro . 
I was sad until I saw you. 
Who did this to you,Brother? 
I do not know,police are looking everywhere. 
I'll find it, brother!I'll find him. 
Find and punish him. 
Not at all,Stay out of it. 
I have onlyone brother and we should give it awayas food for wolves and birds?I'll find it! 
Orhan,I told you do not... 
No, calm down. 
I need to check the patient,Please wait outside. 
You should keep the whole familylet Mr. Mahir to rest...Be respectful, please. 
Promise me... 
Promiseyou will not interfere,Orhan. 
I will come again, brother. 
ah bro orhan 
Do not even accidentally!. 
Talk... 
Who gave you the goods? 
Sir, what kind of stuff?I swear I do not knowwhat you mean. 
You do not know the goodsin your own shop? 
Who are you protecting?Mahir Kara? 
Mahir Karagave you the goods? 
We'll transfer youhere in the morning,is rapidly recovering. 
Nurse... 
Have you been hereall night? 
I am. 
Dida beautiful lady come to visit me tall, black hair,in a black coat? 
You've had many visitors,I was busy and did notpay any attention towho enters and exits. 
news... news 
news... news son,you have visitors 
Come on, pick up. pick up. 
Well, well, brother 
Thank God you're all right... 
How are you? 
I'm fine,Azmi, thanks. 
God saved! 
A quick recoveryMahir, good luck, 
Speedy recovery. 
We're very worried. 
Thank Godthat heard the prayers! thanks brother,Do you need something? 
Just say. 
No, my friends,Thank you. 
How long will youstay in the hospital 
I do not know what the doctors say,But today's my father s hearing 
And I havebe there as a witness. 
How are you going to go,Mahir? 
I have to .. 
I have to go and join my fatherat the hearing to set him free . 
Good morning. 
the court hearings is today, right? 
Why are you so nervous... 
You'll see Mahirand his family .. surely I have been informed about it... 
Perhaps your visitinfluenced him .. 
Perhaps your visitinfluenced him... 
Sister, are you gladyou'll see him again? 
No. 
Why is your faceso sad? 
sister dear sister do not do this... 
There is nothing worsethan running away from your feelings... 
This will not end like this,You can not leave Mahirjust like that. 
Melih 
Perhaps today is the end of life for one man 
Convicted person Nazif Kara... 
Do you think my tensionhas to do with what you're saying? 
good morning Nurten good morning Orhan 
I was going come to you. 
What Ayten he doing ?Is not ready yet?Let's go to my dad's hearing she said she would like to go 
No, he's very sick,still sleeping...hardly slept a little last night. 
Really?a quck recovery than . 
let me knowif you need something. 
There is no waythat the patient can get out of bed he just gained consciencehe should not be moved. 
This is what we willexplain to the court 
Come to my office,I will give you the necessary paperwork. 
Son...will Mahir be able togo to the hearing? no mrs. 
Feride, did you talkto Ms. Nihan?Will she come? 
For today's hearing willneed to have very strong nerves! 
That son of a bitch will not appear today,doctors would not allow it. 
I still think it's better this way,this time he would not has tostand in front of you and make youeven more nervous. 
Feride, are you okay?Can I do something for you? 
Or are you just upsetfor the hearing? 
See you at the hearing,Turgut. 
Mr. Attorney! 
I heard that Mahir Karawill not attend the hearing,do you think it's a good or a bad thing? my dear 
This is our favor,Of course, because a pencilwill be broken today! we will revengeSuleyman's death today! 
Mahir Kara will not comeand no one will be influencing the decision Feride! 
Where is the son in law will he not come god , god 
Why do you ask?I guess there is a reason... 
What are you doing here? 
Soon you'll wish to my fatherwelcome to freedom.My heart, my prayers are with you... 
Welcome. 
My mother has not come yet? 
She went to see Mahir he is coming tohis father trial? 
Here Safija! 
Mother,will my brother come? 
No daughter!He tried,but doctors forbade him to! 
Come on, let us enter. 
Bring in the defendant! 
What happened to father? 
Do not worry, Mom . 
Do not worry 
Mr. Nazif,What happened to your leg?Are you hurt? a Small accident 
I askedwhat happened? 
Mrs. Judge!...I knew that my son Mahirin critical condition in the hospital 
The manager...imprisonment guards would not let me go and see my son... 
I thought,if I'm injuredthey will take me to the hospital and I'll see him but they did not want me to see Mahir... 
Do not worry,dear grandpa! 
Uncle Black is very good! 
He asked for youAs he opened his eyes! 
silence in the courtroom,otherwise I will send you out! 
Son,do not be angryMrs.. 
Judge! 
SitMr. 
Nazif. 
Your Honor 
This is important evidenceYou Need To Considerbefore the final decision. 
I would like to clarify what mr. 
Nazif said 
First, he was arrested yesterdaywhile trying to escape and then he hadthis little accident... he claims that it was all doneto see his sick son,but this is not true! 
Witnesses claim that Daylan Rizastabbed Nazif Karu for revenge, 
They are old enemies! objection 
These are pure speculationwithout any evidenceto turned the case in other direction! 
We have all the evidence and witnesses all registeredin the dossier,Mrs.. 
Judge! 
That's allof revenge between rival gangs! 
Daylan Rizastabbed Nazif Kara and he just wantsUse misfortune to their advantageand get our sympathy... 
Daylan is my old friend...I would never hurt me! clear recognition that they are friends,He is a friend of a gangster boss with criminal convictions... please addthat on the record... 
Call the first witnessMahir Karu! 
Mahir Kara! 
Witnesses did not come! 
Call the second witnessKader Altun. 
I'm sorry,Mrs.. 
Judge they refused me earlier to let me out of the hospital... but I'm here... 
My dear friends, 
Ibo betrayed usand tried to kill me,I do not know why... 
Find him .. where, I do not know... 
I do not even knowhow do you bring it here 
Just bring him. 
In what way,I do not know, 
Bring itand dead if necessary. 
Do you understand me? 
Come on now,see you. 
It's Salih Ipek!...How is this possible? 
How is this possible? 
Enough!Order in the court! 
Mr. Mahir explain allwhat happenedstarting from the day of the murder! courseMrs.. 
Judge. 
This is the daywas the day of my engagement... 
The Godfather Ismetcame for me and we went as usual to the barbershop in the neighborhood... 
Back than ,I learned that the policetook my father... 
At first I was not surprisedbecause a few days ago the shoping Centerwas robbed against which we raised a complaint...I thought it was because of that the police were there... and took away my father actually allstarted after the robbery... 
They planned to and succeeded in deflect the blameto my father... 
Did you say 'they', sir. 
Mahir!Who are those who want to accuse your father? 
Some mobsters wanted to imposecost on store owners... 
My father and I, stopped themand protect them than from the racketeering 
We will never allowto exploit our peopleand steal their money... 
We wanted to prevent these bastardsto get closer to our neighborhood... 
And how did that work?Are you the police? no 
I understand. 
That's what you do with force,as gangstersprotect your people, do not you? 
My father and Iwe are not gangsters,Mr. Judge! 
We just defendedour neighbors and their lives,their efforts... 
That's all we've done! 
Whatever!...This is not a the main subject... 
We will not discussthe racketeering 
I do not wantthat to mention it any longer ,Do you understand me? 
Ma'am. 
Judge,It is very important for the trial... 
That is not in the file,let's go back to our case... 
You are invited todayto witnessabout what you know about the relationship of your fatherand your biological motherand where are you in all this! 
Mrs. Judge,you will ask me if my fatherwas an enemy of the late Mr. Sulaiman! 
Do not guess,but answermy questions! 
did My fatherhate mr. 
Suleiman... 
I've never heard him mentionProsecutors Suleiman .. well.And what about your mother Kader Alton ?What 's wrong with her ? did your Father separated from her? 
You do not knowmy father , sir. 
Judge ! 
He never intended toseparate a mother from a son... 
Really? 
Did you father evermentioned thatYour real mother lives in Istanbul ? 
Neither I nor my father did not knowshe's in IstanbulMrs. . 
Judge... 
Exactly as it was the case with the letters ? 
your Father has prevented you to see your mother hidLetters from you and that meansYour father is an enemyyour mother. 
My father did nothave any enemy... he didn t ,burn the letters ,just hide them ! did you he readall the letters of your mother... and nevertheless you would stillbelieve that your father did not separated you from your mother ? 
yes mr Judge!This man was reading the letters while pretendingbe a practicing lawyer in the courtand wrote a report about it... 
Since he is the witnessln this case, 
I want to file a lawsuitagainst this man for fraud,falisfication of documentsand deceiving the court and government officials and should be immediately placedin judicial proceedings! 
The case accepted! 
I 've committedall of these errors, but please believe mewhen I say that my fathernot the enemy nor Suleimannor Kader Altun! 
If you were, I would have known! 
My father has not committing the crime! 
Mr. Mahir, you can sit down.No further questions. 
Does defense have anyquestions for the witness? 
No, Your Honor! 
Okay, witness may goback to his place. 
Your Honor... 
I'm not finishedwith my declaration. 
I want to tell you what happenedmy family aftermy father was charged with this murder... 
Prison officershave abused my motherwhen they brought her at night to visit my father, that my nephew was been kidnappedand my father was blackmailed over the phoneto admitt all the charges... 
I wish that all thisput in evidence... 
It's already been provenand is not applicable to this case. 
Mr. Judge,please listen to me! your requestto speak has been denied! 
Please believe me,When I explain what my family has gone throughyou'll realize that was set a trap to my father ! 
Sit down 
Feride 
recess for ten minutes,then we'll continue. 
Come on! 
Can I come in,Mr. Neždete? 
Come on, come on... 
Today is Miss. 
Aytenshould come for the rehersal, but... did not come to the testthat is not normal, because it is supposed tobe her first nighton stage! 
How's that? 
I called,but she does not answer. her Sister answeredbut she explained Nothing... 
I do not understand. 
What are you talking about? 
Ayten did not wantto answer the phone? 
Certainly something happened to her. 
quick Recovery. 
Thank you, sweetie. 
Ah, that life is strange.Look at him... 
You will never understandthe extent to which this manturned the game in my favor! 
What are you talking about, Serra? 
Mahir?!- Father!-Son! 
Get awayfrom the defendant, let's go! 
SlowlyMr. 
OFFlCERS, slowly! 
I broughtthis is for the accused, father and sonare injured... 
How can theyleave like that? 
Look at my card,everything is fine,My name is Bahar... 
Come on,Take it to them .. 
Do not make meto tell the judgethat sent me. do not want to bein your shoes when she findes outyou did not listen. 
All right, come on,No need to sue me. 
Well,I go then... she will be very pleasedwhen she hear that they gotwhat it was sent. 
See Bahar neverthelessstill engaged 
Mahir Karaunder investigation he should bepunished for that! 
That's right! 
Thank you, son . 
That little refreshment,Mr. Nazif... 
It was brought byMrs.. 
Judge? 
No, was brought byMrs.. 
Bahar. 
Thank you, soldier. 
Since whendidn t she come? 
Since yesterday,mr. 
Neždet. her sisteranswered the phone? 
I spoke with her 
Kader Altun,of all those letters that you sentto your son, are missing, right? 
Maybe theylost in the mail, 
It probably happenedBefore I sent them to my niece in Trabzon. did you ever mention in any of these lettersyour relationship withmr. 
Sulejman? 
Never!I never mentioned it 
Nazif from Trabzonwas very honored one . to tell him about my relationshiplt would hurt him,and also make him so angry. 
How can we comprehend,you have not to mention it To protect Suleiman's life? 
Not at all, 
I did not writebecause it was inappropriate... 
In the town where I'm fromthey do not accept easilythis kind of relationship. 
Maybe Nazif Kara learned about your relationship from someone else?Is that possible? 
Maybe some offriend or relative? 
No.Nobody knewabout our relationship. 
Many years passedsince I escapedfrom his family, 
That's why I changed the name,I never used the name Kader,only Nihan 
So I couldnot be found. 
mrs. 
Kader,you came to the court on the day of the murder.Why did you come? 
That was the day ofMahir engagement... 
I wentand saw my son from a distance... 
It is so difficultfor a mother not to benear her only sonon such a beautiful day. 
I stood thereas a foreigner... 
Then I wentby Suleiman cryand share my pain with him. 
Suleiman was alwaysvery compassionate and promised to help meto meetwith my son... 
He promised me he would call Mahirand called him to come totalk to him. 
Wait a minute,just a little bit... 
So that was the reasonwhy Suleiman sent the policeto bring in Mahir Kara that day? 
I do not know...but I think so... 
He promised to call him... mr. 
Judge,This explains everything!Nazif Kara went instead Mahir to prevent the mother to meet her son forever 
Suleiman was killed by Nazif Kara it is a Lie! 
I did not kill him!- Silence! 
Sit down! 
Please,Sit down, sir. 
Nazif. 
mrs. 
Judge!Suleiman did not tellMahir will be called that particular day. 
I do not have any information,and even claims that it is called the day...I just expected... 
Silence in court! 
But you asked Suleimanto call your sonto talk, right? 
We know all,even if Nazif Kararefused to meet with your ​​son that you mentioned in your letters. 
That's not true! 
Sit down, Mr. Nazif! 
She was the one that left my Mahir! 
This woman Kader Alton is the one who left little Mahir,and claims that she is his real mother 
I neverstood between them! 
Sit! 
Mr. Nazif sit!- She was the one who left Mahirand threw him into the house of my brother! 
These are the exact words of Kader father:She never wants to seein the face his brother's killer! 
Sit down, Mr. Nazif,I told you to sit down! 
Any witnesses what you're saying,Mr. Nazif? is your brother or father stillm alive Mr. Kader to confirm your words? no 
I never saidI do not want to see my son! 
Nazif and his familyfiled a lawsuit in order totake him away from me... 
They kidnapped memy son! 
Whenever they saw my fatherHow do they pay for it,beat me... 
Every day I said to myself why am I crying for someoneWho does not want me... 
I went to file a lawsuitto the police in order to return sonand then they threw meout of the house... 
Suleiman was the onlywho stood by mein that difficult days... 
He helped meand opened the door of his house for me , Thus began our relationship... 
Nazif is lying and is again sdtanding between me and Mahir! 
Silence in court! 
All right, ma'am. 
Kaderis enough, I learned everything I wanted to know... 
My father is not a murderer! 
I gave you the permission to speak! 
The final decisionabout this event will be madeat the next hearing. 
Dear Dad! 
Never give upof hope, Dad! 
Neverdo not give up hope! 
Do not worry, my Mahir,finally the water finds its way! 
Alo has little justicein this life,you will be hanged! 
Uncle Black! 
I leave you the familycare 
Do you understand me? 
My brave young man, now you care about them... come on 
Congratulations,Feride dear! 
You did an Exceptionally excellent hearing You were very controlled. 
I do not understandwhy have you postponed the verdict? 
I would not interfere, but I think you should nowmake a decision and break a pencil! 
Do not interferewith this, Turgut! 
I'm justworried about you... 
Mahir KaraI was hurt as a judge how many times you have to go throughthe same nightmare ? 
my Nazif is not over yet ,Do not lose hope ! 
No, Safija,it will happen what should happen . 
Fatherbrother will not give up ! 
Pencil will breakand nothing we can do. 
Grandpa,I know you're very sorry ,but do not be ! 
All you really like ,my little heros ! 
Mr. Nazif ,Come on, we gotta go ! 
s it truewhat Mrs . Kader said? 
Do not say that ,Ilknur ! 
You'll see that this is not so ,you'll see ! 
You'll see that this is not so ,you'll see ! 
Everything will be fine , we must not lose hope ,not over yet ! 
Feride ,If you can stayand give you support. 
No need for that ,Turgut . 
I Will do the in your caseMrs. 
Judge? 
What a fate ! 
Mr. Erda , please the defendant should not speakwithout permission! 
Let's start with the procedure . 
With your permission . 
Do you want to say somethingin defense of your client ? 
Ma'am . 
Judge , defendantaddress is known . 
Accepts all chargesand admits that he forged official documentsand is fully prepared accessed all hearings,for that matter please defendant Mahir Kara wos brought to trial,but not in a prison. 
Mr. Erdal against the accused Mahir Kare was not only raised the accusation for false identity you will judge him, because of fraud too. 
He was also chargedthat is included in the job of weapons smuggling . 
Mr. Mahir stoletruck full of bullets! 
But I .. 
Mr. Mahir !were you that nighton the scene? 
Mrs. Judge did read fileI gave you . 
Prosecutor Turgut was trying to set me upand cover up his dirty work . 
If you continue with these accusations ,I will raise charges against youfor false accusations and humiliation of the Court 
and you will have to dealthe third case. 
Is there any eyewitnesseswho sawthe scene that night ? 
Then someone accused Bulent Tyrjaki ,Your brother in law , and a case full of bulletswas found in his shop . 
It's a trap ! 
And you can have a dossierand your brother in law too ,filled with charge! 
All fabricated lies, ma'am. 
Judge ! 
We reject all allegationsand declare that we are not guilty ,Mrs. Judge . 
I thought you came to meand said that you werethere that night ? is that correct ? 
Have you beenon the sceneor not ? 
Yeah , I was , but .. 
I wasfor a good cause . 
Really?Tell whether the allegations are true ! 
You stole a truck,didn t you? 
Okay, I understand... we have decided tobring Mahir Karato trial, 
He will remain in hospitaluntil it recovers and then we will take himto prisonuntil the next hearing. 
You can go out . 
I could startwith the caseyou were talking about with Mr. Prosecutor, 
So Icould prove... 
For this person who is on trial for murderand risks to be sentenced to death... 
What? ? 
Who do you think you are ?Huh? 
Who do you think you areto be able to search for such an important case? 
One of the most important figuresin this country, was killed... killedMy friend and colleague... 
Do not you ever playwith something about which you have no idea,and want to prove ityou are smart! 
Do you understand?dont Do it again! 
Did you knowState Prosecutor? 
Do you have any ideawho could kill him? 
You with your level of knowledgeyou want to solve it ?! 
Boss,we have not found it yet. 
We've searched,but nothing. he fellinto a black hole! 
He fell!- And then what? 
But we"il find him 
he can not escape. you will turn everything upside down until you find him,don"t you? 
Behold, the warrior, you find Ibo or I'll kill you all. 
Now I have somewhere to go,I leave you all to worry about it . 
All right, boss. 
Brother...once again we go back... 
Feride hasclose all the doorsfor me and my father... 
She'll hang my father,and throw me in jail... 
Feride has decided,I know that. 
We'll find a way,do not worry. 
There is no moreno way,bro... 
Just one... 
I'm going to run away... 
Are you crazy, Mahir?How will you escape from prison? no 
I'm running away from the hospital! 
Enough talking,Gentlemen! 
Come on,Get back! 
Come on! 
Take it easy. 
Feride?Are you crying? 
This is due to Mahir, right?Now you cheer upAfter you've seen it, I know it... 
How can such a big lovefinished in a minute?Is this possible? 
Feride...listen to me,I know you're very angryat Mahir, but trust mewhen I tell youthat Mahir loves you! 
Everything is explained,he did everythingto save his father... 
He did not intendhurt you... . trust methat he is a very good man. 
Maybe it's becausewe want to bevery good man, Bahar! 
Maybe he deceived usin fact we believe that he is good?How can we be sure? 
Maybe he hidits darkness in the same mannerthat he hidhis real name? 
He was shot in the street...no one knows who did it... he deals with the gangsters... 
And above all he is accused of so manyillegal stuff! 
But, he said,it's all justto rescue his father! 
Feride 
You should have listened to him,certainly there is an explanationfor all. 
I do not want to hearhis voice or seehis face ever... 
Okay. 
As you wish,All right. 
I'm going to bringsome water .. 
Ayten,It "s me , Neždet! 
Are you okay? 
Ayten, you're very worried about me,are you okay?Why do not you answer? 
Get out! 
Ayten 
Go I'm sick,go... 
I'll sleep hereif you do not open. 
Go on, do not want to see you,leaving. 
What happened? 
No, leave 
Ayten, open,I'm gonna blow the doorsif you do not open! 
Ayten! 
Open the door!Open! 
Ayten?! 
Are you okay? 
Ayten, answer me,are you okay? 
Ayten! 
Ayten!Ayten! 
Ayten!Open your eyes!Ayten! 
Ayten!Come on, answer me!Ayten! 
Come on! 
Ayten!Open your eyes!Ayten! 
Ayten!Do you hear me, open your eyes?Ayten! 
She fainted,help me! 
Get a stretcher! 
Fast! 
What happened? 
I do not know,I found her like this. 
Help her! 
Ayten! 
We'll help her! 
Mother?What happened? 
Why do not you stayher brother? 
I could not, was arrested and I will not allow it to stay with him. 
What are you talking about?I do not understand... is not possible you understand, my daughter. he is Arrestedand they do not allowto visit him. what do we do? 
Do not say that, my mother .. 
We'll get through it. 
Forgive me, Mother. 
God... keep telling myselfit will pass, but I can not anymore. 
No, Mother. 
I keep sayingwe shouldstick together, 
But, my son,I am helpless, my sonbound in chains, 
My soul hurtsWhat do I do? 
No,Grandma, do not 
Honey...O my soul... 
Here,come on, bro. 
What is it?Have you heard the news? 
What happened? 
Bulent. 
Bulent was arrested they foundsome things in the store. 
Ma'am. 
Sister!- Please! 
What is it?- The doctor has not yet checked,We do not know what it is. 
Thank you! 
What does it hurt?Tell me what hurts that you can see 
Did you dosomething ? 
Can you hear me?Are you okay? 
It is not necessary to firebullet from a gun to kill someone, it is enough to issue his loveand blow up his heart into pieces, death throe is nothingcompared to the pain... 
Sister? 
I knocked on the door,but I have not heard. 
How are you? 
I'm alive,breathe the air... 
live... 
Melih,if you tell meabout him I do not want to listen. no, no, no 
I just want totalk about the trial; my colleagueswrote some articles,so I'm now confused, 
I do not knowwhat to think. 
Is Nazif Karastill the killer? 
Did we make a mistake? 
SisterDid we make a mistakeabout him? 
Yes, we did. 
All the evidenceagainst Nazif Kare. 
No moreno doubthe was the killer. 
Does that meanyou made ​​a decision? 
yes 
I will rulein two days. 
I read the charges against you,that's the one big smuggling do not lie,Mahir,the list is long... 
They havelots of witnesses... 
Mahir,I do not know howto get you out of it... 
I might testifyin your favor,but I can not. 
Snake Berdan will offer me a job,so I'm very close to them now. 
If I testifyEverything will perish,My boss will burn me 
No one asks anythingfrom you . 
I'm going to burn allbefore your boss. 
Yasin 
Before someone no button is pushed and all thesethings happened and I do not want to finishwith handcuffs in my hands someone mustclean this filth! 
It's your only wayto hold justiceYou can not help otherwiseMahir Kara . 
What are you talking about,Brother? 
Will you spend your lifein prison for crimesthat you did not commit? 
Yasin 
You saidyou will help me. 
I gotta get out of here. 
I do not understand?You want to escape? 
You're crazy,Mahir,the place is full of police! 
We will neverget a second chance. 
We need to do it now . 
Very gooddo your job,bravo. 
If onlyall works like you... 
We just do our jobthe best we can. 
Really? it's verywell-performing. 
You trust your doctor, but I... for How long should a patient stay here? 
One Week? 
long enough, the prisoner can not escape,and you as a director will be responsible for it. 
It's not my decision,but doctors 
What can I do,that this interferein the business? 
He knows what he's gotbecause of their work... 
I do not trust him... oh, you did of coursetrust him . 
If you sayI usehis position in court 
When you are concerned, it is the exception, 
I do not know... , 
Do not lookme so worried 
I did not comethat would upset you... 
What do you advise, sir. 
Attorney? 
Ah, it's goodthis coffee! 
If I were you,Mahir Karu would tomorrowsent to prison. 
Do not be worried, my dear,there is a nice, has a doctor,nurse, help, him... 
Let us Say this... f something happenswhile prisonnobody cares, all believe that he is veryaggressive man 
But if you escape from here,the doors open to the investigationin all areas of the hospital. 
Help!He's not breathing!Help! 
What's going on?- He stopped breathing! 
Mr. Mahir,how are you? unlock the cuffs,we have to switchin intensive care! 
Oh, what do you do? 
I have to go,excuse me. mr. 
Prosecutor, I thoughtabout what you said. 
It should besend to jail tomorrow. 
And there is the jail clinic, and there can be cared for,what do you say? 
Do not worry, 
I will personally tell themyou good care of him. 
You are very well chosen,very well. 
Who would have guessed?Nothing can be done. 
Go get a doctor!- Good. 
Are you here to see the patient? 
Mahir Karaescaped! 
How is this possible? 
Thank you,Manager... 
You broughtthe right decision. 
Thank you,Mr. Prosecutors. 
He's getting away! 
Get out!Get out of my 
I'm sorry,it was not intentional! 
Out of my way! 
Do not try,Mahir,You can not escape. ill be one step ahead of you 
I'll shoot youelegantly hereand declare that you attacked me... 
What happened?Thought you escape?Huh? 
how dare youhit the prosecutor? 
What do you say now,prosecutor? 
I'm telling you,Mahir Kara, 
I will destroy you,I swear. 
I know a little about you, but I will find out,hear me...Learn everything . 
You can not escape 
I will not let you do that! 
I'll find outwho are you,prosecutor... 
We'll meet agin 
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See? 
The murderer is caught. 
He confessed everything. 
Read it and maybe you'll realize how unfairly you treated me. 
Ferhat killed the man's son. 
And he waited for the right time to get revenge. 
Banu, see what you did to us. 
Read it, further details in the paper. 
- Go on read it. 
- Okay Güney. 
You thought I could be the murderer. 
You accused me in your head. 
You didn't believe me. 
But see what happened? 
The truth has come out. 
You accused me for nothing. 
Was it worth it? 
But you were talking in your sleep. 
You said it yourself. 
Honey... 
Look, it was only your imagination. 
You gotta admit that yourself. 
Stop doubting me. 
Erase the suspicions in your mind. 
Don't do this to us, if you want us to be like before. 
Please, if you wand to get well, my dear. 
I am sorry. 
I know I upset you so much. 
I am sorry. 
- It's okay, canım. 
- I'm sorry for everything. 
It's okay. 
Okay. 
Barış did what is expected from him. 
When he felt cornered, he pulled a victim out of his hat. 
- How did you know I'd be here? 
- Your assistant told me. 
Melda, we need to talk. 
That man isn't the real killer. 
You were the one who got him caught. 
And now you want to clear his name? 
A man appears out of no where to save Barış from the suspicions. 
Ferhat's lighter found on him? 
Come on, that's not just a coincidence. 
They just want us to think that way. 
The man was following me just to get caught. 
So, you're saying that Barış hired that man? 
Exactly... 
Barış took action when he felt he was cornered. 
First he wanted to silence us to buy some time. 
That's why he said he would sue us all. 
And then he made his plan. 
He made that man get caught. 
So that he would confess the murder. 
So simple... 
See, that man isn't the real killer. 
All this was setup by Barış. 
Or maybe Kuzey did it. 
Just when Kuzey went into jail... ... a man confesses the murder to clear Kuzey's name. 
Kuzey wouldn't do a sham like that. 
If the killer is one of Bekir's men... ... he might have sacrificed himself to save Kuzey. 
Can't that be possible? 
You have this disease for how long? 
Since my son died. 
The doctors said it is at a progressed stage. 
- You didn't get treatment? 
- No. 
- Why? 
- Killing that man was my treatment. 
Did you kill Ferhat? 
- Yes. 
- Or are you protecting someone? 
No. 
Or are you carrying the can since you don't got much time left? 
- No. 
- Tell me, who wanted this from you? 
- Who are you protecting? 
- I killed Ferhat. 
Brother. 
Hey, brother. 
- What's your problem? 
- What do you want? 
We just wanted to wake you up for breakfast. 
Okay, thanks. 
You were on duty again last night? 
You didn't sleep. 
Was it hard last time you were in jail as well? 
What is it to you? 
Whatever man. 
Hey, what is this? 
Did it again? 
You did it again? 
You washed my pants with the letter in it? 
Why don't you check it before? 
What am I gonna do with this now? 
- I am sorry, abi. 
- Fuck your apology. 
When are you gonna stop being stupid? 
You're the one who shouldn't have kept your letter in your pockets. 
Fuck you. 
Eat your breakfast. 
Do it like he does. 
Keep them under your pillow. 
Just eat your fucking breakfast. 
If this happens again, I swear on my mother I'll beat you to hell. 
- It won't happen again, abi. 
- Shut up. 
Pour the teas. 
Fucking idiot. 
- Abi. 
- What? 
I'll wash clothes once the cleaning is done. 
- Give me if your clothes need washing. 
- It's okay, young one. 
I can paddle my own canoe. 
But this is our tradition here. 
It's my job. 
I am not good with traditions. 
Thank you. 
Is this why your neck is thick? 
Because you do things on your own? 
I don't know if my neck is thick. 
But my hand is heavy. 
Oo, tough guy. 
Leave him be. 
- You turned on the oven? 
- It's on. 
Did you have to do this, I mean, as if you're racing Sami Bey. 
You're making cookies for him. 
- His father will be offended. 
- It's not the same thing. 
I want him to eat something I made with my own hands. 
If your cooking improves until Kuzey gets out maybe we should open a pastry for you as well. 
He won't be staying for too long in there. 
Kuzey's case will drop when the real killer is trialled. 
And then he'll be free again. 
Okay, let's hope so. 
And then I'll divorce and be free as well. 
Cemre, for God's sake don't live in vain hope. 
- What hope? 
- I'm saying I will divorce. 
I mean, for after you got divorced don't get hopes. 
Look sweetie Güney is a black thorn between you two. 
Nothing will change this reality. 
Put this in your mind. 
Mom, what are you doing?! 
I'm giving them proper shape. 
You can't send heart shaped cookies to jail. 
You want to embarrass him? 
They will mock him, girl. 
If they see them heart shaped like this. 
And you know Kuzey, how easy it is to push his buttons. 
See it looks nice, when it's plain and simple as well. 
He can offer it to the other jailers as well. 
Okay, it seems you thought of everything. 
Well, we need a smart person in the house. 
Then, dear mom... 
You brush some eggs over those. 
While I'm writing Kuzey a note. 
What note are you talking about? 
You've written a novel since last night. 
Please, I expect some respect to my privacy. 
I didn't read your letter. 
I just saw you writing it. 
- Of course you didn't read... 
- Why would I read it? 
You crazy? 
Besides, the wardens will open and read it anyway. 
Why wouldn't I? 
Abla. 
We're running out on detergent. 
Okay, dear. 
Cemre... 
Don't write silly things in the letter. 
Remember the wardens will read it first. 
And don't write anything regarding the future, like so eager. 
- Just leave it to time, will you? 
- Okay mom... 
It's Sami Amca. 
We're gonna be late! 
It can't be him at this hour. 
Maybe it's the water guy. 
Why would water guy come now? 
What do you want? 
- Good morning Zeynepciğim. 
Come in? 
- No, thank you. 
Sami Amca said you made some things for Kuzey. 
I'll deliver it to him. 
What do you mean you will deliver it to him? 
- Are you going as well? 
- Are you, too? 
No, I mean, they don't let him see people from out of the family. 
Why do you go? 
Sami Amca asked me. 
So I must definitely go with him. 
And he went to the registry office to make application, with Aynur Abla. 
Oh, really? 
Let's hope the best for them. 
Amin. 
I told them, they shouldn't come all the way back here. 
So, I'll just have what will be delivered to Kuzey. 
And I'll take it to them. 
Boot licker. 
That's good. 
You thought well. 
Actually, Sami Amca wanted me to present at the jail as well. 
He said, it would make Kuzey very happy even if I'm just waiting at the door. 
But, I'll see. 
Where did Sami Amca say that to you? 
In your dream? 
Cemre, what are you talking about? 
Silly girl. 
I got used to it, Gülten Teyze. 
This is just a sample of our dialogues with Cemre. 
I bet you took a day off from work for this. 
Dear, why don't you go and put the cookies in the oven? 
I got some other stuff to do as well. 
You don't worry about me. 
- So give me what you have, and I'll take it to them. 
- No need, I'll do it myself. 
What, are you going too? 
Come on... 
But mom, it's not ready anyway. 
What should I do? 
- Rush it while Zeynep is poising over me? 
- Well, I can't wait, if it's not ready. 
Also, she might put it into trash or change my letter. 
I won't take the risk, thanks. 
Okay, Cemre... 
Cemre, you're back in your old neighborhood. 
We'll see each other more often now. 
- Don't say words that you will regret. 
- Go to hell. 
You're nuts, girl. 
I'm telling you. 
Bye bye! 
What are you doing? 
It's so not like you. 
Why do you even argue with her? 
She does this just to annoy you. 
And you swallow her bait. 
She says Sami Amca insisted. 
It's her who is dying to go there. 
Mom, sometimes I want to jump down her throat. 
Let me tell you beforehand. 
We can't give you February 14. 
We're fully booked that day. 
Oh, what is on 14th of February? 
Valentine's Day. 
Everyone wants to marry that day. 
That's why. 
Okay then, give us any day that is available. 
Not the 5th of the month though. 
Kuzey's trial will be on that day. 
How about 4th? 
No, let's do it after 5th. 
So that Kuzey will be with us as well. 
Of course. 
13th of February is available. 
But since 13 is considered unlucky... ... people don't want to marry on that day. 
What is unlucky about 13? 
- Do you have an superstitions like that? 
- No. 
- So it's fine, then? 
- Yes. 
It's fine. 
I'm here, abi. 
Cross the ball! 
Pass the ball! 
Fuck your mother! 
Told you to pass the ball. 
Don't swear at my mom! 
- Get out! 
You're not playing. 
- No. 
You're opposing me? 
Fuck off. 
Take that back. 
Take that back. 
- What's your problem, bro? 
- Take that hand away. 
Lay a hand on that boy again, I'll rip your hand off. 
- They are just joking around, abi. 
- They won't joke around from now on. 
No one will raise a hand against this boy again. 
No one will make him do their stuff from now on. 
- Abi, it's not a big deal. 
- It is a big deal for me! 
It is a big deal. 
What is going on, brother? 
What is your problem? 
You are my problem, dick heads. 
I ruined my youth not to be like him. 
I served four years instead of one. 
I won't let you bully this boy. 
It's not like everyone will experience what you did. 
Right? 
Don't talk! 
Don't talk! 
Okay, stop it guys. 
Don't stir up trouble. 
No need to make it a big deal, brother. 
We're just joking around. 
It's okay, abi. 
It isn't that important. 
Don't be in bad terms with anybody because of me. 
- You here for how long? 
- One and a half year. 
- Why? 
- Homicide. 
A matter of honor, abi. 
I killed the guy I saw with the girl I love. 
May God save you. 
- Shall I enter, abi? 
Shall I? 
- Okay, come in. 
Okay goes, keep it up. 
Where are you? 
Okay, I'll be there soon. 
Canım... 
Welcome. 
We have two hours before the meeting. 
Come let's get away for a while. 
- Burak was here. 
- What, why did he come? 
He came to talk to me. 
He claims that Barış hired a man to go into jail for him. 
Come on, really? 
He made himself believe in that. 
He thinks the man got himself caught on purpose. 
That's why this happened after we confronted Barış. 
He believes this story in his mind. 
I think we shouldn't go deep on this. 
We should just leave the rest to the police. 
True. 
I just don't want to be suspicious of anyone around me, anymore. 
And I made some spinach börek. 
Kuzey's favorite. 
It hasn't cooked yet. 
It will be in 5 minutes. 
Will you be okay while I am not here? 
Don't worry, I'll be home all day today. 
But our girl is doing well. 
She's getting better everyday. 
She'll be even better, inshallah. 
Her face is getting more colorful as well. 
The weather is fine today. 
I'll go out in the yard with her. 
Careful, don't let her get cold. 
- We'll be careful. 
- Really though... 
You sure you don't need to be at work? 
I'll feel so bad, if you have to stay here because of me. 
No. 
I don't have anything important to do at the company today. 
I scheduled today to spend some time with my daughter. 
Great. 
Hey girl, turn the oven off in five minutes. 
Let it settle a bit as I am getting ready. 
Then let us make a nice package for it. 
Yes, ma'am. 
Ebru Hanım, we've got a mail for you. 
I am so excited to see Kuzey. 
But, also nervous that I will see Sami there. 
I mean, I can't go in before or after Sami. 
Since we have limited time. 
I will have to see his face. 
I know, he will try to talk to me when he sees me alone. 
But, I will not listen to him. 
Why would I listen? 
God forbid, I don't want to give him any hopes. 
If he gets some hope and throws his ring away, 
I would feel sorry for the woman. 
Ebru Hanım? 
- Who received the mails today, Hasan? 
- I did, ma'am. 
- Who brought the big yellow envelope? 
- A courier, ma'am. 
Barış, get up! 
Barış get up! 
I'm telling you to get up, Barış! 
What did you do, huh? 
What did you do? 
What's going on? 
Calm down, what did I do? 
Celebrated for the end of Ferhat case. 
And getting rid of the Burak problem. 
Is this how you want to get rid of him? 
- What is the matter? 
- Do you think you got rid of Burak? 
Is this how you thought of getting rid of him? 
Shame on you. 
Where did these come from? 
What are these? 
You wanted to kill Burak. 
God damn you, Barış. 
You lied to me all along. 
Where did they come from? 
Who gave you these, mom? 
A courier left them at the door. 
God damn it. 
We're going home. 
The murderer has been found. 
Put an end to this tension. 
I think the killer is still out there among us. 
- What does this mean? 
- Burak hired that man. 
This way, not only he cleared his name from the accusations... ... but also, he can still claim that he's the victim. 
- Why would he do that? 
- That man absolutely hates us. 
He wants to have us on a string. 
But I won't take that. 
I won't let that happen. 
Don't rise yourself to the bait then. 
Either way, Burak will be in your life. 
I am not very sure about that. 
- I need to hang up. 
- Is Ebru Hanım in her room? 
- She won't be here today, sir. 
- Why? 
I wasn't told the reason. 
- Is Güney Bey here? 
- No. 
- Tell me when he is. 
- Yes, sir. 
Has the vendor come? 
You bought some hair conditioner, too? 
Okay okay, good. 
I took my time when those two appointments were canceled. 
Maybe I shouldn't come to the shop today if there's no customers. 
I'm home, yes. 
You call me if you need me. 
Okay dear, kolay gelsin. 
Why don't you take a break. 
- Your coffee is getting cold. 
- I'm coming, abla. 
There's a lot of ironing to do as well. 
We'll get all done, abla. 
Don't worry. 
What is wrong, abla? 
- He's dead. 
- Who? 
Which one, the one with the picture? 
Who is he? 
Abla? 
Someone you know? 
"Son of deceased Ibrahim and Hatice Gencerel..." 
"... beloved father of Arda and Tuba..." 
"... husband of Sevgi Gencerel." 
His funeral will be on this afternoon. 
A relative? 
Abla, are you okay? 
To the funeral? 
Don't say anything to Cemre, okay? 
Don't let her know. 
Or I won't forgive you. 
Okay abla, don't worry. 
You said Cemre wasn't going to come. 
It seems she changed her mind. 
- Hello Sami Amca. 
- Hey Cemre. 
I thought you wouldn't come. 
I didn't mean to disappoint you, but... here I am. 
Let me help. 
- Let me help you. 
- A moment. 
Could you hold these, Cemre? 
My hand is empty. 
- I'll take them back. 
- I could help you till the door. 
No no, you give them to me. 
You can go sit in the car if you want. 
Don't worry about us. 
Go see your son. 
Right, for 15 minutes or so. 
Sami Amca, can you give these to Kuzey? 
From Demet and me. 
Put in my pocket. 
And this is my letter. 
- Okay. 
- Say him hello from us. 
- I will. 
- Kiss Kuzey for me. 
Let's get in the car if you want. 
Thank you, I'm fine here. 
Why are you giving Demet's letter to Kuzey? 
- It will get on his nerves. 
- What is it to you? 
It's her who wanted me to do it. 
How shameless of her to  write to him after what she did. 
Have you no shame, talking behind her back without know what really happened? 
Isn't Demet your friend, too? 
You're one of a kind, Cemre. 
You talk about shame, yet... ... you are here for your lover, as a married woman. 
- You are really unbelievable. 
- So are you. 
- Kuzey Tekinoğlu, right? 
- Yes. 
Anything else? 
Well, three letters. 
But I can give them to him. 
You'll have to leave them here. 
They will reach him once we check them. 
Is that so? 
Alright. 
- The visiting room is upstairs. 
- Thank you. 
- Sami Tekinoğlu. 
- You can sit. 
Are we going to see him together? 
- You will do as you were told. 
- I was told nothing. 
- Neither was I. - It's 15 minutes. 
You want to see him separately? 
No, I will see my son for as long as I am allowed. 
He can wait outside if he wants. 
Okay, we got it. 
We will see him together. 
Okay have your seats. 
He will be here soon. 
Thank you. 
I see you put on a ring, Sami Bey. 
Yes, we did. 
- Hayırlı olsun. 
- Amin, to all of us. 
It's not much until 13 February. 
Yes, we're almost there. 
- Excited? 
- I'm too old to get excited like that. 
Why do you say that? 
You are still young. 
You will have many great years together with Sami Amca. 
But still, you shouldn't listen to Cemre's marriage advices. 
- Why? 
- I am getting divorced, that's why she's saying that. 
But Zeynepciğim, not even you can break my spirit today. 
- I am so sorry. 
- Don't be sorry. 
I mean, I am getting rid of my hunchback. 
I filed my petition. 
Soon it will be over. 
- I wish you the best. 
- By the way, no one had forced Cemre to marry... 
I made a big mistake. 
Everything is for the humans. 
Hello Can Bey. 
Yes, yes, we had sent them to the factory. 
Okay, I'll be there in half an hour. 
See you. 
Don't wait here then go mind your business. 
Don't worry this much about me. 
- Is where you will go, a near place? 
- No. 
It's not like Kuzey will reply to your letter right away. 
I'll leave you alone, but it's best if I go now. 
It is best. 
You could wait. 
How are you gonna go from here? 
It's okay, I saw a taxi stand near here. 
Want me to walk there with you? 
Okay, as you wish. 
- Goodbye. 
- Bye bye. 
Annoying. 
Sorry, for making you having to put up with this. 
It's clear enough for me. 
You don't have to explain anything. 
If I tried to explain it would take ages, anyway. 
I have no hurry. 
I will get to know you guys slowly. 
- My son! 
- Don't leave your seat. 
- Hoşgeldiniz. 
- Hoşbulduk, my son. 
The air is damp, it could rain any minute. 
- You won't start will you, mom. 
- No, son. 
I won't cry this time. 
- How are you? 
- Fine, thanks to God. 
How are you guys? 
- We're fine too. 
- I am fine, son. 
- You lost weight. 
- Who, me? 
No, I think it's just you. 
I am as I should be. 
- You not eating much? 
- I am. 
Your mommy brought a lot of nice food. 
I made karnı yarık, börek, mantı. 
I made deserts. 
You should definitely eat them. 
Oh God you didn't have to. 
It is nothing, really. 
But don't give all out. 
Eat them yourself. 
- Thanks, will do. 
- And I brought you cookies and stuff from the bakery. 
I left them downstairs. 
Eat them as well. 
- Okay, don't worry. 
- Don't eat them with an empty stomach. 
They might burn your tummy. 
Don't listen to her. 
You can eat them safely. 
Okay, don't argue at least here. 
- Everyone alright? 
- They are, thanks to God. 
- Güney says hello as well. 
- Aleykum selam. 
He wanted to come here so much. 
But they let only me. 
- It's okay. 
- Cemre and Zeynep are also waiting downstairs. 
They didn't let them inside either. 
They're waiting at the door. 
Cemre came here to make an appearance? 
What business does she even have here? 
Her husband is the one who  made them put you in here. 
Handan Hanım, let us not talk about things we don't know. 
- They sent you letters. 
- You brought them with you? 
They will control them first. 
Then you will have the letters. 
Cemre also sent you some food and drinks. 
And Zeynep, some clothes. 
We have only 15 minutes. 
And we'll spend that talking about Cemre and Zeynep? 
Okay, don't start arguing again. 
So? 
Is there any problems, anything bothering you here? 
No, why would anything bother me? 
Thank God... 
- It is fine. 
- Stay away from the bad lot. 
Yes, son, you won't spend much time here. 
Just make sure you don't get in trouble. 
Just close your eyes and ears. 
Don't let it happen like the last time. 
Okay, don't worry. 
It's not the first time I end up here. 
- I talk to your lawyer everyday. 
- Me too, son. 
I call him everyday. 
He says that we have a stronger hand now that the killer has come out. 
That's great news son, I feel light as a bird. 
He says that you will definitely be free in just one session. 
Inshallah... 
The nightmare will be over. 
- Well, we can't say for sure. 
- Kuzey... 
Don't think about bad things. 
Obviously there's a misunderstanding. 
Yes, son, it's not like they'll keep you here for lifetime... ... just because you called him to the forest. 
Do you know anything about that man? 
Who is he? 
What is his story? 
His name is Mirza Çeltik. 
Ferhat killed that man's son. 
Actually, got him wounded. 
Are you gonna allow me? 
Or keep interrupting? 
What? 
Who says you're the only one who can talk? 
Handan Hanım, did you swallow a microphone or something? 
Why do you sound so loud? 
After the incident, the boy was never the same. 
I don't know what Ferhat did to the boy but... ... in the end, he suicided. 
- Hence, his hatred to Ferhat. 
He couldn't track Ferhat until he saw his picture on the newspaper upon Ali's death. 
And then, he chased him down. 
Had Ferhat served time in prison because of that? 
When you first met Ferhat, that was why he was in prison. 
He could kill a man without blinking an eye... ... just because he is my lover. 
He's a monster with bloody hands who does not fear any prison. 
That boy was Deniz's lover. 
Ferhat's daughter. 
He wanted to make the guy stay away from his daughter. 
- Did the boy harm his daughter or something? 
- No. 
It's just jealousy. 
He wanted to give him a scare. 
You know. 
- Hello Aziz. 
- How can I help you commissary? 
Ferhat's daughter, Dennis Norton. 
Check if she entered the country lately. 
It can be under either Dennis Norton or Deniz Çoşkun name. 
English passport or Turkish passport, okay? 
- I'll check the last three months. 
- Okay, let me know. 
- Hello, Demet. 
- I've just seen your message. 
I was suffering in wonder why she didn't reply to my message. 
It said "call me" in your message. 
What happened? 
What do you mean "what happened"? 
We didn't see each other in days. 
I want to see you. 
Even if it's for only 5 minutes, please. 
Give me some time, please. 
I don't feel okay with this. 
I know, I feel uneasy too. 
But I miss you. 
This can't go on when Kuzey is this much opposed to it. 
We can't do it without his consent. 
What consent are you talking about? 
Each passing day, his barks are getting thicker. 
I wrote a letter to him. 
It's easier then speaking. 
I explained everything from the beginning. 
I told him you and me were too new. 
Then I told him everything I feel. 
My emotion, my concerns, everything. 
I poured my heart out to him. 
I hope he'll understand me. 
How are you? 
Are you in the station? 
Yes, I am drown in paper work since I was called back to duty. 
I thought that case was closed. 
I mean, the guy is caught. 
It is over. 
A second Demet, please hold on a sec. 
Hello, yes Aziz? 
Deniz Hanım, returned to the country a week after she left it. 
- And she didn't leave again. 
- So she's in Turkey for two and a half months. 
- Yes, abi. 
- Okay, thanks. 
- Hello. 
- Hello, what's up? 
Maybe I should call you later. 
There's a connection between Ferhat's daughter and the man who said he killed Ferhat. 
I need to talk to Mirza, please find a way. 
There's no way, Deniz. 
If they see you with him... ... it will peril the plausibility of his statement. 
Maybe he'll die even before the trial. 
The last reports were very bad. 
- Wish I could at least say goodbye. 
- He doesn't want that. 
He will go in and Kuzey Tekinoğlu will go out. 
That was the deal. 
Yes, he's the one who offered to go to prison instead of an innocent person. 
You're still so sure about Kuzey's innocence. 
You're both the prosecutor and the judge of your father's case. 
That man isn't my father. 
He's a killer. 
Whoever pulled the trigger Kuzey or his men, doesn't matter. 
They are not more guilty than Ferhat. 
So yes, an innocent person killed Ferhat. 
Mirza knew he would die soon. 
And when I told him Kuzey's story he wanted to help him. 
But now... ... it hurts to know that he's spending his last days like that. 
Wish I could see him at least for the last time. 
Okay, I'll try to do something. 
- Thank you very much. 
- You are welcome. 
I went and checked on the Makara stalls a few times. 
- Everything's going smoothly, don't worry. 
- Okay, good. 
Soon you'll be out of here anyway and get back to business. 
We'll see. 
It's too early to talk about that. 
I'll handle the business until you're out. 
Don't worry about it. 
- Thank you. 
- There's not much until 4th of the month. 
The visitation is over. 
Warden, could you please give us 5 more minutes. 
It was already over 5 minutes ago. 
Okay then, talk to you later. 
God be with you. 
Take care. 
We might not be able to see again until the trial. 
You want anything from us? 
No. 
Just your good health. 
Tell the lawyer if you wanna eat anything. 
I'll cook and send it over. 
Okay, but it's not needed. 
I took a vow, when you get out of this place... ... 
I will feed orphans. 
Look... 
Stay away from the prison dogs. 
- God be with you. 
- Stay away from them. 
Inshallah you'll be out after the first trial. 
We'll see. 
Inshallah. 
We got the appointment for 13th of the month. 
Oh that, I got it. 
I wish you the best. 
Good for you... 
Goodbye, son. 
See you. 
- See you. 
- Goodbye. 
Handan Pakel. 
Can I have my bag? 
Have a good day. 
Ilyas, where are you? 
Okay, I'm coming. 
Can I have my ID as well? 
Sami Tekinoğlu. 
Thank you. 
Good day. 
Oh, I wish I didn't come here. 
Don't say that, I'm glad you are with Sami Amca today. 
Sami Amca. 
- How is Kuzey? 
Is he well? 
- He's alright. 
- How is his morale? 
- Make a guess. 
Everyone has their own problems. 
- He's not sick or something I hope? 
- No, thank God. 
But he's not in good spirit either. 
Don't worry you. 
Look... 
He will be out soon, anyway. 
The toughest part is over. 
How do we know that? 
The other man's case is a different one. 
There's something about this place. 
It fills me with hopelessness. 
No, don't say that, Sami Amca. 
Try to think good things and good things will happen. 
Kuzey will be free after the first trial and we all welcome him. 
He will be with you in your nikah. 
Inshallah, did you give him the letters? 
I left them with the warden they need to control them first. 
- Of course. 
- Okay then, let's go. 
"Every soul will taste death" 
Kazım Beyefendi, in his last trip... ... asks for two things from you, our dear community. 
Your testimony and your blessings. 
How did you know the deceased  when he was still healthy and among us? 
[Crowd:] 
He was a good man! 
- Do you testify that he was a good muslim? 
- We do! 
Earthly or unworldly, materially and spiritually make all your rights halal to him. 
Helal olsun. 
Helal ediniz. 
- One more time, for God's blessings. 
- Helal olsun. 
May God accept your prayers, your testimony and blessings for the deceased. 
May he rest in peace. 
It's a very fine piece. 
Hand made. 
Great craftsmanship. 
But this alone don't mean much. 
It is valuable only with its pair. 
Otherwise it's just like a button. 
Wish you could find the other one as well. 
Then I wouldn't want to sell it. 
Anyway, maybe we'll find it. 
If we can't... 
Then my husband will keep it as a heirloom. 
- Thank you. 
- Have a nice day, miss. 
We've come with great news. 
Is that so? 
How nice. 
The forward buyings are going great. 
We revitalized the market. 
- Glad to hear that. 
- On 18th of February. 
Sinaner Holding will make the opening. 
We will ring the bell that morning. 
- Shall we drink the coffee in my room? 
- I need to attend to a meeting. 
I need to make a few phone calls. 
Then I'll be with you. 
See you. 
Güney, don't you dare break Banu's heart. 
- What do you mean? 
- Today, I saw you and Melda kissing. 
If you want to continue your existence at home and in the company... ... you need to be careful. 
Or you'll have no where to go. 
You dodged a life there. 
Geçmiş olsun. 
Are you okay? 
Thank you. 
God forbid, you could have died. 
I could have. 
But I didn't, again. 
Pity, you failed again. 
What are you talking about? 
- Our case isn't closed yet. 
- I know it isn't. 
I'll talk to you about the photo-montage thing later. 
- I will not stop until I expose the truth. 
- That's enough. 
What are you trying to say? 
You know exactly what I am saying. 
Don't forget that. 
- What photo-montage? 
- Just leave it, he's being ridiculous. 
Maniac. 
I want to see whoever is responsible for the maintenance of this elevator, in my room. 
And call the firm and tell them about this scandal. 
Güney Bey has a guest. 
Simay Canay. 
He is mentally challenged. 
He's obsessed. 
You heard him. 
How he threatened me. 
He is very determined to get me in trouble. 
Güney Bey... 
You have a guest waiting at the reception. 
- Simay Canay... 
- No way. 
Tell them to send her away. 
How many times I have to tell you not to let that woman in this building? 
You still asking? 
He doesn't want to see her. 
Güney Bey isn't in the company. 
His car is here though. 
This is what they told me. 
I was going to give him something that belongs to him. 
Anyway, as he wishes. 
Simay. 
Do you have time? 
Mom, I'm home. 
Welcome. 
The house is smelling wonderful. 
Mom? 
What happened, are you okay? 
- Did something happen? 
- No. 
I called the coiffure, the girls said you weren't there all day. 
I can tell something happened. 
Nothing happened Cemre. 
I just got a bit emotional. 
I can see that. 
But I am asking "why". 
Well... 
I don't know. 
It thought about how small... ... how short life is. 
It is like a blink of an eye. 
I mean, one can be so determined and work too much for something... ... and then one day it all goes away. 
I mean, as if it never existed. 
As if it was a big lie. 
Cemre, life is full of lies. 
Every life ends the same way... ... which makes everything meaningless. 
Wish I knew what makes you say all this. 
I was just thinking about all these stuff... ... they got me emotional. 
But really Cemre... ... we have just one life. 
One must live for herself, not for others. 
One must only regret what they couldn't do. 
That's how it is. 
My dear... 
Don't regret anything. 
Forget about others, you fight for the one you love. 
Be happy with whom you love. 
Yes, sweetie... 
You love Kuzey? 
Go grab his hand. 
You two suffered so much. 
Cemre... 
You deserve to be together. 
My dear... 
Enjoy this short life. 
Cemre, her mommies one and only. 
My dear. 
Sweetheart, my fortune. 
Be so happy, I don't want anything else in this world, Cemre. 
Be happy with the man you love. 
And have joint purpose with him. 
But have your own purpose as well. 
And have a beautiful girl, like I do. 
What if it's a boy? 
A child is a child, canım. 
Boy or girl, doesn't matter. 
But have your child from the man you love. 
Like I did. 
So how did it go? 
You saw Kuzey? 
Sami Amca gave him the cookies and the letter. 
We didn't have a feast like that in a long time. 
- Thank you brother. 
- Afiyet olsun. 
Thanks to everyone who helped bring these to our table. 
Come join us, brother. 
Come sit with us. 
Don't feel left out, come on. 
Well, since you are our guest here. 
I will accept your invitation. 
Let's make the best of your short stay. 
God gave us our punishment, anyway. 
Let us not punish each other, too. 
- Come sit, let us eat böreks of peace. 
- Thank you. 
- Come sit. 
- May God give you more. 
Afiyet olsun. 
Mehmet, where's our tea? 
Just kidding, sit down. 
Eat your food. 
It's Memo's day today. 
Eat all you can, Memo. 
That's what I call a börek... ... health be upon your mother's hands. 
Eat from that çörek as well. 
It's the çörek my dad sells the most. 
- I already ate 3 of those. 
- Whoa! 
Mmm, this one is delicious as well. 
This doesn't look like bakery material tho. 
Where is this from? 
From a certain çirkin. 
Guys, your letters. 
Good news, we got our letters 
- Rıza. 
- Thanks babacan. 
- Kuzey Tekinoğlu. 
- It's me. 
You got a letter from the whole alphabet. 
"Hello Kuzey," 
"As I think about the things happened since our last meeting in the bakery..." 
"... 
I wish I could rewind the time and say goodbye in better terms." 
"Maybe now is time to push our anger aside. 
What do you say?" 
"I talked with your lawyer." 
"I told him, I could be your witness if it is seen necessary." 
"He said Barış's statement is the important one." 
"And it seems he won't change his statement unless he gives up on Cemre." 
"I know, you don't care about it." 
"You would rather staying in prison than being free with his testimony." 
"Because you're a person like that." 
"You wouldn't hesitate to sacrifice..." 
"... yourself, your life for those you love." 
"I wish I could be one of those people." 
"Be among one of your truths  that you would never give up on." 
"I wish I could be the woman, you kept loving..." 
"... despite the impossible circumstances." 
"Take care, Kuzey." 
"Hope to see you soon." 
Why do you keep looking behind you? 
- I look to see if anyone's following. 
- Barış is right. 
This has been an obsession in you. 
You need to relax. 
Nothing as it look, Zeynep. 
He still wants to kill me. 
Who? 
Barış. 
He will not rest until he gets rid of me. 
Do you hear what you say, Burak? 
You don't know Barış. 
He is so dangerous. 
He killed Ferhat. 
He's the one who put the gun in my car. 
He also sabotaged my car. 
Did you tell this to the police? 
No, because I need to find an evidence first. 
That is, if he doesn't kill me before. 
No, that will not happen. 
- Zeynep, I almost died today. 
- Don't be silly, Burak. 
How would he know that you'd use the elevator at that time? 
- I don't know but he just did it somehow. 
- Stop torturing yourself. 
Throw those thoughts out of your mind. 
I wish this was just my paranoias as you say. 
I know you're going through a difficult period. 
But you need to calm down. 
It will be over soon. 
I am with you. 
And no one is gonna kill you. 
Are you carrying a gun on your belt? 
- I need to be prepared for anything. 
- So is this how you protect yourself? 
I need to carry this until I can feel safe again. 
"Kuzey, I crossed out one more day." 
"I shoed away one more day to be with you." 
My captivity is over. 
Yours is next. 
On 4th of February. 
A new page will be opened for us, you'll see. 
I'm filing a divorce suit against Barış. 
I'm with my mom, since that day. 
I won't go to that house again, not even to get my necklace back. 
Yes, Barış was so mad he seized the necklace you gave me. 
I tried to get it back. 
But I had to leave it as pawn in exchange for my freedom, until I divorce. 
It's a miserable effort by him. 
He will see that nothing can separate you and me, as everyone else will also see. 
Until today, I didn't know what it really meant "to miss somebody". 
I missed you so much. 
On February the 4th, when the trial is over and you are free. 
I will hug you so tight, that... ... no one will be able to untie us. 
Take care until that day. 
I love you so much. 
I love you so much. 
If you want to be my girlfriend then you won't hold a weapon again. 
- Zeynep. 
- Let us go. 
I said let us go. 
Do I stick it in here? 
We'll leave a row empty. 
Then we'll add 4 rows. 
Okay. 
- Am I doing alright? 
- You're doing wonderful. 
"Don't wait for me tonight. 
It's impossible for me come." 
Now do the turns, and finish the crossed parts. 
- How does it look? 
- It looks beautiful, canım. 
The idiot dropped it at the house when he was fighting Kuzey. 
I forgot that I kept it so that it wouldn't get lost. 
Then I found it again in one of the boxes as I moved to my new place. 
So I brought it  thought maybe it's something important. 
You did well. 
This was my father's. 
Atilla Sinaner's. 
He had bought this specially to give it as a present to Güney. 
That fool couldn't hold onto it. 
- One more? 
- No, I will go. 
- Where? 
- I got stuff to do. 
Did you go back to that night club? 
The place where you did pole dancing. 
No... 
I would really like to watch you. 
You lost your chance. 
What if I insist... 
What if I gave you presents? 
Wouldn't you dance for me? 
Just once? 
Doesn't your wife wait for you at home? 
Cemre left home. 
We are divorcing. 
Besides, all her roads go to north (Kuzey). 
- Where are we going? 
- To my house. 
Okay... 
Hüseyin Bey, sorry for the trouble. 
I could come and get it, you didn't have to Huseyin Amca. 
I was kinda worried about you. 
Since I didn't see you at the shop today. 
- Hoped you didn't get sick or something. 
- No, no. 
Not sick or anything. 
I just didn't feel like going to work. 
So I took a day off. 
Why don't you come in? 
Let me offer you a coffee. 
Thank you but, I shouldn't. 
Zeynep will be home soon. 
She works too much these days. 
She gets tired. 
I'll go prepare her food before she comes. 
She didn't look tired at all. 
She was outside all day. 
She went to the jail with Sami Amca. 
- Jail? 
- Well, I was there as well. 
That's how I saw her. 
- Good evening. 
- Good evening, how can I help you? 
- Gülten Hanım? 
- Yes, it is me. 
I am Münir Erkut, lawyer. 
I told Barış all I had to say. 
I don't want anything from him. 
I have no demands. 
All I want is to divorce as soon as possible. 
You didn't have to come all the way here. 
I think there's a misunderstanding. 
I'm not an attorney to the person you mentioned. 
I am Kazım Gencerel's lawyer. 
My condolences. 
I had not told my daughter about it. 
My condolences. 
Your father wanted me to give you something. 
Please come inside. 
Gülten Hanım... 
- Do you want me to stay? 
- No, Hüseyin Bey. 
Thank you very much. 
Come. 
No one from the mansion comes here, right? 
Don't worry, no one can disturb us here. 
Welcome, sir. 
You can go to bed. 
I will attend to my guest myself. 
Of course, sir. 
Good night. 
Wow, this place is super. 
You like it? 
I can't believe it. 
Cemre must be stupid to leave this place. 
Yeah, and she left for another stupid person. 
She turned her back on me because of stupid Kuzey. 
"My daughter, Cemre..." 
"... if you are reading this letter..." 
"... that means I gave my last breath." 
"And that I left this world with a great guilt of conscience." 
"Last time we spoke you said you didn't want to see me again." 
"You were rightfully angry at me." 
"I didn't have much to say back then. 
As don't have now either." 
"After all those years, I know it is too late to--" 
Okay, I'll read it later. 
Thank you for coming here. 
- It was my job. 
- You did your job successfully. 
Kazım Bey... 
I don't know what he told you and in what degree, but... ... 
I have never asked anything from him... ... for neither myself nor my daughter. 
- I know. 
- As I told him back then as well... ... 
I wanted to Cemre for myself. 
And that's the best thing I've ever done. 
No money, nothing could match it. 
I am sure of that. 
I can tell that Kazım Bey wants to do something for her... ... we appreciate it but. 
We don't want it. 
I think you shouldn't make your decision now. 
Think of it as your father's last wish. 
No. 
We thank you but. 
I can't accept that either. 
Because he's never been my father. 
I just named this big void in my life "father". 
I will never forgive him because he didn't try to fill this void. 
I'll never forgive him for trying to ease his conscience with a piece of paper. 
But I will not wish him ill. 
So he doesn't need to worry. 
- I can understand your anger. 
- No you can't. 
This is not anger, mom. 
It's not hatred, disappointment or anything. 
- I know, sweetheart. 
- I mean, I never had a father. 
And there never will. 
Please you close this subject not to be opened again. 
The decision is yours. 
I feel much lighter now. 
I won't have to lie to anybody anymore. 
I can say my father really died. 
My dear child. 
Did I wake you up? 
No, I gotta go anyway. 
Oh, why? 
I thought we'd have breakfast together. 
No, I'll go to work. 
I'll take a shower and go out. 
Okay, as you wish. 
- Good morning, sir. 
- Good morning. 
Lawyer Necati Bey called twice, sir. 
Thanks. 
Good morning. 
Yes, yes, I just woke up. 
So how did the trial go? 
Unfortunately, we didn't get the decision we hoped for. 
- What? 
- The lawyer took into account the last developments. 
Until Mirza Çeltik's investigation is over... ... he was released by the court pending the trial. 
So is he... is he free now? 
God damn it! 
He can't leave the country though. 
Who cares if he can't go out of the country? 
Is he out there and free now or not? 
Aleykum selam... aleykum selam. 
What are you doing here? 
And how did you get in here? 
What is going on? 
What do you think you are doing? 
How did you get inside? 
Come, let us have a talk with you. 
What are we gonna talk about? 
This was for Cemre. 
Barış Bey! 
Get up! 
Don't! 
Come here. 
I had made you an advance payment before the trial... ... 
I will give you the rest of the payment today. 
Oh you were hungry too, right? 
Here! 
Come here! 
Don't call the police. 
I will kill him right here  if you call the police or the security. 
I was put in jail because of him. 
Come here, come. 
Lion... 
Get up. 
Fight me like a man. 
You were doing stuff behind my back. 
Why don't you hit me once? 
Slap me once, just once. 
Hit me once to wind me up, come on! 
Get up. 
We are not finished yet. 
Get up. 
May God accept your prayers. 
I first found out that Mirza Çeltik's deceased son was your boyfriend. 
And then I found his grave. 
Then I tracked the fresh flowers brought here everyday. 
And here I am before you. 
Hello Komiser. 
You know Kuzey was released today, right? 
Mirza Çeltik doesn't have many days ahead. 
You are trying to close Ferhat's case. 
Why would I want that? 
For the same reason you come here everyday with flowers. 
I am not doing anything. 
I will prove it. 
I will prove it. 
Come to the front door. 
Yes, I entered from the chimney, I'll exit from the door. 
Let's do it. 
Great. 
Aleykum selam. 
How is it going? 
- (?) Kuzey Bey. 
- Hands off. 
Don't pounce at me like hound. 
I'll tell you something though. 
There's a security vulnerability on that building. 
Looks like some people broke the cameras in the yard. 
Especially the walls surrounding the guest mansion. 
Don't be so stingy, man. 
Spend some money to get those fixed. 
- Kuzey Bey. 
- Telling you, people could walk right into the mansions. 
- Salamun aleyküm. 
- Aleykum selam, bro. 
Mission accomplished? 
Great, let's go then. 
Your people got worried mad about you. 
They kept calling me. 
- Nah, they are used to it. 
- Well, I don't know. 
They gave me headaches, asking me where you went off to after the trial. 
Why does everyone who can't reach you, call me? 
I don't know if I am a phone operator or a missing person office. 
You are my accomplice, what else do you want to be? 
- Always, bro. 
Don't worry. 
- Thanks. 
Still you better give them a call. 
They are really worried. 
Especially Cemre Abla, she called me at least 20 times. 
- 20? 
- Okay, maybe 10. 
Where have you been? 
I was worried to death! 
Here I am. 
See you, bro! 
Okay, go on. 
Thanks. 
God bless. 
Your phone was off. 
Yunus said he didn't know where you were. 
I was scared. 
Here I am, in one piece. 
Don't panic. 
- Called you father? 
- Mhm. 
We kept waiting at the gates for you to come out. 
You escaped from us, huh? 
Where did you go? 
What did you do? 
There was a error. 
I just had to fix it. 
That Barış jerk, I fixed him. 
I knew you'd do something like that.\ 
Don't worry, from now on. 
That punk can't do anything to you. 
You don't worry. 
Okay? 
Okay. 
We activate the protocol she signed before the marriage. 
Yes, exactly... 
All her obligations will be put in effect. 
If she wants to divorce, she has to pay me all the compensation written in the contract. 
Let's see if she can divorce me now. 
He will be even more hostile towards you now. 
He should thank God, that he still breathes. 
Or I know what I would do to him. 
Okay, come... 
We have a lot to tell each other. 
Wait, wait... 
Uhm, well... 
... could you turn your back to me? 
- Why? 
- Just do it will you? 
Kuzey. 
Don't lose it again. 
I won't. 
Andy Fitch 
Male Speaker: 
I spun out from Kristen'sat 8:14, against the enlivening, gravelly air. 
Female Speaker: 
Business people passed by, harried and alone. 
Male Speaker: 
Cement trucks corkscrewed past. 
Female Speaker: 
Across 
Greenwich, a woman exited a cab clenched her butt. 
Male Speaker: 
She was into herself, and wore all white. 
Female Speaker: 
Around Harrison, dusty workers smoked beneath a dusty blue Putzmeister crane. 
Male Speaker: 
That was impressive, we didn't even practice "putzmeister." 
Female Speaker: 
I can say that word! 
Male Speaker: 
Why do fenced off construction sites make me feel small, lonely, and connected to the world? 
Female Speaker: 
Skyscrapers along the New Jersey cost all look the same color as my personal checks. 
Male Speaker: 
One storefront rivaled Milton's description of chaos. 
Female Speaker: 
Placards put 
Jesus in blindfold next to a blind, grinning Mao. 
Male Speaker: 
Only after a careful of recycleables had passed did I realize how oblivious 
I'd been of its presence. 
Female Speaker: 
Pomeranians slowed to stare at poodles across the street. 
Male Speaker: 
Sorry, it's sort of dark, so I'm just trying to find my place here. 
Yes. 
Crowds converged on city course building as if by gravitational pull. 
Female Speaker: 
A boy squatting with a laptop smiled, which completely hid his lips. 
Male Speaker: 
Crossing Canal, listening to a couple murmur inside one car, it felt like I was still sleeping. 
Female Speaker: 
Ahead of me, an architect explained that what people call quirky designs are just attempts to avoid all this lifelessness. 
Male Speaker: 
Somebody blind scanned the intersection with his cane. 
Female Speaker: 
Fingers peeked from a homeless person's quilt. 
Male Speaker: 
Behind this, someone else lay covered. 
Female Speaker: 
The fresh morning smell had changed to damp boots. 
Male Speaker: 
I gazed into the dusty stillness, of a sedan's rear dashboard. 
And then there was a Bible there. 
Female Speaker: 
I passed a UPS warehouse, in which you could just make out the worker's breaths. 
Male Speaker: 
West African security guards joked with shippers, who stayed slightly more serious. 
Female Speaker: 
Nothing rode on conveyor belts. 
Male Speaker: 
All of this repeated itself for blocks, 136 parking spaces. 
Female Speaker: 
Afterwards, 
FedEx began, which seemed, which somehow seemed less interesting. 
Male Speaker: 
From Perry, a jogger passed in shorts and I'd soon see a lot of flesh in public. 
Hello to everyone! 
I am Stefano.The97 Pasquale asked me to present the game 15 
It was created with Visual Basic 
It's easy to use! 
You must click on the number next to the button that says nothing! 
In the first version, you must mix yourself! 
It don't know when you win! 
[Waka Waka] 
That's all! 
Product by The97Pasquale 
Eminem: 
Without Me in 5 4 3 2 1 
Obie Trice, real name no gimmicks heh heh ha ha uh hum 
Two trailer park girls go round the outside; round the outside, round the outside 
Marshall we got a bogie im on the way 
Two trailer park girls go round the outside; round the outside, round the outside 
Guess who's back 
Back again 
Shady's back 
Tell a friend 
Guess who's back, guess who's back, guess who's back, guess who's back guess who's back, guess who's back, guess who's back.. 
Eminem hums 
I've created a monster, cause nobody wants to see Marshall no more 
They want Shady, 
I'm chopped liver 
Well if you want Shady, this is what I'll give ya 
A little bit of me mixed with some hard liquor 
Some vodka that'll jump start my heart quicker than a shock when I get shocked at the hospital by the doctor when I'm not co-operating 
When I'm rockin the table while he's operating hey!! 
You waited this long, now stop debating 
Cause I'm back, I'm on the rag and ovu-lating 
I know that you got a job Ms. Cheney but your husband's heart problem's complicating 
So the FCC won't let me be or let me be me, so let me see 
They try to shut me down on MTV 
But it feels so empty, without me 
So, come on and dip, bum on your lips jump back jiggle the hips and wiggle a bit 
And get ready, cause this is about to get heavy 
I just settled all my lawsuits, 
--- YOU DEBBlE! 
Now this looks like a job for me 
So everybody , just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
I said this looks like a job for me 
So everybody, just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
Little Hellions, kids feelin rebellious 
Embarrassed their parents still listen to Elvis 
They start feelin like prisoners helpless 
'til someone comes along on a mission and yells 
BlTCH!!! 
A visionary, vision of scary 
Could start a revolution, pollutin the airwaves 
A rebel, so just let me revel and bask in the fact that I got everyone kissin my ass smack 
And it's a disaster, such a catastrophe for you to see so damn much of my ass; you asked for me? 
Well I'm back, da-na-na-na-na-na-na-na bzzt 
Fix your bent antenna tune it in and then I'm gonna enter in, endin up under your skin like a splinter 
The center of attention, back for the winter 
I'm interesting, the best thing since wrestling 
Infesting in your kid's ears and nesting bzzt 
Testing, attention please 
Feel the tension, soon as someone mentions me 
Here's my ten cents, my two cents is free 
A nuisance, who sent? 
You sent for me? 
Now this looks like a job for me 
So everybody, just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
I said this looks like a job for me 
So everybody, just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
A-tisket a-tasket, 
I go tit for tat with anybody who's talkin this shit, that shit 
Chris Kirkpatrick, you can get your ass kicked worse than them little Limp Bizkit bastards 
And Moby? 
You can get stomped by Obie 
You thirty-six year old baldheaded fag, blow me 
You don't know me, you're too old, 
let go 
It's over, nobody listen to techno 
Now let's go, just gimme the signal 
I'll be there with a whole list full of new insults 
I been dope, suspenseful with a pencil ever since Prince turned himself into a symbol knife slices 
But sometimes man it just seems everybody only wants to discuss me 
No I'm not the first king of controversy 
I am the worst thing since Elvis Presley to do black music so selfishly and used it to get myself wealthy 
Hey!! 
There's a concept that works 
Twenty million other white rappers emerge 
But no matter how many fish in the sea 
It'll be so empty, without me 
Now this looks like a job for me 
So everybody, just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
I said this looks like a job for me 
So everybody, just follow me 
Cause we need a little, controversy 
Cause it feels so empty, without me 
Chem-hie-la-la-la, la-la-la-la-la 
La-la-la-la-la, 
la-la-la-la 
Chem-hie-la-la-la, la-la-la-la-la 
La-la-la-la-la, 
la-la-la-la 
Kids! 
by Leviathan 
It's great to be here 
I'm sorry I couldn't have been here for the other two days but my life's got very pressured in recent years for reasons I don't fully understand but it's something to do with the media 
I think. 
So it is nice to be here and I'll just say a few things about myself. 
I'm a Professor of Neuropsychopharmacology which is the study of drugs and the brain and I'm a psychiatrist, I treat patients but I've researched drugs and the brain and it's particularly nice to be here because the first time I ever understood that a drug might change brain function was when I was 15 and I read my father showed me this piece that Hoffman had written about how time extended under LSD when he was cycling home after his accidental exposure and it struck me at that moment that this is a really fundamental insight into the way the brain works if you can change time that profoundly with a drug then I presume you could do anything with a drug and that's why I'm a psychopharmacologist so that was quite a sort of founding influence on my career I think however, I went off to a place called Cambridge University where this man had won the Nobel prize along with Alan Hodgekin a few years before I went there and, this is Andrew Huxley he defined the way which action potentials worked, he produced the first mathematical model of how a neuron did something immensely powerful intellect, phenomenal contribution he's the founder of mathematical neuroscience but as you all know it was his half-brother, Aldous, who in some ways was the more interesting person and of course the reason most of you are here is because the way in which Aldous promoted the concept of psychedelic research was so efficient and also so remarkable in terms of its linguistic qualities that he became very compelling to many people so there he is, Aldous is the older half-brother of Andrew 
He never got the Nobel prize but he never did medicine of course some of you may not know he wanted to do medicine but he had an inflamatory process of his cornea which meant that he couldn't look down the microscope so he couldn't really study medicine so he went off to do other things but he was very, very scientifically oriented and of course this is the book that really put psychedelics into the public conciousness 
The Doors of Perception and I don't suppose there were many people who at the time knew of the work of William Blake, 
The great English mystic who came up with this rather remarkable phrase 
"If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite. 
For man has closed himself up till he sees all things through the narrow chinks of his cavern." 
And that I guess is the perspective of conciousness that Blake understood as being very limiting right back in the late 1700s but which we all now I think accept as being not only true but also verifiable using modern neuroscience 
And I'm particularly compelled by these two individuals 
Francis Crick from the UK and 
Kary Mulis from I guess just up the road, was he in Berkley I can't remember 
But these are the two individuals who, these are the two most important Nobel prizes in the history of medicine and they were both gained under the influence of LSD where people used, these two individuals used it to solve what at the time were insoluable problems so working out the crystal structure of the double helix is not trivial and in fact it was very difficult but one suspects that Crick got insights from taking LSD when it was normal of course, when it was legal of course and one of the real challenges to us today is the fact that the illegality of these drugs has profoundly distorted research and is continuing to do so to a point where I think it's actually one of the greatest insults to modern research 
I think it's one of the greatest scandals 
In fact it's hard to think of a greater scandal although it's possible that the Bush block of embryonic stem cells is of comparable size but that didn't last as long as bans on these drugs 
And I'm going to give you another quote which hopefully you're all familiar with which is this one from Einstein that "No problem can be solved from the same level of consciousness that created it" and that's given me a bit of hope that maybe we can actually, eventually overturn some of the ridiculous prejudice against these drugs so as some of you I guess are familiar with before LSD was banned there were over a thousand human studies 
I think there's been one since but I'm not even sure that's published actually and in the UK there's never been a study on LSD till we started doing Psilocybin research, there hadn't been any there have been two for MDMA 
And I've been promoting the concept of scientific enlightenment in relation to these drugs and I managed to convince one of the editors of Nature Neuroscience Reviews that this is a serious challenge a serious issue in relation to neuroscience and this is a paper that I've written with Les King in the UK and Dave Nichols who's here and it's coming out in a couple of months in Nature Reviews Neuroscience 
And I'm going to use this to springboard a campaign to get the law changed so that researchers can easily access important drugs to answer important questions. 
(applause) 
And just to emphasise that maybe you guys were here even before Aldous Huxley 
Here's William James of course the father of American psychology pointing out that there are different forms of consciousness and I think that some of this insight were gained from his knowledge of the very early anthropological studies of different ethnic groups using psychedelics 
And I think Stan Grof is here and I think this is a wonderful quote and I use this in all my lectures now 
"Psychedelics, used responsibly and with proper caution, would be for psychiatry what the microscope is for biology and medicine, and the telescope for astronomy" 
And it is absurd that we haven't been allowed to use them 
And I think it has held back research in many areas 
So this is what we're doing at present 
You've heard Robin talk about those three Psilocybin studies 
We have an LSD study about to start providing we can get the compound 
We've got an MRC funded trial for Psilocybin in depression which is where getting the compound is proving challenging. 
We've also got another MRC study funded to look at Pscilocybin as a model of psychosis as Robin was mentioning, the failure of the default mode network to separate from the task positive network 
We've talked about the MDMA study, I'll mention that briefly and we're also quite interested in using Cannabis also and use it in MRI and MEG to explore similarities and disimilarities of those different drugs. 
And we have NHS approval to do an MDMA study in treatment resistant PTSD and Ben Cessa who's in the audience has led that. 
Although we haven't managed to get it funded the first funding body turned it down. 
But the fact that it's been approved by the National Health Service is actually at least a start. 
So why do we want to do these experiments? 
Well, I think there are three reasons 
The first is I think we need to understand how the drugs work. 
And these are phenomenally important 
I would say necessary tools to understand consciousness at a more mundane level they allow us to address questions about what the 5HT2A receptor is are doing in the brain and the fact that there are so many of these receptors so densely expressed in these really interesting and important brain regions tells us that they are likely to be important and therefore we should study them 
And of course for me as a clinician then there's the really interesting possibility that these drugs may have treatment potential. 
And Robin showed you this 
This completely paradoxical effect when we started doing this experiment we'd all expected that Psilocybin would increase brain blood flow at least in regions such as the visual cortex where it might be correlated with the interesting coloured geometric hallucinations and when you find something exactly the opposite of what you predict then as a scientist you usually know you're right because there's no bias there's no encouraging the data to get a significance this is exactly the opposite of what we predicted and therefore it was, we thought, likely to be true but we went on and replicated it 
He's shown you this as well the uncoupling of the default mode network as well so these were profound changes as I say unpredicted and profound and those changes in the default mode network are fascinating because of this emerging evidence on what the default mode network is doing 
Robin has shown you this, the way the network is concentrated in the Anterior and Posterior Singular Cortices acting as connector hubs for the brain but as he also mentioned one of the first challenges we met was this challenge referees simply said well these drugs are serotonergic drugs, serotonergic drugs change brain blood flow because for instance the Tryptans, the serotonergic drugs so this is all an artefact of changing blood flow and we did argue that actually it would be quite interesting simply to know that changing blood flow in those regions produce such profound alterations in consciousness it wouldn't matter really how it did it but anyway people didn't like that because neuroscientists like things to happen in the brain not in the blood and that's why we went on to do the MEG study because MEG essentially is a measure of electrical activity and as Robin showed you the same, essentially the same findings this profound perturbation of activity particularly in the Posterior Singular Cortex across all the different frequency ranges and the Anterior Singular Cortex in the higher frequency. 
So that really does clinch it this is a profound effect on brain function. 
So how does it do it? 
How does Psilocybin do this? 
And he mentioned that it's the stimulation of 2A receptors which seems to be common to all psychedelic drugs 
Psilocybin having a potency of about a 20th of that of LSD 
And these receptors are profoundly concentrated in these areas of the brain that make up the default mode network and maybe to address one of the questions that was raised from the floor the way we're conceptualising what these receptors are doing now is that they clearly don't affect, unless perhaps they are extraordinarily stimulated, they don't affect memory they don't effect even the ability to respond to perceptions and sensory inputs but they certainly change the way in which you integrate sensory inputs with other experiences. 
So it seems to me that the 5-HT2A receptors have got something to do with the valance of emotion and the other major receptor in the cortex is of course the GABA receptor which changes the level of arousal from sedation and coma through to hyperexcitability. 
So I think we have a two dimensional model now of those elements of consciousness. 
And the question of why you would get an inhibition of brain blood flow when you're exciting these 2A receptors on the layer 5 pyramidal cells is explained by the fact that they're also a large body of these so called, fast spiking interneurons which are activated by the pyramidal cells so when the pyramidal cells fire they stimulate the fast spiking interneurons which also have 2A receptors on them as well and very often in brain function when you stimulate something there is a net overactivity of inhibition so that the net effect is an inhibition of function. 
We see that with transcutaneous magnetic stimulation, the net effects are inhibitory because the huge density of inhibitory interneurons in the cortex. 
So that's what's going on, there's a massive firing and then an even greater inhibition. 
At the molecular level we can explain it but what does it mean in terms of potential therapeutics. 
We were particularly struck by the attenuation of activity in this region here, the medial prefrontal cortex, the ventral medial prefrontal cortex. 
The reason we were interested in that is because over the last decade it's become clear that a number of different treatments for depression suppress this, the activity in this brain region. 
SSRls, CBT, sleep deprivation, ECT, placebo, deep brain stimulation, Ketamine. 
I just want to just spend a little bit of time on this study the one by Helen Maybury? because i think this is truly a remarkable example of how neuroscience has directed interventions in a meaningful way. 
She's a neurologist, she was working at Emery at the time and she essentially did, these were PET studies looking at brain metabolism and she showed that in her patients with treatment resistant depression there was over activity, increased metabolism in this brain region here called CG25 
And she referred it back to again the writings of William James who suffered from depression himself and pointed out that depression is a positive and active anguish a sort of psychical neuralgia wholly unknown to normal life. 
This positivity she inferred was due to overactivity of this region and because she was working in a centre where they developed neurosurgical techniques for Parkinson's Disease she was able to persuade neurosurgeons to stick an electrode into here and switch it off. 
And that switching off produced in some people quite profound improvements in mood so you go from overactivity to underactivity in the people who responded to deep brain stimulation for depression and if you stayed well it stayed shut off. so this was a fascinating conceptual advance in terms of regulating brain function using obviously a relatively extreme approach, neurosurgery but one that does prove the concept of inhibiting brain function may result in a good outcome. 
She also then went on to show that people who have recovered on SSRls also had reduced activity in the same region. 
So it seemed to us that if we could produce an equivalent effect using a single dose of Psilocybin that would not only be enormously cheaper but also it would obviously be much safer et cetera so if we could mimic the beneficial effects of deep brain stimulation with Psilocybin then that would be, we think, quite a major advance and that study is pending but as some of you will have heard it's proving quite difficult due to the particularly complex regulations we have in Europe over the manufacture of drugs for clinical trials to actually find any company that can make Psilocybin to the quality that the European regulators require and they also have a license to make it. 
So we're caught between two very big rocks at present. 
So why might there be overactivity in brain regions as a result that could be amenable to Psilocybin. 
Well I just want to show you this study from a group in Oxford who looked at the density of 5HT2A receptors and showed that in depressed people there's a higher number, higher density. 
It's almost as if there's an upregulation of these receptors possibly in an attempt to compensate for some deficiency of serotonin. 
There's also this data from the group in Toronto showing again that the more 5HT2A receptors you can measure using PET the greater the pessimism in people with depression. 
Then finally just a couple of other words about the MDMA trial because this was a study that was funded by television. 
We could not get any standard funder in the UK to fund work on a recreational drug. but eventually the TV company came up with the money and we're able therefore to do it. 
The study was a remarkable study not only in terms of the fact we got some fascinating data using imaging but also, we also were able to show it on TV and show people what imaging, what our research in imaging looks like and it's still available. 
If you go on to the Channel Four website you can still download it it's the most downloaded programme ever on that particular TV channel 
It also, MDMA, Robin didn't show you these data also produces attenuations in brain blood flow not dissimilar to those you see under psilocybin particularly in the Thalamus and the thalamic changes correllated well with the subjective intensity and also connectivity was reduced not as profoundly so as with Psilocybin and one of the real challenges now is to tease apart the differences between these two drugs. 
Which clearly have different targets but in the end both presumably produce stimulation of 5HT receptors but it's not going to be easy and here's an example this is one of our politicians and he's challenged every time we have gone public with our results he's asked questions in the Houses of Parliament he's allowed to do that, it's called parliamentary priviledge he can say anything he likes about us without any kind of comeback and after the first study, the Psilocybin study, he asked why we were allowed to use an illegal drug in a scientific study. 
After the MDMA programme he intimated that, well you can read it what licenses were held by her, that's the home secretary, for drugs that were used in the study. 
What's the process of revoking such licenses and how this process will be initiated 
So I think you can see that's a pretty serious challenge to our ability to conduct this research and I think that is a kind of microcosm of the kind of approach that's actually unspoken across the country people don't want it to happen for no very good reason other than these drugs are illegal. 
I'm going to finish by giving you another quote from Aldous Huxley 
"Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about the truth. 
Facts do not cease to exist because they're ignored. 
By simply not mentioning certain subjects totalitarian propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations." 
That's exactly what's happened to this research over the last fifty years and it's time that the neuroscientific community was enlightened and move this field into the 21st century. 
So, if you want to read nay more about this you can read my book all the proceeds go to a charity which tries to tell the truth about drugs and I'll finish by just saying that we are going to have a little mini version of this in the UK on the 12th of June we're going to have the first UK psychedelics conference probably ever and if you want to come, come. 
Thanks. 
(Offscreen) Thank you so much. 
(Offscreen) Thank you Professor Nutt. 
(Offscreen) We have time for some questions if people would like to step up to the mic with any questions or comments 
No one wants questions, no 
It's better not to be associated with me actually because.... (Offscreen) No, no no. 
Here we go. 
Thank you, sir. 
(Mic) Thanks for all the work you're doing in Britain towards a rational psychedelic use. 
(Mic) Epigenetics, I believe that that's going to become a factor in some of these areas, do you have any information on that? 
Well we don't do any, we haven't even considered doing any epigenetic studies in humans yet. 
I don't think the technology's there, I suppose one could in animal studies. 
There will be changes I'm sure, I'm sure those layer 5 cells will show epigenetic changes following a single dose. 
That's a really interesting thing to do but we don't have that technology. 
(Mic) You mentioned that people with depression have higher densities of 5HT2A receptors. 
(Mic) Have you seen any connection with that and maybe high tolerance in people with depression? 
That's a really interesting question, yeah. 
We've never, we haven't administered Psilocybin to people with depression yet because we haven't crossed that threshold for getting the drug for clinical use 
We would love to do that, we'd love to scan people, 
look at the number of their receptors, look at responsivity the trouble is PET scans are hugely, hugely expensive you're talking twenty thousand dollars a scan we don't have that kind money and we don't have a 2A tracer currently running in our lab but at some stage in the next year or two I think we will have a 2A tracer then if any of you wants to fund that research let me know and we'll do it, alright? 
(Mic) Speaking of funding research has the success of Drugs Live on Channel 4 continued the conversation about funding further research at all? 
Any of your other studies? 
Well, we are negotiating to do another study this year with them, yes. 
Hopefully we can get it done, yeah. 
That won't be with Psilocybin, that will probably be with different sorts of cannabis. 
(Mic) Thank you. 
(Mic) At my location in Florida in the sensitive political area, that I4 corridor, gives me the opportunity to meet with a lot of politicians coming through and lets me work as a kind of psychedelic advocate and lobbyist. 
(Mic) Are there any names of people I can consult and write to to get better information? 
Maybe we can talk afterwards I'm not entirely sure you are saying but you can ask me afterwards. 
(Mic) The effect of MDMA has been tied to upping the Oxytocin level and one gets many of the same effects with Psilocybin. 
Camaraderie going up, empathy going up, trust, contentment. 
(Mic) Has anyone looked at or have you looked at perhaps the Oxytocin level going up? 
So yeah, we've done that in the MDMA study but I haven't got the results, 
I haven't got adequate assays of the Oxytocin during it, 
I'm not happy with the reliability of the assay. 
We have not done it with Psilocybin, I don't know why. 
It's just a bit of a chore, we've tried to avoid the need to have needles in people because that does change the way in which they experience the scanning and that but we could do and it is a very good question. 
Has anyone done some? 
I don't know if anyone's ever done Psilocybin and Oxytocin, it's a very difficult assay, Oxytocin though which is why I'm reluctant to say anything about what the results are with the MDMA. 
Some people it goes up a lot but it is very unreliable. 
(Mic) I was just wondering what you think about Salvinorin A which has some overlap in the phenomenology with the serotonergic agonist but does not effect Serotonin receptors in any way. 
No, I think it is a really interesting question and I think it would be fascinating to study that drug too. 
Similarly Ketamine, there are some studies with Ketamine. 
Functionally utterly different but one thing there is some convergence in terms of uncoupling the Anterior Singulate from Posterior Singulate. 
Salvinorin would be a great experiment to do, we were wondering about doing that if we can get the compound and be allowed to use it legally. 
(Mic) Hi, thank you for your talk, both you and Robin were real interesting. 
I have two questions. 
One of them is, in your Psilocybin study were your subjects Psilocybin naive? 
No, they're all Psilocybin experienced, we wouldn't be allowed to give it to naive subjects. 
(Mic) OK. 
My other question is it appears that the resting state scans of Psilocybin may give you different results if you're looking at Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy. 
Can you comment on that? 
Was there something that I missed at the meeting then? 
(Mic) Oh no, I was just curious if you think that you may get different results from the brain scans. 
I suppose the simplest, the current thinking is this, is that in depression you'll have the DMN will be over-connected and that will relate to the degree of negative rumination that patients have and that you will uncouple that and that will stay uncoupled and we do have funding to do the scanning as well as the clinical trial in depression so we'll look at that and see if we can show that there is an enduring effect. 
(Mic) Is there any reason to expect you would get a different result if it was Psilocybin in the context of Psychotherapy? 
I hope not, one would hope that psychotherapy would improve the response but one doesn't know and of course I don't think we actually know whether the sensitivity to Psilocybin will be different in people with depression you could argue it both ways so in fact in the depression study we're going to use a low dose first just in case but if anyone here's got experience of using Psilocybin in depressed people and can reassure us that they're not super-sensitive 
let us know. 
(Offscreen) Thank you. 
Thank you Professor Nutt. 
(Offscreen) Please help me thank Professor David Nutt (applause) 
We never paid any heed to the ancient prophecies. 
Like fools we clung to the old hatreds and fought as we had for generations until the day the sky rained fire and a new enemy came upon us. 
We stand now upon the brink of destruction, for the Reign of Chaos has come at last. 
A man carries big bags of candy... ...for his big candy pile. 
But this man and his dog have no candy. 
See? 
This lady knows where the sweet shop is. 
A plan is formed. 
First, these men steal all the pillows... ...and then the dogs steal the mattresses. 
The dogs float their mattresses to the candy shop. 
WOW! 
CANDY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 
[music starts] 
When I was a young man I carried my pack 
And I lived the free life of a rover 
From the Murrays green basin to the dusty outback 
I waltzed my Matilda all over 
Then in nineteen fifteen my country said Son 
It's time to stop rambling 'cause there's work to be done 
So they gave me a tin hat and they gave me a gun 
And they sent me away to the war 
And the band played Waltzing Matilda 
As we sailed away from the quay 
And amidst all the tears and the shouts and the cheers 
We sailed off for Gallipoli 
How well I remember that terrible day 
When the blood stained the sand and the water 
When how in that hell that they called Suvla Bay 
We were butchered like lambs at the slaughter 
Johnny Turk he was ready, he primed himself well 
He showered us with bullets, and he rained us with shells 
And in five minutes flat he'd blown us all to hell 
Nearly blew us right back to Australia 
And the band played Waltzing Matilda 
As we stopped to bury our slain 
And we buried ours and the Turks buried theirs 
And it started all over again 
Now those who were living, did their best to survive 
In that mad world of death, blood and fire 
And for seven long weeks I kept myself alive 
But the corpses around me piled higher 
Then a big Turkish shell knocked me arse over tit 
And when I awoke in my hospital bed 
And saw what it had done, Christ I wished I was dead 
Never knew there were worse things than dying 
And no more I'll go waltzing Matilda 
To the green bushes so far and near 
For to hang tent and pegs, a man needs two legs 
No more waltzing Matilda for me [instrumental] 
So they collected the cripples, the wounded, the maimed 
And they shipped us back home to Australia 
The legless, the armless, the blind, and insane 
Those proud wounded heroes of Suvla 
And as our ship pulled into Circular Quay 
I looked at the place where me legs used to be 
And thank Christ there was nobody waiting for me 
To grieve and to mourn and to pity 
And the band played Waltzing Matilda 
As they carried us down the gangway 
But nobody cheered, they just stood and stared 
Then they turned their faces away 
And now every April I sit on my porch 
And I watch the parade pass before me 
And I see my old comrades, how proudly they march 
Reliving the dreams of past glory 
And I see the old men all twisted and torn 
The forgotten heroes from a forgotten war 
And the young people ask me, "What are they marching for?" 
And I ask myself the same question 
And the band plays Waltzing Matilda 
And the old men still answer the call 
But year after year their numbers get fewer 
Some day no one will march there at all 
Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda 
Who'll go a waltzing Matilda with me 
-You are now watching an interactive video from Haunted House Party. 
Click anywhere to start at the beginning if you dare. 
-Well, she's fucked. 
-Okay, anyways... [monster growls, girl screams] 
Anyways... [monster growls louder] 
-What the fuck, demon. 
Just get it done! 
-[growls] 
I'm finished. 
-Okay, everybody. 
It's important that we all stick together and not panic. 
[all scream] 
-Ah! 
-Is everyone... 
Oh, my God! 
[others scream] 
Someone should summon the spirit animals... or call the police, 
I guess that would work better in this situation. 
-Oh guys, 
I was just checking my iBoo app and whatever's causing this it's coming from upstairs. 
[thunder claps] 
-Okay, guys, what should we do? 
Should we go upstairs or call the cops? 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
Hello, It's nice to see you all here 
As thew more pereptive of you have relized by now, this is hell 
And I am the devil, good evening. 
You can call me Toby if you like, we try to keep things informal here, as well as infernal 
That's just a little joke 
I tell it every time 
Now you're all here for eternity which I hardly need to tell you is a heck of a long time, so you'll all know each other pretty well by the end 
But for now I'll have to split you up into groups, will you stop screaming? thank you 
Now murderers? murderers over here please, thank you 
Looters and pillagers over here, thieves if you could join them, and lawyers, you're in that one 
Fornecators, if you step forward, by god there are a lot of you 
Can I just split you up into adulterers and the rest male adulterers if you could just form a line in front of that small gillotine in the corner 
The french, are you here? 
If you'd just like to come here with the germans 
I'm sure you'll have plenty to talk about 
Ateists 
Ateists over here please, you must be feeling a right bunch of nitwits 
And finally Christians 
I'm afraid the jews were right 
Are there any questions? yes? no, I'm afraid we don't have any toilets 
If you've read your Bible, you'I notice it was damnation without relief so if you didn't go before you came, I don't belive you'll enjoy yourself very much 
But I believe that's the idea 
OK, so it's over to you, Adolf, and I'll catch you all later at the BBQ, bye 
well this is a plane is this a UFO? 
This is my uncle, Charlie Rodriguez and that's his horse, Lucky. 
My Uncle Charlie has won all-around cowboy at the Fortuna Rodeo more times than he can remember. 
In fact, he won three consecutive years in the 1990s. 
Charlie's won buckles for calf roping, calf branding, team roping, team penning, wild cow milking, and steer wrestling. 
(music) 
Charlie was born into the vaquero tradition in Fort Davis, Texas. 
This is a style of horsemanship based on respect and communication between horse and rider. 
Now everyone knows that cattle were not indigenous to America. 
It is rumored that in 1521, a Spanish sea captain, Gregorio Villa Lobos, set sail for 
Vera Cruz, Mexico, with six cows and a bull. 
Along with the introduction of the cow the Spanish also introduced Vaquero working skills, which were further developed in Mexico and became the foundation for the cattle ranching culture in Texas, which brings us to the place where Charlie got his start: the Kokernot 06 Ranch. 
My grandfather worked for the 06 for 45 years. 
He was the main boss. 
We was at the Leoncito, working for my dad, and then we started riding horses, probably when I was 5 or 6 years old -- getting on some horses by ourselves, and my brother and I would go to the corral and rope the milk cow's calves and ride them. 
Put the rope on and ride them. 
We wanted to be cowboys. 
The skills Charlie was acquiring to manage cattle and horses would later help him to compete in rodeos. 
When we were marking lambs, he used to tell us 
leave 10 or 12 lambs outside, and talk about fun 
I had for Welsh horses, and they were good. 
They'd just follow a lamb like a dog, you know. 
And we had those little maguey ropes and we used to rope them, and put one lamb in front of your saddle and rope another one, and then get two and take them to the corral and then go rope some more. 
Rodeo is a Spanish word that referred to the semi-annual roundup of cattle borne from the Mexican ranching tradition. 
I must have been 16-17 the first time I went on the roundup. 
When they started the roundup they would call to see who was going to go. 
They would come to town and ask you if you wanted to go to the roundup for 40-45 days. 
If you said yes, they would tell you what day they would pick you up. 
So you had to roll your bat, and have it ready. 
And your saddle, and they would come in the truck and pick you up. 
By the time we got gathered and getting close to where the camp was going to be the cook had lunch for us, coffee. 
We changed horses to start sorting. 
You always kept the best horses to sort cattle because you always used the best horses for the cutting. 
You ride the broncs in the morning. 
My uncle says that on the 06 ranch you could ride on horseback from dawn to dusk and never see a fence. 
He started working in the first grade to help support the family and had dreams of buying the perfect horse to take him to the main event. 
He learned quickly that if he didn't have a good horse there was no use in showing up. 
They had this rodeo in Fort Davis. 
There were college boys and I'm working on ranches. 
We used to rope a lot of baby calves. 
I had the rope in my hand and this guy who used to go to Sul Ross, he says what are you going to do with that rope, Charlie? 
So I told him...I says 
I'm going to beat you guys in the calf roping tomorrow. 
This other guy had a nice calf horse and I used him. 
So I went out there and roped this brahma calf and I went out there and flanked him and tied him. 
And won the calf roping... with that raggedy rope. 
(music) 
Charlie says that helping youth learn skills is a source of pride and inspiration. 
Maybe not so much for his grandson, Andrew. 
But for other local champs like Billy Bugenig it just might be. 
I worked with him on some ranches when I was growing up. 
He taught me a lot. 
He always knew the way the cattle were going to move. 
I learned a lot by watching him. 
I met Charlie at a really young age when I was just learning how to rope. 
You knew that every time you went and you roped with Charlie you had a chance to win. 
When I started team roping and stuff when 
I got into high school, he was always there to help and he was always someone that I looked up to because he knew how to do everything. 
And I always enjoyed and still to this day would rope with Charlie any time or anywhere he wanted to. 
Champs. 
Those kids, I tell you. 
They're good. 
Ya, he still should have a good shot. 
He's always able to catch something. 
What we're gonna do is to look at the difference between cooking with the regular old-fashioned range and an induction cooktop. 
So what we're gonna do today is focus on what happens when you cook it on a regular conventional range. 
What we've got is a GE (if you want to show that, Honey) 
We've got a GE range that's maybe three years old. 
And it has this glass cooktop, which we're told is about as efficient as the old-fashioned kind with the radiant elements. 
So I'm just going to pull our Lodge cast iron skillet out of the cabinet, put it on this main eye that we use, and I'm going to set it on a range from zero to (I guess) an imputed 10 because it's like 2-4-6-8-high, 
I'm going to set it on 8. 
And you can see here what's happening here is as the element heats up it's going to heat up that skillet. 
But it heats it up very slowly. 
Now I'm going to get some olive oil, which we use when we're cooking our eggs. 
What we're cooking is a frled egg for Amanda and a scrambled egg for me, with a little bit of veggies and some cheese in it. 
We'll get that ready for Amanda's egg. 
[Cabinet door closes] 
Oh, and I didn't notice when I turned it on; it's probably been on now for maybe 15-20 seconds (Note: actually about 45 seconds) 
Okay, I'm gonna note the time here: 
7:47 is when I turned it on. 
Doesn't look like it's quite ready for the egg; what I'm looking for to know when it's time to put the egg on is for the oil to sort of spread out on its own. 
The induction cooktop doesn't use a lot less electricity than the radiant element; it's just that it uses it for a much shorter time. 
And this is probably the best illustration of it. 
If I were using the induction cooktop, my egg would be well along its way by now. 
And I'm going to put this in here and I bet it's gonna be a little cool. 
Yeah, it's a little cool for the egg right now. 
As you can see it's being . . . that's a little cooler than I would want to put an egg in, but I'm sort of out of the habit of using the radiant eye, so I forget how to judge that. 
And Amanda likes a little pepper on hers, so actually she likes a LOT of pepper on hers 
[Amanda chuckles] 
And now I'm gonna wait for a second because it's got some cooking to do before we're ready to turn it. 
I put the egg in too soon. 
Should have waited even longer to put it in. 
If I'm a real man I'll figure out how to do one of those 
"time passes" things (Note: 
I'm no real man . . .) 
Okay it's 7:48 now, I guess, so it's been in there for . . . 
Well we'll figure that out. 
We'll probably flash it on the screen how long it's been in at this point. 
Note: call it 2 minutes 50 seconds so far . . . 
Whatever you do then, Honey, don't let it stop. 
Just let it keep rolling. 
I'll let it cook a little bit longer before I try to turn it, because I want to see that middle area there harden up. 
You're probably a little close for focus. 
(Note: 
She was fine . . .) 
[Spatula scraping on pan] 
Probably turned it sooner than I should have. 
[Amanda: looks good.] 
Looks good? 
Okay. 
And of course it's heating up as all of this is happening, so my egg, my scrambled egg's gonna cook a lot faster than Amanda's is. 
Since we're using this anyway, I'm going to go ahead and set the warming zone (which we don't have with the induction cooktop). 
You need to back up 'cause it won't, yeah, 
What I just did is to set the warming zone, which is this little thing right here, which will keep Amanda's egg warm while I cook mine. 
That's one of those conveniences we're about to give up. 
Okay. 
Now Amanda's egg is done, and here's mine already mixed up. 
[sound of sizzling oil in pan] 
That's more like the temperature you'd want to have. 
You can hear it bubbling and sizzling. 
Note: 
4 minutes 46 seconds so far . . . 
This one's gonna cook nice and fast. 
It's had time to warm up now. 
Now it won't be long before I'll be able to turn this off. 
So we'll figure that out. 
Probably after I flip it one time, we'll be able to turn the radiant element off, knowing that the rest of it will cook by itself okay. 
Yeah, I think I feel safe now to go ahead and turn it back off. 
Note: 
Power off at 6 minutes 16 seconds. 
So whatever time I just turned it off, that's the time elapsed for that radiant element. 
Then we'll just let that sit in the pan and finish cooking. 
And then the next time we do this we'll use the induction cooktop. 
A equals 1, b equals 5 and c equals 6. 
Since we should have ax squared plus bx plus c. 
Equals 0, of course. 
Do you remember that pink dress I bought, with green flowers? 
Well, last week I wore it at work and everyone went 
"Alex, it's gorgeous, you look beautiful in it!" and all 
Brigitte was green with envy, you see. 
The day after, she comes to work with the same dress! 
That bitch! 
It pissed me off when she did that, and she does it on purpose 
She knows it, she's always copying me, it pisses me off! 
Same thing, later she enters my office, she opens my drawer, she takes my pen 
No "thank you", no "excuse me", nothing! 
Jean, are you listening to me? 
Of course I'm listening 
No, you're not looking at me! 
Well I'm sorry but I listen with my ears. 
It seems strange but... 
Very funny... 
By the way, I should probably clean them, cause it seems like I'm only hearing stupidities 
Strange huh? 
I won't tell you anything anymore! 
Oh no Alex, I love your stories so much... 
Really? 
So... 
The day after, the day after... 
Oh, Loulou, I gotta pee 
Oh, no, Alex, it's only been half an hour since we left 
Oh, I need to pee, I must pee, I have to pee 
Have you ever thought about wearing a diaper before travelling? 
But, Loulou, I was careful this morning 
I didnt' have any coffee, orange juice or water, nothing, so that I wouldn't need to pee 
Well what are you peeing then? 
Oh, Loulou, can't you stop at a gas station with restrooms? 
No no no, I'm doing what I can, at the edge of the road, it will be fine 
No, Loulou, I want real restrooms! 
What next? 
No, here it's fine, come on 
No, baby, I'm gonna catch a disease 
It'll be fine here, Alex 
Disease? 
Catch a disease, nonsense... 
Alright, we won't be disturbed here 
Thank you, Loulou 
Ohlala, I need to pee, I need to pee 
Go 
Is it coming yet? 
Oh, that's good 
Careful with the pants, though 
Stop talking to me, you're distracting me! 
It's coming alright? 
Yes, it is! 
Great, byyyeeeee 
No, Jean! 
Stop, Jean, stop! 
It's been a long time since we last went to a club! 
Huh? 
I was saying, it's been a long time since we last went to a club! 
Yeah yeah 
Brings back memories, hmm? 
Yeah yeah 
Which memories does it bring back? 
Yeah! 
Alright well I'm going to hit on every guy here and sleep with the first one I meet 
Jean, go screw yourself! 
Cool 
But, Loulou, can you hear what I'm saying? 
Yeah, yeah, you told me to go screw myself and that you were gonna sleep with the first guy you meet 
Alex, just because the music is loud doesn't mean what you're saying suddenly became interesting, you see? 
It's boring 
Do you have a mint? 
Want one? 
No, that's for you 
Yes! 
You're happy I got tickets for the game, huh? 
Yeah yeah 
Huh? 
You're happy, huh? 
Yeah yeah, it's great 
That's a nice gift, isn't it? 
Yes! 
It really pleased you, huh 
It wasn't easy to get tickets, huh 
Well, it was easy for me, one my friends works in an office and was able to give me tickets 
On top of that, we have good seats, I think 
I'm not a soccer fan, but, really, I'm happy 
Also, I must say it's a beautiful game 
A nice game, no, really, I like it 
I feel good seeing him happy, it pleases me, it's... 
Really... 
Thank you!!! 
Oh, you're not gonna put make-up on, again? 
Look, Loulou, my lipstick is all gone 
What? 
Miss Universe! 
Miss Universe... 
Careful, there, oh! 
Stop it, Loulou, you're being silly 
Oh, come on! 
But, look, you're an idiot! 
Careful! 
Stop it, Loulou, it's really not funny! 
I know it's not funny, can't do anyhting about it, it's the car that does that all the time 
Stop it, I'm telling you! 
Oh, come on, breathe! 
Shit!! 
Well done, with your stupid make-up! 
Ah, well done, really, well done! 
Hey, don't start! 
See what you've done, you? 
Oh, look at that now! 
I've got you, you've got me, by the beard; the first one of us to laugh will get a slap 
Are you crazy? 
I didn't laugh 
Yes you did! 
But I haven't done anyhting 
Dishonesty! 
What's wrong with you, are you insane? 
What, you got some complaints? 
But that's almost a punch in the face, not just a slap! 
Ah but that's normal, if you laugh hard you get a huge slap 
What? 
I get a huge slap? 
I get a huge slap? 
After World War II with most of Europe in ruins, tension grew between the Soviet Union and the United States. 
It was clear that the next global superpower required the ability to both launch and successfully defend nuclear attacks from intercontinental ballistic missiles. 
In North America, the most vulnerable point of attack was over the North Pole. 
So in 1958, a joint effort between United States and Canada was established, known as NORAD, or North American Aerospace Defence Command. 
An important line of defence was the semi-automatic ground environment. 
It was an automated system of over 100 long distance radars scattered across North America. 
They were connected to computerized radar stations that transmitted tracking data using telephone lines or radio waves. 
All of this radar information was fed into a primary warning center, buried a mile deep inside Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado. 
This application of machine to machine communication allowed operators to make split-second decisions using information transmitted and processed automatically by computers. 
This idea of being "online" was quickly adapted and advanced by universities in the following years, as they understood the potential of computer networking. 
The thing that makes the computer communication network special is that it puts the workers, that is the team members who're geographically distributed in touch, not only with one another, but with the information base with which they worked all the time, and this is obviously going to make a tremendous difference in how we plan, organize, and execute almost everything of any intellectual consequence. 
If we get into a mode in which everything is handled electronically, and your only identification is some little plastic thing you stick into the machinery, that I can imagine that they want to get that settled up with your bank account just right now, and put it through all the checks, and that would require a network. 
Money transfers were just one of a growing number of applications which required encryption to remain secure. 
And as the internet grew to encompass millions around the world, a new problem emerged. 
At the time, encryption required two parties to first share a secret random number, known as a key. 
So how could two people who have never met agree on a secret shared key without letting Eve, who's always listening, also obtain a copy? 
In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman devised an amazing trick to do this. 
First, let's explore how this trick is done using colours. 
How could Alice and Bob agree on a secret colour without Eve finding it out? 
The trick is based on two facts: 
One, it's easy to mix two colours together to make a third colour, and Two, given a mixed colour it's hard to reverse it in order to find the exact original colors. 
This is the basis for a lock, easy in one direction, hard in the reverse direction. 
This is known as a one-way function. 
Now the solution works as follows: 
First, they agreed publicly on a starting colour, say yellow. 
Next, Alice and Bob both randomly select private colours, and mixed them into the public yellow, in order to disguise their private colours. 
Now, Alice keeps her private colour, and sends her mixture to Bob, and Bob keeps his private colour, and sends his mixture to Alice. 
Now, the heart of the trick. 
Alice and Bob add their private colours to the other person's mixture, and arrived at a shared secret colour. 
Notice how Eve is unable to determine this exact colour, since she needs one of their private colours to do so. 
And that is the trick. 
Now, to do this with numbers, we need a numerical procedure which is easy in one direction and hard in the other. 
This brings us to modular arithmetic, also known as clock arithmetic. 
For example, to find "46 mod 12", we could take a rope of length 46 units, and wrap it around a clock of 12 units, which is called the modulus, and where the rope ends is the solution. 
So we say "46 mod 12" is congruent to 10. 
Easy. 
Now, to make this work, we use a prime modulus, such as 17 then we find a primitive root of 17. 
In this case, 3, which has this important property that when raised to different exponents, the solution distributes to uniformly around the clock. 
3 is known as the generator. 
If we raised 3 to any exponent X, then the solution is equally likely to be any integer between 0 and 17. 
Now, the reverse procedure is hard. 
Say given 12, find the exponent 3 needs to be raised to. 
This is called the discrete logarithm problem. 
And now we have our one-way function. 
Easy to perform, but hard to reverse. 
Given 12, we would have to resort to trial-and-error to find matching exponents. 
How hard is this? 
Well, with small numbers, it's easy; but if we used a prime modulus which is hundreds of digits long, it becomes impractical to solve. 
Even if you had access to all computational power on Earth, it could take thousands of years to run through all possibilities. 
So the strength of a one-way function is based on the time needed to reverse it. 
Now, this is our solution: 
First, Alice and Bob agreed publicly on a prime modulus and a generator, in this case 17 and 3. 
Then, Alice selects a private random number, say 15, and calculates 3 to the power 15 mod 17, and sends this result publicly to Bob. 
Then, Bob selects his private random number, say 13, and calculates 3 to the power 13 mod 17, and sends this result publicly to Alice. 
And now the heart of the trick, 
Alice takes Bob's public result and raises it to the power of her private number to obtain the shared secret, which in this case is 10. 
Bob takes Alice's public result and raises it to the power of his private number, resulting in the same shared secret. 
Notice they did the same calculation, though it may not look like it at first. 
Consider Alice, the 12 she received from Bob was calculated as 3 to the power 13 mod 17, so her calculation was the same as 3 to the power 13 to the power 15 mod 17. 
Now consider Bob, the 6 he received from Alice was calculated as 3 to the power 15 mod 17, so his calculation was the same as 3 to the power 15 to the power 13. 
Notice they did the same calculation with the exponents in the different order. 
When you flipped the exponent, the result doesn't change. 
So they both calculated 3 raised to the power of their private numbers, without one of these private numbers, 15 or 13. 
Eve will not be able to find the solution. 
And this is how it's done. 
While Eve is stuck grinding away at the discrete logarithm problem and with large enough numbers, we can say it's practically impossible for her to break the encryption in a reasonable amount of time. 
This solves the key exchange problem. 
It can be used in conjunction with a pseudorandom generator to encrypt messages between people who've never met. 
What we're going to do right now is a recurrence relation, which is a kind of recursive mathematical function, which is a good match for this recursive algorithmic expression for Rec_Russian-- 
Rec_Russian recurrence relation. 
Looking at the structure of Rec_Russian, if a is 0, then it's going to execute 1 statement-- basically the test to see whether it's 0 and returns. 
Otherwise, if a is bigger than 0 and even, let's take a look at what Rec_Russian does in that case. 
We come in here with a number that is even and greater than 0 is going to execute the condition of this if statement, which fails so there's 1 of that. 
Then 1 more to do this plus it's going to recursively workout the value of this quantity. 
Then one more operation to multiply that by 2. 
I call a total of 3 plus however long it takes to multiply a over 2 times b. 
We don't know what that is. 
We're imaging that we're going be able to create a function T that is going to give us the answer to that. 
Let's just leave it at that for now. 
Finally, in the case where a is odd, it's going to execute the condition of this if statement, the condition of this if statement, both of which will fail. 
Then it will recursively compute the product, and then basically execute the returns. 
A total of 3 statements plus however long it takes to do the recursive call-- so 3 statements plus this particular kind of recursive call. 
This now is a mathematical specification of a function. 
We don't know at the moment what the relationship is between a and T(a), but at least it's fully specified. 
It turns out that you actually can solve this pretty easily by using what we already worked out about the number of times you can divide a number a in half, rounding down if it's odd, before you get down to 0. 
See if you can put that together to try to answer the question what does T(a) equal from these set of choices. 
<i>Episode 5, part 2</i> <i>The phone is turned off, you will be <br />linked to voice mail after the beep.</i> 
Could it be . . .<br />Is he still at the playground? 
Drive safely. 
Kang Hwi? 
I love you too. 
Why did you come now? 
Kang Hwi, Kang Hwi! 
My head... 
Where is this? 
Aish! 
What happened yesterday? 
Cell phone! 
I am really disappointed! 
Why on earth did you go to a place like that? 
Leaving all the nice places aside? 
Ah, I don't know, I don't know. 
I just opened my eyes and a water bed<br /> was lapping underneath me ... 
Aish! 
I don't even want to think about it! 
How much alcohol did you drink? 
That you even blacked out? 
But did something happen, hyung-nim? 
Perhaps, were you with a girl I don't know about? 
That's not it! 
Don't you know me? 
In that extremely degraded place! 
Ah! 
I don't know. 
I feel leery! 
I feel leery! 
Hey! 
Doesn't my body smell? 
Huh? 
Hey, Baek Go Dong!<br />Try to smell it. 
Ah, hyung-nim! 
Speed up! 
I have to go quickly and wash it off. 
Sauna! 
Sauna! 
You can't go home right now. 
Why? 
Tae Ik hyung-nim 
left for the practice room. 
He kept saying he won't let you go if you are late. 
Seriously! 
I said speed up! 
Anyway, the one that came out best... 
I think is this one. 
What do you want? 
I don't expect anything big. 
The commercial that Won Kang Kwi is shooting again. 
If you hand it over to me, <br />I'll keep my mouth shut. 
Just for a commercial you go through all this trouble? 
At a cheap motel, with a guy partner... 
Isn't the combination extreme for a Hallyu star like Won Kang Hwi? 
Won Kang Hwi was not a Hallyu star from the beginning. 
Do you think people will believe this? 
No matter who looks at it, it is obvious that it is fake. 
It is not fake! 
I took it personally! 
You went to Playground (Bar) yesterday. 
Manager Kang said... <br />that you left with Kang Hwi. 
Still, if these photos are revealed, the blow will be severe. 
You know, don't you? 
I am close to Reporter Choi in Sports A. 
Don't you remember who introduced you to Reporter Choi? 
Jae Hee...  no Jong Chul! 
This business is not such an easy arena. <i>I don't expect anything big. <i>The commercial that Won Kang Hwi is shooting again.</i> <i> If you hand it over to me, I'll keep my mouth shut.</i> 
You should have chosen your opponent well. 
Leave the originals behind  and get out immediately! 
Do you know that Won Kang Hwi has a sponsor? 
I mean it. 
This was filmed yesterday at JY Hotel. 
Check it out. 
She lodged in the suite room. 
That's enough. 
Star Entertainment! 
Star Entertainment, on the condition that he brings Lee Tae Ik, proposed a huge contract fee to Won Kang Hwi. 
Did you know that? 
I also heard that personally. 
I heard that you were dating a member of a girl group. 
If you don't want to be no. 
1 on the internet hit list, 
leave the originals here and get out immediately! 
Why don't you trust what I say? 
President. you will suffer a blow like that. 
I...  trust my kids! 
They aren't like you. 
Wasn't that Jae Hee? 
Who, hyung? 
Why did that guy come here? 
Now, you even sleep out? 
Ah! 
Baek Go Dong, are all the guys here? 
I detest waiting! 
I think the guys are here. 
Hello! <i>Subtitles brought to you by The Maid of House 2 Team @Viki.com</i> 
What is this? 
Uh, did you come? 
Who said you can use our practice room without permission? 
So what? 
Man Ok, keep doing it. 
This... this is totally cool! 
Aren't you practicing? 
All right, I'm leaving now. 
Practice. 
Go ahead and start. 
Where are you going? 
Go to the toilet. 
Why didn't you come yesterday? 
I kept waiting. 
That is... something came up. 
But I went there at 11 p.m. 
Huh? 
I was at Playground (Bar) at that time. 
That's strange. 
I waited till midnight just in case. 
Where? 
On the swings at the playground. 
Swings? 
Were there swings there? 
You said you are going to the toilet,<br />what are you doing? 
I was going now. 
Man Ok, let's eat together later. 
Okay. 
Aren't you going in? 
Where did you go? 
You neglected a person dying with pain alone. 
Wow! 
What, neglect? 
I left after seeing that you had fallen asleep. 
Never mind! 
If I catch a cold, it is all your fault, Stylist Jang. 
What? 
I even poked his finger for him. 
My bag! 
Let's resume after a break. 
Everyone, be quiet! 
Be quiet! 
Be quiet! 
Yes, Grandpa. 
What would I be doing? 
We're in training. 
At one, shout. 
At two, action. 
Start. 
- One! 
- Ay! 
Two! 
Ay! 
- One! 
- Ay! 
- Two! 
- Ay! 
- One! 
- Ay! 
- Two! 
- Ay! 
- One! 
- Ay! 
You heard, didn't you? 
Everyone is working hard. 
Yes, don't worry. 
- One! 
- Ay! 
- Two! 
- Ay! 
- One! 
- Ay! 
- Two! 
- Ay! 
Ay! 
It was absolutely fun! 
It's a relief that your grandfather's phone isn't a video-telephone, isn't it? 
Yes. 
But I really feel bad. 
I am always scared that grandfather will find out. 
It's alright. 
It's better for grandfather not to know. 
What is it? 
Why are you staring? 
Whatever, your personality is bad. 
You couldn't do that one thing? 
Ay! 
Ay! <br />All you needed to do was open your mouth. 
I can't lie. 
Smart ass! 
What should we eat? 
Uh... 
How about ribs? 
I like rib patties. 
That is slightly... 
Then do you want to have sushi? 
I know a great place. 
Their fried fish is also good. <br />And, they also have Yeongdeok snow crab. 
Even that... for the time being, no... 
Then what do you want to eat? 
What about pizza? 
Pizza? 
We haven't had it lately. 
Oh, Pizza sounds great. 
Really? 
Then where should we go? 
How about Marco's? 
Their pizza is good! 
That place is expensive. 
Let's go where we always go. 
Ah! 
The pizzeria at the crossroad? 
Hey! 
There is no place to sit there. 
Baek Go Dong, let's go somewhere else. 
Somewhere else! 
Forget it. 
Go there! 
If we take it to go,  they give 30% discount. 
Hey! 
Lee Tae Ik! 
Are you trying to stingily save money? 
No, no! 
It's because it is good. 
I like that pizza best. 
This and... give us this. 
We purposely came all the way here.<br />Please give us a lot of topping. 
Also give us a lot of hot sauce and pickles. 
Whatever, give as much as possible! 
We are regulars. 
Also, give us garlic sauce. 
Anyway... just to get 30% discount,<br />we went all the way there? 
Hallyu star, Take One? 
Hey! 
Baek Go Dong, don't just eat. 
You must never tell about this to anyone. <br />It's such an embarrassment. 
I also think so. 
So what? 
It's good to save money. 
What is he doing? 
The pizza will turn cold. 
It's almost ready. 
Hurry and come, hyung! 
It's so good, looks like we will finish it all. 
Leave mine! 
Put on the TV. 
Yes. <i>I met with world-famous star, Jin Se Ryeong.</i> <i>I see. <i>Let's go to that scene! <i>As the first Korean to do so,</i> <i>you won the prestigious supporting actress award in the States.</i> <i>How do you feel? <i>I'm happy. <i>I see. <i>Sometime back, you even got a love call from world-famous director, James Wang.</i> <i>Please tell us of your upcoming plans. 
Why? 
We were watching it well. 
It's not interesting. 
Shall we play a game while eating? 
King Game? 
Give it to me. 
Jin Se Ryeong's interview isn't over yet. 
Hey! <i>I plan on getting back to basics.</i> <i>The place that made me the Jin Se Ryeong of today, <br />shouldn't that be my next destination?</i> 
Aish! 
You refused to listen to me! 
And you just eat! <i>What is it? <i> ♪ When I look into your eyes,  I can't sleep. <i> ♪ When I feel your breath,  I am thrilled. <i>♪ You're the girl I am so stuck on. 
I need to stare at you. <i>♪ I want to hold you gently. the girl for whom everything is so sweet. <i>♪ I don't stop all night. 
I want to sleep holding you in my arms. <i> ♪ I want to hold you  as your moist lips whisper in my ears. <i>♪ You can touch! 
Be my girl! <i> ♪ You can fly! 
Let me Love! 
Give all. 
You can fly! <i> ♪ You can touch! 
Be my girl! <i> ♪ You can fly. 
Let me Love! 
Love you tonight! 
The kids aren't giving you any more trouble now, are they? 
I heard that there was an accident during the broadcast earlier. 
Ah, yes. 
You needn't worry about it. 
It is extremely bothersome to deal with kids that powder their faces. 
Aigo! 
Is the preparation for going public on the KOSDAQ going well? 
Yes, it is going according to plan. 
Nowadays, as soon as you put up a board (sign), you start making preparations to go public or go overseas... 
We are a little late. 
It is the most important time now! 
Make sure not to harm the company's image and make thorough preparations. 
Yes. 
I will bear that in mind, Chairman. 
Ah! 
What happened about scouting that kid I mentioned earlier? 
It's me. 
Did you think about what I said last time? 
I want to know first why you put forth those conditions? 
I thought you told me to tell you what I wanted. 
If you interfere in my private life, I can't work with you. 
Are you calculating which of the two will be more profitable? 
I have to leave as I have an appointment. 
I will call you back. 
Fine, do that. 
But I can't wait long. 
As you know, there are many places that want me. 
Call me soon. 
President. 
What is it? 
Doctor Cho called several times. 
It's Kang Hwi's examination results. 
He asked me to give them to you directly. 
Alright, you may leave. 
What do you mean blind? 
His eye... 
Are you saying that he is going to become blind? 
Yes. 
Depending on the degree of damage to his optical nerves, he may be able to maintain a very slight vision. 
However, even that is hard to guarantee. 
What about the treatment method? 
If the optical nerves become damaged, it is impossible to recover. 
There is no special treatment as of now. 
In the case of Kang Hwi, the rate of progress is very fast. 
Probably it is because of the characteristics of the work. 
Fatigue and stress are problems,  but strong lights are also fatal. <i> President, only you will suffer like this. <i>I can't wait long. <i>It is an important time now! <i> Make sure not to harm the company's image and make thorough preparations. <i> There is no treatment. 
Look for a plane ticket, the quickest one. 
President, the ticket is ready. 
Call Kang Hwi immediately! 
He is in the practice room now. 
President!! 
Did you see, President? 
That is called Hapki Dance, isn't it good? 
Sit down. 
Ah, yes. 
As I was sleeping yesterday, I suddenly had an inspiration! 
So, I came early because I wanted to complete the choreography. 
I could make it big like this as a choreographer. 
What is this? 
Go and rest for a few days. 
Why suddenly? 
Did we get a schedule? 
Ah! 
Did we get a commercial? 
What is all this?! 
That is what I want to ask you! 
Hey! 
What is all this? 
Why would I with this greasy guy? 
What? 
You don't think that I really did this, do you? 
President, don't you know me? 
I know. 
You would never do something like this. 
Exactly. 
What is this? 
It's that place! 
You know? 
I know, but... 
No, I don't. 
I don't know. 
What are you saying? 
I... 
I can't remember. 
I drank and blacked out. 
That is why I told you to be careful, didn't I? 
There are always eyes everywhere. 
Who the heck did something like this? 
President, who brought these photos? 
I will immediately just! 
There is no need for that. 
I already took care of it. 
Indeed! 
Still, we can't be relieved. 
We don't know when other photos will circulate. 
That can't happen. 
All my female fans will disappear. 
These photos are completely embarrassing. 
So, go abroad for awhile and take a rest. 
It is easier to take care of it when you aren't around. 
What about the schedules? 
Do you know the saying, "penny-wise and pound-foolish?" 
We can't incur a great loss by pursuing a small profit. 
Go! 
Go Dong will be waiting for you downstairs. 
Hyungnim! 
Over here! 
What is this? 
It's this car again? 
The President said to be careful so that we aren't seen by others. 
Get in, Hyung. 
Hey! 
Do something about this bag... 
I packed, but I'm not sure. 
Take a look, hyung-nim. 
That's alright. 
I will be back real soon. 
I will buy the things that I need. 
By the way, what is going on? 
Why suddenly..? 
I don't know. 
Get going. <i>The phone is turned off, you will be linked to voice mail after the beep. 
Her phone is turned off. 
Who? 
Man Ok. 
Stylist Jang. 
Today, she went with Tae Ik for a scheduled radio broadcast. 
Radio? 
Why does the stylist have to go along for radio? 
Today is a live-broadcast radio. 
Last time, Tae Ik went dressed in anything and around fifty thousand malicious comments were posted. 
"A Date in the Middle of the Day". 
Today's guest is the cool guy from <i>Take One</i>, Lee Tae Ik. 
We will shortly come to you with live radio. 
Commercial! 
Your style is fabulous today, Tae Ik. 
Am I okay? 
Good. 
[In Korean]. 
Good [In English] 5 seconds before we air. 
Stand by. 
The chic guy who has captured the hearts of women,  he is more charming every time you see him, 
The most popular among the popular! 
We have <i>Take 1's</i> Lee Tae Ik. 
Welcome! 
Hello. 
I am <i>Take 1's</i> Lee Tae Ik. 
Lee Tae Ik, please wave your hands for the listeners of live radio. 
Hello, everyone. 
Fighting! 
Fighting! 
Indeed, Lee Tae Ik, the best! 
When did he learn the drums? 
The outfit you're wearing today is also completely fabulous! 
Give it to me. 
Hyung-nim! 
Take care... 
Come back safely! 
Be quiet! 
I will get caught because of you. 
It's the first time you are leaving alone, so I am full of worries. 
Hyungnim! 
Hey! 
Get off me quickly  Am I emigrating? 
Go. 
Hello. 
Thank you. 
Come back, hyung-nim! 
Yes, President. 
Hyung-nim just went in. 
All right. 
Proceed immediately as planned. 
Yes, President. 
Isn't there anything we can fish (reel in)? 
Not yet. 
Reporter Han, search the portals more. 
Reporter Song! 
Reporter Song, check if anything has come up in the gallery. 
Yes <I>[ in French ] 
Did you understand? 
If I don't give orders at the office, nothing works here. 
Excuse me. 
This is a non-smoking section. 
Yes. 
What? 
What? 
What!!! 
Why? 
Why? 
What is this?  <i>Take 1's Won Kang Hwi is Gay... 
What to do, Ga Ryeong? 
Yes. 
Hello? 
Hello. 
No, he isn't here. 
I'm sorry. <i>The phone is turned off, you will be linked to voice mail after the beep. 
What's this? 
Is the broadcast still not over? 
It looks like I have to leave even without saying bye. 
What time is the flight? <i>Announcement. <i>Boarding Korean Air TK009,  which was scheduled to leave at 13:50, will be delayed due to sudden problems with the plane. 
What? 
Why problems with the plane? 
Omo! 
Omo! 
What is this about Won Kang Hwi? 
What's wrong? 
What's the matter? 
Look here! 
What's this? 
Is this true? 
I knew it. 
I knew he was like that. 
What is this? 
His fan club must be in havoc. 
The response today was really good. 
All the messages were full of compliments. 
Of course! 
They complimented that the style was good. 
As the model is good. 
But, when did you learn the drums? 
You were really good. 
Did you see Won Kang Hwi's photo? 
It's no joke! 
That's right. 
I felt he was gay. 
Yes. 
What is this? 
What is this? 
But, did the two of them really do it? 
All the things mentioned so far are the private affairs of our singer. <i>U Entertainment has done our best to protect the privacy of Won Kang Hwi.</i> <i>However, judging that it could arouse social criticism, 
U Entertainment has decided that Won Kang Hwi of <i>Take One</i>... 
We have decided to throw him out . <i>U Entertainment has decided to throw out Won Kang Hwi of Take One. <i> has decided to throw him out. <I>Subtitles by the Maid of the House 2 team at viki.com Join us and subtitle your favorite dramas too. <i>Man Ok! 
Over here! 
Over here! <i>Kang Hwi! <i>What on earth are you up to?! <i>That's him. <i>I told you that you are my puppets. <i>Let's go, Man Ok! <i>Where do we go? <i>If we want to catch the enemy commander, we have to enter the enemy's base. <i>Hello? <i>What is it? <i>I think I left clothes here. <i>Knowing his personality, you don't know what trouble he will cause. <i>Find him quickly before something happens. 
Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and wellb-eing of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care. 
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 25 
Imagine watching bulldozers destroy your home losing everything you own in an instant. 
Imagine being forced to move to a remote area with no jobs, no hospitals, and no schools. 
Without clean water, adequate food, or sanitary living conditions... the fabric of your community destroyed. 
In less than a decade, forced evictions have become a reality to over a quarter million Cambodians. 
Communities at risk are now documenting injustice and resistance with video. 
By raising their voices above the bulldozers, video is forcing dialogue and accountability. 
In the wake of the Cambodian civil war, Dr. Pong (...) Kek (??) created the organization LlCADHO to promote human rights and monitor violations. 
Since partnering with WlTNESS in 2007, LlCADHO has been working with video to create change for communities at risk of being illegally forced from their homes. 
We have to show to, first of all, our government, to the Cambodian public and to the international community... what is really happening in Cambodia. 
And the evidence is taken by the video-camera so this is evidence that nobody can deny. 
LlCADHO and WlTNESS are amplifying voices working to provide justice to the families affected country-wide 
Right now there are 50 cameras in 18 provinces in the hands of community organizers trained by LlCADHO and WlTNESS. 
One of those is the Venerable Luon Sovath... a monk whose village was forcefully evicted in 2009. 
He has been documenting the on-going violence and rallying communities to stand up for their rights. 
We are trying to teach and train the community to persevere using non-violence to gain justice... in order to claim our land back. 
Video is the source of information, and information is a community's power. 
After people see the inustice through picture and video... we believe things will change. 
Since exposing the truth of what happened to his village Venerable Sovath continues to produce videos... regardless of on-going threats from the government of being disrobed and imprisoned. 
Now known as the "multimedia monk," the Venerable advocates for non-violent forms of resistance. 
LlCADHO's work has resulted in documentation of the forcibly evicted that would otherwise have gone untold. 
Demanding action from audiences in Cambodia and worldwide, these are powerful tools for justice. 
Let's go through an example. 
In the last lessons you may have noticed our examples have been centered around social science. 
Like social networking, with the cloud example and your engagement in class. 
But in this lesson and the next we'll be using a lot of examples from the fields of biology and medicine. 
Since statistics is heavily used in those fields as well. 
I drew a finch here, and that's because this next example deals with the beak width of finches. 
Specifically, scientist have looked at finches to make hypotheses about evolution. 
By mapping a trait over time, like beak width. 
We can tell if the environment is selecting for a particular size of beak width. 
Maybe there's a particular beak size that better help this finch survive. 
But sometimes there are random fluctuation in beak width due to variation in the population. 
Some finches just have bigger beak widths than others. 
Therefore to determine whether there is a significant change in beak width within the population over time. 
We need to use statistics. 
If the mean beak width does significantly increase or decrease in size. 
This is referred to as Directional Selection. 
Then the environment allows the survival and reproduction of finches with bigger beak widths. 
Let's say we know that the average beak width of all finches is 6.07 millimeters. 
This includes finches that have been studied over the last few years. 
But now let's say we're studying a sample of finches from today. 
We want to know, do finches today have beak widths that are different in size? 
That means our null hypothesis is that, the population mean for finches today is equal to what they have been. 
And what should the alternative hypothesis be? 
That mu is less than 6.07, greater than 6.07, or not equal to 6.07. 
Sir, what's the progress? 
The New West is on strike until the King agrees. 
We're in the right. 
The King can't ignore our petitions. 
Not just the Southerners. 
The majority of the ministers are with the New West. 
They insist the King punish Prince Yuning. 
What will you do? 
Geum. 
Mom. 
We'll have him banished for this. 
He won't threaten your crown again. 
I'll see to that. 
We're leaving. 
As you say. 
Your Grace. 
The New West is applying pressure. 
If they keep this up the King will have to accede. 
Is something bothering you? 
The Crown Prince knows everything. 
What? 
He knows what's wrong with him. 
How do you mean? 
The prince..? 
How? 
Your Grace. 
What? 
The Crown Prince? 
Yes. 
Crown Prince. 
Your Grace. 
It's a pleasure to see you. 
Shall I call for Yuning? 
No, I came to see you. 
And how may I be of service? 
Go see the Crown Prince. 
I'm certain you can convince him. 
The Crown Prince. 
He's not in. 
What? 
Where is he? 
Let's go. 
Lady Bong, Lady Bong? 
Your Grace. 
We're leaving. 
I want to see the Crown Prince again. 
Huh? 
Yes, Your Grace. 
Only through sincerity do we truly live... 
It balances personal relations and is the basic virtue for all... 
Prince... 
Has all this business upset you? 
Yes, sir. 
What happened to the Crown Prince is my fault. 
And the court wants to punish me for it. 
Prince. 
Will I be banished? 
Will I have to go away again? 
Will my mom have to go through that cause of me? 
No, Prince Yuning. 
- Crown Prince. 
- Prince. 
That won't happen. 
What's with the long face? 
Guess you're not glad to see me. 
No, not at all. 
I'm really REALLY glad to see you. 
Then why do you look so depressed? 
Look, you haven't even called me, 'Brother.' 
It's just... 
I thought maybe you didn't want to see me again. 
What? 
You went through lots cause of me, though. 
No, cause of you? 
Where'd that come from? 
It was my idea to skip out. 
But you told Father it was yours. 
Listen, you're the one that's had it tough because of me. 
I'm really sorry. 
You stood up for me, worried about me. 
Some brother I am, watching you take the blame. 
No, I'm to blame. 
If I didn't go on the bridge you wouldn't have been arrested or gotten sick... 
It's all my fault. 
No. 
No, Yuning. 
Don't worry about Yuning. 
My mother and her cronies want to banish Yuning because of me. 
They think he's a threat to my crown. 
Prince. 
But I have no right to the throne. 
And so I won't allow an innocent like Yuning to be hurt. 
What are you saying? 
No right to your throne? 
Does the Crown Prince know? 
Does he? 
Sire. 
The Crown Prince to see you. 
- Yun? 
- Yes, Sire. 
Yun. 
Father. 
Well, then, what is it? 
I'd like to see the Crown Prince. 
He's gone to see the King. 
What? 
What's your business here? 
Your Grace. 
Now, what did you want to tell me? 
Father, I have no right to be Crown Prince. 
What? 
I have a basic obligation to the Royal House, the court and the nation. 
But I'm quite ill, Father. 
I refuse to hide the truth just to keep a crown. 
You're ill? 
What are you saying? 
Yun. 
Well? 
What's your business here? 
Does your son know he's ill? 
Does he know what's wrong with him? 
How.. 
And so the the story begins 
City dweller, successful fella 
Thought to himself oops I've got a lot of money 
I'm caught in a rat race terminally 
I'm a professional cynic but my heart's not in it 
I'm paying the price of living life at the limit 
Caught up in the centuries anxiety 
Yes, it preys on him, he's getting thin 
He lives in a house, a very big house in the country 
Watching afternoon repeats and the food he eats in the country 
He takes all manner of pills and piles up analyst bills in the country 
Oh, it's like an animal farm lot's of rural charm in the country 
He's got morning glory, life's a different story 
Everything's going jackanory, in touch with his own mortality 
He's reading balzac, knocking back prozac 
It's a helping hand that makes you feel wonderfully bland 
Oh, it's the centuries remedy 
For the faint at heart, a new start 
He lives in a house, a very big house in the country 
He's got a fog in his chest so he needs a lot of rest in the country 
He doesn't drink smoke laugh, takes herbal baths in the country 
Says she's come to no harm on an animal farm in the country 
In the country, in the country 
In the country 
Blow, blow me out  I am so sad, I don't know why 
Blow, blow me out  I am so sad, I don't know why 
He lives in a house,  a very big house in the country 
Watching afternoon repeats  and the food he eats in the country 
He takes all manner of pills and piles up analyst bills in the country 
Oh, it's like an animal farm  lot's of rural charm in the country 
He lives in a house,  a very big house in the country 
He's got a fog in his chest  so he needs a lot of rest in the country 
He doesn't drink smoke laugh,  takes herbal baths in the country 
And she's come to no harm  on an animal farm in the country 
What we're doing in this video is study a proof of the Pythagorean theorem, that was first discovered,as far as we know by James Garfield in 1876. 
What's exciting about this is that he was not a professional mathematician. 
You might know James Garfield as the twentieth president of the United States. 
He was elected president in 1880, and then he became president in 1881. 
And he did this proof while he was a sitting member of the United States House of Representatives. 
What's exciting about that is is it shows that Abraham Lincoln was not the only US politician or the only US president who was into geometry. 
And what Garfield realised is that we can construct a right triangle- 
Let's say this side over here is length 'b'(blue) and this side is length 'a'(red), and let's say this side, the hypotenuse of my right triangle, has length 'c'. 
And let me make it clear -- it is a right triangle. 
He essentially flipped and rotated this triangle to construct another one that is congruent to the first one. 
So let me construct that. 
So we're going to have length 'b.' 
And it's colinear with length 'a', It's along the same line as length 'a.' 
They don't overlap with each other. 
So this is a side of length 'b.' 
And then you have your side of length 'a' at a right angle. 
And then you have your side of length 'c.' 
So the first thing we need to think about is, "What's the angle between these two sides?" 
What's this mystery angle going to be? 
Well, it looks like something, but let's see if we can prove to ourselves it really is what we think it looks like. 
If we look at this original triangle, and we call this angle 'theta,' what's this angle over here, the angle that's between the sides of length a and c. what's the measure of this angle going to be? 
Well, theta plus this angle has to add up to 90, because when you add those two together, they add up to the 90. 
So 90 and 90 you get 180 degrees for the interior angles of this triangle. 
So if these two angles together is 90, then this angle is '90 minus theta'. 
Well if this angle up here is congruent -- (And we've constructed it so it is congruent.) the angle corresponding to theta is also going to be theta, 
And this angle right over here is also going to be 90 - theta. 
So given that this is theta and this is 90 - theta, what is our angle going to be? 
Well they all, collectively, add up to 180 degrees. 
So you have theta + (90-theta) + our mystery angle is going to be equal to 180 degrees. 
The thetas cancel out (theta - theta), and you have 90 + our mystery angle is a 180 degrees, 
We subtract 90 from both sides.) - and you are left with your mystery angle equalling 90 degrees. 
So that all worked out well. 
So let me make that clear. 
That's going to be useful for us. 
So now we can say definitively that this is 90 degrees. 
This is a right angle. 
Now what we are going to do, is we are going to construct a trapezoid. 
This side 'a' is parallel to side 'b' down here the way its been constructed and this is just one side right over here, this goes straight up and now let's just connect these two sides right over there. 
So there's a couple of ways to think about the area of this trapezoid. 
One is we can just think of it as a trapezoid and come up with its area, 
And then we could think about it as the sum of the areas of its components. 
So let's just first think of it as trapezoid. 
So, what do we know about the area of the trapezoid? 
The area of a trapezoid,is gonna be the height of the trapezoid, which is (a+b) times, the way I think of it, the mean or average of the top and the bottom. 
So, ar(trapezoid) = (a+b) x 1/2(a+b) 
In the intuition there you are taking the height times the average of the bottom and the top, gives you the area of the trapezoid. 
Now, how can we also figure out the area with its component parts? 
So as far as we do the correct things, we should come up with the same result. so how else can we come up with this area? 
Well, we could say it's the area of the two right triangles. 
The area of each of them is one half of a times b. 
But there's two of them, Let me do that say in blue colour, 
But there's two of these right triangles, so let's multiply them by two. 
So 2 times half ab, that takes into consideration this bottom right triangle, and this top one. and what's the area of this large one, that I'll colour in green 
Well that's pretty straightforward, it's just one half c times c. 
So, plus one half c times c, which is one half c square. 
Now , let's simplify this thing and see what we come up with and you might guess where all of this is going. 
So, we can rearrange this. 
So this one half times (a+b) squared is going to be equal to two times one half, well that's just going to be one, so its gonna be equal to a times b plus one half c squared. 
I don't like these one halves lying around, so let's multiply both sides, this equation, by 2. 
I'm just gonna multiply both sides by two. 
So, on the left hand side, I'm just left with (a+b) squared, and on the right hand side, I'm left with 2ab and then two times one half c squared, i.e., plus c squared. 
What happens if you multiply out (a+b) times (a+b)? 
We get (a+b) squared. 
That is a sq. + 2ab+ b sq. = 2ab + c sq. 
Subtracting 2ab from both sides, we are left with, a sq. + b sq. = c sq. i.e. the Pythagorean theorem. 
OK. 
What we see here, is a 3D maze. 
It's actually HTML, CSS3, and a bit of Javascript but the CSS3 is 3-dimensional CSS. 
What we've got is a whole bunch of cubes, stacked in bars, and we've got one red ball in the upper left corner. 
And I can move that ball with the buttons up on top to the right, down... 
Why? 
Because there's cubes that are opened and cubes that are closed, which are part of the maze set-up. 
The proof of concept is created with one singular maze, in the end product it will be possible to incorporate different mazes. 
I can move the ball by clicking the correct button. 
I just went right and as you see, there's a little marker line that says I moved to a different bar. 
Now I can't go anywhere else, 
I can go back left, that's where I came from, 
I can go back right or come forth, and this way 
I can walk through the entire maze. 
The objective of the maze is to clear the maze. 
Rather, the objective of the game is to clear the maze. 
On this side there is one more block open, that has no front. 
If I go through there, 
I'm out of the maze and I will not be able to use any of the buttons anymore. 
I can only go back and forth, I can go down, and I can walk my way all around through the maze. 
Just like this. 
Oops, can't do that. 
I can come forth and left and forth and left... 
Well, you get the idea. 
Now this maze obviously is quite simple. 
I can go only one way, there's 2 exits, there's one in the lower left corner and there's one in the upper right. 
And as you saw, the maze itself will turn according to where the ball is positioned, so you have a better view of where you are and where you're going to. 
You will also notice there are green cubes and there are red cubes. 
The red cubes are those that can't be accessed, and the green cubes can be accessed. 
What I didn't put into this maze but is possible, are one-way cubes: you can go into them one way, but you can't come out of them the same way (you can't go back). 
What I didn't put into them are prison cubes: you can go into them but you can't get out. 
And what I didn't put into the maze are rewards, where I need to hunt through the entire maze, to collect rewards before I am allowed to leave. 
That's all possible in the proof of concept. 
And of course, I can go back to the original position of the ball. 
In the mean time, there's a position counter here that says where I am, that shows in which bar and cube I am. 
I'm now in bar 18 cube 1, when I go up I'm in bar 19, still cube 1. 
I go back: 
I wind up in cube 0. 
I go up: and I wind up in 0.0, which is exactly where I need to be. 
That's it. 
I hope you enjoyed this. 
You can look our stuff op on the OmegaJunior.Net. 
We begin to pursuit the way to each other 
Looking for live together with each other 
Each of us always having question and looking for the answer 
When we will meet each other? 
No matter how long distance from here 
Or passing through endless time 
The remaining time of my life 
I knew and believed that we will be together 
Where are you? 
And who you are? 
Where are you? 
I'm waiting for you... you really exist in my faith 
We are born this way.... to be each other's soul mate 
This is the instruction from above 
Bestowed to us and across in someday this life 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person 
Born to have the day with you..... 
We are ready to move in together... 
Ready for a journey together... 
Hold our dreams, hopes, and hearts into each others' hands 
Where are you? 
And who you are? 
Where are you? 
I'm waiting for you... you really exist in my faith 
We are born this way.... to be each other's soul mate 
This is the instruction from above 
Bestowed to us and across in someday this life... 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person 
Born to have the day with you 
We are born this way.... to be each other's soul mate 
This is the instruction from above 
Bestowed to us and across in someday this life... 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person... 
Born to have the day with you 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person... 
Born to have the day with you 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person... 
Born to have the day with you 
We are born to defend each other's heart 
We are born to love this person... 
Born to have the day with you 
Here is seems to be a problem of not enough data and not a very good smoothing algorithm. 
Now the problem was even though I had 4 billion words from which I trained by probabilistic model, 
I had never seen the word "ginormous"--not once in those 4 billion. 
Yet, I should be able to deal with it even if I haven't seen the word before. 
So having more data might mean that I would've seen "ginormous" and I could have some probability for it rather than just making the Laplace smoothing assumption. 
And having better smoothing could also help-- maybe something more sophisticated than Laplace, maybe something that looks more carefully at the content of the word. 
So it might have a letter model to say these letters look common, ending in "ous"--that's a common ending in English--so this looks more like a word, even if I haven't seen it before, than some other combination of letters. 
Even if this period wouldn't leave behind anything, it gave people the feeling of living in peace, living brotherly, the feeling of solidarity. 
Most simply it lifted the feeling of laziness and tore down the fear empire 
The people who come here, including myself eventhough we would watch tv, read newspapers and be interested in politics to some extent our culture of action has developed here. 
How can one take action, how can one help each other... you sit there, someone comes and sits next to you and you chat for the whole day, discuss Turkish politics... where else can you do this? 
This feeling of trusts was absent from the Turkish people for a long time and now there is hope for all.. and if Gezi Park wouldn't leave behind anything, it left behind this. 
The youth possesses a historical enlightening, progressive, independent, liberal and egalitarian historical vein, so long the youth does not represent these, it cannot be called "youth" no matter the age bracket. 
Here, as the Idea Clubs Federation, we refuse the society and youth profile that Tayyip Erdogan has imposed upon the Turkish society and we set off with the slogan of a new country, a new university, a new future and we are taking our place in this resistance. 
Here you have all the folks, no political party, it is wholly formed of the public, everything is free and the people here understand each other with an incredible tolerance... it is incredible that there is such tolerance in a metropole like Istanbul... we've been here for 10 days and there has been no rape, no theft not even a slight harassment towards anyone. 
Here we friends that are covered and not, from all stands and political views but there is an incredible apprehension and for this reason, to those that still don't understand us 
I just want them to read our news too, not only of the partisan media to read all the news so that they can think...we only ask them to think 
There is even an infirmary, you can even find needle and thread, all your needs... 
I mean even the hotels around let people to use their toilets and so on ... there is incredible solidarity here you can find all the services that a government should freely give to its citizens like health, like a library this really is a breath of fresh air 
People voluntarily bring books here, there is no pressure, no force we feel responsible to make sure that those books reach the people if I'm an individual of the society, it is my responsibility, my role to make sure that the society reads and sees this is why we are and we are going to be here until we succeed in our resistance 
[Announcement] please make no payments in the park, all your needs can be met for free 
This something we haven't seen for a long time, since the 60s, 70s and now people stood up for their own requests because they restricted us from so many different angles they even started interfering with what people should eat, drink and therefore people said enough to this at some point 
As Gezi Parki TV we've been here since yesterday we have a camera and a microphone, the mic is open to all our aim is to form a speaking platform here, to enable people to come and to tell their ideas, their views as they wish, without any censorship. 
We broadcast these at geziparkitv.wordpress.com 
Here we have resist arm-in-arm with friends of different sexual preferences, with those who have views completely different than ours our main aim here is to win back our rights along with those wishes voiced for Gezi Parki we don't want to displace anyone, we don't want to bring down anyone we only want back those rights we had before in this environment there is an incredible amount of love, don't let anyone spoil that. 
Media may deceive you, they only present you things that they like please put forward citizen journalism, get your phones out, have a look at what happened here record and distribute it because you are the best person to explain yourself to others tell your moms and dads: this is definitely not an environment of terror, of chaos anymore. 
We are really peaceful here, get out and come here, let your parents leave behind the trauma of 80s behind make them let us live the beauties of the generation of 68 
I love all of you in a true way because there is so much love here, it is enough for us all. 
All those who don't feel close to a political organisation or party and can't decide where to be, finally found a place to speak and for this reason everyone is here finally... 
I was also apolitical, or maybe not apolitical but not organised because I never felt close to anywhere and the public is here really 
I am grateful to the youth, they taught us something 
Previously I was irritated by the new generation because they were constantly in front of their screens 
I told them to get out, to contact people...I used to tell this to my daughter, to my nephews but they taught us they really taught us... they led us old people and I'm really happy because they taught us something.. 
I am grateful to them 
Subtitle Brought to you by CJ Entertainment 
She is WOW! 
It's the end of year presidential elections and I'm here on the streets... ... to see what citizens really look for in their next presidential candidate. 
Someone who is honest and knows how to communicate 
I hope that someone who is successful in their field will run. 
Someone who is proud for this generation and can blend in with today's values. 
If you had to nominate someone? 
Announcer Gong Jung Han? 
Gong Jung Han, the announcer. 
If i had to choose, Gong Jung Han. 
Do you think he'll really run now? 
If he does, we should vote for him, right? 
We should know what kind of person he is before choose him. 
It's ridiculous to vote for him just because he's our next door neighbour. 
Gong Jung Han is Jo Ara's Husband. 
They're such a lovebirds. 
If her family happy, then wouldn't the nation be happy too? 
Do you think Jo Ara is good? 
I'll start the car. 
Honey, please keep our country safe today. 
Let's see. 
What's this? 
Why is this out? 
Are you tempted? 
Thank you for buying. 
My husband was the biggest help before the publication of my book. 
He gave up his own study room for me. 
And even my son all the way in America helped supervise me writing. 
I write this without any exaggerations or lies. 
I wanted you all to hear my true voice. 
Which part should I read? 
"If I were to be reborn, I would still choose Gong Jung Han" 
We were thinking the same thing. 
I'll begin. 
20 years after my marriage, people still ask me. 
Why of all people did you marry that man? 
"You fell in love not wit a rich man, a top star, but with an announcer." 
And finally, someone asked me if I was insane. 
So, I responded. 
I fell in love with Gong Jung Han and since our love is crazy... 
Yes, I am insane. 
I told you, right? 
I have someone who makes my heart beat. 
It's this Guy, My lover. 
I brought him so he can move in with our family. 
Someone you love? 
Someone who makes your heart beat? 
I'm Clara Oswald. 
I was born to save the doctor. 
Noooooo 
There is one place you must never ever find yourself. 
Whatever you think you're doing, don't. 
[soft music plays] 
I guess love to me... is meant to be, you know, that warm feeling inside. 
Love is meant to make everything right, and everything complete, and everything whole. 
Love is meant to be, you know, as you see in the movies, the guy that pops into the screen, and steals your heart, and then never wants to leave. 
It's meant to be that white picket fence, that happy home. 
Like, I've looked for love... but I can't say I've found it in any one person or in any thing. 
The first thing I think about is pain. 
You know, it's... to me it's scary. 
It's vulnerable... and love really really hurts I guess. 
I don't want to feel loved by them, I don't want to love them. 'cause it just hurts and I guess I've been hurt one too many times by people and, 
I've gone there too much, that it just scares the hell out of me, so when I get close to feeling love, I'll run. 
Or I'll push them away. 
It's... it's not something that right now I want to feel in my life. 
For me, it's gotta be my family. 
When you realise the reality of love not lasting, with my parents breaking up. 
For me that totally shook everything I knew. 
Umm. 
You know, they're the ones who are always meant to be together, that are always meant to love each other. 
It's the most painfull thing that I've ever felt, and it wasn't even me involved in the love. 
[soft music continues] 
God's unconditional love, I struggle with. 
I mean, I know it's real... but I struggle to feel it. 
I guess when I've had such a mixed up view of love, that is so painful, when I know that there is an unconditional love, I just don't... it doesn't connect to me. 
But I guess to me it's... it doesn't mean that it's not real at all. 
I struggle to feel His love. 
I struggle to, to know. 
Knowing that there's love. 
Out there. 
Even though I don't feel it. 
Knowing that someone else does. 
Knowing that it actually exists. 
Just because I fall, doesn't mean I should crawl for the rest of my life, 
I should get back up. 
And I know that one day, I'll learn to love. 
And I'll learn to be loved. 
'Cause I guess for me, where there's another day, there's still hope for it to happen. 
When people have diabetes, their bodies aren't able to keep their blood sugar in balance. 
So sometimes they need to take regular doses of a medicine that helps restore that balance. 
People with depression have the same  kind of problem with their brain chemicals. 
But regular doses of antidepressants can keep these chemicals in balance. 
As a first year intern you have very little free time, so when you finally have a night off, it's important that you do something constructive with it. 
Hey man how's it goin? 
Hey wait a second. 
He's dating Carla. 
This's not good. 
First of all, I already told her I got a girlfriend. 
Second, you just put your bare lips on my ear. 
How is it going? 
I'm.... 
JD, I know. he won't stop talking about you. 
I'm Jennifer. 
Mmm, Jennifer. 
Do you really spend everyday saving children lives? 
Tell the nice lady. 
I do what I can. 
I know two things to be true about bars. 
One they are always packed the week of thanksgiving, 
And two, put a beer in my hand and I'm Mr. Smooth 
I was laughing so hard, milk was coming of my nose. 
I was tripped over IV and blood shot over everyone 
A little got on my nose. 
Every damn day saving those children. 
Who wants margaritas? 
Dube, less blood, more fruity drinks. 
Right. 
That's the thing about Turk. 
He hasn't changed a bit since college. 
He's still the same goofball who tells me how to be cooler. 
Dude, this girl's pretty hot. 
So try not to blow it,okay? 
Why do you say that? 
Because you're like a 24 convenient store , you never close. 
That sounds a Fat Albert like joke 
Don't worry about it man. 
I feel good tonight, you know what I'm saying. 
Except for the stabbing pain in my side. 
So he was up all night with the high fever, cramping and crying 
Dude! 
My bad, punching the wall all manly and angry like, you know what I mean. 
See you later buddy/ 
Poor Bambi. 
Don't worry Carla will take care of. 
Make sure he gets submitted right away. 
On the bright side, it will be interesting to see what it feels like to be a patient. 
You know people die here. 
You are a good friend. 
I do what I can. 
Can I have your stuff? 
So did you talk to any girls last night? 
Babe, I'm a attractive man. 
We both know this. 
It's just a burden you'll have to live with 
One of many 
JD talked some girl up 
Really, are you gonna call here? 
Not right away. 
Alright, showtime. 
Clear out I can check him out. 
You're examining me. 
I don't want you to see my unmentionables. 
I've seen underwear before. 
Actually I use the word "unmentionable" for my genitals as well. 
68 year-old man respiratory distress and tightness in- 
Save your breath. 
Hello, dad. 
Never thought you'd call me that again after I left. 
Dr. Cox! 
Relax. 
The man I'm really smothering isn't really my father. 
Dr Benson used to be the chef medicine still that great rapport with the nurses 
Actually Carla totally gets me. 
That's why I've been systemically trying to drive her away. 
You ever see that therapist I recommended? 
Not yet. 
No! 
Shortness of breath, dizziness, problems urinating? 
No, No, No. is it a problem if it whistles? 
Oh, you're making that so much easier. 
Are you sexually active? 
Oh, it's active. 
Alright. 
Rare dry spell in the margin. 
Okay time for the physical 
Okay. 
Time for the physical. 
Cold hands. 
Suck it up. 
Elliot exam was frightening, reminiscent of when my older brother used to beat the crap out of me. 
See. 
That wasn't so bad. 
All done. 
I'm still puking every hour. 
My fever's pretty high but you're sure it's okay for me to be out of bed right? 
I don't know. 
Look, Dr. Benson wasmy mentor so don't that annoying thing. 
What annoying thing? 
You know when you talk. 
Come on that's a little- 
See there it is. 
How does that not drive you crazy? 
You get used to it. 
I know you're all excited because got the gown on but under no circumstance are you to curtsy. 
He can say what he wants. 
The bottom line is he's showing me off. 
Dr Bension. 
Oh, just give us a second. 
Will you big guy. 
Did you hear about it. 
Watching Dr Cox I realized we never really stop craving the attention of people we look up to. 
Any questions? 
Great. 
He seemed nice. 
Careful newbie 
You know I'm hearing it now. 
It's kinda annoying when I talk. 
I guess in a lot of relationships you regress to the person you were when you first met 
So Elliot's exam was that bad 
Dude she violated me. 
Ina good way? 
What's the deal? 
Ah!!! 
I think I broke my ass. 
I heard 
Well of course. 
The hope is, and experience shows that material like this does contribute to reduced civilian casualties and a higher threshold for war and more cautious planning for war. 
And hopefully, in this case, and understanding and careful planning for what the exit policy is for Afghanistan. 
This is a war that has been going on now for nine years and is clearly been getting worse for the past three years. 
Something has got to change in this equation. 
And soldiers, foot soldiers, are of course victims of war. 
They do benefit to some degree, I mean they benefit in terms of their career and in terms of money. 
These are not people, frequently not people that are totally innocent unless they are conscripts. 
But they can be very substantial victims, I mean, in this case in Afghanistan, individual soldiers who have lost their lives, have lost all their life. 
However it is true that the kill ratios for this war are disturbing. 
So, the event that I just showed you before, of 181 people being killed, 
There was one US soldier who died versus 181 people who were claimed to be Taliban. 
When you have kill ratios like that war becomes indiscriminate. 
And when the vehicles for killing are aerial 
AC130 Gunships or Apaches, you really have a video game. 
Because you press the button and you see an explosion and there's very little effect on you. 
Everyday people walk down the street and step on ants and no one pays too much attention because ants can't defend themselves. 
So we, I think, should actually never be in a position where militaries are so unequal in their relationship because that leads inevitably to abuse. 
Ann please. 
Thank you. 
My name is Ann Linda. 
I'm from the Social Democratic Party and I have two questions. 
One is the most attention has been given to those leaks that have been about war, in Iraq and Afghanistan. 
Are you intentionally trying to get [your] most attention to these or are you also trying to get attention, for example, on exploitation, child work, or forced labor, or things like that. 
Or is it peace and war that are 
Wikileaks' main area of concentration? 
And the second question is do you care how the material you get is gotten, in a way? 
And the question is because in Sweden, to simplify it, if you are in authority and say something to journalists, the authorities cannot see from where the leak is. 
That's forbidden. 
But if someone is trying to break in to get the same material, then it's forbidden. 
And they could be taken to court. 
Do you care if somebody breaks in to get the material or do you only take material that someone on the inside has given to you? 
Yea. 
For focus, we are very clear to prospective whistleblowers and journalists or other people who have been censored what we do and do not do. 
I think that is one of our strengths as a media organization is that we do not see ouselves as merely representing an opinion and then looking for news that backs up that opinion. 
Rather we see our role as representatives of people who have information to provide the public. 
We see our role like lawyers. 
Lawyers represent their clients to a court and to a jury. 
We represent sources, whistleblowers and people whose freedom of speech is under threat to the jury of public opinion. 
And so we try and get as much impact for their material as possible. 
And we state that we will accept material that is of diplomatic, political, ethical, or historical significance that has not been published previously, that is not been self-authored, so it's official documents, that is under some kind of restriction. 
Provided that is met, we publish, after a harm-minimization review. 
So we guarantee to publish. 
And that has kept us impartial in the same way, not perfectly, but in the same way that courts are kept impartial by saying that, provided you meet certain initial criteria, the court will hear your case. 
Provided our sources meet certain initial criteria, because we can't do everything, we're not big enough, we will try and get public opinion to hear the case. 
Now, the sort of misapprehension that we concentrate on the US military is simply because that's what people in English like to talk about. 
They don't like to talk about the work we've been doing in Kenya, they don't like to talk about the work that we do East Timor, they don't like to talk about the work we do in Spanish or in South America. 
They like to talk about the US military. 
And there is no doubt, as the largest military power in the world whose military spending is greater than that of all other countries combined and has an extensive secrecy system, that the US military is an important player of those groups that are trying to conceal information that would lead to political reform if it was revealed. 
On FOX recently, a FOX host, or rather a FOX panelist said, "Well, Wikileaks wouldn't be too bad, you know, if they actually ever did non-military reporting. 
Why don't they talk about tobacco, as an example? 
If they only spoke about tobacco, they might be a legitimate organization. 
But because they speak about the US military only they are not a legitimate organization." 
So, I had a look. 
Go to our search box and type in "tobacco" and you'll see hundreds of reports about tobacco companies and how tobacco is managed around the world. 
Those are simply not things that are so dramatically newsworthy that people want to talk about them so much. 
And your second question was ... 
If you care about how you get the information. 
Oh yea. 
Quite interesting. 
Now, one of the Pentagon demands was that we stop, and the exact phraseology was that we stop soliciting material from government sources in the United States. 
Now, we had a look to see, on our submission page, was there soliciation in that sense? 
There wasn't in any concrete sense. 
So, within United States jurisprudence, solicitation is, you sort of have to ... asking someone for a particular document as an example. 
And we don't do that. 
We say we provide an avenue. 
We did last year, send out an email to some 5,000 members of the US military saying we could help them with the False Claims Act, a federal act in the US that helps discover fraud against the government. 
And there's a lot of fraud by miltary contractors, so we work with a lawyer to try to expose that fraud. 
That's really very progressive legislation, that the whistleblower who reveals the fraud is entitled to between 15 and 90 percent of the fraud discovered. 
So, we sent out that email. 
But otherwise, 
I can't think of anything else that would classify as solicitation, not that we would be against that. 
I think it would in fact be right to ask people within military or in government institutions for particular documents. 
I mean, I don't see any particular problem with that. 
In terms of knowing where things come from and how they're obtained, we're specialized in not knowing. 
It's very difficult to deal with major state intelligence agencies. 
And over time, it is in fact, it would be impossible for us to keep secret information, over say the course of ten years, from the Chinese Public Security Bureau, the SVR in Russia, and from the National Security Agency. 
It would just not be possible. 
So we don't try to do that. 
What we try to do is never collect information about sources in the first place. 
So, because we don't know who they are, we don't know how they get the material. 
And we don't ask them to go in and break in so in terms of US jurisprudence, there's not an issue for us. 
In terms of Swedish jurisprudence, that would also be the case because that has a higher standard. 
David please. 
David Isaksson, editor at Global Reporting. 
I guess there's some parallel between what you're doing to the reporting by Seymour Hersh in the 70s film from the Viet Nam War. actually on the My Lai Massacre. 
His reporting was not done in the field, he did interviews with people, I mean, the technology was different. 
And you showed us the embedded reporter who was more concerned with taking a shower than what was actually the reality in the country. 
My question to you is do you see from your reporting and the effect it has had and how it's been so well spread that other media might reconsider how they report from war, that they will put more focus on investigative reporting and less on sending reporters out as embedded reporters? 
Second question, the news you've spread all over the world and the media is picking up, do you see any increase in your income? 
You need income to continue with your investigative reporting? 
Do people also take part in financing your work? 
I'll answer the last question first because it's a very important one. 
The funding for our organization has come from the people involved directly. 
Up until January this year, it came from me and others who are directly involved, totally committed into spending both their time and money. 
But as we grew, and as the demands grew, for example the bandwidth for the 
Collateral Murder video was worth $600,000. 
Fortunately, we were able to gain subsidies for that from Google. 
But, it can be expensive to run such a large, such a popular operation. 
But since January we have called upon the general public to assist us. 
And we have raised some million dollars, which is not a lot when considering the demands that we have, but it is completely independent. 
It is not from a foundation, it is from people like the people in this room, it is from moms and dads from all over the world. 
And that is giving us an unparalleled degree of independence in what we can publish. 
We have tried to get foundation funding during that period, and in fact we were rated first out of 3,000 applications to the Knight Foundation, which hands out about a hundred and something million dollars per year in the United States. 
Then we released the video showing the slaying of two Reuters journalists and 18 other people in Baghdad. 
And that application was canceled for what judges, two judges involved tell us is for political reasons. 
So it really is important to have a diverse funding base that is built around the interests of people and not organizations that are busy in power plays. 
I'm sorry, and your first question was...? 
If you see your example, you're setting an example that more media put more resources into investigative reporting from war zones. 
You mention the example of Sy Hersh and the My Lai Massacre. 
I spoke to Sy Hersh about this last year and, while many people have heard of the My Lai Massacre as the sort of archetypical example of abuse exposed in Viet Nam, what people probably don't know is that Sy Hersh couldn't get that story out, that he wrote, submitted it to the New York Times, the Washington Post, etc. and it was not accepted. 
Rachel and Clare Wallmeyer are identical twins. 
They were beautiful, bright, straight A students. 
Then, when they were 14, suddenly their perfect world collapsed. 
Kilo by kilo, the twins began wasting away. 
And for the next 20 years, they'd struggled with a deadly disease. 
One that affects thousands of Australian teenagers - Anorexia. 
Now the twins are 34 and they are literally just skin and bones. 
They still live together, still share everything including, tragically, a death wish. 
Quite simply, they've given up on life. 
Thank goodness, not everyone has given up on them. 
Identical twins, Clare and Rachel Wallmeyer are running out of time. 
Their lives have been ruined by anorexia and now they are literally starving themselves to death. 
"We are living, solely, [for] anorexia. 
It's a horror. 
We live to die." 
"It's been a constant pain to wake up everyday and not being able to get out of bed. 
We're so tired. 
Everything's a struggle and there's no point." 
Rachel and Clare run to lose weight. 
This obsessive training is all part of their illness, an illness they've been fighting for 20 years. 
Interviewer: 
"Rachel, how much do you weigh?" 
Rachel: 
"About 32 and a half kilos." 
Interviewer: 
"And what does 32 and a half - that number - mean to you?" 
Rachel: 
"I'm lower than I was so [...]" 
Clare is one kilo heavier. 
"We're heading the right way." 
Rachel and Clare were 14 when their weight dropped to a pitiful 28 KGs. 
It was 1984. 
Their mum: 
"I'd picked up a diary that was open in their room and read it. 
They'd read about anorexia and they had stopped eating." 
Their dad: "... and were noticed." Mum:"Yeah, that was their way of being noticed at school." 
"When we got anorexia, it was the first time we got recognized." 
"People actually verbally said to us, 'Oh gee, you lost weight' and we thought hey, this is an achievement." 
When Rachel and Claire look in the mirror, they don't see what we see. 
"Your face is thinner." "No way, you are so much thinner." 
They see a distorted image of themselves and of each other. 
Anorexia is not just about being thin, it's a serious mental illness. 
"I think you take away the anorexia and then my God, I have nothing. 
I don't even know who I am. 
We've lost ourselves but we've never found ourselves in the first place" 
"I've had 38 stress fractures because my bone density is well over that of a 100 year old's. 
I've never menstruated. 
My liver function's down, kidney function's down." 
Interviewer: 
"Give me a sense of what you eat, if you eat anything." 
"Um, essentially, we don't eat anything. 
We might have this watermelon here, diet coke and a cup of coffee." 
Interviewer: 
"And you use laxatives as well?" 
"At least 20." 
Interviewer: 
"You have so much strength and control not to eat. 
Why can't you harness that strength to eat?" 
"But why? 
Why do I need to eat?" 
Captain Carpenter. 
I would like to talk to Lieutenant Gerard, please. 
Lieutenant Gerard isn't here. 
Be glad to take a message. 
I'd like to talk to him. 
It's about this fellow, uh, Kimble. 
Kimble? 
You have something on Kimble? 
I sure have. 
I'd like to say it to the lieutenant. 
I'm afraid you'll have to say it to me. 
Lieutenant Gerard's out of town. 
SOPHlE: 
I never liked him, right from the beginning. 
So when I saw this picture, I called the cops. 
You think he killed your friend, Priamos? 
Sure he killed him. 
Gus found out who he was, so he killed him. 
He's been spotted before, and he didn't kill. 
What do you mean, "didn't kill"? 
He killed his wife, didn't he? 
The law says he did. 
Okay. 
So if Gus ain't dead, where is he? 
He hasn't been seen all day. 
The car's gone, and the money's gone. 
Where's the money? 
What money? 
Gus had 8,000 bucks. 
How would you know that? 
Because-- 
Because we were gonna get married, that's how. 
He ever talk about going back to Greece? 
All the time. 
It was just talk. 
He never meant to go. 
Think he could have killed him for the passport? 
He's been running for two years. 
That could change a man. 
But why? 
Why the passport if he had the car and $8,000? 
( sighs ) This whole killing thing is hard to buy. 
From everything I can learn, they were friends. 
Not no more. 
They had a fight. 
Well, Gus found out 
I went into Johnny's room. 
Johnny made me go. 
Oh, sure. 
( dials phones ) 
Is this Gus' handwriting? 
I wouldn't know. 
Hello. 
Who is this? 
North Shore Clinic. 
Uh, this is the police. 
Will you check something for me, please? 
I'd like to know if you've given a smallpox vaccination to a Gus Priamos recently. 
Uh, Priamos. 
P-R-I-A-M-O-S. 
This morning? 
Do you remember what he looked like? 
About 35. 
Dark. 
Nice-looking. 
Uh, thanks. 
Thanks very much. 
A boat would be too slow. 
Check out the airlines. 
Right. 
One of them has a booking for Gus Priamos. 
Find the person who sold him the ticket and make an identification. 
See that your men have pictures with them. 
We've got no pictures of Priamos. 
You've got pictures of Kimble. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
I keep thinking about it. 
Keeps coming up in my throat. 
Ah, you think too much. 
If Gerard wasn't there, where is he? 
Someplace. 
What do you care? 
He's going to get a message from the captain, he's gonna come running like crazy. 
And he's going to be late. 
And you're on your way to Greece. 
You're on your way to Greece. 
Yeah. 
But he thinks it's you. 
Hey, Johnny. 
We're here. 
You know what to do, Gus. 
You betcha. 
( tense theme playing ) 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
Trans-Western Airlines announces the arrival of flight number 5, nonstop jetliner from New York, 
Gate 17. 
( airplane taking off ) 
May I see your passport, Mr. Priamos? 
( pages through passport ) 
Thank you, sir. 
Your plane starts loading in just a few minutes now. 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
Mexicana de Aviación, flight number 421 for Mexico City now boarding at Gate 4. 
( electric shaver buzzing ) 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
International Airlines System Trans-Polar Service flight number 102 for the Scandinavian cities in Europe now departing from Gate 88. 
( tense theme playing ) 
( razor stops ) 
MAN ( on PA ): 
A skycap is wanted at Trans-Western Airlines check-in counter. 
Gus. 
( Gus coughs ) 
( clears throat ) 
Nice talking to you. 
Hope you have a good trip. 
( coughs ) 
( people chattering ) 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
International Airlines System 
Trans-Polar Service flight 102. 
Final call. 
Now departing. 
All aboard, please. 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
Trans-Western Airlines... ( coughs ) ...announces the arrival of flight number 5, nonstop jetliner from Los Angeles, at Gate 17. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
( coughing ) 
There's one passenger missing. 
Well, I've checked everybody off my list except-- 
Gus Priamos? 
That's right. 
Did you see this man? 
I think so. 
Yeah, I remember him. 
His hair may have been a little darker. 
Is that Mr. Priamos? 
He smelled a trap. 
Can you block the exits? 
I can try. 
( coughing ) ( car starts ) 
Johnny. 
Johnny! 
Johnny! 
( tense theme playing ) 
Johnny. 
Gerard, he's here. 
Run. 
You gotta run. 
Get in, Gus. 
No, I stay here. 
Get in, Gus! 
( phone rings ) 
Gate. 
Oh, I think he just drove out. 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
( dramatic theme playing ) 
( coughing ) 
How did he get here so fast, Johnny? 
How? 
How?! 
Now, don't talk, Gus. 
Save your strength. 
I spoiled it for you, Johnny. 
I spoiled it for you. 
If you hadn't listened to me, you would have been all right. 
( sighs ) 
All I want is to do one good thing. 
One big thing. 
( coughing ) 
Take it easy, Gus. 
Look, Gus, take it easy. 
( sobbing ) 
WOMAN ( on PA ): 
National Pacific Jet flight number 82 now loading at Gate3. 
( rings ) 
Yeah? 
For Chicago, jet flight 82. 
Yeah, I've got it. 
Thanks. 
Now loading, Gate 3. 
Patrolman spotted the car. 
Graham and Randolph. 
They're heading for the waterfront. 
They? 
Says there are two in the car. 
Maybe a hostage? 
Maybe a friend. 
I kept wondering why Kimble would wanna catch that plane. 
He's had plenty of chances to leave the country. 
Why hasn't he? 
Oh, he's got some idea he's looking for somebody. 
Oh. 
Passport and all the rest was just to throw us off. 
Maybe. 
May have planned to change places with Priamos at the last minute. 
They were friends, weren't they? 
They had a fight. 
I told you. 
You think I'm lying? 
They'll be closing the net. 
We'd better get downtown. 
What about me? 
I'll get you a cab. 
Oh, no, you don't. 
I'm going along. 
I gotta get to Gus 'cause we're gonna get married. 
You said he was dead. 
Look, I've got some rights. 
After all, I was the one who called you, wasn't I? 
Yeah. 
You were the one. 
( somber theme playing ) 
Hey, Gus. 
Come on, Gus. 
Are we home, Johnny? 
No, Gus. 
I had to get off the streets. 
We're in an alley over by the river. 
Are they going to catch us? 
Not a chance. 
How do you feel? 
Fine. 
I feel all right. 
( ferry whistle blows ) 
We're gonna have to get rid of the car. 
We can take that ferry. 
You'll have to walk a little. 
I can't, Johnny. 
Come on. 
I'll help you, Gus. 
I can't. 
I will only hold you back. 
You gotta go alone, Johnny. 
You got to. 
I'll stay here. 
I'll make it. 
I'll send you a postcard. 
( tense theme playing ) 
I'm not gonna leave you like this, Gus. 
Go. 
Go on, Johnny. 
Run. 
Go on, run. 
SUNDAY DOCUMENTARY 
ROSLlNG'S WORLD 
I slept in the kids' room, or rather, the grandkids' room. 
That way I won't wake Agneta. 
As usual we were... 
When I left Stockholm we weren't done with the presentation. 
At midnight I downloaded the final version. 
It's only four AM and the paper has already come. 
There... 
When you hold a lecture, you need to make sure you're up on the news. 
I'm going to a party with Hollywood folks. 
And I'm going to wear this. 
We got the name Gapminder from the London underground. 
American hotels almost always have an iron in every room so you can look your best. 
A little note for Agneta... 
There... 
It's a new phase of a strange journey for Hans Rosling. 
From a doctor in Africa to a professor of international health and most recently a global star with an unusual message: 
The world is actually getting better. 
He's on his way back to the scene of his breakthrough. 
It's California's "Davos" meeting, where Silicon Valley meets Hollywood. 
The room is full of key people of industry and entertainment. 
From movie stars to film producers. 
The conference is called Technology, Entertainment and Design. 
I was invited to it in 2006 and it changed my life. 
Yesterday the WHO's statistics manager e-mailed me after I'd requested malaria statistics. 
He wrote: 
"I always send your video to my friends, of course I'll help." 
If I count the number of minutes I've been teaching, this video teaches more than anything I've done in my life. 
All the articles, books, courses... 
None of it can compare with this one video. 
That's a humbling experience. 
Uppsala University wanted a course in global development. 
The "Man and Nature" course had students from many fields. 
Their worldview was cartoonish - really "us and them". 
They were convinced that no one should touch rainforests. 
That we have to lower our standards, not everyone can have electricity. 
I was horrified at their attitude and lack of knowledge. 
They thought developing countries lived in harmony in the rain forest. 
Only a fraction of so-called devel- oping countries live that way. 
So I did a graph with money on one axis and child mortality on the other. 
The idea of "industrial" and "developing" countries is bullshit. 
They're all at about the same place. 
And with these bubbles... 
This isn't a video, the bubbles represent figures from a database that draw this diagram. 
But I can still pull everything around. 
That's the genius of the program. 
We can choose specific bubbles and I can go to 1964 and the hostilities between Vietnam and the United States. 
If I eliminate the other countries we see only Vietnam and the US. 
Al Gore grabbed me and said: 
And that was Al Gore! 
Then Google's founders Sergei Brin and Larry Page approached me. 
They wanted to talk some more and invited Ola and Anna to Google. 
Rosling 's son Ola and his wife Anna developed the animated graphics along with three others. 
Now they all have jobs at Google. 
Google also bought the software for millions. 
The money became the basis of the non-profit Gapminder foundation. 
Today eight people collect data on development and distribute it free. 
For example on video. 
How high do they have to be? 
Can you adjust the camera? 
There was a gender conference on Sunday. 
Then I flew to the US and talked in Portland and at Google's AGM, called Zeitgeist, in San Francisco. 
Then I was home... 
And then I talked at the world dentist convention. 
Then I spoke at a gas conference in Holland... 
Now everyone wants to hear the professor. 
Norwegian oil companies, pharmacists, the Swedish medical association the UN Economic and Social Council, Telenor's managers 
European web developers and Bill Gates... 
On April 15 I'm going to Trinidad to lecture to foreign ministers and entrepreneurs in Latin America at their meeting on development. 
Then I head for Washington for the World Philanthropy Forum. 
Headed by Bill Clinton, they donate money to global development. 
You meet a lot of people, but do you feel you influence development? 
Yes, because people gain a greater understanding of statistics. 
If people better understand what's happening in the world they can make better decisions. 
Whether they run a company or are activists wanting a new world or are members of a government. 
Everyone needs to know how the world looks. 
TED Conference Los Angeles 2009 
Hans's theme: 
8 minutes on HlV 
The HlV problem in Africa is not due to poverty. 
The poorer you are, the lower the risk of your having HlV. 
The richer part of the continent has more HlV than the poorer. 
We don't know why HlV is so common in eastern and southern Africa. 
In Ghana less than 3% are infected and in Senegal less than 1%. 
But sexual differences between cultures is a sensitive issue so no one does research into it. 
They research other things instead. 
- Is it a cultural issue? 
- It's probably multiple partners. 
In parts of southern and eastern Africa the majority of the adult population has 2-3 sex partners. 
It's not that it's a cultural norm or rule, but it is accepted. 
There are cultural roots and it's accepted. 
It's also related to the fact that sex is a bartering tool. 
When you sell your maize you offer sexual favors to raise the price. 
Let's see if I... 
We've got a lot of information here. 
This is very important... 
A yearbook photo, 7th grade class at the Domarringen school. 
This is Agneta Thordeman. 
We went to school together and have lived together for 40 years. 
She started working in healthcare early on and that got me interested. 
I decided to apply to medical school. 
In 1972, halfway through med school 
Hans and Agneta took a trip to India. 
Visiting medical students in Bangalore 
Hans Rosling became aware of his own prejudices about the world. 
I was struck that these students knew more than I did. 
I was in med school and was one of the best in my class in Uppsala. 
But these Indians knew more than I did. 
I was thinking, "This can't be right. 
They're Hindu!" 
"They have caste marks and limited schooling." But they were brilliant. 
The first day I attended a course in internal medicine. 
The instructor questioned us on renal cancer. 
After the fourth question I couldn't answer any more, but they knew more. 
It was a strange experience. 
Stockholm City Hall - Have you lectured here? 
- No, but I've eaten dinner here. 
This ceiling is Stockholm's best big screen. 
It'll be like "divine truth". 
Rehearsal Knowledge Gala 2008 Let's see how close we can get... 
- Hi! 
Hans Rosling. 
- We're testing your equipment. 
So, that's it? 
Wow, that's gorgeous! 
So you take care of this machine? 
And then you project from here... 
Doesn't that cause distortion? 
It creates a nice feeling, like the ceiling tilting. 
Our presentation comes from page... 
Here! 
This is a great picture. 
Mom and Dad are in our basement in SvartbŠcken with the box for us in Mozambique where Agneta and I worked. 
Food was extremely scarce in communist Mozambique. 
They packed crispbread, fish balls, spaghetti and raisins. 
The kids loved it when the box from home arrived. 
In autumn 1967 I helped arrange a meeting in Uppsala for Eduardo Mondlane, first leader of Mozambique's liberation front. 
He was a wise professor of sociology from Michigan. 
A "Mandela" type. 
There were only eight of us at the meeting. 
Afterwards he asked what we were studying and when we'd be done. 
I said I would finish med school in 1975. 
"We'll probably be independent then, come work for us." We shook on it. 
Then he was killed by a letter bomb the next year. 
That made the promise more serious. 
In 1975 Mozambique won its independence. 
We founded the Africa Groups' Recruitment Organization and then we went, Agneta as a midwife and me as a doctor. 
This is the hospital staff outside the hospital. 
White coats are professionally trained, the others were assistants. 
A fair amount of them were illiterate. 
Papa Enrique is wearing my glasses. 
He dressed wounds. 
I saw that he treated infected wounds and burns the same way. 
"Can't you see the difference?" 
I asked. 
Then I gave him my glasses. 
"Now I see!" he said. 
"There's pus in this wound. 
I can't afford glasses." 
So I gave him my spare glasses. 
It gave him a whole new life. 
And he provided a whole new class of care. 
When I wrote instructions, he said: 
"Unfortunately I cannot read." 
Eventually we created two symbols. 
Infections were marked with a cross and he took those last. 
The hardest part was understanding the depth of poverty. 
We knew we couldn't give the same kind of care as in Sweden of 1970 but we didn't realize we had to go back to 1850. 
Eventually we learned to treat fractures without plaster or anesthetic. 
And it is possible. 
You just have to splint with something else. 
You splint with bamboo and gauze. 
And you need several people to pull. 
The most important aspect was politeness. 
You explained what you were going to do and what they could expect. 
Compassion was more important than the medical performance. 
My medical training said the opposite. 
You could behave badly, but you had to follow the latest research. 
In Africa you did the best you could. 
But you could never compromise on how you treated people. 
In rough deliveries you could save the mother by fetal skull decompression. 
If the fetus was dead, you had to put a hole in its head to get it out. 
It could save the mother's life when it was too late to do a caesarean. 
But first you had to explain to the grandmother that the baby was stuck. 
"I can get it out, but the head will be destroyed." 
- "No matter. 
Will she live?" 
- "Maybe. 
I can't promise anything." 
You reasoned with the disciplinary board, or else things went bad. 
These are the konzo patients. 
It's from 21 August 1981. 
That's a date that is etched into Hans Rosling's memory. 
That day the request for help came on the back of a cinema ticket from a village in the country. 
The Italian nun worked as a sort of district nurse. 
She wrote that she had 30 crippled women and children with both legs paralyzed. 
She'd been nursing for 20 years and never seen anything like it. 
The first woman I examined had extremely sharp reflexes. 
That means it's a spastic paralysis. 
Sort of like MS, but the symptoms developed in one day. 
I saw immediately that I had never seen anything like this before. 
I read in my neurology book... ...and there was only one similar disease. 
I realized this might be a totally new disease. 
I was so scared. 
I was scared to death. 
Your first thought is that you might get infected yourself. 
You examine sick people, thinking only of yourself. 
I had to take a deep breath and tell myself that this was my job. 
I examined 30 people and it was an epidemic. 
When I got home I sent Agneta and the kids away. 
They went to friends' houses and those of us who had met the patients stayed in our house. 
After two weeks we were sure that the disease was only in the country. 
It was a combination of malnutrition and toxicity - nothing contagious. 
Those were two scary weeks. 
Konzo was caused by cassava roots, the only food that survived drought. 
The root contains toxic cyanide, which takes time to remove. 
But people were too hungry. 
They ate it immediately and were paralyzed. 
My scientific articles are in the two bottom drawers... 
The disease was called konzo and turned into a research project with a hundred published articles. 
In Sweden, Hans Rosling was bothered by the worldview he met. 
Particularly about Africa. 
When your worldview differs so much from reality, facts are interesting. 
If you think Indian women have six or seven children and you learn the average is 2.7, that's interesting. 
There have been huge changes. 
Child mortality in Egypt is fairly well documented. 
25 years ago 20% of children in Egypt died before age five. 
Today it's 4%. 
From 20 to 4. 
A dramatic improvement. 
Child health in Egypt has improved faster than it ever did here. 
But no one knows that. 
Do our news report on the fantastic improvement in child health in Egypt? 
They've succeeded - despite crowded areas and problems with hygiene. 
Everyone has missed that because it happened slowly. 
Journalists miss it. 
You don't see things that go slowly. 
It can pass through the studio unnoticed because it moves so little. 
This is a 1967 issue of the Uppsala newspaper. 
A slum was being torn down in central Uppsala. 
Behind that window my mother grew up. 
It was called "unplanned workers' quarters". 
Gran lived there, so I've sat at that window eating soup. 
She had an inner window and an outdoor toilet. 
She moved in the late 1950s. 
This is Grandma on the steps. 
The picture was taken in the 1920s. 
Grandma was born in 1891... ...when Sweden was somewhere between Uganda and Ghana. 
Here she is on the steps. 
She's actually showing her hair. 
Otherwise she always wore a kerchief when she left the garden. 
Mom had tuberculosis and was quite ill, so I was a very longed-for child. 
Which I realized later. 
When I was born, people questioned whether she should look after me. 
When I was four she had another bout and I stayed with Gran. 
But by then streptomycin had come. 
It came in 1949, when I was one. 
It cured the disease. 
Previously you were consumptive. 
Once a consumptive, always a consumptive. 
I remember from Mom that it was very shameful to have tuberculosis. 
Robert is in charge of the lighting. 
It shouldn't be a "Welcome to this year's knowledge gala." 
The reception is upstairs. 
Then we go downstairs, Princess Victoria comes and the kids sing. 
And then I jump up and say: 
"I won this award last year, but didn't say the most important thing." 
It should look like I just grabbed a mike. 
Then I say that... ...some people are glad that child- ren die, it saves the environment. 
Others fall on their knees and say someone has to save the children. 
Some pray to a higher power, but most feel powerless and stare off into space. 
They think only crazy optimists like Rosling think it's getting better. 
In school we did a lot of variety shows. 
I had good directors but they said that I couldn't act. 
"You're always yourself. 
You can't take direction and you can't act." 
So I became a stage manager. 
-Were you disappointed? 
-Yes, but the criticism was right. 
I have semi-controlled ADHD. 
I can communicate and lecture but playing another person takes a different kind of skill. 
You have to tape it well on my cheek. 
This is totally awesome... 
I've been waiting for this for five years. 
- Can't you make it bigger? 
- We can run it in widescreen. 
The total projection was bigger a minute ago. 
- We can stretch it sideways. 
- Make it as big as possible. 
- It's not even half the ceiling. 
- That's because of the lens. 
Sure, but for the maximum effect it needs to be as big as possible. 
Try widescreen. 
See that, Karin? 
They said it worked, but it doesn't. 
We're not using the whole ceiling. 
You lose 90% of the effect. 
It's good, but not great. 
People say things that aren't true. 
- It's never true... 
- But they can make it bigger. 
The following day... 
They demand: 
"You who have knowledge, power and money" 
"you must give all children a fighting chance!" 
They fall down, stare into space and think: 
"It will just get worse for the children." 
But raise your eyes and you'll see the statistics. 
That's the world up there. 
The world in 1959. 
The ring corresponds to the bubble. 
In London I lectured to hedge fund managers. 
They're the worst kind of capitalists. 
They wanted to know the exact condi- tions in every West African country. 
They know if there is sun, ore, oil, forest... 
They invest in Africa and want to know what country is most stable. 
But the aid organizations have the same policy for everyone. 
The organization has an environmental, school or gender policy. 
Then they pursue it in all countries. 
To me it was horrific that businesspeople had a more fact-based worldview than young activists and university professors. 
Dad was a coffee roaster at Lindvalls Coffee. 
Here, look... 
This is great... 
In this cigar box I have Dad's old club badge and five cents from East Africa, a coin Dad found in the coffee bags. 
The raw coffee beans pass under magnets so all metal is removed. 
They bring in huge amounts and inspect them carefully. 
Here are coins from Colombia and Guatemala... 
Dad brought the coins home, sat me in his lap and got out the atlas. 
He told me that the Africans didn't own their coffee plantations. 
He made it sound as if the coffee pickers were his colleagues and the plantation owners were the company director's cousins. 
Once we attended a lecture series. 
I heard Rolf Blomberg, Eric Lundqvist and other adventurers. 
Sometimes I saw a human vertebra on the necklace. 
It was a human Atlas vertebra. 
They wouldn't have a chance in a beauty contest. 
They buy their pigs and their wives... 
Sten Bergman from New Guinea... 
He was a bit of a comedian. 
He showed a film where he put up an axe on a greased pole. 
The natives had to try to take it down. 
Dad was so upset that we left in the middle of the lecture. 
It was so condescending. 
Of course people wanted a good axe. 
They shouldn't have to do circus tricks for it. 
That attitude affected me a lot. 
Dad identified more with the natives than with the explorers and the company head. 
Summer home in SkŒne 
Tiny fishing villages where people are poorest and lead hard lives are the prettiest to us. 
The most picturesque. 
Shoemaker 
Do you see Sweden in the same way as you see other countries? 
Sweden is an integrated part of the world. 
We have a tendency to see Sweden... ...as more "permanent" than it is. 
We speak of "Swedish values". 
When I was in the student union in 1969-1970 we handled a secret fund where women could borrow money to go to Poland and get an abortion. 
We didn't have abortion in Sweden in 1970. 
Female students in Uppsala borrowed money from us. 
Then they took the boat to Poland and got abortions. 
That was Sweden in 1970. 
Sweden legalized abortion a year after India. 
Now we think it's a modern part of Swedish society. 
And the Pentecostal Church accepts that a member has a legal abortion. 
This was 1948. 
I lived in the Luthagen district of Uppsala. 
We had one room, a kitchen, a privy in the yard and cold running water. 
I remember Mom doing the laundry by hand with a washing board. 
A washing machine requires electricity, steel and detergent. 
And it consumes energy. 
But almost everyone in Sweden uses one. 
Even the core of the environmental movement. 
They probably use a low temperature and only good chemicals. 
But if you ask Swedes if everyone in India should have a washing machine many would say that not every Indian household should. 
They don't get that people are all the same. 
If I have a washing machine, so should everyone else. 
People think Indians shouldn't have washing machines? 
Not if they think about it. 
But that's the general reaction. 
Isn't it really that they're poor and can't afford one? 
Consider the planning for how much electricity is needed on earth. 
Work out what we need for lighting, a washing machine, radio and TV. 
That gives you the power we need. 
None of my students have suggested that the world should be planned for that consumption. 
They hope "those" people will be playing flutes under the mango tree. 
Isn't that a very generalized image of the students? 
There's a lot of variation, but a surprisingly large number hope that development will stop. 
They think it's unsustainable. 
We often hear that we already live beyond our means. 
"Everyone can't live like us. 
All Chinese people can't have cars." 
That's what we usually hear. 
But the world can't function if we don't all live about the same. 
How can the world unite if we don't live in the same conditions? 
There's such appeal in having electricity and having some kind of holiday. 
That appeal attracts people all over the world. 
Economic growth in Asia is due to millions of families wanting to give their children a better life. 
The TV series "Home to the Village" shows the cruelty of urbanization. 
It's not fun to move from a rural community to a tenement house. 
In China rice growers get silicosis working in stone processing plants. 
Becoming an industrial worker is not a beautiful thing, you'll agree. 
We build dams that flood valleys. 
But what is the alternative? 
It's living in the countryside and having six kids, of whom two die. 
The population doubles in a generation, there's war and misery. 
But the path of development that's available is not pretty. 
And of course we have the impending climate threat. 
The US ambassador made a statement in a Swedish national paper that: 
"The climate issue cannot be solved without regulating India and China." 
Scandalous! 
He's crazy. 
China emits 3 tons of CO2 per capita, the US 21 tons. 
He shouldn't talk until the US cuts emissions to 10 tons per capita. 
The United States needs to halve its energy consumption. 
Where does your great dedication come from? 
It's really fun to work with what I do. 
My interest in the world developed into curiosity as to why this shouldn't work. 
Why is Malaysia free from malaria? 
Why does Singapore, a tropical marsh on the equator have the world's best health? 
They did welfare investments. 
They had children's health centers, got rid of drugs... 
They created good social development. 
People tend to say I paint the world in excessively rosy colors. 
But I don't. 
Ten million children die each year in the world. 
But you have to see the improvements even if huge problems remain. 
You have to see the risk of climate change and still say that not many people are dying of it yet. 
People are dying because they drink their neighbor's waste. 
The water is so unclean that it contains your neighbor's waste. 
This is hard for many environmental enthusiasts to grasp. 
Climate change overwhelms them so much that they forget reality. 
They forget that two million kids die of diarrhea due to unclean water. 
It's horrible that we don't have clean drinking water in the world. 
And that we have air pollution because houses don't have chimneys. 
That contributes to childhood pneumonia. 
It's a major environmental problem. 
At the same time, I say the climate is the biggest environmental threat. 
But not the biggest environmental problem - it's a future problem. 
You have to think several thoughts at once. 
Translation: 
Jennifer Evans Svensk Medietext 
DOCUMENTAL DOMlNICAL 
Who are you? 
We are the Taliban. 
We are the Taliban. 
The camera is rolling now. 
Now we would like to show our living conditions to the world. 
To people. 
Follow me. 
Can no one take the kettle from you? 
Who wants to take it? 
Can no one take it from you? 
Come and get it! 
They are right outside. 
The fighting has begun. 
Sad Movie 
This year, 32 public libraries are scheduled to open in Seoul. 
The city announced it as part of a plan to introduce 48 libraries, 
First, let's have a meeting regarding the design. 
When are you available? 
And now, Hong has a report on today's weather. 
When you go out today, be sure to take an umbrella. 
We are expecting showers today. 
The rain should cool down this unseasonably early heat. 
After the showers pass... 
It'll rain today. 
Soo-jeong 
Hwi-chan! 
NO ENTRY except Snow White & 7 Dwarfs! 
Help me out. 
If this keeps up, our son will be uncontrollable. 
Because it keeps getting more serious! 
How can you be so laid back about this? 
He's your son too, isn't he? 
All you do is accuse me of being overbearing. 
Oh, whatever! 
It's because you never seem to care about anything. 
Okay. 
I have an incoming call. 
Let's talk at home. 
Yes, Ms. Kim. 
How are you? 
This is Hwi-chan's picture diary. 
Take a look. 
These days especially, 
He seems to have many complaints about you. 
I'm aware that much of what he writes are lies, but... 
- I need to see my son. 
- But, he's in another class now. 
Maybe later, you should talk in a quieter environment. 
Please sit down. 
I need to go. 
I'm sorry. 
Ms. Eom! 
What is this money for? 
Here is today's weather forecast. 
Heavy clouds and showers are expected tonight. 
How was it? 
Was it okay? 
Too slow. 
It'll be night and raining by the time you finish. 
And smile, won't you? 
Good, good. 
Su-eun! 
Let's do it again. 
I can't hear you. 
Once more, please? 
I'm your only sister! 
So you're clumsy, aren't you? 
You're a lousy artist, but your face is well-drawn. 
I didn't know we had such a cutie in our park. 
Oh? 
This... 
How did you know it was mine? 
Is there any other artist around here, dummy? 
It's all smudged. 
Tell me it's a very important painting for you... 
You could've just thrown it out. 
But thanks anyway. 
Damn! 
You punk! 
I was going to be generous since you're cute, but... 
Well, I'll let you off this time Today is your lucky day. 
Bye, Bye, Seeya! 
Is this enough for my sister-in-law's birthday? 
-Sister-in-law? 
-Yeah. 
-Who? 
-Su-eun. 
Since when has my sister been your sister-in-law? 
We're not even married. 
You who don't even have to propose... 
Su-eun told me to call her that. 
You're on your period aren't you? 
Should I cook seaweed soup for her birthday? 
I'm good at it. 
You fry up the beef, add a dash of sesame oil, you boil it with soaked seaweed... fantastic! 
She'll like it. 
What do you think? 
Let's rest a bit. 
It's hard on you, isn't it? 
Of course. 
You make me carry these heavy bags. 
Not that! 
Then what? 
Don't you think you can take it easy? 
- I am taking it easy now. 
- You've been doing it a long time. 
And worked harder than anyone. 
What was that? 
It means "l love you forever." 
Doesn't it? 
Sister-in-law taught me. 
It means, "l love you, so let me touch your breasts!" 
Huh? 
Why do you want to know my bra size? 
Huh? 
- I never knew Su-eun was so dirty-minded. 
- Get away from me! 
Happy birthday to you! 
Happy birthday dear Su-eun, Happy birthday to you. 
-Congratulations! 
-Congratulations! 
-Okay, in one shot! 
- One shot! 
One shot! 
One shot! 
Bottoms up! 
Bottoms up! 
My present? 
You want more? 
My present, my birthday present! 
You think I'm still a kid? 
These are really popular these days. 
Then you wear it. 
We spent all day looking for this. 
Just keep it. 
Quiet, both of you! 
You're so loud I can't understand anything. 
Let me speak too. 
What's his problem? 
Sister-in-law, I'll give you a better present than this. 
How about a blind date? 
Really? 
With who? 
Well, in my station, there's... 
No, No firemen. 
-Wait, let me finish. 
- Absolutely not. 
No way. 
-Why are you so worked up? 
- Fools... 
Don't I have a say in this? 
Forget it. 
No. 
I have a guy already. 
A blind date is the best present, right? 
Really? 
You have a boyfriend? 
You do? 
115 00:14:46,652 --> 00:14:47,209 Wow... 
He's cute, isn't he? 
Yeah, he's good-looking. 
How'd she meet a guy like this? 
- They look like a good couple, huh? 
- Right. 
Hey, Sister-in-law! 
Stop! 
Stop! 
Wait a minute. 
Time out! 
Looks ridiculous, huh? 
- It was a mistake! 
Coach, save me! 
- You're dead meat! 
Come here, you bastard! 
Get over here, you bastard! 
It was a misunderstanding! 
The ministry of education requested proper courtesies regarding cell phones. 
They asked students to turn off their cell phones in libraries, classes, hospitals and concerts and... 
Mom 
- Mom! 
- Huh? 
Aren't you going to let me out? 
What's wrong? 
Does your stomach hurt? 
No... 
I'm okay. 
Should I drive? 
You don't even have a license. 
You know what I mean. 
It's frustrating, unnerving, 
- scary, sad, and futile. 
-What is? 
Poverty. 
You know how long it's been? 
Three years. 
But in those three years, nothing has changed. 
I worked here part-time back then and I work here part-time now. 
You've changed... you've grown much prettier. 
You had no job then and you don't have one now. 
What drives me crazy is, in the future I'll be still here, and you'll be still unemployed. 
Do you need a bag? 
It costs 50 won. 
- The total is 24 dollars and 80 cents. 
-Wait a bit more, give me a chance. 
- I know I can do better. 
- I've been waiting three years. 
Hurry up and pay. 
Will this work? 
I think so... 
- Let's break up. 
-Why, Sook-hyun? 
-We've made it this far. 
Just... 
- This card is maxed out. 
Find a better woman. 
Can you put these back on the shelves? 
Sook-hyun! 
There's no better woman for me. 
Don't do this... 
Cut it out and get lost! 
I'm sorry 
Attention please. 
Guardians for patient Kwak, please come to the ER. 
Attention please. 
Guardians for patient Kwak, please come to the ER. 
Will you go in and see Mom? 
Don't worry. 
They said she's fine. 
SMS from Lee Jin Woo 
Meet me at the Sky Lounge today. 
Hello, Hello. 
Jin-woo, if you're off duty, then act like it. 
Forget this and go start a fire in your girlfriend's heart 
Okay? 
See you. 
Hey, be careful! 
Where is it? 
Please let me find it. 
The gap in performance at elementary schools is rising. 
Now, today's weather forecast. 
Due to the high atmospheric pressure from the southwest, the heat wave... 
Someone's coming! 
So this is where you've been? 
Shall I paint you a portrait? 
It's for free. 
Can't you take that off? 
Wait! 
Okay, I'll paint you like that. 
But next time you'll take it off, right? 
Take it off? 
This punk... 
He's got a weird taste... 
You punk... what are you smirking about? 
- Aren't you hot? 
-Wouldn't you be? 
- I'm roasting in here. 
- If I were you, I'd take it off. 
I'm dying of curiosity. 
Are you a man by any chance? 
There are plenty of guys with long hair. 
And lots of guys have pretty legs. 
Right... men don't wear bras 
All right, stop it. 
You little cutie... don't be so shy. 
I know... 
Your face is really ugly! 
I'm joking. 
You're so cute. 
This is what I like about my job. 
Jin-woo... 
If you don't show up, we're through. 
We apologizes to customers that the fire alarm has begun. 
Please evacuate to the... 
Front side of the building Don't move 
I'm five seconds away 4 seconds 3... 2... 
What are you doing here? 
Huh? 
Are you okay? 
I thought you were going to propose! 
I thought you wanted a nice dinner in a fancy restaurant. 
And we never play games with fires. 
How could you not know that? 
What? 
Hey, Lee Jin-woo... 
The movie's starting. 
Shhhh. 
Hwi-chan, look at me. 
Did you do your homework? 
Then you better go home right away and do it. 
Don't play on the computer. 
Do the homework first, okay? 
I have to stay here for a few days. 
You'll be fine on your own, right? 
You won't? 
When have I ever not been alone? 
Yes, my Hwi-chan can do great on his own. 
Your mom will do well too. 
And I'll try to do better once I get out of here. 
But you need to promise me one thing. 
Show me your diary every day. 
After school I went to the hospital to see Mom. 
Mom is hurt, so she has to stay there a few days. 
Tomorrow I'll go to the hospital and show Mom my diary as I promised. 
It's nice... 
Now Mom doesn't work late, she doesn't drink, and I can see her whenever I want. 
- I wish Mom would just stay sick. 
- I wish Mom would just stay sick. 
My son wishes that I would just stay sick. 
I don't scold him, I don't go drinking... 
How long has it been hurting? 
Yes? 
- Just... since the accident. 
- No, I don't mean that. 
Haven't you had abdominal pain? 
It must've been quite severe. 
Listen carefully to what I tell you. 
I already told your husband. 
Wait a minute, wait! 
Time out! 
Wait! 
I didn't mean to hit you. 
Nice job. 
You're the best human sandbag. 
Excuse me! 
Sorry, but could you do me a favor? 
- Me? 
- Yes. 
If he asks who you are, 
-just tell him you're someone I know. 
-Yes... 
Yes... hello? 
I am... 
What is... your name? 
Mi-ryung, Song Mi-ryung. 
Well, I'm an acquaintance of Song Mi-ryung. 
And next? 
I want to break up with him. 
Say I can't stand being with a guy like him anymore. 
But... you want me to say that? 
Just help me this once. 
I can't say it to him myself. 
Mi-ryung asked me to tell you this. 
She wants to break up with you. 
She can't stand... being with a guy like you any longer. 
He's crying. 
You can hang up now. 
She said you're a really good person. 
She hopes you can find someone better. 
Yes, really. 
Wait. 
Now what? 
You said it's finished! 
Thank you so much. 
-Your nose is bleeding. 
-What? 
Don't bother. 
We're over 
Separation Agency 
For people who are hesitant about breaking up, or for those who have trouble saying the words, 
I will... no, we will do it for you. 
Separation Agency. 
I wish it would just pour rain and cool things off. 
Excuse me? 
Is anybody here? 
Didn't she come in here just now? 
Oh my god! 
You nearly gave me a heart attack. 
Damn, why's it so dark? 
Is it on backwards again 
I saw the window was open, I thought that maybe... 
Jesus! 
I have a request. 
I have something to ask you. 
A request. 
A request? 
Just don't ask me to take this off. 
I want to paint you. 
Your face. 
Don't smile at me, My knees will go weak. 
Oh, wait! 
I can't explain why I'm doing this, but you are difficult, too. 
Just once... don't be so difficult! 
Say something. 
Say I'm not a thug. 
I'll say something. 
Those guys there are thugs. 
Hey, I asked you to say something! 
Wait! 
May10, 1995. 
He's never a romantic but today after some romantic time suddenly he threw his body on me. 
That bastard... 
Beast! 
Dad? 
An unwished-for thing has happened. 
That day I got pregnant. 
I got so scared, I ran to him. 
Abort it, he says. 
That scoundrel... 
Bastard! 
I'll raise it. 
Healthy, smart, good-natured. 
Better than me, better than its dad, better than both of us together. 
Please, let it be a girl... 
Why am I acting this way? 
Am I a pervert? 
Good night, Princess. 
How are things with your boyfriend? 
Your boyfriend... 
Is it going well? 
Did you propose to my sister? 
You argued with your boyfriend? 
You aren't speaking? 
What a dunce. 
Did you... propose to my sister? 
Don't worry, don't worry. 
I'll find a better boyfriend for you. 
You want to... 
You want to make up with him...? 
Ah, you need some money? 
I'll give you some. 
He really is thick-headed. 
Sister-in-law. 
I also have... 
I have a worry, too. 
But don't... 
Don't tell your sister. 
Your sister... 
Here... flowers... 
She wants me to propose like this. 
Why'd she hit me? 
Not enough money? 
Client/Park Suk Yong, Message to/Lee Hyun Woo 
Reason for separation/indifference Address/Mapo-gu 
- Are you Mr. Lee Hyun-woo? 
- Yes. 
Can I help you? 
Well, I was sent here by Park Suk-yong. 
Suk-yong? 
- Park Suk-yong. 
- Yes, Suk-yong. 
She wants to break up. 
- Step aside a moment. 
- Yes, well... 
Lee Hyun-woo. 
You've been dumped by Park Suk-yong. 
I heard you. 
Tell her she made the right decision. 
And mister, you have a really interesting job. 
Client/Han Hung Suk, Message to/Lee Eun Jung Ms. Lee, 
Reason for separation / Too lavish and selfish I'm here to deliver 
Address / Jamsil a break-up message from Heung-seok. 
Client / Song Han Na, Message to /Michael You love... 
Hanna loves. 
Reason for separation / Playboy This is your love, okay? 
It's cut 
Address / Kangnam It's cut to bits. 
Okay? 
Cut. 
Understand? 
- Why? 
- Why? 
Cause you're a playboy that's why. 
Uh... 
You have many girls. 
Okay? 
Here's a girl, there's a girl. 
Everywhere girls. 
Around you are all girls. 
Client/Lee Bora Message to/Kim Yeon Chul 
Reason for separation/Too naive. 
Address/Dongjak 
I wish you meet a nice girlfriend. 
Client/Park In Suk Message to /Min Sueng Yeop 
Reason for separation /incompetence Address /Dongjak Bridge 
Choi Sook-hyun! 
I've been sent by Jung Ha-seok! 
Ha-seok has a message for you. 
Wait, Sook-hyun. 
Ha-seok wants to go on a date with you. 
He used to be unemployed, but not anymore. 
And he won't be in the future. 
He said to tell you this. 
- Do you really have to do this? 
- It's true! 
Oh, wait. 
Hello? 
Yes, it is. 
Right now? 
It's not a good time right now... 
Can I go tomorrow? 
No, no. 
That's okay. 
I'll go right now. 
Yes, goodbye. 
- Sorry about that. 
-We've broken up. 
It doesn't matter if you have a job or not. 
Hey, even the card companies give you three months. 
You can give me three months, can't you? 
Let's meet on Saturday for sure. 
Okay? 
Saturday! 
- Hello. 
- Hello. 
Is there a forecast for rain today? 
Well... the report has just come in. 
Sorry, Soo-jeong. 
It'll be clear today too. 
Oh, I see. 
I'm right here. 
Mom! 
- Did you eat? 
- Yeah. 
- And your homework? 
- I did it. 
- And the diary? 
- Of course. 
Hey, I told you to draw me better. 
Look, my eyes are closed again. 
Watch here. 
Like this. 
It's not working very well. 
Mom, do you regret it? 
Regret? 
About me. 
Do you regret it? 
Why should I feel any regret? 
It was my fault. 
No, it's Dad's fault. 
And if anything unwanted comes up in the future, get rid of it. 
And I'm sorry. 
But I can't wear a skirt for you. 
A baby, crying all night. 
This poor mom, who can't do anything for him, other than to cry outside, so that he doesn't hear her. 
All night the baby cries inside the house, and I cry outside... 
I love you, baby. 
Please don't be sick. 
I love you mommy. 
Please don't be sick. 
Why? 
Hwi-chan. 
Hwi-chan. 
You don't need to do that for Mom anymore. 
The nurse came and gave her a shot and some pills. 
So you don't have to do that. 
No, when Mom did this for me I got well. 
Go on. 
-What? 
-The song. 
Hurry, hurry and get well. 
Daddy's got a healing hand. 
Mommy's got a pot belly. 
Hurry, hurry and get well. 
Daddy's got a healing hand. 
Is anyone here? 
- Is nobody here? 
-We're the rescue team. 
If anyone's here,just yell. 
-Anyone here? 
-We're the rescue team. 
Ten, this is 101. 
We've found someone, 46. 
-Take him out first. 
-Yes. 
This afternoon, a fire broke out in a Seoul warehouse, 35-year old Lee who was working inside the warehouse was injured from smoke inhalation. 
While rescuing him, two firemen from Dobong Station received burns and are currently in intensive care. 
The fire burned down the whole warehouse and $350 thousand worth of property was damaged. 
The fire was out after an hour. 
The police are investigating the cause based on the witness' depositions. 
How did you get here? 
I'm okay. 
I'm not hurt. 
I am the one who's hurt. 
I can't take it anymore. 
Every time I hear a siren, my heart drops. 
Soo-jeong. 
It's okay, so let's go. 
There are other people here. 
No, it's not okay. 
Who cares about other people? 
- I care about you, and about myself. 
- Soo-jeong. 
These people say you're cool, encouraging that you are a great fireman. 
That's all, isn't it? 
Su-jeong, that's not it. 
And so they just push you deeper and deeper into the fire, right? 
Soo-jeong, no... 
You know... how we work here... 
You know. 
No, I don't know. 
I've forgotten it all. 
When you say 'we', I'm not included, so how can I know? 
104 this is 10, roger. 
Fire Alarm! 
Look at you... 
Now that I'm sick, You seem to study harder and don't get into trouble. 
I think I'm getting better because of you. 
Really... 
Then Mom, can you come in front of our school? 
School? 
Why? 
You know how mothers direct traffic by the school. 
Can you? 
Sure. 
I wish I were sick instead of you. 
If you ever say that again, you're not my son. 
My baby is sick. 
Please, please let me be sick instead of him. 
-Why do you make women cry? 
- Huh? 
Oh, you saw it? 
I didn't make her cry, kiddo. 
By the way, what's with your long face? 
Does your girlfriend want to break up? 
Or, you want to break up, but you're having trouble saying it? 
You're too young to be making that kind of face. 
When you get old, you'll have plenty of chances to be sad. 
Mister, what do you do anyway? 
Me? 
To keep the one I love, 
I make other couples break up. 
What's that supposed to mean? 
You wouldn't understand... 
Here. 
Take this, in case you need it later. 
Take it. 
Separation Agency 
Stop sighing at the ground! 
Stop sighing at the sky. 
I guess she doesn't want to see you. 
Really? 
Ask her to call me later. 
Huh? 
He understood. 
She likes you a lot. 
Don't worry. 
No, it's okay. 
I'll eat dinner at home. 
By myself. 
I'll just go. 
See you. 
You're not the one who got burned. 
Why are you hiding? 
Leave me alone. 
Why are you being so childish? 
How long will you hide there? 
I said leave me alone! 
Don't just yell for help, you need to help him first. 
At least you can say "l love you." 
You're better off than me. 
Su-Eun. 
You know why I wanted him to propose to me? 
It was all for him. 
If he confessed his love and thought about marriage and such. 
Then, he could think about me once more before jumping into the fire and make him a bit more scared of the fire I thought I could change him. 
That's how it started but now 
I've become sort of fixated on it. 
I understand the situation, but if you could help... 
Yes... 
Just a moment. 
Dad. 
Don't tell Mom about it. 
I heard that his mother has cancer. 
Your dad's a doctor, right? 
- Do you know about cancer? 
- Sure. 
-What happens if you get it? 
- You die. 
Everyone with cancer dies. 
Why? 
Does someone have it? 
No... 
Mom... 
Mom! 
Mom, are you okay? 
Of course! 
Why wouldn't I be? 
You know how much I wanted to blow this whistle? 
Whenever I see you, I'm full of energy. 
Mom, wait a second. 
Mom, blow the whistle for me. 
- Here? 
- Yeah. 
Client/Jun Young Joo Message to/Min Chung Bum 
Reason for separation/ excessive violence Residence / Jungu 
Are you the delivery boy? 
Delivery? 
Oh, no. 
You're not? 
Then who the hell are you? 
I'm... 
I was sent by Jun Young-ju. 
Jun... 
Jun Young-ju 
That name sounds really familiar... 
Is it you? 
Are you her new guy? 
No, I just... 
She sent me... 
Shut up, bastard. 
Tell her this. 
If she's got something to say. 
Beat it, punk. 
What now? 
Young-joo wants to breakup. 
The excessive violence... 
Get lost, bastard! 
Get a life, you shit. 
-What? 
-Wait, wait... 
I delivered the message. 
You heard it? 
No I didn't! 
Keep your nose out of other people's relationships! 
I don't deal with relationships, only break-ups! 
Go! 
Beat it! 
Hey, I didn't hear anything. 
Get lost! 
You don't get it, do you? 
You listen to me, god damn it! 
I thought I'd die from hunger. 
Ha-seok! 
I've something to tell you. 
What? 
Slow down. 
I've got tons to say too. 
Let's eat first, then talk. 
You said you were hungry. 
Sook-hyun! 
Try this, it's great. 
Once a fireman rescued a girl from a blaze. 
Everyone else gave up on her, but he charged in like a madman. 
The fireman and the woman, they survived against crazy odds. 
So the fireman and the girl started dating, right? 
No, he dated her sister. 
She was the woman of his dream. 
Aren't you glad to see me? 
I keep doing sign language, so I forget how to speak. 
I remember how to say it with my hands, but not with words. 
It stays at the tip of my tongue. 
But there are words that even if I remember, 
I can't say. 
Maybe I just wanted to hear it from you first. 
I have something to say too, but not here. 
This isn't a sky lounge, and there's no wine. 
I can't treat you like a princess. 
Hey hey! 
What's going on here? 
You shouldn't use public equipment for these purposes. 
Can our model fireman act in this way? 
Give us an explanation. 
OK, stick closer. 
I'll take a beautiful picture. 
Stop smiling. 
Now, here we go. 
Do you know where he is going? 
Maybe New York or Paris. 
Maybe we should make them meet before he leaves. 
You know why none of the Dwarves hooked up with Snow White? 
They couldn't tell her how they felt. 
Not one! 
They were all ashamed of being dwarves. 
In fact... 
In fact, Snow White had a thing for short guys. 
When the Prince dismounted from his horse, he was goddamned... uh really short. 
This is a secret, but actually he was the youngest. 
The eighth, who was adopted away. 
You know why the bitchy queen died so miserably? 
She was tricked by the mirror! 
When you look at your sweetheart, you don't look with a mirror, you look with your heart. 
What's all this about? 
It doesn't suit you. 
It's too heavy. 
Hi! 
What are you doing here? 
I have something to say. 
What is it? 
I'll tell you later. 
- Can't you say it now? 
- Later. 
Oh, I better go. 
I'll call you then. 
I'll be waiting for you! 
Hello. 
- Hello. 
- Hello. 
-You're a bit late today. 
-Yes... sorry. 
-Soo-jung. 
-Yes? 
It's going to rain tonight. 
The rainy season is starting. 
Oh, really? 
Thank you! 
Hey, number eight! 
I was curious... 
How you looked. 
Your eyes, your nose... 
You're pretty. 
More than I imagined. 
Don't be so shy... 
You fool. 
It's the makeup, and the lighting. 
Wait, we don't even know each other's names. 
What's your name? 
Su-eun. 
Su-eun... 
Your name's pretty, too. 
But Su-eun, why don't you speak? 
I'm doing all the talking. 
Say something. 
Hey, can't you speak? 
I'm sorry... 
I just... 
Why are you sorry? 
You didn't make me this way. 
I'll say it today before it's too late. 
I've saved a woman from afire... 
Saved a man from drowning... 
But now, 
Now... 
I want to save a man who's fallen in love. 
I know it's too late, but... 
Please accept this. 
The stadium will be open for use from 9am to 10pm. 
The district will try to attract 
Citizens from various classes. 
Now some late-breaking news. 
This evening, a fire broke out in a shoe factory in Dobong-gu. 
The blaze killed two firemen on duty... and a third, unidentified victim. 
The firemen killed were 40-year old Suh Ki-soo and 30-year old Lee Jin-woo. 
38-year old Lee Jo-hyung was severely burned and moved to a hospital. 
The tragedy occurred in the basement of the building as the dispatched firemen tried to extinguish the flames. 
Finally, Hong will report on tonight's weather. 
Rain is falling across the nation. 
The rain should quell the 20-day heat wave and open the rainy season, according to the Weather Bureau. 
The early arrival of the monsoon... will most likely continue for a month. 
Especially starting the next month, a seasonal rain front will... 
Please draw me again. 
Actually, I'm leaving to study abroad next month. 
I know, you punk. 
That's why I'm showing it to you. 
I don't show this to just anyone. 
There was something I really wanted to draw before leaving. 
If the chance came, I thought I could draw it well. 
I really thought... that I could draw it well. 
I know it already. 
You wanted to draw me, but it didn't turn out as you expected. 
Still thanks anyway for saying so. 
But I don't want to hear anymore. 
Otherwise, it will be too much to take. 
Goodbye. 
Client/Choi Suk Hyun, Message to/Jung Ha Seok 
Reason for separation/found a new love Residence/Mapo 
Mr. Jung Ha-seok. 
I was sent by Choi Sook-hyun. 
You know her, right? 
Sook-hyun asked me to deliver this message. 
Sook-hyun wants to break up with you. 
It was too hard for her to say it, so I came instead. 
You understand? 
Sook-hyun said she's met somebody new. 
Of course you're a good person, and she loved you. 
But without realizing it, a new love appeared. 
Please don't take it too hard. 
Wish her the best with her new love. 
And she hopes that... you'll find a new love too. 
With all of her heart. 
You heard me, right? 
Mom! 
It'll be ok. 
You'll get better soon. 
Ju-young! 
Mom... 
Dad, don't cry. 
Mom will hear. 
Mom... 
Mom! 
I'll be good now! 
Mom, please don't die. 
Mom, don't die... 
Mom, please don't! 
Mom... 
Don't die! 
I'll behave from now on. 
Ms. Eom Ju-young? 
I'm from a separation agency. 
You know Park Hwi-chan? 
I was sent by him. 
I was going to quit this work, but since he's my last client, I came especially for him. 
Now... 
I'll deliver the message from Mr. Park Hwi-chan. 
Hwi-chan doesn't want to separate from you, Ms. Eom. 
This is an unusual case. 
Hwi-chan wants you to stand up again. 
Who? 
Park Hwi-chan. 
My son. 
Yes... 
Your son has one more thing to show you. 
And that is... 
Didn't he draw it well? 
He said he couldn't draw you well before... because you are too pretty. 
Are you okay? 
Hwi-chan says he'll do what you say, keep his diary, and won't tell lies anymore, so please... 
Tell my son... 
Thank you... for drawing me... so well. 
I will. 
Mom... 
Mom... 
Sorry to keep you waiting. 
Have a seat. 
Would you like something to drink? 
No thanks. 
And the reason you wanted to see me...? 
We found something while investigating this accident. 
I thought I'd better show you. 
And these were found in Mr. Lee Jin-woo's clothes. 
Soo-jeong. 
Me too. 
I love you too. 
Sad Movie 
They say that I'm an optical illusion. 
They say that I'm just a social construct. 
They say that I'm a racist because I'm white. 
They say that I'm a racist because I'm white. 
The same people who say that it's fine for black and brown people to organize themselves for their own benefit say it's evil if my people do the same. 
Why? 
Who makes these unfair rules? 
Asia is Asian. 
Africa is African. 
Where are the white countries? 
They say that white countries don't exist. 
They tell me to be loyal to humans but they all step on me. 
People are saving endangered species like the whales and the spotted owl 
What about my sub-species? 
Would you call me a Nazi if want a happy future for people like myself? 
Does Israel need diversity? 
Whites are 8 percent of the world population and decreasing. 
If they are against racism why don't they fight for me? 
Why don't they fight for me? 
What about a future for me? 
What about a future for me? 
What about a future for me? 
They are anti-White. 
They are NOT against racism. 
They are against the continued existence of all White people and only White people. 
Captions provided by Subscriptorium www.Subscriptorium.com. subscriptorium@gmail.com 
All right, so on Monday, we spoke with Shirley Phelps-Roper about allegations that the internet gathering known as Anonymous had issued a threat, and Westboro Baptist Church responded to that threat. 
Well, today we have everybody here, we have Shirley Phelps-Roper from the Westboro Baptist Church. 
We have a source within Anonymous, the internet gathering known as Anonymous, here. 
So let's start at the very beginning. 
Anonymous, can you please tell us, did any active Anonymous members or participants, sources, issue a threat to the Westboro Baptist Church? 
-No, there was no talk of it. 
The press release was... -Well, how could you know this? 
I was wondering... 
-Well, hold on, Shirley, let's get him to explain... -They're anonymous! 
I'm just saying. 
-Let's have him explain. 
-Well, Shirley, with most operations, we have planning, we have execution, we have discussion of it. 
This press release came out of nowhere, and it doesn't seem like the writing style we'd make. 
Nobody that usually writes press releases stood up and said hey, we wrote this. 
The operation came out of nowhere, and you guys responded really too fast. 
It was all a bit suspicious. 
-Oh, yikes! 
It was several days before we responded. 
-So Shirley, let's... 
let's take it one at a time. 
How did you originally hear of the threat, Shirley? 
By many emails. 
We received many emails, and then, how else? 
Oh, also in some print publications. 
Twitter, Twitter was talking about it. 
Oh, and Twitter was sending us links to it, also. 
OK, so Anonymous, can you state... do you, what is your belief? 
Do you believe that the Westboro Baptist Church concocted this letter? 
I stand before you with all the might of Rome 
And I hereby declare that Queen Cleopatra, widow of Gaius Julius Caesar, was his once true and legal wife! 
And that their child, Ptolemy Caesar, is the true, 
legitimate and only son of great Caesar! 
Come forth, young Caesar! 
Let your people see you! 
Let it be known throughout the world that I, Marcus Antonius, have renounced my false Roman marriage... and have taken as my wife Queen Cleopatra... 
and as a token of this great union... 
I hereby bequeath, to the throne of Ptolemy, the land of Syria, to the limits of its borders! 
Not only does he proclaim an Egyptian bastard as heir to Rome, he secedes the wealth of Syria to a foreign power! 
Shame! 
Shame! 
Now, far be it for me to say that Marc Antony is not an honorable man 
Yet there he remains, in the east, wallowing in the mud with the whore of the Nile, caught by the same hook as Caesar 
I submit to you, fellow Romans, that Marc Antony has broken the pact between us 
He has! 
He has! 
For the good of the empire l, as co-consul, must do as Roman justice commands me 
I hereby declare a just and righteous war against Antony and Cleopatra! 
Generals! 
Come quickly! 
Octavius! 
Ah, Generals Grattius, Cornelius 
Try one of these cakes 
They're hard to come by in Gaul 
What are you doing here? 
I've come to take command 
These are Antony's men 
You have a letter from Antony? 
Antony is no longer relevant to Roman affairs 
His thoughts are only of Egypt and Cleopatra 
I will not surrender the Gallic legions, unless Antony personally instructs me to do so 
Then you will die 
These men are loyal to Antony 
Yes, but they will follow your lead 
Antony! 
Antony! 
Stop him! 
Move! 
Get after him! 
He's wonderful with the child 
I shouldn't wonder, he's a child himself 
You would do well not to disparage Antony is my presence 
Are you that much in love with him? 
ls your judgement that clouded? 
I am in love, Olympos, but my mind is clear 
Egypt needs him We need Antony's strength 
You haven't really tested his strength Only his weaknesses 
What do you mean? 
You are strong, my queen 
You have the metal to seize and heel the world 
But Antony, he wants only to seize you 
And that makes him weak 
You're wrong, Olympos 
Antony does share the vision 
And he's not weak 
Grattius! 
What is it? 
Why are you come to Alexandria? 
Your Lordship 
Octavius has stolen your legions in Gaul 
General Cornelius? 
Dead 
He's deliberately flaunting me! 
Octavius has broken his pledge 
lmperator, go to Rome! 
Take your grievance to the Senate 
Strike, first, that's what you said, isn't it? 
A civil war? 
Romans against Romans, Antony! 
You must talk to the Senate! 
Take the world, before it takes you? 
We'll not wait for Octavius to come to us 
We'll go to him 
Your fleet, my queen, there, is Octavius 
More than an equal match, I think 
I don't like it 
What don't you like, General? 
It's a bad business, attacking by sea 
lf we really mean to defeat them, we should do it the Roman way strike quickly, by land! 
Octavius has us blockaded inside the gulf, General 
We have no choice We must fight our way out 
But General, it's full of dangers 
The enemy is upon us, comrades 
Prepare your stations 
It will be decided here 
May the gods favor us 
There's Marc Antony's ship 
Faster! 
Faster! 
Marc Antony thinks this is a cavalry charge 
lf it's a fight he wants... 
Patience, patience 
We'll draw him in 
He's going too fast! 
He's too far forward! 
He's sailing into a trap! 
Pull back! 
Octavius! 
Boarders! 
Your Majesty, you must go below 
Drive them back! 
Fight for your Queen! 
Force them back! 
Where is Antony? 
We must find him! 
His flagship sank, Your Majesty 
He might still be alive.. 
Forgive me, but he can't survive that 
Octavius will be searching for you, my Queen 
I can't leave him here I must do something! 
You must save yourself while you can! 
For Egypt! 
Antony! 
Take out the purple sails, have them ready to hoist before Alexandria 
Our victory sails? 
You heard me, now do it! 
As you wish, Your Highness 
Exactly as I wish 
Place the garlands on the bow 
On the masts as well 
And have the men ready to sing a victory chant... before we sail into Alexandria 
I shall not allow my people to see their Queen in defeat 
lsis, my mother don't turn from me now 
Don't turn from Egypt 
No! 
No! 
It's over now 
It's over 
I have good news for you! 
Antony! 
Leave us 
Leave us 
Oh, I thought you were dead! 
I am dead 
No...no, don't say that 
This place is like a gigantic tomb you stay here long enough one becomes mummified 
You deserted me! 
They told me you were dead! 
What should I have done? 
I saw something tonight that I could not believe 
The city...in victory 
I had to buy time 
To keep my people from panic, to organize a defense 
A defense? 
What defense? 
Octavius has defeated us completely! 
He has not defeated me! 
I still rule Egypt 
How! 
By lying to your people? 
How could you let them believe we've triumphed... when we've failed so miserably? 
We'll triumph, Antony, we will make that falsehood come true 
You've humiliated me with this vile hypocrisy! 
As if I haven't been humiliated enough! 
Be quiet! 
Your men will hear you! 
My men? 
What men? 
The bottom of the sea is littered with the bones of my men 
You still have four legions loyal to you 
Four legions 
Have you given up hope 
Perhaps I have 
Caesar once stopped a whole army with only two legions 
I'm not Caesar! 
I am not a god, I am not a king 
I'm a man 
I'm just a man who reached for too big a prize! 
Where is he now? 
Octavius has taken Pelusium 
That quickly 
Give these to Rufio 
Have him deliver them to Octavius 
But these are the emblems of your office! 
Send them to him with this letter 
I am offering my abdication if he'll spare Caesarian... and let him sit on the throne of Egypt 
But why, Your Majesty? 
Has it really come to this? 
There is no other recourse 
We must buy time 
Go now! 
Down 
Out of my way! 
Stop it! 
What? 
What? 
Why did you stop... 
Welcome, welcome Aphrodite! 
Welcome to Bacchus's beach! 
Octavius has reached Ashkelon 
Ashkelon is weeks away from Alexandria 
Come and dance with us come on ... purge your demons! 
How long are you going to stay drunk? 
How would you prefer me? 
Perhaps riding in the head of my four legions to meet him in battle? 
For yet another victory celebration? 
A true king is not a coward! 
I am not a coward 
I am merely a fool in exile with no place to hide except my wife's country 
Enough! 
Enough! 
Everybody out! 
Out 
Be well 
I trusted you 
I believed in you 
I, l believed in your strength 
Could I have misjudged you? 
You misjudged yourself 
It may be your nature to see victory in defeat 
But it's not mine, I fear...l fear... 
I fear I can lead no more... 
I should have died...l should have... where's my sword? 
I had a sword... 
I must die... 
I must die with honor My men believed in me... 
I must have it... 
Stop it! 
Give me my sword! 
Give me my sword! 
I must have my honor! 
This is no honor! 
ls this how you want them to remember you? 
A man who no longer believes in himself? 
Stand up! 
Stand up and fight! 
Be a man! 
You want me to be a man? 
Yes...Antony, look at me! 
Look at me! 
We'll fight! 
You may tell your Queen, Rufio, that I've received her tokens of submission and am most grateful 
As to the request to spare her son 
I can not answer that for the moment 
Why are you still loyal to her? 
Has she enchanted you as well? 
I'm under orders from Caesar... 
Caesar is dead! 
I am Caesar now 
You could be my ears in Alexandria 
Very well, then 
Tell her that, before I can accept her offer, 
I would require some gesture of sincerity... 
tell her to deliver to me... the head of Marc Antony 
You may go... 
Provide Octavius with what he requires and you'll find him most grateful 
No 
You must 
Your Majesty, in the name of lsis, please, do not forsake your country, your own child 
Not for love 
It would be like stabbing my own heart 
Better Antony than Egypt 
Better that than your own son's life! 
Take the knife 
I want to share something with you 
Come... 
What's this? 
Another temple of death? 
It's my tomb, Antony 
When I die, it will be sealed tight 
Here is where I'll lie, but not be confined 
Beyond flesh, I will journey to the next life and back at will 
And there, my sweet, noble king, 
I have reserved a place for you to travel with me 
I will lie anywhere with you, Cleopatra, but I'm not ready to accept death, not, not yet 
Tonight, I had a dream 
I was winning a great battle! 
ln the desert! 
Even the ground was in my favor 
Octavius' army was marching on impossible terrain no place to deploy, nowhere to maneuver his army 
lf I strike him, and I strike him hard and fast, 
I can stop his momentum... 
And finish him in the desert! 
That's right! 
So we may finally realise your vision... of uniting the east and west in a new Golden Age of light, of love, and dominion 
Antony! 
Let me and my men come with you 
No, I need someone here I can trust 
You'll see that the Queen is safe? 
On my life 
These are just ornaments 
Still, Octavius will not have them 
Your Majesty, this is the whole list? 
You must complete this side 
Yes 
Where is Caesarian? 
I haven't seen him of late 
Why do you wish to know? 
No reason 
I fear for his safety, that is all 
I'm sworn to protect him as well as yourself, Your Majesty 
Thank you, Rufio 
For your loyalty 
There were supposed to be only six legions! 
lmperator, we must withdraw 
Have you lost your courage, General? 
It's not a question of courage 
These are Roman soldiers 
It's not right for them to have to fight their fellow countrymen 
We fight to win, Commander? 
We fight to win! 
Charge! 
Anthony! 
Get Olympos! 
We must get Caesarian out of the city now! 
Caesarian, Caesarian! 
You're going on a trip 
A beautiful ship is going to take you to lndia, a land of many wonders 
Aren't you coming with me? 
No, Mama has to stay here 
Are you going to die? 
No 
I don't want you to die! 
I don't want to go! 
What news? 
We couldn't stop them...too many! 
Octavius is coming! 
You must go my son 
You know why? 
Because you are the future of Egypt 
I don't want to go! 
I don't want to go! 
He will be safe with me 
He is Egypt, that is all I've ever lived for! 
And now he must live for you! 
Your Majesty! 
Your Majesty! 
Your Majesty! 
ls Marc Antony alive? 
I do not know, my Queen 
But you have to flee the city 
Octavius' army will be here within the hour! 
No! 
I will wait for my king 
Your Majesty... there are documents that have to be destroyed... 
Go! 
Go! 
Have you seen Caesarian? 
Where is he? 
Have you seen the child? 
Where's the child? 
Out of my way! 
What're you doing here? 
Your Queen needs you on guard! 
Where's the boy? 
He's not here, by the blessings of lsis 
Not here? 
What do you mean? 
It doesn't matter, he's safe 
Listen to me, Mardian 
Caesarian is in grave danger 
Now you must tell me where to find him 
Yes, but I promised the Queen...that I... 
I'm the only one who can protect him! 
He's out of the country, isn't he? 
Where? 
Judea, Syria? 
No matter, we'll find him 
Why are you doing this? 
How can you turn against your Queen? 
She's not my Queen, you fat, little fool! 
I answer only to Rome 
Traitor! 
Traitor! 
Goddess! 
Goddess! 
I brought you this from the Temple of the Sun, Goddess, to help you speed your way 
Out of the way! 
Tell your Queen it's Marc Antony! 
Your Majesty! 
Your Majesty! 
It's Antony! 
Antony! 
It's Antony! 
He lives! 
Bring him inside! 
Close up the gates! 
Hail, Caesar! 
Did you kill the boy? 
Antony, my husband... my love...don't leave without me! 
Look at me, Antony, look at me! 
As you command...my Queen 
We lost the day... 
ln my eyes, you are greatness 
I'm here, I'm here with you 
Don't stay... don't stay with me...fight! 
I'm not leaving you! 
I'll be waiting for you in the next life 
I see nothing but you! 
I'll never be further from you than this! 
Antony! 
Queen Cleopatra! 
Come out 
Yield yourself to me! 
Open this door! 
ls she alive? 
I don't know 
Get the battering ram! 
Caesar... 
So, Antony has gone to join Caesar 
No, he's here with me 
Take the riches of Egypt Then let me die properly 
I have no desire for you to die 
I've conquered a great country, a great Queen 
It's my wish that you accompany me to Rome 
So you can walk me behind your chariots...you Egyptian prize? 
Octavius' trophy? 
That would do, yes 
I answer to no earthly superior, much less a mortal like yourself 
I am a goddess! 
I am immortal! 
Ah yes, the Daughter of lsis 
You and I are very much alike 
Compelled to follow our own natures, fulfill our destinies 
But I have won, Cleopatra And you will come to Rome! 
I will come with you to Rome 
But I want something in return 
Anything, I can be very generous 
Let my son rule Egypt 
Not for the moment, no 
Then let me give Antony an Egyptian burial 
Here, in this place 
Then I will come to you as the Queen of Egypt, bowing to the might of Rome 
Very well 
I'll need time to prepare 
And the emblems of my office? 
Of course, you can have them I have no use for them 
I have what I want 
Make sure she doesn't harm herself 
Wait for me, Antony 
I won't be long 
Where is our Queen? 
What have you done with her? 
Why weren't you here to protect me, Rufio? 
I regret that it was not possible, Your Majesty 
We need to be alone to pray 
Away from Roman eyes 
I'm afraid I can't allow that 
You should know our ways by now 
Don't you trust me? 
I've trusted you all these years 
Where is our Queen? 
What have you done with her? 
We want our Queen! 
We want our Queen! 
Open the doors, Your Majesty! 
Open them now... or I'll have to break them down! 
Get the ram! 
Citizens of Alexandria, 
you have nothing to fear from Caesar 
Egypt and Rome have always been close... 
Magnificent, isn't it? 
We want our Queen! 
We want our Queen! 
We want our Queen! 
Bring the basket now, quickly 
Your Majesty, let us come with you, on your journey 
It's a longer journey than you may care to take 
We have no one but you 
You're our only world 
Then we shall go to the next world together 
Your Queen ... 
Your Queen accepts Caesar as her friend and sovereign what is that? 
Come! 
Take me to lsis! 
Again! 
Put your backs into it! 
Get these doors open! 
Lie me down 
One night more, 
then the sun will be reborn... 
And the waters of the Nile... 
The Nile will rise... 
and...fall... 
It's giving! 
Come on! 
Leave us 
Wait for me 
You've won, Cleopatra 
Farewell, Egypt 
So, after you've done all these things with respect to assessment and treatment, there's going to be some residual risk. 
You can't treat risk out of the, out of the system completely. 
So then, you have to make some decisions with respect to which ones you're going to accept and which ones you're going to try to, to transfer. the, the decision is driven by a number of different things. 
The first is the, the three realities that make risk acceptance, the risk acceptance decision a foregone conclusion. 
Every organization has to make it. 
Which are, you're not going to be able to deal with all the risks in the organization. 
Second one is no system can be made absolutely secure. 
And third is that, you've got a limited pool of resources for addressing these exposures. 
So, given those three things, those three realities, there's going to have to be a decision at some point about which risks you're willing to accept. 
And the way that you do that is the organization, the organization being the organization's management. needs to decide, needs to decide what its tolerance level is. 
How much risk it's willing to accept. 
And then, if the risk that's been identified through the risk assessment process is beyond that level, then you look at maybe implementing some supplemental controls. 
And, if it's been the level, then you accept it. continue to monitor it, make sure it doesn't get out of out of tolerance. but that's basically the approach. 
Now, and I, I, I know I say this a lot, but I'm going to say it one more time. 
When you think about how management defines it's, it's acceptable 
level of risk, it's not just direct dollar cost. 
It's, you know, how sensitive are they to bad publicity? 
How sensitive are they to being embarrassed? 
I would argue that most senior executives would rather have bad news come out about the company that doesn't directly affect them than they would be to have information comes out that makes them look stupid, makes them embarrassed. 
So, that embarrassment factor is going to, and should come into play . 
Because you don't want to run into a situation where, you know, management says, okay. 
We, we're willing to assume an aggregate exposure of twenty million dollars a year. 
And we don't want anything about us no negative publicity on the front page of the local newspaper. 
And you say, okay, chief, you got it. 
And then, something happens. 
And it's, you know, section two of the paper, page three. 
But it's, you know, the CFO, you know, left his laptop in his car. 
It was stolen, and it had the company's financial records on it. 
It was within the tolerance. 
But he's, he's embarrassed. 
And I guarantee you that if you go back to him, and say, well, you know, it was within the tolerance that you specified. 
He's probably not going to be real happy with you. 
So, you know, just, keep, keep that kind of thing in mind. 
You're dealing with, with people's emotions. 
Another thing another aspect of, for consideration, with respect to risk acceptance is benchmarking. 
So, there's got to be, a, an explicit acknowledgement by top management with respect to what, what level of risk the organization is willing to accept. 
Now, you guys all work for organizations with, with a, with a few exceptions for which this sort of thing should be happening. 
How many of you are aware of what management has specified as being the risk tolerance of your organization? 
Not even one? 
[LAUGH] 
Okay. 
So, I mean, that's, that's kind of scary. 
That's kind of scary. 
Cuz if you don't know what the risk tolerance is, how can you put a framework in place, that's going to achieve managements expectations? 
You're shooting in the dark, right? 
And you know, you're not going to fix it over night, but just something to, to be aware of. 
[INAUDlBLE] 
They have no tolerance. 
They, they were all went through it out. 
A fool proof, a fool proof system. 
Towards somewhere else. 
Sorry. 
[INAUDlBLE] 
Somewhere, somewhere else, I'm serious. 
They work somewhere else. 
What has been mandated Yeah. 
Because that's what where, that. 
Before you cannot possibly accomplish. 
No, but they announced it publicly. 
You can't fail. 
How much did they announced that can't fail, control? 
Yeah. , I mean, you know, realistically, you're probably, you know, it's easy for me to say, you know, go work somewhere else. 
But, if you think about the fact that everything about your job, both the tangible and intangible rewards can ultimately be tied to how well you achieve management's objectives. 
You kind of figure, you've kind of, kind of got yourself behind the eight ball there. so you have to weigh, you know, and, and I know there's a certain amount of security in working for, for that organization. 
But, the you've got to weigh that against number one, the fact that you really don't have any meaningful measure for how well you're doing. 
All you can do is fail, you can't succeed. 
And number two, it'd be very easy for at the time of making, making any decision with respect to your career for management to say, you didn't meet our expectation, you didn't meet our goal, which puts you in a very bad spot. 
Of course, another, another, you know, way to approach it would be to be, you know, try to become, you know, someone who could influence management's thinking on that topic. 
I mean, it's one thing to have an aspirational goal. 
There are organizations, you know, companies that adopt six sigma, for example. 
You know, one error in a, in a million. 
I mean, that's an aspirational goal. 
Some companies achieve it. 
I mean, one error in a million's different from zero errors in a million. 
Tremendous disparity between the two. 
I know it doesn't sound like it is, but it is. so, you might want to talk with them about, you know, something more realistic, like developing something like a six sigma type approach applied to information security or something like that. 
That way, you know, you're trying to be part of the solution instead of either, you know, walking away or just accepting. 
So, that might be a, a thought. 
And, you know, who knows, if you, as far as I know, 
I mean, I'm not aware of any papers. 
Any research where, wh ere someone has tried to apply six sigma type methods. 
And certainly, there's, there, you know, probably management methods that have been applied to information security. 
But I don't think specifically six sigma. 
You know, there might be something to it in terms of, you know, either publishing something or, or developing some sort of consulting business around it, or something like that. 
It could be kind of interesting to look at. residual risk is the remaining risk after you've applied controls. 
And, you need to make sure when you do your risk assessment report, that you highlight the fact that we've got this exposure, we've got this control framework. 
And after the beneficial effect of these control, this is what's left. 
And get management to sign off on the fact that they acknowledge that you have pointed out to them that there is residual risk that exists after the application of controls. 
It's really, really important. 
When you're accepting risks, there are two primary considerations. 
The first one is, after you implement the control, you need to be sure that what you've done actually satisfies an acceptable level, level of risk. 
So, going back to the example of the gap analysis, you know, if you remember, asset A. There was a big gap between where management had, had set the, the bar, as far as protective controls. 
And where the protective controls actually were for that asset. 
So, you put in a new widget which is supposed to get it up to the level. 
You need to test it and make sure that it, that it is up to the level. 
And also ma, want to make sure you didn't overshoot it. 
Because if you overshot it, maybe you've got the firewall or the, I said widget. 
The firewall widget tightened down too much or, or, or something. 
You know, and there may be something you can do that would reduce that the, the, the degree by which you've overshot the, the baseline. 
Also, if the risk can't be contained within the acceptable level because you've got constraints, either in terms of budget or in terms of the attributes of the business. 
In other words, you know, we can't operate if we, if we have to put this control in place. 
Then, management may decide to accept the risk even though it's high. 
And the, those risks are also to be included in residual risk as you maintain this, these results of this risk assessment report. 
But those are the ones that probably are going to get the lion's share of your attention going forward. cuz those are the big, hairy ones for which you have not implemented any prevented, detected the work, recovery controls. 
Management is aware of them, because they've made this explicit decision to retain the. 
But you, all of you, are responsible for making sure nothing bad happens. 
I mentioned earlier I was going to give you an example of risk assessment report, and again this is a very simple one. 
But it kind of puts all of the pieces together. 
The, the asset, in this case, was a customer list. 
And so, we looked at it in terms of confidentiality, integrity and availability. 
And remember, I mentioned you could have this three point scale where three is high, two is medium, one is low. 
And, you know, I just threw some numbers in here so I've rated this high on confidentiality, medium on integrity, medium on availability. 
You look at the level of threats and it, again, it's a very generic term. 
But, you know, you obviously would look at specific threats but this is kind of a catch all. 
You know, I rated it two for confidentiality, two for integrity, and three for availability. 
Level of vulnerabilities. 
Three for confidentiality, two for integrity, two for availability. 
And I just did a very, very simple methodology here where I just said, you know, what I'm calling the risk point is just the value of the asset times the threat times the vulnerability, A * B * C. It's just a way to rank it. 
So, three 
* two * three is eighteen. 
Two * two * two is eight. 
Two * three * two is twelve. 
Which one are you going to focus the most attention on? 
The eighteen. 
And then, you think about, well. what kind of treatment method can we apply to this? in this particular case , where you're 
looking at confidentiality, the suggestion was that you reduce the risk by making the server password more difficult to guess. 
And by doing that, you reduce the level of threat to two and the level of vulnerability to two, so you've gone from eighteen to twelve. 
Evaluation is that it's still unacceptable. 
And so, you put on another expanded control which is periodic changes to the password. 
Again, simplistic example but it gives you the idea. 
With respect to integrity, you'll remember we had the two, two, and two, which would give us eight. 
The decision was to retain it. 
Retain the, the integrity risk. it was, the management decided it was acceptable because there were adequate controls in place. 
With respect to availability, it was a twelve. 
The decision was made to treat it by reducing it. 
A couple of controls were put in place, maintain the server hardware periodically, install anti-virus software. 
That brought the level of threat down to oh, actually, maint, maintained the level of threat at three, but brought the level of vulnerability down to a one, so that brought our risk point down to six. 
At that point, it was acceptable, adequate controls were viewed to be in place. 
And this is the kind of thing you can do for every, every, risk that you might, or every asset, information asset in your organization above a certain level. 
And then, you know, you, you, up, you know, in front, at the beginning of the process, users define what the acceptable level of risk is. 
In this case, it was eight. 
So, at the beginning, we had one that was acceptable, and two that weren't. 
After we applied our preventive controls, we still had one that was unacceptable, and so we did something additional and we had two that were acceptable. 
So, that's, that's kind of the process you're going to go through. 
Does that make sense to everybody? 
It's a little more simp, more, more straight forward than what you saw with the 800-30. 
It's something you can actually sit down and do, you know? 
800-30 is almost, you know, a career. 
[laug hs] And that's not to say it shouldn't be used, cuz it's a very, very thorough, very complete, very comprehensive standard. 
We went to the campaign head-quarters. 
It was very crowded there. 
Some people were standing in Mirhadi Street. 
Everyone was very anxious, and wanted to know what was going on. 
Some people listened to the radio. 
Some spoke of rumors of Ahmadinejad's lead. 
Others denied it. 
No one knew whether it was true or just rumors destined to undermine our morale. 
But around midnight it was officially declared that five million votes had been counted, out of which Mr. Ahmadinejad had obtained more than 3 million votes. 
Mousavi had one million something, and Mr. Karroubi and Rezaei had obtained very few votes. 
Everyone was in a state of shock. 
But some believed it was only the beginning of the counting process. 
Half an hour later it was declared that 10 million votes had been counted, and Ahmadinejad has seven million votes, and Mousavi has over two million votes. 
It was a very weird situation. 
People were swearing. 
They didn't know what to do. 
Everyone was very confused. 
What we want is to build this system-level random testers as early as possible in the development process, and there are a number of reason for this. 
First of all what we'd like to do is start off with a simple version of our system that doesn't implement very much functionality and then we want to use sort of a weak fuzzer. 
That is to say, we're going to test it with values that are maybe perhaps not that interesting. 
And the good thing about this combination is these weak random tests probably are going to find some flaws. 
What they are not going to do is flood our developers with huge numbers of bugs 
like might happen when we use an extremely strong random tester. 
There is sort of no easier way to demoralized software developers than to hand them a really big pile of bugs--nobody wants that. 
What they're gong to start to do is ignore those bugs and get back to getting work done. 
What you want to do is give people a slow but steady stream of important bug reports and let them fix this as they go on, and that's another reason why it's nice to give people with continuous stream of bug reports, which is that what these do is help show us flaws in our software. 
They help show us interfaces that we don't understand. 
They help show us modules that end up being extremely weak for one reason or another, and it basically helps us better understand where our software development effort is going wrong. 
Now, if instead of giving people maybe a couple of bug reports a week for a year, we give them a hundred bug reports in the very end 
All they're going to do is triage to find the five most critical bugs, and fix them using hacks. 
So nobody learns anything. 
Everybody is angry. 
Nobody is happy. 
Rather what we like to have done is have been doing random testing all along and using it to spot weakness in our software. 
The other thing that happens is, as our software evolves to be more robust as we move toward releasing it, we're evolving our random tester to be stronger and stronger. 
That is to say, maybe this week we have a feature where we generate a new kind of random input that we haven't generated before. 
Also it's going to generate some bug report, and we'll fix them, and our software evolves to be more robust. 
If we keep doing them not just over weeks but over years, what we'll end up with is a random tester and a system that have sort of gone through this co-evolution process where they both become much stronger. 
That is to say, we've evolved in extremely sophisticated random tester, and we've also evolved the system that gives robust with respect to the kind of vaults it can be triggered by that random tester. 
What I firmly believe is, and of course I can't prove this and you're free to disagree, is that if, for example, Microsoft had done this from the beginning, Adobe had done this from the beginning, and these other companies that end up with lots of security vulnerabilities had fuzzed their products all the way through the development chain they'd end up with far fewer of this sort of nasty crashes and critical security vulnerabilities that they are always scrambling to patch, and that anybody with a fuzzer seems to be able to find without a whole lot of effort. 
Or at least that's been the case in the past, and it's possible now that with more widespread user of more aggressive fuzzers with that kind of error of easy security bugs in popular products maybe is hopefully starting to kind of tail off. 
Hi. 
This is the first lecture in MlT's course 18.06, 
linear algebra, and I'm Gilbert Strang. 
The text for the course is this book, Introduction to Linear Algebra. 
And the course web page, which has got a lot of exercises 
from the past, MatLab codes, the syilabus for the 
course, is web.mit.edu/18.06. 
And this is the first 
lecture, lecture one. 
So, and later we'll give the web 
address for viewing these, videotapes. 
Okay, so what's in the 
first lecture? 
This is my plan. 
The fundamental problem of linear algebra, which is to solve a system 
of linear equations. 
So let's start with a case when we 
have some number of equations, say n equations and n unknowns. 
So an equal number of equations and unknowns. 
That's the normal, nice case. 
And what I want to do is 
-- with examples, of course -- to describe, 
first, what I call the Row picture. 
That's the picture of one equation 
at a time. 
It's the picture you've seen before in two by two equations 
where lines meet. 
So in a minute, 
you'll see lines meeting. 
The second picture, I'll put a star 
beside that, because that's such an important one. 
And maybe new to you is the picture -- a column at a time. 
And those are the rows and columns of a matrix. 
So the third -- the algebra way to look at the 
problem is the matrix form and using a matrix that I'll call A. 
Okay, so can I do an example? 
The whole semester will be examples 
and then see what's going on with the example. 
So, 
take an example. 
Two equations, two unknowns. 
So let me take 2x -y =0, let's say. 
And -x +2y=3. 
Okay. let me -- I can even say right away -- what's the matrix, 
that is, what's the coefficient matrix? 
The matrix that involves 
these numbers -- a matrix is just a rectangular array 
of numbers. 
Here it's two rows and two columns, so 2 and -- 
minus 1 in the first row minus 1 and 2 in the second row, 
that's the matrix. 
And the right-hand -- the, 
unknown -- well, we've got two unknowns. 
So we've got a vector, with two components, x and x, 
and we've got two right-hand sides that go into a vector 0 3. 
I couldn't resist writing the matrix form, right -- even 
before the pictures. 
So I always will think of this as 
the matrix A, the matrix of coefficients, then there's a vector 
of unknowns. 
Here we've only got two unknowns. 
Later we'll have any 
number of unknowns. 
And that vector of unknowns, 
well I'll often -- I'll make that x -- extra bold. 
A and the right-hand side is also a vector that I'll always call b. 
So linear equations are A x equal b and the idea now is to solve this 
particular example and then step back to see the bigger picture. 
Okay, what's the picture for this example, the Row picture? 
Okay, so here comes the Row picture. 
So that means I take one row at a 
time and I'm drawing here the xy plane and I'm going to plot all the 
points that satisfy that first equation. 
So I'm looking at all the 
points that satisfy 2x-y =0. 
It's often good to start with which 
point on the horizontal line -- on this horizontal line, 
y is zero. 
The x axis has y as zero and that -- in this case, 
actually, then x is zero. 
So the point, the origin -- 
the point with coordinates (0, ) is on the line. 
It solves that 
equation. 
Okay, tell me in -- well, I guess I have to tell you 
another point that solves this same equation. 
Let me suppose x is one, 
so I'll take x to be one. 
Then y should be two, 
right? 
So there's the point one two that also solves this equation. 
And I could put in more points. 
But, but let me put in all the 
points at once, because they all lie on a straight 
line. 
This is a linear equation and that word linear got the letters for 
line in it. 
That's the equation -- this is the line that ... of 
solutions to 2x-y=0 my first row, first equation. 
So typically, maybe, x equal a half, y equal one will 
work. 
And sure enough it does. 
Okay, that's the first one. 
Now 
the second one is not going to go through the origin. 
It's 
always important. 
Do we go through the origin or not? 
In this case, yes, because there's a zero over there. 
In this case we don't go through the origin, because if x and y are 
zero, we don't get three. 
So, let me again say suppose y is 
zero, what x do we actually get? 
If y is zero, then I get x is minus 
three. 
So if y is zero, I go along minus three. 
So there's 
one point on this second line. 
Now let me say, well, suppose x is 
minus one -- just to take another x. 
If x is minus one, then this is a 
one and I think y should be a one, because if x is minus one, 
then I think y should be a one and we'll get that point. 
Is that right? 
If x is minus one, that's a one. 
If y is a one, that's 
a two and the one and the two make three and that point's 
on the equation. 
Okay. 
Now, I should just draw the 
line, right, connecting those two points at -- that will give me the 
whole line. 
And if I've done this reasonably well, 
I think it's going to happen to go through -- well, 
not happen -- it was arranged to go through that point. 
So I think that the second line is this one, and this is the 
all-important point that lies on both lines. 
Shall we just check 
that that point which is the point x equal one and y was two, 
right? 
That's the point there and that, I believe, solves 
both equations. 
Let's just check this. 
If x is one, I have a minus one plus four equals three, 
okay. 
Apologies for drawing this picture that you've seen before. 
But this -- seeing the row picture -- first of all, for n equal 2, 
two equations and two unknowns, it's the right place to start. 
Okay. 
So we've got the solution. 
The point that lies on both lines. 
Now can I come to the column picture? 
Pay attention, 
this is the key point. 
So the column picture. 
I'm now going to look at the columns of the matrix. 
I'm going to look at this part and this part. 
I'm going to say that 
the x part is really x times -- you see, I'm putting the two -- I'm 
kind of getting the two equations at once -- 
that part and then I have a y and in the first equation it's multiplying 
a minus one and in the second equation a two, 
and on the right-hand side, zero and three. 
You see, the 
columns of the matrix, the columns of A are here and the 
right-hand side b is there. 
And now what is the equation asking 
for? 
It's asking us to find -- somehow to combine that vector and 
this one in the right amounts to get that one. 
It's asking us to find 
the right linear combination -- this is called a linear combination. 
And it's the most fundamental operation in the whole course. 
It's a linear combination of the columns. 
That's what we're seeing 
on the left side. 
Again, I don't want to write down a 
big definition. 
You can see what it is. 
There's column one, there's column two. 
I multiply by some numbers and I add. 
That's a combination -- 
a linear combination and I want to make those numbers the right numbers 
to produce zero three. 
Okay. 
Now I want to draw a picture 
that, represents what this -- this is algebra. 
What's the geometry, what's the picture that goes with it? 
Okay. 
So again, these vectors have two components, 
so I better draw a picture like that. 
So can I put down these columns? 
I'll draw these columns as they are, and then I'll do a combination of 
them. 
So the first column is over two and down one, right? 
So there's the first column. 
The first column. 
Column one. 
It's the vector two minus one. 
The second column is -- 
minus one is the first component and up two. 
It's here. 
There's column two. 
So this, again, you see what its 
components are. 
Its components are minus one, 
two. 
Good. 
That's this guy. 
Now I have to take a combination. 
What combination shall I take? 
Why not the right combination, what 
the hell? 
Okay. 
So the combination I'm going 
to take is the right one to produce zero three and then we'll see it 
happen in the picture. 
So the right combination is to take 
x as one of those and two of these. 
It's because we already know that 
that's the right x and y, so why not take the correct 
combination here and see it happen? 
Okay, so how do I picture this 
linear combination? 
So I start with this vector that's 
already here -- so that's one of column one, 
that's one times column one, right there. 
And now I want to add on -- 
so I'm going to hook the next vector onto the front of the arrow will 
start the next vector and it will go this way. 
So let's see, 
can I do it right? 
If I added on one of these vectors, 
it would go left one and up two, so we'd go left one and up two, so 
it would probably get us to there. 
Maybe I'll do dotted line for that. 
Okay? 
That's one of column two tucked onto the end, 
but I wanted to tuck on two of column two. 
So that -- 
the second one -- we'll go up left one and up two also. 
It'll probably end there. 
And there's another one. 
So what 
I've put in here is two of column two. 
Added on. 
And where did I end up? 
What are the coordinates of this 
result? 
What do I get when I take one of this plus two of that? 
I do get that, of course. 
There it is, x is zero, y is three, that's b. 
That's the answer we wanted. 
And how do I do it? 
You see I do 
it just like the first component. 
I have a two and a minus two that 
produces a zero, and in the second component I have a 
minus one and a four, they combine to give the three. 
But look at this picture. 
So here's our key picture. 
I combine this column and this column to get this guy. 
That was the b. 
That's the zero three. 
Okay. 
So that idea of 
linear combination is crucial, and also -- do we want to think 
about this question? 
Sure, why not. 
What are all the combinations? 
If I took -- can I go back to xs and ys? 
This is a question for 
really -- it's going to come up over and over, but why don't we see it 
once now? 
If I took all the xs and all the ys, all the combinations, 
what would be all the results? 
And, actually, 
the result would be that I could get any right-hand side at all. 
The combinations of this and this would fill the whole plane. 
You can tuck that away. 
We'll, explore it further. 
But this idea 
of what linear combination gives b and what do all the linear 
combinations give, what are all the possible, 
achievable right-hand sides be -- that's going to be basic. 
Okay. 
Can I move to three equations and three unknowns? 
Because it's easy to picture the two by two case. 
Let me do a three by three example. 
Okay, I'll sort of start it the 
same way, say maybe 2x-y and maybe I'll take 
no zs as a zero and maybe a -x+2y and maybe a -z as a -- 
oh, let me make that a minus one and, just for variety let me take, 
-3z, -3ys, I should keep the ys in that line, and 4zs is, say, 4. 
Okay. 
That's three equations. 
I'm in three dimensions, x, y, 
z. 
And, I don't have a solution yet. 
So I want to understand the 
equations and then solve them. 
Okay. 
So how do I you understand 
them? 
The row picture one way. 
The column picture is another very 
important way. 
Just let's remember the matrix form, 
here, because that's easy. 
The matrix form -- what's our matrix A? 
Our matrix A is this right-hand side, the two and the minus one and 
the zero from the first row, the minus one and the two and the 
minus one from the second row, the zero, the minus three and the 
four from the third row. 
So it's a three by three matrix. 
Three equations, three unknowns. 
And what's our right-hand side? 
Of course, it's the vector, zero minus one, four. 
Okay. 
So that's the way, well, that's the short-hand to write 
out the three equations. 
But it's the picture that I'm 
looking for today. 
Okay, so the row picture. 
All right, so I'm in three dimensions, x, 
y and z. 
And I want to take those equations one at a time and ask -- 
and make a picture of all the points that satisfy -- 
let's take equation number two. 
If I make a picture of all the 
points that satisfy -- all the x, y, z points that solve 
this equation -- well, first of all, 
the origin is not one of them. x, y, z -- it being 0, 0, 0 would 
not solve that equation. 
So what are some points that do 
solve the equation? 
Let's see, maybe if x is one, 
y and z could be zero. 
That would work, right? 
So there's one point. 
I'm looking at this second equation, here, just, to start 
with. 
Let's see. 
Also, I guess, 
if z could be one, x and y could be zero, 
so that would just go straight up that axis. 
And, 
probably I'd want a third point here. 
Let me take x to be zero, 
z to be zero, then y would be minus a half, right? 
So there's a third point, somewhere -- oh my -- okay. 
Let's see. 
I want to put in all the points that satisfy that 
equation. 
Do you know what that bunch of points will be? 
It's a plane. 
If we have a linear equation, then, 
fortunately, the graph of the thing, the plot of all the points that 
solve it are a plane. 
These three points determine a 
plane, but your lecturer is not Rembrandt and the art is going to be 
the weak point here. 
So I'm just going to draw a plane, 
right? 
There's a plane somewhere. 
That's my plane. 
That plane is all the points that solves this guy. 
Then, what about this one? 
Two x minus y plus zero z. 
So z actually can be anything. 
Again, it's going to be another 
plane. 
Each row in a three by three problem 
gives us a plane in three dimensions. 
So this one is going to be some 
other plane -- maybe I'll try to draw it like this. 
And those two planes meet in a line. 
So if I have two equations, 
just the first two equations in three dimensions, 
those give me a line. 
The line where those two planes 
meet. 
And now, the third guy is a third plane. 
And it goes somewhere. 
Okay, those three things meet in a point. 
Now I don't know where that point is, frankly. 
But -- 
linear algebra will find it. 
The main point is that the three 
planes, because they're not parallel, they're not special. 
They do meet in one point and that's the solution. 
But, maybe you can see that this row picture is getting a little hard to 
see. 
The row picture was a cinch when we looked at two lines meeting. 
When we look at three planes meeting, it's not so clear and in 
four dimensions probably a little less clear. 
So, can I quit on the row picture? 
Or quit on the row picture before 
I've successfully found the point where the three planes meet? 
All I really want to see is that the row picture consists of three 
planes and, if everything works right, 
three planes meet in one point and that's a solution. 
Now, you can tell I prefer the column picture. 
Okay, so let me take the column picture. 
That's x times -- 
so there were two xs in the first equation minus one x is, 
and no xs in the third. 
It's just the first column of that. 
And how many ys are there? 
There's minus one in the first equations, 
two in the second and maybe minus three in the third. 
Just the second column of my matrix. 
And z times no zs minus one zs and 
four zs. 
And it's those three columns, 
right, that I have to combine to produce the right-hand side, 
which is zero minus one four. 
Okay. 
So what have we got on this 
left-hand side? 
A linear combination. 
It's a linear combination now of three vectors, 
and they happen to be -- each one is a three dimensional 
vector, so we want to know what combination 
of those three vectors produces that one. 
Shall I try to draw the column 
picture, then? 
So, since these vectors have three 
components -- so it's some multiple -- let me draw in the first 
column as before -- x is two and y is minus one. 
Maybe there is the first column. y -- the second column has maybe a 
minus one and a two and the y is a minus three, somewhere, 
there possibly, column two. 
And the third column has -- 
no zero minus one four, so how shall I draw that? 
So this was the first component. 
The second component was a minus 
one. 
Maybe up here. 
That's column three, 
that's the column zero minus one and four. 
This guy. 
So, again, what's my problem? 
What this equation is asking me to do is to combine these three vectors 
with a right combination to produce this one. 
Well, 
you can see what the right combination is, because in 
this special problem, specially chosen by the lecturer, 
that right-hand side that I'm trying to get is actually one of these 
columns. 
So I know how to get that one. 
So what's the solution? 
What combination will work? 
I just want one of these and none of these. 
So x should be zero, y should be zero and z should be one. 
That's the combination. 
One of those is obviously the right 
one. 
Column three is actually the same as b in this particular problem. 
I made it work that way just so we would get an answer, 
(0,0,1), so somehow that's the point where those three planes met and I 
couldn't see it before. 
Of course, I won't always be able 
to see it from the column picture, either. 
It's the next lecture, 
actually, which is about elimination, 
which is the systematic way that everybody -- every bit of software, 
too -- production, large-scale software would solve the equations. 
So the lecture that's coming up. 
If I was to add that to the syilabus, 
will be about how to find x, y, z in all cases. 
Can I just think again, though, about the big picture? 
By the big picture I mean let's keep this same matrix on the left 
but imagine that we have a different right-hand side. 
Oh, let me take a different right-hand side. 
So I'll change that right-hand side to something that actually is also 
pretty special. 
Let me change it to -- 
if I add those first two columns, that would give me a one and a one 
and a minus three. 
There's a very special right-hand 
side. 
I just cooked it up by adding this one to this one. 
Now, what's the solution with this new right-hand side? 
The solution with this new right-hand side is clear. 
took one of these and none of those. 
So actually, it just changed around 
to this when I took this new right-hand side. 
Okay. 
So in the row picture, I have three different planes, 
three new planes meeting now at this point. 
In the column picture, 
I have the same three columns, but now I'm combining them 
to produce this guy, and it turned out that column one 
plus column two which would be somewhere -- there is the right 
column -- one of this and one of this would give me the new b. 
Okay. 
So we squeezed in an extra example. 
But now think about all bs, 
all right-hand sides. 
Can I solve these equations for 
every right-hand side? 
Can I ask that question? 
So that's the algebra question. 
Can I solve A x=b for every b? 
Let 
me write that down. 
Can I solve A x =b for every 
right-hand side b? 
I mean, is there a solution? 
And then, if there is, elimination will give me a way to find it. 
I really wanted to ask, is there a solution for every right-hand side? 
So now, can I put that in different words -- in this linear 
combination words? 
So in linear combination words, 
do the linear combinations of the columns fill three dimensional space? 
Every b means all the bs in three dimensional space. 
Do you see that I'm just asking the same question in different words? 
Solving A x -- A x -- that's very important. 
A times x -- when I multiply a matrix by a vector, 
I get a combination of the columns. 
I'll write that down in a moment. 
But in my column picture, that's really what I'm doing. 
I'm taking linear combinations of these three columns and I'm trying 
to find b. 
And, actually, the answer for this matrix 
will be yes. 
For this matrix A -- for these columns, the answer is yes. 
This matrix -- that I chose for an example is a good matrix. 
A non-singular matrix. 
An invertible matrix. 
Those will be the matrices that we like best. 
There could be other -- 
and we will see other matrices where the answer becomes, 
no -- oh, actually, you can see when it would become no. 
What could go wrong? 
How could it go wrong that out of these -- 
out of three columns and all their combinations -- 
when would I not be able to produce some b off here? 
When could it go wrong? 
Do you see that the combinations -- 
let me say when it goes wrong. 
If these three columns all lie in 
the same plane, then their combinations will lie in 
that same plane. 
So then we're in trouble. 
If the three columns of my matrix -- if those three vectors happen to lie 
in the same plane -- for example, if column three is just the sum of 
column one and column two, I would be in trouble. 
That would 
be a matrix A where the answer would be no, because the combinations -- 
if column three is in the same plane as column one and two, 
I don't get anything new from that. 
All the combinations are in the 
plane and only right-hand sides b that I could get would be the ones 
in that plane. 
So I could solve it for some 
right-hand sides, when b is in the plane, 
but most right-hand sides would be out of the plane and unreachable. 
So that would be a singular case. 
The matrix would be not invertible. 
There would not be a solution for every b. 
The answer would become no 
for that. 
Okay. 
I don't know -- shall we take just 
a little shot at thinking about nine dimensions? 
Imagine that we have 
vectors with nine components. 
Well, it's going to be hard to 
visualize those. 
I don't pretend to do it. 
But somehow, pretend you do. 
Pretend we have -- if this was nine 
equations and nine unknowns, then we would have nine columns, 
and each one would be a vector in nine-dimensional space and we would 
be looking at their linear combinations. 
So we would be having the linear combinations of nine vectors in 
nine-dimensional space, and we would be trying to find the 
combination that hit the correct right-hand side b. 
And we might also ask the question can we always do it? 
Can we get every right-hand side b? 
And certainly it will depend on 
those nine columns. 
Sometimes the answer will be yes -- 
if I picked a random matrix, it would be yes, actually. 
If I used MatLab and just used the random command, 
picked out a nine by nine matrix, I guarantee it would be good. 
It 
would be non-singular, it would be invertible, 
all beautiful. 
But if I choose those columns so 
that they're not independent, so that the ninth column is the same 
as the eighth column, then it contributes nothing new and 
there would be right-hand sides b that I couldn't get. 
Can you sort of think about nine vectors in nine-dimensional space an 
take their combinations? 
That's really the central thought -- 
that you get kind of used to in linear algebra. 
Even though you can't really visualize it, you sort of think you 
can after a while. 
Those nine columns and all their 
combinations may very well fill out the whole nine-dimensional space. 
But if the ninth column happened to be the same as the eighth column and 
gave nothing new, then probably what it would fill out 
would be -- I hesitate even to say this -- 
it would be a sort of a plane -- an eight dimensional plane inside 
nine-dimensional space. 
And it's those eight dimensional 
planes inside nine-dimensional space that we have to work with eventually. 
For now, let's stay with a nice case where the matrices work, 
we can get every right-hand side b and here we see how to 
do it with columns. 
Okay. 
There was one step which I 
realized I was saying in words that I now want to write in letters. 
Because I'm coming back to the matrix form of the equation, 
so let me write it here. 
The matrix form of my equation, 
of my system is some matrix A times some vector x equals some right-hand 
side b. 
Okay. 
So this is a multiplication. 
A times x. 
Matrix times vector, and I just want to say how do you 
multiply a matrix by a vector? 
Okay, so I'm just going to create a 
matrix -- let me take two five one three -- 
and let me take a vector x to be, say, 1and 2. 
How do I multiply a 
matrix by a vector? 
But just think a little bit about 
matrix notation and how to do that in multiplication. 
So let me say how I multiply a matrix by a vector. 
Actually, there are two ways to do it. 
Let me tell you my favorite way. 
It's columns again. 
It's a column at a time. 
For me, this matrix multiplication says I take one of that column and 
two of that column and add. 
So this is the way I would think of 
it is one of the first column and two of the second column and let's 
just see what we get. 
So in the first component I'm 
getting a two and a ten. 
I'm getting a twelve there. 
In the second component I'm getting a one and a six, I'm 
getting a seven. 
So that matrix times that vector is 
twelve seven. 
Now, you could do that another way. 
You could do it a row at a time. 
And you would get this twelve -- 
and actually I pretty much did it here -- this way. 
Two -- I could take that row times my vector. 
This is the idea of a 
dot product. 
This vector times this vector, two times one plus five 
times two is the twelve. 
This vector times this vector -- 
one times one plus three times two is the seven. 
So I can do it by rows, and in each row times my x is what 
I'll later call a dot product. 
But I also like to see it by 
columns. 
I see this as a linear combination of a column. 
So here's my point. 
A times x is a combination of the 
columns of A. That's how I hope you will think of A times x when we need 
it. 
Right now we've got -- with small ones, we can always do it 
in different ways, but later, think of it that way. 
Okay. 
So that's the picture for a two by two system. 
And if the right-hand side B happened to be twelve seven, 
then of course the correct solution would be one two. 
Okay. 
So let me come back next time to a systematic way, 
using elimination, to find the solution, if there is one, 
to a system of any size and find out -- because if elimination fails, 
find out when there isn't a solution. 
Okay, thanks. 
Shaam gulaabi, sehar gulabi The evening is rosy pink, the morning is pink, 
Pehar gulaabi hai gulabi ye shehar.. The time is pink, and this city is pink too.. 
Main bhi gulabi, tu hai gulabi I'm pink too, and you're pink 
Din bhi gulaabi hai gulaabi ye kehar.. The day is pink and the havoc is pink too.. 
Gulabi dori hai, bandhi ye chori hai The thread that is tied between us in hiding is pink, 
Naa jora-jori naa seena jori hai There is no force, and no ego.. 
Gulabi dori hai, Bandhi ye chori hai The thread that is tied between us in hiding is pink, 
Naa roka-toki hai na seena jori hai re There is no incessant interrupting, and no ego.. 
Raah bhi gulabi ye naav bhi gulabi This path is pink, and the boat is pink too, 
Dariya me jo main bahoon gulabi I float in the river rosily too.. 
Kahoon bhi gulabi, main sahoon bhi gulabi I speak pink, and I bear pink too, 
Lagtaa hai main rahoon bhi gulaabi.. I seems I'll remain pink too.. 
Jaane re jaane mann jaane hai This heart knows that the color of love is pink, 
Rang, rang gulaabi hai preet ro Everybody knows that the color of love is pink, 
Jaane re jaane sab jaane hai This heart knows that the color of love is pink, 
Rang, Rang gulaabi hai preet ro Everybody knows that the color of love is pink, 
Gulabi dori hai, bandhi ye chori hai The thread that is tied between us in hiding is pink, 
Naa jora-jori naa seena jori hai There is no force, and no ego.. 
Gulabi dori hai, Bandhi ye chori hai The thread that is tied between us in hiding is pink, 
Naa roka-toki hai na seena jori hai re There is no incessant interrupting, and no ego.. 
Dard gulabi, chain gulabi The pain is pink, the relief is pink, 
Davaa bhi gulabi hai gulabi hai asar The medicine is pink, and the effect is pink too.. 
Naam gulabi ye nain gulabi Your name is pink, your eyes are pink, 
Nain gulabi hai gulabi hai safar And with the pink eyes, the journey is pink too.. 
Haule gulaabi hain tez gulabi We're pink when slow, and pink when fast, 
Karte shararat lab bhi gulabi re our lips make a pink mischief too.. 
Choom le gulaabi rangrez gulaabi Kiss me pink, O pink dyer, 
Haule le chal tez gulaabi.. Take me slow, take me fast, pink. 
One of the great privileges that I have had over the years is to engage with many different countries and cultures with all the richness that it brings. 
And one of the questions which I am often asked is how and why does the United Kingdom Parliament operate in the way that it does? 
How do we conduct our 
Parliamentary affairs and the business of law-making? 
The United Kingdom Parliament is often referred to as the mother of Parliaments, but how do we seek to make our government more accountable for its policies and actions? 
In a world where the role of Parliaments will increase, I believe that we have an interesting story to tell. 
There are variations of this theme but ultimately it is about a process of transparency and accountability to the people, built on the ideas and endeavours of individual Parliamentarians. 
It is these individuals acting as representatives of the people that drive Parliament on and help it to retain relevance. 
Those with decision-making responsibilities and Parliamentarians from wherever they may be around the world, civil society, tomorrow's leaders and the young of today, may find aspects of this production of interest. 
The UK Parliament is made up of three main parts: 
The House of Commons, which is the primary chamber composed of elected representatives; 
The House of Lords, the appointed chamber charged with amending and revising legislation, and the Monarch, who is the Head of State. 
The building that houses the United Kingdom's Parliament is officially called the Palace of Westminster and the oldest parts date back to the eleventh century. 
It is from these origins, when the building symbolised the divine right of the Monarch to reign, that Parliament has evolved over many hundreds of years into the institution it is today. 
The origins of the UK'’s Parliamentary system stretch way back across the centuries. 
The development of Parliament and Parliamentary institutions was really characterised by a centuries’ long battle between the executive, in the shape of the King, and the representatives of the people, initially of course on an incredibly narrow franchise, which was widened in the 19th century and then widened again substantially in the 20th Century. 
And that struggle has been the defining theme of the way in which the Parliament of today is what it is. 
Parliament in this country is well established but the history has not exactly been smooth. 
The King brought Parliament into existence and at times relied on Parliament for support. 
But throughout history there have been periods of conflict where the King asserted the divine right of Kings to rule, and Parliament resisted; and so during the Civil War conflict, this was resolved in favour of Parliament. 
And for a period the monarchy was abolished; indeed for a short time the House of Lords was abolished. 
With the restoration in 1660 things were put back to what they’ had been previously. 
But there was still conflict between King and Parliament leading to further, almost revolution in 1688 to 1689, resolved by King James II actually fleeing and being replaced by 
William of Orange and his wife Mary, who was James'’ daughter. 
But they took the throne on the condition that they accepted what became the Bill of Rights, which asserted that the King could not legislate on his own. 
In other words he could not pass law without the assent of Parliament. 
And really the Parliamentary system we have today derives from that period 1688-89. 
So that established the supremacy of Parliament over the Monarch. 
Parliament is rich in history and its continuity has been a great strength but how does that weight of history impact the way Parliament conducts its affairs in the 21st century? 
We are a people who grasp the importance of symbolism and history. 
We do not do it simply through weakness, nostalgia or conservatism; we do it because it holds our nation together. 
It’ is like a web; it holds each and every one of us together, and it holds our country together. 
And it is good that we have some of the traditions and symbolism of past years; for example, the State Opening of Parliament by the Queen in the House of Lords. 
It is not the Queen'’s address, it is the Government’'s address, it is the Government’'s legislative programme that is enunciated there. 
In the House of Commons on the green carpet there are two red stripes in front of the frontbench. 
The frontbenches are two sword lengths and a foot away. 
In the old days Members would get out their swords, 'en garde!' They would be unhappy about parleying, about talking and they would get a bit rough with each other. 
And so we have this symbolism; the symbolism of the Speaker’'s procession every day through Central Lobby and most importantly, the carrying of the mace. 
The mace is the symbol of the Monarch in Parliament. 
These are traditions which we still cling to and I know full well from my experience that these are the traditions that the people of this country like to cling to and certainly enjoy. 
So how does Parliament go about its work, be it reform or proposing and passing new legislation? 
The Government of the day drawn from the political party with the majority of MPs after an election, or a coalition of parties, –seeks to drive the country forward using its own legislative agenda. 
The government runs the country. 
Parliament acts as a check and a scrutiny body on the people who run the country. 
There is a very clear distinction between Parliament and Government; not as clear however as in the United States. 
In the United States they have the separation of powers. 
It’ is a fundamental doctrine. 
The President cannot be in Congress nor can any Members of his Government. 
But nor can any individual Senator or Congressman be Members of an American cabinet. 
We do not use that system. 
It is a very different system but we still draw a distinction because although the members of Government are Members of Parliament, 
Parliament is far more than just those MPs who are Ministers. 
At any one time there are a maximum of 70 or 80 Members of Parliament who are in the Government, but there are almost 600 who are not. 
So if Parliament disagrees with the Government then Parliament can, as it has done on many occasions over the years, refuse to go along with what the Government wishes. 
At the end of the day the Government is the servant of Parliament, not the other way around. 
Parliamentarians, with their areas of expertise and interest, are the crucial actors in this process as they scrutinise the work of the Government, representing their party and constituents . 
The MPs in the House of Commons have a dual role both in representing their constituents and acting as legislators. 
MPs have the power to advocate and represent on behalf of those who have little power themselves; their constituents, working and living in their constituency. 
But MPs also have the power to formulate the legislation, to make the laws and to determine the priorities for government, including the spending priorities and what the country does internationally. 
Some backbenchers focus entirely on Parliament. 
Tthey see their role as being elected by their constituents in order to represent them in Parliament and they focus on holding the government to account, scrutinising legislation, and spend a lot of time therefore in Parliament. 
At the other end of the spectrum you get MPs who are backbenchers who see their role as being 
local community campaigners, who are what we call good constituency MPs. 
And they spend a lot of time in their constituencies, raising local issues and dealing with them locally. 
I think a good backbencher actually combines those two roles and uses Parliament in order to raise the issues that really matter to their constituents locally. 
Constituents seek to influence MPs by writing to their Members of Parliament on issues of importance to them. 
They could be policy issues, not just about domestic policy but concerns, for example, about what is happening in other parts of the world like the Middle East. 
They can ring up MPs offices and pass on their comments to a Member of Parliament before a crucial vote in the Commons. 
Or they could see Members of Parliament in their surgeries,– the weekly opportunity that we have to talk to our constituents if they want to raise with us individual cases or matters of policy. 
These are answers to oral questions that have been sent to me by Ministers. 
Every MP can submit an oral or a written question and the Minister has to reply, either in the chamber or in writing. 
And these are examples of answers that ministers have given back to me. 
I submit lots of questions. 
It i’s one way that a MP can hold the government to account and really get to the bottom of certain issues that you cannot always raise in the chamber. 
Arrangements for the House of Lords are very different, as the House of Lords is the unelected revising chamber. 
While a small number are made up of hereditary or religious representatives, the majority of Peers are appointed to the House of Lords for their expertise in one or more areas. 
The usual role of the second chamber is to revise laws and to scrutinise them in some detail, and also, to some extent, to hold the Government to account. 
And the House of Lords is a chamber which does precisely that. 
It does it through various means. 
It asks questions of the Government on a daily basis, and something like in the past year for which we have figures, something like 7,500 questions were asked of Ministers in the Government. 
We have debates in the House of Lords which are on topics of general interest. 
We have committee work which means that every single law is looked at in enormous detail; every line, every comma is looked at. 
The important thing perhaps to remember in the House of Lords, unlike in the House of Commons, is that there is time to do this because we have no time limit on our debates. 
And I think too that it is important to point out that the House of Lords fulfils an enormously important function of bringing to bear expertise on laws which, very often, are highly technical. 
Any Member of our House can bring forward an issue that they wish to have discussed or debated. 
They can ask a question; they can put that question either in written form, in which case the Government has to answer it, or they can put it in oral form, in which case it can be debated. 
They can bring forward a Private Member'’s Bill; they can ask for issues to be discussed by way of an amendment. 
So if a bill is coming through and something is not agreed to by that Member, they can bring forward the amendment and have it considered by the House and then there will be a vote at the end of the debate where the House can determine whether they agree with that position or disagree. 
The big power that we have in the House of Lords is really to make the government think again. 
Either to just stop and give us more time to look at legislation or occasionally, particularly if we are coming up to the end of the Parliamentary year or coming up to the end of the Parliament when there is going to be a general election, in those circumstances the House of Lords can say; hang on, we do not think you’ have got this quite right, we want you to think again”. 
Particularly if it is at the end of the Parliament or at the end of the Parliamentary year time is against the government, so we can use that time to pressurise the Ministers to think very carefully about what they are doing. 
That’ is our big power, our power of delay. 
Now people may ask why should the House of Lords exist? 
Why should you have a chamber with any power at all if it is not elected? 
And that is a perfectly good question, but there is also, I think, quite a good answer. 
You need in any Parliament to get the best results for the country as a whole. 
The proper balance is between democratic accountability with also a large number of Parliamentarians who are not primarily constrained by the political party they belong to, but are able because of their background, having been successful in business, in industry, in the arts, in politics or whatever, are able to make a personal contribution. 
And as long as the elected chamber has the last word, even if it’ is only after a year or so, then we feel that that balance is being properly maintained. 
In the old days the House of Lords was as powerful as the House of Commons. 
If you could not persuade the House of Lords then they effectively had a right of veto. 
That progressively became more unacceptable throughout the 20th Century because they are not and have not been an elected chamber, and therefore at the end of the day they’ are not a democratic assembly. 
So what we have now is a situation where the House of Lords, the most it can do is delay legislation for up to 1 or 2 years. 
That’ is quite a power to have because sometimes the Government is anxious to get legislation on the statute book and if the House of Lords is disagreeing or blocking, then compromises have to be reached that are acceptable. 
Bills come to the House of Commons predominantly. 
They are looked at in various stages, but perhaps not in their entirety. 
And then they reach the House of Lords. 
The House of Lords is not duplicating what the Commons does, it is actually going over some aspects of bills which may not have been looked at all. 
The House of Lords is, if you like, supportive in that the House of Lords scrutinises, advises and makes changes if possible to the amendments which come from the House Commons. 
The House of Lords is not a law making body, it is a scrutiniser, it is an advisory body and it advises the Commons on some of the 
legislation which goes through the Commons in an attempt to improve it. 
And often when a bill is being discussed during the Commons it comes to the Lords, the Lords makes some amendments to it; hopes to make improvements. 
Then it goes back to the Commons, to look at again. 
Many times the Commons approve of what the Lords have done and accept the amendments; many times they will not, so they change it back again. 
It comes back again to the Lords; the Lords will look at it again. 
But at the end of the day, when you have had this to-ing and fro-ing and the improvement of legislation, the Commons has its say because the Commons is the supreme authority; it is the elected authority. 
But the relationship is there in this bi-cameral Parliament, and this is how it should be. 
Parliamentarians are the agents of scrutiny within the United Kingdom's Parliamentary system. 
But how do they execute this crucial role and how much influence do they have? 
When a bill is introduced into Parliament it goes through many stages, both in the House of Lords, where I sit, and in the House of Commons. 
In the House of Commons a small committee will look at the detail line by line. 
In the House of Lords any single Member can propose an amendment to a bill and it has to be debated and looked at. 
So there are lots of opportunities to change the bill. 
But perhaps where that falls down is that, in most cases, the Government whips will’ not want to see too many changes to their bills. 
And so quite often the government whips will say “"no, we’ are voting against this”; have a look at it again and come back." 
I took the Energy bill through the House of Lords, and a number of amendments I proposed were not accepted by the Government. 
But they thought about it and come back later and changed their own bill. 
So one way is on the floor of the chamber of both Houses to propose amendments, but a good way also to get changes is to try to get hold of the Minister, talk to the Minister in detail, and to also talk to the Minister’'s civil servants and propose changes then. 
Working behind the scenes can often achieve changes more than on the floor of the House. 
Parliament on the whole holds government to account by the party system, by having an opposition in the House of Commons, by objecting to certain aspects of legislation and voting on that legislation. 
And then again in the House of Commons, which would be said by all MPs, that they are elected and so have the mandate to represent the wishes, to some extent, of their constituents. 
The House of Lords holds the government to account because it has various mechanisms of asking the government to think again, whether that be through amendments to bills, whether it be through committee work, whether it be by way of oral or written questions to the Government or in debates. 
The Government has always to defend its policies in any of those different contexts. 
When the House sits we start with question time. 
And everybody knows of Prime Minister’s Question Time which happens on a Wednesday. 
Every single government department, and it’s normally about once a month, has to answer questions in the House. 
It’ is very much like Prime Minister’s Questions where the Secretary of State and all the Ministers have to come before the House and to answer questions. 
And that has proved to be the best way of holding Government to account. 
There are also written questions and you can write letters to Ministers and they are obliged to respond. 
You can also have Freedom of Information requests when if you do not think that a Minister is really giving you the kind of detail that you want, you can make a Freedom of Information request to find out specific details. 
So these are very important ways of holding Government to account. 
But actually it is through having parties which are not the Government looking at legislation in detail in committees, normally public bill committees or in select committees, looking in detail at the legislation that Government is bringing forward, and making objections or asking the government to clarify exactly why it is that they want to introduce something and not something else. 
What is the job of the opposition? 
It is to constructively oppose. 
The opposition, after all, has lost the election. 
The Government has been elected and its manifesto has therefore been preferred to that of any the other party, and there is an unwritten rule in Parliament that a Government is entitled to get its business. 
But that does no’t mean that opposition should not do everything they can to point out the flaws and the fallacies contained within the legislation placed before Parliament, or the mistakes made by government in its conduct of foreign policy, because not all business is legislative. 
The role of the opposition, of course, is not always to oppose. 
It would be foolish to think that the opposition were there to simply oppose what the Government wants to do. 
The opposition is there to look carefully at what the government does want to do, and if it finds that the policy is reasonable and they can support it, and it fits in with their policies and their philosophy at least give it that support. 
And if not, of course to oppose it, to speak out and to say that it can’not go along with it but to do it, of course, in a democratic manner. 
Always remember the phrase: 
"Opposition must have its say but government must have its way.”" 
The invaluable scrutiny that Parliamentarians perform would be impossible without an effective staff. 
They ensure the smooth running of operations and support the work of Parliamentarians. 
All MPs in the British Parliament are provided with an office in the Parliament; are provided with computers, telephones and copying facilities within the Parliament; we are given research facilities; we are given a library, available to us with library specialists able to assist us in more complex research of information. 
But in addition to this, we are also given finance to employ our own staff in order that we can do the research. 
We can do the representation in the way we think best fits the needs of our local constituency and the needs of the country. 
And therefore there is a wide array of resources made available, which are available equally to all MPs. 
Most Members of Parliament in the British Parliament will have 3 or 4 Members of staff, some working in Westminster inside the Parliament, and some working in an office paid for by Parliament in their local constituency. 
While MPs and Peers staff can provide specific political support, 
Parliamentary staff are invaluable in offering advice and assistance entirely devoid of political influence. 
In terms of Parliamentary activity, there are of course all the frontline services like the chamber itself; the advice which is given by the chair to all Members, Government or opposition, from the clerks at the table dressed as I am now but with a wig and a gown on. 
Then there are all the services provided, for example, in support of the legislative process. 
One of the great things of course is that we are not civil servants, we are servants of the 
legislature, not of the executive and so that independence, whether one is serving a select committee or one of our really top grade researchers deconstructing unemployment statistics, they are not doing it under any ministerial direction, they are doing it for the House of Commons. 
And that independence and that political impartiality is actually absolutely central to everything that we do. 
While MPs and Peers are scrutinising the activities of government, who is scrutinising the work of MPs and Peers? 
A transparent and accountable system is imperative in ensuring that light is shone on all the activities of Parliament in order to retain the confidence of the citizens of the United Kingdom. 
All Parliamentary committees and Parliament itself is fully televised, allowing the general public live and recorded access to all the goings on, all the debates and all the decisions in Parliament. 
But additionally newspapers, radio, television and new media have access to Parliament in order to talk to MPs, interview MPs, give MPs a platform for their views, but also to hold MPs accountable for the things they have done, and for the votes they have participated in. 
Parliament ensures that its work is transparent by recording every single thing that a Member of Parliament or a minister says. 
It’ is through a document called Hansard, which is a verbatim account of every single deliberation in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 
It also covers the work of our committees, including select committees. 
So in this way people are very clear exactly what Members of Parliament are saying. 
MPs are held accountable by a Parliamentary scrutiny committee, but also by an independent regulator of MPs behaviour and actions. 
And that combined with the Freedom of 
Information legislation, which gives access to the correspondence of MPs in their Parliamentary duties and MPs’ finances with regard to their Parliamentary duties, gives individuals in their constituencies, gives pressure groups, gives the media the opportunity to ask questions in order to hold MPs accountable for their actions. 
The Parliamentary commissioner for standards is an entirely independent official. 
I cannot direct him, he makes up his own mind and reaches his own judgements on any complaints about the conduct of a Member which may be made to him. 
And then he reports to the committee on Standards and Privileges, which considers his report and if some sort of penalty is thought by them to be appropriate they will report in those terms to the House and it will be for the House to decide whether to impose that penalty or not. 
Journalists are free, as indeed anybody is, to contact a Member of the House of Lords and ask them about what is happening in the chamber, seek their views and request interviews. 
I was always very much in favour of the broadcasting of Parliament; a number of Members were not. 
I think there is a transparency there, and I bless the Parliamentary channel. 
I think it is a wonderful way for the people of this country getting to know what goes on in both Houses. 
But there is also transparency in that of course Parliament itself is open to the public. 
We have public galleries; you must be allowed in there and into all our committees. 
Whether it is 
legislative committees that are dealing with legislation as it goes through the House, they are open to the public; the select committees, they are also open to the public.– When select committees are examining very important people, on a particular issue, it is open for the public to see. 
It’ is as transparent as we can possibly make it. 
There may be other methods that we can use as time goes by, but we are constantly wanting to make certain that the people of this country, and internationally, know precisely what we are doing and our door is wide open to do so. 
The Parliament is a public building and members of the public are free to come to Parliament to meet with their MP or a Peer to seek a resolution to a problem or attempt to influence. 
Charities, campaigning groups and commercial interests also seek to influence 
Parliamentarians by lobbying for their point of view. 
Members of Parliament are elected to represent their local constituents. 
I have over 70 thousand people that I am meant to look after. 
But that does not mean that we have to agree with everything that our constituents tell us. 
We have to make our own judgements. 
But of course, at the end of the day, a politician is elected to serve their local constituency, so of course they have to represent the views of the people who elected them otherwise they probably will not’ get re-elected. 
Sometimes, constituents hold very different points of view to me. 
I mean, I am a Labour MP and there are lots of voters who are Conservative in the constituency. 
I do not necessarily agree with them but to me it’ is very important that they understand, even though I may not share their viewpoint, that I still represent them. 
And so it’ is very important to me that I go and see them and make the case why it is that I am not going to vote a certain way that they want me to vote. 
Lobbying is something that’ is going on all the time. 
It depends how you define lobbying. 
When I first entered Parliament in 1970, I would not say that lobbying was in its infancy because lobbying goes back to the 19th Century and before, but there was less organised lobbying. 
People would come to the central lobby of Parliament to lobby their Members of Parliament on individual issues, or on matters of social concern, or on general issues of taxation or whatever. 
But to say that there was no orchestrated lobbying at that stage would be to tell a downright lie, of course there was. 
But it was much less sophisticated and much less organised than it is now. 
There are now dozens of companies that depend upon lobbying for their very existence. 
There are all sorts of pressure groups and interest groups that employ professional lobbyists to work on their behalf and to seek to capture the attention first, and the support second, of Members of Parliament and Members of the House of Lords. 
There is lobbying going on all the time and on almost every subject. 
Now this is fine, up to a point. 
We do have very strict rules of course about not being involved with any group where we are getting paid, or where we are getting some privileges and then trying to push that cause in Parliament, because obviously 
I think that would be seen to be corrupt and quite wrong. 
We have a book called the Register of Members’ Interests where every Member of Parliament must put down the people who either support them financially, or if they’ have got another job, to put down very clearly what that job is and how many hours they spend on that job and how much money they are paid. 
Parliament’s history brings great prestige but there is constant pressure, both internal and external, to adapt and develop to changing circumstances. 
This can be to consider both major and minor changes, such as extending voting rights, or an amendment to Parliamentary procedure. 
While this pressure does not lead to a constant state of flux, the way Parliament is composed and functions is a continual work in progress. 
Reform can be a slow but crucial aspect of the work of Parliament. 
Pressures for reform come from all sorts of directions and it is constant; why should not it be? 
As this country changes over the years, so what people expect from their Parliament is changing. 
We had a massive controversy a hundred years ago about whether women should be given the right to vote and whether they should be in Parliament. 
Of course in recent years we had a woman 
Prime Minister in Margaret Thatcher, so that was a dramatic change, as have been the number of women Members of Parliament in the House of Commons. 
More recently there have been similar pressures saying that Britain now is of course a country of many ethnic groups, many people of different cultural ethnic-social backgrounds. 
Perhaps Parliament needs to be more representative of that diversity? 
And we have seen that in all political parties now. 
When you look at both sides of the Chamber, you’ will see that the people who are sitting there reflect the diversity of the country. 
Not perhaps entirely to the level required but huge progress has been made in recent years in that direction. 
Pressures for reform of Parliament and its procedures come from many quarters. 
They come from Parliament itself. 
I can remember well the days when I was a young backbencher myself and there was a very considerable move for select committees. 
Now, select committees are hugely important. 
Committees go into the development and the wherewithal as to what is happening in various government departments.– They are very important, 
But there was a great deal of contention. –There were groups that did not want to go that far but we won through and we have now the select committees. 
So there is change that is made there that comes from Parliament itself. 
It comes from Parliament itself too when we want to restrict the number of constituencies there are, thereby restricting the number of Members of Parliament. 
It comes also from outside, from outside bodies, from non-governmental organisations, from business and from industry. 
We are by no means perfect. 
We have warts and all. 
But change is constant, it is constantly there and we examine it from whatever quarter it comes from. 
The Parliamentary system in the United Kingdom is a work in progress, requiring regular scrutiny. 
We are constantly looking to improve; building on the positive and learning from negative experiences. 
I think the strengths of UK Parliamentary system, and I woul’d almost answer this in the same breath as “what are the weaknesses, the real answer is that the system is as effective as its Members want to make it. 
I think its strengths are that it is willing to change. 
It is willing to look at itself and say that these things are not good enough. 
We must make some improvements. 
We must make progress. 
I hope you have enjoyed this production and that it has offered an insight into the way in which the United Kingdom Parliament operates. 
We all look forward to working together with you in the future as friends and colleagues. 
August, 1984. 
A high school reunion brings some 50 former students to Riceville, Iowa. 
Eleven of them--some with their spouses and children--arrive early for a special reunion with their former third-grade teacher, Jane Elliott. 

This presentation is delivered by the Stanford Center for Professional 
Development. 
Hey there! 
Oh, we're back. 
We're back and now we're getting down and dirty. 
We'll do more pointers, and link 
list, and implementations. 
It's actually going to be like our life for the next week and half. 
There's just even more implementation, trying to think about how those things work on the backside. 
So 
I will do another alternate implementation of the stack today. 
So we did one based on vector and we're going to do one based on a link list. 
And then I'm going to do a cube based on link list, as well, to kind of just mix and match a little bit. 
And then, we're still at the end of the case study, which the material is covered in Chapter 9. 
I probably won't get thorough all of that today. 
What we don't finish today we'll be talking about on Friday, and then we'll go on to start talking about map implementation and look at binary search trees. 
How many people started [inaudible]? 
How many of you got somewhere feeling good? 
Not just yet. 
One thing I will tell you is that there are two implementations you're working on and I listed them in the order of the one that the material we've seen the most, right. 
We've talked about link list more than we have talked about things that are tree and heat based. 
So I listed that one first. 
But, in fact, actually, in terms of difficulty of coding, 
I think, the second one is little bit more attractable than the first. 
So there's no reason you can't do them in either order if it feels good to you to start on the second one before you come back to the first one. 
Or just trade off between working on them if one of them is giving you fits just look at the other one to clear your head, so just a thought about how to approach it. 
Okay. 
So I am going to do some coding. 
I'm going to come back to my slides in a little bit here. 
But to pick up where we left off last time, was we had written a vector based implementation of the stack abstraction and so looking at the main operations here for a stack or push and pop array that its mechanism here is just to add to the end of the vector that we've got. 
So I'm letting the vector handle all the growing, and resizing, and memory, and manipulations that are needed for that. 
And then, when asked to pop one, we just take the one that was last most added, which will be at the far end of the array. 
And so given the way vector behaves, knowing that we know it's a continuous array based backing behind it, then we're getting this O of one access to that last element to either add a new one down there or to retrieve one and remove it from the end so that push and pop operations will both being in constant time no matter how many elements are in the stack, 10, 15, 6 million, the little bit of work we're doing is affecting only the far end of the array and not causing the rest of the configured storage to be jostled whatsoever so pretty easy to get up and running. 
So in general, once you have one abstraction you can start leveraging it into building other attractions and the vector manages a lot of the things that any array based implementation would need. 
So rather than using a raw array, there's very little reason to kind of, you know, ditch vector and go the straight raw array in this case because all it basically does it open up opportunities for error and kind of management and the kind of efficiency you can gain back by removing vectors intermediate stuff is really not very profound so not worth, probably, taking on. 
What we do is consider the only link limitation. 
We had talked about a link 
list for a vector and we kind of discarded it as likely not to lead anywhere interesting. 
I actually, am going to fully pursue it for this stack because it actually turns out that a link list is a good fit for what the behavior that a stack needs in terms of the manipulations and flexibility. 
So if I have a stack of enterers where I push 10, 20, and 30. 
I'm going to do that same diagram we did for the vector one as I did for the stack is one possibility is that I put them in the list in this order. 
Another possibility is that I put them in, in this order. 
We'll call this Strategy A; we'll call this Strategy B. 
They seem, you know, fairly symmetric, right. 
If they're going to be a strong reason that 
leaves us to prefer Strategy A over B, or are they just equally easy to get the things done that we need to do? 
Anybody want to make an argument for me. 
Help me out. 
Last in, first out. 
Last in, first out. 
[Inaudible]. 
Be careful here. 
So 10, 20, 30 means the way the stack works is like this, 10, 20, 30 and so it's at the top that we're interested in, right? 
Um hm. 
That the top is where activity is taking place. 
Oh. 
So we want to be adding things and losing from the top. 
So do we want to put the top at the end of our list or at the front of our list? 
Which is the easier to access in the link list design? 
[Inaudible]. 
The front, right? 
So in the array format we prefer this, putting the top of the vector on the far end because then there is the only jostling of that. 
But needing access to the top here in the front is actually going to be the better way to get the link 
list strategy you work in. 
Let me actually go through both the push and the pop to convince you why this is true. 
So if I have access in the 10, 20, 30 case I could actually keep a separate additional pointer, one to the front and one to the back. 
So it could actually become maintaining at all times as pointing to the back. 
If I did that, right, then subsequent push up to a 40, it's pretty easy to tack on a 40. 
So it turns out it would be that the adding it's the push operation that actually isn't really a problem on this 
Strategy A. We can still kind of easily, and over time, if we have that tail pointer just tack one on to the end. 
As for the pop operation, if I have to pop that 30, 
I need to adjust that tail pointer and move it back a cell. 
And that's where we start to get into trouble. 
If I have a pointer to the tail cell there is no mechanism in the singly linked list to back up. 
If I say it's time to pop 30, then I would actually need to delete the 30, get the value out, but then I need to update this tail pointer to point to 20, and 30 doesn't know where 20 is, 30's oblivious about these things. 
And so the only way to find 20 in singly linked list would be go back to the very beginning, walk your way down, and find the one that pointed to the cell you just took out of the list and that's going to be an operation we want to avoid. 
In the Strategy B case, right, adding a cell, this means putting a 40 in allocating a new cell and then attaching it, splicing it in, right between wiring in two pointers, and we can do these links in constant time, and then popping one is taking that front row cell off. 
Easy to get to, easy to update, and splice out so no traversal, no extra pointers needed. 
The idea that there are, you know, 100 or 1,000 elements following the one that's on top is irrelevant. 
It doesn't have any impact, whatsoever, on the running time to access the front, or stuff another front, or taking it on or off the front. 
So it is Strategy B that gives us the best setup when it's in the back of the linked list. 
So let me go ahead and do it. 
I think it's kind of good to see. 
Oh, like, what is it like to just write code and make stuff work. 
And so I'm kind of fond of this and you can tell me. 
I make a cell C it has an L type value and it has a soft T next right there. 
And then I have a pointer to the front linked list cell. 
So in addition, you know, it might that in order to make something like size operate efficiently, 
I might also want to catch the number of cells that update, or added or renew. 
I can also decide to just leave it out for now. 
Maybe 
I'll actually even change this to be the easier function, right, which is empty form. 
That way I don't even have to go down that road for now. 
Go back over here to this side and I've got to make everything now consistent with what's going on there. 
Okay. 
Let's start off with our constructor, which is a good place to make sure you get into a valid state. 
In this case, we're going to use the empty list so the head pointer points and tells us we have no cells whatsoever in the list. 
So we don't pre allocate anything, we don't get ready. 
What's kind of nice with this linked list is to allocate on demand each individual cell that's asked to be added to the list. 
The delete operation actually does show we need to do some work. 
I'm actually not going to implement it but I'm going to mention here that I would need to delete the entire list, which would involve, either iterates or recursion my way down to kind of do all the work. 
And then I changed this from size to iterate. 
I'd like to know if my list is empty. 
So I can just test for head is equal, equal to null. 
If it's null we have no list. 
Let me work on push before I work on pop. 
I'll turn them around. 
The push operation is, make myself a new cell. 
All right, let's go through the steps for that. 
New cell equals new cell 
T. [Inaudible] the size to hold a value and an X link. 
I'm going to set the new styles val to be the perimeter that came in. 
And now, I'm going to splice this guy onto the front of my list. 
So the outgoing pointer I'm doing first to the new cell is allocated and 
leads to what was previously the front row cell. 
And then it is now updated to point to this one. 
We've got pointer wired, one value assigned, and we've got a new cell on the front. 
The inverse of that, taking something off my list, I'm going to need to kind of detach that front row cell, delete its memory, get its value, things like that. 
So the error checking is still the same at the very beginning. 
Like, if I've got an empty staff I want to be sure I don't just kind of do reference no and get into some bad situations. 
So I report that error back using error, which will halt the program there. 
Otherwise, right, the element on top is the one that's in the value field of the head cell. 
So knowing that head's null is a safety reference to do there. 
And then I'm going to go ahead and get a hold of what that thing is and I'm going update the head to point to the cell after it. 
So splicing it out and then deleting the old cell. 
Just take a look at these. 
Once we start doing pointers, right, there's just opportunities for error. 
I feel kind of good about what I did here but I am going to just do a little bit of tracing to kind of confirm for myself that the most likely situations that get you in trouble with link list is you'll handle the mainstream case but somehow forget one of the edge cases. 
Such as, what if the list was totally empty or just had a single cell? 
Is there some special case handling that needs to be dealt with? 
So if I think about it in terms of the push case, you know, I might say, well, if there's an existing set of cells, so we're using Strategy B here, let me erase A so I know what I'm looking at, that its head is currently pointing to a set of cells, right, that my allocation of the new cell out here, right, assigning its value, assigning its next field to be where head points two, and then sending head to this new guy, it 
looks to be good. 
If I also do that tracing on the - what if the list that we were looking at was just null to begin with. 
So there were no cells in there. 
This is the very first cell. 
It isn't going to have any kind of trouble stumbling over this case. 
So I would allocate that new cell 40, assign its value. 
Set the next field to be what head is, so that just basically sets the trail coming out of 40 to be null and then updates the head there. 
So we've produced a single linked list, right, with one cell. 
It looks like we're doing okay on the push behaviors. 
Now, the pop behavior, in this sort of case may be relevant to think about, if it's totally empty. 
All right, we come in and we've got an empty cell, then the empty test should cause it to error and get down to the rest of the code. 
Let's say that B points to some sequence of things, 30, 20, 10, that taking the head value off and kind of writing it down somewhere, saying, okay, 30 was the top value. 
The old cell is currently the head so we're keeping a temporary on this thing. 
And then head equals head error next, which splices out the cell around so we no longer have a pointer into this 30. 
The only place we can get back to it is with this temporary variable we assigned right here of old and then we delete that old to reclaim that storage and then our list now is the values 20 and 10, which followed it later in the list. 
To, also, do a little check what if it was the very last cell in the list that we're trying to pop? 
Does that have any special handling that we have overlooked if we just have a ten here with a null after it? 
I'll go through the process of writing down the ten. 
Assigning old to where head is, and assigning head-to-head error next, where head error of next cell is null but pointing to that, and then we set our list to null, and then we delete this cell. 
And so after we're done, right, we have the empty list again, the head pointer back to null. 
So it seems like we're doing pretty good job. 
Have a bunch of cells. 
Have one cell. 
No cells. 
Different things kind of seem to be going through here doing the right thing. 
Let's do it. 
A little bit of code on this side. 
[Inaudible]. 
Okay. 
Pop empty cell. 
I've got that. 
Oh, 
I think I may have proved, oh, it deliberately makes the error, in fact. 
That it was designed to test on that. 
[Inaudible] up to the end. 
So let's see if we get back a three, two, one out of this guy. 
Okay. 
So we manage to do okay even on that. 
So looking at this piece of code, all right, the two operations we're most interested in, push and pop, right, are each oh of one, right. 
The number of elements out there, right, aren't changing anything about its performance. 
It does a little bit of imagination and a little bit of pointer arrangement up here to the front to the end and so it has a very nice tight allocation strategy, too, which is appealing relative to what the vector-based strategy was doing. 
It's like, now, it's doing things in advance on our behalf like extending our capacity so that every now and then we had some 
little glitch right when you were doing that big resize operation that happened infrequently, you won't have that same concern with this one because it does exactly what it needs at any given time, which is allocate a single cell, deletes a single cell, and also keeping the allocation very tidy in that way. 
So they'll both end of being oh of one. 
And both of these are commonly used viable strategies for how a stack is implemented. 
Right. 
Depending on the, you know, just the inclination of the program or they may have decided one way was the way to go versus another that you will see both used in common practice because there really isn't one of them that's obviously better or obviously worse, right. 
Now, this uses a little bit more memory per cell, but then you have excess capacity and vector has excess capacity but no overhead per cell. 
There's a few other things to kind of think about trading off. 
You say, well, the code, itself, is a little harder to write if you're using only [inaudible]. 
That means it's a little bit more error prone and more likely, you'll make a mistake and have to do debug your way through it and the way with the vector it was pretty easy to get without tearing out your hair. 
Now, if we can do stack and queue that fast - 
I mean, stack that fast, then you figure queue must be not so crazy either. 
Let me draw you a picture of queue. 
Okay. 
I've got my queue and I can use the 
End queue operation on it to put in a 10, to put in a 20, to put in a 30. 
And 
I'm going to try and get back out what was front most. 
Okay. 
So queue is FlFO, first in first out, and waiting in line, whoever's been in the queue longest is the first one to come out, very fair handling of things. 
And so if were to think about this in terms of let's go straight across the 
linked list. 
We just got our head around the link list with the stack. 
Let's see if there's a link list for the queue provide the same kind of easy access to the things we need to do the work. 
So it seems like the two strategies that we looked at for stack are probably the same two to look at for this one, right, which we go in the front ways orders. 
I mean the front of the queue accessible in there and reversing our way down to the tail or the other way around. 
Right. 
I mean, the tail of the queue up here in the front 
leading the way to the head of the queue. 
So this is head - I'll call it front of queue, and this is back, this is the back and that's the front. 
Okay. 
So that will be GA that will be GB. 
But first off, ask yourself, where does the queue do its work? 
Does it do it at the front or does it do it at the back? 
It does it at both. 
But when you're end queuing, right, you're manipulating the back of the queue, adding something to the tail end of the line. 
When you are de queuing, you're adding something to the front of the queue. 
So like unlike the stack where both the actions were happening in the same place, and that kind of unified your thinking about where to allow for that, you know, easy access to the top, the one thing the stack cared about, but the bottom of the stack, right, was, you know, buried and it didn't matter. 
The queue actually needs accesses to both. 
So that sort of sounds like that both these strategies, right, have the potential to be trouble for us. 
Because it's like in the link list form, right, you know the idea that access to the head is easy, access to the tail that is a little bit more tricky. 
Now, I said we could add a tail pointer. 
And maybe that's actually going to be part of the answer to this, right, but as it is, with no head pointers in here, that adding an item to A would involve traversing that queue to find the end to put a new one on. 
Similarly, if indeed, the inverse operation is going to be our trouble, which is de queuing, we have to kind of walk its way down to find the last element in the link list ordering, which is [inaudible] queue. 
So what say we add a tail pointer in both cases? 
So we have a head that points to here and a tail that points to there, it's 
like that will make our problem a little bit easier to deal with. 
So 
let me look at B first. 
That adding to the back of the queue is easy. 
We saw how we did that with the stack, right, so that the End queue operation doesn't need that tail pointer and it already kind of wasn't a problem for us. 
Now, the D queue operation would mean, okay, using our tail pointer to know where the 
last close value is tells us it's ten. 
But we have the same problem I had pointed out with the stack, which is, we can get to this value, we can return this value, you know, we can delete this cell, but what we need to do, also, in the operation, update our tail pointer so a subsequent D queue can do its work efficiently. 
And it's that backing up of the tail pointer that is the sticky point that given that ten doesn't know who points into it, the single link list if very asymmetric that way. 
But you only know what's follows you, not what proceeds, but backing up this pointer is not easy. 
It involves the reversal of going back to the beginning, walking your way down to find somebody who points to the last [inaudible]. 
So it seems like this tail pointer didn't buy us a lot. 
It helped a little bit, you know, to get some of the operation up and running, but in the end, keeping and maintaining that tail pointer sort of came back to bite us. 
In the case of the Strategy A, the tail pointer gives us immediate access to the back, which we're going to need for the end queue. 
If I go to end queue of 40, in this case, then what I'm going to need to do is make a new cell, attach it off of the current cell, and then update the tail, right, to point to that cell while that update's moving forward down the list, right. 
If you're on the third cell and you add a fourth cell, you need to move the tail from the third to the fourth. 
Moving that direction's easy. 
It's the backing up where we got into trouble. 
So in fact, this suggests that Strategy A is the one we can make both these operations manipulate in constant time in a way that this one got us into trouble. 
I think we can do it. 
Let's switch it over. 
I've got an empty queue here. 
Also, it is empty in size. 
This is the same problem with size, which is either you have to go count them or you have to cache the size. 
I will build the same exactly structure, in fact. 
Now, I'll type next. 
It's going to have both a head and a tail pointer so we can keep track of the two ends we've got going. 
I think I'm missing my [inaudible]. 
Slip over. 
Okay. 
And then I will make the same comment here about, yeah, you need to delete all cells. 
So I set the head and the tail to null. 
I'm now in my empty state that tells me I've got nothing in the queue, nothing at all, so far. 
And my Y is empty. 
Oh. 
We'll check that return equals, equals null, just like it did. 
In fact, it looks a lot like the stack, actually. 
And here I'm going to show you something kind of funny. 
If I go take my stack CCPs pop. 
So if you remember what pop did over here, is it took the front most cell off the 
list. 
And in the case of the queue that was the popping operation. 
And it turns out the D queue operation is exactly the same. 
If we're empty, right, then we want to raise there. 
Otherwise, we take the head's value. 
We move around the head, we delete the old memory. 
So it's not actually the top element. 
I should, actually, be a little bit more careful about my copying and pasting here. 
I could really call that front. 
It's the front-most element on the top. 
But it's like the exact same mechanics work to take a cell off the front in that way. 
Well, that's sort of nice. 
And it's like, yeah, well, since I have some code around I want to go try it. 
My stack, also, kind of does some things useful in push that I might be able to use. 
It's not exactly the same because it's adding it to the front, but it is setting up a new cell. 
So I'm going to make a new cell and I set its value. 
Then, it's attaching 
looks a little different. 
Let's take a look. 
We omitted a cell, copied the value in, now the goal is giving our pointer to the tail, we want to attach onto the tail. 
So we know that it's always going to have a next of null, the new cell. 
So no matter what, it will be the new last cell and it defiantly needs that value that tells us we're at the end of the list. 
And then we have to attach it to our tail. 
I'm going to write this code first and it's going to be wrong. 
So just go along with me in this case. 
If the tail's next is the new cell. 
So if I'm wiring in the pointer from the tail onto the cell we have there, and then we want to update the tail to point to the cell. 
So almost, but not quite, everything I need to do. 
Someone want to point out to me what it is I have failed to consider in this situation. 
[Inaudible]. 
It's the what? 
[Inaudible]. 
Yeah. ? trying to make null point to something [inaudible]. 
Exactly. 
So if my queue is totally empty. 
So in these cases like 
- one thing you can often think about whenever you see yourself with this error, and you're dereferencing something, you have to considered, well, is there a possibility that that value is null. 
And if so I'd better do something to protect against it. 
So in the case of the new cell here, I'm setting aside and not clearing that cell. 
We know it's valid, [inaudible], we've got good memory. 
That part's good but the access to the tail, and that's assuming there is a tail, that there is at least one cell already in the queue that the tail is pointing to. 
When that's not true, this is going to blow up. 
It's going to try to dereference it. 
So what we can do here is we can just check for that. 
We can say if the queue is empty then what we want to do is say that head equals tail equals new cell. 
Otherwise, we've got some existing tail and we just need to attach to it. 
Now, this is what I meant about that often there are little bit of special cases for certain different inputs. 
In particular, the most common ones are an empty list or a single link list being distinguished from a list that has two or more elements. 
So sometimes it's all about - a single link list has problems and so does the empty list. 
In this case, it's exactly the empty list. 
Like a single cell is actually fine, you know, one, ten, 6,000 all work equally well. 
It's that empty case that we have to work on setting our head and tail to that. 
So with this plan we go back to my use of this. 
And stop talking about my stack and change into my queue, end queuing instead of pushing. 
[Inaudible]. 
Oh, 591 errors. 
Well, that's really - 591, what is that? 
[Inaudible]. 
Oh, yeah, this is the year I was going to talk about but I failed to do. 
So this is the kind of thing you'll get from failing to protect your [inaudible] from being revisited. 
And so I'll be - if I haven't deft this funny little symbol I just made up then I want to find it in the end deft. 
So if it came back around and it saw this same header file, it was supposed to say I already seen that symbol and I won't do it. 
But, in fact, I had accidentally named one of them with a capital H and one with a lowercase H. It says if this symbol's not been identified then define this other symbol and keep going. 
And so the next time it saw the header files it said if that this lowercase H hasn't been defined, well it hadn't so it made it again and then it kept doing that until it got really totally twisted up about it. 
So I will make them match, with any 
luck, without the caps lock on. 
Three times is a charm. 
And then one, two, three pop out the other side of queue, as I was hoping. 
Okay. 
So you know what I'm going to do, actually? 
I'm actually not going to go through the alternate implementation of queue. 
I'm just saying 
like given that it works so well for stack, right, to have this kind of single link list, you know, efficient allocation, it's not surprising that queue, 
like, given to us. 
And what this is, like I said earlier, I said, well, you know you can do things with vector, you can do things with stack, anything you do with stack you can do with vector if you were just being careful. 
Right. 
The pushing, and popping, and the queue D queue, are operations that you could express in other terms of vector adds and removes and inserts that things. 
But one of the nice things about providing a structure like a stack or queue is it says these are the only things you're allowed to add at this end, remove from that end, it gives you options as a implementer that don't make sense for the general purpose case. 
That the vector as a link list had some compromises that probably weren't worth making. 
But in the case of stack and queue it actually came out very cleanly and very nicely, like this tidy little access to one end, or the other end, or both, right, was easily managed with a link list and then it didn't have any of the constraints of the continuous memory to fight with. 
And so often having a structure that actually offers less gives you some different options as an implementer because you know you don't have to support access into the middle in an efficient way because the stack and queue don't let you. 
They don't let you riffle through the middle of the stack or the queue to do things and that gives you some freedom as an implementer, which is neat to take advantage of. 
Yes, sir. 
[Inaudible] in Java that, you know, we supposed to use an Array whenever we could because Array uses more memory ? 
Um hm. 
Does the queue and stack use more memory than an Array, for example? 
So typically they'll be about the same, because of exactly this one thing, which is it allocates tightly so it asks for one cell per entry that's in there, right. 
And that cell has this overhead in the form of this extra pointer. 
Right. 
So in effect it means that everything got a little bit bigger because everything's carrying a little overhead. 
Okay. 
So there's a little bit more memory. 
The thing the Array is doing is it tends to be allocating extra slots that aren't being used. 
So it's not usually tightly allocated either. 
So in any given situation it could be as much as twice as big because it had that extra space. 
So kind of in the tradeoff they tend to be in the same general range. 
This one has about twice the space, I think it's about four bites it has a four-byte pointer. 
The thing's much bigger and it turns out actually this four bite pointer might be a smaller percentage of the overhead and will be a larger amount of the capacity in the excess case. 
So for a lot of things they're going to be about the same range. 
And then there's a few isolated situations where, yeah, if you have very big things being stored having a lot of excess capacity is likely to be a more expensive part of the vector strategy than the link list. 
But the 
link list does have this built in overhead for every element. 
And so it's not the case where you would say right off the bat, well, definitely an array over link list because that the allocation space. 
It's like, hey, you have to think about the whole picture. 
That is going to be the whole next lectures. 
Well, you know, it's about tradeoffs. 
It's not that one strategy's always going to be the clearly better one. 
If it is, then we don't need to think about anything else. 
There are times when you know that one is just great and there's no reason to think about anything else. 
And then there's other times when there are reasons to think about different ways to solve the same problem. 
So let me propose a case study that has some meat. 
You may think along the way, but you're going to really have to pretend that this is going to be relevant at first because it's going to seem like you've been transferred back to 1970, which was a very bad year, long before you born. 
I want you to think about the idea of a text setter. 
So Microsoft Word, or you know your email send window, or 
BB edit, or X code. 
All these things, right, have some backing of what usually is called a buffer, a buffer, sort of a funny word, right, but a buffer of characters behind it. 
Okay. 
And that buffer is used as the kind of document storage for all the characters that you're editing and moving around. 
As you kind of bop around and move around there's something often called the cursor where you type characters and characters get moved as you insert. 
You can select things, and delete them, and cut, copy, and paste, and all that sort of stuff. 
So what does that data structure look like? 
What is the kind of thing that wants to back a buffer? 
What kinds of things are important in that context to be able to support and what operations needs to be optimized for that tool to field [inaudible]? 
So what we're going to look at is a real simplification kind of taking that problem, kind of distilling it down to its essences and looking at just six operations that are kind of at the core of any text editor about moving the cursor forward and backwards with these commands. 
Jumping to the front and the back of the entire buffer and then inserting and deleting in relative to the cursor within that buffer. 
And we're going to do this with an extremely old school interface that's actually command base. 
It's like VI comes back from the dead for those of you who have ever heard of such things as VI and E Max. 
And so we're going to look at this because there's actually a lot of ways you can approach that, that take advantage of some of the things that we've already built like the vector, and stacking queue, and the link list. 
And sort of think about what kind of options play out well. 
What I'm going to show you first off is just what the tool looks like so you can really feel schooled in the old way of doing things. 
So I insert the characters A, B, C, D, E, F, G into the editor. 
And then I can use the command B to backup. 
I can use the command J to jump to the beginning, E to jump to the end, and so F and B, 
B moving me backwards, F moving me forwards, and then once I'm at a place, let's say I jump to the end, I can insert Z, Z, 
Y, X here at the beginning and it'll slide things over, and then I can delete characters shuffling things down. 
So that's what we've got. 
Imagine now, it's like building 
Microsoft Word on top of this. 
There's a lot of stuff that goes, you know, between here and there. but it does give you an idea that the kind of core data requirements every word processor needs some tool like this some abstraction underneath it to manage the character data. 
Okay. 
Where do we start? 
Where do we start? 
Anyone want to propose an implementation. 
What's the easiest thing to do? 
[Inaudible]. 
In a way. 
Something like that. 
You know, and if you think Array, then you should immediately think after it, no, I don't want to deal with Array, I want a vector. 
I'd like a vector. 
Vector please. 
Right. 
So I'm going to show you what the interface looks like, here, that we have a buffer in these six operations. 
We're going to think about what the private part looks like, and we say, what about vector. 
Vector handles big, you know, chunky things indexed by slots. 
That might be a good idea. 
So if I had the buffer contents A, B, C, D, E, right, and if I could slam those into a vector, and then I would need one other little bit of information here, which is where is the cursor in any given point because the cursor is actually where the uncertain lead operations take place relative to the cursor. 
The buffer's also going to manage that, knowing where the insertion point is and then deleting it and inserting relative to that. 
So I say, okay. 
I need some index. 
The cursor actually is between two character positions. 
This is like slot zero, one, and two. 
And the cursor is between, actually, one and two. 
And there's just a minor detail to kind of have worked out before we start trying to write this code, which is do we want the cursor to hold the index on the character that's to the left of it or to the right of it. 
It's totally symmetric, right. 
If I have these five characters, it could be that my cursor then goes from zero to four, it could be that it goes from zero to five, or it could be it goes from negative one to four, depending on which way I'm doing it. 
I'm going to happen to use the one that does zero to five where it's actually recorded as the character that's after it. 
Okay. 
So that's just kind of the staring point. 
I'm going to write some code and make it happen. 
So I'm going to remove this. 
Reference it, that's okay. 
And then I'm going to add the things I want to replace it with. 
So I put in the editor code and to put in the buffer code. 
Was buffer already in here? 
I think buffer's already here. 
Okay. 
Let's take a look. 
I get my buffer. 
So right now, let's take a look what's in buffered. 
I think I have the starting set information. 
So it has move cursor over, you know move the cursor around, it has the delete, and it has - let me make it have some variables that I want. 
I've got my cursor. 
I've got my vector of characters. 
Right now, it has a lot of copying, I think, just in anticipation of going places where copying is going to be required. 
Right now, because it's using vector and vector has deep copying behavior, I'm actually okay if I let windows copy and go through. 
But I'm actually going to not do that right away. 
All right. 
So then let's look at the implementation side of this and I have an implementation in here I want to get rid of. 
Sorry about this but I 
left the old one in here. 
That will do all the things that will need to get done. 
Okay. 
So let's deal with at the beginning. 
Starting off, right, we will set the cursor to zero. 
So that's the vector gets started, initialize empty, and nothing else I need to do with the vector. 
A character [inaudible] cursor position in that, and then moving the cursor position forward, it's mostly just doing this, right, cursor plus, plus, right. 
It's just an easy index to move it down. 
But 
I do need to make sure that the cursor isn't already at the end. 
So if the cursor is less than the size of the vector then I will let it advance. 
But it never gets beyond the size itself. 
So 
like all of these are going to have same problems. 
Like, if I'm already at the end and somebody asks me to advance, I don't want to suddenly get my cursor in some lax stated that sort of back that. 
Similarly, on this one, if the cursor is greater than zero, all right, then we can back it up and move the cursor around. 
Moving the cursor at the start is very easy. 
Moving the cursor to the end is, also, very easy, right. 
We have a convention about what it is. 
And so then inserting a character is, also, pretty easy because all the hard work is done by the vector. 
When I say insert this new character at the cursor position, right, then this character advance the cursor to be kind of past it, and then deleting the character, also, pretty easy. 
Let me show you, before I go finishing the cursor, I just want to show you this little diagram of what's happening while I'm doing stuff. 
So this is kind of a visualization of the things that are happening. 
So this is showing the vector and its length. 
And then the cursor position as we've done things. 
Inserted six characters, the cursor's currently sitting at the end, and for the length of the cursor, actually, the same value right now. 
If 
I issue a back command, right, that deducts the cursor by one, it shows another one backs up by one, and then eventually the cursor gets to the position zero and subsequent backs don't do anything to it, it just kind of bounces off the edge. 
And moving forward, things are easier to deal with. 
It will advance until the gets to the length, the size of that text, and it won't go any further. 
And that jumping to the front in the end are just a matter of updating that cursor position from zero to the size and whatnot. 
The operation where things get a little more bogged down is on this insert where I need to insert a position. 
If I insert the X, Y, Z into the middle there and you can see it kind of chopping those characters down, making that space to insert those things in the middle. 
Similarly, doing delete operations, if I jump to the beginning I start doing deletes here. 
It has to copy all those characters over and deduct that length, right, so that the vectors do that work for us on remove that. 
That means that if the vector's very large, which is not a typical in a word processor situation, you could have you PhD theses which has hundreds of pages, if you go back to the beginning and you start deleting characters you'd hate to think it was just taking this massive shuffle time to get the work done. 
So 
let's see my - I'm going to bring in the display that 
- whoops, 
I don't like something here. 
[Inaudible]. 
Now, what do we have? 
Oh, look at this. 
Well, well, we will continue on. 
This inside - okay. 
Hello. 
[Inaudible]. 
I have no idea. 
I'm not going to try to [inaudible]. 
Okay. 
It's inside. 
That's got me totally upset. 
Okay. 
We still have our old code somewhere. 
Okay. 
Why do I still have the wrong - what is - okay. 
Oh, well. 
Today's not my lucky day. 
I'm not going to worry about that too much. 
I'm just going to show [inaudible]. 
Okay. 
So seeing what's actually happening, right, it's like just mostly kind of moving that stuff back and forth, and then having the vector do the big work, right, of inserting and deleting those characters, and doing all the copying to get the thing done. 
We'll come back over here and kind of see what good it does and what things it's not so hot at, right, is that it is easy to move the cursor wherever you want. 
You know, that moving it a long distance or a short distance, moving it is a little bit or to the beginning to the end, equally easy as by just resetting some variable. 
It's the enter and delete, right where this one actually really suffers, right, based on how many characters, right, follow that cursor, right you could potentially be moving the entire contents of the buffer. 
Adding at the end is actually going to be relatively fast. 
So if you have to type in order, like you just type you theses out and never go back to edit anything, then it would be fine, adding those characters at the end. 
But at any point, if you move the cursor back into the mid of the body, somewhere in the front, somewhere in the middle, right, a lot of characters get shuffled as you change, makes edits in the middle there. 
And so what this seems that it actually has good movement but bad editing as a buffer strategy. 
That's probably, you know, given that we have these six operations we'll all interested in, this is probably not the mix that seems to make the most sense for something that's called an editor, right. 
It is the editing operations are the ones that is weakest on, it has its most debilitating performance, it wouldn't make that good of an editor, right, if that was going to be your behavior. 
It has one advantage that we're going see, actually, we're going to have to kind of make compromises on it, which it actually uses very little extra space, though, but it's using the vector, which potentially might have excess capacity up to twice that. 
So maybe it's about two bites per char in the very worse case. 
But it actually has no per character overhead that's already imbedded in the data structure from this side. 
Now, I'm just going to go totally somewhere else. 
Okay. 
So instead of thinking of it as vector, thinking of it as continuous block, is to kind of realize the editing operations, right, that comes back to the idea, like if I were working at the very end of my document that I can edit there efficiently. 
It kind of inspires me to think of, how do I think I can make it so the insertion point is somehow in the efficient place. 
Like the edits that are happening on the insertion point, can I somehow make it to where access to the insertion point is easy? 
That rather than bearing that in the middle of my vector, if I can expose that to make it accessible easily in the way the code manipulates the internal of the buffer. 
And so the idea here is to break up the text into two pieces. 
Things that are to the left of the cursor, things that are to the right, and I'm calling this the before and the after. 
And then organize those so they're actually averted from each other to where all the characters that lead up to the cursor are set up to where B is very close, assessable at the top of, in this case, a stack, and that the things that are farther away are buried further down in the stack in that inaccessible region. 
And similarly over here, but inverted, that C is the top of this stack and D and E, and things are further down, they are buried away from me, figuring the things I really need access to are right next to the cursor that I'm willing to kind of move those other things father away to gain that access. 
And so what this buffer does is it uses two stacks, a before stack, an after stack, and that the operations for moving the data around become transferring things from the before to the after stack. 
Where's the cursor? 
How does the cursor represent it? 
Do I need some more data here? 
Some integer some ? 
It's really kind of odd to think about but there is no explicit cursor, right, being stored here but the cursor is, in this case, right, like modeled by what's on the before stack or all the things to the left of the cursor. 
What's on the after stack is following the cursor. 
So in fact, the cursor is represented as the empty space between these two where you have, you know, how many ever characters wrong before is actually the index of where the cursor is. 
So kind of a wacky way of thinking about it, but one that actually have some pretty neat properties in terms of making it run efficiently. 
So let me show you the diagram of it happening. 
So insert A, B, C, D, E, F, G. 
And so, the operation of inserting a new character into this form of the buffer is pushing something on the before stack. 
So if I want to move the cursor, let's say I want to move it back one, then I pop the top off of the before push it on the after. 
I keep doing that and it transfers the G to the H, you know, the E and so on, as I back up. 
Moving forward does that same operation in the inverse. 
If I want to move forward I take something off the top of the after and push it on before. 
So it's kind of shuffling it from one side to the other. 
Given that these push and pop operations are constant on both implementations of the stack we saw, then that means that our cursor movement is also of one so I can do this. 
And if I do deletes it's actually just popping from the after stack and throwing it away. 
So also easy to do edits because I'm talking about adding things to the before and deleting things from after, both of which can be done very efficiently. 
The one operation that this guy has trouble with is big cursor movement. 
If I want to go all the way to the beginning or all the way to the end, then everything's got to go. 
No matter how many things I have to empty out the entire after stack to position the cursor at the end, or empty out the entire before stack to get it all the way over here. 
So I could of sort of talk you though this code, and actually, I won't type it just because I actually want to talk about its analysis more than I want to see its code. 
Each of these actually becomes a one liner. 
Insert is push on the before stack. 
Delete is pop from the after stack. 
The cursor movement is popping from one and pushing on the other depending on the direction and then that same code just for the Y loop, like wild or something on the one stack, just keep pushing and popping from one empty to the other. 
So very little code to write, right, depending a lot on the stacks abstractions coming through for us and then making this ultra fit that we've managed to get editing suddenly, 
like, a lot more efficient but the cost of sacrificing one of our other operations. 
Let's take a look at what that 
look like, right. 
Suddenly I can do all this insert and delete at the insertion point with very little trouble, and I suddenly made this other operation, oddly enough, slow. 
All a sudden it's like if you go back to the beginning of your document you're in the middle of editing, you're at the bottom. 
You say, oh, I want to go back to the beginning and you can imagine how that would feel if you were typing it would actually be the act of going up and clicking up in the top right by where you made the insertion and all a sudden you'd see the white cursor and you'd be like, why is that taking so long. 
How could that possibly be, you know, that it's doing this kind of rearrangement, but yet it made editing even on a million character document fast. 
But that movement 
long distances, you know, jumping a couple of pages or front to back, suddenly, having to do this big transfer behind the scenes, so different, right. 
So now I had six operations, I had four fast, two slow, now I have four fast, two slow. 
It still might be that, actually, this is an interesting improvement, though, because we have decided those are operations that we're willing to tolerate, being slower, especially, if it means some operation that we're more interested in, if performance being faster. 
And that likely seems like it's moving in the right direction because editing, right, being the whole purpose, right, behind what we're trying to do is a text setter, that seems like that might be a good call. 
What I'm going to start looking at and it's going to be something I want to talk about next time, is what can a link list do for us? 
Both of those are fighting against that continuous thing, the copying and the shuffling, and the inserting is there something about that flexibility of the rewiring that can kind of get us out of this some operations having to be slow because other operations are fast. 
Question. 
[Inaudible]. 
Yeah. 
Why is space used for stacks when those are half? 
Yeah. 
So in this case, right, depending on how you're modeling your stack, if it is with vectors, right, then you're likely to have the before and the after stack, both have capacity for everything, even when they're not used, right. 
And so it's very 
likely that either right give 100 characters they're either on one stack or the other, but the other one might be kind of harboring the 100 spots for them when they come back. 
Or it could just be that you have the link list, which are allocating and de allocating but has the overhead of that. 
So it's likely that no matter which implementation the stack you have, you probably have about twice the storage that you need because of the two sides and the overhead that's kind of coming and going there. 
So we will see the link list and we'll talk that guy through on 
Friday. 
I'll see you then. 
People are very, very aware of social feedback - like we're really tuned to this. 
And so things that can potentially harm your social standing can potentially impede your relationships with other people, these are things that we take very seriously. 
When we're sitting there in the context of that situation, we don't always respond like we should. 
Now 
I will put ECG sensors on you. 
We wanted to look at just how do people respond to social stress and we wanted to know how they respond physiologically to it, how they responded cognitively and how they respond subjectively. 
At the outset of the experiment, the first thing that people are doing is that we want to collect these baseline recordings of physiology. 
To do that we need to affix these physiological sensors that monitor activity. 
And so here is the ECG signal coming in. 
What we're doing is looking at changes from their normal state. 
This is the skin temperature, and you see right here it's at 93.42 degrees. 
So they were told to think about stress as a coping tool. 
Like, stress isn't bad, that these responses have evolved to help our ancestors survive, that if we didn't have these things we'd be doing worse. 
So after this we tell them they're going to give a speech about their strengths and weaknesses. 
Ok, we are ready to begin. 
Please tell us about your strengths and weaknesses as a person. 
We will be evaluating your performance throughout the speech. 
This is a very self-relevant speech. 
You're talking about yourself and you're doing this in front of two evaluators that you don't know and that it's also going to be recorded and looked at by other people down the road. 
So there is a whole bunch of evaluation here. 
The evaluators are members of our research team. 
So they're going to be watching you and scoring you while you're speaking. 
And the whole time that they're there, they're giving people this negative non-verbal feedback. 
And so they're sitting there very stoically, having no emotions, no facial expressions, frowning, furrowing your brow, they're not nodding, they're not smiling. 
So you can imagine, public speaking isn't so great to start with, then we're getting this negative non-verbal feedback. 
What is wrong with me? 
What am I doing that's so wrong and their response kind of amps up. 
So we see a really strong threat response from this task usually. 
Operators are here monitoring physiological signals as they come in real time. 
And we now have another task for you to try to evaluate your ability to think on your feet. 
For this task, what we would like for you to do is count backwards, aloud, starting from number 996 in steps of 7. 
This is something that participants don't know about until it's kind of thrust on them right then in the moment. 
957? 
I'm not sure that was right. 
And when you get one wrong, they tell you, "I'm sorry that was incorrect. 
Please go back to the beginning". 
I'm not sure that was right. 
Please start back at the beginning, 996. 
The take home from this whole line of research we've been trying to tell people is that stress isn't bad. 
The responses in our body, the stress responses can actually positively predict cognitive performance. 
So people have the higher stresses or the higher amounts of arousal actually do better on their tests than people who don't. 
So when you do need that arousal, when you do need to make some instrumental response, the body's stress response is actually going to help you make those responses better or help you do something better. 
A production of the University of Rochester. 
Please visit us online and subscribe to our channel for more videos. 
When a histogram filter was discrete distribution was defined over a finite set of bins, whereas the common filter had a continuous state space. 
Halfway across the globe, and we're standing on new ground. 
Screaming across the waves you can't hear a sound. 
There's no fair trials, no trade, no liberties. 
No tea! 
We've colonized America. 
We won't stand for tyranny! 
O king: and it's too late to apologize. 
It's too late! 
I said it's too late to apologize. 
It's too late! 
We've paid your foolish tax, read the acts, and they just won't do. 
We want to make it clear, we believe this much is true: all men were created with certain unalienable rights! 
Among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness! 
It's too late to apologize! 
It's too late! 
I said it's too late to apologize! 
It's too late! 
It's too late to apologize! 
It's too late! 
I said it's too late apologize! 
It's too late! 
I said it's too late to apologize! 
It's too late! 
I said it's too late to apologize! 
Halfway across the globe and we're standing on new ground... 
Hello my name is Matt Faus and this is a test video that I plan to upload to YouTube, check out the automatic voice transcription, and then hopefully translate this conversation into various languages and then use Amara to sync those different translations onto YouTube, see you soon 
There is no audio for this video 
There is no audio for this video 
There is no audio for this video 
In this session we値l be talking about Renaissance and the landscape that incorporated the time roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. 
We値l be talking about Italy and the Italian philosophies and different design styles and how they set a pattern for the rest of northern Europe which became known as the Northern Renaissance. 
The Renaissance was a cultural movement. 
It began in Italy in the late Middle Ages and then spread to the rest of Europe. 
The ideas from the Renaissance have disseminated from around the 15th century across Europe. 
It was really this resurgence in classicism and it was a time of development of linear perspective, artists and rendering techniques, realistic type paintings and gradual educational reform. 

The tortoise and the hare are racing to see who can run 100 feet in the shortest amount of time. 
Their positions in feet as a function of time in seconds, 
T of t and H of t respectively, are plotted below. 
So T of t is the position of the tortoise as a function of time, and it's in feet. 
H of t is the position of the hare. 
What is the meaning of the rate of change of T of t on the interval t is greater than 0 and less than 20? 
So T of t, they were talking about the tortoise here. 
This is the function T of t right over here, this blue line. 
And it looks like it's moving at a constant rate of change. 
The slope of this line is constant. 
So let's see what this rate of change is. 
If we start-- so we could even start from the starting position. 
When 1 second goes by, each notch here in the horizontal axis is 1 second. 
You see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 
So every time 1 second goes by, it looks like-- and we have to be very careful here. 
At first it looks like, oh, maybe he moves 1 feet. 
But we have to be careful about what these notches represent. 
It looks like these notches represent 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 feet. 
So every time 1 second goes by, he moves forward 5 feet. 
Another second goes by, he moves forward 5 feet. 
So it looks like the rate of the tortoise, so I'll say the tortoise rate, the rate of the change of distance with respect to time is 5 feet for every second. 
So let's see which of our choices seem to match that. 
And that is over the entire interval. 
The interval starts here, this is 0, and 20 is right over here. 
And it looks like we have a constant rate, we have a constant slope. 
We have the same inclination of this line the entire time all the way until t is equal to 20. 
So this first choice says the tortoise walks at 5 feet per second the whole time, and this looks right. 
Our tortoise has a constant rate of 5 feet per second. 
This walks might be an understatement. 
5 feet per second is a pretty good speed, especially for a tortoise. 
But we are going to go with that one. 
Now, let's just look at the other ones for fun to see how true they are or see if they could have somehow applied to this problem. 
The hare stops moving after 5 seconds. 
So let's see, this is time 0, this is 5 seconds. 
So if we look at the hare's position after 5 seconds, so after time equals 5 seconds, it does indeed look like the hare's position-- the hare is just sitting there at the 90-foot marker line and is not moving at all. 
The rate of change of position with respect to time for the hare at that point is 0. 
So this does seem true, it just doesn't apply to the question. 
It's not the meaning of the rate of change of T of t on this interval. 
This is applying to H of t. 
The hare runs at a speed of 18 feet per second for the first 5 seconds. 
So let's see if this is true. 
For the first 5 seconds, so this is 5 seconds going by, the hare is able to cover a distance of 90 feet. 
So the hare is able to go 90 feet in 5 seconds, so for the first 5 seconds, the hare is-- hare's rate is 90 feet. 
You could say average rate of change is 90 feet in 5 seconds. 
And 90 divided by 5 is indeed 18 feet per second. 
So once again, this third statement is true, it just doesn't apply to T of t. 
It's not addressing the question. 
Now this fourth choice is that the hare wins the race. 
Now, winning the race, they have to get to 100 feet in the shortest amount of time. 
This is 100 feet right over here. 
So let's see. 
So it looks like only the tortoise even gets to that point. 
At 20 seconds, the tortoise gets to the 100-foot mark. 
The hare is still hanging around taking a nap or something at 90 feet. 
So this is actually outright false. 
The tortoise wins the race. 
So we will definitely go with our first choice. 
Fred:Hey, it's Fred, and today's May Day. 
Yay, May Day! 
So, yeah I'm gonna deliver everyone in my whole entire neighborhood May baskets. 
Full of love and happiness. 
I don't know if you already realised this, but, my mom got me a "Fred" shirt. 
She said that we can't afford to get a lot of shirts, so, I'm just gonna wear this shirt for the rest of my life. 
No offense to you guys who have a ton of shirts, but, it's more cool just to have one shirt. 
I hope I didn't offend anybody. 
(chuckles) 
Fred:Oh, and I almost forgot to say, 
I'm gonna give Judy a basket, too. 
Um, I don't know why, exactly, but for some reason, my "Fred" channel on YouTube says that I joined two years ago. 
If I would've joined two years ago, I'd only be 4 years old. 
Do you really think I'd know how to work a computer if I was 4? 
Seriously, I thought you were smarter than that. 
So, yeah, it wasn't actually my channel. 
I was just annoying YouTube, I kept banging on their, you know, door. 
And finally, they said, "Okay! 
We'll give you the channel." 
Time to go outside! 
Here I go! 
(laughs) 
Fred:Let's run! 
Happy May Day! 
(gasps) (gasps in slow motion) (screams) 
Fred:He threw the basket at my face! 
(Fred crying) 
Fred:I spent so much time working on that basket, trying to make people happy, he threw the darn basket at me! 
Oh my God, look at this. 
I just realised that right behind me in my neighbor's yard, there's a dog kennel. 
You know inhumane that is, locking your dogs in frickin' gates? 
How would you feel if I locked you in between gates and watched you from above, laughing evilly? 
(Fred laughing evilly) 
Fred:Dogs don't like it either. 
(Fred) Oh, my God, look at this kitty. 
She doesn't wanna be discovered be me, look at her run. 
Fred:Oh, it's a stray kitty with lice. 
Also, I bit one of the other kids in my neighborhood and gave him rabies. 
Oh, my God, she just bit me! 
She just bit me and I'm foamin' from the mouth! 
Ok, well, the moment we've all been waiting for.. this is what I'm getting Judy for May Day, these cool underwear things. 
I'ts a new style for panties. 
They were my mom's when she was little. 
So I'm pretty sure Judy'll be really happy to wear my mom's used underwear. 
Here I go. 
Judy, happy May Day; here's your new panties. 
Judy:Ew, get away! 
Fred:How could you say that, Judy?! 
Oh, my God! 
I'm so embarassed! 
Oh, my God, this is so embarassing! 
This is so embarassing! 
I didn't get it on video tape but Judy put the panties on my head. 
She's so mean! 
Yet so attractive. 
Whatever, I guess I'll give them back to my mom. 
I'm going inside my house and never coming back out. 
Nobody understands me. 
(singing) My May Day didn't turn out 
How I wanted it to 
Everything went wro-o-o-o-o-ong 
I hope next year is better 
I can't believe Judy threw panties on me (high-pitched note) 
Fred:Okay, well, that's all I have for you guys. 
I hope all you guys' May Day was better than mine, okay? 
No need to rub in how good your May Day was compared to mine, no offense. 
Okay, well, see y'all. 
(high-pitched note plays again) 
The early detection of the risk of suffering from depression during or after pregnancy may reduce the negative effects in both the mother and the foetus. 
Researchers from the Universitat Jaume I in Castelló and from the Universidad de Zaragoza have developed the computer application 'Mamá Feliz' [Happy Mum], which enables to anticipate depression. 
-The main objective of our project 'Mamá Feliz' is studying the risk factors which the scientific literature has proven to be related to the greater probability of developing depression during the pregnancy or after birth. 
Therefore, we have created a computer application, 'Mamá Feliz', which includes these variables. 
[Jorge Osma. 
Lecturer of Master at the UJl.] 
We monitor these variables in pregnant women on two occasions during the pregnancy and on three occasion after childbirth -up to three months after it-. 
We think that a computer tool could be a useful and effective service to monitor and detect the risk of depression in woman during or after pregnancy. 
-About a hundred women have already tried the application. 
The first information makes possible to advance in the knowledge of which are the variables that have the greatest influence at the time of suffering from depression during pregnancy or postpartum. 
-The first information indicates that, when evaluating women before childbirth, 48 percent of these women might have had depressive symptoms before pregnancy. 
This is a very important risk factor. 
Therefore, it justifies that it is necessary to monitor these women in order to control that depression does not appear during pregnancy or after birth. 
20 percent of these women start to have depressive symptoms during pregnancy. 
Moreover, 20 percent women feel ambivalence during pregnancy. 
This means that sometimes they have feelings of pleasure because of the phase that they are passing through and feelings of desire of having a child, and sometimes quite the contrary: guilty feelings, feeling of not knowing to look after the child well, and feelings of worry and fear. 
-Some of the factors that may increase the risk of suffering from depression are the presence of psychopathologies in the mother or the family, 
lack of social support, problems with the partner, increase of stress, 
low incomes or medical problems during pregnancy. 
In the second phase, the computer tool will also offer prevention and intervention treatments. 
The project goes for cybertherapy or online therapy, which is being consolidated as a complement and an alternative to the traditional psychological care. 
'Mamá Feliz' deals with a disease suffered by a high percentage of mothers. 
-It is surprising that, although some studies suggest that 8 percent women in Spain get depressed after birth, there are no evaluation systems which detect it and make possible to act previously. 
Moreover, there are factors that indicate which women are more likely to get depressed, but nothing is done to evaluate and detect it. 
-Women interested in participating in the study and knowing their emotional state during pregnancy and postpartum may do so through the webpage www.mamafeliz.es. 
Scientific Culture and Innovation Unit 
Communication and Publications Service 
There's a general, kind of... 
In the media, there's a lot of that kond of stuff people don't know about numbers, 
I'm a numbers guy, I'm a dweeb, all right? 
I apologise. 
I'm a bit of a nerd about these kind of things 
I get really pissed off when people give out about, like crime going up, when say, the numbers are definitely going down. 
And then if you go "The numbers are going down," they go, 
"but the fear of crime is rising." 
And you're going, "but so what!?" You know what I mean? 
Zombies are at an all-time low level, but the fear of zombies could be incredibly high. 
It doesn't mean we have to have government policies to deal with the fear of zombies, 
It's ridiculous, for Christ's sake. 
The NHS... 
There was a survey in the NHS about dentistry, where they found that some people were removing their own teeth! 
You know... 
And they brought on some senior dentists onto Sky News, and gave out to him, and said 
"This is terrible, People are removing their own teeth!" And this guy stood there and went 
"Well, obviously systems should be put in place to deal with it." 
Which is stupid! 
He should be going "Well, these people are clearly morons of the highest line" 
[Laughter] 
"Who removes their own teeth, for Christ's sake? 
I'm a dentist, I don't remove my own teeth, y'know what I mean?" 
But there's kind of a notion that everyones opinion is equally valid. 
My arse! 
Bloke who's a professor of dentistry for 40 years does not have a debate with some idiot who removes his teeth with string and a door. 
Alright? 
It's nonsense. 
And it happens all the time with medical stuff on the television. 
They'll have a doctor on and they'll talk to the doctor, and they're all "doctor this, and doctor that" and 
"what happened there" and "doctor, isn't it awful?" Right? 
And then the doctor will be talking about something, with all the benefits of research and medical evidence. 
And they'll turn away from the doctor, in the name of "ballance", and turn to some quak, witch doctor, homeopath horse shit peddler on the other side of the studio. 
[Laughter] 
♪ (eerie music) ♪ 
I love this game so much! 
God damn it. 
Oh, boy. 
Oh, no. 
(Finebros) You are going to play this game. 
What? 
Are you serious? 
(nervously) Wait. 
No, no! 
No, no, please, please, no! 
No... (speaks indistinctly) 
I don't know how to play, no. 
(hyperventilates) 
Oh, my God. 
I'm so scared. 
I don't know how it even starts yet and I'm already scared, man. 
This reminds me of "The Hunger Games." 
I'm gonna, like, get eaten by one of those dogs. 
I don't even know where to go. 
(chuckling) Where am I going? 
Am I going the right way? 
This kind of reminds me of my home. 
I live, like, deep in the forest. 
(singsong) Come out, come out, wherever you are. 
I feel like I'm actually in the dark. 
This isn't as scary as I thought. 
What is that? 
No. 
Okay, never mind. 
I'm shaking. 
(chuckles nervously) 
Is that the wind? 
Is that the wind that I hear? 
I think that's the wind. 
I don't want to go in this building. 
I really don't. 
- (footsteps) - There we go. 
There's a page. 
(intrigued) Oh. 
There's the first one. 
- (pulsating echo) - Ah. 
- (pulsating echo) - No. 
No, I remember now. 
Oh, now he's gonna come. 
- (pulsating echo) - (gasps) Oh, my God. 
It's thundering. 
- (pulsating echo) - (whimpering) 
- (faint static) - What is that? 
Uh-oh. 
Please don't be in here when I get out. 
Is this it on the wall? 
What is that? 
- (Finebros) I don't know. 
- Do I go straight? - ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh, God! 
- (headphones clatter) - (high-pitched static) 
- (pulsating echo) - (footsteps crunching) 
- (claps) - (Finebros laugh) 
My fault. 
Messed up the microphone. 
- At least I got one. 
- (Finebros chuckle) 
I was about to quit, too, man. - ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh! 
What the (bleep)? 
(high-pitched static) 
Am I going the wrong way, you guys? 
I'm, like, shaking right now. 
I don't know if you can see it, but I'm kind of shaking. 
I'm not liking Slender Man. 
I haven't even seen him, but I already don't like him. 
Why does it have to be so dark? 
- (Finebros) You got one. 
- Yay! 
(Finebros) But it's not over. 
- Aw. 
- (Finebros) You need seven more. 
Come on. 
Where are you? 
I don't understand where I'm going. 
There's a page. 
"Follows." 
♪ (jolting chord) ♪ (high-pitched static) - ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - (whimpering) (high-pitched static) (nervously) Guys! 
Don't be there. 
Oh, no! 
No! 
No, no! 
Run, run, run, run, run, run, run! 
I really-- I didn't even find any notes. 
(Finebros) Oh, you're okay. 
Keep going. 
- Oh! 
Oh! 
- (Finebros) He's right there. 
Go. 
Oh, my God, oh, my God, oh, my God, oh, my God. 
I'm really lost. 
I'm just walking aimlessly now. 
(sighs in relief) Page two. 
That's so sc-- I don't like-- 
- (brief static) - Wha?! 
- (brief static) - Oh! 
What the f-- 
What the f-- 
Oh, this is a deathtrap right here, I swear. 
Okay, I'm just gonna leave that place. 
Oh, God, there he is. 
(high-pitched static) 
I knew I shouldn't have gone towards the tunnel. 
Oh, no, I'm in a fence. 
Oh, my God, what am I supposed to do? 
(gasping) Oh, my God. 
Oh, my God. 
He's gonna find me. 
- ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh, my God. 
(high-pitched static) (footsteps crunching) 
- ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh, whoa, no, no, no, no, no, no. 
No, no, no, no, no. 
No, no, no, no, no. 
No, no, no, no, no, no, no. 
I don't see him. - ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh! 
Oh-ho! 
- (high-pitched static) - What the heck? 
Please don't be in here. 
Oh, my God. 
I thought there was something behind me. 
(laughs) (sighs) Okay. 
(pulsating echo) 
Oh, no! 
No! 
No! 
No! 
- No! 
No! 
No! 
- (high-pitched static) (muffled scream) 
There he is. 
(pulsating echo) 
Thank God. 
- ♪ (jolting chord) ♪ - Oh, my God. 
Oh, my God. 
Oh... (gasping) 
Oh, my God, no. 
Yeah. 
Oh. 
Oh, my... what is... 
No. 
Go, go, go, go, go. 
Ah, there he is. 
God. 
That scared me. 
Aw. 
Did it just die? 
Did the flashlight just die? 
Well, gentlemen, I think it's all over. 
I can't see anything, and he's behind me somewhere. 
(footsteps crunching) 
It's just a matter of time before he catches me. 
I'm smacking tree-- oh, my God. 
- (high-pitched static) - Oh, my God. 
(wheezy gasping) 
I love and hate this game so much. 
Ooh, my heart just dropped. 
(resonating rumbling) 
- ♪ (dramatic chord) ♪ - Oh, sh-- (Finebros snickering) 
It's over? 
"Pages: zero out of eight." Really? 
My hand is shaking. 
I was so freaked out. 
(Finebros) So, do you know what that game was? 
No. 
Skinny? 
Slim? 
I mean, it said "Slender" in the front. 
- "Slender." 
- "Slender." 
"Slender." 
(Finebros) And how do you know about this game? 
- I heard it on YouTube. 
- On the Internet. 
Someone was, like, tweeting about it. 
(Finebros) So, have you ever played the game before? 
- No. 
- No. 
- No. 
- No. 
(giggles) 
- No. 
- No. 
No, and I resisted playing it till this day. 
- Yeah. 
- It's my third time playing it. 
I have played it on my phone once and didn't sleep for two days. 
(Finebros) And what is the purpose of the game? 
To scare you. 
To scare the living (bleep) out of you. 
I don't know. 
You told me to find a piece of paper. 
To find the eight pages, which I failed miserably. 
(chuckles) (Finebros) And how did it make you feel when you were playing? 
On edge. 
Frustrated, 'cause I was like, "Where is the paper?" 
I was pretty creeped out. 
Very, very scared. 
Scared. 
How else would I feel? 
Am I supposed to be happy or something? 
The sounds they had 
I didn't think were going to affect me as much as they did. 
Just, "Boom." 
Just constant bass is just nerve-racking. 
(Finebros) So, the villain in the game is called Slender Man, which is an Internet meme that's been around for a while that some people have even started to like to say is real. 
Oh, my gosh. 
(Finebros) And people will post pictures of sightings of the Slender Man. 
Someone just walked by. 
(chuckling) Oh, my god. 
(Finebros) What have you seen? 
What do you know about the Slender Man mythology or whatever? 
It was like some mythological creature, and it was like this man who's really tall with a suit and everything and no face. 
He was there before mankind. 
He kidnapped children and whatnot, and there's, like, several accounts of it too. 
Like, there was this picture-- 
Oh, God, I just got chills from it. 
I don't like it. 
There's this picture of a park and there's a bunch of kids. 
In the picture, he has four or five arms, and the kids in the picture later on went missing. 
Those are just Photoshopped. 
I've seen those pictures. 
Photoshop. 
Oh, my God. 
(Finebros) What is it about the Slender Man that is making people care so much that they're creating so much content about him? 
He's scary and people seem to like being scared. 
They probably make it up just to make people afraid of it, 
'cause they're mean. 
I like it because it's so scary. 
It's so fascinating about the whole mythology stuff about it. 
There's mystery behind it, 
'cause you don't know if it's real or not, kinda like Bigfoot. 
It's a whole community. 
People can talk about it together and whatever. 
I think it's a way for people to connect. 
(Finebros) One of the main things people do with this game is they'll film themselves playing it, and then upload their reaction to the Internet. 
So, we're gonna show you a quick montage of people playing "Slender." 
(man in video) ...just to get me. 
Oh, dude, it's safe. 
Safe. 
- Aah! 
Oh, my goodness. 
- God, scared me. 
(people in video screaming) (laughs) 
- Destiny, please. 
- Tobuscus, yeah. 
- Aah! 
What the hell?! 
No! 
- (laughs) I feel you. 
- (groaning) - PewDie-- PewDiePie. 
- (screams) - (gasps) 
I'm happy these people reacted worse than I did. 
(man in video) Oh, God. 
Open the (bleep) door! 
- (laughs) - What the (bleep)? 
What is this? 
- (screaming) - His head. 
- Oh, God! 
He's right there! 
- (chuckles) 
- (laughs and curses) - Oh, he has tentacles! 
Oh! 
I never saw that before. 
What? 
Poor guy. 
(Finebros) Why are people uploading videos of themselves getting scared? 
Uh, 'cause it's hilarious. 
All YouTube videos-- the reason they upload it is to get views. 
(Finebros) Do you think that everyone was being legit scared, or were some of them pretending to be scared? 
I feel like a lot of them were exaggerating, 
'cause if they were videotaping themselves, they knew what was happening. 
Tobuscus, I felt the after part was a little overdone. 
But I bet you most of the people are legitimately scared. 
(Finebros) So, this game is a fairly simple game and there's not much to it and it's short, but it's so popular. 
Why do people love playing "Slender"? 
I didn't love playing "Slender." 
I don't know why people love playing "Slender." 
Because it's so hard to win and it's so fun to play because of the suspense, I guess. 
There's not a whole lot to do with it, so, like, anyone can play it. 
The simplicity of it could, like, attract them. 
It attracts a lot of people that maybe aren't into gaming that-- 
- (cracks up) - (Finebros) There's nothing there! 
People like to be scared, you know? 
People like to have that adrenaline rush. 
I don't do well with scary movies. 
I got nightmares from "Harry Potter." 
(Finebros) And what advice would you give to somebody who is about to play "Slender" for the first time? 
Just don't do it. 
Just don't. 
Just run away. 
Just run. 
Don't ask why you're going to get the eight pages; just go get them. 
Don't play it at night. 
You will... you'll die. 
Don't play it alone at all. 
Or in the dark... you two. 
(Finebros) And finally, will you ever play "Slender" again? 
- Probably not. 
- Never. 
- God, no! 
- No! 
Maybe to see if it has the same effect. 
Maybe if I'm, like with my friends in broad daylight, yeah. 
Yes. 
I am going to go play it. 
Yes. 
Yes, I will. 
I know, for some reason, I'm gonna end up playing it again. 
Curiosity is gonna get the best of me, and I'ma play it again. 
Thanks for watching "Teens React." 
If you liked the video, make sure you give it a thumbs-up or the Slender Man might get ya. 
Make sure you subscribe, or I'll send Slender Man after you and your children. 
If you're scared of Slender, just listen to this joke, okay? 
What do you call a shoe made from a banana? 
A slipper. 
Ha! 
I'll see you next time, unless Slender Man gets me. 
(feigning scream, chuckles) 
Ajahn Brahm: 
Okay, I did notice there's a few people with sore throats who've got coughing, so to make it nice and peaceful during the talk can we all cough in unison at the beginning 
[laughter] and have it all done away. 
So communal coughing first of all please. 
[many coughs and laughter] 
Thank you. 
[more laughter] 
Okay now be quiet. 
And of course there is no way to control these things so if you have to cough just make peace with the coughing and let it happen. 
But the title of this evening's talk is going to be on dealing with your emotions. 
Somebody asked me, a couple of people asked me for subjects to talk about this evening and I wanted to focus on the big subject of your emotions and how we deal with them, especially in Buddhism. 
Because this will cover a couple of requests which people have given for the Friday night talk. 
And you may notice that quite often when I give these talks on a Friday evening I don't really spend too much time talking about the theory of Buddhism and the intellectual part which is just really the realm of thought. 
Of course that's part of Buddhism and you can read about that in books and sometimes I do go into those more intellectual and ephemeral parts of philosophy of Buddhist 
life. 
But what's more important I've found in practice is this emotional world and how to deal with life as we face it in our modern age. 
And especially how we deal with emotions which have a huge effect upon on our physical and mental wellbeing. 
And those emotions range from despair to raw anger to inspiration to love to compassion and all those emotions are a very important part of our life. 
And sometimes the theories and intellectual abstractions, sometimes they don't address the reality of our emotional world. 
And I want to talk about that this evening - how we deal you know with those emotions 
- how we identify them and make sense out of them and learn to move forward with those emotions, because I do and also the Buddha identified a distinction between emotions, there are some things which we do call the negative emotions which are problematical, there are things such like you know grief, being angry, being afraid, wanting revenge, having a broken heart. 
Whatever else those negative emotions are we realise they do impinge upon our happiness and our success in life, they do hold us back from progress. 
So those are the negative emotions and there is many more you can include in that category. 
There is also what we call the positive emotions, things like inspiration, things like compassion. 
And one of the great positive emotions which too many people often forget about is a positive emotion of peace. 
And I put that in the realm of emotions because that's something that's solid which empowers and motivates you; I'll be talking about that towards the end of the talk - usually we have to start with negative emotions first of all. 
And of course I have to deal with that a lot, people usually come and ring me up, or come and send me emails or come and talk about their negative emotions. 
Very rarely do they come up and say, "Ajahn Brahm, I'm so happy! 
I'm having a wonderful time! 
Everything is going well in my life! 
I'm just having so much joy!" 
[laughter] 
They say nooo..I've just broken up with my boyfriend, ah just my husband has run away with my best friend, I just got the sack from work, I've got cancer, someone has died, that's what, the stock market has gone down or the Eagles have lost, or whatever it is. 
People they're always complaining about the negative part of their life - so that's what you have to deal with first of all. 
And even sometimes in my monastery people actually ring me up for counselling - we call that Dial-a-Monk service [laughter]. 
But you get so busy sometimes, I made this suggestion to have one of these answering machine services - you know like you get in these government - like press 1 for something. 
Because it has happened that sometimes people sometimes their dog has died or someone says can you do some chanting for me over the phone. 
Can you do some Buddhist prayers, they ask for. 
I've done that sometimes, in the middle of the night, to the opposite side of the world - their dog is sick so I've done the chanting over the phone.. sometimes I'm too compassionate. 
[laughter]. 
But.. so I've decided actually to actually, uh, so if you want..we can record these chants and have them on the recorder so if you want a prayer you can just press number 1. 
[laughter]. 
Why not, that's very easy. 
And then if you want to speak to 
Ajahn Brahm you haven't got a prayer so press number 1 anyway. 
So that way I get rid of everybody and have a nice easy time. 
But you have to deal with people, and that's only a joke. 
You have to deal with..it's much nicer to be accessible to people, even though you're tired, I'd rather be accessible then be sort-of somehow separated from the people who support you, and feed you, and clothe you, and look after you and your friends. 
So even though it's a lot of work I enjoy doing it. 
But when you're dealing with people's emotions, sometimes you have to let people understand, number one, that those emotions are real, they have a place in life, but also where they come from. 
Because it's great when you have an emotion in your heart, to find out why is that there, where did it originate from. 
Because it's great when you track it back, you can see how emotions arise, how they build up. 
I don't know how many of you have been to movies, but you can actually see that the trick of the movie is to start with the music. 
You know the different musics that get your emotions going and just how even the lighting starts to change. 
If you want to get people afraid, you turn the lights down.. and the music is very very soft.. apumbabambumbum bumbumbum.. 
And it gets people, because actually your heart beats. 
When you get excited you heart beat goes at that level. 
And if the music or whatever else. the beat gets that, it actually encourages your heart beat to sort-of get very very very strong. 
And you can even use your speech to say that..something..is..coming.....and make people afraaaaaid.. 
But you can see how emotions can be generated, just in movies especially by the music by the way that speech is actually said, and also by the lighting. 
One of the first times when I saw this, how people can play your emotions is actually when we started our nun's monastery down in Gingegannup because that was before Sister 
Vayama was here, and we were looking for a nice piece of land, we found this nice piece of land over in Reen Road but it was on auction. 
And so I went there for the auction, with 
- I don't know if he's here this evening - Eddy Fernando was our bidder. 
But when the auctioneer started the auction he was very calm, saying about this beautiful block of land, wonderful place for retreat, lovely forests and the river and then he started mentioning the figures.. 
And he said, I think this is worth so much, I think we should start for at least a million dollars. 
And straight away I thought, "oh no". 
And then he bids for one million, and of course no one bid, any bids for five hundred thousand, four hundred, three hundred.. 
Let's start two-fifty. 
Someone put their hand up - two-fifty. 
And that's when he started - two-fifty two-fifty, we've got two-seventy-five, two-seventy-five, two-seventy-five, anyone two-seventy-five! 
We've got two-seventy-five!! 
Three-hundred, three-hundred, wawawawawawa..!! 
[laughter]. 
And even I was a monk, even I started getting excited. 
[laughter]. 
And you can see just how they do this, just the way they speak, they suddenly raise their voice and started speaking very quickly, and you do get excited. 
And how emotions can be generated, when you see how those emotions can be generated, you can actually sometimes be in power over other people's emotions. 
Just by acting slowly, and by speaking softly you can calm people down. 
One of the first times I saw this and it was very impressive was the former abbot and Spiritual Director of the Buddhist Society of Western Australia 
Ajahn Jagaro. 
I was with him when he was a monk just learning his trade in Thailand. 
Because we do learn a trade - this is a training which we go through. 
And we were having our morning meal when a Thai lady ran into our dining hall. 
She ran in, and she's obviously very upset, because they don't usually do this - interfering in a monk's meal. 
And she was saying something in Thai, and I actually caught it after a while, she said "Suchin is dead! 
Suchin is dead! 
She shot herself! 
She's committed suicide!". 
And I got really quite excited too because I knew that lady, she had cancer, we've been going to see her, talking to her, counselling her. 
She was a close disciple of the monastery. 
And that morning she had shot herself, and this was her best friend who found her body. 
She came in to the monastery just straight away, completely distraught having found her best friend committed suicide. 
You can understand what she felt like. 
And I understood that, and I looked to Ajahn Jagaro who was the head monk at that time to see what he would do. 
He understood what she'd said and he put his head down and carried on eating. 
And this 
lady - "She shot herself! 
She killed herself!" - and the monk just carried on eating as if nothing had happened. 
And after about one or two minutes she stopped moving her arms up and down, she stopped shouting, and at that point Ajahn Jagaro put down his spoon, put aside his bowl, and said "what happened?" 
I thought it was a beautiful piece of psychological calming a person's emotions down. 
Because he was not responding with anxiety to her great distress, he was just calming her down just by his actions and by his softness, she too calmed down in the space of one or two minutes. 
It was the most brilliant counselling 
I'd seen for years. 
He was giving her a sense of perspective about what had happened. 
So by having someone who was calm, was not being agitated, she could calm down too and see the bigger picture. 
Which is what happens sometimes, when we see this is my boyfriend that's left me, this is my child that's died, this is my job which someone else has taken, these are my shares which have just all disappeared, it's my team the Dockers have lost - I'm being fair because I've mentioned the Eagles first now I'm mentioning the Dockers. 
Sometimes that we when lose perspective we can actually get emotionally distraught and that was a very beautiful way that he dealt with that by calming her down to see a bigger picture. 
Not negating her feelings but acknowledging them, but calming them down. 
Because you see just how these emotions can get built up, what actually builds them up and how they're created. 
I just was at a funeral service this afternoon - and I enjoy taking funerals because at a funeral service you do have a group of people who are emotionally raw. 
They've just 
lost a close member of their family or their friend and it's, I've seen many many times just how grief can be created or how that feeling of grief can be calmed down to get a different emotion coming up. 
I can actually see that I remember even when my own father died that obviously I knew my mother so well but when my father died she knew he was going to die, you know he came very close many times, when he actually did die she was at ease, at peace with it. 
It was only when a cousin came in to the house and opened up her arms to my mother and said, "oh you poor thing", and of course that meant the floodgates of my mother's tears started coming. 
And I knew that if that cousin hadn't said that stupid thing my mother would be much more at peace with the death of her husband and my father. 
It was as if that there was a social trigger there, that you've lost your husband that you must cry, and that was pressed by this cousin when, before that happened she did not need to go on that path of grief. 
And I've seen so often that our social conditioning creates these emotions. 
And one of the things which I love doing if you're teaching at a funeral is to actually give people other triggers. 
Trigger not to actually generate these emotions in the same old ways, but look at them in a different way. 
To give different triggers to different emotions. 
And let's look at another sort-of emotion, the emotion of anger. 
Where does that anger come from? 
You know the old story, that someone calls you a pig, I don't know if anyone's called you a pig today, but now I'm going to call you a pig. 
And what happens when somebody calls you a pig? 
You think - "they have no right to call me a pig! 
Who does he think he is to call me a pig!? 
I am not a pig! 
He shouldn't call me a pig." And every time you remember that I've called you a pig, you allow me to call you a pig one more time. 
Every time you remember that I'm calling you a pig again. 
Why do we do such things? 
Why can't we just say "he called me a pig" and then forget about it. 
Instead of allowing us to trigger that emotion of anger, ill-will whatever else it is. 
The anger that comes up in you, you actually you allow it to happen. 
There is no reason for it at all, you don't have to follow that path. 
If you trace anger back, where did you get angry from, you can actually see a series of irritations which you dwell upon, you think about, and you create the fire. 
Anger is like a blaze, like a forest fire, but all forest fires they start just with a small spark. 
And even that small spark it starts just with a small little fire in the twigs or in the leaves. 
If you catch it quickly it's just so easy to put out. 
But a lot of times we don't notice it that easily, until it gets so big, so big it's a forest fire. 
Living in the bush, and having experienced major bushfires, I know just how difficult they are to put out once they are fully alight. 
It's much better to catch them earlier. 
If you can catch these negative emotions earlier, through you mindfulness, through your awareness, through your mental training, it's not that hard to actually to transcend emotions such as anger, or fear, or grief. 
If we really want to, we can train ourselves. 
And it's not like a training of willpower, it's always a training of wisdom power, to see where these things come from, to see their cause, how they're built up and catch them earlier. 
Even some of the people who have panic attacks, who get very afraid in certain situations, sometimes you think the panic or the fear just comes up almost immediately, but it doesn't, there are signs there.. 
And trouble is that sometimes we're so busy that we're not really aware what's going on in our body or in our mind because we're taken up with the needs of the moment. 
We don't actually notice how these emotions are getting built up in us, and how they're being reinforced by unskillful thought patterns. 
Even like depression, another negative emotion, we create that. 
And again through some unskillful thinking, not being mindful, not actually understanding where these things come from we build up the negativity, minute by minute, day by day, until in gets so strong and then we notice it like the huge fire. 
So what are the ways of understanding these emotions, especially the negative emotions, is actually to trace back where they come from. 
If you're angry, if you're afraid, ask why. 
Over in Thailand, the Thais are just so so afraid of ghosts. 
And there was amazing, that sometimes like the one thing they were most afraid of was actually being with a newly dead body. 
And being a Westerner I wasn't afraid of that at all. 
I remember once when 
I think it was Ajahn Chah's brother that died and was being cremated, I told one of the monks - I'm just going to go and do some meditation by the corpse. 
He said "what?!" I said "I'm going to do some meditation by the..". 
He said "have a cup of coffee". 
I thought - that's really nice. 
And I couldn't understand why they were giving me all this coffee. 
And the reason way they were so impressed that anybody could sit in meditation next to a newly dead corpse, because they were just so afraid of that. 
So once I found that out, I always went to say I'm going to sit by a corpse, and they brought all this nice coffee. 
[laughter]. 
A bit of a scam because I wasn't afraid. 
Maybe it was because at University I was part of the Psychic Research Society and one of the things we found out was that never ever once in a hundred years of ghost hunting in UK has a ghost ever harmed anybody. 
So armed with that information I had my research - so why be afraid? 
They can't harm me at all. 
And that way I wasn't conditioned through fear. 
But the Thai people, and there's a few 
Thai people here, [laughter], they have grown up with ghost movies. 
Ever since they were small they saw these ghosts, huge, like heads with entrails following behind, and they would do terrible things to people. 
And because of that, just even the mention of a ghost.. 
I remember this story - this poor little novice staying in our monastery in Thailand. 
Because it was a cremation monastery that day was the moon day when we would meditate all night...that poor little novice, we did a funeral that day, and were supposed to meditate all night... in the hall. 
Now usually, little novices, they are only about 11-12 years of age, there is no way they would stay up all night, they would sneak off in the middle of their night back to their house. 
We knew they did this, it was breaking the rules, but they were only small little monks, so we didn't mind. 
And we've go to be kind.. 
Not this day. 
This night, that little novice, he would not leave the hall. 
[Laughter]. 
Because he was just so afraid of the ghost. 
See even the [Laughter]. 
Those dogs must have been reborn in Thailand. 
Last night. 
[Laughter]. 
Great special effects. 
Now these, here they go again. 
[Laughter]. 
Shut up, dogs! 
[Laughter]. 
There, they're going now. 
Now these ghosts, or rather this little novice, the poor little novice, stuck in that hall, you know 10 o'clock, 11 o'clock, 12 o'clock, too scared to go out. 
When it got to about 2 o'clock in the morning he just couldn't hold his urine any longer. 
He had to go to the toilet. 
And the trouble is the toilet was about 20 meters outside the hall. 
[Some laughter]. 
In the darkness. 
So this poor little, you can imagine what he felt like, he had the pain in his bladder against the fear of that ghost getting him. 
So he made a run for it - desperation. 
He ran and he got to the toilet, locked the door. 
He'd only been in that toilet for about a few minutes when he heard the steps. 
[Laughter]. 
And it came right to the toilet cubicle he was in and started scratching. 
Can you get a scratch..? 
[Scratches tissue box]. 
I tried to get some special effects.. for the tape 
[Laughter]. 
A scratch at the door..and this poor little novice didn't come out of that toilet cubicle for about 3 hours. 
[Laughter]. 
And when he came out he was telling us - the ghost came to get him! 
The ghost! 
And he heard it, he heard it scratching. 
Another monk saw that ghost.. 
You know what it was? 
It was a civet cat. 
Like a possum. 
Those of you who've been to Asia know they've got squat toilets. 
The toilets are actually on the floor, and that little possum, civet cat, every evening he would go into that toilet cubicle to get some water to drink from the toilet bowl. 
That was his drinking place. 
And so that evening all that happened was this little possum walked to that toilet and was scratching the door 
- "please let me in, I'm thirsty". 
[Laughter]. 
But that little novice [laughs], he was a ghost coming to get me! 
And you can actually see how because of wrong thinking, and because there was a funeral that day, thinking all day, thinking all evening, and what was just a little jungle cat, just coming for a drink, he thought it was a ghost and he was in that toilet for about 3 or 4 hours - poor little novice. 
Now what about you? 
What do you get afraid of? 
And are you any more intelligent than a small little novice. 
Why is it that these emotions they catch us. 
And why is it? 
Because we don't see them coming, we encourage them too much. 
Every time we think negatively, 
"oh, the ghost is going to come to us" or we think negatively "I'm going to lose my job" or we think negatively "I'm going to get that cancer. 
I'm going to get it. 
I know 
I'm going to get it. 
Now I'm fine but I am." 
When you think negatively like that you're building up the emotions, the emotions you get are built up by many many moments of unskillful attitudes and thoughts. 
But now we have them. 
So once you know where they come from you know they're actually created. 
At least if you know that you create them, you actually bring them together, even like grief.. 
Why do you have to have grief when somebody dies? 
Why can't we just celebrate that fact that we've known these people for such a long time. 
What a wonderful time we had together. 
Now we just let them go. 
You never cry for the person who's died, you always cry for yourself. 
At your loss - nothing to do with them.. 
So when we understand that we can do something about these things it gives us a possibility to actually to transcend those negative emotions. 
Because when you think about it, reflect upon it, what good does grief do? 
It doesn't help the person who's dead. 
It doesn't help yourself. 
It's not what the dead person really wants from you - they don't want you to be unhappy and to cry all those hours and days. 
If someone really loved you and you loved them, they want you to be happy, to live your life in as much fullness and joy as you possibly can. 
If you really revere their memory surely that's what you should do. 
Not to grieve for them but to be happy for them. 
For you to be happy, for them. 
So when we can change our attitudes that way, when we can actually do something about our grief, or like our anger - what good does anger do? 
Every time you get angry at your partner they don't do what you want them to do, they don't get better - they usually get worse! 
So why get angry and shout at them for? 
It just doesn't solve the problem and doesn't actually fulfill its promises. 
And just was it in January, when I was going off to Indonesia to give a series of talks I got to Perth airport and found that the Garuda flight was cancelled. 
It was actually delayed by about 18 hours. 
And I was a monk so I just went up to the counter and said, "Oh is it delayed? 
When is it going to leave? 
18 hours. 
Okay, thank you very much," and I sort-of called the monastery and got a lift back to the monastery. 
But the people behind me they were thumping the counter - "You can't do this to us! 
I've got all of these arrangements and plans!" I had arrangements and plans as well - thousands of people were waiting to listen to my talks. 
But I couldn't do anything about it. 
And you know all that anger and all that thumping and all that shouting.. it didn't make the plane leave earlier. 
It didn't do anything good at all except making people upset. 
Themselves upset, and other people upset. 
So really what is the use of anger? 
You can intimidate somebody for a short time but they will always want revenge. 
They won't respect you. 
And if you're a boss they'll only do what you want, they'll only do what you want for the time being, only because you're there. 
They won't do what you've asked them out of respect. 
Just out of fear. 
And that's no way to have any sort of relationship or any sort of business. 
Really anger doesn't make any sense to me. 
So anger and fear and grief and depression these are negative emotions. 
So first of all when these happen what should we do about them? 
There's something in Buddhism called the second factor of the eightfold path. 
The eightfold path is a way to happiness to enlightenment and the second factor is one of my favourite factors of that path. 
It's called right intention or right attitude. 
And I love that because it is an attitude which we have to everything we deal with in life. 
Whether it's the physical world or the emotional world. 
The path to enlightenment hinges on our attitude to things. 
So if you have depression or anger or grief, what should one's reaction be? 
And the three parts of right attitude in Buddhism - second factor of the eightfold path - is letting go, kindness and gentleness. 
The three factors. 
The letting go one is the hardest one for people to understand because they don't know what they're supposed to let go off. 
It's not letting go of the grief, it's letting go of the person that doesn't want the grief. 
It's letting go of the controlling. 
Because sometimes when people have grief, disappointment, broken heart, anger, fear, when we try and do letting go we think letting go means destroying those emotions. 
That's disrespect to those emotions. 
Instead, we let go of that person inside who's trying to do something about this, the controller, the one who says "I don't want these emotions, I have to get rid of them". 
That's the thing we have to let go of. 
The control-freak. 
So if you have those emotions inside of you and you try to suppress them, get rid of them, destroy them, of course what happens - they get worse. 
If you're fed up and you say "I shouldn't be fed up", that's what we call being fed up about being fed up. 
[laughter]. 
We have something called suffering - the word for suffering in Buddhism is dukkha. 
We call such things double-dukkha. 
It's like I'm angry 
- "I shouldn't be angry! 
I'm a monk!". 
You're getting angry at being angry. 
You're depressed, and I'm fed up with being.., I don't want to be depressed anymore! 
You're being depressed about being depressed! 
Or you're afraid of fear. 
Those are called double-dukkha. 
Double-suffering. 
And of course from double-suffering we go into the next stage of treble-suffering. 
[laughter]. 
I'm angry about being angry about being angry. 
I'm so sad about being sad about being grieving. 
Now this is actually what people do. 
They actually build it up by their reactions of trying to get rid of things, controlling things. 
The first part of the Buddhist reaction, the wise reaction, is just accept this is your reality. 
Let it go, let it be if you like. 
So stop messing around with these emotions in this moment, stop adding negativity to the emotions you're experiencing right now. 
If someone is grieving for the loss of a child, or they're disappointed because a relationship they cherished is no longer viable, or if they're afraid - be honest to that fear. 
It's just part of life. 
It's just your reality at this moment, don't take it personally, as an affront to your arrogant idea of who you think you are. 
When you accept it, you start to undermine it. 
It's a wonderful thing to know that when you're at peace with fear, fear dissipates. 
When you're not angry at anger, the anger just loses its power source, it just dissipates. 
When you're just at peace or accept the grief, the grief doesn't last very long. 
It's when we try and control these things and get rid of them that we're actually feeding them. 
So we let go of this controller. 
We're kind to our emotions, even our negative emotions. 
So when you have, you know a negative emotion, you're disappointed, you're fed up, look at those emotions like beings in this world, be compassionate to the beings which exist in your mental landscape. 
And we should never be cruel, we should be gentle to ourselves and allow these things to be.. 
Because too often we do violence to our emotional world, and because we do violence to our emotional world, it's against the gentleness of this second factor of the eightfold path. 
Because we do violence to that world - "I shouldn't be afraid! 
I shouldn't be grieving! 
I shouldn't be angry!" you can see that that makes more negative emotions for your future. 
Basically we call this the Law of Kamma. 
The emotions you have now have been generated by what you've done in the past. 
But they're there - you can't undo the past. 
You're stuck with this, the results of your past kamma. 
I don't mean past life - I mean what you've been doing today, it's created this moment you're feeling now. 
But now what are we going to do about this. 
It's the kamma we do in the moment which is most important and if we face this moment, maybe a moment of grief, it may be a moment of fear, it may be a moment of sadness, a moment of anger, we can face this moment and say "This is a result of past kamma, what am I doing about this now? 
I'm going to make good kamma with this feeling. 
I'm going to let go of trying to control it. 
I'm going to be kind to it. 
I'm going to be gentle with it. 
I'm going to respect it. 
Allowing it like every other being in this universe to be - they have a reason to be here. 
I'm going to allow them to be and accept them and be at peace with them." 
When you can make peace and be kind to the emotions you're experiencing in the moment, a wonderful thing happens - the emotional pain loses its sting, and the tightness of that emotional knot starts to unravel. 
Whether it's a broken heart, or whether it's grief over the loss of a child, when you really let it be, we call it healing. 
We call it sort-of fixing up the problem. 
We call it moving on. 
We call it just growth out of that sort-of dark part of the heart. 
Things change. 
But when you fight those emotions, when you think they shouldn't be there, when you're not kind to them, when you try and get involved with it, you always mess up. 
So this is actually using this Law of Kamma, these things are because of the past, what am I doing about it now? 
And that way you can actually take these negative emotions and they start to disappear. 
They don't last all that long. 
There's a story - a wonderful story - in my book and the reason I mentioned it this afternoon at the funeral, the reason I mentioned it because I got a letter from United States 
last week and somebody had listened to the talks on the internet, they read my book "Opening the Door of Your Heart", and there's a story in there about the emperor's ring, "this too will pass", that story, if you haven't heard it before, it's a powerful story, about an emperor, a young man who took over the kingdom when he wasn't really mature enough to know how to lead. 
And so whenever things were going well in his kingdom he'd always have celebrations and parties. 
And because he was spending too much resources and too much time celebrating, and not actually doing the running of the kingdom, the good times never lasted all that 
long. 
And when the terrible times, the bad times, bad economy, unrest, social disorder, whenever there was trouble in his kingdom he'd get so upset and depressed he'd stay in his room and sulk and cry, which meant he wasn't working during the difficult times. 
And the ministers they realised that their leader, their king, their emperor, wasn't really working properly, and that's the reason why there were too many bad times and not enough prosperous times. 
You can't just tell these people what to do. 
Even these ministers in the Howard Government, they can't tell John Howard what to do. 
They've got to be sneaky, they've got to be wise, and so what these ministers did, instead of telling their emperor what to do, they just went to a goldsmith, asked for him to make a ring, the only difference between that ring and ordinary rings was what was engraved on the outside, which was the words "this too will pass". 
And they gave that ring with the engraved words "this too will pass" to the emperor, told him to wear it on all occasions, that's all, and the emperor did. 
Whenever there were bad times he would look upon the ring, "this too will pass", he knew by nature he didn't have to force those negative emotions and those bad times out of his kingdom, he knew they would pass naturally. 
And because he knew the bad times would pass, it gave him what's called hope, and when there's hope we can work, where it's hopeless we think the grief is going to last forever, the broken heart was always going to be there, you'll never find another partner ever in life. 
Or you'll never find that money again on the stock market, or whatever it is your chance to win the cup is gone forever. 
When you think it's forever that just makes life hopeless and you don't work. 
You don't make kamma anymore. 
But when actually you have hope, there's always something you can do. 
It gives you that motivation to work even in difficult times of your life. 
And actually the reason I'm saying this was because the photograph someone sent me was actually from the graduation ceremony of Virginia Tech university, recently, and I think you all know what happened at Virginia Tech in April, I was in London at that time. 
I think it was 39 young men and women were shot down by that murderer? 
You know, while they were on campus. 
And at the graduation ceremony one of the graduates, you know the funny hats they wear, they're called mortarboards, with the flat top, on the top of his mortarboard he'd actually painted the words "this too will pass", in memoriam of the pain that had happened in that university in the biggest serial killer murder in United States history. 
That's why he said "I don't know whether this guy's read your book or what", by he's obviously got the message. 
And it is a powerful message because it gives you hope, it allows you to 
let these things pass away. 
So "this too will pass". 
The other part of that story, which is very valuable to consider, is that that emperor wore that ring not just in difficult times but also in the happy times as well. 
Because it's in the prosperous, happy, good times that we should always remember, "this too will pass". 
Because he knew that the happy prosperous times were also fragile, he had a few celebrations but not many, because he knew he had to work hard to make sure those prosperous happy good times lasted as long as they possibly can. 
And they did. 
He became a very successful and well-loved emperor because the bad times were very short and the happy long times were longer than anybody could ever remember. 
And of course you know who that emperor really is - it's you. 
And your empire is your life, your body, your family, your environment. 
When we have these negative emotions what we're actually saying, we're sulking, we're forgetting, "this too will pass". 
But also when you have the positive emotions, when you have happiness and joy and inspiration, please never take them for granted. 
They also need to be guarded, and cherished and nurtured, otherwise they go too quickly. 
So when we have our positive emotions, when things are going well, be careful, don't get heedless and think "Oh my life is going well now, I'm healthy therefore I don't need to exercise anymore, I have a wonderful relationship now so I don't need to put effort into caring for my partner, I have a wonderful Buddhist Society now, so I don't need to put donations in the donations box anymore [laughter]". 
You've got to keep caring, otherwise the whole thing sort-of falls apart! 
"I'm happy, therefore 
I don't need to put effort into my happiness anymore." Be careful there because all these positive emotions, they're fragile, you know where they're caused from. 
If you have the happy emotions well done, if you feel well, you're happy, you have these beautiful inspirations of kindness and generosity, now how does that feel? 
The positive emotions are great. 
They need to be cultivated. 
Where do they come from? 
Just like the negative emotions, when you're happy, where does it come from? 
You can actually see the positive thoughts get more and more and more, like in the movies, when they have a romance. 
In a romance movie, it's years seen I've seen these movies, but I'm sure they haven't changed, they don't fall in love at the very beginning and get married. 
That happens at the very end of the movie. 
It all builds up to this. 
So the whole movie is building up to the suggestion that these two people are going to meet and be happy and all their problems are going to be solved. 
And that thought is been on your mind again and again and again for about an hour, an hour and a half, so when they do meet, "oh at last they've met!", you get emotional, you start crying, "oh isn't it wonderful", because that emotion has been built over the whole course of the movie. 
And once you understand where these positive emotions come from, you can actually start building them up inside of you. 
One of the things which I teach my monks, teach nuns, teach yourself as well - negative emotions they come basically from what we call the fault-finding mind. 
You always see what's wrong in other people, you see what's wrong in yourself, what's wrong in the monks, what's wrong in the Buddhist Society, what's wrong in the government, what's wrong in the whole world! 
And that gives a lot of negative emotions. 
Why don't we look at the other side 
- not the fault-finding mind, but what we call the gratitude mind. 
When we see the beautiful in our Buddhist Society, you see the beauty in your partner, you see the beauty in yourself, you see the beauty in our wonderful Prime Minister Mr Howard [laughter]. 
What are you 
laughing for, you cynical group? 
[laughter]. 
You can see the beauty in these things! 
And jee, I mean I wouldn't like to be a Prime Minister. 
Would you? 
It's a very difficult job. 
So when you start to see the positive parts in these people, you're actually generating the positive emotions such as respect. 
How many people actually have respect for their parents, for their partners, for the people in authority? 
Why do we disrespect our systems? 
Because we've been cultivating those fault-finding negative thoughts in our media, in our newspapers, in our conversations. 
No wonder we have a lack of disrespect. 
You know if you ask people in other countries they look at Australia - "This is a beautiful land. 
It's pretty well governed. 
It could be better but could certainly be a lot worse!" So why don't we have respect for our institutions, why are we so negative? 
You know if we're so negative with our institutions, we get very negative towards our partners. 
Why is it that in our modern life people have such a hard time finding a life partner, keeping them, sticking with them? 
Because they always find fault with each other. 
And why do people always have lack of self-esteem, getting depression, because they start finding fault with themselves as well. 
I'm not good enough. 
They're not good enough. 
Life's not good enough. 
Be careful because that path leads to big depression. 
We're actually building up those negative emotions and instead we can build up the positive emotions. 
We deliberately look for something in our partner we can respect and love and care for. 
We deliberately look in something in ourselves which we can love and care, respect. 
We deliberately look for something in life which we care about, we love and got passion for. 
And that way, by focusing on that, we're building up, generating, the positive emotions of life. 
And when you start to learn how you can generate those positive emotions, the path becomes clear just how you can have a sort of control of this emotional world of yours. 
You're not just like a rudderless ship, always going through these storms and these calms of the ocean of your emotions, but you can actually have some guidance there, you can generate beautiful emotions. 
That's basically just what our whole path of Buddhism is. 
Letting go of the negative emotions and generating the positive ones. 
Compassion is a positive emotion. 
It's not just something you talk about, and just throw that word out "compassion". 
Yeah, we all know we should be compassionate. 
And I'm sure at the Dalai Lama's talk everyone's saying "yeah we should all be compassionate". 
But then afterwards when somebody cut in front of them in the traffic jam - "You stupid..! 
You shouldn't do this!". 
We have to actually act compassionately, be compassionate, generate this positive emotion. 
This is actually how we do this, you know, through our mindfulness, and our care and our understanding of life, we realise that whatever we're faced with in life, that's result of old kamma, what's the kamma we're doing now? 
By generating this beautiful allowing this moment to be, respecting this moment, but being kind to it, being gentle, we are actually developing these positive wonderful emotions, of respect, of gratitude, allowing things to be, compassion, even inspiration. 
What a beautiful emotion inspiration is. 
When somebody says something or does something and it just raises your heart and gives you happiness for hours sometimes days sometimes years. 
These are the emotions we should be developing. 
Imagine if we were a nation, a world, which ran more on inspiration rather than its opposite, desperation. 
Inspiration, it uplifts us and gives us energy, because the positive emotions empower you to do something really worthwhile in this world. 
The negative emotions - anger, fear, depression, grief, what does that do - that immobilises you. 
Anger sometimes gives you some energy, but it usually just wears you out after a while. 
You can't do anything in this world - you can't do things. 
The positive emotions give you power, and open the path to achievement, achieving something really worthwhile in this world. 
Things like love, compassion, they're not something which is your birthright. 
You develop these, you train for these things. 
Just like an Olympic athlete, you train and train and train, by guarding your mind, changing the outlook, making good kamma, mental kamma, with whatever you have to deal with in life. 
Allow it to be. 
Be kind, be gentle. 
When you create this beautiful kindness and gentleness, this wisdom this compassion grows and grows in you. 
This is not just in your life. 
Even in that book which I wrote, "Mindfulness, Bliss and Beyond", I made an important point even in meditation. 
Successful meditators are those who have an understanding of their emotional world, because even the path of meditation is an emotional path. 
Very early on you have to suspend your intellectual thinking and feel your way through the path of peace. 
To allow that peace to develop into the amazing emotions which sometimes you get in deep meditation. 
There's so much joy and happiness, and why does that come from? 
Because you're grateful just to be in this moment, no fault-finding, so gentle to every breath, to every mind-moment 
- so accepting. 
And that builds up. 
The most powerful emotion which I know, the inspiration of peace in deep meditation, and that has moved me to tears. 
I've cried many times as a monk. 
But not out of grief, or out of anger, or out of frustration. 
Just cried out of pure inspiration, beauty, joy, delight, either in seeing amazing inspiring feats of others or just seeing the beauty and peace in your own heart. 
This is actually what happens and why I've often said that it's the females in general do better in deep meditation. 
Simply because they have more familiarity, in general I'm saying, because there are many exceptions 
- and you're probably one of them [laughter]. 
But I've noticed that because you do need that emotional sensitivity to be able to allow these positive emotions to grow, to be able to develop them in the first place. 
Deep meditation is a powerful emotional state. 
It's not a blanking out. 
It's not an intellectual state. 
It's what you feel - deeply. 
The whole point of mindfulness is being deeper where you already are - feeling it, being it. 
Not with thought, with this mindfulness which can accept the power of a still mind. 
Those forces get very very strong. 
I'd say the highest emotion I've ever felt are the emotions in deep meditation. 
So still but incredibly powerful. 
They move you to become monk, they move you to stay as a monk, they move you to teach, they empower you. 
So these are the very highest emotions. 
So in Buddhism we're not saying you should be this emotionless zombie, like a robot, because that's what sometimes people think. 
They think when you meditate you can't get any rise out of you, you're not supposed to tell jokes, or laugh at jokes, you're supposed to be like this automaton who doesn't feel because you're supposed to have no craving, no emotions, no attachment, you're never unhappy, you're never happy, you're sometimes in this middle just like.. 
If that was the case I would never be a monk. 
We start the path with the corners of our mouth turned downwards, in the middle part of the path the corners of our mouth are horizontal, as the path develops those corners go higher and higher and higher [laughs]. 
It's great seeing these enlightened masters in places like Thailand - and they're the happiest people who would really laugh. 
That told me something, that the goal of this is not being emotionally dead. 
The goal of this path is having those negative emotions transcended and replaced by this beautiful inspiring peaceful kind compassionate empathetic emotions. 
Caused by letting go of control. 
Caused by kindness. 
Caused by the great gentleness of respect to every moment. 
That way whatever's happening to you in your life, the negative emotions, make peace with them, they're going to pass, they're part of things. 
You might not know it at the time but I call them growing pains. 
Your heart is growing when it's crying, when it's hurt 
- it's part of things, so allow it to be. 
Be with it and you'll find out why it was there for you, what it's teaching was. 
When somebody dies it tells you the value of life. 
When you break up with someone you love it tells you how valuable relationships are. 
When you get disappointed it tells you just how your expectations were far far too unreal. 
When somebody dies, it shows that your time here is not that long, so I must make better use of it. 
All of these so-called negative experiences they're all teachers, so we should never reject them. 
Allow them to come intro our heart. 
Make good kamma with the bad kamma you're experiencing now. 
That way we grow and those positive emotions become stronger and stronger inside of us. 
We become beacons to the world, people who don't get afraid, don't get angry, who don't have grief. 
But have lots of kindness, lots of joy, huge amounts of peace. 
Positive emotions grow at the expense of the negative ones. 
They grow and grow and grow. 
This is actually the path. 
What a wonderful thing it is to cherish and nurture these beautiful positive emotions of life. 
Understand where they come from, nurture them, grow them, the negative ones become less and less a part of your repertoire. 
You don't get angry, you get very kind. 
You don't get depressed, you just get wonderfully inspired. 
You don't get so fault-finding, you'd be grateful in the smallest of things, even in... 
I shouldn't say that, I was going to say a small John Howard. 
The smallest of things.. [laughter]. 
I shouldn't give him a hard time, he's not a bad guy. 
And that way we can have a happier 
life and we can understand the role of emotions in life, how to deal with them, how embrace them, how to generate the positive ones and have a happy time. 
So may you all have a happy time by developing the positive emotions, understanding the negative ones, and understanding how this all works. 
So that's the talk for this evening, thank you very much for listening. 
Audience: 
Sadhu, Sadhu, Sadhu 
Ajahn Brahm: 
Okay as usual, are there any questions or comments about the talk this evening on emotions? 
Yeah, okay. 
Man 1: ...[difficult to hear] 
(if we point one finger at someone, three point back at us)... 
Ajahn Brahm: 
Yeah, you're talking about that one. 
That's the old story. 
See three, you don't know what the thumb is doing, but one's pointed that way. 
Man 1: 
[difficult to hear] 
Ajahn Brahm: 
Yes that's right, so if you criticise somebody else.. 
This was actually a saying of the Emperor Ashoka. 
Who was a Buddhist, was it it 200 years before the birth of...about 22 hundred years ago or something. 
And he wrote in stone, we know what he said because those stone monuments are still there. 
Usually in museums now, some are in their original place. 
He said this wonderful thing that anybody who criticises another person's religion thereby criticises his own faith. 
That's a wonderful thing to say 22 hundred years ago, what a beautiful way of tolerance. 
You criticise somebody else's religion, then you're showing that your own faith is not really up to scratch. 
It's not just religion - if you criticise somebody else then you're showing your own understanding of life is lacking. 
How can you criticise others? 
How much do you know about them, why they did that? 
How many times have you been criticised - unfairly? 
So why do you go criticising others? 
Give them the benefit of the doubt. 
And you have a happy life. 
And there's much doubt to give people the benefit of.. [laughter] 
Okay thank you for that Eddy. 
We've got a question there, and then over there, yes 
Man 2 [hard to hear]: 
Your Holiness, I was intrigued by your labelling of grief as a negative emotion. 
The way I see it negative emotions are destructive. 
Now when my mother died and I had grief, it wasn't a negative emotion. 
Out of my grief came hope and inspiration, determination and respect and all those things you talked about. 
And when a loved one dies and we have grief, I think, I put it to you that we have grief because we have a connection, it's the spirit connection within us - it's that God part in us that connects with the 
God part of that other person. 
So therefore it's the passing of the spirit. 
That when we have grief over death it's about the passing of that spirit which we accept. 
So I put it to you that grief is not a negative emotion but it's intrinsic in the emotion of love because out of love comes joy and peace and patience and kindness, gentleness, prayerfulness, goodness and understanding and self-control. 
Now, in close, if you made a comment I'd appreciate it. 
But I've noticed that you've mentioned John Howard, now I respect John Howard because firstly as a father, he's been a great father, I'm a father, and secondly he's been a magnificent 
leader to this nation for a long period of time, so I think we should respect him for who he is. 
Ajahn Brahm: 
I agree with you with respect yes. 
Okay, it's a long question there and usually I try to repeat this for the tape but that was too long a question to repeat it for and wouldn't actually catch it but the first thing, I'm just going to do this in brief. 
The main question was about - is grief intrinsic to love? 
And I certainly thought that way when I was very young, but I know that I never had grief when my father died but I loved him very dearly. 
I couldn't understand why that was, and only later on when I went to Buddhist countries and spent nine years in the north-east of Thailand which unlike 
Sri Lanka had not been, I would say influenced by "Western" civilisation. 
The West had never got to Thailand, or rather they never had colonised it. 
And so it was, what I could actually possibly call a pure Buddhist culture there. 
And in the nine years I was there I never saw grief. 
And this was living in a village very close to those people, we were part of the family, and many times I saw people die. 
The funerals were held in our monastery. 
I never saw tears. 
It wasn't part of their repertoire. 
That proved to me was that grief is not intrinsic in the human condition. 
There was a culture which didn't have it. 
And it wasn't just the funerals. 
You'd see them afterwards, the next day, weeks, months, they were part of your family, the extended family of a monastery embedded in a couple of villages in the north-east of 
Thailand. 
And those people loved each other, but there is a another type of love, which is a love which will let go.. 
Which will let a person go into a death. 
So grief is, and we're not saying that grief is wrong or bad. 
We're saying that it's a negative emotion because it does, and I've seen it many times, actually stop a person's growth for weeks, for years. 
You're disabled for the time that you're grieving, until there usually comes a time when you transcend that, you go through it, past it. 
And the quicker that happens, the better.. 
I would say. 
And certainly if you look in the Buddhist texts the grief was never encouraged by the Buddha. 
He would always actually say that the wise person is beyond that grief, could understand the nature of life and death, and in that understanding could let that nature be. 
And never fight battles which you can't win. 
There's a famous Buddhist story, it's in the Dhammapada, I'll just go on with this, it's a man who cried for the moon. 
A man who lost his only son, and would go to the cremation ground every evening to cry and cry and cry, and his family let him cry for a while. 
But when he was crying overmuch they wanted to find some way of overcoming his grief which was going on far too long, ruining his health and his business as I've seen happen. 
They hired an actor and the actor went to the cremation ground also, and the actor was crying more than the father who'd lost his son. 
When they met together, these two men crying their eyes out, the actor crying more, the actor asked, "what are you crying for?" He said, "I've 
lost my son. 
He's dead..". 
"What are you crying for," said the father to the actor. 
"I'm crying for the moon". 
"What do you mean, crying for the moon?" "It's my birthday last week, and my father asked me - what do you want? 
And I said I want the moon please. 
And my father wouldn't get it for me, and I'm so upset.. I'm crying for the moon." And the father said, 
"You're stupid. 
You're crazy! 
Why are you crying for? 
No-one can give you the moon!" 
"You call me crazy," said the actor, "You're crying for your dead son. 
At least you can see the moon! 
Where is your dead son?" [laughter]. 
And at that, this is a story, an old story, in the Buddhist texts, at that, the man realised what he was doing, he was crying for something you can never get. 
Grieving for something which you can't change. 
And that was enough for him to stop his grief, go back to work, and move on with his life. 
The story of the man who cried for the moon, in the Dhammapada. 
But as for John Howard, yeah we respect him, but we crack jokes about him. 
People crack jokes about everybody in Australia. 
It's our nation. 
You crack jokes about me, maybe not in public but I'm sure you do when you go home. 
[Laughter] 
Okay so thank you. 
Do you mind if we don't ask your question Derrick, because we've gone over time. 
So maybe can we.. sorry, no announcements, so the announcement is - there is no announcements tonight! 
[Laughter]. 
So if you've got any other questions or you'd like to discuss that matter with me afterwards sir, please come up after the talk is finished. 

Look I can be a shark. 
Now my whole house is great. 
I can do anything good. 
I like my school. 
I like anything. 
I like my dad. 
I like my cousins. 
I like my aunts. 
I like my Allisons. 
I like my mom. 
I like my sister. 
[baby crying] 
I like my dad. 
I like my hair. 
I like my haircuts. 
I like my pajamas. 
I like my stuff. 
I like my room. 
I like my whole house! ♪ My whole house is great. 
I can do anything good. 
Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. 
I can do anything good. 
Better than anyone, better than anyone. ♪ 
Welcome to another tutorial 
I will show you how to create your own voice pack for world of tanks 
You need the FMODDesigner and a template 
You can find the download in the discription 
First we install the FMODDesigner 
We accept the license conditions and click install 
It will take some time and it's done 
Now we extract the template 
(previous show ending) 
We hope that you guys will join us a little bit later this afternoon for more of our Innovation Challenge. 
We'll see you then, thanks very much. 
(Applause) 
Tom Brokay: 
Who says that CBS has got a corner on the Amazing Race? 
We've got our own going on here on Education Nation. 
I'm joined now by Sal Khan, who, in a fact, is one of the leading innovators of the country, but kind of stumbled into it, 
You were a computer science enthusiast. 
Sal: 
Yes. 
Tom: 
You got into the venture capital business. 
But you had a niece across the country who was having some difficulties doing her math. 
What happened then? 
Sal: 
Yes, it was 2004, they were visiting me right after my wedding. 
It just turned out.. it came out while we were just talking about it that she was getting tracked into a slower math class when she was going into 7th grade right after the summer. 
And I talked to her. 
I said "Nadia, you are clearly a bright girl -- 
And we share a certain amount of DNA -- 
There is no way that you should be tracked into a slower math class." 
And so, she agreed that we would tutor each other, or I would tutor her when she went back. 
Tom: 
Now where was she living and where were you living at the time? 
Sal: 
She was based in New Orleans,which is where I grew up. 
But I was in Boston at the time. 
And we agreed that she would go home, and we would get on a conference cal,l and we'd figure out something. 
I used Yahoo Doodle to tutor her. 
And a couple months later, that worked out. 
Then I started tutoring her brothers, a couple other cousins. 
The whole time, I still had a day job. 
And about a year later, it just became hard for me to scale myself: 
I had trouble scheduling with all my different cousins and family friends and all the rest 
And I had a buddy who I was talking to over dinner. 
And I said: 
"You know, I'm really enjoying this tutoring thing that I'm doing after work. 
But it is getting difficult." 
And he said ,"Why don't you just record your lectures and put them on YouTube?" 
And I said; "No, YouTube is for dogs on skateboards. 
It's not for serious mathematics, " 
But I tried it out, and, long story short: 
My cousins said that they liked me better on YouTube than in person. 
And other people did too, and they just kept watching it. 
So, it's about 2.5 million people a month are watching the videos. 
Tom: 
And you've got about 2200 videos. 
Sal: 
It is now pushing 2800 videos, on everything from basic addition to vector calculus, and biology, and chemistry, and whatever else. 
Tom: 
Is this a commercial enterprise? 
Are you doing this just to keep the country better informed? 
Sal: 
No.. a lot of my buddies from the very for-profit investment world are wondering what happened to Sal. 
But I decided to make it a not-for-profit. 
And the real idea is that the fun of this is that it reaches as many students as possible. 
So, when I'm on my deathbed, it would be nice... you know in the for-profit realm a big success would have been IPO or you get acquired. 
But here the big success is you can reach millions and millions of kids. 
It's pretty exciting. 
Tom: 
What's the appetite for learning that you're finding from this generation? 
Especially in the difficult sciences like Math, because we know that we're behind in this country. 
Sal: 
You know, the really surprising thing is... is my cousins were fairly motivated students, they were having trouble but I was helping them. 
And when I made the videos, I assumed that they would be.. that the appeal would be for people like my cousins or maybe people like myself.. 
I was a pretty good student when I was in middle school, and all the rest. 
But the really big surprise: the letters I get are from students who a lot of us would have traditionally labeled as the disengaged students. 
The students who said: 
"I was about to fail out of Algebra... 
I was about to drop out of High School... until I found this type of a resource". 
And the big message to me is that it's actually a much larger group of students who really, really want to learn and you just have to give them an outlet, so they're not frustrated, so they don't feel that they're being talked down to. 
And if you give them that, it's not just the 5-10% students that want to learn, it's the 90-95%. 
Tom: 
Sal, in proceeding panels, as you know, we talked a lot about poverty, socio-economic depravation, people not having access to the internet. 
So are you talking affectively to those who are privileged or, if not elite class, than certainly in the middle to upper middle class? 
Sal: 
You know, across the board, we've seen... 
Clearly I think the main barrier here is that there is some type of internet connectivity that someone needs to do, but people are already taking our videos, they are being translated into 11 languages, they're putting them onto DVDs. 
I've gotten pictures of people using them in rural Africa and rural India. 
So even now, it can be accessed by people anywhere. 
And as we go forward, the cost of technology is just getting cheaper and cheaper and I think that there is some healthy skepticism around technology in the classroom or technology for learning. 
And I think the reason that I solved these is because it was nothing to do with technology. 
And we're hoping that between our videos - we then we have a huge software platform - to give exercises and feedback to students - that that will be a catalyst to really use technology. 
Tom: 
What's the difference between teaching online and teaching in the classroom? 
Sal: 
The classroom management is a little bit easier. 
(laughter) 
No, I say that jokingly, but its true. 
I get a huge luxury that when I make my videos 
I pretend that the students are so enthralled by what I have to say that I can just imagine it. 
And what's good about that is that it gives me energy... 
It's much harder to sit in front of a room full of 30 kids and you're not sure whether some are getting it, some are there, some are here. 
What happens is that.. that energy gets conveyed in the videos and when the students watch it, they can pause and repeat as many times as they want. 
I just got a letter from a kid who watched one video 30 times and it took him 30 times to get the idea. 
And what he said was that there no one on the planet that he could have paid to tutor him that constant 30 times without judging him. 
And I think that's what students really like. 
Tom: 
You do have a non-profit, you're out there in the universe of cyberspace but are any of the educational systems in this country 
- the districts - either at the local or state level - coming to you and saying 'how can we strengthen the relationship between what we need and what you do?' 
Sal: 
Yes, we started some pilots last year, just almost on a whim and its gotten pretty exciting. 
Some of the local schools in the Bay Area, they said: 'what would you do if you could do anything you wanted with a 5th grade classroom?" 
We said that we'd have every student working at their own pace: watching videos, doing the self-paced exercises. 
Only moving forward once they'd mastered concepts. 
Right now you get a 'B' or a 'C' on a topic. 
That's fine, you passed, even though you don't know 10 or 20% of the material. 
And then you move on to more difficult topics. 
So we are saying everyone at their on pace, master concepts first and then what happens to the teachers is that they get all of this data: who is working on what, what videos are they watching. 
What exercises are they doing. 
So the teacher no longer has to give these 'one size fits all' lectures. 
The teacher can actually get the data and say: 
"Hey look, Tom's having trouble with negative numbers, and everyone else is working at their own pace, 
let me sit down next to Tom and actually have a 1-1 intervention with Tom." 
What we've found in the classrooms has been pretty crazy before maybe 10% of the teacher's time was spent on that really deep 1-1 mentorship. 
Now it is 90% of their time. 
So what we consider to be the relevant metric which is the student-to-time-with-the-teacher ratio. 
That's gone through the roof. 
Tom: 
Do people in their 40s and 50s, or my age, and I'm a grandparent at this age, do we tend to underestimate the passions and the almost affinity that young people, now coming of age with all this technology around them, have for using that technology and the expectation that they have for it? 
Sal: 
Yeah, it surprised me. 
I wouldn't have thought, when I started this up, I wouldn't have thought, that when I made videos on sine and cosine and l'Hopital's rule that they would become this 'main stream' thing but clearly there's this hunger for it. 
And the surprising thing is that it isn't just the younger generation we have 30 year olds, 40 year olds, 50 year olds... 
I got a letter from a grandmother that said it was her life dream to learn calculus - who knew? 
And she started working on it, so it is really across generations. 
Tom: 
Do you compliment what you do online with conventional text books or math books or offer references? 
Sal: 
Well, it is an interesting... 
I think that there will always be a role for books. 
But textbooks right now do two things: the text tries to teach you something, it is sometimes hard to read. 
And then the exercise try to give you practice. 
We think that on-demand video is often better than the text that you see in a lot of text books and that immediate feedback, self-paced learning with data and analytics and you get the steps of every problem, and it is kind of like a video game. 
That that's better than every other answer in the back of the book. 
So it will be interesting to see what happens to the textbook world. 
Tom: 
What did you learn, if anything, at this point? 
And I know it is empirical of it probably.. about whether some of us are hard-wired to do math and others of us, like me, are hard-wired to do other things. 
I mean people ask me how I got to be a journalist and I say: 
"Algebra 2". 
(laughter) 
Sal: 
That's pretty good. 
No, the amazing thing that we've started seeing in these pilots in these classrooms is when you let every kid work at their own pace, right when you start off, you do see what we traditionally see: some of the kids race ahead and those are the kids that we all think will be nuclear physicists and whatever else. 
And some of the kids take a little bit longer on one concept to another and in a traditional model, you'd say: those kids are meant to be scientists or engineers. 
These kids .. maybe they'll become journalists - which isn't so bad. 
But what we've seen is that if you let them work at their own pace, some of those kids who are spending a little extra time on negative numbers or exponents. 
You give them that extra time and as soon at they get that some of them just race ahead. 
And so what we're seeing in our data in the classrooms is when we are not grouping kids based on early assessment, that every week there is a new leader. 
And some of the kids that two or three weeks ago you'd have said were slow or below average a week or two or a month later, they're the best kid in the class. 
So what we are seeing is that maybe we're just discounting kids too early and we are assessing them at the wrong times. 
And it is kind of a predetermined future if you do it that way. 
Tom: 
How did we loose our way in this country when it came to science education? 
Tom: 
How did we loose our way when comes to science education in this country? 
When I was a younger guy, the Russians were beating us into Space so a lot of people went into Engineering, went into Sciences. 
The Space Race helped accelerate all of that. 
But then we lost our way, it seems to me, in the last part of the 20th century. 
Sal: 
You know, I think that it has just been bad branding. 
I think, you know its funny, because Science and Engineering are fundamentally creative professions. 
I mean 'engineering', the word 'engineering' is to build things that have never been built before. 
And the way it's shown and the way, and all of the hoops that you have to jump through in your education, make it look like its a non-creative field, but when you look at it in the real world, it is a very creative field. 
So I think the real thing is to get more kids engaged, to show them that 1) the math and science itself is beautiful and it tells us more about the universe, or as much about the universe, as philosophy or anything else. 
It really is a form of philosophy and not only that, but the end point you're going to isn't a boring job. 
It is a creative job, it is redefining what people's experiences are. 
I think that if you do it that way, 
I think that a lot of more people will want to get into it. 
Tom: 
I take of Cyber Space is the new second 'Big Bang', we're creating this new universe our there, just like we did with the physical first bang. 
And one of the things that's happening is that we're watching all these planets which one is going to drift too close to the sun, which ones are going to form together and form new lifeforms. 
As you look at your model which has been successful, have you already began to think: how can we expand that model to other areas? 
Sal: 
Yeah, we've already thought about it. 
So you know that we have the videos I do right now and we have this whole software platform and I think the interesting thing is we are going to start branching off from mathematics, our videos already cover the things in biology and economics and all the rest. 
But our exercise platform: try to do economics, physics, chemistry, and then start to think about how can we do the humanities? 
How can we give people the basic scaffold of say American History? 
And then I think it would be really interesting to see how we can do things like creative writing, where people are doing projects and maybe they can peer review each others essays and things like that. 
I think that there is a whole universe that we are just beginning to explore. 
Tom: 
Well we look forward to your exploration. 
Sal thank you very much from the Khan Academy. 
Sal: 
Thank you. 
Tom: 
And you and I will get together later and see if we can improve my math skills. 
Thank you. 
This is a Web Archiving Service tutorial video that will show you how to conduct an XML metadata export. 
There are two different options for exporting as an XML file. 
The first method can provide you with the document of all of your files. 
To complete an export of this type, you will first go to the "Project Admin" page, which is found under the "Administration" tab. 
Here you find a link to the XML metadata export page, in the list of reports. 
Once you are on the XML Metadata Export page, you may choose whether you would like to export all of your files, or just your publicly available files. 
Click "Create Report" to export your data as an XML file. 
The second option for exporting as an XML file allows you to create a limited list of files for export. 
To create an export of this type, you will first go to the "Manage Sites" page, which is found under the "Sites" tab. 
Once you are on the "Manage Sites" page, you can use the limits on the right side of the screen to narrow the results that are displayed. 
For example, you might choose to only display items that have been captured since a particular date. 
After creating a limited list, select the items that you are interested in exporting, and then scroll to the bottom of the page. 
Click on the link that says "Get XML Metadata Export for selected." 
This link takes you to the same 
"XML Metadata Export" page where you were able to choose whether you would like to include all of the items you selected, or just the publicly available ones. 
Again, click "Create Report" to export your data as an XML file. 
Choosing between these two XML Metadata options is dependent on whether you are interested in creating a brand-new list, or whether you are updating a previously created list. 
The document created from the XML Metadata Export is a raw XML file. 
You will need to convert the file to make it functional in your local system. 
Feel free to use your local tools for this. 
WAS provides a generic MarcEdit XSL stylesheet that can be installed to produce basic MARC records from the XML report. 
You will still need to customize the XSL stylesheet to fit the needs of your institution. 
Further information can be found by clicking on the "Help" link and choosing "XML Site Report." 
This document provides a description of all of the fields in the XML report, as well as a link to the previously mentioned 
XSL crosswalk for MarcEdit. 
This has been a Web Archiving Service video tutorial on how to conduct an XML metadata export. 
As always, if you have any questions, feel free to contact us at washelp@ucop.edu 
Hello, good day. 
I don't want to pay. 
These highways have already been paid for. 
If you get to a toll station and you say, "I don't want to pay" they have to let you pass. 
On May 1st, at 12 PM, get to a toll booth and say: 
#IDontWantToPay 
- Not paying a toll is NOT a crime. 
- Highway personelle do NOT have the right to ask for ID. 
- A red or green toll booth light is NOT an official transit symbol. 
- Holding you at the toll booth for not wanting to pay is illegal holding and you can report it to the police. 
NO MORE TOLLS 
speech communists uh... start resistance politics willful heroes interest me uh... dentist got a little project x trailer control myspace preferentially slides about stringent distributes people k it pictures project x trailer yet also everything's has gone up 
(English captions by Jade Cheng from the Universtiy of Michigan) 
Ulnar collateral ligament testing of the thumb is performed to evaluate for instability found on a gamekeeper's or skier's thumb. 
After stabilizing the first metacarpal, a valgus stress is applied to the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint. 
Laxity indicates a partial or complete ulnar collateral ligament tear. 
This is the cutter section of the panel. 
The top button labeled Cutter opens up the cutter dialog. 
This dialog lets you choose which cutter manufacturer you are using, and which model your cutter is. 
The lower button – gives information about the vinyl size of the cutter, if the machine and the communication method support it. 
Here you can find the maximum vinyl-size. 
Consequently, in order to set a larger tile-size, you set a larger vinyl-size. 
My name is Marvin Meyer, I am the Chair of the Department of Religious studies and the Griset Professor of Religious Studies at Chapman University. 
I came to Chapman a long time ago, as a matter of fact, just over 25 years ago so it must have been then, 1985 that I came here as a younger assistant professor of Religious Studies. 
Well, I came here to Chapman because there was a job, and to be honest about it, sometimes it's difficult to find a job in this profession. 
There aren't a lot of jobs available. 
And I've never been unemployed, I've always had a job, but there was a job here, but I also came to this particular job, I did have some other possibilities, but I came to this job because I knew something about Chapman. 
I had been on the campus before, I had known some of the professors here. 
In fact, my predecessor was a friend of mine and Fred Francis was his name. 
I came to visit him here, and then I also am a singer and I sang with Bill Hall in the William Hall Corral for a number of years we would rehearse upon occasion on the campus and so I came to campus to the music building and I thought it was a pretty nice campus and when there was an opening I decided to go for it and I went for it, and here I am. 
Well, when I came here back in the 1980s the entire campus of Chapman College at that time, it was smaller and it was quieter, and the department of religion, as it was called at that time, was a much smaller department. 
I think I did bring some new things to the department. 
I came in as a professor of early Christian studies, so I would teach courses on new testament and early Christian literature, but the kind of person I am, is I have a focus really on some of the gospels outside of the new testament. 
So, I came in with a good Greek background in ancient Greek and also with a background in Coptic language, and believe me, there was nobody here that did Coptic language. 
So I could read all of those texts and I was in the process, in fact, of publishing translations of the gospel of Thomas and the gospel of Mary that was made famous by Dan Brown in The DaVinci Code. 
I didn't know it yet, but I was soon to discover also that I would be involved with the gospel of Judas, so I brought that kind of interest and that interest really has grown over the years. 
But already, back in the 1980s, it was thought to be something special that I could bring. 
I'm doing a little something on Coptic, either first semester or second semester readings in Coptic literature because it's such a rich kind of language with so much literature that is available. 
There are so few people that teach Coptic or know Coptic; so it's one of the special things that Chapman really has, that we do Coptic here, not in a formal way with large classes, but in this kind of informal way. 
Over the years there have been a good number of students that have had Coptic and now take Coptic with them. 
As the department has grown in size with more professors that have been involved, we naturally can have more courses. 
Beyond that, we not only have increased in size, but we have other kinds of sub-disciplines and interests that are represented. 
We do a lot more now in world religions than we did before, which I think is a very healthy kind of thing. 
I think when I came it was more a matter of doing a lot of things in old testament and new testament. 
That is, Hebrew bible and early Christian literature. 
Now I think we have a much more diverse kind of curriculum. 
In fact, we have just now made a dramatic kind of change in our curriculum. 
There is a new curriculum coming out in the next catalog and it's going to show exactly how we have grown and still are growing in offering a wide diversity of classes in religious studies. 
I mean, if we're talking about global citizens, if we're talking about making our students more ethically aware, making our whole community more ethically aware, that's what we do in religious studies. 
We care about world religions, the diversity of manifestations of spirituality and the religions of the world and we carry very much about different kinds of ethical systems as well. 
How can we learn to behave rightly in all of our professions but also in our daily lives. 
What kind of ethical issues are to be faced and what are some of the possibilities for how we respond to though kind of issues. 
That's what we do in religious studies, so I think we are making a very large contribution, and hopefully we will continue to make that kind of contribution in the future. 
One of the ways that we also do that is through the Schweitzer, the Albert Schweitzer Institute that we have on campus. 
When I first came, I knew nothing about Albert Schweitzer to speak of, 
I had read his Quest of the Historical Jesus, but then I got kind of caught up with 
Kurt and Elyse Bergel, two great people who were the founders of the Schweitzer Institute. 
Eventually I became the Co-Director, and now I am the Director of that. 
And through the Schweitzer Institute also we are deeply committed to raising issues about how we behave as moral agents in society at large, and then suggesting possibilities for how we may address those kind of issues. 
So those are the things that we really care about in religious studies and in the study of Schweitzer. 
The Albert Schweitzer Institute was set up probably 30 years ago or so, I don't have the precise date in mind, but it was set up quite awhile ago by Kurt and Elyse Bergel, two salt-of-the-Earth people wonderful professors here, they both have passed away. 
Their contribution really was huge. 
They both ultimately came from Germany and then moved at the time of the Holocaust into Europe, elsewhere, and finally to the United States and became professors here at Chapman University and set up the Albert Schweitzer Institute 
Now it continues on with a course that is offered, with a scholarship that is offered, with an award of excellence that is offered at Opening Convocation and with a certain amount of programming that takes place. 
We also do some publishing, and frankly, we have a reputation in the study of Schweitzer and the study of his ethics of reverence for life, of being rather the intellectual scholarly center for the study of Schweitzer and his ethics. 
So we have established a place for ourselves that is quite significant and quite interesting. 
Well in religious studies, because of the fact that we have a number of sub-disciplines we have religious ethics, we have the history of religions, world religions, we have biblical studies and religion and the arts, sociology of religion and so on. 
Students can do all sorts of different things, so depending on the kind of interest that they have, in their papers and in their senior project, they may do one thing or another. 
We've have students that have explored aspects of, say, one world religion or another and have had that kind of focus. 
We've had students who have done some work through an internship and have persued those kinds of interests in terms of how religion or ethics can impact the lives that we live today. 
We have people who do textual studies on the basis of maybe learning some Coptic, 
learning some Greek, learning some Greek, some Sanskrit or something like that and then they've worked on a text. 
There are very exciting things going on in religious studies. 
Plus, what is near and dear to my heart, is the fact that we are always finding new materials, new traditions, new people, and new texts that are appropriate. 
And for what I do, in particular, these new texts that come out of the sands of Egypt and elsewhere are very exciting, and so we've actually had some students that have been able to work on some of these new texts. 
One of our very recent graduates did a senior project on the gospel of Judas that just came out that I've been working on, and this particular student was able to do Coptic with me, she was an extraordinary student and she wanted to do her senior project focused upon the gospel of Judas. 
So it's probably one of the first senior projects in the world that was able to focus upon that newly discovered text. 
One thing that I try to do wherever I can, a lot of this work has appeared on television in a more popular kind of way on various channels like the History channel, Discovery, and National Geographic and networks and so forth. 
And one of the points I always try to make when I do a television program, when they ask,"how do you want to be identified: as a Coptic scholar, or a scholar of early Christianity or the author of this book or that book?", I say "I want to be identified as a professor of religious studies at 
Chapman University", because I think it means a lot to Chapman and it means a lot to me that 
Chapman is identified. 
Chapman is my intellectual home and I want to give credit to the support that I have recieved from Chapman to do this work. 
And if it works out well for Chapman, and the reputation, so much the better. 
I'm happy to say that we have a person in our department who is an archeologist who has been working for a number of years at one of the greatest archeological sites in the world at 
Meggido in Israel, and we hope that our students will be able to go and join her in her work as well, so we strongly encourage our students to have some kind of international experience because religious studies is so international, religion is international and so we really should have that kind of experience if at all possible if we are studying as majors or minors, the religions of the world. 
As I think of the overall character of Chapman, I go back to the mission statement and if it is the case, as I believe it is, that we all care about global citizens and care about students, and faculty, and a community that is ethically aware and so forth, then religious studies has to be at the center of things. 
Then religious studies has to keep on encouraging students and the entire community to raise these kinds of issues and to address these kinds of issues. 
So I would think that with that kind of mission statement, we remain a key department and a key program at Chapman University. 
So you're me and you're in math class and you're learning about graph theory, a subject too interesting to be included in most grade school curricula. 
So maybe you're in some special program or maybe you're in college and were somehow not scarred for life by your grade school math teachers. 
I'm not sure why you're not paying attention but maybe you have an incompetent teacher and it's too heart-breaking to watch him butcher what could be a fun subject, full of snakes and balloons. 
Snakes aren't really all that relevant to the mathematics here. 
But being able to draw them will be useful later, so you should probably start practicing now. 
I've got a family of 3 related doodle games to show you, all stemming from drawing squiggles all over the page. 
The first one goes like this: draw a squiggle- a closed curve that ends where it begins. 
The only real rule here is to make sure that all the crossings are distinct. 
Next, make it start weaving- follow the curve around and that each crossing alternate going under and over until you've assigned all the crossings. 
Then put on the finishing touches, and voila! 
You try it again, adding a little artistic flair to the lines. 
The cool part is that the weaving always works out perfectly, when you're going around alternating over and under and get to a crossing you've already assigned, it will always be the right one. 
This is very interesting, and we'll get back to it later. 
But first I'd like to point out 2 things: one is that this works for any number of closed curves on the plane. 
So go ahead and link stuff up or make a weaving out of 2 colors of yarn. 
The other is that this doodle also works out for snakes on a plane as long as you keep the head and tail on the outside or on the same inside face. because mathematically it's the same as if they linked up or just actually link up the head and tail into an Ouroboros. 
For example, here's 3 Ourobori in a configuration known as the Borromean Rings which has the neat property that no 2 snakes are actually linked with each other. 
Also because I like naming things, this design shall henceforth be known as the "OuroBorromean Rings". 
But you are me, after all, so you're finding a lot to think about even with just drawing one line that isn't a snake. 
Such as, "What kinds of knots are you drawing?" 
"And can you classify them?" 
For example, these 3 knots all have 5 crossings but 2 are essentially the same knot and one is different. 
Knot theory questions are actually really difficult and interesting but you're going to have to look that one up yourself. 
Oh, and you should also learn how to draw rope because it's an integral part of knot theory. 
So integral, in fact, that if you draw a bunch of integral signs in a row, a sight which is often quite daunting to a mathematician, you can just shade it in, and TA-DA. 
But, being able to draw snakes is also super useful especially as this doodle game is excellent for producing Dark Mark tattoo designs. 
Also, this doodle game can be combined with the stars doodle game. 
For example, if this pentagram gets knighted, it will henceforth be known as "Serpentagram" 
Also notice that this snake is a 5 twist Mobius strip so you could also call it a "Mobiaboros" but we'll get back to one-sidedness later. 
Or, if you want to draw something super complicated 
like the 8th square star, combining snakes and stars is a great technique for that too. 
Here's a boa that ate 8 8gons. 
The creativity that your mind is forced into during these boring classes, is both a gift and a burden. 
But here's a few authentic doodles using these techniques that I did when I was in college. 
Just to show you I'm not making all this up. 
These are from a freshmen music history class, because I happen to be able to find this notebook. 
But this is a doodle I actually did most often during my 9th grade Italian class. 
Language being another subject usually taught by unfathomably stupid methods. 
For example, these snakes are having trouble communicating because one speaks in Parseltongue and the other speaks in Python. 
And their language classes, much like math classes, focus too much on memorization and not enough on immersion 
But just pretend you're in math class, 
learning about graph theory so that I can draw the parallels because here's the 2nd doodle game which is very much mathematically related. 
Draw a squiggle all over the page and make sure it closes up. 
Pick an outside section and color it in. 
Now you want to alternate coloring so that no 2 faces of the same color touch. 
Curiously enough, much like the weaving game, this game always mathemagically works out. 
It also works really well if you make the lines spiky instead of a smooth curve and once again, it works with multiple lines too. 
It probably has something to do with the 2 colorability of graphs of even degree, which might even be what your teacher is trying to teach you at this very moment for all you're paying attention. 
But maybe you can chat with him after class about snakes and he'll explain it to you because I'd rather move on to the next doodle game. 
This is a combination of the last 2 
Step 1: draw a smooth closed curve 
Step 2: assign overs and unders 
Step 3: shade in every other face 
After that, it takes a little artistic finesse to get the shading right, but you end up with some sort of really neat surface. 
For example, this one only has one edge and one side but if you're interested in this, you should really be talking to your resident topology professor and not me. 
But here's the thing: if someone asked you 5 minutes ago what tangled up snakes, demented checkerboards, and crazy twisty surfaces have in common? what would you have answered? 
This is why I love mathematics: the moment when you realize that something seemingly arbitrary and confusing is actually part of something. 
It's better than the cleverest possible ending to any crime show or mystery novel, because that's only the beginning. 
Anyway, have fun with that. 
Sugaring is a topic of hair removal that comes up often. 
And let's clear up all the myths about it. 
First of all, it's from decades and decades ago. 
It was a type of wax people used to make from sugar. 
It's a very inexpensive way of doing it, because you can actually go on the internet and find out how to make this wax at home. 
But this is sugar wax. 
I don't recommend it, it doesn't get the fine hairs if it's coarse, so it's not the best. 
And then also in the past there have places that have come out with, like, a sugar wax just because of the name, it was more of a marketing kind of thing. 
So my point is stay away from sugaring. 
There's plenty of high-tech, result-oriented waxes out there that give you a great result. 
You don't really need to make a wax at home. 
Sugaring doesn't work great, because you have to keep going it over and over, but, I mean, you could make a great sugaring product, but, I mean, there's things out there, like, why go backwards? 
Hello once again. 
This is Roger Coke Barr for the Bioelectricity course. 
We're in Week five, Segment three. 
In the past segment, we were talking about how, when you lay track. 
You have to be conscious of the fact that each, each place on the ground connects with its neighbors. 
You have to be conscious of whether you're going uphill or downhill. 
You have to be conscious of whether you're going across a stream or up a mountain. 
It's similar in bioelectricity when you begin to talk about currents. 
When you talk about currents, you have to think about what kind of tissue am I in. 
What are these, what is the physical and physiological structure because I'd like to know how currents are moving from one place to another. 
Before getting into the details of analyzing a particular case, let's look at some alternatives. 
Just to have some idea of what is what are different kinds of structures that have to be considered as one considers a range of different kinds of tissue. 
So, the simplest structure is that of a uniform cylindrical fiber. 
This diagrammatically, we just do it like this. 
One simple centrical fiber in a tissue structure sense, very simple. 
Although what happens within it can be rather complicated. 
As an alternative, think of a bundle of cylindrical fibers. 
So, if I draw a cross section. 
Here's may be the outer sheath of the bundle, but within it, there may be lots of fibers. 
So the whole space is filled up with many, many individual fibers within the sheet. 
To our first approximation, all these fibers inside, act as if they were independent, individual fibers. 
But they, they're performance may be affected by the fact that there are others nearby. 
If for no reason other than the, the adjacent fibers are using up space, and making it harder for the extra sailor current to flow. 
Of course, there's still other structures. 
Maybe one fiber comes along and it branches. 
And maybe in the process of branching, the diameter of the fiber changes. 
So, one then must take into account both the fact that towards the end, there are two rather than one. 
But then, also the fact that the diameter over here is small and the diameter over here is big. 
All those things will affect how current flows from one place to another. 
And then, for the heart and for the brain especially, but in many other particular cases, you have large numbers of small cells, and they're all clustered together in a very tight packing. 
These may be 2D clusters, two-dimensional sheets of cells as is true, more or less in the cardiac atrium or this may be a big three-dimensional mass of cells, where rather than trying to draw a cell by cell, 
I'll just make a line, but where there's an entire volume of space that's filled up with small cells. 
We think of that most especially in connection with the brain, but it can occur in clusters in a three-dimensional sense in other kinds of tissues as well. 
So, in our course, we don't have time to examine lots of different tissue structures, interesting though that would be. 
Instead, what has been done here is we work only on the uniform cylindrical fiber, this case does not have myelination which is a material surrounding the fiber and that makes it conduct fast and the fiber is located in an infinite volume. 
These are all simplifications. 
In a certain sense, you would say, this is the simplest. 
Model that incorporates all of the major structural features that must be present. 
There are two good reasons for starting with this model. 
One, is that most other issue models, start from here. 
People first understand how the cylindrical fiber works and then they modify it or build on it to get a more complicated structure. 
The corollary is the uniform fiber model is the easiest to understand. 
So, we're trying to get the main idea of what works and we want the structure to be present but we don't want it to be so complicated, it gets in the way of gaining that initial understanding. 
So, as we go forward here and for the rest of our course, our special structure will be the uniform cylindrical fiber. 
So, blue flowers, as you know, are special flowers and here's a not very uniform and not very cylindrical Duke campus flower. 
Which I took a picture of just yesterday and I thought you would enjoy seeing it. 
Thank you. 
See you in the next segment. 
(Michael Young) We are committed to  the notion that everyone should have an opportunity to  participate in higher education whether it be from the  learning perspective, or the research perspective, or an opportunity to work here at this institution. 
We benefit from that because we get to enjoy the talents and the skills of those people who come in,  and also their perspective, which in many cases will be different from the perspective of others on campus. 
So accessibility becomes a very important value at the university. 
(Tracy Mitrano) We're a leading  university globally. 
We want the best talent in the world for our students, our staff, and our faculty. 
And we want to  be sure if that talent has a disability that they know that we are a welcoming community. 
(Pablo Molino) We're competing  with other prestigious and highly accomplished institutions. 
We want to make sure that we can target the right candidates to join our community regardless of their disability status. 
(Pete Siegel) We want to do everything  we can to ensure that they have the same access to smart faculty,  to fellow students, and to the resources at UC Davis. 
(Edward Ray) In fact,  we genuinely believe that excellence is achieved through diversity and that a commitment  to equity and inclusion really enriches each of our lives. 
(Linda Cahill) It would be inconceivable  not to have a social conscience, at least, and be completely committed to making our resources at Barry University accessible to all students. 
(Edward Ray) We believe that the use  of technology can be very powerful. 
It connects people to each other, but it also enhances their  learning capabilities; it increases what they can do through their research and creative work; it really makes it possible for them to  have a more powerful impact in the world and that's basically what we're all about. 
And we want that to be true  for every member of our community regardless of limitations, of physical,  spacial, time or other dimension. 
(Hernan Londono) As an IT professional, sometimes some of us concentrate in  the technical side of the house only and we forget that finally  the technology is to serve the people. 
(Michael Young) What the university offers and makes available has to be offered to everybody. 
We can't afford to waste the talents  or the brilliance or the minds of anybody and making things accessible allows  everybody to engage in the university. 
Equal opportunity is a part of our value system, but it's also required by law. 
(Pete Siegel) Compliance is extremely  important. 
Compliance is the law. 
But that isn't the motivator  for most of us at universities. 
Our motivation has always been to provide easily accessible tools, excellent experiences for our students and really to give them the sense that this is a place they want to be, a place they want to learn,  a place where they can thrive. 
(Michael Young) Universal design is a very powerful concept because what it means is we look at the issue of accessibility at the outset rather than buying something or engaging something, or developing  something that we have to retrofit. 
Which not only makes it cheaper  and more efficient, it likely makes it much better in terms of both the quality of the product and the accessibility to those... all the people that we want  to be able to use it. 
(Tracy Mitrano) I think the other  direction that colleges and universities could and should take is to think about accommodation as really the beginning of the conversation about disability. 
It was the appropriate measure that was taken in the Americans with Disabilities Act that was passed in 1990 and that's well over a generation ago. 
I think now we really have to think less  about how we're going to measure specifically this accommodation  or that accommodation and recognize that we can make  accessibility open and available so that individual staff, faculty  or students do not have to go to get an accommodation. 
It will be automatically available  in the webpage that they visit, in the device that they use. 
(Brady Deaton) We envision a campus that has a concept of universal design in all aspects of information technology, that a student is not impeded in any way, but in fact, that technology is utilized  not only directly by those who benefit because of certain challenges  they may have, but also is illustrative to  the broader student body and to the faculty and to alums . about what an inclusive learning  environment is. 
(Pete Seigel) We have some things we have to learn in order to move into accessibility space, but the basic goals and the basic values are things we already know and love. 
Then we bring in things like  universal design, the notion that if we design things well right from the start, they actually aren't more expensive. 
This is something that we can fit into even our very, very tight budgets. 
(Eileen McDonough) We make a great effort in our graduate and our undergraduate counsel to make sure that faculty and deans are aware that in program design, in offering  a new major, that they take into account that they might have to have specialized  software available, and they have to build that  into their program development. 
And then to certainly just be aware of all the different ways that students can learn, to help faculty and deans understand  the concept of universal design. 
(Gerry Hanley) The first step really needs to be an assessment of where we are, so we can then inform our planning process, develop plans, implement a project, and then really assess the results of it. 
(Pablo Molino) Key to our approach  to making sure that our campus and our technology is accessible to people with disabilities, is to ensure we do this by design. 
This is not an afterthought that we do  after we have implemented a new classroom. 
Instead, this is something that we do from the initial conception  of a new project or idea. 
The same way we do this for privacy  and security, we do this for accessibility. 
(Bruce Maas) It is less costly,  in the long run, to be thinking through the issues of accessibility comprehensively. 
Therefore, having a plan for accessibility insures that from the beginning we think through our issues with regard to the delivery of our services. 
Doing so in a strategic way means that we can hold down costs over the long haul and actually deliver better services in the bargain. 
(Brady Deaton) It is very important that  a university follows a policy and a process that is a can-do kind of process. 
It assumes that we are going to  undertake the investments that we need, we're going to demonstrate the values that we need, that not only address the needs of students who may be challenged with vision or hearing or other disabilities, but also draw on the technology  that is not only exciting for those people who are  developing the technology, it's intellectually exciting, it provides  new jobs for that matter, and it stimulates learning  in so many parts of the university. 
So that attitude of the university administration, as well as faculty and staff and students, becomes very, very important because everyone gains from this. 
It's a win-win situation. 
(Tracy Mitrano) A policy really is an  important way to go, because it will focus everyone's  attention. 
It's also probably the way that  you have to go now that there are legal pressures  on higher education in this area. 
The second thing I would say about policy  is there are really two types in general. 
One is a policy that you have  because you have a law, for example, the Family Education  Rights Privacy Act Policy. 
So you want to be clear and sure that you're going to have compliance on your campus. 
There's another kind of policy  that I would call aspirational policy and maybe accessibility  fits a little bit in both but you most certainly  can err on the aspirational side. 
An aspirational policy is something  you establish for your institution as a path moving towards something,  moving forward. 
It does not have to have one hundred percent compliance because it's really a direction  that you're setting strategically for your institution. 
(Gerry Hanley) I'd say another critical  aspect around our strategy is a shared governance strategy. 
Because education is  a shared responsibility across faculty, staff, students,  vendors, all of us working together have to  share in that responsibility. 
Now, a shared governance process means if you are responsible in delivering the service, then you have an opportunity to share in governing how we're going to manage the implementation  of these services. 
(Brady Deaton) The administrators of the university must reflect the values that demonstrate the importance  of this to the learning environment and it has to be built in then to every aspect of what we do. 
(Michael Young) Right now we have  a number of projects and initiatives underway at the UW in which  we're testing new technologies. 
Accessibility is an important  consideration in these evaluations. 
Many of the vendors we work with have completed 
Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates or VPATs, which offer a checklist of accessibility criteria and vendors' self-assessment as to how well they meet those criteria. 
It's a good starting point, but we go beyond that to ask  a vendor specific questions and to test their products with  respect to accessibility. 
(Gerry Hanley) We begin with our vendors  saying "hey this is not only important that this is required for working with the CSU. 
Every student who comes into  our institution, we have to provide equally effective access to those services and you are a partner in delivering those services to us. 
So we will tell you what we need and then we will help you inform your staff, educate your staff, provide them some consultation and guidance in partnership with us,  so you can deliver the successful service for us". 
(Pat Burns) So we work with our vendors to try to put pressure on them to make things accessible. 
We actually have a purchasing process where we work through and ask the issues about accessibility for software and hardware that we buy as well. 
(Bruce Maas) Individual efforts really  need to be able to scale well. 
If we go about things in an ad hoc  approach, one by one, we're not likely to get the same results as if we work together as a community in higher education, to work with vendors to improve  accessibility for everyone with regard to the products  that are offered. 
That's a much more pragmatic approach rather than institution by institution. 
(Gerry Hanley) Making accessibility  a priority in their development roadmap is going to be driven  by the market demand. 
And if an institution never says a word, the vendor isn't going to do anything about it. 
So if we begin to communicate our  demands collectively, then the vendor will recognize  the market value of accessibility. 
(Joel Hartman) As we acquire IT resources, we have to embed accessibility  in our contracts. 
As we develop resources, we have to employ universal design in our thinking about how to make these resources available and  we have to continue to monitor students to see if we're really delivering to them  the resources in a form that they can actually use. 
(Michael Young) Accessibility requires  effort on the part of everyone in the higher education community - faculty, staff, technology vendors. 
If we all do our part, our institutions can provide everyone with an equal opportunity to participate. 
And we all benefit from the perspectives of a diverse group. 
(Hernan Londonono) Having that peace of mind that we are doing all we can to provide an accessible campus is -- gives us a lot of pride and we feel very happy about what,  what we do. 
One day I was recommended a book written by an American (then was not none), named "the shack" (the refuge). 
I do not regret not having it published. 
Has been very successful, lots of publicity, and ... 
Q: don't you regret? 
A: absolutely not. 
Q: does not earn much money, you don't have an actual team, you're not popular, sell little, why continue? 
A: because my definition of success is different, our success is guaranteed because in Christ are blessed. 
Many colleagues have started at the same time our and have already given up, because they have earned as they wanted. 
Of course, I want to give the best to my family, but what about the great success, I believe that we have already. 
Because when we see God's hand at work, I am the first to be blessed and happy, I and my whole team. 
Q: 
So you believe that God will rejoice at what you are doing? 
A: 
Yes. 
Many times when I lose myself moods, 
I know that God is happy to me, and therefore makes me feel its presence in continuation. 
Q: isn't always of great comfort, however your economic life, with your wife, but God there is always arguing. 
Q: 
If one day you Strait lacked necessary, what would you do? 
What would you think about the project "harvest time" 
Rimangeresti you all? 
A: 
No, absolutely not. 
Would not ever, because it is always a great joy to know that God is with me. 
We try to remain simpler as possible, we do not use branded clothing and other luxury items, since it would be so far from our reality. 
We don't need these things to have joy, we have the Lord and we are already super pleased. 
Look, I'm not preaching a false moralism, we are truly thankful for what God has given us! 
And in the little things, like an outing at mcdonald 's, we're more than happy. 
Q: what message do you want to leave it to those who want to sell Christian books with only the intent to earn a lot of money, success and fame? 
A: do you want to earn money? 
Go to sell chewing gum! 
Who or what do you aggrapperesti then in moments of crisis, eh? 
You must have a much higher goals than simply "for profit". 
A failed Ministry is a Ministry that exists just for the pastor, his ego, his vainglory, that can also seem blessed, popular, well-known, but if does not serve God ... 
If one day you do not odranno the words "well done, faithful servant" then you realize that his entire life was a failure. 
If you have a pastor, mask and pretend to walk with God, an empty religiosity and bereft of intimacy with God, although you can succeed to darla to drink that God is with you when in reality God is far from what he wants from you ... 
Failure is just that: no fear of the Lord, having attracted rather by success. 
The Ministry failed, therefore, is what happens outside the standards of God's Word, and although it may seem "blessed": 
Because the Church is full, many people follow the Shepherd, it becomes economically ... 
God knows our hearts, and he knows what motivates people 
Therefore, although the world is to be a success, for God is a failure! 
Paul says in 1Corinthians, cap 2 that on judgment day, God's fire ministries will progress, and what was built with second-rate material, like wood, hay and 
Straw, will be consumed by God's judgment. 
You are referring to the leaders who will be judged by God and set out the substantiating hearts. 
There will be many surprises that day. 
Sometimes the opposite happens: a faithful person, but his Church is not large, neither popular nor famous, in fact if the leader is faithful to the Lord, the worst can happen, as persecution, hatred, the beatings ... 
For this reason we cannot judge whether the Ministry is blessed or not through external results, but we have to await judgment day 
When God will reveal what lurks in the hearts of everyone. 
A failed Ministry is a Ministry indicating the Church to follow a conceited man who does not align to the Biblical parameters. 
Therefore, a person can also be very popular, reaching up to television, but if the Ministry is centered in one person and in his thoughts and desires, has failed. 
Everything that is not aligned with the word of God, humbly before Christ, is a failure and this will be revealed sooner or later. 
When the pastor is attracted by other interests, and not by mere proclamation of the word of God. 
When the focus of the Ministry is anything other than this, when a Conference despite deploying several books, he idolizes the preacher ... 
When presiding over a very charismatic, who knows how to stir audiences but has a goal dismissed from Gospel, 
This Ministry has failed. 
It can be whatever you want, but not a home. 
Despite many times people who do these things are genuine, are genuinely deceived, and if they fail to understand what really makes a home blessed, as fidelity then everything they do will be failed. 
The Ministry failed is that Minister who thinks only for himself. 
His mind is occupied by profit from money, in promoting its glory! 
When its priority is to first floor, appearing as much as possible in the radio, tv, is a failed. 
GAP missions (Group of adoration of the father) began with a meeting, where the servants of God, decided to share their faith to build other people through the testimony. 
With the passage of time, many lives were built, and the Ministry was born. 
I could divide our history into two parts the first was that of his birth, and the second that it is this that we are experiencing is the discovery and confirmation of vocation from God. 
To heal lives and ... 
Q: what are the obligations of GAP up nowadays? 
A: 
Gap is based on reach middle school and recently, we also open with universities. 
Our core is in Fortaleza, Sobrau, Joào Pessoa, and Moçorò. 
Gap exists to create a means by which the Church can exercise his vocation, exercising the gifts that we have received by the grace of God. 
Therefore, this passion allows us to to influence young people, which nowadays are continually bombarded by the sinful seductions of this modern era and help them maintain their fire for Christ. 
This helps them a lot. 
So we're on the road with tent giving space to the work of Christ bearing witness of lives transformed, the recovery of those who have gone astray, and in rebellion to God. 
Q: how long are you in business? 
A: 
By 12 years. 
Q: how's the dialogue with the Church? 
A: it is difficult. 
We are sometimes hesitant. 
Unfortunately there are many churches where leaders are interested in other things, thus deluding their members ... so we are sometimes unsure in making the first step. 
Mostly when it comes to activities, sometimes distrust of us because sometimes it seems that we are depriving them of their members. 
There are pastors who admire what we do, and pray for us, but more often than not we are left alone. 
We have pastors that we depend on, obviously. 
The Ministry is under the pastoral care of a church. 
Q: 
In these 12 years, how many missionaries have maintained? 
A: we have never supported anybody, only now we are sending the first missionary. 
But as far as preparation is concerned, we have prepared about 400 young people. 
The fact is that our joy in Christ is giving the possibility to people to vote according to their vocation. 
This serves to keep people from what is "Babel syndrome", i.e. making a name and putting himself in competition with Christ. 
Then there are Christian missionaries movements at universities, ranging from Ministers that have been prepared by Gap. 
This is something that makes us very thankful to God. 
Q: talking about you primarily, in these 12 years, you are devoted mainly to Gap? 
A: 
In these 12 years, many things are interlaced between my personal life and Gap. 
I have a doctorate in theology, and I am the Director of Gap, but 
I had to delay my studies due to commitments with Gap when we were at the beginning. 
Since they couldn't pay me, I had no money to move, 
I had to always go on foot, sometimes covering large distances. 
Then I had two options: 
Or I ate ... 
Or paying service. 
More often than not I ate! 
Therefore, the Ministry is not a choice, but it is something that is interlaced with your destiny and discover gradually that you grow up with God. 
You can not escape. 
Then, I dedicated myself, and many more. 
I sweated, I cried, I gave blood for this Ministry. 
I asked for help, several times I've been betrayed, because well ... they are seen as a small anonymous preacher. 
And then ...who wants to stand on the side of a poor failed? 
But in the end, you realize that from the evidence there is so much more and you don't stop, I can say that Gap was my life in these 12 years. 
It was what God used to form my character, and if I were to go back, confront all that I faced ...be called a beggar, a dreamer, 
I'd never done anything, that I was a poor dumb because I was moving away from those ministries that would give me a lot. 
I would do it all again. 
Without thinking twice. 
Because I was granted the honour and grace to see lives reclamation, preparing Ministers fans who are not afraid of nothing, not even death. 
Then, Gap has been a passionate dedication of my heart. 
Q: 
Gap doesn't give you any financial support? 
A: 
No. 
Q: are you working now? 
A: look, seeing the need that have the Gap, I always preferred full-time work.For this I've tried so far work .... but Gap does not remunerarmi, and I will soon find a job according to my education. 
The fact is that we always need a hand, this resource is our needs: we need more people possible, capable and with a real call. to help us. 
There are many cases of suicide in universities: people who have a desperate need, and what I need is not being able to do more. 
It's always a drama to fail to muster enough people to do more. 
Q: you're invited to preach in other countries, travel a lot? 
A: 
I've never traveled in my life. 
I preached a lot in Fortaleza, and I helped in the formation of leaders in these 10 years as a mentor. 
Preached in many churches can say, but only on the outskirts of Fortaleza. 
Probably the major ministries do not know me, to tell the truth I am alone, like a drop in the middle of the desert. 
I'm just a man who does what he believes God has put in my heart, and I do not care about what others say. 
I don't care that God knows my heart, this is the most important thing. 
Q: the big ministries missionaries know Gap? 
A: 
No, I think not, I can't guarantee it. 
Sometimes we try to establish contacts but ... 
Q: can't you feel kinda saddened because nobody pays you for what you do, for your sacrifices? 
A: 
No. 
Q: why don't we have been called to become famous. 
The word says that we cannot be more than our master. 
One of the things that most are horrified me is this idea of the Ministry set up blindly ... 
Watch, the helmsman's not you ... 
But the rower! 
What obeys. 
Are not entered in the missions looking for earnings, but conscious of the sacrifices. 
Got It? 
Usually we say that no one can be sure to be a servant of God if he has not first explored the depths of the disenchantment of oneself and the world, because the treasures that gives the world not a blessing but a priming. 
There is one thing that happens sometimes ... 
God gave us the grace to spread the word about Gap for Fortaleza, but few have heard of me. 
I see it as a gift in many ways because there is something in us that ... 
It is difficult to explain. 
The Bible doesn't say that to get something from Christ we need to deal with him. 
It is he who tells us what is our call. 
We trust in him then! 
There is a phrase that says "join in the boat with God and return to port with him." In short, don't you dare even to start without him, we do ours that "dying" expressed by Christ on the cross, dying to our dreams, and everything that we thought they needed ... 
I wish to remain clear that God has never abused my will. 
It was always patient, as in fix I've often complained. 
But I felt in these 12 years as say the Scriptures, that his goodness is perfect and good, I only had to align my heart closer to Her to figure it out. 
I don't know where I will go, whether I'll live a humble life. 
Sometimes I'm tempted to believe that I'm wasting my time, but when meeting people that we have prepared and helped, and I see that they have become men and women of God, well, then everything makes sense. 
There is always someone who occasionally emerges and gives me the dumb. 
It will never fail, struggles and moments of sadness. 
But it's also true that I will never miss the moments of joy. 
Q: what message do you want to let young people who are considering the missionary field but they think that the ideal of a successful Ministry to get important backers, convert the masses, become famous and write about themselves? 
A: 
That they are wrong. 
Must give up their ambitions, to build an empire, because with or without their God's work will continue. 
Many men have already fallen because of pride, which is Satan's syndrome. 
The madness of wanting to do things without God, is terrible: when you decide to do things in the manner your usurping the name of Christ, is a desecration. 
Therefore, so that Christ may be in you, as saying Moody "the extent of the Kingdom is in anything considered". 
It's hard to explain it, because if you have a vocation, what you do will be different from what you expected. 
You have to take inesperati, and places that message that Christ gave to Peter is critical, "Verily, verily I say unto you, that when you were young, you girded yourself and walked where you wanted; but when you grow old, stretch out your hands, and another will gird you and lead you where you wouldn't want '. 
"(John 21:18) 
In short, the Ministry is this: you must only obey God, and then comes what must happen. 
Look, I can't tell who has not suffered, because this knowledge gained at the age of 28 years, it was only after many hardships and struggles. 
But for the grace of God, I can say: you die to yourself. 
Not be neither hypocrite, fake, and not think that get famous can impress God. 
You might also look like pitiful, when in truth you're poor, blind, naked and miserable. 
A true man of God believed to give rather than receive. 
When his heart is determined to conquer a Kingdom for himself, is already a victim of Satan. 
A message that I can leave it: love others more than yourself, otherwise you will be useless. 
Success. 
All of us worry with this: we want to get famous, let us know, 
We claim that others devote biographies, to let us know on the other side of the ocean. 
Those who want to get into a Ministry not to become famous in the world knowing that he will be any? 
Those who prefer that the Ministry is occupied by people not interested in becoming idols? 
Christ wish! 
There are men in Brazil and around the world to reflect the glory of God, willingly chosen will sacrifice fame! 
People who are the true Gospel witness without giving any attention to themselves. 
My message to those who are Christians but not famous, and who want to enter the Ministry, and that they are attracted by the fame and popularity, is: look to Scripture, and considered the example of Christ. 
Follow the Apostles as an example, as their not promoted themselves in order to magnify Christ. 
How did not bother with their own fame, and what they left behind. 
look at these men as a reference to people who have preached the Gospel of Jesus and how they gave their lives for King. 
Although few have known their names, Christ was known by them. 
Then the Ministry wanted to be blessed in the sight of God. 
Not importatevi if you were to give the failed, but worry about heavenly things. 
All your suffering will be rewarded in heaven, along with the prize that Christ gives to those who serve with the heart. 
I would that all the brothers that I listen to, who are Ministers of the Gospel, are encouraged by the fact that the Lord God is immutable. 
Present in any church, whether large or small, and if God exists, is a glorious Ministry, because it is God who invites us to parectipazione. 
I think that in heaven there will be big surprises with those names that are great in the Earth, which could also be there ... 
But those serfs who give themselves in Amazonia, they push in places undreamed of ... 
Well those are the men of real success! 
The Ministry is not determined by the amount of people that you're hearing, but for the quality of the action of the Holy Spirit in their hearts. 
Don't get discouraged if you're not under the limelight ... 
Be aware that the message we preach is powerful to save both Jews and Gentiles. 
Preaching boldly, and believe that God will do this. 
And if God exists, certainly the Ministry shall be blessed. 
Escape from the limelight even as if they wanted to show that you can be more important than God. 
Whether you're famous, eloquent, whether you're known, none of this is important. 
The only important thing is that you his faithful in delivering what the word 
God says, and not what we want the word of God says. 
The human results are not important. 
Sermon and sowing the word of God. 
One day the Lord will reward your efforts, your comfort heart, and we rejoice in him. 
Between listening to a great preacher, unfaithful to God, but with a good rhetoric and eloquence, and listen to a simple preacher who is not very eloquent, does not have the gift of speech, but is faithful to Scripture. 
Well I always listen to preferirò the second to the first. 
Be faithful, preaches the word ama Scriptures, loves Christ. 
And you'll have success. 
In the eyes of God. 
Some time ago I had the opportunity to hear Dr. Carson in the United States. 
I was very touched. 
Told by his father, who had written a book: "memoirs of an ordinary Pastor" In that Conference, there were about 8000 persons there present. 
Carson with great frankness told him that many of the shepherds who were listening, are pastors of small churches and anonymous, with poor growth and does not have his own chance to speak to an audience so large. 
To comfort them told him this: 
"The Ministry that our Lord God will reward, isn't so much the visible fruit of Pastoral Ministry, teaching, or for evangelisation but the Messenger will be faithful to God who will be rewarded " 
The Lord God takes care of the people, because it is a sovereign God and faithful, and then takes care of his slaves. 
We're the remains clinging to the truth and walk humbly before Christ, for our financial support, the Lord God will take care. 
The truth is this: the Lord is not indebted to those who serve him humbly based in truth. 
God does not need anything to these people: it simply takes care of them! 
Our family lived so for almost 10 years. 
Then you have nothing to fear, because since we donated to the Ministry, you can be sure that the Lord God knows that the name and honor of God are involved and will not allow its name suffers from delusions or stains. 
He will worry that you have the support and care you need. 
Because God is his name and zeloso honor, so you a privilege to serve the Lord God. 
And this we already know in this life, that we receive 100 times more whatever 
We have left behind, but the best of all this, and in the life to come, we will be with him for eternity. 
These brothers working in harsh and difficult conditions must remember what most matter: in the day when God will call us, 
What will count in the end is right if there was this sense of submission and faithfulness to the Gospel message. 
If these are true brothers and are seeking the help and God's presence in their Ministry, as well as the word says, urging and invoking (with a spirit Bereano) people to repentance, these people will be blessed, and should rejoice because it is just that what the Lord wants from them. 
Be faithful, you who serve the Lord. 
When their aim is the glory of God, the good of the Church and the salvation of sinners, this can draw various consequences: can first define the implementation of Ministry. 
You can find a face with others who don't have the same motivation and can be tricky. 
But we must remember that it is more important to be approved by God that by men. 
It is important to be like God rather than men. 
Be faithful, and God will bless you for eternity. 
Serving God is the most spectacular thing of this world. 
If your leader is God, your benefits and your retirement will be from another world! 
Worth it! 
A hug. 
HATE 
UNHATE 
United Colors of Benetton. 
Supports the Unhate Foundation unhatefoundation.org 
(This film has not been authorized or endorsed by CERN) (It is purely a work of fiction.) (Crickets chirp) 
(Industrial/Electrical Sounds) 
(Dripping Water) 
Guard: 
Oh it's you. 
You're not supposed to be here. 
(Gun fire) 
(Blurred voices and music) 
(Alarm clock rings) 
(Bird song) 
Connor: 
(Groans) 
Connor: 
James get up. 
We're late. 
Connor: 
(Sighs) 
James: 
Why'd we have to get so drunk on a Sunday night? 
Connor: 
Do you remember that part last night where Amy got on the table and started to... 
James: 
(Interrupts) Connor, that's my sister! 
I don't need to be reminded. 
James: 
Where's all the food? 
James: 
(Sighs) 
(Car horn honks) 
Connor: 
Come on, let's go. 
Amy: 
Come on guys, we're gonna be late! 
Connor: 
Sure you're ok to drive after your stunt last night Amy? 
James: 
Oh... 
Hi Matt. 
Matt: 
Alright. 
Connor: 
Not getting the bus today? 
Matt: 
Nope 
Amy: 
I... saw him as I was driving past the shops and picked him up. 
James: 
Oh, ok. 
Connor: 
So what's the rush anyway? 
Amy: 
Some kind of emergency meeting. 
James: 
What do you think this emergency meeting's about? 
Amy: 
I don't know, but... it can't be that important. 
Matt: 
Alright, go on ahead guys. 
I'm going to go powder my nose. 
Director General (DG): 
No! 
Dr. Niven, LHC is most important experiment of our time. 
I will not let unfounded theories... 
Dr. Niven: 
(Interrupts) Unfounded?! 
Director, my results show that... 
DG: 
(Interrupts) Inconclusive! 
Your results are inconclusive at best. 
No, you'll have plenty of time for measurements when you're down in the tunnel tonight. 
Dr. Niven: 
Director, we have to stop the LHC until we assess the danger. 
DG: 
No Dr. Niven. 
Once we have fixed this problem the LHC will run again as usual. 
DG: 
Finding the Higgs is the highest priority. 
Amy: 
Why is Dr. Niven going into the tunnels? 
James: 
Why do you think the Director General's here? 
Matt: 
Maybe they made a black hole... 
Lisa: 
(Very quiet) Sorry. 
Amy: 
Hey. 
Lisa: 
Hey. 
Lisa: 
So, did you recover from last night? 
Lisa: 
Mmmhmm. 
Amy: ...Yeah. 
You too? 
Amy: 
Wait, aren't you supposed to be on your way to Barcelona by now? 
Lisa: 
I might have missed my flight... 
Amy: 
Oh no! 
DG: 
Good morning! 
I'm Professor Vacinski, Director General of CERN. 
DG: 
This meeting has been called because last night there was an emergency beam dump. 
(Crowd whispers furtively) 
DG: 
Here we see a monopole magnet in LHC Sector 7G. 
DG: 
Beam sensors have detected that an unknown event caused this magnet to quench and triggered an uncontrolled shut down. 
DG: 
If this happens again the results could be catastrophic. 
DG: 
Due to the special circumstances, Dr. Niven is taking a team into the LHC tunnel to investigate the cause, and see what damage there is. 
The LHC will be in shut down until at least the end of the week. 
DG: 
Since Dr. Niven will not be available we will need 4 volunteers to be on shift in the control room. 
Connor: 
We'll do it. 
Amy: 
(Quietly) What are you doing?! 
DG: 
Ok, you four. 
Lisa: 
Oh, I'm going to be at a conference in Barcelona. 
DG: 
Uh, very well. 
You... you then. 
Matt: 
Uh, I have an analysis note due this week, so I'm not going to have time to do this... 
DG: 
(Interrupting) The collider will be shut down. 
You can work in the control room. 
DG: 
Report to the control room at 9pm. 
That is all everybody. 
Lisa: 
Sucks to be you guys! 
Connor: 
Here you go. 
Amy: 
Thanks. 
Connor: 
They don't look like proton decay matrices. 
Amy: 
(Sighs) No. 
Amy: 
Dr. Niven's got me working on this Higgs bio-entanglement simulation. 
Amy: 
Some company gave a lot of money to CERN and I get stuck working on it. 
Amy: 
I've got so much work to do. 
Connor: 
Listen, are you ok after last night? 
Amy: 
Why? 
Connor: 
You and Matt... 
Amy: 
I don't know what you're talking about. 
Anyway, you jealous? 
Amy: 
Oh... sorry. 
Amy: 
Listen, I'd better go. 
I've got a lot of work to do. 
Amy: 
(Sighs) I'm so tired. 
I can't even think about work right now. 
Amy: 
I hope he doesn't expect me to remember anything. 
Dr. Niven: 
Ah Lisa. 
Did you finish your talk? 
Lisa: 
Yeah! 
Just in time. 
Dr. Niven: 
I had every confidence in you. 
Amy: 
Did you get a chance to look at my simulation? 
Dr. Niven: 
Ah yes! 
The problem with the supersymmetric parameter lattice... 
Dr. Niven: 
I think I found a way to express it differently. 
Dr. Niven: 
I didn't implement it in my analysis code yet but you might like to try it. 
Amy: 
It looks more complex though. 
I don't know if it'll work on my laptop. 
Dr. Niven: 
Well, we'll deal with that later if we need to. 
Amy: 
Ok, thanks. 
Dr. Niven: 
Anyway, I have to prepare my team for going into the tunnels and look over Lisa's talk, so I'll talk to you later. 
Dr. Niven: 
And Lisa... don't miss the plane again. 
Lisa: 
I won't. 
James: 
Hey guys, wait! 
James: 
I'm waiting for someone. 
Amy: 
Who? 
James: 
Just... someone. 
Matt: 
Ok, well, we're going to be late so... 
Kate: 
Hi! 
James: 
Everyone, this is my girlfriend Kate. 
James: 
Kate, this is Matt and Connor... 
Connor: 
Hi. 
James: 
And my sister Amy. 
Kate; Hi. 
Amy: 
Nice to finally meet you. 
James: 
Finally...? 
I didn't tell you... 
Amy: 
Mum let it slip. 
I was waiting for you to tell me. 
Kate: 
It's nice to finally meet you as well. 
Amy: 
Are you coming with us? 
Kate: 
I think so. 
James: 
Yeah. 
Amy: 
Ok. 
James: 
Shall we go? 
Connor: 
So... why have you thrown your evening away to go on shift? 
Kate: 
James was going to come meet me for dinner but he told me you guys had to... 
Connor: 
Oh... sorry. 
Kate: 
It's ok, don't worry. 
Matt: 
And how did James manage to convince you that vending machine food is going to be an acceptable substitute? 
Amy: 
Shift can sometimes be boring, are you going to be ok? 
James: 
I told her. 
Kate: 
I insisted. 
James: 
She's with me. 
Kate: 
So are you guys physicists like James then? 
Connor: 
Yeah but he works on the accelerator. 
The rest of us analyse the data. 
Matt: 
Yeah, he's an engineer, and we're real physicists. 
Amy: 
(Sighs) 
Amy: 
So what do you do? 
Kate: 
I'm a trainee nurse. 
James: 
I hope you're not claustrophobic - it's a long way down. 
Kate: 
(Coughs) 
Matt: 
Guys, I've thought of a joke. 
Connor: 
Ugh - another one? 
Matt: 
So a chimpanzee and a sloth go down... 
Matt: 
And then the chimpanzee is like "uh... starfish! 
Starfish!" 
Everyone: 
(Laughs) 
James: 
Do you want to watch "A Clockwork Orange"? 
I borrowed it from Amy. 
Kate: 
Yep, sure. 
Matt: 
That's a pretty deep film for a lowly engineer like yourself. 
James: 
(Laughs) 
Kate: 
You shouldn't let him talk to you like that. 
James: 
He's only messing around. 
Matt: 
(Crowd noise) 
James: 
So the accelerator boosts the beam of protons to almost the speed of light. 
James: 
And then we collide them... here. 
James: 
And then we detect what's made in the collision. 
Amy: 
(Sighs loudly) 
James: 
What's up? 
Amy: 
I thought I'd got it working! 
James: 
Got... what working? 
Connor (off screen): 
Her Higgs simulation. 
Kate: 
Her... what simulation? 
Amy: 
My Higgs radiation simulation. 
Matt: 
The "God" particle. 
Amy: 
It's a particle that we're trying to make in the collider. 
Amy: 
I'm supposed to be investigating how it acts on living tissue, but my programme just crashes every single time that it starts to look bad. 
Connor: 
So what, you think Higgs radiation is dangerous? 
Amy: 
I don't know. 
I'd know if I could get it to finish! 
Connor: 
They wouldn't run the LHC if they thought it was a danger. 
Connor: 
Must be a glitch or something. 
Connor: 
Have you tried on the central computer system? 
James: 
Except... she doesn't have access to the mainframe. 
Kate: 
Are you not allowed to use it? 
Connor: 
Well... not exactly. 
(Typing on keyboard) 
Connor: 
There we go. 
James: 
Nice! 
(Alarm sounds) 
Matt: 
Nice one Amy! 
(Alarm sounds) 
Amy: 
It wasn't me! 
(Alarm sounds) (Alarm sounds) 
James: 
It's not you... the LHC is ramping. 
Matt: 
"Ramping" ramping? 
Connor: 
The beams are firing! 
Amy: 
The team's still down there! 
Shut it off! 
(James pushes switch) 
James: 
What the fuck?! 
Amy: 
The phones are down! 
Kate: 
What... what's going on? 
James: 
The LHC is turned on. 
The radiation levels will be killing everyone down there. 
Kate: 
People are dying?! 
Matt: 
No one is dying! 
Amy: 
Shut up Matt! 
Amy: 
James, what can we do? 
James: 
I don't know, the overrides aren't working. 
Kate: 
I haven't got any signal! 
Matt: 
We're a hundred metres underground, what do you expect! 
(Console alarm sounds) 
James: 
The radiation levels are spiking. 
The shielding's not in place when the maintenance tunnels are open. 
Matt: 
Well why the fuck not?! 
James: 
This shouldn't be able to happen. 
Connor: ...Shit! 
Connor: 
We've got less than two minutes and we're fried. 
We've got to get out! 
Kate: 
What about the people in the tunnels? 
Matt: 
What about us! 
James: 
Fuck! 
James: 
It's locked down! 
Connor: 
James, calm down and think. 
How do we get out? 
James: 
We go into the service tunnels. 
Matt: 
The tunnels?! 
Are you mental?! 
James: 
The LHC master power's down there. 
It's shielded, we can shut it off. 
Matt: 
This is insane... 
Connor: 
Right, we'll go down and shut it off. 
Then we'll work out what to do there. 
Matt: 
No, but we can't... 
Amy (Interrupts): 
Come on! 
Kate: 
Push something! 
(Buttons being pushed) (Machines stop) 
(Group breathes heavily) 
(Backup power starts) 
Matt: 
So that's it?! 
The worlds largest machine has an on/off switch? 
Kate: 
What is your problem?! 
James: 
Look, this is just a relay. 
There's six of them. 
If one of them trips the others go off automatically. 
Amy: 
I hope somebody noticed that. 
Connor: 
There's nobody around to notice it. 
No one will be in until tomorrow. 
Connor: 
We need to find an elevator to get back to the surface. 
Matt: 
Yeah, if James knows where they are... 
James: 
Look, if we follow the tunnels we'll get out. 
Kate: 
But... what about the people down there? 
They could still be alive couldn't they? 
Connor: 
Even if they are, there's nothing we can do for them. 
Connor: 
The best we can do is get out and try and get help. 
Kate: 
But if the radiation did that to them... then... 
James: 
No - we're safe now the machine's off. 
James: 
It's just the ring itself that's radioactive. 
We're safe here. 
Amy: 
Oh my god, all those people... 
Amy: 
How could this happen? 
James: 
It couldn't have happened. 
You can't turn the machine on when there are people down there. 
James: 
There are interlock systems everywhere. 
Matt: 
Well somebody fucked up, and it wasn't me! 
Connor: 
Yeah, and it wasn't us! 
This couldn't happen from the control room. 
Connor: 
No one's got access to do that except... except maybe Dr. Niven... but he was down here. 
Connor: 
The sooner we get out of here the sooner we can sort it out. 
Kate: 
I... 
I don't like it down here. 
James: 
It's not too far. 
(Distant scream) 
Amy: 
What the hell was that?! 
Kate: 
Probably a steam valve or something... right? 
James: 
Probably. 
Kate: 
How much further is it? 
James: 
It's not far. 
Matt: ...Great. 
Matt: 
Just as i was starting to get freaked out. 
James: 
Look, I'm sorry. 
I thought that... 
Matt (Interrupting): 
Do you know where we're going or don't you? 
Amy: 
Matt... 
Matt: 
I can't be the only person that heard that scream. 
We're running around down here - Where the fuck are we going? 
Connor: 
Matt, calm down. 
If you know where to go, let's hear it. 
If not, shut up. 
Connor: 
James, do you know where we can go? 
James: 
I think if we go back and left and follow the ring around we can find our way from there... 
(Loud bang) 
(Growling) (Kate screams) 
James: 
Kate! 
(Bang against door) 
James: 
We've got to go and get her. 
Amy: 
You have to listen to me! 
James, listen! 
She's gone! 
You saw those people James, you saw what they did. 
Matt: 
Don't just fucking stand there, help! 
(Gas escaping) 
(Zombies scream in pain) 
Connor: 
What's that?! 
James: 
Freon coolant gas. 
Matt: 
What the fuck just happened? 
Amy: 
They looked like... the technician team that were down here. 
But why would they that to us? 
Amy: 
Did you see their faces? 
Connor: 
The radiation burns, yeah... 
They shouldn't even be alive. 
Matt: 
Where you going? 
Connor: 
The gas won't stop them forever. 
Connor: 
I found a way out. 
Come on, lets go. 
Matt: 
What if there's more of them? 
Connor: ...Here. 
Amy: 
Take this. 
Matt: 
One of these maniacs has a gun?! 
Connor: 
Think he's been dead a while. 
Amy: 
What's a security guard doing down here anyway? 
Connor: 
What is this? 
James: 
The interlock turns the LHC off if people are in the tunnels. 
Amy: 
It's been sabotaged. 
Someone did this on purpose. 
(Footsteps in the distance) 
James: 
That could be her! 
Connor: 
James, stop! 
Amy: 
James! 
Connor: 
James... 
(Monster screeches) (Screaming and shouting) 
(Crunching blow. 
Creature stops screaming.) 
Connor: 
Help! 
Amy: 
Give me the pipe! 
(Pipe clangs into place) 
(Amy cries) (Monster continues struggling and growling) 
James: 
Jesus Christ Matt... 
Matt: 
I... what else was I going to do? 
(Monster continues growling, gurgling and struggling) 
Amy: 
If they're all like that we're screwed! 
Amy: 
There were like, what, 30 people in this section?! 
Connor: 
We'll find a way out. 
James, which way? 
James: 
I thought there was an exit, back at the dead end. 
Next one's about a three hour walk away, it's at point 17. 
And that's if we don't get lost. 
Connor: 
Is there anywhere safe we can stop on the way? 
Amy: 
We need to let someone know we're down here! 
James: 
There's a mainframe computer room about half way round. 
We can send a message from there. 
Amy: 
Ok. 
(Electrical flickering) 
Connor: 
Which way now? 
James: 
We have to go that way. 
(Flickering lights) 
(Low machine noises, heartbeats and breathing) 
(Sound of tearing meat and chewing) 
(Monster screeches) (Sound of rapid heartbeat) 
(Monster screeches) 
(James screams) 
(James screams in anger) 
(Monster gurgles and scratches on floor) 
Matt: 
Jesus... 
What does it take to kill one of these things?! 
Amy: 
They're people Matt! 
Matt: 
No person could survive this! 
(Monster gurgles) 
Amy: 
Are you hurt? 
James: 
It's my arm. 
(Crunching bone and brain. 
Monster becomes silent) (Amy whimpers) 
(Pipe drops on floor) 
Connor: 
Are you alright? 
James: 
Yeah. 
Amy: 
You too? 
Connor: 
Ugh... yeah, I'll be fine. 
(Whine of computer fans) 
James: 
Can someone try and log in? 
(Typing) 
Matt: 
It's not accepting my user name. 
Connor, can you hack this? 
Amy: 
Not now Matt, give him a minute. 
Matt: 
Look, the quicker we get through to the server the sooner... 
Amy: 
Give it a rest Matt! 
How much use is he going to be to us if he's concussed?! 
(Connor groans in pain) 
Connor: 
Same place as last time. 
Amy: 
Same place as what? 
Connor: 
Cracked my skull climbing. 
Connor: 
They had to put a metal plate in my head. 
Amy: 
You never told me about that. 
Connor: 
It was when I went home for a few weeks. 
Connor: 
After Prague. 
Amy: 
Oh. 
Connor: 
I didn't mean it like that. 
Connor: 
Just give me a minute. 
Connor: 
And I'll see what I can do with the terminal. 
Connor: 
Is there anything up there? 
James: 
There's a door, it's secure. 
There's no one about. 
I think we're safe for now. 
Connor: 
All right. 
We'll stay here for a bit. 
I'll try and get through the firewall, see if I can get any help. 
Amy: 
How's your arm? 
James: 
Don't worry about me. 
The bleeding's stopped. 
Connor: 
Keep an eye on them stairs. 
James: 
We need to be looking for Kate. 
Amy: 
James... 
James: 
I know what you're trying to say. 
But you're wrong. 
(Typing) 
(Computer bleeps) 
Connor: 
Yes! 
Got in! 
Amy: 
Can you get through to anyone? 
Connor: ...no. 
Amy: 
Keep trying. 
(Computer bleeps) 
Connor: 
Amy, come here. 
James: 
Have you got through? 
Connor: 
No but... 
Connor: 
It says Amy's biosim just finished. 
James: 
Oh. 
James: 
So? 
Amy: 
So I was right about Higgs radiation... 
Matt: 
Does your conscience bother you? 
Now, tell the truth - Alabama! 
Sweet home Alabama 
Where the skies are so blue 
Sweet Home Alabama 
Lord, I'm coming home to you 
Before the test begins we're going to determine hand and leg preferences. 
Ready? 
Can you kick the ball to me? 
Ready? 
I'm going to bounce it to you. 
Now use one hand and bounce it back. 
Oh, nice job! 
The first thing we're going to do is use this pencil and I want you to take this car and draw a line and stay inside the row all the way down to the house. 
Take your time and stay inside the row. 
OK for our next activity 
For this one we're going to take this paper and you see this line? 
Fold it on the line just like this. 
Can you do this one? 
OK and now a big line right down the middle. 
OK. 
Do you see this square? 
I want you to use this red pencil and draw the same shape in this square down here. 
Just like that one. 
Do you see this star? 
I want you to draw this star down here. 
Take your time. 
You worked so hard on that! 
I want you to pick up a penny in one hand and then you're going to put it in these fingers. 
Drop it in here. 
OK can you do three of them? 
You do one at a time. 
Take one from that hand and put it in that one. 
Great job! 
Let's put them back. 
This time I'm going to count while you do it and then time you. 
So you're going to go as fast as you can when I say go. 
Ready? 
Go. 
OK. 
Let's do it one more time. 
Ready? 
Go. 
OK. 
Start with one hand and one foot in front of us and the other hand and other foot are going to be behind us. 
I'm going to jump and switch them. 
Jump and switch them. 
Can you try it? 
Alright. 
You have to switch your hands and your feet at the same time. 
OK are you ready? 
When I say go I want you to go until I say stop. 
Ready? 
Go. 
Good. 
Stop. 
You're going to lift one hand and one foot, tap. 
Then the other hand and the other foot, tap. 
So see how the both come up and down at the same time? 
I want you to try it. 
OK ready? 
Great job! 
OK we're going to put one foot on the line here and put this foot on the carpet. 
And we're going to put our hands on our hips and we're going to walk and put one foot in front of the other. 
OK we're going to come over and put one foot on the balance beam hands on our hips, and we're going to look at the target in front of us. 
We're going to lift this foot behind us with our toe pointed towards the ground and you're going to stand on the balance beam on one leg until I tell you to stop. 
OK? 
Ready? 
Begin. 
Stop. 
Good. 
Thank you. 
We're going to try this activity one more time. 
I just want to make sure you keep that one leg up behind you and look at the target until I say stop. 
OK? 
Ready? 
Begin. 
Stop. 
Thank you. 
We're going to come over and we're going to bring this leg up behind us again with our hands on our hips and we're going to jump. 
You're going to jump on the end of the line here until I say stop. 
OK? 
Ready? 
Begin. 
And stop. 
You're going to catch it after it bounces once OK? 
Like that. 
You're going to catch the ball with two hands until I say stop. 
OK you can stop. 
Thank you. 
OK for our next one we're going to dribble and we're going to switch hands every time we dribble the ball. 
OK? 
So you're going to dribble until I say stop. 
OK, try again. 
OK, that's good. 
Thank you. 
You're going to come around to the side and we're going to put our knees on the red pad. 
You're going to keep your feet in the air like this. 
OK? 
And you're going to push up until I tell you to stop. 
Try to keep your back nice and straight and we're going to push down and up. 
Ready? 
Begin. 
OK keep that back nice and straight and try to bend your arms up and down. 
There you go. 
And stop. 
OK. 
For our last activity we're going to lay down on the carpet. 
We're going to put our hands next to our side. 
We're going to sit up and bring your hands up to your knees and back down. 
Up and down. 
OK? 
So you're going to sit up until I tell you to stop. 
Ready? 
Begin. 
Good and try to make sure you get your shoulders off the ground. 
There you go. 
And Stop. 
OK Reagan that was our last activity. 
Thank you so much for letting us work with you today! 
(Male announcer) This is the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen, where, for one home cook, dreams will become a reality. 
[Cheers] 
After searching across the entire country for America's finest home chefs, we've narrowed it down to 18. 
I'm a food photographer. 
I'm a graduate student. 
I'm a stockbroker. 
This is the opportunity of a lifetime for me. 
(Announcer) But to earn the title of Masterchef, they must impress three of the biggest names in the culinary world... 
Joe Bastianich... 
The hallmarks of a Masterchef are elegance, sophistication, and finesse. 
- (Announcer) Graham Elliot... 
- To me, a Masterchef is constantly innovating. 
(Announcer) And Gordon Ramsay. 
A true Masterchef puts perfection on every plate. 
(Announcer) Tonight, the competition officially begins. 
We're looking for one stunning dish. 
(Announcer) And with that comes twists... 
What the heck is gonna happen now? 
(Announcer) Turns... 
Fire. 
Fire. 
(Announcer) And tears. 
The search for America's next Masterchef begins now. 
Thousands of cooks have already been eliminated, and only 18 remain in the search for America's next Masterchef. 
Now it's time for these top home cooks to take their place in the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen. 
(Michael) Walking into the <i>Masterchef </i> kitchen for the first time is incredible. 
It's such a beautiful kitchen, you know. 
It's the kitchen that I've always dreamed of. 
(Josh) The <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen even has its own bar and restaurant. 
Man, this is crazy. 
It's freakin' awesome. 
I have never seen so many glorious bottles of wine. 
The work stations are so spacious, and they're beautiful, they're glistening, they're just calling us to come cook. 
(Anna) There is this huge lounge. 
Like, every cookbook I could ever hope to own. 
It's just a dream. 
Come up here and join us. 
(Becky) It's amazing. 
It's gorgeous. 
Like, if you take every culinary equipment and throw it all together and cover it in gold and then dip it in chocolate and then put it on a pedestal, that's the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen. 
You have arrived. 
This kitchen is your culinary theater of dreams. <i>Because, for one of you,</i> this is where you're gonna lose the label of a home cook <i>and be given</i> <i>a brand-new title.</i> <i>One of you</i> <i>will be crowned</i> 
America's next Masterchef. 
Now there's only one way to find out <i>who that is.</i> 
Please make your way to your stations. 
You will not find a more state-of-the-art kitchen <i>anywhere in the world</i> than this, let me tell you! <i>(Graham)</i> <i>Each of you</i> <i>has a brand-new set</i> <i>of</i> Masterchef <i>three-piece knives,</i> <i>made by Global.</i> 
It's time to start finding out which of you home cooks really have the potential to earn the title <i>of America's next Masterchef.</i> <i>The best way to do that</i> is with your very first mystery box challenge. <i>Each of you will have</i> <i>to prepare,</i> <i>cook, and present</i> <i>one awesome dish,</i> using only the ingredients <i>hidden under those boxes.</i> 
The person with the best dish today <i>will have a huge advantage</i> <i>for the next stage</i> <i>of this competition.</i> 
Cook every dish like your life depends on it. 
On the count of three, you'll lift those boxes. 
The mystery box challenge, it's exactly like when I open up the fridge, and there's a couple of this, a couple of that, which happens to me every single night. <i>One, two,</i> three. <i>Lift.</i> 
Wow. 
I'm trying to figure out, 
like, what is that? 
I have no idea what to do with it. 
I see this beautiful duck breast. 
My heart lifts, because I know how it tastes. 
I've worked with it before. 
You've all got <i>the most amazing duck breasts,</i> <i>kale,</i> <i>rhubarb,</i> <i>dark rum,</i> <i>sweet potato,</i> <i>five spice,</i> <i>fresh bananas,</i> and some maple syrup. <i>Prove to us</i> <i>that you truly belong here</i> in this kitchen. 
People, when they lift that mystery box, they can see exactly what's underneath there. 
I have to listen to what the judges say when they list the ingredients, and try to commit that to my memory. 
Your 60 minutes <i>starts from...</i> 
Now. 
Good luck. 
Very, very exciting challenge. 
Absolutely. 
So many possibilities. <i>I think, at this point,</i> <i>with so many contestants,</i> it's really about strategy, right? <i>Yeah.</i> <i>I think the banana</i> <i>is the devil in the box.</i> <i>It's really the only thing</i> <i>that you couldn't</i> put with the duck breast. 
I'll tell you what I want to keep, okay? <i>So Christine has an aide,</i> <i>but...</i> 
Under no circumstances can her aide interfere with the dish. 
I want to keep the kale, 
I want to keep the sweet potato, 
I want to keep the duck. 
I think she's at a bit of a disadvantage, <i>till they learn</i> <i>how to work together.</i> <i>With the 18 now,</i> <i>this is your first chance</i> <i>to really scare</i> <i>and intimidate people too</i> <i>and be like,</i> 
"this is what I'm all about." 
- What would you do? 
- I would start off by rendering <i>that duck fat</i> <i>off the duck breast.</i> 
I would blanch the kale and then sweat that off in duck fat, <i>bake the sweet potato,</i> <i>and do a really nice</i> <i>caramelized rhubarb</i> with aged balsamic vinegar sauce. 
I am gonna pan-sear a duck breast with a sweet potato puree and sauteed kale in the duck fat, but the fact that there's no elimination on the end of this does help me feel a little more relaxed. <i>(Gordon) Take full advantage of your 60 minutes.</i> <i>One stunning dish.</i> 
At first, I saw that duck breast, and it was stunning, and I was really excited, but then I started thinking that I have a great dish that I thought 
I kind of want to hold onto and bring that out later in the competition. 
So I'm thinking right now 
I just do what I know I can handle, which is a rhubarb little tartlet. 
It's kind of like a crostada. 
I'm confident, because there's a few people who I think might be a little wet behind the ears, who might be trying to put too much on their plate. 
Yes, sir. 
Scott, what are you cooking? 
- A profiterole. 
- What? 
A larger profiterole with yams and a little bit of duck in there. 
This is, like, a serious competition. 
I'm being very serious about this. 
A duck profiterole doesn't sound serious to me. <i>Right, Samantha,</i> <i>what are you doing?</i> 
A five-spice pan-seared duck breast of a sweet potato-rhubarb puree. 
Sweet potato and rhubarb, they go together? 
- I think so. 
- Have you tasted before? 
No, but I know what they taste like individually, so... 
- Okay, well, don't we all? 
- Good luck. <i>Come on.</i> 
Get creative. 
Cold pan. 
Cold pan. 
Felix, what's going on? 
Are you gonna try to pan-roast this and get the fat rendered? 
Yeah. 
It works better when the pan's on. <i>(Joe) You might run out of time.</i> 
I think that's good. 
- Interesting. 
- Yeah. 
- Definitely. 
- Very interesting indeed. <i>Becky, I mean,</i> she's going for dessert. <i>A rhubarb tart.</i> <i>So, look, working with both</i> <i>hands at the same time.</i> <i>- I love the way she's multitasking. 
- Absolutely.</i> 
I'm really concerned about Samantha. 
Would you put sweet potato with rhubarb? 
Ugh. 
That sounds disgusting. 
So Felix says she's gonna bring her, you know, <i>restaurant experience.</i> 
But her duck, I put my whole hand in the pan. <i>It's not even on.</i> 
It could be good if done right. 
So, Scott, I don't know what zone <i>he's going into.</i> <i>He's doing a profiterole</i> <i>with sweet potato</i> <i>and duck breast.</i> 
Profiteroles are a dessert, and they remain dessert. <i>And they shouldn't be tampered with.</i> <i>Absolutely.</i> 
Now, you should be working on your finesse <i>and making sure everything</i> <i>you put on the plate</i> <i>has a reason.</i> 
Okay, five minutes left, guys. 
Five minutes. 
Right, Tali, how you feeling? <i>(Helene) Fire.</i> Fire. 
[Bleep]. <i>We got a fire.</i> 
Stand back. 
Just stand back. 
[Bleep]. 
I got it. 
I've got it. <i>(Helene)</i> <i>Fire.</i> 
Fire. 
[Bleep]. <i>We've got a fire.</i> 
Stand back. 
Just stand back. 
[Bleep]. 
So it doesn't... 
I've got it. 
I've got it. 
[Bleep]. 
[Bleep]. <i>I yell fire,</i> and chef Ramsay comes over so valiantly. 
[Bleep]. 
Yeah, no, I just burned my hand <i>when I had the clock there.</i> <i>It's fine.</i> 
Like a knight in shining armor. 
- Everything's fine. 
- Yeah. 
Yeah. 
Brilliant. <i>- Very brave. 
Thank you.</i> <i>- Okay.</i> 
You set the place on fire. 
- No, it's not funny. 
- You're right, you're right. 
Trust me, you've got your neck in a noose. 
Be careful. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>That's crazy.</i> 
I think that's just the lack of experience. <i>You're seeing a lot of people</i> <i>who didn't know</i> <i>what to do trying to do</i> <i>a little bit of everything.</i> 
Yeah. <i>Here we go.</i> 60 seconds to go. <i>Finishing touches</i> <i>to those plates,</i> <i>clean those plates</i> <i>beautifully.</i> <i>Ten, nine,</i> <i>eight, seven, six,</i> five, four, three, <i>two,</i> one, and stop. 
Whoo! 
[Applause] 
Well done. 
(Announcer) After observing and tasting throughout the challenge, the judges now take one final look to identify three standout dishes. 
[Indistinct muttering] 
We've now chosen three dishes that stood out. <i>Really stood out.</i> <i>The first person we'd like</i> <i>to invite down</i> is... 
You know that you want to call my name. 
Please, please, call my name. 
Ryan. 
Let's go. 
[Applause] 
I'm really not surprised that my plate is one of the top dishes. 
These other cooks are gonna have to step up their game if they're gonna want to compete with me. 
The next person we'd like <i>to invite down</i> <i>is...</i> 
- Samantha. <i>- Let's go, Samantha.</i> 
I was one of the only people that decided to do something truly new. 
I think a lot of people are gonna be jealous of me. 
The third person... <i>Please come down...</i> 
- Scott. <i>- Let's go.</i> 
My mind is just racing. 
I know that I wasn't 100% proud of this dish. 
It was not executed properly. 
Congratulations. 
I mean, your three dishes <i>- stood out.</i> - Thank you, chef. 
Thank you. 
You managed to cook what we think are the worst three dishes <i>of this mystery box challenge.</i> 
Listen carefully. <i>This season,</i> <i>we've rewritten</i> <i>the rule books,</i> <i>so none of you should ever get</i> <i>too comfortable</i> <i>in this kitchen,</i> because we could ask you to leave at any time, starting now. 
What? 
(Becky) We're all gobsmacked. 
We just can't believe it. 
It's crazy to me. 
And I'm just like, what the heck is gonna happen now? 
Okay, we'll taste all three dishes. 
Whoever we decide has plated the absolute worst dish will be handing back their apron. 
Ryan, bring your dish up to the station, please. <i>Let's go.</i> (Ryan) I made a balsamic, rum-glazed duck breast with some caramelized bananas. 
Are you proud of this? 
It's rendered to the point of being dry. 
Yeah, you may have some crisp on the skin, <i>but bananas?</i> <i>I mean, it's like,</i> is this a joke? 
It looks like you plated it and then stepped on it. <i>Sadly, the cook</i> <i>on the banana</i> is better than the cook on the duck. 
Bananas with duck... 
You've gone bananas! 
That's what's happened. 
You've gone [Bleep] bananas. 
The hero of the dish, in my mind, should have been the duck. 
You have managed to cook the duck. 
Everything else around that is dreadful. 
Samantha, the dish please. <i>Thank you.</i> <i>(Graham)</i> <i>What is it?</i> (Samantha) Um, it's pan-seared duck breast of a sweet potato-rhubarb puree, served with a eggplant Napoleon. 
You know that that's not cooked. 
- Right? 
- I do, sir. <i>And you put it</i> <i>on a plate.</i> 
Raw duck and, like, the leaning tower of dryness. 
This is not what we're looking for. 
This is bad on so many levels, it's kind of hard to explain. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Scott, let's go.</i> 
Um, what is that? 
It's a profitol... profiterole with a mashed-up sweet potato and a slice of the duck. 
Two whole duck breasts equates to three miniature slices of duck. 
- Where's the rest of it? 
- I honestly got scared. 
It's embarrassing, Scott. 
Well, at least after the raw duck, we have a duck that has actually seen the frying pan. <i>You thought</i> <i>it would impress us</i> that you could put a slice of duck breast 
- in a profiterole? 
- A little over-creative. 
Over-creative? 
Delusional. 
Three embarrassing dishes. 
I'm scared. 
If they call my name and they send me home, 
I'm gonna be the first person out of 18 gone. 
It would be devastating. 
Scott, one step forward, please. 
Yes, chef. 
We're disappointed. 
Luckily for you, <i>there were two dishes</i> <i>worse than yours.</i> 
Back on your station, please. 
Yes, chef. <i>Ryan, Samantha,</i> <i>one of you has just cooked</i> their last dish in this competition. 
My dish looks ten times better than his dish. 
How is this even possible? 
Even though my dish might have been uglier in presentation, it was still edible. 
The person leaving the competition <i>that cooked the worst dish...</i> <i>I just wanted to say</i> that I am definitely not ready to go home yet, <i>and you were right.</i> <i>The hero of this dish</i> was the duck, and, out of the two of us, <i>I would say that the duck</i> was better executed by me. 
I don't care. <i>And you guys can't eat</i> <i>raw duck.</i> 
No begging. 
You're in this competition competing, not judging. 
Let's get that right. 
Have some respect for your fellow contestants. 
The person leaving the competition <i>that cooked</i> <i>the worst dish</i> in our first mystery box challenge <i>belongs to...</i> (Announcer) The judges have already singled out the two worst dishes. 
Out of the two of us, 
I would say that the duck was better executed by me. 
No begging. 
(Announcer) And now, for the first time, someone will be stripped from their apron, and sent home from a mistery box challenge. 
The person leaving the competition <i>that cooked</i> <i>the worst dish</i> <i>belongs to</i>... 
Samantha. <i>Please take your apron off</i> <i>and place it on your station.</i> <i>You're leaving</i> <i>the competition.</i> 
I'm definitely sad to leave the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen this early. 
I didn't think my dish was the star of the challenge, but I didn't think it was the loser of the challenge. 
It was definitely a learning process. 
It has given me more zeal for my passion, and is not gonna stop me. 
I don't mean to be a hater, but, man, come on, 
Ryan, for him to throw Samantha under the bus like that, was a [Bleep] bitch move. 
Ryan, back on your station. 
(Becky) You can never feel safe here, and I think that that's exactly what they were trying to tell us, so you better be bringing your a-game every single day. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Winning every challenge,</i> every pressure test, results to so many advantages <i>in this competition.</i> 
And today, the glory does belong to somebody, because their dish stood out <i>above their competition.</i> 
That dish belongs to... 
Felix. <i>Congratulations.</i> <i>Great job.</i> 
Bring your dish down please, darling. 
(Felix) It's a huge validation. 
This is definitely one of the proudest moments that I've had in my life. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Come and stand over here.</i> 
I'm trying to just be humble and, like, you know, keep my composure, but I don't think that Felix deserved to win. 
Which sucks. 
I'm so bummed. 
Great job. 
Really good job indeed. 
(Felix) I did a Chinese five-spice seared duck breast, and I did a sauce for it, and eggplant and sweet potato chips. 
Phenomenal execution. 
Very nice. 
The sauce and everything on the plate really worked. <i>(Joe) We recognized it immediately as being</i> restaurant-quality, and the flavor <i>is fantastic.</i> <i>(Felix)</i> <i>Thank you so much.</i> <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Felix is now a frontrunner.</i> <i>The competition is on.</i> 
So, Felix, for winning today's mystery box challenge, you're coming with us to find out your huge advantage <i>in the next challenge.</i> <i>Let's go. 
Well done.</i> (Announcer) As the winner of the mystery box challenge, 
Felix is now the first home cook to enter the <i>Masterchef</i> pantry. 
Here, Felix is in control of the first elimination test. 
Each elimination test will see at least one person 
leave the competition. 
(Felix) I'm surrounded by the most amazing fresh produce. 
It was the most beautiful pantry I had ever seen in my life. 
(Announcer) Felix now gets to choose the style of food or the dish that everyone must cook. 
However, the one thing she cannot control is the theme of the challenge. 
That is in the hands of the judges. 
Today, you'll be cooking one of our three most intimidating dishes. 
I'm down. 
Even though I was practically raised on it, it's a dish that intimidates me because it's so difficult to execute. 
And it's a dish that takes me back to my grandmother's kitchen and my mother's kitchen. <i>It is Italian risotto.</i> 
And risotto refers not only to rice, but the technique involved in making it. 
Because, as opposed to steaming it or boiling it, we saute it. 
There is one dish that always gives me the chills, because you can't hide behind adding different little touches <i>and ingredients</i> <i>and garnishes.</i> 
Classic New England clam chowder. 
Five ingredients... 
Potatoes, cream, <i>onion, pork, clams.</i> 
All of those things at the end of the day, they sound easy, and that's <i>what makes it a hard dish.</i> 
To me, the most intimidating dish is the one I'm well-known for. <i>It's like a work of art.</i> 
You seriously have to follow every step religiously. 
Any idea? 
Your notorious beef Wellington? 
It's exactly that. 
It scares the hell out of me. <i>It's so intimidating,</i> <i>it takes years</i> <i>of practice.</i> <i>Felix, out of Joe, Graham,</i> <i>and my dish,</i> what dish are you gonna choose? 
I choose... 
The theme of today's elimination test is our most intimidating dishes. <i>We gave Felix</i> <i>the choice of one</i> <i>of those three dishes</i> that give us the most anxiety. 
The dish that Felix chose was... 
A stunning risotto. 
All right. 
My whole stomach sinks, and I feel a little nauseous, because I've only made risotto once in my life, and it was not very good. 
Risotto's not intimidating to me because I've made it before, and I'm comfortable doing it in a short period of time. 
- Felix. 
- Yes. 
For winning the mystery box challenge, <i>- you don't have to cook it.</i> - Yeah! <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>You're safe.</i> 
Go enjoy your safety <i>up in our gallery.</i> 
[Applause] 
Thank you. 
What an amazing position to be in. 
At least one of you will be eliminated <i>on the back of this risotto,</i> so make sure it's not you. <i>All of you</i> <i>have got 45 minutes</i> to make a stunning risotto. <i>Your 45 minutes starts from...</i> 
Now. 
Off you go. 
(Announcer) As Felix enjoys the safety of the <i>Masterchef</i> lounge, the remaining home cooks must now choose the necessary ingredients to make one stunning risotto dish. 
Butter. 
I need butter. 
(Announcer) At the end of the challenge, at least one more person will be sent home. 
Is there butter in here? 
My eyes lit up. 
There was molecular powders, 
Xanthan gum, tapioca maltodextrin, sodium alginate... 
Pretty much everything you need to make awesome risotto. 
(Scott) Risotto, it doesn't have to be fancy. 
You can't really use cayenne and a blast of this or a blast of that, you know, to really mask some of the subtle errors that you might be making. 
Some kind of shellfish. 
Either clams or scallops or mussels or shrimp. 
Everyone else can see what's in the pantry. 
I can only really cook with ingredients I know about. 
Innovation is going to be a big challenge for me. 
Wow. 
Some half-full baskets. <i>Some full baskets.</i> <i>If you were out there</i> <i>right now,</i> what kind of risotto would you be doing? <i>Something super simple.</i> <i>One ingredient.</i> <i>You have to season</i> <i>all the way through,</i> <i>you have to season</i> <i>the onions when they go in.</i> <i>You have to toast the rice,</i> <i>add the wine,</i> <i>burn the alcohol out,</i> <i>more salt, make sure</i> <i>your stock is seasoned.</i> 
I mean, there's a lot of balance here. 
Mm-hmm. 
You cannot rush a risotto. 
Okay, Frank, how's your rice coming? 
So far, so good. 
What would your family think if you get sent home on a risotto? 
My dad would definitely break my balls. 
Dave Mack. 
Yes, sir. 
Flavor. 
What are you doing? 
I got some white wine, butter. 
I got the morels. 
I know those have a nice flavor to 'em. 
- Good luck. 
- Thank you, sir. 
Felix, how you feel up there? 
Good. 
Hi. 
It feels really nice to just be able to watch from above what everyone's cooking style is. 
It looks like Tali's never made risotto before. 
It looks like Dave Mack has never made risotto before, as well as Scott. 
He's not using a classic technique, and there's reasons why techniques are developed. 
I'm gonna make a poblano risotto for them today. 
I'm gonna add a little scallop on top and see where we go from there. 
Hello, Helene. <i>What do you think?</i> 
Um, I think it's actually done. 
The texture is telling me that it's really close. 
- Did you taste that rice? 
- Yes. 
That taste cooked to you? 
Well, it's getting there. 
- Monti. 
- Yes, sir, chef. 
One, two, three, four pans going. 
What are you doing? 
I am gonna make risotto with green and yellow beans, white asparagus, and sun-dried tomato. <i>Not keeping things simple?</i> 
I'm gonna see how things turn out, and I'm gonna go from there. <i>(Gordon) Last 15 minutes. 
Here we go.</i> 
So, with 15 minutes left, <i>we should certainly be adding</i> <i>the first consommes</i> <i>to our final risotto.</i> 
The rice should be toasted, the onions should be wilted. 
You're starting to see the rice swell a little bit, <i>gaining volume... working it,</i> <i>working it, working it.</i> 
Who do you think's gonna be doing something delicious? <i>I think that Frank'll do</i> <i>a good risotto,</i> <i>because I think</i> <i>he's eaten it before.</i> 
- Dave Mack? 
- He's got a pot like this, <i>where it's literally, like,</i> <i>just making this porridge.</i> 
- Right. 
- I think Tali <i>is kind of really</i> <i>out of his comfort zone.</i> <i>His technique is off.</i> 
He put cranberries in there. <i>I mean, there's certain things</i> <i>that never go</i> in a bloody risotto. 
Cranberry's one of them. 
He doesn't know when to stop. <i>He doesn't know</i> <i>when to stop.</i> 
I mean, I'm seriously concerned. <i>He is in hot water.</i> <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Five minutes to go.</i> 
Use the time wisely. 
(Announcer) In this risotto elimination challenge, many are struggling. 
Oh, my God. 
(Announcer) At the end of tonight, another one of these 17 home cooks will be leaving the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Taste.</i> <i>Start thinking</i> <i>about the execution.</i> <i>Everything.</i> 60 seconds to go. 
Come on. <i>Check the plate.</i> <i>Let the risotto relax.</i> <i>Seasoning.</i> <i>Butter in.</i> <i>Cheese in.</i> <i>You want rich lava.</i> 
Ten, nine, eight, seven, <i>six, five,</i> <i>four, three, two, one,</i> and stop. <i>Everybody.</i> 
[Cheers and applause] 
Well done. 
And the sad news. <i>Tonight, somebody</i> <i>will be leaving</i> the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen. 
(Announcer) The judges will taste each risotto dish. 
Then the three worst dishes will be singled out, and one of those home cooks will leave the competition. 
Okay, let's start off back row. 
Monti. 
I'm a little freaked out right now. 
But I'm not going home. 
I came here to cook, and I came here to win this. 
This is risotto made with white wine and chicken stock with a pancetta, pine nuts, sundried tomato, and white asparagus. 
It does not look like a risotto, does it? 
Uh... 
They don't look like that ever. <i>So there's the risotto</i> <i>down there.</i> 
I've got to dig for this one. 
The pancetta is crispy. <i>That's the nice thing</i> <i>about it.</i> 
Unfortunately, your garnish tastes better than the actual body of the risotto. 
Have you ever eaten risotto before? 
- No. 
- That's bizarre. 
That I've never eaten risotto? 
How are you holding up? 
I'm doing all right. 
The thing is, as whoever you're cooking it for is getting the bite, they should get <i>a tiny, little piece</i> <i>of asparagus,</i> a little pancetta, all those things, not huge long pieces that don't really fit on the fork and are just garnished on the top. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Thank you, Monti.</i> 
The judges, they expect us to be at a certain level, and I was far below that level. 
[Sniffles] 
Frank, let's go, please. 
Everybody's looking at me to make the quintessential Italian dish, so, yeah, I'm feeling the pressure. 
I'm feeling that I need to bring it. 
What have you got for us? 
Clam, artichoke, and blood orange. 
Pancetta, basil, toasted fennel seeds, and guajillo pepper. 
I knew you guys were gonna be looking at me 
'cause I'm Italian, so I wanted to do something different and hopefully impress you. 
Well, it worked. <i>- Bravo. 
Good job.</i> - Thank you so much. 
Look at the texture in that. 
That's what I loven risotto, you know, being able <i>to stir</i> <i>and find all the little goodies</i> 
- hiddenn there. 
- Yes. 
Um, Frank, you ain't playing around, dude. 
That's pretty good. <i>- Thanks, guys.</i> - Frankie! 
[Applause] 
<i>Frank, the light bulb's on.</i> <i>Right?</i> 
- That's it, baby. <i>- Here we go.</i> 
All right, David, please. 
I need to start making a name for myself in this kitchen, or else I'm gonna go by the wayside, and I can't have that happen. 
In the veal stock risotto, I put portobellos and some oyster mushrooms, gooseberry-roasted poblano, and some scallops. <i>Making risotto and</i> using veal stock at the same time is a very dangerous game. 
You nailed it. 
Thank you. 
Really good job. 
This is one of the best things that I've tasted in a long time. 
- Oh. 
Oh, my gosh. 
- It's delicious. 
The poblano, the cook on the rice is perfect. <i>The layering of flavors.</i> 
- Well done. 
- Oh, my God. 
Helene. 
Wow. 
Um, what is that? 
That is saffron risotto, topped with scallops that are crusted in a red peppercorn-smoked sea salt wrapped in burdock root. 
So, visually, when you can still see the center <i>of that bright grain of rice,</i> what does that mean? 
That it's perhaps undercooked? 
"Perhaps." 
That's not perhaps. 
It's definitely undercooked. 
The basket... 
What the [Bleep] is that? <i>A basket.</i> 
[Bleep]. 
Uhh! 
God, I could scream. 
The scallops are still raw. 
I'm looking at that, and I'm looking at the <i>Masterchef</i> trophy, I'm thinking, "nah." 
All right, guys. 
You guys understand the spirit of this competition? <i>What we're looking for here?</i> 
Scallop basket... 
Go in the garbage basket. 
[Scoffs] 
<i>We're not fooling around here.</i> <i>We're looking</i> <i>for specific things,</i> it's not a game, and you're not here to waste our time. 
- You understand? 
- Yes. 
The rice is undercooked, and the scallops are a joke. 
You guys understand the spirit of this competition? <i>What we're looking for here?</i> 
Scallop basket... 
Go in the garbage basket. 
[Scoffs] 
The rice is undercooked, and the scallops are a joke. 
They really seemed offended by these creations that I made, but at least I went to the edge of my comfort zone. 
I tried something new. 
I didn't nail it. 
I screwed it up. 
Christine, let's go, please. 
(Christine) I sauteed some onions with scallops and chicken stock that I had infused with smashed garlic and chili peppers. 
You were almost frazzled by this dish. 
You have a extraordinary palate, but I think that one is subpar. 
Next up, Ryan. 
We have portobello, dried shiitake, and morel mushrooms. 
I made a duxelle out of the three of them so that I can incorporate the mushrooms in every bite. 
The consistency of the risotto itself was spot on. <i>Good technique</i> <i>on the rice.</i> 
- Good job. 
- Thank you very much. 
- All right, Scott. 
- Good luck, Scotty. 
Let's do this. 
This elimination challenge is definitely a chance for me to redeem myself with the judges. 
It means everything to show them that I can not only just bounce back, but actually really shine. 
You think this has it? 
Is this gonna be good? 
I went back to where I normally cook. 
I went as simple and core as I could to let the risotto speak for itself. 
Seven ingredients in this entire dish. 
- The texture's nice. 
- Thank you, chef. 
Huge improvement over the last dish that we saw. 
A spirited effort, and, uh, welcome back to the contest. 
Thank you, Joe. <i>(Joe)</i> <i>So the next risotto</i> <i>we want to taste</i> <i>is from Tali.</i> 
Joe is definitely the scariest judge. 
He's the judge to win over, and, if I can do that, then the <i>Masterchef</i> title is definitely mine. 
I made a pistachio, cranberry, cherry, and gooseberry risotto. 
What's this? 
What is this baby powder-looking stuff? 
That's hazelnut and walnuts. 
Next to it, some tapioca maltodextrin. 
I wanted to give it a little bit of... 
You know what it is, it's garbage is what it is. <i>What you did on that dish</i> <i>is inappropriate</i> and ultimately kind of disgusting. 
Congratulations. <i>The cranberries,</i> <i>the nuts, the gooseberries,</i> already just unheard of in a risotto. 
That is a disaster. 
[Whispers] 
Oh, dear. <i>Damn.</i> 
Serve us your best. 
Anybody. 
[Whispers] 
Damn it. <i>(Graham)</i> <i>Last but not least,</i> 
Dave Mack. 
I'm looking at my dish, the plating and everything was fantastic. 
My dish came out exactly how I wanted, and I feel very confident. 
What we have here is some morel mushrooms, some portobello mushrooms. 
Used some veal stock, a sauvignon blanc. 
Did you wash the mushrooms? 
I didn't wash them out completely. 
If they're not rinsed super well, <i>especially the morels,</i> <i>it's like a dirt sponge,</i> <i>and you taste that,</i> <i>and it's just gritty.</i> 
It's just really bad. 
Don't grab a morel. <i>Why do you tell me</i> <i>what to avoid?</i> 
I'm here to eat the dish or should I eat selectively? 
As you wish. 
[Utensils clatter] 
A little too sandy for me. <i>Big mistake.</i> 
Guys, some basic stuff <i>like feeding us sand</i> <i>and things like that,</i> not good. 
I screwed up. 
But I hope that they're able to see through that and still see my culinary greatness. 
We tasted some fantastic risottos and, sadly, some disastrous risottos. <i>We now need to come up</i> with a decision. 
(Announcer) The judges must now decide which home cooks are the bottom three. 
From these, one more person will be sent home tonight. 
- Good job, Christine. 
- Oh, thanks. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Monti?</i> 
It just shows the inexperience. 
- Helene? 
- Helene is a disaster. 
Helene was shocking. 
According to them, it was, like, way undercooked. 
You're not the worst. 
She is. 
And Tali. 
I mean... 
Disaster. 
I don't know what Tali was up to. 
- No. 
- Dave? 
The sand, you know, big, big technical error. 
I didn't wash the mushrooms, and I think I started too late. 
Any freakin' dish but risotto, man. 
Like, seriously. 
Ryan and Tali are the two people that I want to see go home. 
They're just total idiots. 
And, if they don't stay on their toes, 
I'm gonna be the one to take 'em out. 
Clearly we have to take him out. 
You took the words right out of my mouth. 
I'm gonna have to throw someone under the bus. 
Once one of 'em's gone, the other one's... 
Remember, you're the best. 
- How do you feel? 
- Good. 
All right, guys. <i>(Gordon) Back to your stations, please. 
Thank you.</i> 
There were two standout risottos. <i>The first one belongs to...</i> 
Frank. <i>Great job.</i> <i>However, there was one</i> that stood out head and shoulders above its competition. 
That dish belongs to... 
David Martinez. 
Both of you will become team captains in the next stage of this competition. 
But you know this elimination challenge comes with a departure. <i>There were three dishes</i> <i>that stood out</i> all for the wrong reasons. <i>And at least one</i> <i>of those three</i> <i>have cooked</i> their last dish in this competition. 
The first dish that was out of character, <i>bland, subpar,</i> <i>and on the verge</i> <i>of an embarrassment,</i> that dish belongs to... 
Dave Mack. <i>Come down here, please.</i> 
Please stand over there. 
Thank you. <i>(Joe)</i> <i>This next dish</i> had very bizarre flavors and techniques. 
Helene. 
The third of the worst dishes had a mix of ingredients that made no sense, <i>didn't even seem to know</i> what a risotto was supposed to be. <i>That dish belongs to...</i> 
I was trying to not lose my grip on my countertop, because I know I'm gonna be in the bottom three. 
I know it. 
The third of the worst dishes had a mix of ingredients that made no sense, <i>didn't even seem to know</i> what a risotto was supposed to be. 
That dish... 
Belongs to Tali. <i>(Gordon)</i> <i>Those three risottos</i> were embarrassing. <i>Who will be sent home?</i> 
I did what the challenge asked for, you know, so I feel safe. 
I screwed up. 
My risotto was undercooked. 
I'm feeling, quite frankly, scared. 
My food tastes great. 
What do the judges want? 
Why didn't they see it on my plate? 
Dave Mack, one step forward, please. <i>You can't turn out</i> <i>undercooked rice</i> with every mouthful just full of grit. 
Dave, you are not safe. <i>Stay there, please.</i> 
Helene. 
Your dish was really bad. <i>We were bitterly disappointed.</i> 
But it wasn't one of the worst two. 
Back to your station, please. 
Thank you. 
Thank you. <i>Tali.</i> 
You're not safe either. <i>Your dish was confused,</i> <i>bizarre.</i> <i>It's almost like you're trying</i> <i>to outsmart your competition.</i> 
You can bamboozle every amateur <i>behind you, but you</i> <i>cannot bamboozle us three,</i> 
let me tell you. 
Sorry, chef. 
I just didn't... 
This is my first time cooking a risotto. <i>Tali.</i> 
Stay there. 
Based on that risotto... 
The person leaving is... 
Dave Mack. 
Ohh. <i>Your time is done</i> <i>in this competition.</i> <i>Please bring your apron</i> <i>on your station</i> and leave the <i>Masterchef</i> kitchen. 
Thank you. 
Thank you, chef. 
I'm disappointed, but, at the same time, 
I'm glad I got to compete at this level. 
The judges did make a mistake by sending me home. 
I have a lot of creativity. 
Thank you very much. 
What can you say? 
You know, hope for the best, plan for the worst. 
Tali. 
You have dodged that bullet, <i>but, Tali, you are flying</i> <i>by the seat of your pants.</i> 
Back on your station. <i>Thank you so much.</i> 
Whew! 
That's the sigh of relief. 
I dodged the biggest bullet of my life, and... 
I don't want to be in that position again. 
(Announcer) Next time on <i>Masterchef,</i> it's the first team challenge of the season... 
Yeah! 
(Announcer) And the surviving home cooks are going to war. <i>Hit the deck!</i> (Announcer) Each team will battle it out to feed America's heroes. 
Get a grip and wake up! 
(Announcer) And the losers will go head to head in a pressure test... 
I can't believe this is happening. 
Sync and corrected by dr.jackson for www.addic7ed.com 
people has always so been scared of new technologies but in the end will assimilate it and they improve the quality of our lives hi, i'm zach weissmueller at reason.tv we are here with jason silva he's a docummentary filmmaker and media personality in the mind behind the upcoming documentary 'turning into gods' he will be speeking in the singularity summit in NY on october sixteen jason thanks for join us yeah, thank you for having me, i'm a big fan of reason.tv oh, thanks 
Turning Into Gods try to open with a quote of Edward Wilson the famous social biologist and he says: are we as species.. where are we are? we're aproeaching that? or we past that? that's coming seen? well... 
Freeman Dyson the physicist has a wonderful quote, it says: 
So this idea that the new kinds for the artists is now life itself what kind of new forms of human creativity influntial come out of that you know when you consider the fact that every technology unleashes a new form of human expression whitin exists before which is the sort of the way of i see it 
Kevin Kelly has talked about how the technology of the instrument, the piano, or the technology of musical notation, allows Mozart and Beethoven to emerge through that and so now that the new sort of pallets for aesthetics design for IA is the technology of life itself i just think that is really exciting and i think it measured cross the threshold in the sense like evolution has become self aware he has woken up, you know Carl Sagan says: i think that he used to referred to the moment when it actually starts 
R: 
With more than 10 million books sold in more than 50 countries, Camilla Läckberg is one of Sweden's most successful authors. 
Several of her books have been filmed, and this spring she was selected to "The Woman of the Year" by the newspaper Expressen. 
KL: 
Hi! 
CL: 
Camilla 
CL: 
I said "Yes", because I think it looks difficult, and it is something that I'm afraid to do. 
KL: 
Then it's waltz 
KL: 
Relax a little bit 
CL: 
My weakness is the poor self-confidence I have when it comes to dancing. 
There are many steps, there is a lot of information and you feel a little stiff. 
Dance has never had any place in my life and it has only been a stress factor and an anxiety factor, and right now it would be great to get over that threshold. 
KL: 
Imagine that there is a lot of people in the room. 
CL: 
I brought my husband with me today to test out how it is when someone is watching. 
And it gives me cramps in my stomach. 
KL: 
Are you nervous or what? 
CL: 
Yes 
CL: 
It's scary. 
I think it's scary. 
CL: 
I'm a little nervous about how it will go in front of huge numbers of audience. 
CL: 
I don't know how I will act when the cameras are turned on. 
I have no idea. 
I am so nervous that I hardly sleep at night anymore. 
KL: 
There are still some steps... 
D: 
A waltz by Camilla and Kristjan 
D: 
Thank you. 
D: 
Well Dermot. 
DC: 
If you had the nerves, I couldn't see it. 
To be a premiere dance, this is perhaps one of the best I've seen through seven seasons. 
DC: 
It was elegant. 
You have a very nice position. 
And if I should criticize anything the first night, it is to breathe more and get the head a bit more..... 
CL: 
I didn't breathe at all 
DC: 
Think about it to next week. 
You have to dance and breathe. 
It was a very, very good start. 
D: 
Tony? 
Tl: 
Elegant, sensual, beautiful. 
Can be a bit better technically, but a really good start of the season. 
D: 
Wow! 
How about Ann? 
AW: 
I don't have much to add. 
It was very beautiful and the song was called "Natural Woman" and I thought that you really was one. 
D: 
So lovely 
D: 
The jury agreed, Camilla, and what do you think the policeman over there think? 
CL: 
He thinks that everything I do is fantastic, so he just got another confirmation now. 
D: 
Do you know what I believe? 
I think that the cop thought it was touching. 
D: 
Thanks to the jury. 
Thank you so much Camilla and Kristjan. 
J: 
Camilla, this is almost like a dream. 
What great praise you got from the jury. 
CL: 
I was very tearful. 
J: 
Is that true? 
CL: 
It's so much energy that has been used now for many weeks, and finally it went my way. 
J: 
How does it feel now that it's over? 
CL: 
It is so wonderful, it's so incredibly wonderful that it's over, even though it was funny. 
J: 
It is not quite over yet. 
You will get points too. 
CL: 
Yes, 
J: 
Wow, wow, wow. 
Right in the lead Camilla. 
That was not a bad score at all. 
CL: 
No, it's ok when you are here, but out there it is terrible 
J: 
Sit down and breathe a little now, since you didn't do that when you were dancing 
J: 
Well done. 
Whatever happened to — "agree to disagree?" 
Third-year Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke has become the face of the campaign for access to birth control coverage for women. 
"Without insurance coverage, contraception can cost as much as $3,000 dollars during law school. " 
Both sides have been locked in a weeks-long battle over mandated birth control coverage. 
But on his radio show — Limbaugh took a personal shot at Fluke to make his point. "essentially says she must be paid to have sex. 
What does that make her? 
It makes her a slut, right?" 
And he didn't stop there. 
Thursday he said — if taxpayers have to foot the bill , then. "we want something in return. 
And that is the videos of all the sex posted online so we can see." 
That got Limbaugh's critics fired up. 
As an anchor for WFLD somewhat tentatively puts it. 
"Wow. 
You can um, imagine um, that sparked a lot of um, reaction and not very well, negative as you can imagine." 
Call that an understatement. 
In a piece for The Washington Post 
Jamila Bey calls Limbaugh's words — "hate speech." 
"What Limbaugh did - and does frequently - is "slut-shaming" and it's no less hateful and derogatory than racial slurs." 
Democrats are calling on leaders of the GOP to condemn Limbaugh's comments. 
But on MSNBC — a political science professor says she hopes they don't so voters can see what the party is actually about. 
26% of voters in the election in 2008 were single women. 
So they decided the outcome of the election, and they may well do it again if Republicans keep promoting this hateful dialogue." 
But Limbaugh's point about mandating coverage is one that continues to have support within the GOP. 
As Mona Charen writes for the conservative National Review. 
"Democrats come along and force insurance companies to provide for free something that 95 percent of people have been purchasing, and when we object, they scream that we want to "send women back" 
It's ludicrous and dishonest and manipulative." 
House Speaker John Boehner did condemn the comments — calling them "inappropriate." 
And Politico reports , Friday President Obama himself called Fluke to thank her for speaking out. 
This is by no means Limbaugh's first brush with controversy. 
But this time, The Atlantic Wire reports — advertisers are distancing themselves from the war of words. 
Still others note, Limbaugh's brand of runaway rhetoric can't do much to help the cause. 
The Christian Science Monitor's Peter Grier asks — has he gone too far this time? 
"In pouring gasoline on a subject that was already a propane fire, he may have drawn attention to himself. but it's possible he's singeing Republicans who are standing close to the action." 
Fluke herself has responded to Limbaugh's comments — calling them outside the bounds of civil discourse. 
I was convinced as i have been told that I would be protecting civilians against armed gangs, Algerian snipers.. 
And then I saw that these people are from Yefren like us, Libyans, brothers and real men (brave). 
I appeal to stop the bloodshed in all of Libya land and I hope that will come true. 
We have been told that these people are not libyans. 
And that there are also Algerian snipers.We were attacked and we surrendered to them and told them we are all Libyans. 
They are not Algerians sniper, nor foreigners - only Libyans. 
We didn't find mercenaires as we had been told, only Libyans from Yefren, and frankly we found none of what we been told. 
What I hope is that all this bloodshed will stop. 
Let's look at some examples of gamification for social good. 
They're in four categories, health and wellness. 
Energy and environment. 
Education and government. 
These are, by no means all of the potential applications. 
And I'm only going to give you, an example or two in each category. 
As a way to get you thinking about, the potential in these areas and the different kinds of approaches that might be involved. 
The first example is something called Zamzee that comes from an organization called Hope Labs and Hope Labs is a non-profit that uses games and game-like systems for better health outcomes. 
So they do some wonderful work around using serious games for cancer patient recovery, but what I'm gonna focus on now is something that they make called the Zamzee. 
And the Zamzee is a little device. 
That, is, an accelerometer that keeps track of how active you are. 
How many steps you take when you walk up steps and so forth. 
And so it measures your physical fitness activity. 
So therefore, it's similar to the Nike plus system that I mentioned earlier. 
And also to the Fit Bit system that some of you may be familiar with but Zamzee is interesting. 
Because it's targeted at low income teenagers. 
There's a terrible problem in the United States about obesity and sedentary 
lifestyles among low income communities and especially young people. 
So Zamzee is an attempt to focus in on that problem using this device. 
And it works the way you might expect. 
You get your activity level tracked, and based on that you earn points, and you can unlock badges for various kinds of achievements, you can level up and you can win various kinds of rewards or, or earn various kinds of rewards based on your points and so forth. 
Standard kind of set of game mechanics that we've seen throughout the class. 
But what HopeLabs has been able to show is that this device, which is designed in a way that's focused in again on these particular communities, actually produces real results. 
So they did a randomized study of 350 teenagers in this community and found a 30 percent increase in activity levels with the Zamzee. 
So that's an example of something which the, again the same basic device, the same basic mechanics get used in commercial applications but it can be targeted and focus in on achieving a social benefit. 
We've seen several other health and wellness applications already in the course. 
The Kia system for wellness activities by people in enterprises. 
Fitocracy to get people to work out and go to the gym more. 
Here is another one, though, that's a 
little bit different. 
This is something caller Superbetter which is, a, a product of Jane McGonigal's company which is also called Super Better. 
And Superbetter is about improving people's life. 
Allowing people to overcome illnesses and to motivate themselves around these kinds of health challenges using gamification. 
So she developed it after she had a concussion that's why her character you see here is Jane the concussion slayer and she created her own little game for motivating her to engage with family and friends, and to go through the various kinds of steps that she needed for recovery. 
And Superbetter is an attempt to generalize that for all kinds of situations where people have health problems that they are trying to overcome, or otherwise trying to improve their situation. 
And it uses things like quests. 
Where you set missions for yourself or the game can set them for you. 
You have your allies, your community, your power-ups that you use to level, and there even are the bad guys, thing like, things like here, caffeine and fluorescent lights and running. 
I guess running in this case is a bad guy if you have a concussion. 
So as you can see, this is a very game-like kind of approach. 
As I may have mentioned earlier. 
Jane McGonigal doesn't like the concept or the term of gamification and wants to focus more on the truly game-like side of the equation. 
If you recall the chart that I put up that there's a more behaviorist kind of gamification and a more game-based framework. 
She's more on the game side and so this reflects that kind of framing. 
But it has many of the same kinds of game elements that we've seen in other contexts, just structured in a different way, and not using quite the same simplistic kinds of point mechanics and reward mechanics. 
That we see in some of the shallow examples of gameification. 
But again, an example of trying to help people get better and do better using game elements. 
Next category is energy and environment. 
First example here is something called Opower and this is a company that gives you reports on how much energy you use in your house and what the patterns are, and you see trends and so part of it is just a quantification, a feedback mechanism that 
lets you see how you're doing and you can see here you're doing good in this case but it also shows you a bunch of relational data, so this says. 
You use less energy than the average person. 
But 55 percent more than your more efficient neighbors. 
Part of what's interesting about Opower is it creates a social dynamic. 
A friendly kind of competition with your friends. 
So, for example, here's a report showing a comparison with your neighbors. 
Where you see you, and the bar chart shows what all of your neighbors are doing. 
So you can see you're worse off than the norm among your neighbors, but really worse off than the category of more efficient neighbors. 
And what they've been able to show, and researchers have been able to show in other contexts is that, that social dimension, that peer pressure, if you will is really powerful in getting people to engage in new behaviors like, using less electricity. 
And here we see the goals which are similar kind of structures that we have seen in other gamified context, and leader boards, another way to compare yourself against your friends. 
Opower has been able to show roughly a two to four percent improvement in the communities where it operates in energy utilization. 
May not sound like much, but that's enough to drive. 
100's of millions of kilowatt hours of energy savings. 
We're talking about people who use a lot of energy, and potentially millions and millions of people in cities that can have this effect. 
So even a small sustained impact on energy usage is a huge benefit. 
For the energy companies in terms of pollution, in terms of energy sustainability, and so forth. 
Next example is Recycle Bank. 
Recycle Bank has a Gameified system of rewards and points and so forth for encouraging people to recycle. 
So they partner with local communities that have recycling programs and say if you e-, if you recycle in this program you earn the points which you can then redeem for rewards. 
And, and they've got a bunch of partnerships with retailers to redeem the rewards. 
Standard straightforward kind of gamified system which they've been able to use in a large number of communities to encourage recycling behavior. 
Again this is a, this is a perfect example that this basic structure could be about anything, could be about something that's commercial, but it's using those techniques to help improve recycling and create all those sorts of benefits. 
Education is in many ways ripe for gamification. 
Student motivation is a huge challenge, and we already have scoring systems, and reward systems, and credentialing systems, and so forth. 
The challenge is for gamification to make the system better and not worse. 
Because to the extent that the game elements push students to just focus on those rewards, and just on what it takes to optimize on the game, and that's different from the true, authentic, intrinsically motivating learning that they should be engaged in. 
The gamification system, like a lot of educational reform effort might actually. 
Harm the educational process rather then help, so that's an important caveat. 
But there still are ways that gamification, if designed right, can be used in many positive ways in education. 
And there are a range of different experiments and initiatives going on. 
One interesting one is called Quest to 
Learn, which is an entire school. 
There is now one in New York and in 
Chicago built around games and games structures as the entire foundation of the curriculum. 
It's being led by Katie Sahlen, who is a noted game designer and game theorist and games educator. 
So, the number that are open at the end of one millisecond will be 100, because we started with 100 plus delta N zero is computed, as computed by the calculation we have just completed. 
So, if you would work that out please and find out what the actual number is at the end of one millisecond. 
Now, let's go on and do the question for ten milliseconds. 
Now, we can't just do this like we did part A because there is too much of an extrapolation. 
So, I'd say there's just too much, too long, ten milliseconds. 
Too long to do in one step. 
I mean, for that matter, one millisecond might have been too long to do it in one step. 
We did it that way, but if we had done it in say, ten short steps, each 100 micro seconds, our answer might have been a little bit different and it would have been better. 
Ten milliseconds is definitely too long, so we have to do it some other way. 
Well, there are a couple of alternatives. 
One alternative is to write a computer program and to do it as a whole bunch of short steps. 
But a better alternative, a better alternative is to look at our equation, dN0 / dt equals whatever it is, and then to solve that equation, solve. 
And when we solve the equation, we'll get 
N0 as a function of time equal to whatever it is over here on the right hand side. 
Maybe you can solve it. 
And if you do, then, you'll be able to 
look at the result and to find the result after one millisecond for part A, and after ten milliseconds for part B. So now, let me make a comment about this part. 
When you solve the equation, solve dN0 / dt, for N0 as a function of t, it should be, it should be that N0 after ten milliseconds. 
Is getting close, it's approaching alpha over alpha plus beta. 
Now, I say that because I've done this problem before. 
Why don't you do it and see if that's the case. 
See if, if N0 after ten milliseconds is pretty close to alpha over alpha plus beta. 
In fact, is it close enough that alpha over alpha plus beta can be used as a good estimate of the answer? 
Or is it still some distance away? 
Please check that out, and get those details straight. 
So, thank you for watching this problem segment. 
And we'll go on soon to the week in review. 
Male Voice: 
In the last video we saw how there could be an industry that has two firms, a duopoly, and if those two firms coordinate they could behave as a monopolist and they could optimize their collective economic profit. 
In the last video we saw that would happen when they produced 50 units per period, and they could split it, assuming these were two identical firms, by each producing half of it. 
In the case of the last video, it was 250 units per firm. 
Then we saw that there was an incentive to cheat; that by producing extra units, from a market's point of view, the marginal economic, or the economic profit on those incremental units would be negative, so the whole economic profit would shrink a little bit as you produced units beyond that, but the cheater would get a bigger chunk of those units, or the bigger chunk of that economic profit. 
The cheater could actually gain, go from $250 per time period to $280, and it would be all at the expense of the non-cheater, and then some, who would lose even more than what the cheater gained. 
Obviously who was initially the non-cheater has an incentive now to cheat, and they'll both keep increasing, they'll both keep increasing production so that if they wanted to keep doing this one-upmanship. 
They both have the incentive to keep going assuming that they don't hold to their cartel agreement until you get to a quantity where there's no economic profit left. 
Right over here, the way 
I've drawn it, the demand curve intersects the average total cost curve right over here, and there's no economic profit left. 
We're producing a good quantity. 
It looks like it's about 75 units combined; 75 units for the whole market. 
But at this point, the market price is equal to the average total cost, and so there's no economic profit per unit on average. 
What I want to do is think about this in kind of a Game theoretic way. 
Let's look at a bunch of states. 
This is the optimal state that we are starting off in. 
You can actually call it the Pareto optimal state, named after Vilfredo Pareto. 
All it means is that's the state where there's no other state where you can make someone better off without making the other person worse off. 
Any of the states here, there are states, for example, where blue is better off. 
For example, in this state right over here blue is better off, but green is worse off. 
So that's why it's called Pareto optimality. 
Now, what I want to think about is how these characters will change their state due to their incentives. 
Then we'll talk a little bit about Nash Equilibrium as well. 
On this axis, up here, lets' say this is one of the competitors. 
This is where they produce 25, and let's say on the ultimate cheating quantity of 75, and this is somewhat close to the market, or that is the equilibrium quantity if this was perfect competition, they produce half of that, so this is them producing 37.5 units. 
As we go from 25 to 37.5 units, they are cheating more. 
This is more cheating and over here, this was no cheating. 
We can do the same thing for the blue player. 
I'll write them as B. This is them producing 25. 
This is them producing 37.5. 
As we go up and up and up, they are cheating more. 
This is a lot of cheating, or more cheating. 
To think of it in a Game theoretical way, this is the Pareto optimal state right over here. 
It's optimal in many ways. 
This is they've maximized the total economic profit here. 
There's no other state that one person would benefit without making the other worse. 
Now, let's think about whether this is a Nash equilibrium. 
Let's remind oursleves what Nash equilibrium was. 
This was a state where holding all the other players constant, so in this case there's only one other player, a player can't gain by changing strategy. 
In this case, changing strategy is changing your output. 
Let's see if that is true of this state right over here. 
Well, let's hold A constant. 
If A is constant, we're in this column right over here. 
Is there something B can do, is there change or strategy B can do, that would allow B to gain? 
Sure. 
B can increase production. 
That's what we saw in the last video. 
We would go from this bottom right state to one right above it. 
Now B's economic profit is 280, A's is 200. 
The pie has shrunk, but B has got a larger chunk of it. 
That was not a Nash equilibrium. 
There is, holding all others constant, there is a player that can gain by changing their strategy. 
The Nash equilibrium definition, just to make sure, they say it's a state where holding others constant no player can gain by changing strategy. 
We just showed that at least one player can gain by changing strategy holding others constant. 
The same would be true if we went the other way around. 
If we held B constant at 25, A could gain by changing his strategy, could go right over there. 
This is not a Nash equilibrium. 
Then regardless of what state we go to, if we go to this state, it's still not a Nash Equilibrium. 
If we hold A constant, 
B could improve by increasing his production; or if we hold B constant, then A can still improve by cheating even more. 
None of these are Nash equilibriums. 
From any one of these states, if you hold A constant, 
B could produce more; or if you hold B constant, 
A could produce more and get some gain. 
Over here, A's going from 130 to 160 and getting some gain. 
You can imagine this keeps happening incrementally. 
They keep producing more and more and more. 
We kind of go there, then we go there, then maybe we go there, then we go there. 
Then maybe A cheats some more, then B cheats some more, then A cheats a little bit more, 
B cheats a little bit more, maybe a little bit more past that, then A cheats a little bit more. 
The whole time the whole economic profit pie, which is the sum of A and B, is getting smaller and smaller until finally A finally cheats and they're at zero economic profit. 
Now let's think about whether this is a Nash equilibrium. 
Clearly, they won't want to move backwards. 
If you hold A constant, 
B would not want to move down. 
Then he would 
lose economic profit. 
That doesn't work. 
He doesn't gain by doing that. 
If you hold B constant, A wouldn't want to move to the right. 
A would also lose economic profit. 
Now you might say what if they produced beyond 37.5? 
Why can't they keep producing and go beyond there? 
Holding A constant, if B were to produce more than 37.5 from this state right over here, then the total pie will get negative and it doesn't matter if B's getting a larger or smaller chunk of that pie. 
B's chunk is going to be negative. 
He's going to drive down the price even more. 
You can see it over here. 
If they increase quantity beyond this market quantity of 75, 37.5 each, if we go beyond that, the price that they would be selling at, at that quantity over there, is lower than the average total cost. 
You're going to be, the total economic, the average economic profit per unit is going to be negative. 
There will be a total of negative economic profit. 
Neither of them will want to produce more from this state either. 
All of a sudden in this topless state, holding others constant; if you hold A constant, B can't gain by changing his strategy, and if you hold B constant 
A can't gain by changing his strategy, so we are, up here, in a Nash equilibrium. 
This is a Nash equilibrium. 
Like the prisoner's dilemma, it was not the optimal state. 
The optimal state was here, but because they both wanted to cheat, they both wanted to do this one-upmanship, they both broke their contracts, they could end up in this state over here. 
But this state is stable. 
There's nothing holding the other party equal. 
There's nothing that they could do to change, to optimize. 
What they could do, and this is not what Nash applies to, they could say okay, we've been really ruining each others' business. 
Let's go coordinate again and I'm going to decrease production if you decrease production. 
That is not, and they could maybe try to go back to this state, and that does not mean that this is not a Nash equilibrium because by coordinating again we're not holding the others constant. 
We're saying I'm changing my strategy while you're changing your strategy. 
Maybe only through another agreement they could go over here. 
That still doesn't mean that this is not a Nash equilibrium. 
This is a Nash equilibrium. 
If there's no coordination, if you hold one player constant, the other player cannot change their strategy, or change their production, for a gain. 
Cameraman: 
We are from God and to him we return. 
Put him on his back. 
Cameraman: 
These are the mercenaries. 
First man, out of shot: 
These are the people he is using to help him. 
He's been shot in the chest. 
Another man: 
They wanted to burn him, disfigure him. 
Second man, out of shot: 
Look at his face, this filth. 
[One man laughs.] 
Another man: 
They shot us with live ammunition 
Cameraman: 
One bullet in his leg and one in his stomach. 
Another man: 
For God to bless you, put him in the morgue. 
Man out of shot: 
Pick him up with me. 
Several voices: 
Slowly, carefully. 
A soul, a soul. 
One man: 
This is a human, in the end this is a soul... 
Another man: 
Arrange his arms properly, arrange his arms. 
Cameraman: 
Was he shot yesterday? 
Or today? 
It looks like it was from yesterday. 
Another man: 
Where are his ID cards and stuff? 
Cameraman: 
I don't know, search his pockets...the guys must have taken them. 
Another man: 
He's not Libyan, I don't think he's Libyan. 
Cameraman: 
He's stiffened, you can't arrange his body properly. 
It must be from yesterday, not today. 
[music] 
>>HA: 
Welcome to Boston Aikikai. 
>>TACClOLl: 
Here we are in Chinatown. 
>>HA: 
[VO] 
The dojo itself started in July 2010. 
So, when the group started then, we were in the basement of the community center in Roslindale. 
Then, we moved to Chinatown, where we've been for the past two years. 
>>PARKER: 
But no matter what, you know how there's a saying, "home is where the heart is?" That's like what I feel about our dojo. 
It doesn't matter, like, where we are -- it's the people in it. >>EBATA: 
For the new dojo, it means more time. 
>>TAClOLl: 
Keep learning with Vu Ha Sensei and the rest of the students. 
>>HA: 
[VO] 
People who enjoy or love aikido or martial arts can come together in their own space and kind of... be with other people who have the same kind of passion or enjoyment of that. 
>>GONGVATANA: 
I think at some point, you know, there's not going to be any more dust and we won't have to wear a mask while practicing. 
>>TAWA: 
Just to train every day. 
That's something that I've wanted to do for a long time. 
>>HA: 
[VO] 
Now we have an opportunity to have our own space, which is what we're trying to work on. 
This is our project, getting this new space. 
>>PERRlNS: 
I like having a dedicated space, where we have the freedom to practice outside of scheduled classes. 
>>HA: 
[VO] 
Boston Aikikai is made up of members: we might have a nice space and all, but the dojo is the people who come and practice. 
>>TAClOLl: 
Excellent. 
Friendly and a lot of teaching. 
>>REDMOND: 
There's lots of geometry. 
>>VlLLARREAL: 
It's more heartfelt than anywhere I've ever been before. 
>>ORAN: 
Whoa! 
That sums it up pretty well. 
>>GONGVATANA: 
So many words that come to mind... 
I'm getting nervous! 
[laughter] 
Hi My name is Colleen Hall-Patton and I am your teacher/faciliator for this semester. 
I thought that you should probably have some idea who you're dealing with not all of these are going to be video recordings but we will start with this so you at least have some idea who I am. 
A little bit of background about me to begin with is I have a PH.D. in Sociology from UNLV in 2004 took me ten years to do that so those of you on the long track on this I empathize. 
A Bachelors and Masters Degree in Anthropology and so I take kind of a more world view of things and across cultural sort of view on stuff. 
I have been teaching Women's Studies at UNLV since 1999 while I was still a graduate student and I think in Women's Studies especially it is important to know the placement of where you are or a person is in various hierarchies. 
So here's mine. 
I am came of age in the 1970's at kind of the height of optimism on changes on the second women's movement. 
I am married had been for 35 years. 
Which I don't think I am old enough to be married that long but there it is. 
Two kids who are both young adults. and I had a 25 year career in Information Technology and switched over to teaching full time in 2003. 
So that's kind of a background of where we are on this. 
In terms of the class, the class is organized in modules 1 for each week and our book has 13 chapters so we've got 13 chapters over 15 weeks. 
In this we have a life time of experience doing gender, race, class, ability even though we may not recognize that we do and of course our experiences are all unique. 
Recommendations for this class is stay on top of the work. 
Do the work for the week in the week, contribute to the discussions that's going to our primary place of talking to each other. 
I will be in out of them as well. 
You learn through participation. 
You learn from the other students. 
Read the syilabus, contribute to and read discussions, read the text, watch related videos when they are there. 
Take the quizzes, the quiz questions, some if not all of the quiz questions each week will go forward into the exam. 
Do the learning activities and the interviews and full explanation of those will be out in the website for the class as we get going on it I don't them quite done a couple of weeks before class starts that I am actually taping this. 
Okay, key take a ways for the class are things that we are going to be doing that are themes that will occur or reoccur through out the semester the first one is to look at the stereotypes that we have learned over the course of our lives and exam them potentially dismantle them, think about them talk about them. 
Stereotypes are preconceived ideas about people,places or objects they're categories on steroids and we all learn how to do categories but stereotypes are taking are taking those and them from that applying them in places where they don't necessarily apply. 
The second one is recognizing both oppression and privilege as you'll see some of these will refer to in later readings. 
Frys bird cage analogy of looking at the overall structure when some of the really tiny pieces may not seem like very much. 
But also this tends to be a way of thinking about racisim sexism, classicism, hetero-sexism, but the the other side of this is privilege. 
Privilege is a term we will look at going into week two or three going in to a particular reading there. 
They are unnoticed advantages that help some people that ease their way through. 
And the third key take a way on this that every piece of our life has gender, race, class, sexual orientation built into it even if we don't necessarily recognize it. 
Sometimes others see it in places where we don't. 
I certainly have run into this especially with dealing with race. 
Where I don't see the racial component of something and yet its there. 
Okay, so an introduction to the class itself is always keep in mind to some extent the name of our book which is Women's Voices Feminist Visions. 
Historically, Women were seen as subjects and heard perhaps not at all. 
This classic thing we think about for children also applied to women. 
They were to be seen but not heard. 
Feminist visions have changed through three waves of history. 
The first wave was in the 1800's beginning with the declaration of sentiments in 1848 culminating with women getting the vote in 1920. 
The second wave which began in 1963 with Betty Fedians Feminine Mystique book and hasn't exactly ended but most of the people involved in that have retired or have passed. 
The third wave which began in 1990's originally coined by Rebecca Walker in 1992 she is the daughter of Alice Walker that wrote The Color Purple what the vision is looks different with each of these but always keep in mind through all of this while we are talking about women's voices feminist visions there have always been men involved in all of these movements that have been allies that have considered themselves feminist in whatever the term in that particular movement . 
The movements not always have but recognize other kinds of hierarchies there was a nasty racist component for instance in the first wave that in the second wave that didn't recognize difference by class differences by race, differences by sexual orientation and really took until the third wave to incorporate global feminisms where the issues in Afghanistan for instance are utterly and completely different from the issues in the United States. 
In this we are learning from each other learning from each other's experiences as you will see there is a portion of this where we will be sharing the interviews that you will doing through the discussions. 
That will be a place where we bring yet more voices to our class. 
I talk about here confronting discomfort and if you run into things when as I am when I am reading that I am not comfortable or I am not clear about them use those as opportunities to think through why 
Why does it feel like that? 
Why do you think like that? 
What experiences got you there? 
How do these alternate views make us see the world in a way we might not have seen it before. 
K, there are class is organized in ways that much of this is to understand the historical origins of how we got to where we are today and how those feed into contemporary issues one the big points of this is about social change. 
That if things have changed over time way for fast for evolution to have made any difference than clearly things have been socially constructed and this idea of nature vs nurture debate that we will come back to time and time again. 
In academia it is called essentialism going back to this idea of essences or humors vs constructivism which means that it is socially constructed. 
I talk here about sex vs. gender. 
Biology vs culture these are all interrelated so saying here and I will probably say this a couple of times in this as we talk about sex in general we talk about sex being what is between your legs and gender being what is between your ears. 
In these then change happens only because people have worked to make that happen often at great personal sacrifice up to and including dying for the cause. 
Interspersed are brief biographies of activists so you get a sense of what it has taken to get us to where we are today the things that we so take for granted that people really had to work for us to have those. 
Last I want to talk about this definition of feminism. 
Feminism is another F word not the F word that most of us think of and in this, it has two basic components to it. 
We will look at different sorts of theories in different ways of defining what equality is on this, but the underlying piece on this is an ideal of equality between men and women, across race, across sexual orientation, across ability all of these people are ideals of equality. 
The second part of this it has actions to create this sort of equal world that the idea calls for. 
Its not one idea or the other its both of them together its both end as Patricia Hill Colleens talks about our ways of dealing with hierarchies or identities. 
So I will leave that from you and I will join you in discussions as well this week. 
See you soon. 
Thank you for that welcome and thank you for coming, this is a great moment and its been two years in the planning and it's just, it always takes your mind away when you actually come to this point and you can look back and go wow we've been through a lot of blood sweat and tears to get here but now lets party and that's what we really want you to do unlike my normal speeches, i'm using that word a lot at the moment, I've written it down i normally i usually go off the cuff but I've written it down because there's so much I've to say and i don't want to forget anybody okay, her we go, on behalf of the staff and board I'm delighted to welcome you here for our 11th DaDaFest we are thrilled to be delivering such an exciting and diverse program in these austere times and thank all the partners and funders for their belief and support of our work 
This year's theme is all about the fact that we inhabit bodies that constantly change and how this affects how we are viewed by the world but also how we view ourselves because a lot of us think as we acquire impairments and maybe become this other person that we're no longer of value and we want to actually say totally the opposite from this festival 
Disability is still stigmatised and misunderstood and we are proud that we can provoke conversation with the work on offer in DaDaFest 2012 
We have lots of events so they are all highlights as far as I am concerned we are so pleased that we have this Amazing collaboration with the Bluecoat and that they are putting so much effort to it their staff have been phenomenal so thank you but also Ine with Niet Normaal, we first met Ine four years ago with the DaDaFest 2008 and she knew then she wanted to base this work here in Liverpool and so we were able to link her with Gary, sorry is that me? 
I'm standing in the wrong place 
And he's been a co-curator with Ine's concept for Niet Normaal so thank you for all the work you've but into that, it's great 
We've also got Film, music, theatre, workshops with the amazing live programme - which will be kicking off on 17th August and thrilled to bits that we're working with the Philharmonic Hall with an amazing collaboration with Evelyn Glennie on the 18th of August 
There will be a one off performance with Pagoda Chinese Youth Orchestra and Merseyside Signing Choir who have linked up with a Deaf School in Shanghai, and are going to be performing the Jasmine Flower which will be signed in English and Chinese, It will be phenomenal so please get your tickets for that 
This year we're welcoming overseas artists such as David Roche, Benny Prasad 
Nudd and Galloway "wee hee" no, no fans yet you will be and all the amazing Niet Normaal artists who have been ??? to this collection which is fantastic 
There are so many other people I can't name them all so I'm going to stop there with the artists but read them in the book 
But what's really important is that this festival is rooted and comes from Liverpool so we're delivering a number of participation projects with different partners such as an inter-generational story-telling project with Steve Biko housing a poetry workshop funded by Jackson and Canter, looking at how legal language needs to be a bit more de-mystified so it's least - less interrogating for, for people to engage with the legal profession 
We are also hosting a number of seminars with different partners 
Hope University and Liverpool University, Shape and Catalyst Arts. 
Liverpool Primary Care Trust have been incredibly supportive and we're really pleased to be acknowledging and promoting the five ways to health and wellbeing through the eight weeks of DaDaFest and we'll be producing questionnaires and surveys to glean information to help to see how DaDaFest can affect that 
Got a few more thanks to make, we need to thank our festival funders, Granada Foundation 
North West Business Leaders Team and getting the Lever Prize, Eleanor Rathbone trust, Liverpool PCT 
Virgin Trains gave us 20 free 1st class tickets to come and go from Liverpool 
Jury's Inn and Jackson and Canter 
But we'd really continually like to thank our key investors - Arts Council England and Liverpool, City Council 
You're on-going support is vital to our future and allows us to be a visionary art company and impact not only Liverpool and Merseyside but also helps us pioneer into new places across the UK and I'm pleased to say that we are we are programming some of DaDaFest's works into different places such as Belfast, Preston, St Helens, and Newham 
I also wish to thank, the London 2012 cultural Olympiad people who have been incredibly supportive we wish them every success with this year's programme when it launches in a few weeks time 
But also all the amazing partner venues that we work with,the Bluecoat, Unity Theatre, The Blackie 
Liverpool Anglican Cathedral, FACT, The Walker Gallery and Liverpool University 
And our amazing volunteers - they are a joy to work with and we do get them to do some very weird and wacky things 
like today they've all been dressed up in white coats on the platform on Lime Street stopping people to ask "are you normal or not normal" this has been fascinating because in an hour they had ran out of their surveys and we had to print more so thats showing people want to discuss this 
To finish I just want to make sure that you are aware that we not only deliver DaDaFest and it will now be a biennial from this year so the next ones 2014 but we also as a company deliver lots of different projects throughout the years and we have been working in Liverpool since 1984 to empower disabled and deaf peoples participation and leadership in the arts and cultural sector 
We have had an on-going programme with young disabled and deaf people and I'm really proud of that programme 
This year we are working with them to put on Young DaDaFest at the Blackie next week an event were the young people themselves have created and make a performance event it empowers them and gives them a sense of a community that goes beyond their schools 
We've seen some wonderful moments and seen some real achievements but tonight we're going to see more because we have one to share with you here we met a young lady called Shauna Hogan in 2003 when she performed an Irish dance at the very first Young DaDaFest she has gone onto really develop herself within dance and also likes to swim and so we put her into an opportunity where she could maybe meet get some funding to help her career she's now got a place to study dance at Liverpool Community College 
Her swimming is going to take her to Puerto Rico soon, so she needed some money so we helped her put an application in and she was chosen and awarded to win £3,000 to help her with her ambitions in that so really want you to give her a big welcome because I'm going to present her with her cheque tonight 
So please Shauna 
I want to say thank you. 
I want to say thank you to all my mentors. 
Thanks you very much, thank you 
Can I, can I just say thank you on behalf of Shauna 
What you won't know is that Shauna is actually going to represent Great Britain in Puerto Rico in September in the Special Olympics, the Olympics which are very much forgotten 
They get no funding, so this is going to be an absolute boom so we can, actually pay her fare to go, which is £700 
So thank you very much 
Well done Shauna. 
And back to the marvellous Nick, hasn't he done a good job tonight, thank you, thank you 
Lullabies for Tiny Annabelle, no25850381 
In November, a poem by Eamon Grennan 
"Black—the cracked hilarity of crows. 
Jagged black laughter over your head. 
Bodies in their fit of being: one couple jostling for a branch, another pair preening each other's feathers. 
Down here you're feeling the sheer quiet that settles on the body after body-work—digging a ditch, cutting back hedges, raking the last of the leaves onto a blue tarpaulin. 
Load after load you lay in a mulch-line along the fence, packing a trench, tamping it down, 
letting scents of autumn have a last fling with your nose and mouth. 
When you've put the rake away, the crackling sheet of plastic neatly folded, and you walk under bare trees where crows are cackling, coughing, rattling branches, it's good to feel your body as only an over-floating sense of satisfaction, mind buried in its warm earth, in a quiet that's flesh, that's spirit, that's what a crow might feel for a minute or so in sunshine—belly full, perching a chimneypot, out of danger—or what you'd find among the small stones and yew bushes of a well-tended cemetery, or in an old dog spread in dreamless sleep, or in any settled something that's hardly breathing, just feeling body-heat hold itself easy in the last hours before the first snow. " 
- ♪ music ♪ - 
You view the real Florence when you can see the bell tower 
The Campanile, and in the centre on the lower left the just low cornered baptistry and on the back the cathedral of Florence which Brunelleschi's dome at the top. 
- Well, the baptistry is a medieval building and from the tenth century probably and the cathedral that we all know they began building in the strand 1300 and the bell tower starts going up a little bit perhaps after that and then the dome is built from the early 1400 and finished in the 1470's. 
- So, what are we looking at with the bell tower? the bell tower now we are going to concentrate on is the lower part of it around 1340 even when the tower was not complete yet, they decided that the town and the guild of Florence, specifically the world guild that was in charge of decorating the cathedral decided that they want to decorate the bottom of the tower because even though it was completely embarassing, having business there on decorated surface where one is walking around as you can see, all the time and so the two very bottom layers are decorated with many reliefs designed in stone marble rather than the bronze that is on the bapistry. the reliefs cover a lot of subjects. there are typical scenes there are signs of the zodiac and there are also scenes of 
local art and industry. 
Some of these things may sound unusual of course the biblical scenes make sense on such buildings well those might have been a little bit unusual we'll see why they might want to include those we should also say that the zodiac signs are not unusual because the medieval christians were very able, and very comfortably blended their belief in christianity and christian devotion in with interest in horse gathering, we see that a lot in medieval trasures thats right.lets look at some of these relics her is one of these religious scenes.this is the creation of adam.the artist is andrew epizano who at rather the same time is working on the bronze relics just across the street on the side towards the bapistry. those secenes are about john the bapist and here is one of the typical scenes on the bell tower and again this is typical of the zious belif belief described at. it is very very simplified with mostly a blank background, just a few things to give you a sense of the setting.there are a few stylysed trees and we have god leaning over and creating adam verily out of the dust of the earth he takes form. exactly. this is another good exampleo fhow at aura combines a graphic stylistion with a sort of naturalist classicism. where do you see the graphic stylistion? well the figure of god the father some ways the robes went about with a sense of the body underneath with a kind of ritual folds. all this is pretty traditional so you ense of the body with not yet so attire sensive and atomically correct and real physical instead the figure adam is a nude athletic male you know it is calassicising as well as naturalistic he is in a contapastic stance even though he is lying down. this does not make any sense for contra posture is usually for standing up. but the fact that he has done that anyway shows that how interested he was in giving alassical piecec thats true of his ribs muscles riht thro. this is quite typical of his style. you are now looking at one of the scenes of local industry. it is lot like one of the god fearing adam. it is interesting that you say that because the industry that is represented here is sculpture and this is an interesting way for an artist tosuggest that the work of the sculpture is in some ways like the work of god. thos who are creative in fact we see here that the creator here the artist 
leaning over with stylised robes leaning over a nude more naturalistic more classicising figure well, of course, he is not going to get on trouble because of modesty here because look again and compare this to the way God creates Adan 
God is innature and he uses a gesture of his hand and Adan is clearly sopposed to be a real living person 
When we look at the sculptor in the studio, he is in the studio, he is using tools. 
The use of the tool is a really conspicuous. 

Let's solve some quadratic equations by factoring. 
So let's say I had x squared plus 4x is equal to 21. 
Now your impulse might be to try to factor out an x and somehow set that equal to 21. 
And that will not lead you to good solutions. 
You'll probably end up doing something that's not justified. 
What you need to do here is put the entire quadratic expression on one side of the equation. 
We'll do it onto the left-hand side. 
So let's subtract 21 from both sides of this equation. 
The left-hand side then becomes x squared plus 4x minus 21. 
And then the right-hand side will be equal to 0. 
And the way you want to solve this, this is a quadratic equation. 
We have a quadratic expression being set equal to 0. 
The way you want to solve this is you want to factor them, and say, OK, each of those factors could then be equal to 0. 
So how do we factor this? 
Well, we saw in the last video that we have to figure out two numbers whose product is equal to negative 21, and whose sum is equal to 4. 
This would be a plus b would have to be equal to 4. 
Since their product is negative, they have to be of different signs. 
And so let's see, the number that jumps out at me is 7 and 3. 
If I have negative 7 and positive 3, I would get negative 4. 
So let's do positive 7 and negative 3. 
So the a and b are positive 7 and negative 3. 
When I take the product, I get negative 21. 
When I take their sum, I get positive 4. 
So I can rewrite this equation here. 
I could rewrite it as x plus 7, times x minus 3, is equal to 0. 
And now I can solve this by saying, look, I have two quantities. 
Their product is equal to 0. 
That means that one or both of them have to be equal to 0. 
So that means that x plus 7 is equal to 0. 
That's an x. 
Or x minus 3 is equal to 0. 
I could subtract 7 from both sides of this equation. 
And I would get x is equal to negative 7. 
And over here, I can add 3 to both sides of this equation. 
And I'll get x is equal to 3. 
So both of these numbers are solutions to this equation. 
You could try it out. 
If you do 7-- negative 7 squared is 49. 
Negative 7 times 4 is minus 28, or negative 28. 
And that does indeed equal 21. 
And I'll let you try it out with the positive 3. 
Actually, let's just do it. 
3 squared is 9, plus 4 times 3 is 12. 
9 plus 12 is, indeed, 21. 
Let's do a bunch more examples. 
Let's say I have x squared plus 49 is equal to 14x. 
Once again, whenever you see anything like this, get all of your terms on one side of the equation and get a 0 on the other side. 
That's the best way to solve a quadratic equation. 
So let's subtract 14x from both sides. 
We could write this as x squared minus 14x plus 49 is equal to 0. 
Obviously, 14x minus 14x is 0. 
This quantity minus 14x is this quantity right there. 
Now we just have to think about what two numbers, when I take their product, I'm going to get 49, and when I take their sum, I'm going to get negative 14. 
So one, they have to be the same sign because this is a positive number right here. 
And they're both going to be negative because their sum is negative. 
And there's something interesting here. 
49 is a perfect square. 
Its factors are 1, 7, and 49. 
So maybe 7 will work, or even better, maybe negative 7 will work. 
And it does! 
Negative 7 times negative 7 is 49. 
And negative 7 plus negative 7 is negative 14. 
We have that pattern there, where we have 2 times a number, and then we have the number squared. 
This is a perfect square. 
This is equal to x minus 7, times x minus 7, is equal to 0. 
Don't want to forget that. 
Or we could write this as x minus 7 squared is equal to 0. 
So this was a perfect square of a binomial. 
And if x minus 7 squared is equal to 0, take the square root of both sides. 
You'll get x minus 7 is equal to 0. 
I mean, you could say x minus 7 is 0 or x minus 7 is 0. 
But that'd be redundant. 
So we just get x minus 7 is 0. 
Add 7 to both sides, and you get x is equal to 7. 
Only one solution there. 
Let's do another one in pink. 
Let's say we have x squared minus 64 is equal to 0. 
Now this looks interesting right here. 
A bell might be ringing in your head on how to solve this. 
This has no x term, but we could think of it as having an x term. 
We could rewrite this as x squared plus 0x minus 64. 
So in this situation, we could say, OK, what two numbers, when I multiply them, equal 64, and when I add them equal 0? 
And when I take their product, I'm getting a negative number, right? 
This is a times b. 
It's a negative number. 
So that must mean that they have opposite signs. 
And when I add them, I get 0. 
That must mean that a plus minus b is equal to 0, or that a is equal to b, that we're dealing with the same number. 
We're essentially dealing with the same number, the negatives of each other. 
So what can it be? 
Well, if we're doing the same number and they're negatives of each other, 64 is exactly 8 squared. 
But it's negative 64, so maybe we're dealing with one negative 8, and we're dealing with one positive 8. 
And if we add those two together, we do indeed get to 0. 
So this will be x minus 8 times x plus 8. 
Now you don't always have to go through this process I did here. 
You might already remember that if I have a plus b times a minus b, that that's equal to a squared minus b squared. 
So if you see something that fits the pattern, a squared minus b squared, you could immediately say, oh, that's going to be a plus b-- a is x, b is 8-- times a minus b. 
Let's do a couple more of just general problems. 
I won't tell you what type these are going to be. 
Let me switch colors. 
It's getting monotonous. 
Let's say we have x squared minus 24x plus 144 is equal to 0. 
Well, 144 is conspicuously 12 squared. 
And this is conspicuously 2 times negative 12. 
Or this is conspicuously negative 12 squared. 
So this is negative 12 times negative 12. 
This is negative 12 plus negative 12. 
So this expression can be rewritten as x minus 12 times x minus 12, or x minus 12 squared. 
We're going to set that equal to 0. 
This is going to be 0 when x minus 12 is equal to 0. 
You can say either of these could be equal to 0, but they're the same thing. 
Add 12 to both sides of that equation and you get x is equal to 12. 
And I just realized, this problem up here, I factored it, but I didn't actually solve the equation. 
So this has to be equal to 0. 
Let's take a step back to this equation up here. 
And the only way that this thing over here will be 0 is if either x minus 8 is equal to 0 or x plus 8 is equal to 0. 
So add 8 to both sides of this. 
You get x could be equal to 8. 
Subtract 8 from both sides of this. 
You get x could also be equal to negative 8. 
Let's do one more. 
Just to really, really get the point drilled in your head. 
Let's do one more. 
Let's say we have 4x squared minus 25 is equal to 0. 
So you might already see the pattern. 
This is an a squared. 
This is a b squared. 
We have the pattern of a squared minus b squared, where, in this case, a would be equal to x, right? 
This is 2x squared. 
And b would be equal to 5. 
So if you have a squared minus b squared, this is going to be equal to a plus b times a minus b. 
In this situation, that means that 4x squared minus 25 is going to be 2x plus 5 times 2x minus 5. 
And of course, that will be equal to 0. 
And this will only be equal to 0 if either 2x plus 5 is equal to 0 or 2x minus 5 is equal to 0. 
And then we can solve each of these. 
Subtract 5 from both sides. 
You get 2x is equal to negative 5. 
Divide both sides by 2. 
You could get one solution is negative 5/2. 
Over here, add 5 to both sides. 
You get 2x is equal to positive 5. 
Divide both sides by 2. 
You get x could also be equal to positive 5/2. 
So both of these satisfy that equation up there. 
Now we can write down our precise definition of dimension. 
So if we do what we've been doing, we create a geometric structure from a given D-dimensional object, 
like a 1-dimensional object like a line, a 2-dimensional object like a square, etc., by repeatedly dividing the length of its sides by some number N. 
So, when we were bisecting the sides , the number N was two (2). 
When we were trisecting the number N was 3, and so on. 
This is our recipe, and we saw that at each new level we got N raised to the D (N^D) copies of the previous level. 
Call the number of copies M. 
That is, M, the number of copies, well this is the number of copies N raised to the D power. 
So now, we take the logarithm of both sides and here it doesn't matter what base the logarithm it's to, it will work if you do it Base 10, or Base 2, or the natural log, or whatever you want. 
We can take the log of both sides and then we can solve for D, and now we have our definition of dimension. 
D = log M / log N that is, dimension is the logarithm of the number of copies we get divided by the logarithm of how much we divided the sides by... how much we shrank the side. 
Let's check this to make sure it works. 
We have D = log M / log N, and you can think of this as log Base 10 if you like. 
As I said, it doesn't matter what the base is. 
OK, to check it, for Dimension-1, we have the bisecting version where N is 2. 
That is, we divided each line into two equal halves, then M, the number of copies, was two. 
And so D equals log two divided by log two, which equals one (D = log 2/log 2 = 1), so that works because that gives us the dimension, Dimension-1. 
So, for the trisecting version, similarly, we had N equals three (N=3), and we divided the side into three equal parts, and 
M, the number of copies, was three (M=3), so D equals log three over log three, which again equals one (D = log 3/log 3 = 1), so our formula works for 1-dimensional objects. 
OK, for 2-dimensional objects, we have a similar kind of check, where we have for bisecting we have dimension equals log four divided by log two which you can check is two (D = log 4/log 2 = 2). 
You can check that on your calculator if you like. 
And for trisecting, N equals three (N=3), M equals nine (M=9), and 
D equals log nine over log three, which is also equal to two (D = log 9/log 3 = 2). 
Finally, for Dimension-3...well, I'll let you check that, but I promise you it works. 
Now all of this has been building up to what we really want to do, which is to calculate the dimension of the Koch Curve. 
So, if you remember, for the Koch Curve we draw a segment, then we erase its middle third, and then we draw an angle to replace that middle third by an angle whose sides are the same length as the other two sides. 
That is, 1/3 the length of the original segment. 
Then we iterate that, again and again, until we finally come up with something that looks something like this. 
And we can keep going as long as we want. 
So for the Koch Curve, N here equals three (N=3) . 
That is, remember we're reducing the size of the segments by a factor of three (3). 
M, the number of copies of the original, is four (M=4). 
At each level, we replace the original with four copies arrayed in this configuration. 
So according to our definition, our dimension D is equal to log of four divided by log three--that is log M divided by log N--which is approximately 1.26 (D = log 4/log 3 = log M/log N = 1.26). 
What exactly does this mean? 
Well, for one thing, it means that the dimension of this curve approximates 1.26. 
It gets closer and closer to 1.26 as we iterate it through more levels. 
But what does the 1.26 mean? 
It's a measure of how the increase in the number of copies scales with the decrease in the size of the segment. 
And very roughly, it's sort of the density of the self-similarity. 
Let me quote a little bit from my own book, "Complexity: 
A Guided Tour." where I talk about what fractal dimension means. 
"I've seen many attempts at intuitive descriptions of what fractal dimension means. 
For example, it has been said that fractal dimension represents the roughness, ruggedness, jaggedness, or complicatedness of an object; an object's degree of fragmentation; and how dense the structure of the object is. 
One description I like a lot is the rather poetic notion that fractal dimension quantifies the cascade of detail in an object. 
That is, it quantifies how much detail you see at all scales as you dive deeper and deeper into the infinite cascade of self-similarity. 
For structures that aren't fractals, such as a smooth, round marble, if you keep looking at the structure with increasing magnification, eventually there's a level with no interesting details. 
Fractals, on the other hand, have interesting details at all levels, and fractal dimension, in some sense, quantifies how interesting that detail is as a function of how much magnification you have to do at each level to see it." 
Hello Space Lab! 
I am Sean Carroll, here at the Calfornia Institute of Technology where I am a theoretical physicist and the author of From Eternity to Here: 
The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time and I'm here to answer your questions. 
The first question is: 
"If you would travel at 99.9%  the speed of light, 
"what would things look like?" 
And "Is it possible that you can invent something like warp drive 
"that would let you go faster  than the speed of light?" 
And I love how specific this question is, 
"99.9% the speed of light" makes me think  that whoever asked the question has some sort of invention in mind  that would let us do this. 
It's far beyond what the spaceships  we can build right now, but you never know. 
It's just a technology challenge. 
And the answer is really,  the world wouldn't look that different. 
There is of course  what we call the Doppler Effect. 
If you're moving  in the direction of something, the light that gets to you coming from that direction is squeezed together. 
The wavelengths,  no matter how long they are, they are relatively shorter  from your point of view since you're moving toward them  as you look. 
So, all the red light you see  is what we call blueshifted. 
The blue light is squeezed  to the ultraviolet and so on. 
Now 99.9% the speed of light  is a very, very fast speed so this Doppler Effect, this blueshifting, is quite severe. 
You'd have to worry about the amount of radiation that you were looking at. 
The things that are ordinarily ultraviolet would be X-rays to you so you better have some protection in front of you. 
And also, just because the signals that are coming from you are compressed together it looks to you like the things in front of you are moving faster  than they would otherwise. 
Likewise, the things behind you,  those are redshifted, and those look like they move more slowly. 
Now that's all 99.9% but it's not faster than the speed of light. 
The idea of warp drive is something that physicists have absolutely  thought about. 
In what we call Einstein's  Special Theory of Relativity, it is simply impossible. 
That was his 1905 theory about space and time being together. 
But then in 1916 Einstein said that space and time can be warped. 
So we realized more recently  that you can imagine warping space-time in a little bubble around you  and have that bubble move in such a way that to an outside observer it looks like  you're moving faster than the speed of light. 
However it looks, we're not sure, but it looks like this  is not actually possible in the real world. 
To make this happen would require tremendous amounts of energy and some negative amounts of energy. 
So you would need an enormous  space-time warping field around you and we don't know how to make the kind of negative energy that it would require. 
So the smart money is that there is  no warp drive in the real laws of physics. 
But we don't yet have a proof, we're working on it you should check back  to see where things go. 
The next question is, "If you did travel  faster than the speed of light, 
"would you be able to visit the past 
"or if an object were moving faster than the speed of light, 
"would it look like it was in the past?" 
And this is a great question because this goes right to the heart of Einstein's way of looking  at space and time versus Newton's way  of looking at space and time. 
Before Einstein came along, Isaac Newton  had laid down the law about space and time. 
They were both fixed,  separate, and absolute. 
And what that means is that if you know  that it's 2 pm right here, right now, you can say it is also 2 pm on Alpha Centauri 4 lightyears away. 
It's also 2 pm in the Andromeda Galaxy, and so forth. 
That's Newton's way of looking at the world but then Einstein comes along  and says there's no such thing as what time it is right now in some far away place. 
It's not that there's no such thing, it's more that it depends on who's asking the question. 
So to you, there's something  called 2 pm on Alpha Centauri but to somebody else moving  at some speed relative to you, what counts as 2 pm on Alpha Centauri is completely different. 
And what that means is  if you could travel faster than light, in Einstein's universe — and he says  you can't and he's probably right, you probably can't. 
But if you could, imagine you said, 
"I was able to move so fast that I got to Alpha Centauri 5 minutes from now. 
"It only takes me 5 minutes to get there." 
What that means is that, from someone else's point of view, you went from here, now, to Alpha Centauri some time before you left, some time in the past. 
So according to Einstein,  if he has the last word and we're never sure about that,  if he has the last word, then the ability to go faster than the speed of light is the same as the ability  to go backwards in time. 
You could go faster  than the speed of light and come back and you could come back before you left. 
Now we don't think that there's anything that actually does that in the universe. 
We don't think that there are people or objects that actually do that. 
If there were, not only would it look  like things were moving backward in time but everything we know about causality, cause and effect, the past versus the future, this would all get jumbled together in a way that doesn't really  make sense to us. 
So we should be thankful that Einstein says there is a speed limit on the universe. 
And the last question is,  is there a timeless zone in the universe? 
This is an intriguing question  because it's not absolutely clear what it would mean to have a timeless zone in the universe. 
It makes you think about what is time, what is the definition,  and what would it mean to not have it? 
So the simplest way to think about time  is that it's a label. 
It's a label on the different moments  in the history of the universe. 
Our universe is like a film  with different frames in the film strip or a book with different pages. 
There's stuff in the universe,  scattered throughout space. 
And that stuff scattered throughout space happens over and over again with everything slightly in a different position than it was just the time before. 
And the time is just a label, it's just like the page number in the book, or the frame number in the film. 
So a timeless zone in the universe would be a place where there were no different moments. 
Where the universe didn't happen over and over again. 
There was just one configuration of stuff forever. 
But if you think about it,  what if you sort of visited that timeless zone in the universe? 
We have some intuitive  science-fictiony picture that everything would slow down  and then stop or something like that. 
But the truth is, you could never get there, to the timeless zone, because as you approached,  if you try to reach your hand in, your hand would stop moving. 
That's what it would mean to be timeless. 
You could never see the timeless zone  in the universe because no light could ever come from it  because it takes time for light to travel. 
So our best guess right now is no,  there are no timeless zones in the universe. 
But we keep an open mind, that's what makes theoretical physics and cosmology so much fun. 
Thanks for all your great questions, if you have any more questions for the next expert, please leave them in the comments below. 
one boy and the other is so different again 
I look forward to all boys with everyone I try something else and I learn also from all 
I think it's great that everyone is different, and of course there are some guys that I really like 
I enjoy working with Jack, with Luke and Roger which is a group that I would like to work together all the time and I would still like to do a group 
I would go for Jack, Luke and Roger. 
With those three would be great and what about adam adam is great too! but I would go for Jack 
Jack is a little bigger than Adam, and that makes him still the winner size is important to you? yes size is certainly important but not necessarily just look at Todd, he is not so big, but we really click and there is romance 
Jack just has a huge dick, and Luke is aggressive during sex, and he has a lot of energy they all have some 
I have lots of friends in Bel Ami, that's for sure there are even people that I really see as family when I needed it, they really helped me always the feeling is mutual, we really support each other there are a lot of people that I can trust, just like in a real family 
I grew up in this business, and I plan to stay here how do I answer this question? 
I love wasbordjes, nicely shaped. there I really horny enormously. en een lekker kontj, maar dat is moeilijk uit te leggen, 
I would have to show you kontje en wasbordjes, daar ga ik voor 
Oh, Abramovic Method. 
The Abramovic Method was - you know it took me about 40 years of my career to actually come to the idea that I right now have to think about my legacy. 
I have to think what I'm going to leave behind me. 
You know, when you are 65 years old, you really start thinking about dying and you start thinking about this like a lost period of your life. 
You know, it can be five years, it can be ten, it can be 20, I don't know. 
But I still think that his is the moment of legacy. 
So Abramovic Method is really ... of all my knowledge in performance and I came to the conclusion that one thing that is really transformative performance is time. 
Time is one thing and the second - die with experience. 
And I understand that the public until till now always when you look performance is a kind of voyer they come, they look - their always outside but they're never inside. 
And in this Abramovic Method, 
I actually reverse the whole situation. 
So we have a certain amount of public who are experimenting and interaction with these objects behind me and the other normal public is looking the other public performing. 
So, it's a kind of funny kind of idea of observing, observer becomes observed and can change position and an observed can become observer. 
And then I had two different levels of observing. 
One is the public can just come and look at the other public performing but we also have telescopes we have 12 telescopes that actually not only that you have like macro total image but you also have micro image so you can see the person in his eyes, you can see the color of his skin. 
So you can really go inside his own structure to see a different level what the experience is going to be. 
This movie was really there to focus on preparation. 
One year of preparation for this performance to really understand for large public that performance is a serious thing, it is not just the kind of hocus-pocus little entertainment but really takes everything from you - every atom of your being to do this kind of effort. 
And a part of this - this is also a little bit of elements from the different parts of my life and my own private life also some flashbacks from performances I have been doing. 
You know, we made 700 hours and we only used 90 minutes so I think we have at least material for another six movies. 
But we just hardly had the money to finish this one so we have to wait for that. 
You know, I am not looking for reaction from people thinking I am crazy. 
I wanted people to take me very serious and actually an artist is a person to take very serious otherwise you cannot understand why I had 850,000 visitors - at the moment I am the only living artist to have such numbers. 
Why I had 1750 people sitting an enormous amount of time waiting for hours. 
So, it's not crazy. 
There is something there. 
And to make even these things more interesting, 
I now work with scientists and I put caps that you actually can study your brain waves in the moment of observing another person and you can visualize two brains what is happening and now we're analyzing data as America and Russia scientists doing it. 
So to really understand that actually that kind of exchange of energy which is invisible and immaterial for our eyes, actually has an enormous amount of information and something is happening on the scientific level, not just artistic so I will pretty much soon prove that I am not crazy at all. 
I think that the most important thing for any human being to understand who you are and why you are on this planet - what is your purpose? 
For somebody, their entire purpose is to be mother and create children and reproduce. 
And another person needs to be architect and another person needs to be baker and make the bread. 
Another one - gardener. 
Every single human being has his own quality. 
The most important is to find your own center in your life and to understand who you are. 
And not spend energy doubting - our biggest problem especially with young people is doubt. 
There's so much things to consume - you like this and then you don't like that and you try this or try that and you are losing enormous amount of energy which actually losing self and you're losing perspective of who you are. 
The moment you find who you are and you know your purpose, then this is it. 
I was very lucky that very early in my age 
I understood my purpose to be an artist and then which artist - I have to find out which is my best tool because some people are great painters but I understood that my tool was performance. 
That's all I can do. 
My body's my tool for work and that is just the tool I am working with. 
But you know, to talk about - I mean to tell people what they can do with their body - it's like I'm not a kind of Dr. Abramovic to tell them now you have to do this or that, the only thing I can do is to tell them that the most important is to look deep inside yourself to find the center, your own center. 
You see Abramovic Method Exhibition which I am doing here, actually is interactive and public have to interact with objects, it's one of the ways of getting in the center with yourself because they're minerals and when you enter to do this, you have take your watch away, you have to take your mobile, your computer, you are dressed in white coat, you put the headphones to completely block the sound and then you sit in one of the chairs behind me for as long - a certain amount of time and that process of sitting, you start really connecting to yourself. 
And what you have to do is listen to your intuition but you have to really listen to intuition. 
You see that's a great question because in the 70's, Vito Aconci, a very great America artist said, he used the term, body art, and he said, the body is my place, the body is the place where things happened and that's why I call it body art. 
But then later on, in the late 70's, the completely body art disappeared. 
First there was not performance because there was nothing to sell so the galleries wanted to have the goods to sell and performance artists stopped making performances. 
And then in the late 80's there was a big problem with AlDS and lots of people died so attention to body become very strong. 
So in the late 90's the performance came back but didn't come back in the museums and the galleries but they came in the nightclubs like in 
New York, Berlin and London like these kind of people doing works in the nightclubs. 
And then later on, again the performance came back in the form of the Vito Aconci work and then MTV and so many different directions and then went to theater, you know then film. 
So the performance is like a fan, it's coming and going. 
Performance is time-based art, is living a form art and the most important is immaterial. 
And because it's immaterial that's the ultimate thing that really gives the future to perform is because I think the new technology is virtual and performance is the same. 
So I think for me the future of art is actually art without objects - it's immaterial a form of art and this music and performance. 
No, Internet definitely has a huge function, 
I just heard a very story - 
There's a guy who is a science fiction writer in America, Kim Stanley Robinson, who wrote the book came out called 2312, and I'm one of the characters in the book named 
Abramovic, and I said, what am I doing? 
Oh he said, you are making the performances on the asteroids in Mercury in non-gravitational space. 
And I said, why me? 
He said but you're future because it's so immaterial. 
So, let's talk about asteroids. 
Just a few lines of code. 
Create a new XMLHttpRequest object like before. 
We call request.open again, pretty much the same except that we've changed weapon.jsan to bgmenu.ogg, and we set request.responseType to be arraybuffer. 
And if we fire this up in our browser, we see that we do make that request, and it starts playing our sound file. 
Friend: 
So it says here, 
Madonna is reinventing herself again. 
Tenant: 
*Opening beer bottle* 
Friend: 
Did you get that letter from the doctor yet? 
Tenant: 
I did. 
Friend: 
What did it say? 
Tenant: 
My dad's gay. 
Friend: 
I knew it, those blood tests don't lie. *somebody knocking the door* 
Friend: 
Who's that? 
Tenant: 
Its my landlord, Pearl. 
I'm really late on my rent. 
Friend: 
I'm getting out of here man. she is nasty. 
Tenant: 
No No No, 
Please, you need to stay. 
Friend: 
This is gonna be ugly... 
Tenant: 
*Opening door* 
Tenant: 
Hi Pearl 
Pearl: 
Where's the rent? 
Tenant: 
You don't have to raise your voice. 
Pearl: 
You pay now! 
Tenant: 
I can give you half. 
Pearl: 
You Pay..... 
Now, bitch! 
Tenant: 
Hey, don't talk to me like that, okay? 
Pearl: 
I'm tired of this crap. 
Tenant: 
Look, I... 
I thought I was clear in my E-Mail that I needed a couple of weeks. 
Pearl: 
I work too hard... 
Tenant: 
Can I just get two more weeks? 
Pearl: 
I want my money. 
Tenant: 
You need to relax. 
Pearl: 
You're an asshole. 
Tenant: 
Nuh uh... 
Pearl: 
I want my money, bitch. 
Tenant: 
Hey, don't call me bitch. 
I'm a grown man. 
Pearl: knocking 
Bitch, 
Bitch, 
Bitch, 
Bitch 
Tenant: 
God, you are mean. 
Tenant: 
Crying 
Pearl: 
Laughing 
Tenant: 
Don't make fun of me crying. 
Pearl: 
You will be evicted. 
Tenant: 
Crying I'm not doing so good Pearl. 
Pearl: 
I put you on the streets 
Tenant: 
Pearl, I'm gonna pay you, 
I... 
I... 
I... 
I am working on three jobs right now, 
I'm working nights, 
I'm driving a cab, 
I'm with my buddy inside, going over my resume. 
Pearl: 
I'm gonna smack you. 
Tenant: 
Okay, you know what? 
You need to relax. 
Pearl: 
I want my money!!! 
Shouting 
Tenant: 
But why do you need money so fast? 
Come on... 
Pearl: 
I need to get my drink on. 
Tenant: 
You scare me. 
You are an alcoholic. 
Pearl: 
Can I have 4 beers? 
Tenant: 
Seriously, you are an alcoholic. 
Yeah, you are drunk. 
Tenant: 
I knew it. 
You are already drunk. 
Pearl: 
I'm just buzzed. 
Tenant: 
You are, you are in no condition to deal with this right now. 
Pearl: 
I'm taking my beer. 
Tenant: 
Now just take your beer and get out of here, okay? 
Yeah, we'll talk tomorrow. 
Tenant: 
This isn't over. 
Pearl: 
Come, mommy 
Tenant: 
Jesus... 
Thanks Funny or Die.com. 
Faults are breaks in the Earth's crust where rocks move past one another in some way. 
Typically faults are associated with earthquakes. 
We've called faults 'boundaries' in class. 
We've talked about divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, but there are 2 types of common faults. 
The first is a dip slip and the second kind is a strike slip. 
Dip slips are in the top of the picture and this occurs when 2 pieces of land move vertically. 
This leaves one of the pieces higher than the other. 
A strike slip occurs when 2 pieces of land move horizontally. 
Most of you would call this a transform boundary because the pieces of land move from side to side. 
Welcome to the presentation on adding and subtracting fractions. 
Let's get started. 
Let's start with what I hope shouldn't confuse you too much. 
This should hopefully be a relatively easy question. 
If I were to ask you what one fourth plus one fourth is. 
Let's think about what that means. 
Let's say we had a pie and it was divided into four pieces. 
So this is like saying this first one fourth right here, 
let me do it in a different color. 
This one fourth right here, 
let's say it's this one fourth of the pie, right? 
And we're going to add it to another one fourth of the pie. 
Let's make it this one-- let me change the color-- pink. 
This one fourth, this pink one fourth is this one fourth of the pie. 
So if I were to eat both one fourths, or one fourth and then I eat another one fourth, how much have I eaten? 
Well, you could look from just the picture, 
I have now eaten two out of the four pieces of the pie. 
So if I eat one fourth of a piece of pie or one fourth of a pie, and then I eat another one fourth of a pie, 
I will have eaten two fourths of the pie. 
And we know from the equivalent fractions module that this is the same thing as that I've eaten one half of the pie, which makes sense. 
If I eat two out of four pieces of a pie, then I've eaten one half of it. 
And if we look at it mathematically, what happened here? 
Well the denominators or the bottom numbers, the bottom numbers in the fraction stayed the same. 
Because that's just the total number of pieces that I have in this example. 
Well, I added the numerators, which makes sense. 
I had one out of the four pieces of pie, then I ate another one out of the four pieces of pie, so I ate two out of the four pieces of pie, which is one half. 
Let me do a couple more examples. 
What is two fifths plus one fifth? 
Well we do the same thing here. 
We first check to make sure the denominators are the same. 
We'll learn in a second what we do when the denominators are different. 
If the denominators are the same, the denominator of the answer will be the same. 
And we just add the numerators. two fifths plus one fifth is just two plus one over five, which is equal to three over five. 
And it works the same way with subtraction. 
If I had three over seven minus two over seven, that just equals one over seven. 
I just subtracted the three, I subtracted the two from the three to get one and I kept the denominator the same. 
Which makes sense. 
If I have three out of the seven pieces of a pie, and I were to give away two out of the seven pieces of a pie, 
I'd be left with one of the seven pieces of a pie. 
So now let's tackle-- I think it should be pretty straightforward when we have the same denominator. 
Remember, the denominator is just the bottom number in a fraction. 
Numerator is the top number. 
What happens when we have different denominators? 
Well, hopefully it won't be too difficult. 
Let's say I have one fourth plus one half. 
Let's go back to that original pie example. 
Let me draw that pie. 
So this first one fourth right here, let's just color it in, that's this one fourth of the pie. 
And now I'm going to eat another one half of the pie. 
So I'm going to eat one half of the pie. 
So this one half. 
I'll eat this whole one half of the pie. 
So what does that equal? 
Well, there's a couple of ways we could think about it. 
First we could just re-write one half. one half of the pie, that's actually the same thing as two fourths, right? 
There's one fourth here and then another one fourth here. 
So one half is the same thing as two over four, and we know that from the equivalent fractions module. 
So we know that one fourth plus one half, this is the same thing as saying one fourth plus two fourths, right? 
And all I did here is I changed the one half to a two fourths, by essentially multiplying the numerator and the denominator of this fraction by two. 
And you can do that to any fraction. 
As long as you multiply the numerator and the denominator by the same number, you can multiply by anything. 
That makes sense because one half times one is equal to one half. 
You know that. 
Well another way of writing one is one half times two over two. two over two is the same thing as one, and that equals two over four. 
The reason why I picked two is because I wanted to get the same denominator here. 
I hope I'm not completely confusing you. 
Well, let's just finish up this problem. 
So we have one fourth plus two fourths, so we know that we just add the numerators, three, and the denominators are the same, three fourths. 
And if we look at the picture, true enough, we have eaten three fourths of this pie. 
Let's do another one. 
Let's do one half plus one third. 
Well once again, we want to get both denominators to be the same, but you can't just multiply one of them to get -- there's nothing I can multiply three by to get two, or there's no, at least, integer I can multiply three by to get two. 
And there's nothing I can multiply two by to get three. 
So I have to multiply both of them so they equal each other. 
It turns out that what we want for, what we'll call the common denominator, it turns out to be the least common multiple of two and three. 
Well what's the least common multiple of two and three? 
Well that's the smallest number that's a multiple of both two and three. 
Well the smallest number that's a multiple of both two and three is six. 
So let's convert both of these fractions to something over six. 
So one half is equal to what over six. 
You should know this from the equivalent fractions module. 
Well if I eat one half of a pizza with six pieces, I would have eaten three pieces, right? 
That make sense. 
One is one half of two, three is one half of six. 
Similarly, if I eat one third of a pizza with six pieces, it's the same thing as two over six. 
So one half plus one third is the same thing as three over six plus two over six. 
Notice I didn't do anything crazy. 
All I did is I re-write both of these fractions with different denominators. 
I essentially changed the number of pieces in the pie, if that helps at all. 
Now that we're at this point then the problem becomes very easy. 
We just add the numerators, three plus two is five, and we keep the denominators the same. 
Three over six plus two over six equals five over six. 
And subtraction is the same thing. 
One half minus one third, well that's the same thing as three over six minus two over six. 
Well that equals one over six. 
Let's do a bunch more problems and hopefully you'll start to get it. 
And always remember you can re-watch the presentation, or you can pause it and try to do the problems yourself, because I think sometimes I talk fast. 
Let me throw you a curve ball. 
What's one tenth minus one? 
Well, one doesn't even look like a fraction. 
But you can write it as a fraction. 
Well that's the same thing as one tenth minus-- how could we write one so it has the denominator of ten? 
Right. 
It's the same thing as ten over ten, right? ten over ten is one. 
So one tenth minus ten over ten is the same thing as one minus ten-- remember, we only subtract the numerators, and we keep the denominator ten, and that equals negative nine over ten. one tenth minus one is equal to negative nine over ten. 
Let's do another one. 
Let's do one more. 
I think that's all I have time for. 
Let's do minus one ninth minus one over four. 
Well the least common multiple of nine and four is thirty-six. 
So that's equal to thirty-six. 
So what's negative one ninth where we change the denominator from nine to thirty-six? 
Well, we multiply nine times four to get thirty-six. 
We have to multiply the numerator times four as well. 
So we have negative one, so it becomes negative four. 
Then minus one over thirty-six. 
Well to go from four to thirty-six, we have to multiply this fraction by nine, or we have to multiply the denominator by nine, so you also have to multiply the numerator by nine. 
One times nine is nine. 
So this equals minus four minus nine over thirty-six, which equals minus thirteen over thirty-six. 
I think that's all I have time for right now. 
And I'll probably add a couple more modules. 
But I think that right now that you might be ready to do the adding and subtracting module. 
Have fun. 
Now we are ready to begin talking about actual program optimizations and we begin with local optimizations. 
Local optimization is the simplest form of program optimization because it focuses on optimizing just a single basic block, so just one basic block and, in particular, there is no need worry about complicated control flow, we are not going to be looking at the entire method or procedure body. 
Let's dive right in and take a look at a couple of simple local optimizations. 
If x is an integer valued variable And from here on, we'll assume that x has type-ins. 
So let me just write that down. 
We're going to assume that x has type-ins in all of our examples on this slide. 
Then the statement x=x+0, well that doesn't change the value of x. 
Zero is the additive identity for +. 
We're just going to assign x the value it currently has. 
And so this statement is actually useless. 
It can just be deleted from the program. 
Similarly, for x=x*1. 
Multiplying by one will not change the value of X, and so that statement can also be removed. 
And in this case these are great optimizations because we actually save an entire instruction. 
Now, some statements can't be deleted, but they can be simplified. 
A simple example of that is if we have x=x*0. 
So that can be replaced by the assignment, x=0, And again, we have, we still have a statement here. 
We still have to execute a statement. 
But This statement may execute more quickly because it doesn't involve actually running the, the, the times operator. 
It doesn't involve referencing the value of X. Presumably X is registered, that doesn't really cost anything. 
But you know, it's possible that this instruction over here will execute faster than this instruction over here. 
Now, on many machines that's not the case. 
In fact, this assignment of this, this assignment on the right will take the same amount of time as the multiplication on the left, but as we will see. 
Having a assignment of a constant to a variable will actually enable other optimization, so this is still a very worthwhile transformation to do. 
An example that's almost certainly an optimization is replacing, the exponentiation operator, 
Raising a value to the power of two by an explicit multiply. 
So here, we're computing y^2, And over here, we just replace that by y*y. 
Why is this a good idea? 
Well this explanation operator here is almost certain not a built in machine instructions. 
Probably this is gonna wind in our generated code being a call into to some built in math library. 
And there will involve a functioning call overhead. 
And then there will be some kind of general loop in there to do the right number of multiplies. 
Depending on what the exponent is. 
So in the special case where we know that the exponent is two. 
It's much, much more efficient. 
To just replace that, call to [inaudible] by an explicit multiply. 
Another example of, substituting one kind of operation for another, In a in a special situation, Is if we have, a multiplication by a power of two. 
We can replace that by a left bit shift, So here, multiplying by eight. 
That's the same as shifting the, binary representation of x over by three bits, And, I and, That will, you know, in fact compute the same thing. 
And it doesn't even have to be a power of two. 
If we had a [inaudible] location by some other number that is not a power of two, that can be replaced by some combination of shifting and, and subtractions. 
Okay? 
So we can replace the multiply by some combination of shifts and, and arithmetic operations, Simpler arithmetic operations. 
Now these last two here I should point out, you know, these are interesting transformations. 
On modern machines generally this will not result in any kind of speed-up because on modern machines the integer multiply operation is just as fast as any other single instruction. 
Now, on historical machines these were actually significant optimizations. 
So all of these, instructions together are examples of algebraic simplifications. 
So, that just means exploiting properties of the mathematical operators, to replace more complex, instruc tions or more complex operations by simpler ones. 
One of the most important and useful local optimizations is to compute the results of operations at compile time rather than at run time if the arguments are known at compile time. 
So for example, let's say we have a three-address instruction x=y op z. 
And it happens that y and z are both constants. 
These are both immediate values. 
These are, you know, literals in the instruction. 
Then we can actually compute the results of the right hand side at compile time, and replace this by an assignment to a constant. 
So, for example, if we have the instruction x=2+2, that can be replaced by the assignment x=4, And another example which is a very common and important one, is if the predicate of a conditional consists only of immediate values. 
Then we can pre-compute the result of that conditional, And, and decide what the target of the conditional will be. 
What the next instruction will be at compile time. 
So, in this case, we have a predicate, which is going to be false, because two is not less than zero And so we will not take the jump And so this instruction can just be deleted from the program. 
If we had the, Otherwise if two is greater than zero, so if this is some predicate to valuate true Then we would replace this conditional by the jump. 
Okay, this would become an unconditional jump. 
Alright, And this class of optimization's is called constant folding, 
And as I said this is one of the most common and most important optimizations that compilers perform. 
Now, there is one situation that you should be aware of and which can be very dangerous, and this situation is actually very instructive as well. 
And so while it isn't that common, I, I wanted to mention it, because it really illustrates some of the subtleties of program optimization and programming 
language semantics. 
So what is this dangerous situation? 
So let's consider the scenario where we have two machines. 
We have a machine X And we have a machine. 
Why? 
Okay and now the compiler is being run on machine X. And the compiler is producing code. 
Generated code this is the generated code produced as the output of the compiler over here. 
That's gonna be run on machine Y. So this is a cross compiler. 
Okay, So you are running the compiler On one machine, but you're generating code for a different machine, and why would you want to do that? 
Well. 
The, the common situation in which you want to do this is that this machine Y over here is a very weak machine. 
So weak in the sense that it's very slow and has very limited memory. 
Maybe very limited power then it's beneficial to develop your program and even compile it on a much more powerful machine. 
So many embedded Systems codes are developed in exactly this way. 
Code is developed on some powerful workstations that are actually compiling it for some small embedded device that well, executes the code. 
Now, the problem comes If x and y are different. 
So consider the situation where x and y are different machines, different architectures. 
Alright, And I've been implying that they are, but they don't have to be. 
I mean, I mean, you could compile on, one kind of architecture and run the same code on the same architecture. 
But the interesting situation is when x and y are different architectures. 
And so let's consider something like, you know, in, in, you know, machine X, let's say we have the instruction, A=1.5+3.7. 
Mm-kay, And you would like to constant fold that down to a=5.2 Alright? 
Now the problem is that if you simply execute this as a floating point operation, on, architecture x, the round off and you know the floating point semantics in architecture x maybe slightly different, from these semantics on architecture y. 
It could be that if you do that in architecture y, directly, that you might get something like a.5, you know, a=5.19. 
There might be a small difference in the floating point result, depending on whether you execute the instruction here or here. 
And this becomes significant in the case of constant folding and, and cross compilation. 
Because some al gorithms really depend on the floating point numbers being treated very, very consistently. 
So if you're going to round off the operation one way, you need to do it that way for every time you do that particular operation, And by shifting the computation from comp, from run time when it would have executed an architecture y, back into the compiler winds of executing architecture x. 
You can change the results of the program. 
So how do cross compilers actually deal with this? 
So, so compilers that want to be careful about this kind of thing, what they will do is, they will represent the floating point numbers as strings inside the compiler and they will, do the obvious, long form addition, and multiplication, division operations are the floating operations directly on the strings. 
Keep the full precision Inside the compiler And then, in the generated code, produced the literal, that is the full precision flowing point number And then let the architecture, of the architecture y decide how it wants to round that off, okay? 
So that's the really careful way to do constant folding of floating point numbers if you're worried about cross compilation. 
Continuing on with local optimizations, another important one is to eliminate unreachable basic blocks. 
So what's an unreachable basic block? 
That is one that is not the target of any jump or fall through. 
So if I have a piece of code, that can never execute, and it might never execute because there's no jump that jumps to the beginning of that piece of code and it's not, it doesn't follow after another instruction that can fall through to it. 
Well than that piece of code, that basic block is just not gonna be used, it's unreachable and it can be deleted from the program. 
This has the advantage of making the code smaller. 
So obviously, since the basic block is unreachable, it's not contributing to the execution costs of the program in terms of the instruction count. 
So the code is never executed. 
So it's not really slowing down the code because, you know, extra instructions are being executed, But making the program smaller can actually make it run faster because of cache effects. 
So the instructions have to fit into memory just like, just like the data. 
And if you make the program smaller, it makes it easier to fit the program in memory, and you may increase the spacial locality of the program. 
Instructions that are used together may now be closer to each other. 
And that can make the program run more quickly. 
Before continuing on I want to say a word or two about why unreachable basic blocks occur. 
So why would a programmer, in their right mind, ever write a program that had code in it that wasn't going to be executed? 
And there's several actually ways in which unreachable code can arise, and it's actually quite common. 
So this is an important optimization, getting rid of the unreachable code is actually fairly important. 
Perhaps the most common situation Is that the code is actually parameterized with, code that is only compiled and used in certain situations. 
So, for example, in C, It would be sorta typical to see some code that looks like this. 
If debug, then, you know, executes something, where debug is a pound defying constant. 
So in C, you can define names for literals. 
So you say something like this. 
You might define debug. 
To be zero, and so you might see a program that had this piece of code in it, and what this 
literally means is that this piece of code is equivalent to if zero, then blah, blah, blah. 
Alright, so, so when you're compiling without debugging, you have debug to find the zero, when you're compiling with debugging, you would change this line to define debug to be some non zero constant. 
So in this case we are compiling without debugging. 
What will happen? 
Well we'll see that this predicate is guaranteed to be zero the constant folding will take care of that. 
And that will result in an unreachable basic block on the [inaudible] branch and then that code can be deleted And so essentially the compiler is able to go through using the optimizer and strip out all o f the debugging code. 
That isn't going to be used since your compiler [inaudible]. 
Another case where unreachable code comes up is with libraries. 
So, very frequently, programs are written, to use generic 
libraries. 
But the program might only use a very small part of the interface. 
So, the library might supply 100 methods, to cover all the situations that various programmers are interested in. 
But for your program, you might only be using three of those methods. 
And the rest of those methods could potentially be removed, from the final binary, to make the code smaller. 
And, finally another way that unreachable basic blocks occur, is as the results of other optimizations. 
So as we will see optimizations frequently lead to other to more optimizations. 
And it could be that just through other rearrangements of the code that the compiler makes some basic block redundant and, and able to be deleted. 
Now some optimizations are simpler to express if each register occurs only once on the 
left-hand side of an assignment. 
So that means if each register is assigned, at most, once then some of these optimizations are easier to talk about. 
So we're gonna rewrite our intermediate code, always to so that it's in single assignment form. 
So this is called single assignment form. 
And all that means is that if we see a register being reused, like over here, we have two assignments to the register X. Okay. 
We're just going to introduce another register name, for one of those assignments. 
So in this case I'm just gonna rename the first, use of X here, definition of X here to be some new register B. I'll replace the uses of that 
X, by the name B, and now I have an equivalent piece of code that satisfies single assignment form. 
Every register is assigned at most, once. 
Let's take a look at an optimization that depends on single assignment form. 
So we're going to assume the basic blocks are in single assignment form, and if they are, then we're going to know That a definition of a register is the first use of that register in th e block, And so, in particular, we're also ruling out things like this. 
So there could be something like this, where X is read. 
And then later on, X is used. 
Okay. 
Sorry, X is read and then later on, X is defined. 
So we're not going to allow this. 
This register here would have to be renamed to something else, say Y, And then uses of X later on here, are renamed to Y. Alright, so we're going to insist that whenever we have a definition Of a register in a basic block. 
That is the first use of that register in the block. 
Alright, and if, if that's true, if we main, if we put things in that form, and that's, that's easy to do as we've seen. 
Then when two assignments have the same right hand side, they're guaranteed to compute the same value. 
So, take a look here, This example. 
So let's say we have an assignment, x=y+z. 
And then later on we have another assignment, w=y+z. 
And we said that there could only be one assignment to x in any basic blocks. 
So, all of these instructions that are [inaudible] here, they can't be assigning to X. And they also can't be assigning to y and z. 
Y and z already have their definitions. 
So, y and z can't be changed. 
And that means that x and w here actually compute the same value. 
And so we can replace the second computation Y plus C by just the name that we already have for it X. Okay, and this saves us having to recompute values. 
Alright so this is called common sub expression elimination. 
Common it's a rather long name. 
Sub expression. 
The elimination. 
And this is another one of the, more important compiler optimizations. 
This is actually something that comes up surprisingly often. 
And saves quite a bit of work if, if you perform this optimization. 
So, another use of single assignment form is that if we see the assignment w equals x in a block. 
So here, the register w is being just copied from the register x. 
Then all subsequent uses of w can be replaced by uses of x. 
So, for example, Here we have an assignment to b And then we have a copy, a, is=to b. 
And then, down here, w e have a use of a in the last instruction. 
Well, that use of a in the last instruction can be replaced by a use of B. And this is called copy propagation, okay? 
Propagating copies through the code 
And by itself, notice, that this makes absolute no improvement in the code it's only useful in conjunction with some of the other optimizations. 
So, for example, in this case after we do the copy propagation, it might be the case that this instruction can be deleted. 
If A is not used any place else in the code, then this instruction can be removed. 
Now let's do a little more complex example and use some of the optimizations that we've discussed so far On a slightly bigger piece of code. 
So we are starting with this piece of code here on the left and we are going to wind up with this piece of code here on the right. 
And how does that work? 
Well, first we have a copy propagation, so we have A is assigned the value five. 
And, so we can propagate that value forward. 
And replace the use of a 
later on by five, and I should say. 
That when the value is propagated is a constant rather than a registered name is called Constant propagation instead of Copy propagation, but it's exactly the same thing. 
We, we, we have a single value assigned on the right hand side, either a register name or constant and we are replacing uses of that in later instructions by that register name or constant. 
Okay? 
So once we have replaced a here by five now we can do constant folding, and now we have two constant arguments for this instruction. 
So this two times five can be replaced by the constant ten. 
Now notice we have another assignment of a constant to a register and so we can propagate that constant forward. 
We can replace the subsequent uses of X by the number ten. 
And now we have more opportunities for constant folding ten plus six can be replaced by the value sixteen. 
Alright now we have another, another value here which is a, a constant assignment so another instruction here which is just an assignment of a constant to a register so we can p ropagate that constant forward. 
Alright then we wind up down here with ten times sixteen And I see over here in my final example here I didn't bother to propagate the ten to x. 
But we can do that, and this So we can either do this optimization. 
So x times sixteen if we didn't do the propagation, would be equivalent to x left shift four. 
Or we can just replace this by ten times sixteen. 
That'd be even better. 
We wind up achieving the value 160. 
Returning to an idea I mentioned a couple of slides ago. 
Let's say there is an assignment in a basic block. 
Some registered W is assigned some value that's computed on the right hand side. 
Let's say that W, the registered name is not used anywhere else in the program. 
It doesn't appear anywhere, not only in this basic block but in any other part of the procedure in which this statement appears. 
Well then, the statement is dead and can be just deleted from the program And dead here means it does not contribute to the programs result. 
Since the value that we write into W is never referenced anywhere, W is never used, doing the computation, of 
W in the first place was a waste of time, so we can just delete that computation. 
Here's a simple example. 
Let's assume that the register a is not used any place else, in the program. 
And, the first thing we have to do, so here's our initial piece of code. 
The first thing we do is we put it in single assignment form. 
And so I've renamed here, this register x, to be, register b. 
Okay, and once we do that, let me do that, so we'll say that B=Z+Y and A=B, and then we propagate this forward. 
Alright, so we've now replaced this use of A by B, so this takes us to this state where we have this piece of code. 
Now we can see that we have an assignment to A. A is not used in the subsequent instruction. 
We already said that A is not used anywhere outside of the basic block, and so the assignment a=b can be deleted, and we wind up with this shorter basic block. 
Now each local optimization actually does very little by itself. 
And some of these optim izations, some of these transformations that are presented actually don't make the program run faster at all. 
They don't make it run slower either but by themselves they don't actually make any improvement to the program. 
But, Typically, the optimizations will interact. 
So performing one optimization will enable another. 
And we saw this in the little example that I did, a few slides ago. 
So the way to think about an optimizing compiler is that it has a big bag of tricks. 
It has a lot of. 
Individual program transformations that it knows And what it is going to do when faced with a program's optimize, it's going to rummage around in its bag looking for an optimization, that applies to some part of the code. 
If it finds one, it will do the optimization, it will do the transformation and then it will repeat. 
It'll go back and look at the program again, and see if there's another optimization that reapplies. 
Then it will just keep doing this until it reaches a point where none of the optimization's it knows about can be applied to the programming. 
Next, we'll take a look at a bigger example and try applying some of the optimizations that we've discussed, to it, and see how far we get. 
And of course this example has been constructed to illustrate, many of the optimizations that we discussed. 
So, the first thing we can do. 
There are a couple of opportunities for algebraic simplifications. 
So, we can replace the squaring up here, by a multiply. 
And down here we had a multiply by two, which we can replace by a left shift of one. 
Next we can observe that we have some copies and constants. 
So we have a constant assignment to b and a copy assignment to c And those can be propagated forward to the uses of b and c. 
Once we've done that, we can do constant folding. 
So here, the assignment to e, The opera-, the arguments to the shift are all constants, And so that can be replaced by an assignment, that e gets the value six. 
Next we could observe that we have a common sub expression that we could eliminate that both a and d have the value x times x. 
So the assignment to d could be replaced by a copy that d now gets the value of a. 
Now we have two opportunities again for copying constant propagation the assignment to D and the assignment to E can be propagated forward. 
And finally we can do a bunch of dead code elimination. 
So, assuming that, none of these values, B, C, D, or E is used anyplace else in the program, all four of these statements can be deleted. 
And this is where we actually get some real performance improvement. 
So here we actually are now saving entire instructions, and that's the best kind of savings that we can have And so we wind up with this as our final form. 
So notice that a is assigned the value x*x. 
F is then assigned, the value a+a, And then g is assigned the value six*f. 
Now, this is not quite as fast as it could be, alright? 
There's actually one more algebraic optimization that could be done. 
We can notice here that f is actually=to two*a, 
And then we could do some rearrangement here to discover that g=12*f. 
Sorry, sorry twelve x a. 
Alright, And then this statement assignment to F might become dead code, and we could delete it from the program. 
I think some compilers would actually find this, but I believe that even current state of the art compilers, many of them, would not discover this last rearrangement to the program. 
My name's Raquel Ruvalcaba and I work with the Department of Environment and we're recycling oil for o ur community today. 
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"A lot of people don't change their own oil cuz they think it's a headache. 
I do, always have. 
"I change motor oil often." "And I don't throw it down the sewers either, like other people used to do." ome people do. 
"It's safe for the environment and also you can reuse it." "So bring it here, and if you have a whole bunch of toxics you want to get rid of just call that number, they'll collect it at your home." "It's a waste to throw it all away when you can reuse it again. 
It still has life in it, all i t has is just dirt. 
It just needs to be filtered out and it can be used for other products. 
"You can't store it at the house cuz eventually it just corrodes through the containers and stuff." "It's gonna be a good thing for us to take used motor oil from the customers that are coming and dropping it off to us, instead of the customers dropping it off and leaving the used motor oil out on the streets. 
We h ave a 55 gallon tank that we use and then we have someone else come and recycle it and take it from here. 
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And it's absolutely free. 
That's t 
(English captions by Trisha Paul from the University of Michigan) 
Ober's test assesses for iliotibial band syndrome. 
Wlth the patient in the lateral position, the knee is supported and flexed to ninety degrees, then extend and adduct the hip and release the knee support. 
Failure of the knee to adduct is a positive test. 
ï"¿>>KRlSTA BESSlNGER: 
Thanks, everyone, for joining us today. 
I'm Krista Bessinger, the Director of Investor Relations. 
I'm just very quickly going to cover the Safe Harbor statement, and then turn it over to Mary and Eric. 
So, before we begin, I would like to note that our comments and answers to questions may contain forward-looking statements regarding Google's business outlook. 
Our actual results may differ from those made in any forward-looking statements due to a number of risks and uncertainties. 
These risks are detailed in our public filings with the FCC. 
Also, please note that a web case replay of this session will be available on our investor relations web site in a few hours. 
We routinely post important information on our investor relations web site, 
located at investor.google.com, and we encourage you to make use of that resource. 
So, with that, I'll turn it over to Mary. >>MARY: 
Thank you, Krista, Maria, Vic, David, and Eric for coming. 
We've moved the schedule back 10 minutes. 
Eric's been in the building for 15, but we finally got him in the room. 
For my disclosure, go to our web site for all information you need to have. 
So, Eric, thanks for coming. 
You did take away the glowing introduction with a moderately light start, so it was glowing. 
But, with that said-- >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I'm much more interested in my criticism than my successes. 
[laughs] 
>>MARY: 
We can do that now, or we can do that later. 
[laughter] 
So, one of the things I just want to start out with--there's been a lot of chatter in the media and other places lately that the search market is settled and done. 
What's your view on that? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, there's obviously a lot of innovation ahead of us. 
If you look at what happened, we had a bug where we put a malware statement out for users, and in that time Yahoo searches gained very, very quickly. 
It looks like people will move very quickly from one search engine to another, for any one of reasons. 
We've looked at this pretty carefully. 
A majority of people actually say they use more than one search engine, and of course Microsoft is working very hard to build a competitive search engine, and of course recently leaked more details about what they're doing. 
So, we have all of that activity, and then of course we have other activity as well, including a new entrance we're trying to combine search with other things. 
So I think search as it's defined right, as 
Google has historically defined it, or defined by Google, is not settled at all. 
It's interesting to note that people said the same thing 10 years ago about search with a different company. >>MARY: 
Yep. 
And they've said it about operating systems today, and we had an interesting panel a moment ago. 
It leads to a question that, you worked at 
Sun where the network was the computer. 
You competed and partnered with Oracle, which believed the network computer was the future. 
Netbooks are getting a lot of traction. 
What's your view of how that market plays out? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
This is all part of cloud computing--whatever term you want to use-- 
let's use cloud computing. 
Cloud computing is one of those changes that is going to happen regardless of whether the companies that are participating in the ecosystem allow. 
Because the technology will make it happen. 
I think everybody here knows what cloud computing represents. 
You can think about it in all the obvious ways, right? 
So, for example, rather than buying a piece of software for a client, the Java Script and Ajax Code comes over to your browser and makes it very powerful. 
All of that technology is getting much more mature. 
But it is a fact that we live on very high performance wireless broadband networks. 
And that's not going to go away any time soon, because networks are getting much, much stronger. 
To me, the more interesting question is, what can you do, as a consequence of cloud computing, that you couldn't do before? 
A way of thinking about that is that IT systems today are so-- and excuse the broad overstatement--are so slow in the way in which they evolve. 
They're so stuck in the systems and parameters and architecture that they were built, that you have an opportunity to build a whole new generation of applications which cycle much faster for IT that integrate information in ways that could never been done before. 
In the same way that you can do this for the web, we're now, because everybody's on line, you have a lot of information that you can get about user behavior, that you can either mine or build products for, or do new interesting things for. >>MARY: 
So I'm going to-- >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I didn't really answer your question about netbooks, if you want to talk about netbooks for a sec. >>MARY: 
Yep. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Netbooks are the next generation of the small device that the OL PC was trying to talk about. 
What's particularly interesting in netbooks is the price point that they talk about. 
It makes sense that eventually it will make sense for operators and so forth to subsidize the use of those books, because they can make services revenue and advertising revenues on their consumption. 
That's another new model that's coming. 
Products today are not completely done; there are things that are missing. 
It's perfectly possible that operating systems that are Lynux based will become a significant player in that space where there historically have not been significant players in the PC space. >>MARY: 
Okay. 
One of the things we might want to talk about is how carriers end up playing--how the financials end up. 
But we can get there. 
I want to ask a couple of questions about search, a couple of questions about financials, one or two on video, one or two on mobile, and just turn it over to folks in the room. 
But on the search side, and this is an economic--an economy question--as well. 
Query growth has remained strong--high teens--15% or 20%--for a while. 
Our data--for what it's worth--indicates it's still there. 
Cost per click has been declining--it was negative in the last quarter, but only by about 2%. 
Any trends you can update, or you can get us to update it, on how you play through a more difficult economic environment and any real time information. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, in the first place, I don't think I need to talk to this audience about the state of the global economy. 
I view the situation as pretty dire. 
The combination of everything that we have seen does not appear to have a current bottom. 
I worked hard to promote the stimulus package, not because it was perfect, but because I thought that the government--and I believe government should act very broadly to address the sort of historic issues everybody is aware of. 
So during this time, what's happening is people are using the Internet more. 
It obviously will affect the on line advertising market, simply because our systems are so tightly tuned, that if customers are buying less it will eventually, we don't know exactly when, it will eventually be reflected in CPCs and CPMs. 
So it's important, I think, to say right up front that we are not immune; we Google and the on line advertising market, are not immune to this. 
We may be better positioned from an advertising perspective, and other advertisers, because our advertising can be sold to a salesperson. 
But ultimately the confusion in companies that are saying, "Oh my God, you know, what are we going to do?" 
The sort of real pain that is being felt by corporations worldwide, will translate to our world. >>MARY: 
What are some of the--we know what the negative issues are with the economy. 
We know what the negative issues are with regards to on line commerce and off line commerce. 
What are some of the positive signals that you are seeing on the core search business that might relate to increased queries; using the word coupon; or increased products being liquidated and people finding bargains; or any data points that are, while they may be small in total, are positive? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, every data point that we have is obvious. 
So what happens is that when the query shift shifted from, basically, mortgages, to mortgage help, to mortgage refinance help, to lawyers to help me prevent my house from being foreclosed. 
I don't know if that's a good story, or bad, but it's all obvious, it's all playing out in real time. 
Another way of saying it is the things that you see on television are really true. 
That's another way to say it, because we see it. 
[laughs] So the areas that have been most hit on the on line world are the same as the ones that you'd imagine in the off 
line world--things like travel, and automobiles, and financials, and so forth. 
And consumers are smart, so they use the Internet to, now, then, 
look for bargains in that space. 
So they do, in fact, look for discount trips if they're going to travel, although that volume is off, and so forth. 
We haven't seen anything unusual, and what's interesting about it is that, from our perspective, aside from running the business much more tightly; in other words, trying to actual make profits for a change in some of these businesses, we haven't fundamentally changed our strategic view, which is that the Internet is a part of everybody's life and that innovation in terms of new products will really enable people to do some amazing things. 
We've taken a position, for example, that the person should really be the search. 
It should really not just be a search that you do, but really about your viewpoint or history and, again, with your permission, we can store that kind of information. >>MARY: 
You mentioned you're trying to make profits from businesses that hadn't been profitable before. 
You have a new CFO; it seems like right guy, right time. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Very much so. >>MARY: 
If you could provide us any thoughts on the kind of changes he's been able to make to obvious observations on the financials; opex per employee went down 6% last quarter. 
It's still high, relative to a lot of other companies. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
But our profitability is, too. >>MARY: 
Your profitability is still high. 
So there. 
Touche. 
And capex per, as a percent of revenue, was down dramatically. 
How should we--and free cash flow was up 70% during your last quarter. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, for instance, we like cash--we like to generate cash. 
A good metric in any situation is if you can grow your profits at an absolute basis, and if you can generate pretty good free cash flow, you're going to get through this. 
So we've taken that position internally. 
Patrick is--Patrick is our CFO--is particularly at doing business reviews, and so we've been going through systematically, business after business. 
And it won't surprise long term followers of Google that in our, sort of, hyper growth period, we did not have the necessary systems in place-- budgeting and the sort of estimation. 
We're putting those in place today. 
And, in fact, they are in place. 
So, Google management spends most of its time doing business reviews today. 
Looking at new products--how will this new product really change user behavior? 
What are the new ideas around advertisers? 
And we have a lot of that coming. 
When we finally get through all of the fear and the sort of concern that advertisers have about the world around them, I can tell you that they understand the notion of a guaranteed sale. 
They understand that if they put money into on line advertising that's measurable, they understand that we can prove to them they'll get their sale. 
And, by the way, in this economy, you need sales. >>MARY: 
You did an exchange program with P&G in the, call it October, November, time frame of last year, where you said these guys--these are my words-- 
P&G doesn't get what we're doing. 
Maybe we don't fully understand their wants and needs. 
Let's do a pen-pal employee slot. 
What were some of the learnings from that? 
How important was it? 
And have you been able to translate it into anything either with P&G, or with other large advertisers that spend 95% of their budgets off line? 
>>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
The larger--in a case that consumer packs his goods--people are trying to figure out how to use the Internet to achieve their objectives. 
Many of the organizations don't fundamentally understand, at some level, how to use the emergent on line communities to market within those communities. 
So the project that we did with P&G was really about getting--and we literally put people in their buildings and they put people in ours--was to exchange, sort of, how to do that, because they're one of the innovators in that space. 
So based on that, we changed the way we market to, sort of, consumer goods companies, by talking to them not so much on traditional text queries, which we'd been saying, you know, if somebody types in "diapers," you should advertise against that because everybody sort of understands that. 
But how you can use targeted on line advertising within the communities-- the blogging communities, Facebook, and those sorts of groups-- that fundamentally are where your customers are getting information. 
The fact of the matter is that these days, if you're a consumer, the sophisticated consumers spend a lot of time on line before they make a purchase. 
And even if they make--they don't that in the first purchase-- once they have the product and once they're using it, they tend to join affinity groups that are part of that product. 
Diapers being an obvious example as a metaphor for new mothers who are interested in learning about new products and new ways in which they can take care of their new family. >>MARY: 
But have you been--anything--has P&G--I don't want to pigeonhole P&G-- you got insights, but have you seen any translation yet? 
Are you doing the employee swap with other companies as well? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
We're going to. 
We're doing it carefully because you have to be careful about intellectual property. 
And I don't want to talk about the specifics. 
That's their data. 
But we like that model. 
One of the ways that you can sort of effect change is, sort of, direct contact. 
Literally put the people together. 
And that's new for us. >>MARY: 
So if we look at the average company and the average consumer-- spending has been slowing down for a yet. 
There's a bit of a--there appears to be a bit of a freeze right now on action for a variety of reasons--but to your point because companies really do need customers, at some point this becomes unfrozen, theoretically, the on line medium becomes unfrozen faster--any thoughts on how that might play out when it plays out? 
Let's say, the economy turns in quarter "X." 
When we come out of it, are the indications that you're seeing positive in the direction of on line gaining more share from off line than it has over this long period when it should have been gaining more share than it has? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, in the first place, on line continues to gain share in many, many ways. 
Share of mind--share of dollars--and so forth. 
I don't think there's any new news there. 
And there are more and more on line choices. 
It's worth trying to figure out when this will occur. 
And for the next few quarters, things are going to be very, very tough. 
So we're talking about 2010, I think, in talking to CEOs or talking to customers, everybody is sort of assuming that 2009 is a tough, tough year. 
So the first question is, what can you do in 2009? 
And our sales force goes in to the customer and says, "You need revenue now; this is the quickest way to get revenue now." 
In many cases, customers are struggling with contractual commitments to off line advertising, for example, where the overall advertising budget has been cut so dramatically that they really don't have a lot of room. 
And so there's a political dynamic that goes within the customers. 
Hopefully that'll resolve fairly quickly. 
It's obviously in their interest that it does. 
The other thing that's going on is that there's an increasing willingness to try new systems in the enterprise. 
We have a set of enterprise offerings which are around information, mail, applications, and documents; and we've been pleased with the willingness of customers to now accelerate their trials. 
Now, I'd like to think this is because our products are brilliant, clever, and wonderful,l and consistent with cloud computing. 
Another possible explanation is their budgets are very, very tight and our stuff is just a lot cheaper. 
Either one of those is acceptable from our perspective, because we'll earn the right of the customer over time. 
So the answer to your question is, what does 2010 look like? 
A lot of that depends on what the growth rate of the recovery will look like. 
And nobody at this point knows what a global recovery is going to look like. 
But it's reasonable to expect that now that we've gotten off of the on line penetration, we'll get back to that. 
Because the trends are still all in that direction. >>MARY: 
On that cheery note, let's talk about music videos. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Okay. >>MARY: 
The You Tube, to me as a consumer, is sort of like MTV was 20 years ago-- 
15 or 20 years ago. 
You haven't monetized it yet the way you are starting to. 
There are initial signs, or I don't know how many instances you're doing this and where you're selling the music--either 
MP3s via Amazon or I-Tunes via Apple--with some of your most used videos. 
How do you see both the artists using that venue over the next one to two years as they're dealing with their contracts with the industry? 
And how do you see the monetization for the artists and for You Tube play out, just as one example. 
You may want to focus on another way that 
You Tube is increasingly going to be monetized. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, You Tube is--You Tube is slowly getting the monetization right. 
It's taken us much longer than we had hoped to get it right. 
I've always been concerned that the aggregate monetization of on line does not replace the lost revenue for off line. 
That's the fundamental conundrum of music industry. 
It's a potential conundrum for the video and movie industries, and everybody is very worried about this, so we're working hard on that. 
The music industry as a whole has the following problem. 
In the 1980s, they believe--their self view--is that they helped create MTV, which is a very successful property, obviously, by giving them licenses to music videos "too cheaply," according to their view. 
And so there's an ongoing battle, business discussion, whatever term you want to do, about how do you compensate the music industry for the use of the music in things which are promotional? 
I don't know how that's going to resolve itself. 
Apple, and I think you know, as you know, I'm on the Board of Apple-- successfully has worked that out with I-Tunes, after a lot of arguing. 
And I think I-Tunes is a very positive example of this. 
We need an analogous example of the way music videos will work on the Internet. 
You Tube is very successful with music videos. 
It's also very successful with sports, comedy, and other sort of humor. 
And we are working hard on longer form content and HD content. 
Because You Tube has so many viewers--literally this huge audience-- if we can get even small amounts of profit because of the scale, add the big numbers really quickly. >>MARY: 
Some of the obstacles in the way with regards to getting more content on You Tube have been the Viacoms of the world, and then the major media companies. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
That would be a one billion dollar lawsuit. >>MARY: 
That would be a one billion dollar lawsuit. 
Anyway, I'm not going to go down that path. 
But if we look at the financial results for those media companies in the fourth quarter, using News Corp as an example, they're local TV review was down 30% plus. 
They may--They, meaning--and I mentioned this earlier today, but the trajectory that the local TV and broadcast TV is on is sort of similar. 
It's just that you look at a chart, to where newspapers were a year ago, is it possible that that group of players who have been stand-off to you and not wanting to participate, may change their view, simply given that their economic situation is different than it was before. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I would hope so. 
And, you know, they see the same numbers that we do, and we understand their problem. 
And we are critically dependent on the creation of this high quality content. 
There's only so much user-generated video that everybody is going to want. 
And there's a real reason why professionally produced narrative is so successful. 
You know, just watch the Oscars and get a sense of how important it is to society. 
My view is that--you asked the question, if 
I may answer it at the wrong order. 
The right way to answer the question is, What does the future look like? 
And then, How does everybody's models adapt to that? >>MARY: 
Well, we know what the future looks like. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, let's say it, because I think people are often, are a little confused about it. 
The fact of the matter is that mobile devices are going to be the majority of the way that people get information. 
And the argument is relatively simple. 
You already have them. 
They're called your phones. 
And over the next five or 10 years, these phones, if you just-- a simple Moore's Law calculation--will have the capacity to do much of the entertainment and communication and so forth that you use in other media. 
And you're seeing that today. 
So you have a business model issue. 
But there's not a question of how people are going to spend their time. 
So let's go through what these devices look 
like. 
They've got a GPS on them, so they know where you are. 
They're personal, so they know what you've seen and they don't show you the same thing over and over again, like my television. 
You know? 
The same show over and over again? 
Show it just once. 
It's highly, highly personal. 
It can do excerpts. 
And, of course, it's also summary form. 
So the combination of all of that means a huge change in the business model. 
And I don't think we know exactly how that'll monetize. 
What we do know is those products are getting built. 
And so the challenge and the opportunity is to figure out how to make money in that. 
But, you won't get there by suing your end users. 
You won't get there by preventing this technology from happening. 
It's going to happen. >>MARY: 
What was that again? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
It's going to happen. >>MARY: 
Two last questions from me, and Vic did a great job on the panel on the mobile Internet a few moments ago. 
Would you be willing to opine in your lifetime when mobile-related revenue search might surpass PC-based revenue? 
Given that we now know where the future is going? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
It clearly will. 
It's a question of the growth rate of data-capable mobile devices. 
The reason it clearly will is that the monetization of the ads should be higher, because they're even more targeted. 
So we have a lot of evidence, and Vic talks about this in his speeches, where when you have a powerful browser, whether it's the I-Phone, is a good example, the Blackberry now has one, obviously the Android phones, as they come out. 
People spend many, many more searches when they finally have a capable browser. 
And so one of the things, one of the questions is what's new in the technology sense, as opposed to the financial market sense, and the development of this new, open source browser that all these things are based on, really does create that first step of a whole new platform. 
So how long does it take? 
The answer is, a few years. 
But not a few decades. >>MARY: 
One last question from me, and then I'll turn it over to others. 
You have been a great partner with your revenue-sharing agreements with thousands or millions of other players. 
You don't necessarily get the credit for it that, in my humble opinion, you should. 
But you're offering those sorts of compelling deals to content providers. 
You're offering an Android operating system to the mobile device market. 
And this goes back, it's the same question, slightly differently, do those offers become more compelling to standouts in the next six to 12 months than they have been in the past? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Do you mean people who have previously said no? >>MARY: 
Yep. 
Yep. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, I think one of the first principles of business is that they say no this year and maybe they'll say yes next year. 
We're working really hard to create ecosystems that have enough differentiation and enough innovation that people want to play in them. 
And we're also trying to do business terms that are non-exclusive, so that everybody has access to it. 
So there's certainly no prohibition from people doing it. 
In the Android case, it was discussed at the 3GSM conference that there are quite a few partners that have pre-announced their intent to offer Android-based devices of one kind--and some of these things look like phones but some of them are, in fact, not phones. 
And that obviously, then, creates the cycle for more applications. 
And that'll bring more people to the party. 
I think people in the room here understand how platform businesses work, and it's fundamentally about momentum. 
Can you get enough players? 
Can you get enough of the pieces to go? 
And if you offer a sufficiently compelling value proposition and a real differentiator, these things can grow big very quickly. 
I think the lesson of the Internet is that new businesses can grow very, very quickly when you get just the right combination of things and you get scale. >>MARY: 
And in the mobile internet, we have it. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Yeah. 
We clearly have had that this year. 
And, by the way, we've been waiting for years, so we've talked about this for a long time. 
So, again, in the ‘What's New,' I think it's finally there. >>MARY: 
Who would've thought that the best signet that could've ever happened to the mobile Internet is that the growth was constrained by the carriers in their decks for so long and that it would happen to get traction at the time when the economy was very tough? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
And one of the interesting things about the carriers is the carriers are looking for new sources of data revenue and, you know, you asked earlier about the netbooks? 
Some of the carriers are saying, "Well, why don't we subsidize all of these different kinds of devices in the same way that they do with mobile phones today?" Everybody understands the mobile phone plans, and they're subsidized, and so forth, to get those things out of there. 
And, again, that's another new thing that I think will serve as an accelerant to an already exciting industry. >>MARY: 
Any questions? >>SPEAKER: 
Thanks. 
Greg sort of crossed specific capital. 
Mary mentioned Japan as really leading in the mobile Internet. 
And I wanted to understand what you're optimistic about in terms of other countries that are coming along. 
Certainly it's not this country. 
But other countries that you think would follow the footsteps of Japan with mobile advertising, other revenue? 
Second question is what is your venture capital and M&A strategy going forward? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
With Japan, we have now partnerships, I think, with two of the three, or the three, depending on exactly how you define the leading mobile providers. 
And the monetization is excellent. 
And so when you get it right, when you have the right ad product and the right search product on the right device and, of course, Japan, the products themselves are all different. 
Anyone who has spent their, tried to get your own phone to work on their networks, so we know that as a proof point. 
And that's been true for a couple of years. 
So, we're now attempting to replicate those kinds of deals. 
The obvious prize will be China because of the simple volume there. 
There's enough growth in CPMs and, basically, application use and wireless data networks in China that that's sort of the next really, really big one. 
The penetration for mobile devices in Europe is very strong, but the economies are not so strong. 
We'll wait and see what happens there. >>SPEAKER: 
You mentioned-- >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I'm sorry--second question. 
I apologize. 
You asked a question about the venture arm and M&A strategy. 
We have largely been waiting for prices to get better. 
A lot of--the good news is we have lots of capital. 
And the bad news is we're still trying to get everybody into the model that we really want in terms of M&A. And I think it'll start soon, but it's pretty inactive right now. 
Sir, go ahead. >>SPEAKER: 
You mentioned in your, a few minutes ago here, that you were in strong support of the new increases in the government spending and the stimulus program. 
Could you explain a little bit, perhaps, how you expect to benefit from the new stimulus program? 
And, what do you say to the argument that if government spending were the answer, the Soviet Union would have been the richest country in the world? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I have a very long and strong answer to the last part of the question but, in the interest of time, I'll say that we benefit when our customers have jobs, because they buy stuff. 
So any solution that gets the middle class, if you will, to feel more confident, benefits Google--our advertising revenue, our customers, our partners, and our shareholders. 
So, we can debate the specifics. 
As you know, the current stimulus package is--no one has ever done it at this scale before--it's two-thirds as directed spending and one-third is tax credits of one kind or another, much of which goes to the state and local governments and for extended unemployment benefits, and then various things involving the AMT. 
With respect to how Google would specifically benefit beyond that, it's more a question of how does the Internet benefit? 
And the stimulus package has on it on the order of 20 billion of essentially payment subsidies and credits that cause the build out of the fast internet, the Broadband Internet, to occur more quickly. 
It also has about $20 billion in increases in science funding, which we believe will go into universities that will then help with the lag. 
They'll build some of the new and creative applications that we depend on. >>SPEAKER: 
In the past, you've talked about where you were in terms of monetization of existing properties and existing applications. 
I was wondering if you could, sort of, give us an update on where you think you are? 
I mean, of the things you can control, monetization of your properties is one of them. 
Where do you think you are at this point? 
What this downturn means in terms of accelerating monetization? 
Thanks. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
There's always a danger, when you have a web site, that you temporarily over monetize? 
In other words, that you take your page and you fill it with ads. 
And that works for a quarter or two, and then your customers say, "Well, heck, that's an ad page rather than a content page." 
And then they move somewhere else. 
So, we at Google are roughly at our monetization, or what we call coverage, 
level, of about a year ago. 
And that feels about right. 
It's, frankly, a judgment. 
There's some science behind it, but it's within a range of what we have historically done. 
We have looked at other properties that have a lot of page views, and much of the social networking things, for example. 
And they don't monetize that well. 
And they don't monetize nearly as well as text search. 
So we're unlikely to do major changes there, although we're trying a few things. 
The next--another way of asking your question is, where is the next source of revenue? 
And the next source of revenue is the current business functioning better with better conversion, more traffic, more advertisers, which is our core business. 
The next, and adjacent, business, is a set of display businesses and an exchange that are being built as a consequence of the Double Click acquisition. 
The display business is as large as the text search business. 
It's relatively balkanized?? 
(30:39). 
It's not a uniform in any particular way. 
The systems are complicated, the way the display ads are managed, is done, in many cases, by hand or by poor quality spreadsheets. 
So we see an opportunity to apply the Google magic, you know, the measurement and the scaling, in that business. 
And that's probably the next big one. >>MARY: 
Any other questions? 
Yep, right here. 
We'll move beyond the first three rows at some point. >>SPEAKER: 
Thank you. 
I wanted to get your thoughts on Twitter. 
There's been a lot of discussion there that potentially it evolves as a real time search engine, and in an un-Google-like way, you haven't really responded with any sort of application or product there, outside of, maybe, Blogger. 
How do you foresee that product in the next few years? 
And is that a potential or a threat for Google? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
We're in favor of all of these new communications mechanisms. 
Google just put up a Google Twitter site. 
Google can tweet to you. 
It's called At Google. 
And so you can go ahead and listen to our ruminations as to where we are and what we're doing in 160 characters or 
less. 
Speaking as a computer scientist, I view all of these as, sort of, poor man's email systems. 
In other words, they have aspects of an email system, but they don't have a full offering. 
So, to me the question about companies like Twitter is, do they fundamentally involve as sort of ‘note' phenomena? 
Or do they fundamentally involve to have storage, revocation, identity, and all the other aspects that traditional email systems have? 
Or, do email systems themselves broaden what they do to take on some of that characteristic? 
I think the innovation is great. 
In Google's case, we have a very successful instant messaging product. 
And that's what most people end up using. 
And having said that I think it's wonderful, Twitter's success is wonderful, and I think it shows you that there are many, many new ways to reach and communicate, especially if you are willing to do so publicly. <<MARY: 
Any other questions? 
Yep? 
We're moving to the fourth row, third row. >>SPEAKER: 
Another big picture question, if you don't mind. 
You said the economy is dire, and that you don't see a sign of a current bottom. 
But, as you look around the world, do you see many regional differences in how badly areas are affected, and then in general, just as a world-wide view, how do you feel about broadband penetration rates, especially in Latin America, but elsewhere around the world, and whether the economic slowdown is going to dampen that move toward broadband penetration in other countries aside from the U.S.? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
What's interesting is Latin America is doing so well. 
I was joking with my friend who lives in Mexico that maybe Mexico should bail out the United States. 
The fact of the matter is that Latin American economies are now in a position of having higher growth than many of the other countries world-wide. 
I don't think we see anything different than what's been publicly reported, which goes something like this. 
The United States, because of our economic structure, is likely to both have a quicker descent and a quicker recovery than Europe. 
That Europe is offset by some number of quarters, and we believe that all of that is true, based on the data that we've seen. 
We also believe that India and China are being affected, but to a lesser degree, for all the reasons that have been said publicly. 
What we don't know is, what does this do to the long term capital structure of these economies? 
I don't think anybody knows, when all of the government stimulus is done, and remember that the government stimulus in crisis here is not as bad as, for example, as what we're seeing in Britain or, for heavens sakes, Iceland. 
We don't really know what the extent of that will be in terms of both the nationalization questions of the institutions of those industries, and consumer confidence in savings rate. 
There's sort of negative examples if you look at Japan, which is, after 13 years of recession, Japan went from essentially a culture that was at least interested in brands and at least interested in real consumer behavior as defined by America, to a country that was sufficiently traumatized that they are now very, very heavy net savers, because their economic structure and labor markets also changed to also favor much more at risk employment. 
Those are big changes if you're Japanese. 
And I don't think anybody knows to what degree that will affect the United States. 
My personal view, and I've said this very strongly, is that Americans love their credit cards. 
And that if you think about what we have to do in our country, we basically have to solve the credit problem, we have to get the job situation at least stable so people are not afraid of losing their jobs, and we have to do something about the housing crisis. 
All of those issues are being worked on now. 
When those things are done, it's a reasonable bet that Americans will go back to what we do best, which is to spend money. 
[laughter] 
>>MARY: 
Just one non-Google question, Eric. 
This question made me think of it. 
You talked about the stimulus package, and as consumers on Wall Street, we don't see a lot of the impact of the stimulus package with any immediacy, but that's not the point. 
The point, or that's not the question. 
On the academic side, the institutions that are going to get some of the spending now--have a good sense of when they're going to get it. 
But who's going to get it? 
They're prioritizing--they're really excited. 
You grew up in your business career in Silicon Valley. 
You grew up in an industry and with a company son that might not have existed but for government funding and AT&T support, and I'm stretching the facts here a little bit to make a different point. 
Are you confident, given what you've heard, given where you've been over the course of the last several weeks, that the American economy will see some good things come out of that directed spending that is going into academic institutions, as unlike what we have seen in a very long time? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I am, and I think there's a lot of reasons to be very optimistic. 
I know everybody is sort of depressed when you read the headlines and watch the television, and so forth. 
But, the American story is a story of innovation. 
And the system of universities that we have, the young founders that come out of universities that form great companies, the ability to do quickly the capital formation and the venture industry, and so forth, is unparalleled. 
If you look at where jobs come from, they come from the private sector. 
And high-paying jobs come from people who work in knowledge-intensive industries that are sophisticated, or very high in manufacturing jobs. 
So it seems obvious to me that part of the way to get this fixed for the longer term, and I'm not talking about the regulatory failures, which is another separate and long conversation. 
It's to make sure that the necessary pre-conditions are present for entrepreneurs and existing businesses to either re-use existing capital plants to build, for example, the classic example here is batteries for hybrid cars in the United States, as opposed to in Korea and in Germany. 
And, basically, get those jobs in the United States. 
That's ultimately the answer to all of the incessant criticism that you hear about jobs moving to India and China, and service wages, and so forth and so on. 
It's ultimately about the extraordinary asset that we have in our universities and our research labs to, essentially, create the next Google. 
And not just in our industry. >>MARY: 
We have time for one more question. 
Yeah, go ahead. 
Eric will repeat it. <<OFF MlKE SPEAKER: 
Getting around to the [inaudible] that you talked about. 
What are the three things that need to happen for it to become 
a material part of your business? >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
The question was what are the three things that needs to get done to become a material part of our business? 
Let me answer your question without the word ‘material' in the middle of it, because ‘material' has a very specific meaning. 
The first problem, if you're a display--if you have essentially a display property-- you know, you want to sort of show ads, it's very difficult to figure out which ad to show. 
Because there are multiple vendors who show you these ads. 
And we're in the process of building the equivalent of an ad exchange, which will allow you to do that automatically. 
You do it with scientific measurements. 
So, today what people do is they use heuristics. 
And the heuristics in that space are terrible. 
The second issue in display has to do with standardization of ad formats. 
So, again, here you are--you have a property, you have a place for display. 
And there's not agreement at the level that it needs to be on the standardization of the delivery of the display. 
And especially around interactive and video ads. 
If you think about it, the future of display ads is not a static picture, but rather an ad that brings you in--that tells you a narrative. 
The best ads add real value to the consumer's experience. 
We take the view that ads are valuable if they're targeted and are information-rich. 
And the most information-rich, by obvious argument, is something which involves video and a story, and a narrative, and more references. 
And the technology will enable the creation of those. 
And then the third, in our case, is the construction of the business relationship with the large advertisers we're still working on. >>MARY: 
If there's a 10 second question and a 20 second answer, fire away. <<OFF MlKE SPEAKER: 
[inaudible] helped you grow so much faster than your competition has been [inaudible]… You're potentially on the horizon to have a consolidation of searches if two competitors merge with a much better capitalized capital structure. 
How do you see any potential impact should 
Microsoft and Yahoo come together, given you started off the conversation talking about consumers can be fickle switching search engines? 
Thanks. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
I don't know if that scenario will occur. 
We did our best attempt at a deal with Yahoo, and as you know, we had to cancel it at the very last minute. 
We wish them the best of luck. 
And Carol is a fine and able CEO. 
What do I really think will happen here? 
I think that the problem has to do with Microsoft's ability to use its Windows monopoly to restrict consumer choice. 
That's not a new subject. 
It's been discussed at great length. 
So anything that Microsoft would do that would eliminate consumer choice with respect to search engines, Internet browsers, distribution-- for which it was previously found guilty--are of concern. 
And there's a history of that. 
So that's what we worry about. 
I think as long as the technologies are competing on a fair to fair basis, 
I think that's great. <<MARY: 
On that note, Eric, thank you very much. >>ERlC SCHMlDT: 
Well, thank you. 
[applause] 
I think the biggest mistake you can make when trying to cover up acne is just you keep caking on acne thinking that can cover it trying to cover your severe acne so i think there are few things that can help.First of all if u have pimple green makeup can be very helpful in covering the red. 
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Only way out for us is... right side where few enemy soldiers have been stationed 
I will lure them away 
Lacking experience, division captain Jeehoon fails to order a retreat. 
To save his soldiers, he planned to use suicide bombing. 
We will all die... all will die! 
No!! 
What do we do!?!!? 
Let's survive from this survive, so we all can fulfill our dreams 
let's lead this war to victory it's better if the one that's going to die anyways die right? 
I will go! 
Injured Jun officer volunteered to take the captain's place in the plan. 
The captain was unable to stop him, and with the words "Please look after my son", Jun ran to the enemies will it get better if I sleep? 
It is frightening to go to sleep 
Endless darkness. 
Dawn that never comes 
Will it get better if I sleep? 
It is frightening to sleep 
Endless darkness. 
Dawn that never comes 
With the death of Jun officer, the captain feels agony from the fact that wars require sacrifices 
Are you kidding? 
Jang Dal Ho officer~ why, Kim Duk Chool officer~? no no I don't like it! 
I don't like it! 
I really don't like that name!!! follow me 
The soldiers went their own ways after escaping 
Miss Kim and Jang Dal Ho officers join the refugees 
In process, Jang Dal Ho officer received an injury 
Dancing under the moon light, one happy man whispering love with a beautiful lady when your lips touch my cheeks where did you disappear to? 
The stage he wanted to stand on for so long 
He imagines about the singer dream he was never able to fulfill 
Jang Dal Ho officer quietly dies on the way to refuge 
Kang officer went back to his hometown to find his lover but North Koreans had already killed his beloved family and lover the town had turned into ruins 
Her body already was stiff and cold 
Hi! 
Today I am going to talk about how to create this effect; this infinite white background. 
If you saw the Apple commercials; 
Apple versus PC, or even if you go back to 1999 with The Matrix, you remember that there was a pure white background. 
You see it on TV all the time these days. 
It's an effect that makes things look professional, so if you have a spokesperson, kind of like the way this is right now, if you have a spokesperson, or talking, having a pure, white background really enhances the professionalism of the specific shot that you're doing. 
The one thing is, most websites, not all, but many, are white in background, so if you put a video with an infinite white background on top of the web page with a white background, it kind of 
looks like the person is floating on the web page, so it's a really great way to look very professional. 
So, today I am going to show you kind of my secrets behind the scenes if you will. 
Some truth in advertising, I am doing this not in a studio, but in my apartment. so I am going to give you a little tour, how to set up, and hopefully I am not going to miss out on anything in terms of details. 
I'll also have this transcript below this blog post, and, so if you want to read you can read it, and I also list all of the materials that you're going to need all the equipment so that you can figure out exactly what you need to make this effect work. 
So, let's get started. 
Ok, basically a little behind the scenes. 
You can see that this is my apartment, and yeah it's the holidays as I am recording this. 
This is actually a white screen. 
Now what I did was purchase a white projection screen because I needed to be able to put it up and take it down. 
I didn't want this thing in my, you know, I didn't want to put a sheet there. 
Basically, this is a white screen that you can buy on Amazon for about $70. 
I will provide all the details below. 
You could also use a white wall, a white piece of fabric, or even a, you know, kind of a bed sheet type of thing. 
You could do that as well. 
I preferred this because there are no wrinkles, fabric you would have to iron, and it gets to be a pain. 
A white wall probably would work if you have the room to do a white wall, so you can see my walls are greenish in color, and they're not white. 
So, I got the screen. 
The next thing you want to do is you have here the lights. 
Now, you can see that there are two sets of lights on this side, and then we have two on there. 
Those are the screen lights, and basically what you want to do is these shop lights are available at Home Depot or anywhere else, Amazon, wherever you want to buy it, and their shop lights, 13, I am sorry, 10-inch shop lights, they are available for $13. 
The next thing is 
I have in here, sorry to blind you, these look like gigantic 
CFLs because they are, so on both sides of the screen I have these four gigantic high, very high 
lumen daylight CFL bulbs. 
Basically, I would go with at least a 50 watt, 2300 lumen bulb. 
The one I am using is an 85 watt, 4800 
lumen bulb. 
What you want to do is make sure they are daylight, so you are looking at probably, you want to choose something that's 
I'm sorry, you want to choose something that's 5500K or higher in terms of the color temperature. 
You want to go below 5500K, 5500K is about daylight, so it's just the minimum part of daylight. 
The ones that I have I believe are 6,000K, 85 watt, 4800 lumens. 
Ok, so you can see the setup basically, it's a very simple setup. 
You have the two lights that are on either side side of the screen which illuminate the background. 
Now, what I am going to do is switch around so you can see what I am looking at as I am facing the camera. 
Ok, here is my setup so what I am doing when I am reading from the screen, when 
I am doing a professional video and looking at the camera, this is what I see. 
It's in my kitchen my little dining area. 
Basically, it's a real quick setup. 
You have two lights, I am sorry, two lights on either side, so a total of four lights. 
Those are usually called the "key lights," and they illuminate me as I am doing my videos. 
Now, if you zoom up, or if I zoom up I should say and focus there a little bit, you can see that they're clip-on lights. 
They are the shop lights, eight inch shop lights. 
Inside those the bulbs are actually lower wattage, they can be 26 watt cfls 
Now, you want to choose ones that have a warmer appearance, so you are talking about warmer bulbs, you don't want to get the daylight. 
You want to get 3,000K to 3,500K color temperatures. 
The ones that do the screen that illuminate the screen, those are daylight. 
These you want to warm, you want to have more of a warm appearance to whoever is on camera, and those are 3,000K to 3,500K color temperatures 
Next you see, now normally, that right there, you can see the iPad that is sitting there. 
Normally, the iPad, there's a camera, and the camera I am holding right now. 
The camera is there which I'll go over in a second, and then you have the iPad. 
Of course an iPad is expensive. 
You can get a Droid tablet, that's fine. 
You can also rig up something depending on how it is, rig up something so that you could put a table, and then use a laptop as your teleprompter if you even wanted to do a teleprompter so now let's talk about the camera. 
In fact, 
let me go ahead and get my cell phone camera to talk about the camera. 
Ok, so I gave you a little tour. 
A real quick recap as you have the screen, I use a white projection screen. 
You have the two screen lights on either side, very high lumen bulbs to wash out the white background, so it's over-exposed. 
Next, I have on either side of me I have the key lights which are on each side, I have two 
lower wattage, I think it said 26 watt bulbs, and again, held within the shop lights. 
I also forgot to mention that it's, I use photography stands that usually hold lights. 
They are about $15 bucks on Amazon.com, but you can go as simple as getting a bucket and putting a stick inside of it and put in cement, or sand, or something like that, get dowel rods. 
So, the camera itself, 
I use a Canon T4i [corrected from video] 
It's a great camera, high quality, that's the one I've been using probably for the past two months. 
I also before that had a lower expensive, the Canon I am using now is about $800. 
The next I had was a traditional video camera, consumer grade video camera. 
That ran about $400, and it was a Canon, I think it's the 
HF 200. 
If that's not it, I'll put it in the space below. 
I would also suggest that if you can't get those, get a cameral like the Kodak, I think it's called the 8zi, or the z8i, I think it is. 
That camera has an external microphone jack. 
You have to get a camera with an external microphone jack. 
If you don't, it's going to, it's going to sound like you are in a cave, so you get the crisp quality because this camera has a microphone jack, so if you need a low cost camera, it's the Kodak, again z8i, I believe it is, has an external microphone jack. 
Now, on the settings you may say, "Well, ok, what about these things?" You see I purposely am leaving this ugly stuff on the side here. 
Basically, when you go into you whatever video editing software you have, you just, that's it. 
You just crop out the sides, you put a white background, and voila, you have a perfectly professional infinite, white background, so thanks again everybody If you're not, if you didn't download my free e-book, go to the side, it's on How To 
Create a Video That Persuades Customers To Take Action, to buy a product, click a button, whatever it might be, so go to the side, put in your information, and I will send you that e-book. 
Thanks for watching, browse around the site, and remember everyone can make! amazing videos. 
Beginning to see 
Stopping for a second 
What if it's true, as Kevin Phillips recently stated in an article in Harpers", that "Ever since the 1960s, Washington has gulled its citizens and creditors by debasing official statistics, the vital instruments with which the vigor and muscle of the American economy are measured?" 
What if it turned out that our individual, corporate, and government decision-making was based on deeply misleading, if not provably false, data? 
That's what we're going to take a look at here, by examining the ways that inflation and 
Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, are measured. 
As you now know, inflation is a matter of active policy. 
Too little and our current banking system risks failure. 
Too much and the majority of people noticeably lose their savings, which makes them politically restive. 
So keeping inflation at a "goldilocks" temperature 
- not too hot and not too cold - is the name of the game. 
Inflation has two components. 
The first is the simple pressure on prices due to too much money floating around. 
The second component lies with people's expectations of future inflation. 
If expectations are that inflation will be tame, they are said to be well-anchored. 
If people expect prices to rise, they tend to spend their money now, while the getting is still good, and this serves to fuel further inflation in a self-reinforcing manner. 
The faster people spend, the faster inflation rises. 
Zimbabwe is a perfect modern example of this dynamic in play. 
Accordingly, official inflation policy has two components - the first is regulating the money supply and the second is anchoring your expectations. 
And how exactly is this anchoring accomplished? 
Over time, this has evolved into little more than telling you that inflation is a bit lower, or even a lot lower, than it actually is. 
The details of how this is done are more complicated but worthy of your attention. 
Let me be clear, the tricks and subversions we will examine did not arise with any particular administration or political party. 
Rather, they arose incrementally during every administration you care to examine over the past 40 years. 
Under Kennedy, who disliked high unemployment numbers, a new classification was developed that scrubbed so-called "discouraged workers" from the headline data, causing unemployment figures to drop. 
Johnson created the "unified budget" that we currently enjoy, which rolls surplus Social Security funds into the general budget, where they are spent but then not reported as part of the deficit you read about. 
Richard Nixon bequeathed us the so-called "core inflation" measure, which strips out food and fuel, which, as Barry Ritholtz says, is like reporting inflation ex-inflation, while it was Bill Clinton who left us with the current tangled statistical morass that is now our official method of measuring inflation. 
At every turn, a new way of measuring and reporting was derived that invariably served to make things seem a bit rosier than they actually were. 
Economic activity was higher, inflation was lower (sometimes a lot lower), and jobs were more plentiful. 
Unfortunately, the cumulative impact of all this data manipulation is that our measurements no longer match reality. 
We are, in effect, telling ourselves lies, and these fibs serve to distort our decisions and jeopardize our economic future. 
Let's begin with inflation, which is reported to us by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS, in the form of the Consumer Price Index, or CPl. 
If you were to measure inflation, you'd probably track the cost of a basket of goods from one year to the next, subtract the two, and measure the difference. 
And your method would, in fact, be the way inflation was officially measured right on up through the early 1980s. 
But In 1996, Clinton implemented the Boskin Commission findings, which now have us measuring inflation using three oddities: substitution, weighting, and hedonics. 
To begin on this list, we no longer simply measure the cost of goods and services from one year to the next, because of something called the "substitution effect." 
Thanks to the Boskin Commission, it is now assumed that when the price of something rises, people will switch to something cheaper. 
So any time, say, that the price of salmon goes up too much, it is removed from the basket of goods and substituted with something cheaper, like hot dogs. 
By this methodology, the BLS says that food costs rose 4.1% from 2007 to 2008. 
However according to the Farm Bureau, which does not do this and simply tracks the exact same shopping basket of thirty goods from one year to the next, food prices rose 11.3% over the past year, compared to the BLS which says they only rose 4.1%. 
That's a huge difference. 
One impact of using substitution is that our measure of inflation no longer measures the cost of living, but the cost of survival. 
Next, anything that rises too quickly in price is now subjected to so-called 
"geometric weighting," in which goods and services that are rising most rapidly in price get a lower weighting in the CPI basket, under the assumption that people will use less of those things. 
Using the government's own statistics from two different sources, we find that health care is about 17% of our total economy, but it is weighted as only 6% of the CPI basket. 
Because healthcare costs are rising extremely rapidly, the impact of including a much smaller healthcare weighting is a reduction in reported inflation. 
By simply reinstating the actual level of healthcare spending, our reported CPI would be several percent higher. 
But the most outlandish adjustment of them all goes by the name 
"hedonics," the Greek root of which means "for the pleasure of." 
This adjustment is supposed to adjust for quality improvements, especially those that lead to greater enjoyment or utility of the product, but it has been badly overused. 
Here's an example. 
Tim LaFleur is a commodity specialist for televisions at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, where the CPI is calculated. 
I'm guessing he works in a place that looks like this. 
In 2004, he noted that a 27-inch television selling for $329.99 was selling for the same price as last year, but was now equipped with a better screen. 
Hmm. 
After taking this subjective improvement into account, he adjusted the price of the TV downwards by $135, concluding that the screen improvement was the same as if the price of the TV had fallen by 29%. 
The price reflected in the CPI was not the actual retail store cost of $329.99, which is what it would cost you to buy, but $195. 
Bingo! 
At the BLS, 
TVs now cost less and inflation is heading down. 
At the store, they're still selling for $329.99. 
Hedonics are a one-way trip. 
If I get a new phone this year and it has some new buttons, the BLS will say the price has dropped. 
But if it only lasts eight months instead of 30 years, like my old phone, no adjustment will be made for that loss. 
In short, hedonics rests on the improbable assumption that new features are always beneficial and are synonymous with falling prices. 
Over the years, the BLS has expanded the use of hedonic adjustments and now applies these adjustments to everything from TVs, automobiles, washers, dryers, refrigerators, and even to college textbooks. 
Hedonics are now used to adjust as much as 46% of the total CPl. 
So what would happen if you were to strip out all the fuzzy statistical manipulations and calculate inflation like we used to do it? 
Luckily, John Williams of shadowstats.com has done exactly that, painstakingly following each statistical modification over time and reversing their effects. 
If inflation were calculated today, the exact same way it was in the early 1980"s, 
Mr. Williams finds that it would be running at closer to 13% than the currently reported 5%. 
This is a stunning 8% difference, which explains much that we see around us. 
It explains why people have had to borrow more and have been able to save a lot less - because their real income was actually a lot lower than reported. 
A higher rate of inflation is consistent with weak labor markets and growing levels of debt. 
It fits the monetary growth data better. 
So many things that were difficult to explain under a low-inflation reading suddenly make sense. 
The social cost to this self-deception is enormous. 
For starters, if inflation were calculated 
like it used to be, Social Security payments, whose increases are based on the CPl, would be 70% larger than today. 
Because Medicare increases are also tied to the CPl, hospitals are increasingly unable to balance their budgets, forcing many communities to lose services. 
These are real impacts. 
But besides paying out less in entitlement checks, by understating inflation, politicians gain in another very important way. 
Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, is how we tell ourselves that our economy is either doing well or doing poorly. 
In theory, the GDP is the sum total of all value-added transactions within our country in any given year. 
Here's an example, though, of how far from reality GDP has strayed. 
The reported number for 2003 was a GDP of $11 trillion, implying that $11 trillion of money-based, value-added economic transactions had occurred. 
However, nothing of the sort happened. 
First, that 11 trillion included $1.6 trillion of imputations, where it was assumed that economic value had been created but no actual transactions took place. 
The largest of these imputations was the "value" that the owner of a house receives by not having to pay themselves rent. 
Did you follow that? 
If you own your house, the government adds how much they think you should be paying yourself in rent to live there and adds that amount to the GDP. 
Another is the benefit you receive from the "free checking" provided by your bank, which is imputed to have a value, because if it weren't free, then you'd have to pay for it. 
So that value is guesstimated and added to the GDP as well. 
Together, just these two imputations add up to over a trillion dollars of our reported GDP. 
Next, the GDP has many elements that are hedonically adjusted. 
For instance, computers are hedonically adjusted to account for the idea that, because they are faster and more feature-rich than in past years, they must be more additive to our economic output than their price would indicate. 
So if a $1000 computer were sold, you're recorded as contributing more than $1000 to the GDP. 
Of course, that extra money is fictitious, in the sense that it never traded hands and.. it doesn't exist. 
What's interesting is that for the purposes of inflation measurements, hedonic adjustments are used to reduce the apparent price of computers, but for GDP calculations, hedonic adjustments are used to boost their apparent price. 
Hedonics, therefore, are used to maneuver prices higher or lower, depending on which outcome makes things look more favorable. 
So what were the total hedonic adjustments in 2003? 
An additional, whopping $2.3 trillion. 
Taken together, these mean that $3.9 trillion, or fully 35% of our reported GDP, was NOT BASED on transactions that you could witness, record, or touch. 
They were guessed at, modeled, or imputed, but they did not show up in any bank accounts, because no cash ever changed hands. 
As an aside, when you hear people say things like "our debt to GDP is still quite low" or 
"income taxes as a percentage of GDP are historically low," it's important to remember that because GDP is artificially high, any ratio where GDP is the denominator will be artificially low. 
Now let's tie in inflation to the GDP story. 
The GDP you read about is always inflation-adjusted and reported after inflation is subtracted from it. 
This is called the "real" GDP, while the pre-inflation adjusted number is called "nominal" GDP. 
This is an important thing to do, because GDP is supposed to measure real output, not the impact of inflation. 
For example, if our entire economy consisted of producing lava lamps, and we produced one of them in one year and one of them the next year, we'd want to record our GDP growth rate as zero because our output is exactly the same in both years. 
So if we sold a lava lamp for $100 one year but $110 the next, we'd accidentally record 10% GDP increase if we didn't back out the price increases. 
So in this example, the "real" lava lamp economy has a value of $100, while the "nominal" lava lamp economy is $110. 
And because we're trying to measure the "real" economy, inflation must be removed from the picture. 
Ah! 
Now we can begin to understand the second powerful reason that 
DC loves a low inflation reading. 
It's because GDP is expressed in real terms. 
It works like this: in the 3rd quarter of 2007, it was reported that we experienced a very surprising and strong 4.9% rate of GDP growth. 
At the time, there were many proud officials declaring that certain tax cuts or certain programs were responsible for this excellent news, and so forth. 
Less well reported was the fact that nominal GDP was 5.9%, from which was deducted the jaw-droppingly low inflation reading of 1%, giving us the final result of 4.9%. 
In order to believe the 4.9% figure, you have to first believe that our nation was experiencing a 1% rate of inflation during the same period that oil was first approaching $100/barrel and inflation was obviously and irrefutably exploding all over the globe. 
Lest you think I've cherry picked an accidental one-time embarrassing statistical BLS moment here, here's a chart of the so-called GDP deflator, which is the specific measure of inflation that is subtracted from the nominal GDP to yield the reported real GDP. 
As you can see, for the past fifteen quarters the Bureau of Economic Analysis has been serenely and systematically subtracting lower and lower amounts of inflation, which simply flies in the face of both real-world inflation data and common sense. 
Remember, each percent that inflation is understated equals a full percent that GDP is overstated. 
If this is not lying to ourselves, then delusional is the next word that comes to mind. 
If, instead, we make our own assumptions about inflation, or use those of John Williams, and subtract these from the reported GDP numbers, then we find that we've been in a solid recession for quite a while now. 
Ahhhhhhh...! 
Suddenly a lot of things that were difficult to understand make perfect sense: 
Contracting businesses, rising foreclosures, job losses, rising budget deficits, falling tax revenues, declining auto sales; all of these are consistent with recession and not expansion. 
The same sort of statistical wizardry that we've explored here is performed on income, unemployment figures, house prices, budget deficits, and virtually every other government supplied economic statistic you can think of. 
Each is laced with a long series of lopsided imperfections that inevitably paint a rosier picture than is warranted. 
We are now in the midst of a fearful credit crisis, a bursting bubble, and the first wave of boomer retirements, and solid, credible information is what we need as a beacon to find our way out. 
To close with Kevin Phillips again, 
"...our nation may truly regret losing sight of history, risk, and common sense." 
I couldn't agree more. 
That's it for Fuzzy Numbers. 
Join me next time for Peak Oil and its relationship to our economic future. 
[Humming] 
Arabs are the most maligned group in the history of Hollywood. 
They're portrayed basically as subhumans - Untermensch, a term used by Nazis to vilify Gypsies and Jews. 
I'd like to remind you to watch previous episodes, and subscribe to our channel, and send funny videos to the link below. 
No Moumen stop. 
Please Moumen leave him. 
English Subtitles By: 
Muzna Hasnawi 
Hi everybody. 
Please watch 3altayer Lam, with Omar Hussein and Ahmad Fathaldin. 
In addition to Fe2a Fala 10, with Ammar and Mahmoud Ramadan. 
Enjoy watching. 
Okay, folks, in this clip, I'm going to talk to you about how to become an artist. 
That 
largely depends on what type of artist you want to be. 
If you want to go into school for design and architecture, obviously, you need to go off to design school or to a university and major in architectural design or graphic design. 
It largely, these days, deals with computer software, a lot of your work now is done with computer and no longer by hand, but it is definitely still a very popular form of artistic expression, I would say. 
And there's a lot of money to be made in it. 
Another route you might choose to go is the animation or visual illustration, such as graphic novel, that particular route. 
What 
I would advise doing in that is, if you feel like you need to take courses or classes or get your degree in art or studying art in any way, shape or form, that would be great, not entirely necessary though. 
What you really need is a lot of practice. 
And what you also need is a very good portfolio. 
These two things combined will come through crystal clear to you when you're applying to these types of jobs. 
Granted, it always looks good on your resume to say that, yes, I majored in art design in school and art history or whatever to show that you got your degree. 
But at the end of the day, what they're really going to care about is your portfolio. 
So, if you're going to go in the animation route or the illustration, graphic novel route, make sure you have a very, very comprehensive portfolio of your work, one that really showcases what you can do. 
That is the most important thing to become and becoming that kind of artist. 
Now, if you want to be free of all that, you know, daily grind, working, punching a clock, working for a boss, you know, nonsense, you can always go the freelance route, where you take on gigs based on, you know, your own skills and availability. 
You could open up your own gallery, which is, you know, going to take a lot more than just a wink and a smile. 
You know, you're going to need to find a building, obviously, potentially some investors who are willing to initially back you. 
You're going to need to have something to sell. 
You're going to need to be able to create a product that people are crazy about. 
And, eventually, when you build up your own reputation, your success, you know you're pretty well established at that point and that would, in my mind, be the cream of the crop job for any aspiring artist, having your own art gallery and have your work displayed in galleries across the world. 
That would be another route that you could take. 
I say, good luck to you, if that's the route you decide to go on. 
But, honestly folks, at the end of the day, just having the God-given talent, a pen and a piece of paper to draw on is really all you need to become an artist. 
Develop your skills early, be passionate and diligent in your work and you, at that point, will be well on your way to becoming an artist. 
It doesn't matter what type of artist at that point. 
You, my friend are definitely an artist. 
So no one told you life was going to be this way. 
Your job's a joke, you're broke, you're love life's DOA. 
It's like you're always stuck in second gear, 
Well, it hasn't been your day, your week, your month, or even your year. 
But, I'll be there for you, when the rain starts to pour. 
I'll be there for you, 
like I've been there before. 
I'll be there for you cause you're there for me too. 
You're still in bed at ten, the work began at eight. 
You've burned your breakfast, so far, things are going great. 
Your mother warned you there'd be days like these, 
But she didn't tell you when the world has brought down to your knees. 
That, I'll be there for you, when the rain starts to pour. 
I'll be there for you, 
like I've been there before. 
I'll be there for you, cause you're there for me too. 
No one could ever know me, no one could ever see me. 
Seems like you're the only one who knows what it's like to be me. 
Someone to face the day with, make it through all the rest with, 
Someone I'll always laugh with even at my worst, I'm best with you. 
It's like you're always stuck in second gear, 
Well, it hasn't been your day, your week, your month, or even your year. 
But, I'll be there for you, when the rain starts to pour. 
I'll be there for you, 
like I've been there before. 
I'll be there for you, cause you're there for me too. 
Subtitled by- Asli Babat 
If you live for somethin' 
You're not alone my friend 
So fill up your cup and lift your lighter 
A toast to life 
They say what don't kill me can make me stronger 
So two drinks a night should help me live longer 
I blow some smoke to give my lungs a test 
Because why tip-toe through life to arrive safely at death 
I'm on a journey yeah I'm on a roll 
Sometimes I gotta close my eyes just to open my soul 
And tonight is the night I gotta feeling I'm about to act a fool 
So if you go fix some drinks me and Usher 'bout to break some rules 
That's somewhere to go but the world is moving slow 
I was born for the fast life 
I go for broke, a lesson I can't afford 
But for what it's worth I'm ready to pay 
For the rest of my life 
For the rest of my life 
If I got one life to live, I'mma party 'til I'm dead 
What the hell is a life worth living if it's not on the edge 
Trying to keep my balance, I'm twisted so just in case I fall 
Written on my tombstone should say "Women, Weed, and Alcohol" 
That's somewhere to go but the world is moving slow 
I was born for the fast life 
I go for broke, a lesson I can't afford 
But for what it's worth I'm ready to pay 
For the rest of my life 
If you live for somethin' 
You're not alone my friend 
So fill up your cup and lift your lighter 
A toast to life 
I'm stuck in this moment, freeze the hands of time 
Cause I feel inner peace when I'm out of my mind 
And you can call me crazy, but I like to roll the dice 
So I'm willing to bet that I'mma be crazy for the rest of my life 
[dramatic music playing] 
-(reporter) The carnage continues today as yet another body was found. 
This will be the tenth victim of the mysterious Kool-Aid Killer. 
-(announcer) For years, he's waited in the shadows, forgotten. 
-There's a madman loose and he's killing people. 
-This is his calling card. 
-He feels forgotten and he's sending a message by killing everyone that doesn't drink Kool-Aid. 
-So he's basically killing everyone above the age of five. 
-I hate my life. 
[crash!] 
-Oh yeah! 
-(announcer) This summer... get ready... the rivers are gonna run red. 
[crash!] 
-Ah! 
-Oh yeah! 
[muffled yelling, explosion] 
-Knife to meet ya. 
-[muffled noises] 
[crash!] 
-Oh yeah! 
Can I axe you a question? 
-Ah! 
-Go! 
Go, he's gaining on us! 
Step on it! 
[crash!] 
-I'll teach you to make fun of me, Dane Cook. 
Heads up! 
-Ah! 
-Should've known I'm a wild pitcher. 
-(announcer) Whatever you do, don't look back. 
-Who is locking all these doors? 
-Ah! 
[gunshot] 
-(announcer) Kool Killer. 
-Oh yeah! 
[multiple gunshots] 
Captioned by SpongeSebastian 
Music: 
"Cantina Rag" by Jackson F. Smith 
THE MlSSlNG PlECE 
Baby basket 
Today we're going to make a gift basket for a baby. 
We're going to make it look original, elegant and with an artisan touch. 
I've used a basket which you can find in any shopping centre or home interiors store. 
I've chosen the wicker one but it could also be white, or whatever colour you want, or which matches best. 
To decorate it I've used a few bows made from quilted fabric. 
I have made the rest of the material for the basket with this quilted fabric, but if you go to the shops and you've chosen a blanket or some fabric which you like, try and get it all to match, so if you buy a few satin bows then you can decorate it using the same colours. 
In my case, because I have got it made to measure, they've made me these bows which look great. 
For the base, since I want the things to show at the top and not end up with everything sitting in the bottom and not looking pretty, we can put a base of tissue paper, which is the paper which we use for patterns or for children's handicraft, and I'm going to scrunch it up to make a base. 
This tissue paper is very lightweight so we have to scrunch it up. 
Now I've got the base on which to arrange all the items. 
I've bought a blanket, a towel, a bib a coat hanger which we have personalised, and a teddy bear which matches the other items. 
Since it's a personal gift and I wanted something more artisanal 
I've made a personalised picture on a piece of cloth, in a thick frame, which looks very good, and I've decorated the edge with the same pattern as the rest of the drawing. 
I'm going to put the picture here, and then I'll put in the blanket, the hanger, the towel, and the bear on this side. 
To finish the wrapping you can buy some celophane like this, wrap it all up towards the top, and put on a big bow to finish it. 
So that's the baby's gift basket. 
I hope that you like it and that you have fun making it. 
Until next time! 
vừa thời điểm bắt đầu chỉ có bóng tối và sau đó, bang tạo ra sự mở rộng không giới hạn của mọi hiện tượng như thời gian, không gian hãy nhìn xa hơn những gì chúng ta có thể tưởng tượng vượt qua cả sự tồn tại của chúng ta ở nơi mà chúng ta gọi là vũ trụ có thể có 1 thế giới khác ngoài kia 
Những vụ trụ nảy lại sinh ra những vũ trụ khác nơi mà có thể có 1 bản copy chính xác của hệ mặt trời ,trái đất ,hay thậm chí của mỗi người trong chúng ta nơi mọi thứ cực kỳ giống nhau hoặc có 1 chút khác biệt nhưng những vũ trụ khác ở đâu vậy ? tại sao chúng ta không thể nhìn thấy chúng ? 
Bởi vì chúng ta ở 1 chiều không gian khác 
Liệu đó có phải là sự thật ? nếu có các chiều không gian khác về hình dạng và kích thước cuộc thử nghiệm này sẽ tìm ra chúng câu hỏi không phải liệu chúng có tồn tại hay không mà là chúng có 1 2 3 hay 4 kiểu khác nhau 
This sensationally means the universe sits in a sea of parallel universes. 
Imagine another world, a whole other universe... with a solar system and a planet exactly like ours. 
On this parallel Earth, there lives an exact copy of you. 
You could be leading exactly the same life... but in another universe. 
Now, imagine an entirely separate universe... where you could be living a slightly different life... at the same time as you live this life. 
It may seem fantastic, incredible, and impossible... but there could be many other universes out there. 
And now some of the world's leading physicists... believe that they have evidence to prove it. 
We are experiencing an existential shock. 
Our worldview has been shattered... with the realization that, yes, there could be parallel universes. 
I mean, it's just a mind-boggling idea... that there may be, essentially... exact replicas of us out there in the vastness of space. 
The idea of a parallel universe is part of our popular culture. 
People all around us think of it every day... but usually in terms of fiction. 
One of the real exciting things... is that scientists today are trying to see... whether parallel universes are a physical reality. 
Amazing new discoveries about the true size of the universe... seem to indicate that all that we see... is not all that there is. 
We humans have assumed... 
like ostriches with our heads in the sand... that just because we can't see something, it ain't there. 
When my grandma was a little girl, for instance... they still didn't know that there were other galaxies. 
Now we know that there are... billions and billions of other galaxies out there. 
Remarkably, there may be four types of parallel universe out there. 
One kind could exist in the same exact space we're in... but it is so far away, we cannot see it or reach it. 
In another scenario, multiple other universes... could be in giant cosmic soap bubbles... adrift in a cosmic sea of giant bubbles. 
Revolutionary developments have changed the entire landscape. 
Data from outer space have given us a new look at cosmology... and satellite data indicates there could be parallel universes. 
In yet another scenario, many parallel universes... occupy the same space and time as our universe... but because they are in different dimensions... they are invisible. 
In yet another, all the laws of physics are different... so everything looks completely different. 
New theories called string theories... are giving us worlds of higher dimensions. 
Quantum physics at the microscopic scale... is also revealing to us the fact there could be parallel universes. 
To keep things simple, physicists have divided parallel universes... into different levels. 
Meet the level-one parallel universe. 
According to physicists, the level-one parallel universe... is just an extension of our own universe. 
Now, that's the kind of universe... which is really sort of part of our space... of our giant space... but it's so far away that we can't see it. 
The level-one parallel universe is based on the idea... that the universe is infinite in size. 
If true, just by the sheer mathematical odds... there must be out there in endless space... an exact copy of the solar system, the Earth... and all the people on it. 
If you're planning a trip... the closest level-one parallel universe... is really incredibly far away. 
Crudely speaking, you have to go googolplex yards... where a googol is one with a hundred zeroes after it... and a googolplex is one with a googol zeroes. 
So it's an awfully long way, farther than we can see. 
Those universes are so far away that light hasn't reached us. 
But is our universe really infinite? 
A new theory called cosmic inflation suggests that it is. 
We think that it was born in a very, very small state... and then there was a kind of a weird energy... that pushed it apart by a tremendous amount. 
It just went whoosh. 
Inflation accounts for how our universe... suddenly and massively grew after its inception. 
The best theory we have right now for what made space so big- the theory of inflation- says, in fact, that space isn't just big or huge... that it's really infinite. 
It goes on forever... which means that there aren't just one, two, three... but infinitely many other regions of space... just as big as our universe. 
Even the universe that we know is mind-blowingly big. 
When we fly around in intergalactic space like this... every little blob you see here can contain a galaxy... which, in turn, might contain hundreds of billions of stars... with solar systems around them and so on. 
So there's just this enormous number of other spaces out there... that we can't see. 
And there is more. 
We actually think that there's a gigantic number... perhaps even an infinite number of level-one universes. 
This radical idea is leading... to a completely new definition of the cosmos. 
We used to say universe, "uni" meaning one- a one-world theory. 
Everything there is, everything we can see is the universe. 
Now, we have a multiverse idea where there are unseen worlds- worlds that we cannot see, worlds that we cannot touch. 
If this wild theory is correct, the consequences are sensational. 
Within this infinite universe... you might have other copies of the solar system... of planet Earth. 
And this is the real shocker. 
Then there's a copy of me and you... and everyone else out there somewhere. 
And that's not all. 
There are an infinite number of other universes and other Earths... and infinite copies of each one of us. 
If true, then every possible outcome for every life has to happen. 
In some universes, in what some now call the multiverse... one leads exactly the same life... but in others, things can be slightly different. 
You didn't get that parking ticket that irked you so much... or you, unfortunately, never met your wife. 
Anything that is physically possible actually does occur... in some other parallel universe. 
It means that in one universe, Elvis Presley is still alive. 
In a different level-one universe... 
George W. Bush is the baseball commissioner. 
Or perhaps we don't exist at all in some of these universes. 
The implications are staggering. 
And if the universe is infinite... and there really are all these level-one universes... in the infinite multiverse... all those other possibilities did somewhere happen. 
Technically, there are a couple of ways mathematically... for the universe to be truly infinite... but, essentially, it must be shown to be flat. 
The universe seems to be perfectly flat... which means either the universe is flat... or is curved so slightly that we can't see it. 
In this case, the universe would eventually curve back in on itself... and form a hypersphere. 
It would then be finite in size and volume... and not flat and infinite. 
Another way to look at this is that the universe... may have inflated so quickly and so enormously... that it only looks flat. 
Think of a bug walking on a gigantic balloon. 
The larger the balloon, the flatter things get. 
The bug walks in any direction, and the bug says... 
"Well, the universe seems perfectly flat to me." 
But from a distance... we see that the bug is walking on a gigantic balloon. 
But now an amazing new tool... the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe or WMAP... is changing everything. 
Some say the remarkable images reveal the true shape of the universe. 
What we have here are baby pictures of the universe... what it looked like when it was only 400,000 years old. 
We're looking so far back in time... that the galaxies hadn't even formed yet. 
We just had this dead, diffuse gas which, gradually, overtime... clumped into galaxies, stars, planets. 
The WMAP is catching the very earliest signs of creation. 
Officially, it is tasked with measuring radiation... 
left over from the Big Bang. 
But now some scientists have devised an experiment... to calculate the overall shape of the universe. 
If I send light rays through space... and make a gigantic triangle, going from us here... out to the farthest edges of what we can see and then back... the angles of those- that triangle should add up to exactly 180 degrees. 
If the universe is curved like a balloon... the angles of the giant triangle would add up... to more than 180 degrees. 
To find out if the universe is flat or curved... they shot laser beams deep into space... and made a giant light triangle. 
Now we can tell, and the measurement is in... and the answer is, it works beautifully. 
The angles add up to exactly 180 degrees. 
The universe is flat. 
The WMAP seems to show that the universe is flat. 
For some, however, the jury is still out... on the flat universe question. 
I tend to think that the universe is, in fact... a soap bubble of some sort, but it is bent so slightly that we can't see it. 
Some experts say that there are other... even more mind-boggling kinds of parallel universes out there... a level-two type parallel universe... made up of giant, cosmic soap bubbles that float in hyperspace. 
Each independent bubble has within it an entire universe. 
The question is, do we all really live in a giant cosmic bubble? 
Could our universe be just one mega bubble... in a cosmic crowd of mega bubbles? 
If the sensational, level-two type parallel universe idea is right... then the true nature of the cosmos... could be even more astonishing than ever imagined. 
The amazing concept is that in the instance of creation... our universe rapidly, suddenly, and massively inflated... creating a giant cosmic soap bubble. 
Our unique universe floats in a seething sea... of other super-bubbles... where bubbles can clash... and spawn baby brother and sister universes. 
It's happening all the time. 
Universes are inflating, popping out... and then blowing up to these huge sizes of universes. 
The medium these level-two bubbles are floating in... is what some call the bulk and others call hyperspace. 
In this new paradigm... soap bubbles can form, re-form, they can split. 
It's dynamic: universes being created out of nothing... universes budding off other universes. 
Altogether, these bubbles form the level-two type parallel universe. 
And within it, there are an infinite number... of level-one type parallel universes. 
The level-one and level-two universes... are all in our same one space. 
There's only one space. 
Then there are these different regions... which we call level-one and level-two parallel universes. 
A fly-by through the level-two parallel universe... or what some also call the multiverse... would be a terrifying and spectacular experience. 
A multiverse of universes, each one popping into existence... popping out of existence, perhaps colliding with each other. 
Out of calamity comes existence. 
What we call the level-two multiverse... is really best thought of as a tree or a fractal structure... where you have a region of space expanding like crazy... and spiraling off other regions... which then expand, spiraling off other regions. 
And other ones can bud off of that. 
So you can get this chaotic, eternally branching set of universes... budding off from their predecessors. 
An infinite set of universes in this multiverse. 
The big term for this monumental process is bubble nucleation. 
Bubble nucleation is the geek-speech phrase... for the process where you have this inflating strange material... and then a little piece of it stops inflating... and causes a bubble-shaped region expanding around it... to also stop inflating... and then you create in this bubble a nice, calm region of space... where you will eventually form galaxies, stars, planets... and even people like us. 
So we are the children of the bubble. 
For the first time in human history... children of the bubble are peering out... and seeing on the horizon parallel universes. 
Determined physicists believe they are now on the brink... of uncovering the ultimate mysteries of the universe. 
Why look for these parallel universes that we can't touch? 
Because they hold the secret of secrets. 
They hold the secret of the origin of everything there is. 
For the first time, we can imagine where our universe itself came from. 
Perhaps when our universe popped into existence... colliding with another parallel universe... perhaps budding from another universe... these are the stuff of modern research today: pre-Big Bang physics. 
Physics before Genesis. 
But there is a problem. 
For decades, scientists have been searching... for one cohesive theory of everything... one to unite Einstein's theory of general relativity... which explains how gravity works over large scales... with quantum physics, the science of the tiniest matter. 
Together, these two great theories explain... everything humanity knows so far about the cosmos. 
But like a cartoon cat and mouse... 
They are at war with one another. 
These two theories hate each other. 
They're completely inconsistent, incompatible. 
No way to understand in today's world... a quantum version of general relativity. 
How can we get a shotgun marriage... between these two theories that don't like each other? 
Bringing those together would give you... a theory of everything in the sense... that those are the ingredients you would need, I think... to understand the Big Bang... to understand the origin of the universe. 
When, in the 1980s, scientists came up with... a lyrical-sounding idea, string theory... it promised to solve all the mysteries of the universe... including whether or not parallel universes are real. 
The idea is that all particles are not solid points or dots... as science said they were. 
Instead, if you could see up close... particles are, in fact, tiny string-like objects... that individually vibrate in various ways. 
String theory starts out... by taking the idea of a string which vibrates... giving rise to different particles, and doing physics with that. 
That's rather musical, in a way. 
It's like using guitar and bass in a band... to generate different notes from vibrations of strings. 
As scientists explored string theory more closely... they made a remarkable discovery. 
We found that it wasn't just strings... that were involved in the physics... but also membranes and other extended objects... which could vibrate. 
And that's rather like enlarging the band... to have drums and other instruments... which enrich the sound... and really broaden the repertoire of things that could be played. 
String theory has now evolved into what is called... 
"M" or membrane theory. 
So now we realize that the particles we see in nature, the universe itself... consists of vibrating membranes and vibrating strings. 
The crowning achievement of M-theory came... when scientists realized that, to make sense of everything... you need to think of the universe as existing in 11 dimensions. 
If you're sitting on a mountaintop... and you look down, you can see all the separate little villages... that are not unified at all. 
But from a mountaintop, you look at a coherent, whole, beautiful picture. 
And that's M-theory. 
M-theory explains how the tiniest... as well as the biggest things in the cosmos work. 
It also proposes that we all live on a giant and energetic membrane. 
Our universe is tethered to this wall by invisible extra dimensions. 
To make matters crazier, M-theory proposes... that six or seven of these dimensions... the extra ones we don't sense every day... are tiny and right in front of your nose. 
At every point of any one of these people walking by... you pick a point, at that point... there will be an incredibly tiny, curled-up... either six or seven dimensions that you just don't perceive. 
These membranes are also very close to each other. 
You could have one of these membranes being a universe. 
And then, moving sideways... you have another membrane being a separate universe... and they may be just a millimeter or two away. 
The giant walls of energetic matter float side by side... 
like humongous sheets in the bulk or in hyperspace. 
An entire universe may be attached to a brane... or a universe can occupy the whole of another one. 
Our own universe sits on the skin of one of these giant branes... that, in turn, is adrift in the cosmic sea of space. 
And it's floating around in a bigger structure called the bulk. 
Our three-dimensional universe is like a membrane... floating around within this larger structure. 
Believing that invisible extra dimensions... that, like an umbilical cord, connect us... to a hyper or bulk space where giant membranes live... demands a huge leap of faith. 
Where are these membranes that we're stuck to? 
And why can't we see these extra dimensions that connect us? 
I'm floating around here on this kayak on the surface of the ocean... and you can think of this as a two-dimensional surface. 
But below me, there's a whole 'nother dimension. 
There's the down dimension where all the fish live. 
You can think of that as the bulk. 
I'm on a membrane, floating around... and the bulk is the other dimension. 
The fish down below the surface of the water... are in a different dimension than I am. 
They don't even know that I'm here... unless I happen to splash around and hit one on the head... or something like that. 
So they might be completely oblivious to my existence... and I could be oblivious to their existence... because we're in different dimensions. 
But can a fleeting thought send you into an extra dimension... and on to a parallel universe? 
According to the latest M-theory, in less than an instant... in the first trillionth of a trillionth of a second... membranes in a pre-universe cosmos, like gigantic cosmic cymbals... smashed together and produced the Big Bang. 
Over almost 13.7 billion years... a huge expanding bubble of primordial matter... evolved into the universe we now know and love. 
Can crashing membranes create parallel universes, too? 
If it happened once, it can happen again... and again and again. 
So it's possible that there's a continuous cycle... of branes smashing together to produce universes... and that it never stops. 
If this is true, level-two parallel universes must exist. 
Time goes on forever... and there's a continual process of birth of universes... through cosmic catastrophes. 
In the level-three type... there is an even more fantastic way parallel universes can form. 
Here's how it works. 
In both the level-one and level-two kinds... there are replica universes separated from us... in the here and now by time and space... but in the level-three parallel universe... these copies of us are right here, right now... 
living in the exact same space and time. 
They are separated from us... because they're in a different dimension of this same space. 
And to bend our minds more, there are an infinite number of them. 
If true, this controversial "many worlds" concept... has monumental consequences. 
Parallel universes don't exist. 
- Right. 
- They're nonsense. 
They're something out of a "Twilight Zone" episode... a bad "Star Trek" rerun. 
But you forget one thing. 
One small quantum difference could separate me... from an entirely different universe... where I have multiple copies of myself... 
leading multiple different lives. 
This is shocking. 
This even affects morals. 
I mean, why should I obey the law... knowing that in some universe, if I commit a crime... 
I'm going to get away with it? 
The outrageous idea comes from the strange world... of quantum mechanics... the science of the atom. 
In the bizarre atomic world... we have electrons that literally disappear... reappear someplace else. 
Electrons that could be multiple places at the same time. 
This staggering quantum mechanical phenomenon... is enshrined in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. 
As crazy as it sounds, not only does quantum physics... tell you that a little particle can be in two places at once... but the so-called Heisenberg uncertainty principle... tells you that sometime the particle... even must be in two places at once. 
With a laser light and a glass apple... it can be seen how light particles, or photons, do this. 
This shows that photons... the little particles of light coming out of my laser... can end up in several places at once. 
And since we are made of little particles... that means if they can be in several places at once... so can we. 
In other words, in the instant that you have a fleeting thought... your whole body makes a quantum leap... into another dimension and into a parallel universe. 
And what it means is that if I am walking down the pavement... and just make a snap decision... as to whether I'm going to go left or right... if my decision depends... on what some little particle in my brain was doing... then I will actually end up doing both... and the life of mine- it effectively splits into two parallel realities. 
In a level-three type parallel universe... even a cat has many more than nine lives. 
The trouble is, in some of these worlds... the cat could be dead. 
And at the same time, in other parallel universes... the same cat can be alive and kicking. 
But how? 
How can you have a dead cat and a live cat simultaneously? 
Because the universe splits in half. 
In one universe, we have a dead cat. 
In the other universe, we have a live cat. 
Get used to it. 
What is even more shocking... is that in some of these many worlds... a tiny quantum difference in thought can change the whole world. 
It's like the butterfly that flaps its wing and makes the hurricane. 
Tiny microscopic events would change the course of history. 
So every historical event actually happened... in every possible way in some branch... of this ever-splitting, many-worlds universe. 
In one, the Nazis won World War Il. 
In which case, I'm now speaking German... and there's a swastika behind me. 
In another world... none of the horror ever happened. 
In one universe, there's no World War Il... and 50 or so million people didn't have to die. 
Like the endless rolls of the dice, all possible numbers... and all possible kinds of universes and outcomes... will eventually turn up and occur in one of these many worlds. 
In fact, all our wishes, too, can come true... in a parallel universe. 
If the many worlds idea is right... then there's a branch of the universe... in which the Chicago Cubs won the World Series last year. 
You can imagine that the USA was still a colony... of the British, for example. 
Even the impossible is probable in some parallel universe. 
There could even be creatures coming into our world... from these mysterious extra dimensions. 
As mind-boggling as it sounds... when it comes to the amazing world of parallel universes... anything that can happen has happened or will happen... in some other universe... in some other dimension, space, and time. 
Quantum differences can rewrite history... creating multiple universes... each with wildly different outcomes... where anything and everything is possible. 
Some wars never happened. 
Others we never imagined did. 
A slight change means a comet missed... and even dinosaurs still roam some Earth somewhere. 
All and every one of these fantastic parallel universes... occupy the same space... but are in a different dimension, and so invisible to us. 
Even as you peacefully watch TV... whole other invisible worlds could be raging all around you. 
These parallel universes are in your living room. 
This means that in your living room, there are dinosaurs. 
You can't hear them. 
You can't see the dinosaurs... that are rampaging throughout your living room... but they're there. 
The quantum principle that creates many versions of each person... can also create entire universes. 
The universe, at one point, was actually smaller than an electron. 
If that's true and if electrons are described... by being many places at the same time in parallel states... this means that the universe also exists in parallel states. 
You inevitably get parallel universes. 
There's no choice. 
But that's not all. 
Scientists recently have shocked the world again... and claimed that there could be one more kind of parallel universe. 
These level-four type are created... either by quantum fluctuations or by branes clashing. 
What is created is radically different. 
In this type of parallel universe, all the rules are out the window. 
It could be, in fact... that the mathematics and physics describing reality... differs from what we're used to in our universe. 
If the laws of physics are different in a level-four parallel universe... space could just consist of gas and particles. 
Galaxies, stars, and planets would not have formed... and life as we know it would not exist. 
To show that any type of parallel universe... 
level one, two, three or four, truly exists... experts must find the evidence. 
Be they big, tiny or invisible... scientists must find physical indications... of the extra dimensions... that supposedly connect us to these other worlds. 
To do it, today physicists at Fermilab in illinois... are conducting extraordinary experiments... hoping to prove that any kind... even the wildest type of parallel universe, is really out there. 
For the first time ever, real and remarkable experiments... are taking place at particle colliders like the Tevatron at Fermilab. 
Right now, this detector is looking for evidence... of extra dimensions. 
If there are extra dimensions of a certain size and shape... this experiment will find them. 
Their best chance of exposing extra dimensions... comes from smashing microscopic particles together... at super speeds. 
The smoking gun in the hunt is gravity. 
It has been found to be a uniquely weak force... so the Fermilab physicists are looking for the particle that carries gravity. 
It is called a graviton. 
It's the particle that carries gravity... which we think knows about all of the extra dimensions of space. 
So we think the gravitons... if you can produce them in high energies... should actually move off into the extra dimensions. 
But finding a graviton, or at least a sign of one... is a huge challenge. 
It's tricky and complicated because you're looking for nothing. 
You're looking for something that has disappeared. 
What's the rate now? 
It's very, very rare that you make a really exotic particle. 
So we literally have to collide them billions of times... in order to find the very rare event... where you make something like a particle... that disappears into extra dimensions. 
The Tevatron collider shoots miniscule protons and antiprotons... at terrific speeds just short of the speed of light... around a four-mile-long, super-enforced, steel-encased ring. 
To protect the sensitive experiments from surface noise... and for safety reasons... the collision ring lies deep underground. 
We take beams of high-energy protons going one way around a big ring... and a beam of high-energy antiprotons going the other way around the ring... and then, at two places in the ring, we smash them together. 
The mighty collision annihilates the particles... and produces an intense ball of pure energy... 
The idea being that perhaps we can make new particles... that disappear into the extra dimensions. 
If nothing happens, how will the scientists know... that a graviton has moved off into an extra dimension? 
The way that you tell that is by reconstructing... everything else that happened in this messy collision... and then saying, "Oops, there's some energy... 
"and momentum that's missing here." 
So we call this a missing energy search. 
It could take years and billions of collisions... before history happens and higher dimensions are found. 
If extra dimensions are there, it means the universe... is a much bigger and much stranger place... than we have ever imagined. 
But if it does happen, it would be proof positive... that parallel worlds exist. 
The question then will be, how do we get there? 
Faced with extinction in the far-flung future... can humankind open a portal to a parallel universe? 
Parallel universes are not just a crazy idea... dreamed up by physicists to marry science with fiction. 
If finally proven to exist... they could have an important practical purpose... in the far-off future. 
Finding a tunnel to another world could one day save humanity. 
Billions of years from now... our Earth will meet its inevitable demise. 
Experts say that it will all end either in a big crunch or big freeze. 
If other universes are shown to exist... some say they could serve as a kind of cosmic lifeboat. 
For a future generation... a passage or gateway to another world... could be their only hope for survival. 
The question is, can we find a way to get there? 
One cool way of theoretically going from our universe to another one... is to go through what's called a wormhole... a bridge connecting two universes... kind of like getting on a train or a subway. 
Like a subway system in a city... going through this tunnel to a different place. 
Think of two sheets of paper... that are stacked parallel to each other... but then think of a gateway, a shortcut... a portal connecting these two universes. 
This extreme idea was first proposed back in 1935... by the inimitable Albert Einstein and his student, Nathan Rosen. 
A "throat" with two conjoined black holes, theoretically... allows someone, like a passenger on a subway train... to quickly travel to another space and time. 
This could work if the universe is really an infinite multiverse. 
Certainly, it's a theoretical possibility... a sort of shortcut, if you like. 
And it allows the possibility of traveling... between distant parts of the universe... or perhaps between different universes. 
There are all sorts of problems with trying to traverse a wormhole. 
But one challenge above all seems insurmountable. 
When Einstein introduced the wormhole into his equations... he didn't think that anyone... could ever walk through one of these things... because, after all, you die in the process. 
Impossible as it may sound, experts think there may be... a way to travel through a wormhole... and live to tell about it. 
In principle, you can go right through... to another parallel universe. 
If you go through again... you wind up on yet another parallel universe. 
And if you go again and again and again... you wind up on repeated parallel universes. 
It's like going into an elevator and hitting the "up" button. 
Each floor looks like a universe. 
Once again, however, there is a major drawback. 
One problem is you don't know where you're going to wind up. 
You'll wind up in a middle of a star... wind up in the middle of a planet. 
It may ultimately prove impossible for individuals... to pass through a portal to a parallel universe... but there may be another way to save humankind. 
If the gateway is very small, like, for example, atomic in size... perhaps what we should do is send a seed, a nanobot... a microscopic robot through the gateway... containing the DNA, containing all the information... necessary to create a new civilization on the other side of the universe. 
Where do we see that in nature? 
Think of a tree. 
A tree creates a seed. 
The seed contains the DNA that it shoots out in all directions... capable of creating a new tree. 
The idea is that if an advanced civilization... in the future could assemble enough high-energy laser beams... they could, in theory, burn a hole in the fabric of space-time. 
It's very difficult. 
But we physicists have calculated that if you concentrate... enormous energy at a single point... to attain something called the Planck energy... the ultimate energy... space and time itself become unstable. 
Little bubbles begin to form... 
little bubbles that are perhaps portals... gateways to another universe. 
In this way, a microscopic pod or nanobot... containing humanity's DNA and the cosmic code of our world... can be transported to a parallel universe. 
Faced with extinction... this could be humanity's last great hope. 
If we can't do it, it means the death of the universe. 
But if this incredible feat is achieved... our entire universe would be resurrected... and, like a phoenix, rise from the ashes. 
In other words, you are playing God. 
This fantastic idea... 
like the replay button on the universal iPod... could reset the cosmic concerto of human history... back to the beginning. 
At least some kinds almost certainly exist. 
Maybe the other kinds exist as well. 
We just don't know. 
Only then, perhaps, will we be certain that there are parallel universes. 
Okay. 
So today and we're going to continue with the, the endocrine system and we want to look at how we actually assess how much hormone we have and whether it's actually functional. 
And so it's, we're also going to talk about how we classify the different pathologies. 
So, an assessment of function. 
If you recall, our hormones are, are going to be ligands, chemicals, and we're very interested in how much of those chemicals are present within the blood. 
If we have too much, then we're going to have hyper secretion or hormone excess. 
Under these conditions, we could get desensitization of the cells. 
We could get actually movement of the receptors into the interior of the cell and down regulation or we can have way too much of a response. 
The opposite, of course, is if we have too little and this is called hypo-secretion, and here, we have a hormone insufficiency and we don't occupy enough of the receptors to actually get an adequate biological response. 
And then third way of, of having a problem with this system is that the actual target cell is resistant to the hormone because the receptor, there's something wrong with the receptor. 
And the receptor could either be missing or the receptor could be that it's uncoupled that is it's not signaling to those second messenger pathways within the interior of the cell, so that the information is not getting into the interior of the cell and we're not getting a proper biological response. 
If the concentration is just right, then we have what's called normal or eu-secretion and this is the, this is where everything is going to be working correctly. 
Okay. 
So how do we actually quantitate this? 
I told you the last time we were talking that hormones are very, very, very, very low concentrations within the blood, because they are diluted into five liters of, of fluid and the hormones, actually, are going to be found at nanogram, nanomolar to picomolar levels. 
So these are very, very, very low concentrations. 
And so, in order to be able to quantitate that, that is to know how mu ch of this chemical we actually have within our sample, we use these competitive binding assays and the binding assays are, are using a specific antibody. 
The specific antibody recognizes the hormone. 
So we have the specific antibody which recognizes our hormone and we have labeled hormone that we add to that antibody and mix them. 
And we had, put enough of the labelled hormone and the specific antibodies so that all of the antibody would be, would be saturated. 
To this mix, we will add our hormone, our unknown hormone which is in the plasma or in the urine and it's going to compete for the labelled hormone for binding. 
And we can then we can then count how much of the labelled the labeled hormone we actually have in our sample or after we add the unknown. 
So this is a competitive binding assay and we use the antibody, because it's extremely sensitive to the structure of the hormone, and secondly, we put on it either a radioimmune tag, so it's an, it's a radioactive tag and that would then be called a radioimmunoassayune or, or an IA or we add something that has a fluorescent tag on it and then those are called ELI SA or these are fluorescent enzyme reactions. 
These are going to give us very high sensitivity and specificity because of the antibody, so high, and high sensitivity because of our radio label tag or our fluorescent tag. 
That tells us how much is in our sample, but it doesn't tell us if the hormone is active. 
Remember when I told you that we can make insulin, but it, but, the, the individual can make the insulin. 
This radioimmunoassay would detect the insulin, but if the insulin is not cleaved correctly, the insulin may not bind to its receptor and we don't get biological activity from that particular insulin because it hasn't been cleaved properly, the c-peptide is still attached to the insulin. 
So this competitive binding assay would say that this individual is making insulin when in fact it's not working. 
So we need to have a second assay, one that actually tells us that the biology of the system is working and that's what's shown here and these are called bioassays. 
In the bioassay, we can either stimulate the system or we can suppress the system. 
So we have two different kinds of assays. stimulation means that we're going to give it to the system and sort of push the system and try to get a big response from it or we're going to suppress it. 
We have way too much hormone being made and we're going to try to turn off the system. 
So let's look at an example. 
So this example is going to be a complex negative feedback loop, which is the hypothalamus regulating the pituitary which is regulating the adrenal gland and that adrenal gland is making cortisol. 
And we'll talk more about this when we actually do this axis, but for now, we're just going to use this as a, an example. 
This axis can, is sensitive to low plasma glucose, so when glucose levels fall like in early morning, this axis thing comes on. 
The hypothalamus will secrete a,a hormone which is called CRH, it's a releasing hormone, and it works on the pituitary to release ACTH, this is a second hormone and that works on the adrenal cortex to give us cortisol. 
Under normal conditions, cortisol feeds back in a negative manner to turn off the anterior pituitary and it feeds back to turn off the hypothalamus. 
So we have a long axis negative feedback loops and we also can have ACTH which feeds back and turns off the hypothalamus. 
So we can regulate at each level, that is at the hypothalamus, the pituitary, or the adrenal cortex, we can regulate the expression of the hormone at any one of these levels. 
All right. 
So what happens then if we have very low circulating cortisol? 
So let's say our cortisol is low. 
So if the cortisol is low, then I can give ACTH to the individual. 
And then, I have to wait for the cortisol to be made, but the cortisol should be made within 60 minutes and I should see a rise in cortisol within the plasma if the adrenal gland is working correctly. 
As likewise, if we want, we can test the pituitary by giving CRH, so we can stimulate if we have, if the whole system is low, we can stimulate with CRH. 
So we can turn on this axis by pushing, using the hormone which is preceding the target hormone. 
Likewise, we can suppress the axis, so if we have, let's say too much cortisol, let's say there is way too much cortisol being made in the body, then we want to give dexamethasone which is a cortisol-like product which is actually should inhibit the amount of A, ACTH within the body. 
If I give this dexamethasone to the patient, the ACTH 
levels should go down and cortisol levels should also fall if the axis is working correctly. 
If we have something wrong with the, the adrenal cortex and the cortisol is being made because we have a tumor that sits within the adrenal cortex, then I can down-regulate ACTH. 
My radioimmunoassay will tell me that ACTH levels are low, but 
I will still have high levels of cortisol, and that means that the regulatory system, the feedback mechanisms are not working, and that the adrenal gland the, is out of control. 
So, you need to be able to classify these different endocrine path, pathologies, And the way the endocrine pathologies are classified is that if we had a problem with our target, our target hormone, that is with the adrenal cortex, then, let's say we have low cortisol and that's the only thing that's a problem within that negative feedback loop that we just discussed, then, we should see actually, a high ACTH and a high CRH, because the negative feedback loop to the pituitary and to the hypothalamus is, is missing. 
We have low cortisol, and in the absence of cortisol, that, that axis is going to push CRH and ACTH, it's trying to make cortisol. 
That's called a primary endocrine pathology We can have a secondary endocrine pathology, and here, again, we have a low cortisol, but under this condition now, we have low ACTH. 
The problem is actually the level of the pituitary and we're going to have very high CRH, because the negative feedback to the hypothalamus is gone, is missing. 
So, the hypothalamus is going to make a lot of 
CRH, but the pituitary, there's something wrong with the pituitary and it's not making ACTH. 
And because ACTH is absent we have low cortisol, so this is a secondary endrocine pathology. 
So how would we test a secondary endoncrine pathology? 
We would give ACTH. 
If we give ACTH what should we see? 
We give ACTH and cortisol levels should rise. 
So that's a way that you can actually test these different areas. 
And the last one is the tertiary classification and here we have low cortisol again and we're going to have low ACTH and we're going to have low CRH because the problem now is located in the hypothalamus. 
The hypothalamus is not giving us CRH, so ACTH has turned off and so has cortisol. 
So in this case then, what you would do for your patients is you give them ACTH. 
If you give them ACTH, the cortisol levels should rise. 
Okay? 
So this is how you would then go through and classify these different these different endocrine pathologies, and as we start to deal with all of the different endocrine axis, this hypothalamus, pituitary axes, then you're going to be able to see that there are these multiple levels of regulation. 
And that, at each level, we can have this negative feedback loop, and if the negative feedback loop isn't working correctly, then you'll have inappropriately levels of these of the feeding hormones. 
Okay. 
So what's our general concepts then? 
So, the pathology in endocrinology occurs when there is either too little of hormone or we have too much hormone or we can have resistance of the, of the target cell due to its receptor dysfunction. 
And we really didn't talk about receptor dysfunction in this particular lecture, but we had addressed it in the previous one. 
Secondly, we have an interpretation of the hormone levels and this is going to require consideration of either the trophic hormones or the releasing hormones. 
These are the things which are controlling the downstream target endocrine gland. 
So, we're going to have to consider their concentrations if the target gland is misbehaving. 
And then, we can also see that these things can be controlled by ions or can be controlled by nutrients, such as the parathyroid gland or the pancreas, for instance, which actually directly senses glucose. 
So, if the, if the endocrine problem is at the pituitary, at the pancreas where we are not able to sense glucose and we have very high levels of glucose within the plasma, we will not secrete insulin. 
There will be an insufficient release of insulin under those conditions. 
Or, so, why don't you go ahead and consider these questions and think through what the, these basic concepts and apply them to these questions. 
And again, your answers will be if you just click at the bottom. 
See you next time. 
What I want to do in this video is order these fractions from least to greatest 
And, the easiest way--and the way that people are sure to get the right answer-- is to find a common denominator, because if we can't find a common denominator, these fractions are difficult to compare: 
4/9 v. 3/4 v. 4/5, 11/12, 13/15. 
You can try to estimate them, but you'll be able to directly compare them if they all have the same denominator. 
So, the trick here is to first find the common denominator. 
And there is many ways to do it, you could just pick one of these numbers, and take all of its multiples until you find a multiple that is divisible by all of the rest. 
Another way to do it is to look at the prime factorization of each of these numbers. and then the 'least common multiple' of them would have each of those prime numbers in it. 
Let's do it that second way, and then verify it. 
So, 9 is 33, so our LCM is going to have at least one 33 in it. 
And then 4 is the same thing as 2*2. 
So, we will also have 2*2 in our prime factorization (LCM). 
5 is a prime number, so we'll put 5 right there. 
And then, 12 is the same thing as 26, and 6 = 23. 
So, in our LCM, we have to have two 2's, but we already have two 2's, and we already have one 3. 
Another way to think about it, is that something that is divisible by both 9 and 4 is going to be divisible by 12. 
And then finally, we need it to be divisible by 15's prime factors. 
15 is the same thing as 3*5. 
So once again, we already have 3 and 5. 
So, this is our least common multiple (LCM). 
So, LCM is going to be equal to 33225 =180 
So, our LCM is 180. 
So, we want to rewrite all of these fractions with 180 in the denominator. 
So, our first fraction, 4/9, is what over 180? 
To go from 9 to 180, we have to multiple 9 by 20. 
So, to get the denominator to equal 180, we multiple by 20. 
Since we don't want to change the value of the fraction, we should also multiple by the 4 by 20. 
4*20 = 80. 
So, 4/9 is the same thing as 80/180. 
Now, let's do 3/4. 
What do we have to multiple the denominator by to equal 180? 
You can divide 4 into 180 (180/4 = x) to figure that out. 
4*45 = 180. 
Now, you also have to multiple the numerator by 45. 
3*45 = 135. 
So, 3/4 equals 135/180. 
Now let's do 4/5. 
To get 180 from 5, multiple 5 by 36. 
Have to multiple numerator by same number, 36. 
So, 144/180. 
And then we have only two more to do. 
180/12 = 15. 
Same for numerator, 15. 
So, 11/12 = 165/180. 
And then finally, we have 13/15. 
To get 180 from 15, multiply 15 by 12--1510 = 150, 30 remaining for 180. 
152 = 30. 
So, 15*12 = 180. 
Multiple numerator by same number, 13. 
We know 12*12 = 144, so just add one more 12 = 156. 
So, we've rewritten each of these fractions with the new common denominator. 
Now, it is very easy to compare them. 
We only have to look at their numerators. 
Foe example, the smallest numerator is 80, so 4/9 is the least of these numbers. 
The next smallest number looks like 135, which was 3/4. 
And then the next one is going to be the 144/180, which was 4/5. 
Next is 156/180, which was 13/15. 
Finally, we have 165/180, which was 11/12. 
And, we're done! 
We have finished our ordering. 
HI my name is Allison and I'm the president of Communication Conections,Inc., a nonprofit for families hearing loss.I'm sitting in my favorite place-my garden. 
I love all of my flowers.They are beautiful and I have a variety of them. 
I work hard to have them grow. 
But my favorite ones are sunflowers.Sure,they are pretty and yellow. 
But why do I love sunflowers the most? 
It's because they start with such a small seed and you add water and they start to grow. 
You add sunlight and they grow more. 
Then all of a sudden,they grow HUGE! 
I was shocked when I saw how big sunflowers grow! 
I never knew how big they would grow. 
It's kind of t the same for the new nonprofit. 
I worked hard for years as a teacher of deaf and hard of hearing children. 
I worked for 15 years and I've seen growth and improvement. 
But,I wanted to see a BlG change. 
I started with a small idea and decided to set up a nonprofit. 
I researched and aksed people to help me. 
I asked people to join us on the board and it slowly started to grow. 
I started to advertise and it s started to grow more. 
I have had many parents and community members say they learned alot and that makes me happy and excited. 
I"m exicted to see how much it has grown,but it still needs more "sun"(attention)and more water(love). 
I want your help. 
We need money-it's honest. 
We need money. 
But,I"m not going to ask you for alot. 
I 'm just asking you to give $10. 
If everyone would donate $10,together we can raise alot of money. 
We can raise $5,000. 
What will we do with that money?Go shopping?NO:) We will be able to give 8 children 8 weeks of free therapy. 
We have hooked up with frendo a new company. 
There is no processing fee. 
If you give $10, then CCI gets $10. 
Please,I am asking you to go to www.frendo.com and check out the charity of the week 
Look for Communication Connections and give today. 
Thank you. 
Taking just a few seconds to cool freshly laid eggs could add weeks to thier shelf life according to a Purdue University study. 
The rapid cooling process uses liquid carbon dioxide to stabilize the protein in eggs thus extending their shelf life. 
You can cool eggs many different ways. 
Traditional cooling of eggs, which would be the eggs you would find in the grocery store those are typically just cooled under ambient conditions where the eggs are put into a carton, they're about 105°F. and then they cool over time. 
It takes about 10-14 days for those eggs to cool to refrigeration temperature. 
The egg cooling system that we've developed here based on using carbon dioxide as a liquid that we can spray and create a cold snow. 
This snow is about -107°C. 
(negative). 
This snow can be circulated around the eggs and we're able to then rapidly cool eggs. 
Instead of taking 10-14 days we can do it in the range of seconds of treatment time. 
Eggs cooled under current methods lose the AA grade in about six weeks. 
Keener's study shows that this rapid cooling process can significantly increase this time period. 
So typically your eggs at the grocery store, those are traditionally cooled where they are just allowed to cool under ambient conditions. 
The shelf life on those eggs is usually 4-6 weeks. 
We actually looked at three different cooling regimes: 
(-45°C.), (-60°C.) and (-75°C.) and so under those conditions we were exploring whether or not there would be an impact on our ability to enhance or affect the white of the egg. 
The egg white contains proteins and water. 
What we've documented here is those eggs, the quality of those eggs would stay longer than 12 weeks. 
So we've actually identified in this work that if we cooled the eggs with the CO2 process the quality of those eggs was equal to what they were under the initial so as if the chicken had just laid the eggs, that quality was maintained for 12 weeks. 
An increase in shelf life wasn't the only result of Keener's research. 
The other part of the study that we looked at was the vitelline membrane, which is the egg yolk membrane. 
You would be familiar with that, when you break an egg out in the skillet it's what contains the yolk. 
And so we've documented in this study that the CO2 process that we've been exploring actually will maintain the structure of that membrane longer. 
And the potential benefit is that it would be a barrier for bacterial penetration. 
So in essence the egg safety could be maintained even longer. 
So to sumarize the results of the study we documented: that the vitella membrane, which is related to the food safety can be enhanced or maintained longer and then the quality of the eggs, the shelf life, based on the quality can be extened from 6 weeks to 12 weeks. 
The answer is that you're on the moon. 
Now there are many ways you can solve this question, but the one that I think is the most fun and probably the most useful is figuring out how range, the distance you can throw an object, scales with the acceleration on the planet. 
What do I mean by that? 
I mean figuring out its proportionality. 
Is the range proportional to the acceleration in the planet? 
Is it proportional to the square? 
Is it proportional to something else? 
Let's see if we can find that out. 
So this has become a question of, "How does range scale with acceleration?" 
The reason why we're looking at proportionality sorts of our units is because these two numbers the range on earth and the range on this unknown planet how far we can throw these rocks. 
So we also know the ratio and ratios are used whenever we have this proportionality sorts of our units. 
What we already shown from the previous problem that the optimal range occurs at 45° 
So if we can set at an initial velocity of this zero--these are the horizontal and vertical components. 
Well, when we're calculating range the first thing we want to know is how much time does the object spent in the air. 
And we think of measuring to the top of the trajectory and then multiplying by two. 
Have we find the time it takes to get to the top? 
What we used is equation, we plugged in our known values and solve for t. 
And I noticed I have been using numbers, I have been keeping everything in terms of variables except for this 45°. 
This could be an intimidating tactic to use when you're first solving physics problems. 
Often you tend to want to plug everything in, but actually you could often get more interesting results if you leave the variables in place and don't plug until the very, very end. 
Anyways, this is the time to the top of the trajectory but we know the full time is twice that so I'll just put a 2 here. 
Once we know the time, how do we find the range? 
We'll we used this equation and now I've plugged in for the initial velocity the initial x velocity V₀ cosine of 45. 
I've multiplied by the time that we just calculated because remember in the x direction the acceleration is always zero. 
Okay, let's simplify--well, I've multiplied the V₀ together to get this V₀² and actually if I carry out cosine of 45 times 945, I find it's just equal to one half. 
This part the one half cancelled with the 2, I've find that my maximum range is equal to my initial V²/a. 
Now, I do not really care about V₀². 
I want to know how range scales with a and it turns out well it's proportional to 1/a or R is proportional to a⁻¹. 
Well so what, how do I use that--just like we did early in the unit, we found out using a lot of ratio and the ratio of the range on earth to the range of this unknown planet is going to be equal to the ratios of the accelerations taken to the -1 power. 
A -1 power just means flip what you have inside. 
I can solve this for the unknown acceleration and I get this equation. 
The acceleration on our unknown planet is equal to the ratios of the ranges times the acceleration on earth. 
When I found what we know, I find that the acceleration on our unknown planet must be 1.6 m/s², which is exactly the acceleration on the moon and we've figured out where we are. 
Amazing work--there were other ways to solve this--equally valid-- but this is one tool that you should try to familiarize yourself with. 
I'm Peter Du Bois. 
I live at Speakers Court. 
The situation at the moment is as near perfect as it can be in sheltered accommodation 
Staff at Speakers Court are very understanding and they've come to know us all very well 
I think Scope has given me the opportunity to become as independent as I can be 
Assuming that we have an accurate voter registration database, we know who the proper voters are. 
The next procedural question is how are we going to authenticate those voters when they arrive at the polling place. 
In many countries, there are national IDs and most countries that have these, just use these for voting as well. 
You present your national ID card, they check your picture, and you're allowed to vote. 
In the US, however, we don't have a national ID card. 
We have drivers licenses issued by each state and we have passports issued by the 
Federal Government, but it's really a patchwork rather than just one single standardized system. 
This greatly complicates election procedures in the US and results in a variety of, of different solutions. 
Many states require only a signature to verify that the voter is who they claim to be. 
The voter registration database is printed with into a list at each polling place of the people who live in that area and each voter who's eligible to vote at that polling station has a space on this list. 
And for a long time, this was done entirely on paper like this. 
So, the way it would work is the voter would arrive at the polling place they'd announce themselves to the to the poll workers. 
The poll workers would look them up on both the registration list, and then they'd sign their name into the poll book. 
The poll worker would then check a copy of the signature from the voter registration form to make sure that the signature the voter just signed matched. 
This was the primary means of authentication. 
Another authentication feature that's part of this system in, in many states is that the, the poll worker will also call out your name so that everyone in line can hear. 
Now, as in voice voting this is actually a security mechanism. 
In a small in a small town or a small polling place like at, like where I grew up this could provide some pretty strong authentication properties. 
When, when I would go to vote when, when I was younger probably some of the poll workers were, were neighbors or were, they mother or father of, of a friend. 
If people in line noticed that someone with my name, who wasn't me, was trying to vote they'd, they'd raise red flags. 
So, so, this system isn't necessarily as weak as it might seem. 
On the other hand, in larger places, in cities, in, in places with a lot of mobility, people moving in and out chances that, that, that fraud would be detected by, by this mechanism were somewhat lower. 
Signature matching is also pretty tricky especially if the, the person signing has some idea what the real signature should look like. 
And in some kinds of, of voter registration books, the signature that's being matched against yours is printed right next to it so that doesn't provide a very strong form of protection. 
Many states are now introducing computerized poll books like these that maintain a copy of the voter registration database in a digital form. 
This can provide a lot of advantages for instance it may be faster to look up people in the computer than to thumb through many pages of printed material. 
It can also be used to allow you to vote at whichever polling place is most convenient, rather than just at a preassigned one because these machines can be networked and then after you vote, your name can be crossed off the list at all the locations. 
They also introduced some security concerns though particularly worries about the , the data being manipulated and worries about denial of service. 
So, if someone were able to make these machines malfunction and there have been documented cases where they've malfunctioned just apparently for naturally occurring error reasons then that could that could interfere with polling. 
It could delay the election. 
So attacks against are more possible, although it's certainly not as severe a threat as we have to be concerned with, with DRE voting, for instance where someone attacking the system could directly manipulate the votes. 
Then, there's the question of voter ID. 
There's an increasing push for states to implement some kind of requirement for checking photo ID every time a voter arrives at the polling place. 
Today, this is required in at least 32 states and other states are considering adopting it. 
Generally, the way an ID requirement works is that the voter has to provide a form of government-issued non-expired photo ID, either issued by the state government or the federal government. 
This seems like a common sense kind of check, right? 
This is something that we already do normally when we when we open a bank account or when we when we fly so why shouldn't something like this also be required for voting? 
Well, when you dive down into it, there turn out to be a number of issues. 
And there's a pretty clear trade-off here once again, between voter authentication and, and enfranchisement. 
One issue is that there's not much evidence that there's a problem here to begin with, that people are voting illegally. 
Between 2002 and 2005, there were less than 50 people convicted of illegal voting and none of these convictions, none of these crimes would have been stopped by an ID check. 
Another issue is that not everyone has ID. 
Actually, about eight percent of the, of the US population, more than 21 million US citizens don't have a government-issued photo ID that would be valid for, for voting under these rules. 
If that, as if that's not bad enough the population of who doesn't have ID isn't uniformly distributed across the population. 
There's certain specific groups, who are much more likely than the, than, than a, a randomly picked person not to have ID. 
For instance, more than a quarter of voting-age African-Americans wouldn't be able to, to produce the required ID under these rules eighteen percent of seniors, twenty percent of voters, eighteen to 29. 
Because these groups have particular demographics excluding them could result in a shift in election outcomes. 
And, for that reason, ID requirements have the potential to be imposed or opposed for political reasons. 
Because the, the parties in power fear that adding these requirements or removing them would, would cause a political shift to their, to their benefit or, or detriment. 
So, the, the political issues are complex, but the, the, to, to return to the security question, will voter ID even be effective? 
And I think if you if you talk to any college student, at least in the US, they'll tell you that one problem with voter ID is that getting a fake ID is as easy as going to a website. 
There are many places online where you can just go and purchase for relatively little money a quality fake ID. 
Now bars, clubs, places with professional bouncers who every night are required to, to check IDs. 
Even they. 
Have some problems spotting fakes. 
So, if you take volunteer poll workers who have probably just a few hours of training for how to look at IDs if any training at all I doubt that they'll do any better a job. 
Just catching people with fake IDs is not yet a, a, a, a, a very secure way a very secure possibility even if we do have an 
ID requirement in place. 
Some other countries have a very different much, much lower tech but still possibly effective way of, of combating multiple voting that doesn't require an ID check at all and that's as you see in this picture. 
When you vote, you'll have, you know, at the tip of a certain finger placed in a jar of ink of so called indelible ink which won't be able to wash off for a number of days. 
So, this indelible ink will be a good countermeasure to multiple voting so long as poll workers check to make sure there's no ink on your finger the next time you show up at the polling place. 
So, this potentially is, is a pretty good security system except for, for one thing which is the, the, there's no ink that's truly indelible. 
Chemists will tell you what the appropriate solvents are to actually remove it. 
But in places where that access to that kind of material is difficult or where there's not a well-organized campaign of multiple voting, it can still provide some pretty good protection. 
One interesting thing to note is that in some countries this creates a voter privacy problem because the mere fact that you voted could get you in trouble, could cause you to be coerced or attacked. 
And one solution that certain countries figured out was that they could use a kind of invisible ink, ink that only showed up under, say, UV light. 
So, that's a, a kind of clever solution to, to increase the amount of voter privacy that's provided by, by indelible ink on the finger. 
Looking ahead maybe we can find some higher tech solutions to this voter authentication enfranchisement trade-off, at, at least for countries like the US where not everyone has ID I wonder if we could add other identifiers to the voter registration database. 
Things like biometrics a, a fingerprint scan or an iris scan. 
Or even just a photograph of the voter could be added to the registration database. 
Now, this would create further privacy problems. 
There's still the security privacy trade-off. 
And there may be logistical impediments to collecting these kinds of authenticators when people register. 
But with the shift to computer poll books there certainly seems to be an opportunity for voter authentication that involves more than just a signature but doesn't require the voter to actually have anything they're carrying with them e-, except for their person. 
To get access to the EBSCO Discovery Service (or EDS) go to the library's home page (ohio.edu/library) and then add 'eds' to the end of the URL 
In the EDS we're going to do a search for Ernest Hemingway and we'll discover that it brings back tons of information including government documents like the first one a video recording like the second one or even a biography like the third example here and of course there are books that Hemingway wrote himself and there are journal articles about Hemingway's work 
So, as you can see, the EDS is going to give you tons of information 
Now come up with a catchy name so we know what to call it 
First login to your twitter account 
Then go to Settings 
With functional coverage we can describe critical conditions that we have to meet to sign off our chip. 
Therefore we have to do a very good job. 
We cannot just wing it. 
We have to be diligent about it. 
This means we will do a planning process. 
It will involve all the critical stakeholders in that development project. 
People that write the verification environment. 
People that write the chip model, and the chip architects, and all of these people, come together and specify what conditions need to be met. 
We're also looking at documents like the specification document, and we consult from the experiences of the past projects. 
With all of this together we write down our plan, and then we establish and implement our coverage scores. 
GROWing together.... 
Growing a better future... 
What is GROW? 
The GROW campaign is a global effort aimed at addressing the broken food system. 
The movement aims to put food on the table for the 1 billion people who go to bed hungry. 
These people have little or no access to resources needed to produce food ... or they have no money to buy food at all. 
The GROW movement pushes for better policies on agriculture, the environment ... and bring back the control over food production from the big agribusinesses ... to the hands of small farmers, fisherfolks, rural women and indigenous peoples. 
Why join GROW? 
In Southeast Asia, such movement is crucial. 
Here, 6 out of 10 people go to bed hungry. 
Majority of them are farmers, rural women, fisherfolks, and indigenous peoples. 
They are also the planet's main food producers. 
Women do both productive and reproductive work and make up half of the rural labor force. 
But women have less access than men to resources and opportunities ... such as land, livestock, wages, education, financial services, and access to technology. 
Other problems are making the situation worse. 
Land grabs are endangering the region's food security. 
Small scale farmers are pushed off their land by private sector investments in agriculture. 
Southeast Asian countries are among the biggest destinations of such investments. 
Extreme weather changes brought about by climate change is causing floods and droughts. 
Rising food prices limits people's access to food. 
And years of intensive chemical farming has destroyed lands, affecting the viability of future harvests. 
What can we do to GROW? 
Let's GROW our own movement here in Southeast Asia. 
We can help women empower themselves so that they can have better access to produce food ... for their families and communities. 
The FAO estimates that if women had the same access to productive resources as men ... yields can increase by 20 to 30%. 
We can do this by supporting communities and peoples affected by land grabbing ... especially those who are pushed off by giant corporations. 
We should call on government and companies to put a stop to land grabbing. 
As individuals and groups ... we can push for regulation to help ensure that investments also benefit and do not harm communities. 
We can also push for a global climate deal that demand huge emission cuts from developed countries. 
Developed countries should also provide technology and finance ... to support adaptation projects of communities in the region. 
We can call on governments in the region to invest in sustainable agricultural production using the communities local knowledge. 
We can buy and consume locally produced food ... to also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, normally produced in shipping food. 
We can plant and GROW our-own seed now. 
For food, livelihood, community and the planet. 
Dear Athletes, I am glad to welcome you here at the capital city of lower Austria 
Lots of you have been here in the last years the know the awsome track the organizators have done their best - and they invented some new goodies the ironkids and the expo is now situated in the city center 
I hope, that beside the ironman event you will find some time to visit the town center and the whole region 
I wish all the best, an awsome Im 70.3 and a good time in St. Pölten 
Dear Athletes of the IM 70.3 in St. Pölten 
The orga welcomes you we wish a pleasant time and all the best for the race we hope to see you again next year 
Honestly, I didn't expect there will be so many of you, and I don't mean here particularly, I mean here altogether. 
I've been living thinking that there are 6 billion of us on this planet, it turns out there are more than 7 billion of us here already. 
Yet, you know, many surveys and popular sentiment suggest people feel more and more isolated, more and more lonely, more and more depressed, or just bored. 
Which made me wonder: how many people, out of those 7 billion, can one actually have meaningful relationships with? 
I'm not talking here about the illusion created by Facebook or Twitter, 
I mean like real friendships. 
If I can just ask you to think and count: how many real friends do you think you have? 
How many people can you have a long and interesting conversation with? 
Or, how many people would you invite and would like to see for your birthday? 
Or, how many people in unfortunate circumstances would show up in the hospital? 
It turns out there is a number 
- there is a number for everything these days - and you might have heard of Dunbar's number; who has? 
OK, good. 
Dunbar's number is essentially a cognitive limit to the number of people one can have or maintain stable social relationships with. 
Any guesses how big is that number? 
One? 
No. 
How much? 
49. 
OK, we're getting closer. 
It turns out it's 150, which, if you think, is not that little. 
So if previously, when you were counting your friends and people you like to talk with, if you counted more like 49 or 60, even if you got it up to 100, you can see that there is still quite some space or room for enlargement, so to say, of mind and heart in respect to other people, which leads me to the next question. 
So how do you establish and maintain a meaningful relationship? 
It seems that it doesn't happen in these business card swapping and bar hopping occasions. 
It seems that relationships that are meaningful or serious are grounded in meaningful experiences. 
Let me explain you what I think these ways are or what these experiences  that bond us are. 
Let me explain it with a simple diagram, sort of my take  on Maslow's pyramid of needs, and I apologize for such a cliche, but, you know, whatever works, as Woody Allen would say. 
What we have at the bottom of that pyramid, I would say, are random social gatherings. 
You can get to know people in public spaces: bars, nightclubs, or events. 
Usually, in those circumstances, a considerable amount of alcohol is used, and not without a reason, because you might have noticed that with every next drink you become more sociable, and people become more interesting, and you can certainly form at least some type of relationships that way, but you might've also noticed that these are not the most lasting relationships, so I wouldn't suggest you to stay on this biological, so to say, level. 
The next level, I would say, is that of geographical proximity. 
We are friends with people we grow up with, that are right next door from us. 
And you certainly do share some basic interests and needs with your neighbours: 
you don't want to be robbed, or you might need to share some home appliance once in a while, and, of course, less and less so, but at least the option of becoming friends with your neighbours is always there, it is physically available. 
But again, as I said, less and less so these days. 
So, the first level, strangers in a bar; the second level, neighbours; the third level, of course, family. 
These are actually people you can rely on, who will show up, most likely, in that hospital. 
Of course, you inherit a certain group of people, and then you add a few more, but then altogether, that is a rather narrow group of people, unless you're working hard on the number of children, or something like that. 
So we move to the next level, and this the level, I would say, the majority of our friendships form, and this is the level where actually our interests bring us together. 
Hopefully, you study what you're interested in, hopefully, at a university you like, hopefully, you ended up working in a field that you're interested in. 
This is actually the level that you can spend days and nights talking about subjects that nobody else seems to care about. 
This is where you're bound to run into shared troubles, or find out something, or you create something new. 
It's all great, and altogether, I would say, for many people it's perfectly enough with people and their friends from the combination of these levels. 
It's perfectly enough with family, it's perfectly enough with your work colleagues, but I think if you're sitting here, or if you're watching this talk online, there is something left wanting. 
You want to find out something new, you want to meet other people, or get to know them at least,  and what they are thinking about. 
This is the level that gathers people irrespectively of their professional, social background, that gathers them to work together on an idea, or a cause, or a purpose, and, of course, that is the level of NGOs, it's the level of non-profits or charities as they are called in the US. 
I can kind of imagine what you're thinking. 
I know that non-profits are not associated with the most effective organizations; they are these hippie-like, esoteric formations with obscure and unrealistic aims. 
But it doesn't have to be that way. 
Of course, there are such non-profits, the same way as there are such businesses and government institutions, but in reality, some of the best  non-profits or organizations altogether, some of the best initiatives come exactly from NGOs. 
Just to name a few, 
- and, of course, it is more specific to kind of an American tradition of civic engagement and philanthropy - but still, the Metropolitan Opera is an NGO, Oxfam is an NGO, 
UNlCEF is an NGO, Wikipedia is an NGO. 
Here in Latvia, ziedot.lv is an NGO, The Vītols Fund is an NGO, 
Mission Possible is an NGO, and even TED Talks and TEDxRiga is an NGO. 
So what we see is people coming together to do something that stands outside their direct wellbeing, their family circle, or their money generating ideas. 
It all looks so big and remote when you look at those big logos on the screen, but let me tell you my story about my involvement in NGOs to show that's possible and all of you could be involved 
- besides your family,  your studies and your work - in the NGO sector. 
I think as long as I remember myself, 
I've been involved in the NGO sector in one way or another. 
Quite typical for a Latvian, you start with a choir, then you go to a student  organization - best times! - and then, hopefully, you end up with an NGO that attracts you or is of your direct interest. 
My interest lies in arts, so five years ago, together with like-minded people, 
I founded  the Contemporary Art Centre "kim?" here in Riga, and those have been the most wonderful five years. 
We've organized more than 90 exhibitions, we've had more than 100 educational activities, talks, and lectures, we've published artist catalogues, and translations, we've represented our artists in Shanghai, Berlin, New York, Malmö, and just recently, actually last week, we came back from Venice Biennale where we had an honor to represent Latvia in what is known as kind  of the olympics of arts. 
Everywhere we would go and whatever we would do, we would meet the most wonderful, the most passionate people. 
So that is my story, but I'm absolutely sure that every single one of you cares about something or is interested in something. 
Whatever that is 
- whether that is fighting stupidity, or fighting against corruption, or supporting education, or supporting arts, and culture, museums, libraries, fighting for LGBT rights or any other topic - there is so much you can do, and I think you should really do that because that is what essentially bonds us together. 
It's only in NGOs where you see people, as I told you already, from most diverse professional backgrounds to come together, and it is where surgeons meet filmmakers 
- it can happen as well in the surgery room, but I wouldn't talk about these cases - so surgeons meet filmmakers, ambassadors meet architects, entrepreneurs meet professors; this is the field, this is where you go through meaningful experiences and find new friends. 
So just to illustrate how it looks visually, this is a visualization of my professional network, and each color describes a certain group of people that I'm in touch with. 
What you see down there in orange and, I think, pinkish, all relates to my studies in SSE Riga. 
That island over there relates to my studies in New York. 
The middle part, the blue part, relates to my working in advertising and consulting, but then that green part and all these satellites around relates to my involvement in the NGO sector. 
So see what your social ties look like and see how diverse they are, and that refers to professional background, but the same refers to geography. 
I already mentioned a few cities that we are actively working with. 
But there are so many more that we could and will be working with. 
So again, just to illustrate my point, here is a snapshot from Google Analytics that shows the geography of visitors to the webpage of my institution. 
And it's really not a webpage on which you can bump, it's not advertised, you really have to look for it. 
So people who have found it have some interest in the same things that I'm interested in. 
Yes, as you can see, it covers almost the whole world. 
I know, I think we have to work on Greenland, but apart from that, it does cover the whole world. 
I guess what I'm trying to say is that contrary to a popular belief, 
NGOs are not just about giving, they are as much about getting back or receiving. 
I started with a number, and let me finish with this number. 
Think of us, 7 billion people, 
like molecules running around. 
What you, I think, don't want, as Bertrand Russell would say, is to be like a hard, separate entity, a bit like a billiard ball that can have no other relationship with other such entity, except that of a collision. 
What you also don't want is to leave your chances of meeting those 150 most amazing friends of yours to a pure chance, because if you're going to sit home, nothing will ever happen. 
So my suggestion is to do something, and to do what? 
To support, to get involved in one of the existing NGOs, or create a new one. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
Good morning. 
I'm going to tell a story. 
I think I need a piece of technology here. 
Thank you. 
Now I just have to figure this out. 
I'm going to tell a story about -- ecology, which is a story of plants and their parasites. 
If you'd like to take a look at one of the parasites, you and I do every morning when we look in the mirror. 
(Laughter) 
This story is literally the flow of energy and there happens to be one exquisite transducer, the land plant. 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
And I'm not one of the people from Australia, either. 
(Laughter) 
That story is literally better told by another set of constructs which is basically the cycles that make life possible, because life is made of the same materials. 
You and I have the same molecules that were in Plato, were in the dinosaurs, were in literally the first blue-green algae, as they emerged 3.5 billion years ago on Earth. 
So, it looks like this. 
The story can be told in multiple ways, but in English we have a phrase, "What goes around, comes around." 
On the religious side, there's the golden rule, "Do onto others..." 
And the story we heard earlier on the Polish farm, basically internalizing in economic systems, what is otherwise thrown away, 
literally makes certain or ensures that the resources that we have are reinvested in our present and our future. 
You wear, as I do, the same phosphate molecules that were in Socrates, that were in Copernicus, that were in Tyrannosaurus Rex. 
We're breathing the same carbon dioxide, the carbon cycles unrestfully pass through us. 
And we either reinvest the carbon in the landscape, we reinvest the resources, or they are gone. 
Here's my sampling 100 points. 
I'm going to turn off the light just to highlight this. 
I want to highlight some regions here. 
Look I've got some sampling here, notice in here, I don't sample at all. 
Do you think I'm going to be able to get signal in there, because you don't want to go by Shawn's theory. 
Shawn said. 
There is no way you have any business making a statement about what's going on in that, right? 
You got no information there, how are you going to get frequency content when you've not sampled the ups and downs? 
Oh, look at this region over there! 
I got a huge stretch, 1.2 and I got all this stuff going on Okay? 
Nyquist would say you're screwed. 
You're done. 
Like, why, what are thinking about? 
Like seriously? 
Drop math now. 
Compress sensing would say wait a minute, but you told me that this is sparse signal. 
Which means I have a constraint on the number of freq uencies that might be active which means. 
I might be able to get it. 
And I'm going to try to get it that optimizes the fit to what I have with a small number of frequencies that are consistent with the data I have. 
You get it, okay? 
Actually, in this case you're, you're right at the edge of reconstruction, okay? 
But still, it's we'll, we'll come back to this. 
It's pretty impressive, still, what you can kind of. 
Get out of this, piece. 
Now we've sampled, we've interleaved this, we've decided how to sample. 
Now the big thing we got to do is simply construct our matrix a, and then solve a large under-determined system, and by the way 
last time in class. 
We solved the large under number of systems in four ways, okay? 
And we found out by the way that zero inverse looked like, a lot like the 
l2 optimization, so really we're going to solve it in three ways today. 
Alright, so 
let's come back to our code. 
And we first do this. 
Alright, the first thing I'm going to do, is going to take the discrete cosine transform, of the indentity matrix. 
I'm going to map out for every point that's On in the signal, suppose I have a point. 
I figure out, if I have, if I have this signal of 5000 points and I have one point on, I find okay, what would that correspond to?What, how would I discreet cosign transform that point? 
What if the next point were on? 
How would I discreet cosign transform that? 
So in some sense, I build up my basis, my way of transforming, so, so essentially right? 
What's going to happen here, is i'm building up this. 
So I this big matrix that gets me from the signal space to the Fourier space, okay? 
Okay, and so if I have, if I think about sampling, if I sample with one, zero, zero, zero, zeroes, zero one, zero, I can start thinking about how, what's the connection between these two? 
Okay. 
Yeah, exactly, 5,000 delta functions, as it were. 
And seeing what the response is. 
And then what I would do with this, is say, okay great, I've done that. 
And now what I'm going to do, is I'm going to take the 500 that matter. 
In ot her words, I have said, let's sample at 500 different points. 
Well, how would those 500 different points, essentially generate cosined [UNKNOWN] 
DCT components. 
There it is. 
And that's my matrix a. 
This is equivalent to my times psi [UNKNOWN]. 
This one will take a little meditation time. 
Meditate upon it. 
Maybe burn some incense. 
You can get some on the Ave. 
You know? for those of you who are far away from the Ave, I don't know where you can get incense, but we've got lots here. 
Maybe we can ship some to you, 'kay? 
And then you can meditate upon this, okay? 
But I'll just tell you that's your matrix A. And then, what we're going to do, is do exactly what we did in class last time. 
Remember this matrix a, it's 500 rows, 5000 columns, so it's, it's a big matrix with highly under determined, okay? 
Oh by the way, well lets go back to that. 
Now once you get that, then, here you go. 
This is exactly what we did in class last time. 
We're going to solve this, highly underdetermined system, in three ways. 
We're going to use the pseudo inverse Command. 
We're going to say okay, find the suit [UNKNOWN] over in the first of this matrix a. 
Multiply it by your sample signal. 
Get a v-, get the vector x out, okay? 
We're also going to say, alright, how about just use the backslash. 
Backslash solves large and indetermined systems. 
There it is, we'll call that X2 and then, here you go. 
Here's the optimization routine, and I've given you a link that you can download this. 
It's a 
little add-on in that . 
It's just a generic convex optimization solver. 
What you're going to do is, Is the following. 
There's some variable x3 that's going to be our solution, and you want to minimize, so what you want to do, is you want to find the minimum l1 solution of this under determine system, so here it is. 
Minimize the norm x3, within one norm. 
There's the one norm right there, right? 
The l1 norm. 
Subject to x = b, right? 
So there's infinite number of solutions. 
Give me the one that satisfies the solution, but also has the smallest l1 norm. 
That's what y ou're saying to do. 
And you know, from what we did last time. 
First thing is probably going to do, is say, hey, you know what? 
I got 5,000 unknowns, I've got, 500 constraints, you know what? 
Four and a half thousand of these are going to just be zero, I know that from the beginning. 
Have to pick out which ones. 
But if you did a histogram, you could see this big spike, of information zero. 
Its going to try to set, four and a half thousand things to zero. 
Its not going to try, it will set, and its going to pick 500 things to be non-zero that satisfy this and give you this small L norm. 
Okay, Promotes sparsity and the fact is you know there's sparsity in the signal, okay. 
In this section we're going to talk about celiac disease and the gluten free diet. 
So what is celiac disease? 
Celiac is an autoimmune disease. 
It's also called gluten sensitive enteropathy, or celiace sprue. 
In celiac disease, gluten, which is a component of food, leads to villus atrophy, in the small intestine. 
The only therapeutic approach that has been known to treat celiac disease effectively, is maintenance of and adherence to a gluten-free diet. 
Here's a picture of what villus atrophy 
looks like. 
On the left-hand side you can see what a normal healthy small intestine looks like. 
You notice all of these finger-like projections, the villi, which is where the majority of nutrients are absorbed. 
In celiac disease, the presence of gluten in the foods cuts down the height of the intestinal villi, and you end up with this flattened surface, like you see here. 
A flattened surface like this, cannot effectively absorb nutrients. 
And so the people who have celiac disease end up having a variety of deficiencies of micro nutrients. 
Not to mention, absorption problems that often times result in things like diarrhea. 
How prevalent is celiac disease? 
Well researchers go back and forth about just how many people we think have it. 
One of the problems is, many people who have celiac disease are not diagnosed. 
In the US, historically, we've said that the rates are 1 in 133, there's other statistics that suggest it might be more 
like 1 in 100. 
In Europe, it's somewhere between that amount, and it's even higher in individuals who have a first degree relative. 
So the likelihood is that you have a 1 in 22 chance, of having celiac, if you have a first degree relative with it. 
Again, one of the problems is, that very few people who have celiac disease are actually ever diagnosed. 
We're seeing increasing rates of diagnosis with celiac disease, not because more people are getting it, but because the testing mechanism is more sensitive and more specific. 
And to be honest, practitioners are looking for celiac more now than they did previously. 
A study that was done recently in the 
United States, sought to examine more closely just how prevalent this condition is in the US. 
This study looked at data from the NHAN study, that's the National Health and Nutrition examination survey, it's supposed to represent the US population. 
And it's a very in-depth questionnaire, an interview process that researchers do from people all over the country. 
In this particular study, the researchers looked at and tested for serum samples for celiac disease antibodies. 
They tested almost 8,000 people aged 6 and over, and in all those people that they tested, they found 35 cases of celiac disease. 
And what's interesting, is that of those 35, 29 of those people did not know previously that they had the condition. 
And so, after doing the statistical analyses, the surveyors and the researchers found that the prevalence rate among non-Hispanic whites is 1.01%. 
You have a greater percentage, or greater likelihood, of having Celiac disease if you are Caucasian. 
Among all the US population, it was shown to be about 0.71% of the people had Celiac disease, that's roughly 1 in 141 which is similar to that of Europe. 
Another interesting secondary finding from this study,was that 55 people were identified as following a gluten-free diet, that corresponds to about 0.63% prevalence. 
But interestingly enough, most of those people who were following a gluten-free diet, didn't have celiac disease. 
We'll talk about that in a moment. 
What are the symptoms of celiac disease? 
Well, they're very, very variable. 
Some people, at just a crumb of wheat bread, can set off a whole chain of reactions and have a lot of symptoms, whereas other people can be entirely asymptomatic. 
Yet every time they're consuming gluten, they're damaging their intestinal villi. 
Some of the most commonly reported symptoms though, include things like, general irritable bowel, constipation, diarrhea, itchy skin, infertility. 
Again, many people may be asymptomatic. 
It's thought that the average time, between onset of symptoms, and diagnosis of celiac disease in the US, is 10 years. 
People often times don't know what's going on, they think they might be allergic to something, maybe I'm just a picky-eater, maybe I have a stomach flu. 
It takes a really long time for most people to pin point, and to get the diagnosis of celiac disease, but once they do, they adopt the gluten-free diet and their intestine actually starts to heal itself. 
Up to 97% of Celiac disease might be undiagnosed. 
The gold standard for diagnosing Celiac disease, is to do a biopsy of the small intestines, but that is most always preceded by a number of blood tests that look for Celiac disease antibodies. 
If you suspect that you have celiac disease, one thing that you're advised not to do, is to adopt a gluten free diet, and then get tested. 
If you start following a gluten-free diet, your body is not going to produce the antibodies that would normally show up in response to the presence of glutens. 
And as such, when your blood tests come back, they will reveal a false negative. 
So you should continue to eat gluten containing foods, even if they hurt your stomach, for just the period of time leading up to the test, so that you can get the appropriate results and diagnosis, if that indeed is your situation. 
For individuals who have untreated Celiac disease, there's a number of micronutrient affects from this condition. 
We're concerned about the iron, calcium and folate levels of people with Celiac disease. 
Many people additionally, because of the intestinal damage, will also have lactose intolerance, whereby they lack that enzyme lactase to break down the milk sugar in milk containing foods. 
They may also be deficient in fat soluble vitamins, and because vitamin B12 is absorbed in the proximal intestine, there's some concern that they would maybe need to supplement with that as well. 
Vitamin B-12 is found only in foods of animal origin. 
It's also found in foods like liver, eggs, dairy, meat, poultry and seafood, which of course are all of animal origin. 
So what exactly is gluten? 
Gluten is the protein that's found in wheat, rye and barley. 
Technically, that's a misnomer, Gluten really is found only in the endosperm of wheat, but certain transport proteins in rye and barley can also trigger and set off allergic reactions. 
And so we say, in general, it's the protein from wheat, rye, and barley. 
What about oat? 
You sometimes hear people that have Celiac disease don't eat oats. 
Oats by themselves are inherently a gluten free food, but the majority of the oats that we eat are processed in facilities that have come into contact with either wheat, rye, or barley. 
So unless you're absolutely certain that you're eating a gluten-free oat product, most people assume that the oats have been cross contaminated, and people with Celiac disease would leave them out of their diet. 
So where is gluten found in the diet? 
If you can't eat wheat, rye, and barley, then there's a lot of things that are automatically out of the diet, breaded foods, breads, most cereals, pizza, stuffing. 
But there's less obvious sources of gluten as well, beer has gluten, so do some candies, communion wafers, marinades. 
It's very important that a person who has Celiac disease, become quite proficient at 
label reading and investigating the ingredient lists. 
People with Celiac disease often find themselves calling up food manufacturers to see, does this product contain gluten or not? 
Take a look at these two fried foods. 
These are both sides that you might choose if you are at a fast food restaurant. 
On the left-hand side, you see french fries and on the right-hand side, you see onion rings. 
Taking a closer look at these ingredient lists, which one do you think is not appropriate in the diet of someone who has Celiac disease. 
Well, if you look closely at the onion rings, you can see that one of the ingredients that makes up the batter of the onions is wheat flour. 
Wheat contains gluten. 
But what you might not know, is that if these two foods were fried together in the same fryer, neither would be appropriate for someone with Celiac disease, because the french fries have come into contact with the oil where the wheat from the onion rings was fried. 
So people who eat out who have Celiac disease, have to be very careful to avoid cross-contamination. 
So if there's all these gluten-containing foods that people with celiac disease can't eat, what can they eat? 
Well, that's one area where celiac disease dietitians really hone in on. 
If you're going to adopt a gluten-free diet because you have Celiac disease, it's important for your overall psyche and general well-being, that you think of this diet of something that involves a lot of new foods that you get to try. 
As opposed to just, well all my favorite foods, I can't eat now. 
Cereals made without wheat or barley malt, corn, fruits and vegetables, milk based items, potatoes, rice, many fruits and vegetables, these things you can make up a very well balanced gluten-free diet. 
Grains are important, for individuals that have Celiac disease, everyone should be aiming to eat more whole grains. 
But there's a number of different whole grains that you might not have originally considered as part of your diet, that are gluten-free, that provide you with important vitamins and minerals, and a good source of fiber. 
What about people who follow a gluten-free diet, when they don't have celiac disease? 
This is something you're seeing a lot of, especially in the United States. 
People get off of gluten and they say, you know, remarkably, I feel better. 
There's nothing wrong with following a gluten-free diet if you don't have Celiac disease. 
If you suspect you have Celiac disease, it's a good idea to get tested and have a confirmation of your diagnosis. 
Many people find that they lose weight when they go on a gluten-free diet. 
If you've been consuming hundreds of extra calories from breads and pastas and rices, it makes sense that when you cut those foods out of your diet, you're going to 
lose weight. 
If you're interested in learning more about Celiac disease, I recommend you check out some of these resources. 
The Gluten-fFree Diet book, by Shelley Case, is a great resource. 
Shelley is a Canadian dietitian, who, herself, has Celiac disease. 
A number of the different foundations, like the Celiac Sprue Association, and the 
Celiac Disease Foundation, can also provide you with valuable information. . 
[ Music ] 
>> On August 1, 2007, the eye 35 bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis collapsed, killing 13 people and injuring 45. 
Newspaper articles followed asking questions why did the bridge collapse. 
And the experts pointed to structural deficiencies such as corroded bearings or faulty-- fatigue cracks in the steel around the bridges joints. 
But for the victims and their families, the important question was not why did the bridge collapse, but why did the bridge collapsed at the exact moment when I was on it. 
Ann was on the bridge because she was on a cell phone with her friend, so she missed her exit. 
Otherwise she wouldn't have been on the bridge when it collapsed. 
On the other hand, Jim was not on the bridge because he happened to meet a friend and stopped to chat, or he would have been on the bridge. 
The questions the bridge victims asked are just like the questions of the Zande in the Central African Republic. 
Just the same questions when misfortune strikes them, they're not interested in why did the bridge collapse, but rather why did the bridge collapsed at the precise moment when I was on it. 
But the Zande have a different kind of answer. 
It's not God, it's not karma, not coincidence, not God's will, but witchcraft. 
The main point I was making today is that witchcraft gets a bad rap. 
It's seen as backwards, superstitious, barbaric, and pictures like this one, of a Zande witchcraft-- witch doctor, which I took, don't help. 
But witchcraft among the Zande is not an irrational belief system from the heart of darkness. 
It does nothing more or nothing less than other belief systems do, including world religions. 
They all explain why things happen, especially bad things. 
They do so in a way that allows intervention, especially medical intervention, and it allows to blame someone else or something else for our misfortune. 
I'll be making a plea today for cultural relativism. 
Deep down, one person's witchcraft is another person's Christianity. 
The Zande live where the three countries of South Sudan, Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo meet. 
Because they're in the remote corners of those three countries, and the roads are awful, they're still very isolated. 
They're still very self-sufficient. 
They grow their own food. 
They get water from springs. 
They use local materials to make furniture and houses. 
They used to have kings and courts and armies and nobles, but colonialism put an end to all that. 
There are wondrous musicians, and they carry libraries of knowledge and stories in their heads. 
The first person to write about the Zande was an anthropologist named Evans Pritchard. 
He lived among the Zande in southern Sudan for almost 2 years in the late 1920s, and he wrote this classic book, "Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Zande". 
Over 50 years later, I found myself in Zande Land. 
As a Peace Corps volunteer, that was when I was young and glamorous-- is a Peace Corps volunteer in the Central African Republic, I taught high school for three years and most of my students were Zande. 
I returned to Zande Land several times to do fieldwork for my graduate degrees at the University of Paris. 
My own experience with witchcraft matched up pretty well with Evans Pritchard's account. 
In English, the word witch conjures up images of old ladies with warts on their noses wearing pointy hats and riding on broomsticks. 
Zande witch is, on the other hand look like regular people. 
There your family, friends, and neighbors. 
For the Zande, some people happen to be born with a special power inside of them that can cause harm when it heats up. 
And it tends to heat up in a person gets angry or jealous or is offended or feels cheated. 
When someone's witchcraft heats up, bad things happen. 
The best way to explain what witchcraft does is to use an example from Evans Pritchard. 
It's common for the Zande to sit under granaries during the heat of the day. 
So one day there are two men sitting under the granary, and they're just talking; chatting as friends do, and suddenly it collapses on top of them and kills them. 
If you ask a Zande the question, why did the granary collapse, just like the bridge engineer, the Zande will be able to tell you structural deficiencies. 
The posts were rotten, the termites were eating away at the posts, and so it collapsed. 
But that answer is not sufficient for the Zande. 
They will also ask, why did the granary collapse of the precise moment when those two men were sitting under it? 
Why didn't it collapsed an hour earlier or an hour later? 
Why didn't those two men sit at another granary that day? 
So the answer to that question is witchcraft. 
In other words, witchcraft does not explain why a granary or a bridge collapses, but it does explain why a particular person is under that granary or on that bridge when it does collapse. 
Another example is a hunter killed by an elephant. 
Several men go on a hunt. 
People go on hunts every day, and usually no one gets killed. 
But today, one man gets charged by an elephant. 
And everybody can see that he got killed by an elephant. 
Why did he happened to be in the path of the elephant? 
Why did the elephant go in a different way? 
Why did he hunt a slightly different way? 
Why didn't the elephant here him and run away? 
The man would not have been in the path of that elephant if not for witchcraft. 
To put it another way, the Zande have no concept of bad luck. 
When something bad happens, when misfortune comes along, it's due to witchcraft. 
Someone, a witch, made it happen. 
Why did my crops fail when everyone else's thrived? 
Why did the tornado zig in set aside so it hit my house and not my neighbor's house? 
Why did the mosquito bite me and not use so I got malaria but you didn't? 
To these-- the answer to these questions for the Zande is witchcraft. 
In Zande Land anyone could be a witch. 
Children and the very old are usually not accused of witchcraft because it's rare for them to seriously offend people. 
But almost any adult you meet could have witchcraft inside him or her. 
So you better be nice to everyone. 
Witchcraft is never random. 
It's personal. 
The person who causes you harm knows you and probably lives near you. 
He or she is someone you've offended. 
So when something bad happens you ask yourself, who have I offended? 
Have I insulted someone? 
Have I cheated someone? 
Have I slept with someone's spouse? 
Did I break a promise? 
Those are all the kinds of things that could make someone's witchcraft heat up. 
The Zande know-- okay, now the part for the medical students in particular about how-- what witchcraft has to do with the treatment of illness. 
The Zande know that people get sick. 
And they usually get better. 
The Zande have dozens of names for illnesses and they also have hundreds of medicinal plants that they use to cure those illnesses. 
But when the treatment doesn't work, if the illness gets worse, they pay less attention to the medicine, and they turn their attention to the witch that is behind the person getting sick in the first place. 
For example, stubbing your toe is not extraordinary. 
So if you stub your toe usually gets better after a few days. 
But if it doesn't get better, if it gets infected, if it turns into gangrene, that's witchcraft. 
Or lots of people catch the flu. 
And you get over the flu in a few days. 
If you don't get over the flu and it gets serious, and you catch pneumonia, that's witchcraft. 
So if the Zande can't control the illness through medicines, they turn to something they can control: social relations. 
And I have a couple of stories that I'll show you how that works. 
Medicines-- or caught not that one. 
Here's a picture of Lucy and her son Benjamin. 
Benjamin was just a few weeks old when I arrived. 
And he had conjunctivitis in one eye. 
And I always carry small bits of medicines with me when I travel. 
So I had antibiotics and I treated him every morning; every evening. 
I put a drop in his eye. 
It got better. 
Lucy wasn't really concerned because it's very common for babies to get conjunctivitis, and it usually clears up, and it did. 
But then the conjunctivitis came back in the other eye. 
And so now she was getting a little worried. 
I then treated the baby every morning; every evening for five days and the eye cleared up. 
So, Lucy was kind of wondering what was happening, but she was okay because it-- then it cleared up. 
But then it came back again in the first I. 
And this was really a sign that something was going on, and that there was probably witchcraft involved. 
Now, babies are not usually victims of witchcraft because they really can't offend people. 
And he was never really in danger of dying or anything. 
So Lucy interpreted his eye-- is conjunctivitis as a sign that someone was upset with her, and she knew who it was. 
So now I want you all to think like a Zande. 
Who could possibly be mad at Lucy and her baby? 
[inaudible] 
Pardon? 
The dad. 
Good question. 
What about the dad? 
[ Silence ] 
[ Inaudible ] 
Oh, come on. 
I don't have to do all the talking. 
Who would be-- who was the dad? 
Something to do with the dad. 
>> Maybe the baby was illegitimate. >> Bingo. 
Okay. 
So if the baby's illegitimate, who would the dad be? 
And who would be mad at Lucy for having the baby with the dad? >> The wife [inaudible] >> The wife of the father, exactly. 
Okay. 
So Lucy wasn't married, and the baby wasn't legitimate, and I went with her that day. 
She-- we went and confronted the wife schoolteacher who happened to be the father of the baby. 
So Lucy took the baby; we walked to the other end of the village and she said, listen, I had this baby. 
Your husband is the father. 
We had an affair. 
The affair is over. 
I don't want him anymore. 
You know, the baby is an innocent. 
So let's please all just get along. 
And then she went back. 
Did the baby get conjunctivitis anymore? >> No. 
>> No. 
Absolutely. 
That was not a very serious illness. 
But Ferdinand's was. 
He first had minor aches and pains, turned into a fever, got steadily worse, and into the second week he couldn't stand up. 
The family was searching frantically for the witch that was causing his illness. 
They were trying witch after possible witch after possible witch after possible witch. 
Just like here in this country if you have the money, you go-- you try doctor after doctor; hospital after hospital; drug after drug in order to find a cure. 
The family tried former lovers, former spouses of lovers, people he had dealings with in nearby villages. 
They were on the fourth or fifth tribe and they were suspecting a woman in a village just to the north. 
Ferdinand had taken some of her goods to the market to sell but he had given all the money back that he owed her. 
But before they got an answer about her, Ferdinand had died. 
So if they'd found the witch in time, they could have saved his life. 
These stories show how witchcraft brings social conflicts the surface and resolves them openly. 
You confront the suspected witch; you apologized; you negotiate; you right the wrong; you pay the compensation, and you get better, hopefully. 
So, in this sense, witchcraft could be seen as a means of conflict resolution. 
And for all you future doctors, witchcraft does not contradict science complements it. 
The Zande acknowledge that the pills that they take and the shots that they get the medical clinics work. 
And they love them. 
But they also know that medicine alone cannot cure a serious illness. 
The medicine will only work if the witchcraft is withdrawn. 
So they have to [inaudible] the social reason as well as the medical cause of the illness. 
Or not just the medical cause of the illness. 
They find and confront the wish or the person will get better. 
Even educated Zande who understand biology and physiology can still believe in witchcraft just as many Western doctors can still believe in God. 
The biology and the physiology explain the how-- the mechanism-- but not the why no matter how good a scientist you are, you probably can't explain why a mutation occurs in one person rather than another. 
And you may have noticed that while explaining and healing, this belief system also allows people to blame other people for their misfortune. 
This idea is not foreign to the United States. 
Where if you spill your hot coffee and it burns your thighs, you can blame it on the fast food store that sold you the coffee. 
In fact, there seems to be a tendency among us humans to blame someone else for our misfortunes. 
Witchcraft is one way of doing that. 
But instead of blaming an institution, a government, a foreign people, a God or a devil, the Zande blame their neighbors. 
People they know and interact with daily. 
They can confront a suspected witch and resolve the problem face-to-face. 
The truth is, people are always doing things that make us mad. 
They take the last parking spot. 
They cut us off in traffic. 
They get the last tickets to a concert or to a [inaudible] event. 
They get a job we want. 
They get a date with a guy that we have a crush on. 
And the flipside is that we are always doing things that make other people upset. 
Even if we don't realize doing it. 
It's very easy to make someone else mad. 
Helping some people can hurt others. 
I was trying to be very helpful in the Zande village by sowing dresses for friends. 
Who got mad at me? 
The local Taylor. 
I was taking away his business. 
When I took pictures for ID cards for students in [inaudible] for free, who got mad at me? 
The local photographer. 
I was taking away his clients. 
My Zande students would never answer questions in class. 
They hated any kind of praise. 
They didn't want anyone to know what grades they are getting. 
They were terribly afraid that they'd make other people mad at them: jealous of them and then that would arouse their jealousy and their witchcraft. 
So with possible witch is all around you, no Zande wants to stand out, be richer, smarter, more beautiful, more successful. 
That causes jealousy and envy, and that can heat up witchcraft and cause bad things to happen. 
Neither do Zande want to be poor or unsuccessful or miserable for they then will be accused of being witches and of causing misfortune and others. 
Because they'd be the obvious one who would be jealous. 
People who are lucky who have opportunities such as scholarships to study abroad as this young man did, he actually got his PhD at the University of Paris right after I did. 
They set themselves up for witchcraft. 
They return home as college professors, businessmen, bureaucrats, they earn good wages, and the next thing you know, they get sick and die. 
Unfortunately, as this young man did. 
People who get good jobs are inundated with requests for help from dozens if not hundreds of family members and help they must or they'll be seen as stingy and selfish, and they'll-- yeah. 
And then soon their children will fall ill. 
It's a very good system for wealth distribution. 
And it causes many Zande to question the wisdom of getting ahead, for they'll have to share their good fortune so widely that in the end, they won't really be ahead at all. 
In Africa today, the disparity between rich and poor is growing. 
Development puts money in the hands of some but leaves others behind. 
So even though education and scientific knowledge is growing, witchcraft accusations are also growing. 
Moreover, whereas traditionally, only mentally competent adults were accused of witchcraft, nowadays, young children and even senile elders are accused and sometimes they're tortured into confessing. 
The system is off its rocker. 
To conclude, some food for thought. 
First, for the Zande, there's a no concept of absolute evil. 
There's no abstract evil force or double. 
There are only humans who do evil things. 
Evil happens. 
Rather than exists. 
It happens in witchcraft carried out by neighbors and even family members. 
Neighbors aren't evil in and of themselves, usually your buddies. 
But once their witchcraft heats up, evil things can happen. 
Second, witchcraft is a total system. 
The belief in witchcraft not only explains why bad things happen, but it offers a possibility for families to fight for the health of their loved ones. 
Furthermore, because of their belief in witchcraft, the Zande do their best not to upset their neighbors and not to outdo their neighbors. 
And finally, people who believe in witchcraft are not like aliens from outer space. 
Their rational, intelligent people just like us who do their best and their particular cultural, social, historical, and environmental context to find meaning in their world. 
Franz Boas has said that tradition late shackles upon all of us. 
People who grow up in Zande Land, such as these children, are as unaware of the shackles of their traditions as people growing up in the American Midwest. 
If everyone around us is wearing the same shackles, it's hard to see them. 
I think the world would be a safer, more livable place if we recognize the shackles that tradition has laid upon us, and that can lead us to believe that our worldview is the only bright one. 
For then, we'd be able to respect the validity and the beauty of other belief systems, including witchcraft. 
Thank you very much. 
[applause] 
(lively music) 
Beth: 
We're looking at a lovely little Friedrich in the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin called Woman at a Window. 
Like so many of Friedrich's paintings, we see a single figure from behind. 
Steven: 
This is his wife and his studio in Dresden. 
We see her back, but we don't stay there. 
Instead, somehow we begin to imagine what she sees as she looks out this window. 
Beth: 
We imagine her life in what seems like a rather constricted environment and this really rather small view of the outside world. 
What we do see appears to be a port, with some ships; we see water and a small coastline; and some trees; and the vast blue sky above. 
Steven: 
That blue sky, of course, is framed by a window that does not open, that's just above her, with the thinnest wood framing. 
That creates a cross, and she's directly below it. 
You do have the sense of the way in which spirituality must enview her, but she does seem as if her world is inside this room and that her only access outside is through this window. 
You mentioned the harbor, but there is a second kind of symbolism here that I think is important, and that is the mast on the right that's close seems to be moving. 
You do get the sense that the ship is passing slowly, and it becomes such a perfect metaphor for her life, as she watches life pass before her. 
Beth: 
And the ships that she looks at will move on, and she will remain where she is, within this domestic environment. 
We wonder if she's feeling a sense of yearning for more, or that perhaps she's expressing a more generalized sense of yearning and desire for meaning that we see in so many other paintings by Friedrich. 
Steven: 
There's clearly that sense of the quiet and the contemplative in this painting. 
All the things that we're saying are borne out in this painting through the subtlest means. 
The sense of restriction that we're talking about is not because the room in which she is placed is small. 
It's in fact a very large space, it seems, with a very high ceiling, and of course these 
large windows that must let lots of light in. 
It's not that. 
It's the strictness of the geometry with which the painting is rendered. 
Friedrich grew up in Greifswald, which was then part of Sweden, and was schooled on Copenhagen, initially, before he went to Dusseldorf to finish his education. 
That Northern tradition of the strictness of the geometric is really felt here. 
The woman, in contrast, though, is curvilinear, and so she doesn't fit easily into this geometry, into the rectilinear in which she's placed. 
The ship that seems to be passing also breaks with the purely rectilinear. 
That mast is tilting ever so slightly to the right, as if it's moving forward. 
And so, all of this feels in contrast to the perfect verticals and the perfect horizontals. 
Beth: 
As that mast moves slightly to the right, her body lists slightly to the left, breaking that rigid geometry. 
And, like so many other paintings by Friedrich, there's a real sense of symmetry and order, so that we immediately feel that the artist is saying something more in these scenes that otherwise we could classify as genre scenes or landscapes. 
Friedrich is trying to imbue them with greater meaning. 
Steve: 
Friedrich's technique here is just spectacular. 
I mean, you've got this very soft rendering of the poplars beyond, and the beautiful sky that seems so translucent, is if it really does go on forever. 
It makes the longing of the woman seem even more potent. 
There's this wonderful linear quality. 
Look at the foreshortening of the shutter that has been opened, the way in which 
light plays against it, and its framing and its construction seems so clearly rendered. 
Then there's these wonderful other little elements. 
The woman's dress, for example, the way it picks up a kind of interior light. 
We see that also with the liquids that are in bottles to the right, on the sill of the window, that seems so warm and so softly lit. 
So much of the art in Germany and England, for example, at this time, of the 19th Century, is so full of literary narrative. 
That is, there's lots of symbolism, there's lots of people, there's a very complex story. 
Friedrich is stripping all of that away and giving us the barest invitation to feel those things in ourselves. 
It is a poetic invitation for us to enter into this space, to enter into this woman's mind. 
The image itself is as contemplative as her mood, and we're being offered to enter into her mood, not simply her activity, in a way that is very much interested in the interior, and her interior experience. 
We look at her posture, we look at this room, and we can immediately inhabit her experience in a way that feels very genuine. 
(lively music) 
Hello and Welcome to another hardware video by us, Regulators 
Today, another unboxing, this time the Samsung Galaxy S4 
Today is the 30th of April 
T-mobile was on time and I got the phone right on the release day 
So, what do we have here... 
Samsung Galaxy S4 printed on the front 
On the side, eco friendly packaging, certified 
It has got LTE 1.9 GHz quad core processor, 1080p Full HD recording and playback 
GPS and a 2600mAh battery 
Super AMOLED display, android, save features, wi-fi, bluetooth 
HD voice and DivxHD, the nomenclature is GT-I9505 
On the side we can see again Galaxy S4 and furthermore a nice beautiful packaging, eco friendly looking 
So lets open the box 
And there we see the phone its self 
Ill put that on the side by now 
Under it we find more accesories brown, eco friendly looking packaged a short manual what you can do with the device, the new gestures new, cool features, swiping with your hands to make something wonderful happen a cardboard clip handbooks (english and german) with comic drawings showing you waht you can use the phone for 
looks kind of "happy" and playful the warranty card and now the important stuff so, here we have a white 
Usb to micro Usb cable 
Interestingly, with the S3 which I got in white, all accessories were black and now with that black device all cables are white kinda fail, samsung the cable is about 3 feet long then we have a pair of headphones nice white flat cable not a "normal" round cable with inline microphone and take call button and nice white with chrome on the sides silicone in-ear headphones right and left engraved, looks very nice what else do we have here?... 2 pairs of silicone replacement plugs smaller and bigger ones just like with any pair of silicone in-ear headphone then the battery with said 2600 mAh and a wall plug for charging via usb of course also in white 
I do recommend to charge devices like this with a computer because the computer psu can deliver cleaner power and charge the device more gently but you can use this somethimes. 
Travel adapter its called, guess thats what its intended for but otherwise I recommend charging it with a computer appilies to every mobile device, the battery will live longer nothing more inside the box and we get to the phone its self plastics protecting the phone got obviously the black version 
looks very nice a few more little protective plastics wrapped around many small ones, that was not so with the s3 but thats probably because the s3 had no straigt edges, but curved ones and with the s4 they are straight, which makes holding the device much easier and more comfortable already fingerprints on the back 
looks like a textured surface but it is slippy not as slippy as with the s3 feels a bit more grippy and less slippy thats positive on the bottom that looks like a speaker 13MP camera and the flash light samsung engraved on the side a volume rocker, chrome edges on the bottom microphone and micro usb plug on and off switch and lockscreen button and on top we have a 3.5mm jack for headphones, some more plastic, which I take off now and an IR-emitter that means that the device can work as a universal remote for all devices like tvs or recievers very usefull if you have multiple devices in your living room youa lways have the s4 with you, pull it out of you pocket and you can switch tv and reciever on and then you watch uefa chamionsleauge. important, dont miss it ;-) unlike with the s3 the little notch for opening the back is no more on top but on the side goes a bit more strong possibly because it has not been opened yet and here we have, just like with the s3 sim card slot, microsd slot and the place for the battery and beneath that the speaker which is covered by this grill on the back cover not a bright white interior like the s3 but you cant see it anyways and I guess thats it for the unboxing 
Thank you for watching 
I hope you liked it and yeah, this is the S4 with home, context menu, and back button dont for get to sub, rate, commend dont forget to like, ciao 
My name is Mike Weiner. 
I live in Medfield, MA with my wife Susan. 
We have two children, 
Ben, who is 26, and Zachary, who is 23 and is our child with Special Needs. 
Our children, irrespective of the disability that may be effecting them, 
They all have some need for support. 
And that need initially comes form their immediate families. 
In today's discussion, we'll focus on the psychological factors that impact entrepreneurial strategic decisions. 
Within our objectives, we will look first at the factors that influence decision making and motivation. 
And we'll also spend some time talking about cognitive biases and heuristics that are common in entrepreneurship. 
To start the discussion, there's a question. 
Well, what do we mean by strategic? 
And by that, we mean things that are not simple. that are dynamic. 
That are complex that involves some necessary plans of action. 
And also involves some level of uncertainty and are difficult to predict. 
And this requires significant resources and thought and analysis. 
And that the results of these decisions can be significant. so we're not necessarily talking about where you may go to dinner or what color clothing you may buy. 
But these are things that are substantial and that there are significant gains and loss of time, money, reputation, etc., that are consequences of the decision for the better or for the worse. 
There are many traits that influence decision making among entrepreneurs. 
One is certainly a personal attributes and characteristics, and we'll discuss those. 
One is the attitudes towards the venture, towards the decision. 
There's a risk propensity that we'll discuss as well. 
There's an element of motivation. 
There are certainly emotions that are in play, and there's this cognitive element that we've discussed before regarding how you perceive and think about decisions. 
So, it's an illustration of what we mean by uncertainty and how you may perceive risk. 
And we'll take a look at a simple example of given the choice of playing one of two games. the first game would be flipping a coin. 
So, you would call head or tails, I would flip the coin, you have a 50% chance of winning, and you may win $ten. 
If you do this multiple times, long term you would have an expected return of $five and that you should be right half the time. 
The second game may have a one percent chance of winning $250. 
So, with that, if we had a hundred numbers on a hat. 
If you guess the number, I pulled out that number and if they matched one to 100, then you would win $250. 
So you have a one percent chance of winning 250, and over time your expected average return is $2.50. 
And if we do that math, we see that the safe bet is 50% of winning $ten. 
And that we can see when you multiply the probability of that occurring, if you were purely rational and purely logical in your decision making, you would always choose the flip a coin option. 
But many of us may be tempted to go for the $250. 
That the difference of what we could do with $ten versus 250 is significant. 
And many people may have the preference of taking that one percent chance of winning 250, recognizing that the odds are against them. 
That's what we mean by entrepreneurial decision making and that it's not rational per se, and that there is a level of risk involved. 
But that a number of us would take that risk and that we would shoot for the higher goal understanding that probability of achieving that is less. 
And so, with that entrepreneurs are not necessarily risk seeking, nor are they necessarily any riskier than others individuals. 
But, they may just simply accept risk or perceive risk differently, and in that way they may see things differently then others. 
And it's that risk propensity that certainly plays a role in that. 
If you are an individual, for example, that may have been laid off from a job multiple times, such as a friend of mine. 
Her decision to start a company was perceived as being safer than going to work for a company to which she may be laid off again, which had happened multiple times before. 
So in that way, she saw the opportunity of starting a venture as being safer, in her perception, than going to work for someone else. 
And again, that perception is hers and hers alone and isn't necessarily right or wrong for others. 
It's based on how you perceive risk given certain scenarios and certain individual tendencies. 
And so, within that, when you go back and you take a look at this gain, it's n ot necessarily a question of, should you be risky or should you not be risky? 
It's more of a question of what you perceive as the incentive. 
What you perceive as the risk. 
And then, what decision would you make between the 50% gain or the one percent gain. 
And a simpler example of that again, would be if you were given the opportunity to play me in a round of golf. 
And the winner would receive an A. the loser would receive an F. So, in that way, there are significant stakes of receiving a high grade or receiving a low grade. 
And there are a couple of considerations that you should ask. 
One is, do you play golf? 
If you do play golf, and if you're good, and if you believe that you can beat me, it might be a low-risk proposition to engage in such a game. 
If however, you do not play golf and/or you do not believe that you could beat me, then you probably should not enter that game. 
So again, risk is more about the scenario, your background, your experience, your tendency. 
Then, it is simply a question of, are your risky or you're unrisky? it's more complex than that. 
So, as an example of risk and risk perception and acceptance we can take a look at Facebook. this was a firm started by a college student in the U.S. in 2004 that was based initially on an idea that he had in high school. he'd launched this social networking platform at Harvard. 
Within two weeks, had half the student body signed up. 
Quickly grew that to 30 other colleges in the region. 
Moved to Silicon Valley. 
Partnered with Sean Parker of Napster, and really began to grow in scale the firm. 
They were able to go out and successfully raise some venture capital in the context of, initially, 
Angel Investment. 
And then later, larger traditional VC funding at evaluation of $100 million shortly after the firm was launched. 
So, very rapid growth. 
They continued to grow the firm and expanded it into serving high school students, and expanded their feature side as well of photo sharing. 
They then raised significant rounds of funding thereafter, and had a much greater val uation. 
Shortly before this, the firm was viewed as being worth $100 million based on future profit potential, and now they are over $500 million. 
And they were supporting anyone with an email account, and so they have grown from the college niche to high school, to now anyone that wanted to be a member. 
They then were offered a $750 million to be acquired, to be bought, to be owned by Viacom, and Mark 
Zuckerberg and the Facebook team declined. 
Earlier that summer, they had a $one billion. 
Shortly thereafter, Viacom attempted to acquire the company for 750 million. 
Zuckerberg and the Facebook team declined. 
A few months later, a billion dollar offer, declined. 
The following year, Microsoft $240 million investment for 1.6% of the company making Facebook worth $fifteen billion based on that investment. 
500 million members signed, and one billion in revenue achieved. 
And all of that happened in a span of approximately six years. 
So, in that way, what we see is rapid growth and to grow the company at such a high scale. there were multiple opportunities to be bought and to be acquired that were turned down, and the expectation of the Facebook team is that there were greater upside ahead. 
So, with that, when we look at risk it's easy to be risky when the stakes are low. 
But, when you are working in a high stake situation, we want to think about, well, again what are we risking? 
Is it financial? 
Is it safety? 
Is it ethics? so all of these certainly play a role. 
Within entrepreneurs, there's not an element of, again, seeking risk but it's more about perception and capability and what they see as a relative return. 
So, when we look at entrepreneurial motivation this is certainly central to understanding how entrepreneurs make decisions and how they perceive risk. 
And there are three factors involved with that. 
Self efficacy, caught in the motivation, and tolerance or ambiguity. 
By self efficacy, what we mean is that this is your belief that you can do something and something specific. 
So it's not self confidence, which is a bit more of a broader perception. 
But it's efficacy in that you believe for a given scenario and a given situation that you can have success with that. 
That you will be effective in that situation for that particular task or activity. 
And that's a key predictor of individual performance. 
The second element that we'll look at is the cognitive motivation. 
And again, that's that element of thinking. 
Do you like to research? 
Do you like to understand? do you like to get a good clean sense of what's involved and what's at stake, and what you can do in that scenario? 
And we see that if you do not have that high level of cognitive motivation, you tend to perhaps over rely on assumptions or experience. 
And we see that successful entrepreneurs often have a higher need for cognitive motivation and that they're willing to do the research and they're willing to try and understand why things happen or may happen as they will. 
And the third element is the tolerance re-ambiguity. 
And that fundamentally is just being comfortable with change. 
It's recognizing that you can't predict everything that things are going to happen that are unexpected. 
And that you're comfortable within that. 
And you believe that you can be successful within that changing environment. 
There are three cognitive biases to think about and to be aware of, and some of these are positives, and some of these can be negatives. 
And the first if over confidence. 
We certainly want to be confident. 
We certainly want to believe in our venture. 
But it's perhaps too much of a good thing if you are over confident. 
So, in that way, we want to be careful not to be overly ambitious. 
And we've talked before about throwing good money after that. 
It is okay to close a venture. 
It is okay to start something and stop it. and in that way again, there's something to be learned from that. 
But, you certainly want to be sure you know, that you balance your ideas. 
That your thoughts are supported by research and that your assumptions are validated. 
Representatives. 
What we mean here is that you want to be sure that you are not basing your decisions on too small of a sample set. 
That you don't ask someone if they like your idea, they say yes, and you start your venture. 
Ask many people. 
Ask what they like. 
Ask what they don't like, how they would improve, what they would pay. 
So, don't take too small of a sample set, don't take too small of a survey. 
And with that, there's a danger of being over generalizing if you are down the path of accepting what a small group of people say. 
Make sure you get a good random sample, and that you understand the reality the situation. 
Counter factual thinking is something to be aware of as well. 
And this is an element of thinking about what might have been. 
And the element here is that we want to be careful that the sense of regret or disappointment doesn't drive us to take an act on every opportunity that we consider. 
This can result in us spending time and money on mediocre opportunities with minimal chance of success for fear that we're going to miss out on something. 
So, in that case, again, be aware of this way of actual thinking realise that you're likely to have many great ideas over your career. 
And be careful choosing which ones to act on and which ones not to act on. 
And that's a central theme of what we're going to be talking about later in the course. 
So, in summary, this is giving me some perspective on some of the complex psychological factors, including risk and motivation that entrepreneur's struggle with. 
And also, hopefully enlightens you to several biases and heuristics that play a role in identifying and analyzing entrepreneurial opportunities. 
how is that we should measure information in a way that applies to any communication system you can think of human animal more we're leaving 
like let's return to the late 19th century where the time we were focused as we are today on speed and one goal to improve speed was to design a machine which allowed the operators to input letters which we did think about as primary symbols that have the machine automate the lower level signaling events such as post electricity we can call secondary symbols the machines can be driven by some clock source allowing you to generate increased size and rapid whole stream which presumably would run much faster than any human hand and one great example of this was the but dole multi-plex system and the design was put into service in 1874 the minute built of the same conceptual ideas we've seen in the shutter telegraphic consisted of five keys which could be played in any combination the niqab it as a chord the No the needs combination would represent a unique message with five nodes BG their honor of you can play too to the power by for 32 different chords the code assigned the 32 different chords to each letter of the alphabet with the leftover used for carriage returns new lines and spaces the new so the operator with 
literally play letters and their machine would automatically output upholstery me representing the letters when like this four-letter p more like this or letter R or like this four-letter be so we have an output signal containing various combinations of these be impostors a signal that accurately represents the message pipe donatella typewriter behind the counter the mechanical nervous system change words two holes on tape and the holes on tape to electrical impulses speeding over the wires notice at the lowest level this system is exchanging you to the president's score absence of electrical current in a sequence divided using o'clock so how fast can our internal clocks round who the limiting speed was not the cause of the then and today the speed of transmission was physically limited by the minimum spaces between these impulses or the poultry in this problem plagued engineers who were testing underground submarine cables using the existing Morse code system it's similar to and ako Laura a sustained no all if one sense toss 2000 over a long undersea circuit they will run together at the receiving end because a simple we receive at the far end of the circuit will be a slightly longer smooth dough rise and fall not an exact replica then sending pulse is too fast resulting intersymbol interference this occurs for example when the 
longer flow over current lead into the next time division and perhaps reverses a 02 01 so even if you're automating the detection abuse current levels there is a fundamental limit to how far we can squeeze two pulses together and this is the same problem Alice and Bob ran into with their string communication system which we called the maximum pluck speed if they plucked any faster than two plugs for second the notice they started to bleed together and they got confused so this is called the symbol or e remember a symbol can be broadly defined as the current state some observable signal which persists for a fixed period of time the new whether you are using fire sound electrical current anything a signaling a vent is simply a change from one state to another so the symbol rate is the number of signaling events which can be squeezed together in one second it also became clear that there was one other way to increase the capacity of a communication system we can increase the number different signaling events for example with cows and bobs string communication system they soon found that varying the typeof blocks allowed them to send their messages faster for example hard medium versus softbox or high pitch verses low pitch bugs bite tightening the cable different amounts and this was an idea implemented by Thomas addis in which she applied to the Morse code system it was based on the idea that you could use a week and strong batteries to produce signals have different strengths he also used two directions as go said Weber dead forward verses reverse current and two intensities so he had plus three balls plus one vol 
-1 ball then minus three bold four different current values which could be exchanged enable Western Union to save money by greatly increasing the number of messages the company could send with no building new lines the missus known as the quadruplex Telegraph and it continued to be used in to the 20th century ok but again as we expanded the number of different signaling events we ran into another problem and for example why not send a thousand or a million different voltage 
levels per polls the mall as you may expect fine-grained differences repeated difficulties on the receiving end the night with electrical systems the resolution of these differences is always limited by electrical noise if we attach a probe too many electrical line the mood and zoom in closely enough we will always find a minute undesired currents this is a unavoidable result of natural processes such as he for geomagnetic storms and even Leighton effective the Big Bang so the differences between signaling events must be great enough that 
Norway's cannot randomly bump a signaling invent from one type to another clearly now we can step back and begin to define the capacity of a communication system using these two very simple ideas first how many symbol transfers per second which we called symbol rate and today it's known simply as a baaaad for a nearby doe and we can define this as and words and symbol transfers per second number two how many differences personable which we can think of as the symbol space how many symbols can we select from at each point and we can call this ass and as we've seen before these parameters can be thought I love as a decision tree of possibilities because each symbol can be thought of as a decision where the number of branches depend on the number of differences and after and symbols we have a tree with ass to the power of an leaps and since each path through this tree can represent a message we can think I have the number I've leaves as the sizeof the message space and this is easy to visualize the message space is simply the whip have the basic one of the streets and it defines the total number of possible messages one could send given a sequence event symbols for example let's see Alice and Bob a message which consists of two clocks and they're using a hard verses soft flock as their communication system this mean she has the ability to find one up for possible messages to bop and if instead they were using a system of hard versus medium versus of blocks then with two pox she has the ability to find one ove 32 the power two equals nine messages and with reply ox this jumped 21 up 27 messages now if instead Alice and Bob were exchanging written notes in class which contain only two letters on a piece of paper been a single note would contain 10 of 26 to the power to or 676 possible messages it it's important to realize now that we no longer care boat the meaning applied to these chains have different since merely how many different messages are possible and the resulting sequences could represent numbers names feelings music or perhaps even some alien alphabet we could never understand when we look at a communication system now we can begin to think about its capacity that's how many different things you could say we could then use the message space to define exactly how many differences are possible in any situation and this simple yet elegant idea forms the basis for how information will be later to find and this is the final step that brings us to modern information theory and it emerges and early 20th century for the 
E the 
Episode 11 <i>- We must not lose her! 
- Yes, sir!</i> 
Who are you? 
Why are you helping me? 
No one's here. 
Are you sure it was Chungyi? 
That's what I heard. 
It's Chungyi. 
Let's spread out and find her. <i>Gil Dong!</i> 
Why are you here? 
Gil Dong, the soldiers are coming! 
Run, quickly! 
I told you not to look for me! 
There's no time! 
I'll try to divert the soldiers, so you run that way! 
You! 
Are you going to die in my stead? 
Why would I die? 
Do you know how fast I am? <i>I'm faster than you and faster than arrows!</i> 
So run away! 
How can you be faster than arrows? <i>Stupid girl.</i> 
I don't hear anything now. 
Do you think they're far from here? 
I can't see. 
Move your hand...! 
Who are you? 
Do you know me? 
Hey! 
Hey! 
Chungyi ran away! 
I know. 
She's safe. 
But we have a problem. 
Why are you running away? 
Hey! 
That's... that's Doe Eyes! 
We can't be seen by her. 
We have to go! 
Where did he go? 
Hey! <i>Are you in here?</i> 
Why did you just leave like that? 
Who are you? <i>Why did you help me?</i> 
Stop! 
Do not come any closer, Young Miss. 
I cannot reveal my identity due to reasons untold. 
Then at least tell me your name. 
What is the use of revealing my name, <i>when we are like two leaves flying by in the wind?</i> <i>Let us just remember each other by our fragrances in the moonlight.</i> 
But I don't smell anything. 
Do not come any closer and ignite the explosives of love in my heart. 
But I don't have any fire on me. <i>The light in your eyes is enough to light any fire in a man's heart.</i> 
Now that the fire has been put out, I will bid you farewell like the wafting smoke. 
Are you telling me to be like fire and go out? 
Alright then. 
I'll go. <i>Farewell, Doe Eyes.</i> 
What did you just say? 
I... 
I mean... 
Do you know me? 
No. 
But didn't you just say, "Farewell, Doe Eyes"? <i>No, I said "Farewell, Goggle Eyes"</i> because you looked like you had bad eyesight. 
So you may go. 
In any case, thank you. 
I'll repay this favor in the future. 
I am Heo Yi Nok. 
I sell medicine in front of Merchant Wang's store. 
By the way, I have great eyesight! 
Don't worry about me! 
He hasn't seen her in a year, and yet he can't say what he wants to her. 
Wait! 
I have a request. 
Forgive me for sending you away without showing you my face. 
But I cannot reveal myself to you. <i>But I know I will think about you.</i> 
Please take care of yourself. <i>I'm sorry for sending you away like this.</i> <i>I will not be able to show myself to you.</i> <i>But even so, I will always think about you.</i> <i>I hope that you'll be safe.</i> <i>Farewell...</i> <i>Stupid girl.</i> 
Farewell, Young Miss. 
Thank you so much for your concern. 
It seems like you're doing some secret work, but I hope you're safe too. 
He was a bit strange, but he was a good man. 
How can you tell? 
I'm not sure, but he smelled really nice. 
If you thought he smelled nice, then he must have eaten chicken or dumplings. 
It wasn't like that! 
It was a nicer smell than dumplings! 
It smelled like "I love you"! 
Then maybe he ate both chicken and dumplings! 
Anyway, I feel like I met a really nice person today. 
So you met a mysterious man in a black hat under the moonlight...? 
Then maybe his name is Sir Moonlight Black Hat? 
Sir Moonlight Back Hat? 
That's awesome! 
Sir Moonlight Black Hat! 
So you're saying that ship and warehouse both belong to Yongmun? 
Yes. 
I'm sure they moved all the girls to the ship by now. 
If they both belong to Yongmun, then did they just loan them to the loan sharks? 
If they loaned it out to a dirty man, then they must have had dirty business. 
What should we do if Yongmun responds? 
If Yongmun comes forward, then we should too. 
We may have a fight on our hands. 
But... 
I don't think they will. 
That is the explosives manufactured by Choi Chul Joo. 
They are more powerful than the explosives from China. 
If this deal with him succeeds, then will we have unlimited access to these explosives? 
Yes. 
If we add the power of those explosives to our army and weapons, we will not be lacking in the next attempt. 
Is there a way we can obtain those explosives without Choi Chul Joo? 
He is cautious of us as well. 
We haven't been able to find his headquarters. 
After the ship has left, we will send our men as we agreed. 
Please do not concern yourself any longer about that ship. 
You mean there is no evidence of any trade of weapons by Yongmun? 
Yes. 
They have amassed great wealth by trading with China. 
But they have never traded in weapons. 
Alright. 
But there was a small commotion involving Yongmun. 
Although they weren't directly involved, someone filed a report against the loan shark Choi Chul Joo, who borrowed a warehouse from Yongmun. 
Choi Chul Joo? 
What kind of man is he? 
He is a loan shark rumored to have a past as a bandit. 
So Yongmun has business arrangements with such a man? 
It's Yongmun. 
It looks like a funeral procession. 
Let's stand aside and let them pass. 
The dead girl is said to have died while running away from Choi Chul Joo. <i>Oh, how terrible! 
How terrible!</i> 
They... they are one with the men that killed our daughter! 
They're one with them! 
- What do I do now? 
- Compose yourself! 
Move along! 
- No! 
- Will you kill my son too! 
You evil men! 
Sheath your swords! 
Let's go! 
- You evil wretches! 
- Are you alright? 
My poor daughter! 
What am I doing? 
He wants to be the king, but what is he doing? 
You mean the one who's stopping the ship is Sir Moonlight Black Hat? 
Yes, he's the one who helped both of us. 
He's so cool! 
So that's why he couldn't reveal his identity to me! 
This is all secret, so please do not let on that you know. 
I'll be on my way now. 
Wait! 
Take me to him! 
I don't think just anyone can meet him. 
In that case, please deliver a message for me. 
She says she respects you, Sir Moonlight Black Hat. 
You told her to not do anything, right? 
Yes, but she said she wants to meet you. 
She can't. 
It won't be good to be involved with me. 
We can't meet. 
I really want to meet him again. 
He seems like such a cool person! 
If I knew it'll be like this, 
I should have asked me for a business card! 
So such a man existed? 
He must be a true Joseon hero! 
He disguises himself in the moonlight and rescued civilians in need! 
I wish I could be like that too. 
Then why don't you disguise yourself and go out in the moonlight? 
How could I do that? 
Why not? 
You're a warrior who knows how to fight. 
He's Sir Moonlight Black Hat. 
You're... 
Moonlight Warrior! 
Moonlight Warrior? 
Wow. 
That's not bad. <i>I'll be a warrior fighting against evil men like Sir Moonlight Black Hat!</i> 
I will not forgive you in the name of justice! 
Moonlight Warrior! 
Why don't you finish your bowl of rice in the name of hunger? 
Alright. 
Rice, I will finish you off in an instant! 
Soup, you're with him! 
I'll destroy the both of you! 
You are a true glutton of Joseon! 
When I see him next, I will definitely get his name. 
Your life is now at its lowest since you sold off your daughters. <i>If you are to lift yourself up from there, you must invoke your sense of pride!</i> 
If you really don't think you can make a difference, then you should just die! 
If you're going to keep on living, then you must fight! 
I have been there and picked myself up. 
He is right. 
Let us pick ourselves from the pit and rise up together! 
I forsook my own daughter and considered myself no less than an animal! 
Thank you for helping us do something! 
We'll do everything from this point on. 
This is the promissory note that Choi Chul Joo wrote for me. 
One day's interest is ten thousand yang. 
In ten days, he will owe a hundred thousand yang. 
We will use his interest money and use it to buy back your daughters! 
An eye for an eye! 
A tooth for a tooth! 
He will try and set sail as soon as possible to minimize the interest payments. 
Do whatever it takes to stop that ship. 
Security is high. 
There is only one way we can reach the ship. 
We have to go underwater! 
But if we do that, we may freeze! 
I'm prepared to die! 
If we make a hole in the ship, they will have to delay! 
You're right. 
Here! 
They made this for us to help us breathe underwater. 
Young Sook! 
Mother is going! 
God of the Sea! 
We are laying down our lives to save our daughter! 
Please have mercy! 
We... we made a hole in the ship! 
It's our turn now! 
Let's go! 
What? 
We can't leave today because of a hole in the ship?! 
It will take at least a day to repair it. 
As of today, you owe me forty thousand yang. 
Goodness, awesome! 
Increase security! 
Seize any trespassers and torture them! <i>Yes, sir!</i> 
In Soon! 
Next! 
- Choon Dang! 
- Myung Shin! 
The front has been fortified. 
Go for the back! 
Alright! 
What do we do? 
It's fifty thousand yang already! 
Your blood must be coursing the opposite way! 
This interest business really kills you! 
Look at how much weight you've lost! 
Since the ship has not yet set sail, that Yi Nok must still be free. 
Yes. 
He is furious about his ship not setting sail. 
If there are complications, it will make things difficult for us too. 
- Who is doing this? 
- I think they're going underwater. 
If the river freezes, we cannot leave! 
Why can't we stop them? 
They are attacking our guards. 
This cannot be just the parents of the girls. 
So who can it be...? 
It couldn't be...? 
It must be the parents who are preventing the Choi Chul Joo's ship from setting sail. 
Someone must be helping them. 
I heard that Choi Chul Joo is planning on seizing them tonight. 
Will he kill the girls? 
Can she not see me? 
Or does she think I cannot see her? 
She may be involved with the girls' parents. 
If I don't do anything, she may fall into danger. 
Did you just drop my merchandise? 
It's dented here! 
Pay me for it! 
How much is it? 
Don't, Young Master! 
Weren't you looking at it because you wanted to buy it? 
Well, not really... 
Then? 
Were you trying to avoid me? 
Since you bought me this washbasin, I'll pay for our meal. 
Go ahead and eat it, Young Master. 
I bought one for you too. 
Come and eat. 
I'll wait outside for you. 
I guess I have to eat this then. 
Have you stopped going to the government offices and filing reports? 
I stopped it because it was useless. 
Then do you think stopping Choi Chul Joo's ship will be useful? 
You can never tell a lie. 
Young Master, are you... ...going to stop them? 
They can't regain their daughters by stopping the ship. 
The parents are doing something foolish because of their own guilt. 
They're trying to protect their daughters! 
Protect? 
They were the ones that sold their daughters off. 
Choi Chul Joo took them, but their parents were the ones that sold them. 
They do not know how to protect. 
It's not that they don't know how, it's just that they're powerless. 
I know, because I lost someone too. 
I was too powerless to protect that person. 
I couldn't go with that person either. 
Do you know how painful that is? 
You can say that because you're powerful and you've never lost anyone like that. <i>You're worse because you have the power but you won't use it!</i> 
You are the one that doesn't know how to protect. 
When I was young and imprisoned in the Queen's palace with my mother, 
I was fearful that I would lose her. 
I pretended to be calm and comforted my mother, ... but I knew. 
I knew that I wouldn't be able to protect her in the end. 
I knew I would lose her, because I was too young and powerless. 
I was desperate to protect her. 
But now... 
You're worse because you have the power but you won't use it! 
You are the one that doesn't know how to protect. 
I have forgotten too much. 
I have to go to China in this ship to pay you back. 
So that's why you agreed to such a high interest. 
Since my ship is not setting sail, you're the only one that's making money here. 
Ten thousand yang a day. 
Am I the only one that's benefitting from the ship not setting sail? 
That is why I am going to put the bait out tonight. 
If the bait is out and we put out the trap, the mice will be caught! 
He's showing him the girls! 
Does he suspect Gil Dong hyung? 
He must have gone along with him to not arouse suspicion, but how infuriating! 
We have to come out aggressively so that they will fear us. 
But isn't this too much? 
You know this business well, don't you? 
Be gentle, won't you? 
I'm scared I can't even look at them! 
You will get your money only if the ship sets sail. 
If you stand here, you will have a nice view of all the mice. 
Throw them in! 
Yes, sir! 
Help us! 
Help us! 
We'll send them into the water, so they can have them back! 
Save us! 
Please help us! 
What is it? 
You want to help them? 
If he does something, it's all over. 
Then should he let them all die? 
When he gives the signal, we go. 
Please help us! 
Help us! 
I don't want to die! 
Stop! 
Young Master, why are you here again? 
It will make things difficult for us, if it's said that such a thing happened on our ship. 
Stop this immediately. 
I had no intention of throwing them in either. 
I just wanted to see someone's reaction. 
What a waste. 
You missed an interesting spectacle. 
That's alright. 
Now it's Yongmun? 
What if he recognizes Gil Dong? 
This is getting complicated. 
Still there's not too many of them to fight. 
Go Add. 
Don't you feel anything? 
You've been quiet. 
Scared? 
Come on, Add. 
Mom. 
I miss you. 
I want to see you at the cemetery next time. 
Hey, why did you stop? 
Did you see a ghost? 
No, I'll take Dow to her mom's cemetery. 
Huh? 
You're going to a cemetery? 
We've just escaped from one. 
And we're going to a ghost city. 
Are you crazy? 
Hey, a daughter wants to talk to her dead mother. 
- She is just being a good daughter. 
- It's her business. 
If this makes everyone uncomfortable, I'll go there by myself. 
- You'll walk there yourself. 
Good idea. 
- Add. 
This is too much. 
Do you have a heart? 
Hey, if you don't want to go with me, Get out of the truck. 
What did you just say? 
Read my lips. 
I won't go. 
I'm not going either. 
Ood, Add, where are you going? 
Come back now. 
I won't. 
What is this? 
I'm not going. 
Since you have picked us up and raised us, you never did this to me. 
Who is she? 
You've just met her. 
She's a liar. 
Why are you serious with a whore? 
What the... 
Don't ever say that again. 
I don't want to cause any more troubles. 
I'll go. 
Hold on. 
Shut up, you two. 
Don't ever talk to my woman like that. 
I don't like it. 
Lame bitch. 
Whore. 
Go away. 
You and I are going separate ways. 
Get in the truck. 
I said get in the truck. 
Do you want me to get your bag? 
It's a dead end. 
Where are we going? 
This way. 
This way. 
Uncle Che, don't you feel bad leaving them there? 
Don't follow us. 
Che, I have to go to the toilet right now. 
Can you stop now, please. 
Why here? 
Where's the toilet? 
- Over there. 
- Over there? 
Go. 
Go. 
Go. 
Don't take a peek. 
Just a moment. 
I'm not that kind of person. 
Why the hell are you here, huh? 
Come here, bitch. 
- Hey, hey. 
Wait. 
- Go. 
Walk. 
Where are you taking Dow? 
I'm taking her back home. 
She still owes the Big Sister 200 thousand. 
Do you have 200 thousand? 
Dow, I'll handle this. 
Let go of her. 
You baby boy. 
You dare to point a gun at me? 
Shoot me. 
- Don't do it, Ake. 
Don't shoot. 
- Shoot me of you dare. 
Ake, don't shoot. 
Shoot me. 
Come on, shoot me if you dare. 
No, Ake. 
Shoot. 
What? 
What? 
I told you. 
Driving a ten-wheeler must pay pretty well. 
Are you awake? 
Don't tell me you've banged me. 
I'm not that desperate. 
What did you do to me, Rung? 
Let me go if you're a real man. 
Hey. 
What are you doing? 
Rung. 
You son of a bitch. 
No. 
- It hurts, Rung. 
- Just take your revenge on me. 
Don't hurt her. 
Ow... my leg hurts. 
It's hard to walk with this. 
Well, it's a part of the plan. 
Dow, your leg is not lame. 
I never thought you would be this stupid. 
Ha ha. 
Why don't you kill me now, you lying bitch. 
- Don't you dare call her that. 
- Lying bitch. 
Are you insulting my wife? 
What? 
What? 
Let's go Rung. 
I'm so sick of his face. 
Just a minute, Dow. 
Let me take my revenge. 
You forced me to call you "lord" 
I'll get you back now. 
Hey, what are you going to do? 
I'll leave this with you so you will think of me. 
Call me "Baron" 
- What Baron? 
- You won't call? 
Call me "Ananda" 
Call me "Ananda". 
- I command you. 
- Ow... 
Now your life depends on the weather, Che. 
Let's go, Dow. 
Let's go, Rung. 
You bastards. 
Ow, I'm getting all blue in the face. 
Call someone to come rescue us. 
Quickly. 
Hurry up. 
Got it. 
- Hello - Ood, just a minute. 
It's me. 
What do you want? 
- Give me the phone. 
- Why did you call, Che? 
- Put it next to my ear. 
Yes. 
- Hello 
- Hurry up, uncle Che. 
I'm getting cramps. 
- I'll hang up if you don't talk. 
- Can you hear me? 
- What is it? 
- Huh? 
- What? 
- Che? 
- Can you hear him, uncle Che? 
- Che. 
- I'll help you. 
I'm still upset with you. 
I'll hang up if you don't talk. 
No need for the eyes. 
- What? 
What's wrong with your eyes? 
- Okay, you got it? 
- Ood. 
- What? 
Help me. 
Damn it. 
Oh man. 
Make way please. 
Coming through. 
Take care of him. 
You really want me to die, don't you? 
That's for choosing a woman over a brother. 
- You deserve it. 
- So is she any good? 
She is good if I can have her. 
- Where do you hurt? 
- Only one place. 
- Ooh. 
- Let me see. 
No. 
Let me see. 
Don't be shy with me. 
- Hey, I want to prick a balloon. 
- It swells unevenly. 
Don't have to yell. 
It's embarrassing. 
Hey, everyone. 
Che's got swollen balls. 
Che's got swollen balls. 
Che's got swollen balls. 
Yeah, good, good. 
Easy. 
Easy. 
Why did you do this to me? 
Let's go. 
Ow... 
I'm not going to make it. 
Hey, put him down. 
Down. 
Let him down. 
Bastard, why did you let him fall off, huh? 
Go drive the ambulance. 
Don't stare at me. 
- Did you hit my friend? 
- I didn't. 
I did. 
Just get in the ambulance. 
Go. 
Don't make me hit you too. 
Go. 
Hurry up. 
This is amazing. 
How's the sea? 
It's alright. 
Really? 
I was thinking about going. 
Hey, how much are those two bottles of pepsi? 
Well, it's been paid for. 
The man at that table has paid, sir. 
What's this? 
He's your next victim. 
No way. 
This is way too much. 
The last time, I had to put up with that Che. 
It's disgusting, eww... 
Don't get too dramatic. 
Hey. 
I've always managed. 
Stop complaining. 
Last time was the Big Sister. 
Now you want me to be gay. 
No, thanks. 
I don't want anything going through my back door. 
I don't want to say this, But all good things must come to an end. 
Tell your dad I miss him. 
- Got it, uncle che. 
- See you next break. 
- Do you know how to drive? 
- You want problems? 
Hey, come on. 
Hold on. 
- Who the hell are you? 
You're so big? 
- What's wrong with you? 
- You don't have anywhere else to talk? 
- Do you know who I am? 
I'm a nephew of Che. 
Who the hell is Che? 
I don't know him. 
- Hey, calm down. 
- You shut up. 
- I'm sorry, uncle Che. 
Give me the gun. 
- I'm not afraid of you. 
- Too much. 
Too much. 
- I'll teach you a lesson. 
Son of a bitch. 
Come on. 
This is my nephew. 
He fights with an old man. 
Very manly. 
I'll remember every second of you with me. 
- Okay. 
- Okay. 
- You're in my heart. 
- Oh, man. 
You got him good. 
Send me some foods and postcards. 
Okay. 
Che's nephew inside. 
Drive safely. 
Goodbye uncle Che. 
See you next break. 
- Hey - What? 
You guys are so brave, huh? 
Take this you bastards. 
Take it. 
Take it. 
Take it. 
Che, it's shit. 
Oh, shit shots. 
My nephew has left us with shit. 
Che, stop at this gas station. 
I can't hold it anymore. 
You asshole. 
You make me want to shit too. 
- Pull over. 
Pull over. 
- Quickly. 
Go. 
Go. 
It's coming out. 
Ood, did you feel the drop? 
I felt it, Add. 
Do you think it is...? 
I don't think it is. 
- Let's check. 
- Slowly, but surely. 
Go ahead. 
Sure. 
Let's get Che to see it. 
Oh, you bastard. 
- Let's go. 
Are you done? 
- Do you want to go to the toilet? 
- No, I'm in a hurry. 
Let's go. 
- Che. 
- What? 
- Just go to the toilet. 
Why do I have to? 
I don't want to. 
No, there's a long way to go. 
You better go. 
- Okay. 
We'll go after I come back. 
- Right. 
So we don't have to stop again. 
Che. 
Che. 
Have you seen a giant ghost bat? 
- Why? 
- Nothing. 
- Have you seen it? 
Just asking. 
- Why did you ask? 
- What? 
Wait here. 
I'll be back. 
- OK, just go. 
How's the giant ghost bat? 
Giant ghost bat my ass. 
Che, it's a pity you don't get to see a giant ghost bat. 
I'm scared. 
I'm scared? 
Shit. 
Getting a sense for the way space time works in special relativity is very challenging and one of the ways that traditionally we Become accustomed to this and help wrap our minds around the weirdness, is to challenge ourselves with paradoxes. 
Almost invariably, they end up having to do with simultaneity because it's the relativity of what right now means that is really so current to everything that we are used to seeing. 
So, in this optional clip, I'm going to take advantage of my time and go through two of the most famous paradoxes in special relativity and discuss them in some detail and hopefully that will help clear things up and I suspect spur a lot of forum discussion because I'm not going to manage to clear everything up here. 
So let's start with a, a ladder paradox. 
Ladder paradox is if you want urban parking problem. 
The idea is you have a long 
ladder of length L and the short garage of length G but G is less than L and you want to fit the long ladder into the short garage. 
And the idea is very simple. 
You come running with a ladder at the garage at a very high speed. 
Then, therefore the 
long ladder is going to be Lorentz contracted to the point if v is high enough where it is shorter than g. 
Notice that by making v close enough to c, I can make the Lorentz contracted ladder as short as I want. 
And voila, the ladder fix in the garage. 
The ladder is fixed in the garage but note it only fixed in the garage while its moving very rapidly to the right. 
An obvious puzzle occurs because this may be true but relativity says I can look well, view the same situation from the point of view of somebody sitting on top of the ladder. 
And from the point of view of the ladder, the ladder is at rest, that's an inertial frame, the ladder is moving with a constant velocity to the right v. in the 
ladder frame the ladder itself is stationary, while the garage is moving at exactly the same speed v but to the left approaching the ladder. 
But from the 
ladder point of view, the ladder's length is L, its at rest. 
And near the ha nd, the garage is going to be low ends contracted. 
So, the garage is going to be even narrower than it really is. 
So, in the ladder frame we obtain the following picture and the two seem to be in conflict. 
In the picture on the left, the 
ladder is in the garage. 
In the picture on the right, there is no way the ladder could be in the garage cuz the garage is even shorter than its rest length which is as it is shorter than a ladder as we see at the top. 
You can make the puzzle sharper by saying, imagine that at the instant over here on the frame on the left where the ladder is inside the garage, I closed both doors. 
What happens then? 
Now 
I have a ladder in the garage. 
Well, now it's not ambiguous. 
The doors are closed. 
So, let's resolve this issue. there is, as always no real paradox. 
There's only confusion. 
And the confusion, as I said, is always to do with simultaneity. 
And, 
I'll solve this problem twice. 
The first time, algebraically, using Lorentz 
Transformation. 
And then, I'll demonstrate, graphically how this solution works and along the way, play with space time diagrams, and what we can or cannot read off of them. 
But I want to convince you that Lorentz Transformations are useful. 
So, to use Lorentz Transformations, what we do is, we have to be very careful that we're not talking about wishy-washy things, we want to be very specific about what are the things we're talking about. 
And the things we talk about are events, things that happened. 
And they happened a particular place, at a particular time. 
So what are the things we know? in order to use coordinates, I'm going to set up my usual space time diagram if you want, or my coordinates. 
I'm going to have the black coordinates presenting the garage because 
I'm thinking of the garage as at rest. 
And the latter is moving to the right and its coordinates as seen by the garage are t prime and x prime. 
I have to pick an origin for each of these. 
So I will pick the left end of the garage, remember the 
ladder is moving to the right. 
So the left end of the garage is going to be the origin for coordinates on the garage. 
So the garage stretches from x = zero to x = 
G, so in the garages coordinates, the garage itself where this is x and t. 
The garage will be something like this. 
And this will be the point x = g. 
And the garage is stationary so it just sits there, the interior is the garage. 
I will pick the left end of the ladder to be x prime equals zero. 
And so, of course the 
left, the ladder is moving to the right, so if I set things up right and I am going to try to do that is in the standard way that I like the world line at the left end of the garage which is also because it is x prime equals zero. 
This is going to be my t prime access. 
This is, describes the motion, the straight world line, describes the motion of the left end of the ladder. 
And at some point, which I am going to call by convention, t equals zero and also t prime equal to zero. 
I will call that, pick as that event, event number one, or event number zero if you want. 
The instant when the. left end of the ladder enters the garage. 
So at this point, the ladder is all the way to the left of the garage. what about the right end of the ladder? 
Well, the right end of the ladder will be by con, by construction a distance I as seen in the primed coordinates to the right of the left end of the garage. 
So at coordinate x prime, of the right side of the garage is equal to I, and it too of course will be moving at speed v, at the same speed v. So its world line is going to be a parallel line here. this is the world line spiritually drawn, of the right end of the garage and as you've, as I've drawn it you can definitely see that at t equals zero, when the left end of the garage of the ladder enters the garage, the right end of the ladder has not yet exited the garage, and therefore at this point and in fact throughout the time that I am going to mark out here. 
The, this whole region is a region where the ladder is contained in the garage and then at this time, the right end emerges first and later the left end emerge s. 
So the fact that I've drawn this to exist is the statement that while G is less than L G is bigger than the square root of one - v^2 / c^2 L. I have made the velocity high enough that the Lorentz Contracted Ladder does fit in the garage. 
Okay so this is event, the event that I'll call event number one and this here is event number two, event number two is the instant when the right end of the ladder is about emerge from the garage and that occurs of course at the position x^2 is equal to G as seen by the, by the garage frame and of course at that same, at that same instant, at that event, is the event where the world line of x prime equals L which is this blue line, the motion of the right side of the garage intersect x2 = g. 
So, that's event number two. 
The intersection of this green line with that blue line and 
I can compute it. 
In a moment I will. 
And then, the question of whether the ladder is inside the garage at any point or not, is the question of which event came first. 
If event number one, the left end of the ladder coming into the garage precedes event number two, the right end of the ladder emerging from the garage, then the 
ladder's in the garage. 
And in this picture it clearly is as seen in the frame of the garage. but the question is if on the other hand event number two precedes event number one, that means the right end of the ladder protrudes from the garage before the left end was in. 
The ladder was never in the garage. 
So let's figure out the order of these two events and again we will use Lorentz Transformations. 
So I've written out here the full set of Lorentz Transformations front and back forwards and backwards as you note they only differ by flipping the sign of'v'. 
And then. 
I am going to ask what is the time as seen by the garage frame at which this world line of the right side of the garage meets the world line of the right side of the 
ladder. 
Remember, this was the instant when the right side of the ladder pokes out of the right side of the garage, and so I look at this equation and I say x prime two is equal to L, so I say L over here. 
And that is going to be equal to'x', 
'x' is'g' because it's at the right side of the garage and then minus'v' times't2' and then divided by the square root'1' minus'v' squared of over'c' squared. 
And okay from this I can solve, everything here is known, except for T2. 
So I multiply by the square root as I'm always doing, move the square root over to here. 
Notice I get the foreshortened length here, and what I find moving things around is that vt2 is G - L * the square root of one - v^2 / c^2 by construction we said that this is less than G so vt2 is positive because I was running fast enough. 
This number is small enough, the Lorentz constructed ladder fits into the garage. 
That means its right end will emerge from the garage after the left end entered. perfect that's what we set up in the garage's frame, the ladder fits into the garage. 
How does this look in the ladder's frame? 
Well and indeed there is this whole time as I said between the time the left end enters and the time that the right end exits that the ladder is completely contained in the garage. 
Good for us. 
On the other hand, what happens if I look at the same thing from the point of view of the ladder, what I want to know is at what time did as measured by the 
ladder, did the right end of the ladder exit the garage, so I want't' prime at this same event. 
That turns out to be easier to extract from the inverse transformations. 
So again x is equal to g. 
So I put it g over here. 
Over here x prime is equal to l. 
And I want T prime, so again I can solve for T prime. 
And I find that V T prime again multiplying through the square root. 
I find that'vt' prime is one over, the square root of one minus'v' squared over'c' squared times'g' minus'l'. 
Now, G is less than L, this is a number less than one. 
T2 prime is negative. remember that T2, T prime = zero and also, Tzero, = zero was the time when the left end of the garage entered the garage. 
But here, the right end of the garage emerged before. 
So indeed, in the I adder's frame of reference, the ladder was never in the garage. 
You couldn't close both doors. 
Because, as far as the ladder is concerned, before the tail end of the ladder entered the garage, the front end of the ladder was protruding. 
So what happens you ask if the garage owner in his frame when the ladder is completely as he sees it contained in the garage, swiftly closes both doors. 
Well, lets follow that in a graphic representation which will give us a chance to play with space time diagrams and see some of their strengths and limitations. 
We could also do the calculation this way but I wanna demonstrate a graphic method of solution. 
So hopefully. 
What we, what did we get from here? 
We got from here that the source of the paradox is the simultaneity issue in the Garage's frame. 
Indeed the ladder is contained in the garage. 
In the 
ladder's frame, this never happens and the reason is that simultaneity is relative, and because the ladder is moving, the relativity of simultaneity means that at the same time, that say, the left hand entered the garage, in the ladder's frame the right hand was already out, okay? 
So, what's our graphic representation? 
Well here's our graphic representation, this is already familiar. 
I was here careful to remind myself that I'm plotting CT, so the red line that goes off at 45 degrees is the world line of a light beam. 
You don't need a light beam here, but it helps me to draw the t prime, CT prime and x prime axis so that the light cone bisects them. 
And what I have here, these two black lines to represent the garage These two blue lines represent the world lines. 
X prime equal to zero is the T prime axis. 
And x prime equals to L is the bold line of the right side of the garage and so this point here is X prime equal to L and. 
Both sides of the garage are moving, of the ladder are moving. 
Both sides of the garage are stationary. 
I may have called the ladder a garage, but hopefully you understand what I am saying by now, and you're used to my ambiguity. 
A word on scales in these diag rams and a very important point. 
So, suppose that I were to draw a grid of lines so these are lines of constant t, these are lines of constant x and some units so these are, and, and 
I've picked the unit so they are compatible. 
In other words, that if in some units this is one, two, three, four so my garage in this case is precisely four units long. 
Then CT is also one, two, three, four and you can see that because these, these things intersect the 45 degree. 
Light count. 
And so I've drawn these. 
How do I draw the point, t prime = to one? 
Where along the t prime axis is t prime = to one? and one way to think about it. 
One, naive way, is to just measure this same length along this axis. 
And because it is, The axis is, is, not vertical. 
That would lead you to some point. 
Around here and you'd maybe try to set that as t prime equals the one and that would be incorrect. 
The point is that the distance along this axis, in general, distances in this 2-dimensional plot are completely meaningless. well, how do you measure distances? 
Well, the distance is this, between any two points. 
Is the square root of the difference in x squared, the horizontal difference, plus the vertical difference squared. 
That's, the Pythagorean Theorem which applies very well to the Euclidean surface of this A tablet upon which I am drawing it or to this Euclidean surface of this slide, but this is not a physical quantity. 
In particular, there is no reason why it isn't all related to x prime squared plus c^2 t prime squared. 
Its not a physically invariant object, Lorentz transformations change it and indeed this distance means nothing physical and reading it off the graph produces no useful information. 
So, it is not true that I can measure off distances. 
They see and on the same scale as I did over there and thus, we figure out where the t prime equal to two save point is. 
So, how do I do it? 
Well, if I really want to plot where along the t prime axis, the point say t prime equals to one is, what I need to do is the following construction: remember there is something that is preserved in this weird and is physically meaningful in this low ends relativistic world, and that is that c^2 t^2 - x^2 is the same as c^2 sorry for the color violation here, minus x prime squared. 
And along the t prime axis well, that's the point where x prime = zero. 
So 
I can erase that. 
Furthermore, along the t prime axis, x = vt because this describes the motion of the left side of the ladder which is moving with speed v. So I get that c^2 - v^2. 
T squared is equal to equal to c squared t prime squared. 
I am going to eventually figure out exactly the time dilation, relativistic time dilation formula which is that t prime is t times square root of one minus v squared over c squared. 
What does that mean? 
That means that the time here, t prime at this point is less than one. 
If I draw the point t prime equal to one. 
It will be somewhere over here. 
And the point t'= two is somewhere over there. 
Notice that the scales of the two axis are different. 
This is confusing and troubling. 
It has to do with the fact that what is physically meaningful is this Lewenstein Distant, distance if you want this sort of weird distance with the minus sign rather than the Euclidean distance that were. 
Is the distance that we observe in the graph. 
And you can perform with negative value for the interval a similar calculation. 
And you will find that the scale of the x-axes also is extended. 
And in general in any space-time diagram the scale is smallest. 
And the Observers. 
For the observer that is addressed. 
In other words if I draw here the lines of constant x, the constant t prime and the lines of constant x prime then I find indeed that if I drew. 
X equals one, two, three and CT is one, two, three. 
And I then want to draw the lines of x prime equal one two, three. 
Then I need to draw them approximately here. 
And then x prime equals three would 
lie, lay, lie way over there. 
And likewise, t prime equals to one would be way up here, and two and three and so on. 
So the scales in this diagram are misleading. 
If you really want to lay scales on it, you need to use the invariant interval or, the appropriate hyperbolas to draw these distances. 
This is one of the reasons why doing calculations from these graphs can be confusing the thing that is always meaningful in these graphs is the order of things. 
In other words, what is true is that the entire region above the'x' axis is positive't' and that an event that is. further up than another is later as viewed by this observer and similarly the entire region above in this sense, the x prime axis is at +t prime and the region below it in this direction is at -t prime and the order of the events can be read off from this grid, you draw the grid and if you have some random event over here the infamous birthday party that we spoke of, over here. 
Then to read off its X and T we drop. 
Parallel to the x and t axis and we see that this happened at x a little larger than two and t getting close to four. 
If you want to plot this in x prime, t prime co-ordinates we. 
Draw lines parallel to the axis because remember this line is a line of constant T prime. 
It's parallel to the X prime axis, and this is a line of constant X prime. 
And we see that this happened at X prime a little less then one and T prime somewhere between two and three is when this birthday party happened. 
So this is how we read coordinates off of these space time diagrams, I hope that was helpful. 
And now 
I am going to erase all these grids which are just confusing. 
And note that I have marked here our favorite two events. 
Event number one is the instant t equal to zero when the left end of the ladder enters the garage and notice that as anticipated because I made this point which we know is L root one - v^2 over c^2 less than G then there, the entire ladder at this point is enclosed in the garage and this goes on until the time of this event labelled two, event number two is the instant where the right end of the ladder starts protruding from the garage and so as I suggested there, there is this whole region here from t1 to t2 where the entire ladder's inside the garage, okay? 
So, now we can ask what happens if I close the door. 
Well if I close the right door and oh, sorry and I forgot to note on the other hand we can see directly from this diagram that at event number two. 
While in the garage frame event number two happened after event number one and indeed for this whole time the ladder was inside the garage. 
In the ladder frame, event number two occurs before event number one, remember these are all the events that are simultaneous with the ladder entering the garage. 
Event number two corresponds. 
To some negative value of t prime down here and indeed it preceded as seen by the ladder event number one there as seen by the ladder the right end poked out of the garage before the left end got in and the ladder was never in the garage. 
So now you can ask, alright well, what happens if I close the door? 
Well if I close the door, then let me decide that the front door of the gara, the, the, the, the door of the garage at g is going to be closed. 
What that means is that the right end of the ladder travels, at event number two it hits the garage door and from that moment on the left end, the right end of the ladder is at rest and moves along this green trajectory. 
Now. 
The way we're used to thinking about it, is a ladder is a ladder. 
If at this point in time. 
The ladder stopped, then the entire ladder stopped and if voila, we have the entire ladder contained in the garage as seen by the garage frame. 
But, this is confusing because in the ladder frame, remember, at when this event happened, in the ladder frame, the left end of the garage wasn't in the garage yet. 
The left end of the ladder wasn't in the garage yet. 
So what is this saying? 
Well, the answer to this is that we have made an unwarranted assumption here. 
Which is that when you stop the front end of the garage, of the ladder, you also stop the 
left end of the ladder. 
Remember, that at this point the right end of the ladder smashes into a wall, and it stops. 
Now, what is going to happen is the back end of the ladder just lik e our slinky, when I dropped it has not yet heard that the front end of the ladder has crashed into something. 
The left end of the ladder continues to come at speed v until somebody tells it. 
What tells it? 
Well, a sound wave, of course will be propagating down this ladder as the front end of it crumples, propagating back to tell the back end of the ladder, wait, there is an extra force, we need to stop. 
How fast does the sound wave travel? 
Well that depends on what the ladder is made of, but I know a limit. 
The sound wave will not travel back to the ladder in it's own frame, or in any other frame that's happily an invariant faster then the speed of light. 
So at this event when the front end of the ladder crashes into the door, you can imagine a sound wave propagating back up the ladder to the left, trying to tell the left end to stop. 
So, how fast can this signal propagate? 
Well, this is the fastest it can propagate. 
The fastest that the rear end of the ladder can hear, but the front has stopped, is the speed of 
light. 
So I've drawn a light speed, 45 degree propagation of the signal from the back of the ladder, from the front of the ladder to the back telling it to stop. 
And if this were the case. you notice that by the time this light being reaches the back end of the ladder, back end of the ladder is well within the garage because even in the ladder frame, we are now talking about a positive time. 
Right? 
And so, time has 
The, the, remember, the left end of the ladder entered the garage here. 
By now, the left end of the ladder is well in the garage. 
If you stop the front end of the 
ladder, the back end would keep coming. 
You would not, be able to stop it until it was in the garage. 
Now, what happens at the moment. 
To the actual ladder when the soundwave) propagates and reaches the back. 
Well the energies involved are such that most ladders would probably blow themselves up to smithereenes or crumble to atoms. 
But in any event by the time the rear end of the ladder appears that the front end has stopped. 
And ma ybe we have a very powerful ladder and it's elastic and it springs back out and re-expands by the time all that and crashes into the garage door. 
But the time, by the time all of that, any of that happens the ladder is well within the garage. 
And so the fact that you managed to close the doors. 
Is not an interruption when you close the doors. at this event, the ladder, had, the 
left end of the ladder was already in the garage, this door stopped the front end but the left hand kept, as seen by the ladder this left hand kept coming. 
So, there is no contradiction, there is a lot of kinetic energy to be lost and there might be a great explosion. 
And, of course, if the latter doesn't blow itself to smitherines, then of course there will be an elastic rebound. 
It will, this, the back end of the latter will now pop back to the right at high speed. 
Whoops. 
High speed but less than the speed of light crashing to the garage door and then whatever happens will happen but you can indeed enclose the ladder in the garage, at least in the instant. 
And the error that we were making when we were trying to compare the two frames and say you stock the ladder at the front was the assumption was that the ladder is a rigid object. 
One of the things we learned here is that the objects with a given shape and size. 
Do not make relativistic sense.An object whose pen has a size and the shape in a sense that when I move this side of it. 
And I drop it, the other side moves as well. 
This could not realistically be true, in fact, if you look very closely, it's not true. 
When I move this side, actually the pen bends a little. 
A sound wave goes travelling down the pen, and if it were a slinky with a slower sound wave, you'd be able to see it. 
And when the sound wave reaches here, then and only then, does the other end start rising. when you're dealing in realistic speeds, this little time delay makes all the difference. 
So thinking of an object as having a given size in realistic terms is a really bad idea. 
So hopefully we've learned some resul ts of some of the ways to think about relativistic kinematics and hopefully you understand the resolution of the ladder diagram though as I said, it takes seeing the solution and then thinking about it a lot and arguing and I hope the forums will be lively. 
A perhaps even more famous paradox of special relativity is the twin paradox. 
And the twin paradox I'm going to demonstrate graphically. 
We won't do too many calculations there's not much to compute, so what's the story with the twin paradox? 
We have two twin brothers or sisters and they live until some age on Earth. 
And then, at some point, one of them gets into a spaceship traveling at high speed in some direction. close to relativistic speed, or traveling for a long time. 
And for a long time this twin travels off into space. 
So, he's going moving to the right. 
And then after have achieving, achieved a certain distance, he hops on another spaceship moving at the same speed but in the opposite direction. 
And, after a while returns to Earth and gets reunited with his twin. 
Now of course, when they left they were the same age. 
So the question is when twin number two returns from his voyage, who is younger? 
Are they the same age and the answer is no. 
They are not the same age and it's easy to make that calculation but then its puzzling to understand. 
Wait a minute, so let's first start with the question who is younger. 
Well. 
We have here the usual two events, event number zero and event number one and the Coordinates of these events, again I have my usual axis x prime, t prime t double prime here is the a new time axis which is the world line of the twin number two on his return but I'm gonna start by dealing with this segment, it is sort of clear by symmetry that everything that happens along this segment happens symmetrically along this segment. 
And, so lets figure out what happened at event number one. 
So let's say that the twin on earth measured a time T1. 
And therefore twin on the, the twin that was traveling measured a time T prime one. 
Now where did this event occurred. 
Well this event occurred at the position. x1 which is equal to vt1 because the twin was moving with speed v, but it also occurred at position x prime one. 
And we know what x prime one is. 
X prime one is zero because in his own frame, the moving twin was addressed and therefore we could now set, the point is that we can now compute the invariant interval between here and here in the two different frames and set it to be the same. 
So, that tells us, and again 
I'm not gonna maintain all of the colors, that c squared, t1 squared minus x1 squared. 
Has to be equal to'c' squared't1' prime squared minus'x1' prime squared. 
But we know some things, we know'x1' prime is zero, we know that'x1' is'vt1'. 
So, c squared t1 squared minus v squared, t1 squared is c squared t1 prime squared and we do the usual calculation and we find that t1 prime is t1 times the square root. 
Of one minus V squared over C squared. 
Or, written otherwise, t1 is t1 prime / by the square root of one - v^2 over c^2. 
So that, what we are saying is that this event appears to the stationary twin to have, happened at a later time than it appears to the moving twin. 
Why do I know it's a later time? 
Because I'm dividing by a number smaller than one. 
Well, yeah, you say, of course. 
But on the other hand, I can draw this line. 
And say that is true, but that's because I am measuring the time at event one. 
I can invent an event number two here. 
Which is simultaneous with the, the, the moving twins decision to return and that event number two clearly occurs at a time. 
Earlier than T one. 
And if I compute I will find that in fact T two. 
Is exactly't1' prime times you can compute this. 
It's again these two happened at the same value of't' prime but one happened at the'x' equals zero and one happened at'x' prime equals zero. 
And the symmetry between these is of course the usual understanding that we have the stationary twin sees time dilation, sees the moving twin's clock running slow and the moving twin sees the stationary twin's clock running slow . 
So. 
The twin whose coordinates are black thinks that his brother is aging slowly. 
The twin whose coordinates are blue thinks his brother is aging slowly. 
So how is it that upon, but on the other hand, it is clear that since from at this point t1 is less, is clearly more than t1 prime and since this is t1 prime is how much the moving twin aged, t1 is how much the stationary twin aged. 
Since the same thing is now repeated on their return, it's clear that if this is true, then 2t1 = 2t1 prime / that and upon their return the stationary twin will be older. 
How can that be? 
We just computed that on the one hand I, we I thought we had this symmetry relation. 
Relativity tells us that if the black twin sees the blue clock running slow so does the blue twin see the black clock running slow. 
What ruins relativity here? 
Well, when you think about it. 
It's pretty clear that these two twins are not related by Lorentz Transformation. 
They were related by Lorentz Transformation, as long as twin number one, two was moving to the right at this constant speed, v. But there is a big difference in their life histories. 
And the big difference occurs, of course, here, at this instant. 
Twin 
Number two jumped from one spaceship to the other. 
He was not inertial. 
At that instant twin number two was actually accelerating. 
Not only that but as I drew it, since his velocity changed instantaneously the rate of change of his velocity was infinite. 
He was experiencing an infinite acceleration. 
So that's not very realistic, but it makes the calculation simple. 
But this is why the. 
Life history of the two twins is different, it's different and it's not, you don't expect symmetry if blue thinks black clock runs slow then black thinks blue clock runs slow, the difference is that one of them accelerated and the one who accelerated will be younger and this is brought out by drawing some auxiliary world lines here, so what I've done is at this event, event number one. 
I took, I drew before the t double prime axis the world line of the moving twin as h e returns. 
I can now draw the auxiliary light cone and therefore the x double prime axis. 
And here we see the resolution to the mystery because remember before I suggested that we introduce event number two over here which is. 
What is this? 
This event is from the point of view of the blue twin of the, the moving twin as long as he is moving away from earth, event number two is simultaneous with event number one. 
So if these guys were exchanging messages then indeed when he decided to change The, to, to jump ships. 
The moving twin was, would have been convinced that his brother was younger than he was. 
And in just as the stationary twin would have been convinced that his brother was younger than he was. 
Until that point, everybody's inertial, and life is symmetric. 
But at the moment that he jumps ships. 
What happens is that, now, simul-, what he considers, when he's moving to the left, to be simultaneous with this same event #one is actually event #three over here. 
Is line of simultaneity changed because you changed velocities instantaneously. 
So in particular over the instantaneous jump from ship to ship, his brother aged this much. 
All of this aging took place essentially instantaneously during the instant that the moving twin jumped chips. 
This is the resolution.This is where the symmetry is broken, indeed this segment. 
Is less. 
The time, the, the twin number, The twin on Earth aged during this segment is, indeed, less than the time that, the moving twin aged here. 
And the same bi-symmetry is true up there. 
But when you add this extra segment from jumping ships, it's unambiguous the twin on Earth is older. 
This is not a contradiction to relativity. 
There is a difference between them. 
You could measure the difference. 
One of them accelerated. 
Okay. 
So we've cleared up the paradox We understand that the twin that accelerated remained younger and there is not a violation of relativity because you could measure the difference between the two. 
One was inertial, one accelerating. 
Okay, but there is an unsatisfactory feeling to this resolution because what I've essentially done is hidden all my ignorance in this instant of infinite acceleration where instantaneously as seen by the moving twin is. 
Suddenly aged all the difference that makes up the, the, the, for the, for the, 
Lorentz, the time dilation that he otherwise would have seen. 
This infinity doesn't make sense. 
Can I do better? 
Well of course I can do better. 
What I really wanna do, and in fact, the only physical thing to do, is you can't have infinite acceleration. 
You could apply a finite acceleration and you could round off this corner a little bit. 
And now I have a story without infinite acceleration. 
You can ask well what happens here? computing here is a little bit more difficult, because now the moving twin is not in an inertial frame. 
The way I cheated before was, that I, he jumped from one inertial frame to another inertial frame. 
And I ignored the acceleration that this implies, now I have to deal with this acceleration. 
And that requires a little more calculation then we have. 
But we can get a sense for what this implies, by imagining here's a trick that will cause him to accelerate. 
Remember I want him to be moving to the right and then accelerated to the left. 
And the way I'm gonna do this is I'm gonna imagine that 
Somewhere out here, I don't know. 
Little distance not exactly in the direction it is moving so it isn't crashing there. 
But not far from there lies a star a heavy massive object. 
And what I am going to imagine is that as this twin approaches, the star is accelerated and then goes into hyperbolic orbit and is deflected by the star so that he comes back to the earth. 
So basically I arrange the angles so that he overshoots the star. 
Gets captured affected by its gravity, loops around and comes back. 
Okay, now since he was going very fast I wanted this to be relativistic, he needs quite a bit of acceleration to flip the direction of that velocity, so he'll to get near the star or the star has to be very massive whichever way you wanna think about it. 
And this gives us another point of view on what is going on here and why it is that in an unambiguous way, not the usual time dilation that is symmetric between two, Two inertial frames but in an asymmetric way honestly physically the moving twins clock was running slower than the stationary twins clock and it somehow has to do with the acceleration and the idea is imagine braking up the trajectory in sort of three pieces. 
Piece number one is the piece over here until he approaches the star. 
So, some at this point, we imagine we can ignore the gravity of the star and everything is inertial and indeed, The stationary twin thinks his brother's aging slower. 
The moving twin thinks the stationary twin's aging slower. 
And indeed the same thing obtains here. 
And all the symmetric Lorentz invariant. 
Lorentz transformation's back and forth describe what was going on here. 
And then there's the region in between these two events where there's this high acceleration. 
And now we have a sense of what is going on here. 
We know that during this period the blue clock runs slower than the black clock. 
But from our point of view its somewhat clear, the black clock is very far away from the star, the blue clock is running very near to the star. 
The blue clock runs slow during this period because of a gravitational red shift, and how much gravitational red shift? 
Well that depends how mass of the star in is, is and how close. 
And that is determined by how massive the star has to be and how close you have to get to it in order to deflect this velocity V change your velocity from plus V to minus V, zooming you back towards Earth. 
So at 
least without a calculation, you can do a calculation, but it's some intuitive level that is clear that indeed The accelerating phase of this moving twins trajectory is the part the phase of the journey during which unambiguously the moving twin ages 
less than the stationary twin in a way in which they both agree that this is not a question of. 
Whose clock is measuring it, but he the literally he is edging slower this is because we can now see the asymmetry. 
He is at the bottom of the gravitational level and his brother at the top. 
So, thinking about the gravitational time dilation is a very power tool and in particular, it gives us the way of reasoning our way through the twin paradox and understanding what there had been being going on. 
Hi. 
I'm Wheeler Winston Dixon, James Ryan professor of Film Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and this is Frame By Frame. 
When you go to the movies you expect to see a movie... but you don't expect to see commercials. 
But more and more these days, you're seeing commercials in front of a movie. 
It's even gotten to the point where they have what they now call a "pre-show"... which is actually about 15 or 16 commercials strung together for a variety of different products... 
You know, soft drinks, cars, things like that... 
Things that they think the audience will buy, which is 18 to 24 year olds. 
Although this is new in America, it is not new in Europe. 
I remember in the 1960s, when I went to Europe to see a screening of "Rebecca"... 
I was shocked by the practice, which is still prevalent in Europe, of what's called a "pause." 
They run the first 10 minutes of the film, and then they stop it dead... and then they run commercials on the screen, and they have a break... where they walk up and down selling ice cream sandwiches and pop corn... completely interrupting the movie. 
And I remember the first time I witnessed that, I turned to someone in the audience and asked... 
"How many pauses are we going to have to sit through?" 
And they said, "just one." But it's a real interruption. 
So this is a practice that's been going on for a long time in Europe, and now it's come to America. 
Why? 
Because theater chains are in trouble. 
Theater chains just aren't making as much money as they should on their films... 
And also you have to realize that studios have what's called a "90/10 split" on the first week. 
Most of money goes to the studio. 
Only 10% goes to the theater. 
And since most movies these days are what's called "front loading"... 
They make all of their money in the first couple of weeks... 
Even though the split increases for the theater as it goes out into the second and third and fourth week... or "frame," as they call it in the business... it's just not that much money. 
So commercials, unfortunately I'm afraid, are here to stay. 
When a movie says it's going to start at 1:30, I usually show up a 1:45, and miss all of the commercials... and that's pretty much what I recommend that you do. 
Commercials are, unfortunately, part of the contemporary movie scene, and will stay that way... 
But it's necessary to maintain the theatrical experience... and that's what we really need to do to keep films in theaters. 
I'm Wheeler Winston Dixon, and this is Frame By Frame. 
If you look at the history of the world, a huge fraction of the improvements in the standard of living have come because private businesses have created new products, have given people jobs, have generated profits that raise people out of poverty and allow them to live fruitful and productive lives with reasonable standards of living. 
We can have much more of that, and it will have beneficial effects around the world, if we step back from the excessive regulation and have a much more capitalistic system. 
My name is Jeff Miron, and I'm Director of undergraduate studies in the Department of Economics at Harvard University. 
I want to talk about three myths about capitalism. 
The first is that being pro-capitalism is the same as being pro-business. 
Nothing could be farther from the truth. 
The point of capitalism is to make sure that businesses have to compete vigorously against each other, and that benefits consumers. 
It's not good for the businesses per se because they have to work really hard. 
So many businesses understand this, and they hate capitalism. 
They're constantly trying to get government to erect various rules, restrictions, regulations that help them, but they're not in the interest of the consumers. 
So pro-capitalism is good for consumers. 
That's who we're ultimately trying to help. 
A second myth is that capitalism generates an unfair distribution of income. 
What true capitalism does is rewards people who are productive; people who work a lot of hours, people who have a lot of talent, people who come up with good ideas, they get big rewards under capitalism, and people who don't do those sorts of things get less. 
The one negative one might be concerned about is that some people have very little skill. 
They are not able to earn very much left on their own, and so very reasonable people support some antipoverty spending. 
But that's completely different than interfering with capitalism, regulating prices, limiting quantities, opposing all sorts of things on businesses. 
Those make the economy less productive, give us a smaller pie, and make it even harder for us to operate programs that help those who are less fortunate and because they were unlucky. 
The third myth is that capitalism was responsible for the recent financial crisis and the recession. 
That, again, is almost exactly the opposite of what is true. 
First of all, nobody who's being intellectually honest thinks that we had unbridled, serious capitalism before the crisis hit, before the subprime buildup occurred, before we had all the housing problems. 
We had enormous government interventions that subsidized risk, enormous government interventions that encouraged an over investment in housing. 
If one's going to try to draw any conclusions, it seems to suggest much more clearly that interfering with capitalism generates financial crises, generates recessions, because what we experienced was directly related to the incentives for excessive risk taking, the incentives for over investment of housing that were created by government. 
The private sector responded to those incentives, so of course the private sector can't be completely absolved of being involved. 
But in the sense of causing, it was the bad policies that caused it not what the private sector or capitalism did on its own. 
Most importantly, whenever government bailout people who took excessive risk, they encourage people to do more of that in the future, and we unfortunately went a huge way in that direction via the TARP and via all the federal reserve policies, which helped Wall Street and the risk takers not have to pay the true price for all of the excessive risk taking they engaged in. 
-	Look at this, look at this! 
-	Alright, he is coming.. 
-	NesTea! 
-	He needs to land that, he needs to land that.. 
He needs to land that! 
-	He is not going to man, he has absolutely no idea. 
-	Oh My God! 
[Laughing] 
What is up!? 
-	NESTEAAA! 
-	Let's see if he is ready, looks like he is going to move out.. 
Stim, he may Scan. 
-	Oh Tasteless, Oh Tasteless! 
Oh Tasteless! 
-	Are you going to blow these up or what? 
That was the biggest miss in the history of the world... 
- He is going to be in a lot of trouble. 
- Tasteless the Banelings are out on the creep. 
- Oh oh.. 
Oh my God! 
Oh man! 
[Laughing] 
- Burrow is done and there they go! 
- Totally sick, Tasteless. 
- Beautiful, he is attempting to push forward here hoping that the fact he can just overrun the ramp, since the Hydras deal so much damage. 
- Yeah, he has two Infestors as well. 
This is going to be wild. 
If he can get the Hydras that is all he needs to do, just blow those up. 
- Oh my God! 
- There are so many Baneling landmines right now Tasteless. 
- Ohhhhhh... 
Ohhhhhh!!! 
- Absolutely sick! 
And the Mutas will clean up everything else! 
I got the sickest nerd chills right now Tasteless. 
Absolutely beautiful! 
-	There is a DT on the natural actually, delaying the Command Center, can pick off another SCV, and the scan has to be used here. 
And Alicia is using them so well! 
-	And you know what, he's gotta use the Scan off of this Orbital right here, so he has to land it. 
But the DT! 
Moving into position preventing the landing, he stopped the Missile Turret. 
Oh My God! 
Alicia, absolutely shutting down MarineKingPrime here with a single DT. 
He is going to surround the Missile Turret, it is going to get up, and Alicia's timing is so impeccable! 
He moves that DT away. 
He knows that he is in a lot of trouble, but we are going to see him moving forward. 
There is the DT's warped in, nothing here to help his army, he has to get his Orbital landed. 
-	Is he going to get a Stalker.. 
He blinks! 
He blinks under the Orbital! 
Oh My God! 
Nothing to detect these units. 
-	Ghosts cloaking. 
They are going to try and EMP all of the Sentries, if he does, he can go in for an attack. 
EMP on the entire army! 
His entire army is EMP'd! 
He Stims and goes in to finish them off. 
If he destroys this army he will win the game and advance to the round of 16! 
So many Marauders! 
The Vikings taking out every single Colossus and BoxeR is on the verge of winning the game and the series. 
Here he goes in, stimming one more time, the Medivacs healing everything. 
Avenge on the run, falling back into his expansion, we might see a GG any moment now. 
-	Ohh.. 
And a Nuke! 
-	Nuclear Missile, dropping onto Avenge's natural expansion where his army is right now. 
The Nuke's gonna land on his army! 
-	Ohh, is he going to get his units away? 
-	Ooooohhhhh!! 
-	Nuclear Missile killing everything. 
-	BoxeR, 100 supply ahead. 
-	Winning the third game! 
- With those Vikings you shoot forward, trying to get rid of those Colossi. 
Not overcommitting his ground units quite yet. 
And uh.. 
Actually lost quite a few Vikings in all that. 
Choya is giving him chase and going to chase him right into the main base. 
There is the defensive nuke, if he can hold this wall right here, he's got it. 
The nuke could go down right in the middle of all these units. 
- Oh no! 
Oh no! 
And it looks like.. 
Oh no, Choya! 
- Ohhhhhhh!!! 
[Laughing] 
Ohhh... 
-	Yeah, I just don't know if it can be done. 
ThorZaiN moving forward, eating another Psionic Storm in the hands of a High Templar. 
Another High Templar! 
Doing a nice Psi Storm, but ThorZaiN is trying to dance out of that. 
He has a lot of Ghosts and EMP here. 
Dropping two EMP's, checking out that Dark Templar actually. 
But MC is coming back with a scary force, that is going to sandwich.. 
-	Cloak! 
-	And look at this! 
The Ghost goes trying to drop EMP, and they do on the majority of the units. 
This is about as good as it can get for ThorZaiN, doing some drop ship micro actually. 
Taking.. 
Oh My God! 
-	Ohhhhhh.... 
I think we should just have a moment of silence and hold hands at what we just saw here. 
What is going on!? 
- Alright, we have Medivacs loading. 
- Oh my God. 
Watch this, he is going to drop all over the mech army, this is going to be so sick cool! 
Oh, I am so excited. 
SlayerS BoxeR! 
You are the funniest player ever! 
- He is moving out. 
He unsieges, he may siege up again, but when he sees that many Vikings, he is going to have to land the Vikings! 
- He is.. 
Here comes the Medivacs! 
- Oh my God! 
- Dropping all over those Siege Tanks, just crushing trough! 
SlayerS BoxeR has out strategized GanZi, completely! 
-	Marines really want to catch the Corruptors. 
-	If they can that would be huge, but the Infestors are waiting below. 
Umm, viOLet is too good for that! 
He is not going to let that happen. 
-	Yeah, I think viOLet has actually done this, he's gonna kill the last Orbital, and with that, Polt is just going to run around the map with these Marines. 
-	He is trying to get Vikings though.. 
But again he is supply blocked. 
-	He can't build anything. 
He's got no supply, he's got like two Depots in the back of his natural, and that's... 
Just about it! 
Is there a Command Center floating somewhere? 
-	There is a Command Center being built in the middle-right hand side of the map, but will viOLet see that? 
-	Yeah, there is no Orbital, so viOLet can just burrow Drones right next to extractors. 
-	Wait, where is viOLet's last building? 
Where is it? 
-	Oh My God! 
-	Ohh! 
Another Yamato gets planted, and now we start to see the Yamato's incoming for Rain. 
Oh no! 
BoxeR loses the Ghost! 
No EMP's possible now. 
And there are the Yamato's going down. 
He is picking off one Viking at a time. 
He needs to avoid those Seeker Missiles. 
Huge number of Point Defense Drones, a very tense micro situation. 
Now we see the big engagement, this could be the final battle. 
The Ravens on the wrong side, trying to move forward, if he can get a big.. 
Ohh, big Seeker Missile could go off, but no! 
They are all out of energy. 
And it looks like in terms of the air battle, we do see 31 Vikings, more are falling for BoxeR, can he pick off all of the Battlecruisers? 
And it looks like BoxeR might come out on top in the sky, but the seven Thors from Rain give him the victory there! 
-	There are still 66 Probes up for HerO, so his economy is still fine. 
-	Yeah, wow. 
HerO, you know, I mean this is what happened, and this is what? 
The third game in a row now? 
ZeneX Life is just really trying to kill him in about this time in the game and it hasn't worked out. 
He is slowly building up a Corruptor count and kinda slowly moving towards that Hive tech. 
But he is still on three bases. 
He needs to start taking more bases, it is obviously not working. 
-	There is 41 kills, 42 kills between the Immortals now, his micro has been so good with those, picking them up once again! 
HerO, this is legendary! 
-	Unbelievable play by HerO. 
Look at that! 
These Immortals are living up to their name for the first time in Starcraft 2 history. 
- 47 kills now and ZeneX Life continues to ride in. 
Still saving those Immortals, keeping those at the back. 
HerO, you are so good! 
-	Ohh and he get one finally, but man! 
This is a huge mistake here, ohh, Liquid HerO is getting a little bit far down the ramp, but he has got enough. 
Nice micro with the Warp Prism again. 
Ohh, he gets the Warp Prism before the Colossus got down. 
- And he kept the Immortal alive! 
Just at the very last instant! 
A 45 kill Immortal now. 
- Target fire down these Probes to make sure that HuK cannot mine anymore. 
If NaNiwa can make sure that HuK has no more Probes left and no ability to make any more, the Stalker will be able to out micro the two Zealots all day long. 
With that being said, the Stalker is getting dangerously low on health. 
NaNiwa are still trying to target fire down those Probes, will it be enough? 
The Probes getting so low on health, only two remaining! 
But the Stalker is getting so low on health. 
NaNiwa has to be extremely careful if he wants to win this game. 
- This is coming down to the hit point bars, we can't let them go. 
- Oh no! 
The Stalker could get surrounded! 
- It is down to just seven hit points, three hit points. 
Last Probe for HuK! 
Three hit points left on this Stalker, it is trying to get around to the smoke. 
The Zealot is coming around, to try and swing it. 
Going into the smoke, the Zealot, will it kill the Stalker? 
It is regenerating a lot of shields, now up to 20 shields is the Stalker, and NaNiwa might have done the impossible! 
- His shields are coming back, that's exactly what he needed. 
The Probe are trying to get a surround, the Zealots are getting some shots off, down to 13 shields. 
NaNiwa, be careful, please! 
He needs those shields to come back. 
HuK trying to track down that Stalker, it is going to come down to micro here, trying to trap him. 
One miss click and one of these players will lose the game. 
And the Probe going for the kill. 
Down to eight shields and three HP, this is absolutely the most insane game I have ever seen. 
Insane micro from both of these two players. 
The Stalker running around, trying to stay alive, trying to micro the best he can. 
HuK is hilariously trying to mine with the one Probe he has, trying to get more units on the field. 
But, this is an insane game Kibbles. 
- Axel, what has happened here? 
While all of this is occurring, HuK is currently taking, he has taken out the Nexus with a Zealot, and NaNiwa has no chance of having an economic recovery. 
This Stalker is his last hope to victory. 
All the buildings could eventually be killed here by the Zealot in the main base. 
NaNiwa has a clock ticking. 
But he is managing to maybe kill one of these Zealots here. 
HuK, ultimately may end up needing to bring the Zealot from home. 
This type of situation is called a dominant strategy in that confess is a dominant strategy for player 2 meaning it's always the best regardless of what the other guy does. 
Think about this the other way around, say we make some guesses as to what player 2 is going to do and then when we say in each case what's player 1's best response in that situation. 
So if player 2 confesses, what's the best thing for player 1 to do? 
Say if player 2 confesses we're over here on the right somewhere we say player 1 can either get 5 by confessing or 0 for being quiet this problem is looking strangely familiar, say well 5 is better than 0 so player 1 is going to want to confess. 
Now if player 2 doesn't confess what should player 1 do? 
So if player 2 doesn't confess, we're over here on the left somewhere and player 1 can either get 10 by being quiet or 15 by ratting out his buddy, well 15 is greater than 10 so he's going to want to confess. 
Notice here that because we confessed in both cases confessing is also a dominant strategy for player 1. 
So here I've circled player 2's best responses in green and I've circled player 1's best responses in blue and you'll notice there's one place here where they over lap to say that in this situation where both parties confess both of them are responding as best they can to what they think the other person is going to be doing. 
We say that this situation here is what's called a Nash equilibrium; more formally put a Nash equilibrium is a situation where each player's action is the best response to the other player's actions. 
In a situation where the players are all moving simultaneously this basically means that each player is reacting best to what they think the other person is going to do and they're actually right in their guess of what the other person is going to do. 
[ Pause ] 
Notice here that the equilibrium outcome actually...it doesn't 
look as good as it could because here we're saying that any equilibrium when people are acting according to their own best interest each of them ends up with a payout of 5 where as if they only cooperated they would each get a payout of 10. 
We can say here that there can be a perato improvement going from both parties confessing to both parties staying quiet in that both parties would be made better off and nobody would be made worse off. 
Unfortunately, due to the competitive nature of the this game that's not what's going to result because it's really hard when there's no contracting involved to guarantee regardless of what the other party says then when it comes down to it they're actually going to cooperate given that it's in their interest individually to not cooperate. 
So one question that economists like to think about is then how can cooperation be sustained in the real world? 
Well, one thing that's important to remember here is that in the real world this game isn't played just once, when you have firms interacting with each other people making these decisions often times they have the chance to make the decisions over and over and over so when you have what's called a repeated game you might have a situation where people start testing out the waters to say well maybe if I cooperate the other guy's going to cooperate and then we can keep this going because to cooperate here and hope for the best outweighs, you know there's this threat of well if you try to screw me one time we're reverting back here actually gives in the long term an incentive to cooperate. 
So like I said it seems a little bit artificial to be talking about this context of prisoners being interrogated because really we're talking about economics. 
But it's very easy to see how this situation could be relevant in an economic context by just replacing the intuition behind some of the choices. 
So what I did here is set up the identical game and have this model as still player 1 and player 2 but now they have the choice of whether or not to cooperate or to compete. 
And you can see here they'd both do better off by cooperating but they also all have the private incentive to compete. 
And you can notice here that this situation is actually pretty realistic because at least in the United States firms are not allowed to contract on whether or not they're going to cooperate, that's called collusion, it's illegal. 
So they really are simultaneously making independent choices as to how much to cooperate with their " competitors " . 

In the second Geithner video, I lay out a scenario where a bank could-- let me draw its balance sheet. 
Let's say-- oh, that's not how I wanted to do it. 
Let's say this is a bank. 
It's holding-- let me draw its assets and liabilities. 
So it's holding some toxic asset A right here. 
And that could be the bank's equity, that's its 
liabilities, And this is the other assets for the bank. 
So it could hold some toxic asset A, and we lay out a scenario where, what the bank could do, right now it has 100% exposure to A. 
What it could do is it could take a little bit of cash, 
lend it to another party. 
Let's say it could lend it to a hedge fund, so this becomes a loan to the hedge fund. 
So now the hedge fund owes this money to our bank and it now has the cash on its balance sheet. 
So this would now, instead of being cash, it'll be called 
loan to hedge fund. 
Now this is the hedge fund's balance sheet. 
Its liability is loan from bank. 
And now it has this cash, and then it could use this cash to invest in essentially the Legacy Loans Program, the public-private investor Legacy Loans Program that Geithner talks about. 
And if they did this, they could take this-- let's say this was $7. 
They could take this $7, contribute it to the equity in the program. 
The Treasury would contribute another $7. 
The Fed would contribute $84, and then they would have $100, and I know this is kind of messy, but they would have $100 that they can then use to go buy these assets. 
And the net effect of this is that this bank went from having 100% exposure to this toxic asset to having only $7 exposure through this loan to this hedge fund, or this special-purpose entity, or whatever you want to call it. 
And I got a couple of emails, even from some colleagues, to say, well, can this really be done? 
And my kind of knee-jerk reaction was, well, if this can't be done, they'll figure out a way to do it, because there's billions of dollars at stake, and really, the incentive here is structured to do it. 
And frankly, the Government probably wants them to do it, because on some level, even though this would be a massive transfer of exposure and wealth from the taxpayers to the banks, it would on some level solve the problem. 
And if people really aren't aware of it, everyone will be happy about it, because all of these banks, Citibank and Bank of America, will just survive, and they can just kind of say that all's well. 
So what I wanted to do, just to answer those questions, is get a little bit particular about the wording. 
And I got an email. 
Leigh Logan actually emailed me, and she highlighted one clause in the Legacy Loans term sheet that seems to address what I talk about in that second video there. 
And this is from the Legacy Loans terms sheet. 
It says: 
"Private investors may not participate in any 
PPlF"-- so this is that Private-Public Investment 
Fund-- "that purchases assets from sellers that are affiliates of such investors or that represent 10% or more of the aggregate private capital in the PPlF." 
So the question is what's an affiliate? 
And I looked it up in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and there are multiple definitions. 
But this is probably the best one. 
It says: 
"The term affiliate means any company that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another company." And that's an area that I just outlined. 
This bank really doesn't control this hedge fund, right? 
They just essentially gave them a loan with very little stipulations on it, and then the hedge fund can go do it. 
But, you could say, oh, well, you know, there's nothing that this bank could do to force this hedge fund to buy these assets, so maybe this plan won't work. 
And another thing is what's the definition of the private capital? 
You also can't represent 10% more of the aggregate private capital. 
Frankly, when I think of private capital, I think more in terms of equity investments, but maybe the definition of private capital also includes debt investments, although, I doubt it. 
So in this video I want to lay out a scenario that, essentially, it can do the same thing economically, and in fact, the exact behavior that they want in other parties without being in any way an affiliate of the counterparty and in no way giving capital directly to them. 
So what Bank A could do instead-- let me redraw it. 
Actually, not Bank A. 
The bank that's holding toxic asset A. 
And this is what I thought of after kind of thinking about it for about five or ten minutes. 
You could imagine what the banks will come up with when they have billions of dollars and careers on the line. 
So if you have a scenario where you have this toxic asset A, and you economically want to do what I describe, but you don't want to be an affiliate and you don't want to give the appearance of self-dealing, what you do is you sell credit defaults on A that become supercheap, so you have essentially $7 exposure of credit defaults. 
Let me do it this way. 
So what you do is you sell credit default swaps. 
So let's say you sell $7 of exposure. 
So your liability right here, is a seven-dollar CDS exposure, and I'll go over the economics of how this works in a second. 
And you actually get some of the income stream. 
It wouldn't even be accounted this way. 
You normally just have to-- if you're insuring $7 worth of credit default swaps, your liability isn't $7. 
You do the probability of default and all that, so your 
liability will probably be-- I don't know, $1.00, whatever it is, and you get some income stream for it. 
But the general notion is that you sell credit default swaps on this toxic asset, on A, for really cheap. 
And just so you know what a credit default swap is, I've made a couple of videos on it, it is essentially an insurance policy on a loan or on a company, and if that company or this loan defaults, you say that you are going to pay up essentially the insurance amount. 
So what you do is you sell $7 of credit defaults swaps on A. 
And just so you know, most of these toxic assets that these banks hold, these are assets that they were the originators for, and so, they're very particular to the individual banks. 
So a bank can definitely say I'm selling a credit default swap on A, and they know that, in the end, when I kind of outline this whole thing, they'll be the main beneficiary of it. 
So if you sell $7 of credit defaults swaps on A, what would I do? 
Well, I'm a hedge fund. 
What I do is I buy those credit defaults for really cheap. 
And then I invest in the TALF, right? 
So let's say I'm a hedge fund, and I have two things. 
I have a $7 investment in the TALF-- sorry, in this Geithner 
Plan, and then I also have this credit default swap, this insurance contract. 
And just so you know, depending on the price, you pay a certain amount every year. 
But the key here is that this bank could sell it, if they wanted to, for almost free. 
They could essentially give away these credit default swaps. 
So if that bank did it, then the hedge fund's assets would have the $7 investment in this Geithner program, and then it'll have $7 of credit default swap protection. 
Now what happens to this hedge fund? 
In the world where asset A is worth a lot, they get all of the upside through their investment in the Geithner Plan. 
That $7 investment gets levered to $100. 
Let me actually draw that again. 
So that $7 investment is here, $7 capital, $7 from the Treasury. 
You have $86 from the Fed, and they use this to give the cash here, and then that goes back here, and you're holding toxic asset A. 
Now if toxic asset A ends up being worth a lot of money, then this is worth a lot, and this is worth nothing, And that's OK, because the hedge fund essentially paid nothing for it or paid next to nothing for it, in which case, everyone kind of works out well in that scenario. 
On the other hand, let's say that this thing is worth zero. 
Let's say that this thing defaults. 
If that thing defaults, then this investment is worth zero. 
But guess what? 
The hedge fund had an insurance policy, where this guy was a counterparty. 
So he says, hey, this thing here defaulted. 
I'm going to claim my insurance policy, so this guy's going to have to send him $7. 
So it's economically the exact same thing that I outlined in the Geithner Two video, but in this situation, these guys, it's almost an arms-length transaction. 
But this bank can make that behavior happen by essentially going into the market and selling credit default swaps for this exact asset for really, really cheap. 
And this is just the first way I thought about it. 
There's other ways you could do it. 
If you're just a separate hedge fund and you own enough of the shares in a bank, let's say you owned all of the shares of the bank or a good percentage of the shares of the bank, then you would also have an incentive to go out there and use the Geithner Plan and lever up and buy these assets. 
Another thing is-- I don't want to get too technical --if you kind of hold one of the fulcrum pieces of debt, the pieces of debt that are trading at a discount, because you're afraid that this bank is going to fail, if you hold a bunch of those assets, you still would want to participate in the Geithner Plan and funnel money and use the Government money to essentially buy this asset A. 
I mean, the general theme here is, if you have two people, if this is the private world and you have a scenario where person A, if a transaction can make $100 or he gets rid of $100 exposure, and person B essentially has a potential 
loss of minus $7 of exposure, there's a net transfer of wealth here. 
You went from $100 of exposure to $7 exposure for this guy. 
So someone is offloading the $93 of exposure to this stuff, and that's the Government. 
The Government's only taking the down side. 
So this is a huge subsidy of exposure, and it depends what these are really worth, if this thing is really worth $30 and it's a $63 exposure, but any time you have this, the private sector is going to figure out a way to make this subsidy happen. 
And everything I've outlined so far is if A is the bank that has 100% exposure, all they have to do is, through whatever back-door scheme or financial product or insurance or whatever they want to do, or loans that have very little stipulations on it, they just have to give this guy essentially $7 of compensation somehow that gets around the 
Government rules, and then this transaction will occur. 
And I hope it doesn't occur, and it's very possible it won't, because maybe I'm missing something here, but 
I'm just saying that everything I understand about the Geithner Plan is that there's a huge incentive for this to occur, and this is frankly the only reason why the plan would work. 
Because, as I outlined in the other videos, for a private investor who's not incentivized in this way, the put option that the Government is giving them still is not enough of a rationale to go from paying $30 for an asset to going to pay $60 an asset. 
So it won't work if this behavior doesn't occur. 
The only way that the plan quote unquote will work and people will overpay for the assets is if you have this type of action going on. 
A viewer of One Minute Medical School asks: 
"Dr. Rob, what is 'herd immunity?'" 
Let's take an example to illustrate it. 
Suppose Bob has the plague, and the plague cloud around him can make you sick if you don't have immunity. 
He meets the butcher and the baker, and then the banker, but the banker hasn't got immunity, and so the banker gets the plague. 
Now, before the banker gets sick he can pass the disease on. 
And he meets the barista, who just got immunized, but she's not immune yet, and so she gets the plague, and she passes it on to her baby, who gets very sick. 
How could we have prevented this? 
Well, what if the banker had been immunized? 
Next, Bob can't pass it on to the banker, who can't pass it on to the barista. 
The chain is broken. 
The baby stays happy. 
This raises two important points: 
First, the more contagious the disease is, the higher the level of immunity in the population we need. 
Second, vaccines are password protection for your immune system, the body's firewall that keeps bad things out, and keeps you from spreading bad stuff around. 
so this is the first video in a short series introducing some of the major ideas of the protestant reformation And in this video we just want to lay the groundwork what was it like to live in europe before the protestant reformation 
That is before fifteen seventeen when martin luther a german monk and professor of theology nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the catholic church in Wittenberg and we'll get back to that 
I was driving around my neighborhood about a week ago and I took photographs of some of the churches that were there and within only fifteen or twenty minutes I had photographed the signs in front of six different kinds of churches and this is a really good place to start because it's at the time of reformation that we get this explosion of different kinds of christianity so tell us what you took pictures of. 
I took pictures of a lutheran church of the baptist church of the united methodist church there was a catholic church there there was a congregational church there's a presbyterian church and so five of those six churches were created as a result of the protestant reformation so let's go back to a time when it was only one kind of christianity in western europe and that's religion we today call roman catholicism no we didn't need to use that phrase roman catholicism because there was nothing to differentiate it from the term catholic really means universal and so that makes the point that this was the universal church or that was their ambition to be the universal church and we use the term roman catholic because the head of the church is in Rome and that's the pope 
That man was enormously important because he would lead the way to salvation and to heaven according to the catholic tradition that is one found one's way to salvation which was tremendously important because the alternative was hell and it's important to remember I think that back then the concern for most people was salvation was how to get to heaven and the path was one path 
It was through the teachings of the church through the sacraments 
In a way it was a simpler time to live because you get one choice you don't have to say what religion should I be except for those very few people in Europe, for instance, very few jews and even if you are Muslims. 
So the church really infused everybody's life it was the vehicle to salvation and just for the average person in a small town the church's would tower over the other buildings. 
The bells in the tower would ring on the hour. 
The church would celebrate the saint's feast days what we call holidays that is holy days and it was in a sense the church that marked the days of your life and the major events in your life as well and through the sacraments you helped to earn God's grace you have to secure yourself a place in heaven and the sacraments included baptism, confirmation, communion, which you might know as the Eucharist penance, also known as confession, marriage, 
last rites, and ordination for priests. so it's good reminder of how important the church was in the lives of every day people and those everyday people although they might look to their local priest would look to the pope in rome as the ultimate authority on earth and the pope at this point in fifteen seventeen was Pope Leo X (the tenth) so Pope Leo X (the tenth) was intent on rebuilding the church of Saint Peter's and the plans for Saint Peter's were very ambitious. 
In fact, Pope Julius II who commissioned the rebuilding of Saint Peter's (the pope before Pope Leo X) said he wanted to create the most grandiose church in all of christendom and they did the church itself Saint Peter's Basilica was tremendously important to the authority of the pope by tradition Saint Peter is buried under that church and Saint Peter was charged by Christ himself to lead the church so Saint Peter is understood to be the first pope and so every succeeding pope is taking on the job of Saint Peter from Christ himself and so the very authority of this office is vested in this building. 
The problem is the building was really expensive to construct and the question was where were they going to get the money. 
Well there was a pretty common way to get money and that was selling indulgences. 
Now an indulgence was a piece of paperwork that made it possible for you to get to Heaven more quickly. most people when they died you had throughout your life confessed your sins you had atoned for your sins but it would probably be something that you hadn't quite atoned for and so for most people you wouldn't go straight to Heaven you would go instead to this place in the betveen the way station before you get to 
Heaven a place called purgatory and it was indulgences that bought you time off from purgatory. 
So this is a little tricky because indulgences were actually a very old tradition where if you did a good work you could, in fact, receive an indulgence that is a kind of certificate that would speed your soul out of purgatory to Heaven. 
Even in certain extraordinary cases it might allow you to circumvent purgatory entirely and go directly to 
Heaven. 
The problems began not so much in the actual indulgences but in the perception of the selling of indulgences and here's what happened. 
Leo X granted indulgences to his representatives to raise money for the building of Saint Peter's. 
But this was misunderstood to mean that one could simply pay money and then gain access to heaven directly. 
But keep in mind that money was for the rebuilding of... 
Saint Peter's and so you were doing a good work and according to the catholic church doing a good work is one of the ways you can assist in the process of gaining yourself a place in heaven. 
And it does make sense that even a monetary donation to doing good christian work would be itself a kind of holy act. 
But it did come to be seen as a money exchange for getting to Heaven. 
And the one example that really got under Martin Luther's cross, so to speak, was a man named Tetzel who was selling indulgences not far from Wittenberg where Luther was Professor of Theology. 
Tetzel said, 
"as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." 
So you can see right there money is going in and the soul is going up to Heaven. 
It sounds so crass and you're absolutely right 
Martin Luther who was a monk and was a very devout professor of theology was really rubbed the wrong way by people saying they had bought these indulgences and therefore they were freed of their sins. 
And as a monk, Luther felt oppressed by the sinfulness of human nature of his own nature and so the idea that you can pay money to erase those sins and get quicker entry to Heaven was really an issue for him he took these issues very seriously and really struggled with them and then he did what any good doctor of theology would do. 
He wrote out a series of arguments. 
But in his case he posted them at least according to tradition to the doors of the castle church in wittenberg ninety-five theses ninety-five arguments that took issue primarily with the selling of indulgences 
Luther sent them to the local archbishop and they made their way around and so we have the beginnings of the protestant reformation in fact if you think about those words protestant reformation for just a moment i think it's interesting to note that the word protestant is formed out of the word protest and reformation out of the word reform so this was a kind of protest against the church and it was an attempt to reform it 
We know that three points define a triangle. 
So if I were to take three random points here 
So let's call that point A, point B, and then point C right over here. 
If we say that these three points are the vertices of a triangle they define a unique triangle 
So this would be triangle ABC. 
Now we've also learned in the last few videos 
That triangle ABC has a unique circumcenter and that is a point that is equidistant to these three vertices it's equidistant to these three points 
So the way we can find it is to draw the perpendicular bisector of each of these sides and where the three perpendicular bisectors intersect and we've shown that they always intersect at a unique point that is that circumcenter. 
And I'll do that really quick over here. 
So let's say that this is the perpendicular bisector of that side, this is the perpendicular bisector of that side, and this is the perpendicular bisector of that side 
So these are all perpendicular and they each bisect the side, so B to this point is going to be equal to this point to A. 
A to this point is going to be equal to that point to C. 
C to this point is going to be equal to that point to B. 
And this point right over here, we've already talked about that, we'll call that point O 
We call that the circumcenter. 
O is the circumcenter. 
This is all a little bit of review. 
So if we have three points, we have a unique triangle, that triangle has a unique circumcenter which is equidistant to the three points of the triangle. 
I should say three vertices of the triangle. and that distance between the three vertices, 
Let me draw that in a different color. 
So this distance, the length of OA, 
The length of OC, and the length of OB, 
So OA = OC = OB, which is the circumradius 
And, we've learned when we first talked about circles, if you give me a point, and if we find the locus of all points that are equidistant from that point then that is a circle. 
And when I say locus, all I mean is the set of all points 
If you give me any point right over here, so that's an arbitrary point and you also specify a radius, and you say what is the set of all the points on this two dimensional plane, that are equidistant that are a radius away from the center that uniquely defines a circle 
That's how we define a circle. 
And similarly, if you say, 
look, if you start with a center at O and you say all the points that are a circumradius away from O, it will uniquely identify a circle, and that circle will contain that points A, B, and C because those are the circumradius away from O so they are included in that set. 
So the circle would look something like this 
Trying my best to draw it 
Now everything we've talked about now 
like in the last few minutes, is all review. 
We know all of it, but I went over it just to kind of reinstate a pretty interesting idea that if you give me three points, that defines a unique triangle, and if you have a unique triangle, and, let me make this clear, this is three non-colinear points 
So three points not on the same line 
If you have three points that are not on the same line, that defines a unique triangle. 
For any unique triangle you have a unique circumcenter, and circumradius 
And if you give me any point in space, any unique point, and a radius the set of all points that are exactly that radius away from it that defines a unique circle. 
So we went through all of this business of talking about a unique triangle with a unique circumcenter and unique circumradius to really just show you that if you give me any three points that eventually really just defines a unique circle 
So just as you need three points to define a triangle, you also need three points to define a circle 
Two points won't do it 
And one way to think about it is that if you give me just two points, there's an infinite number of triangles that I can construct with those two points because I can put the third point anywhere 
I could construct this triangle 
I could construct this triangle. 
I could construct this triangle. 
And all of these triangles are going to have different circumcenters and different radiuses, and so they are going to construct different circles that circumscribe about those triangles 
So for example, this would be one circle that could circumscribe that triangle 
You could have this circle right over here, so you see clearly that two points are not enough 
You need three points. 
Three points lead to a triangle, which leads to a unique circle 
So that by itself is kind of cool 
Now another question is if I have a circle 
And if it circumscribed about an arbitrary triangle is the center of that circle necessarily the circumcenter? 
So let's think about that a little bit because there are some non-intuitive cases here. 
So if I draw a circle right over here, its center is right over there, and if I draw an arbitrary triangle where all of the vertices of that triangle are on this circle, is this center necessarily the circumcenter of that triangle? 
So let me draw a crazy situation 
Let me draw one where this thing is clearly outside of the triangle. 
So we could have one that looks like this and clearly all three vertices sit on the circle. 
So you might first say, wait, there's no way this could be the circumcenter, it's not even inside the triangle. 
But remember, this point right here is equidistant to every point on the circle. 
I should say, every point on the circle is equidistant from this point. 
They're all a radius away. 
And all three points of this triangle are on the circle 
So they are all exactly a radius away from this point right over here. 
So this distance is going to be a radius, this distance right over here is going to be a radius, and this distance right over here is going to be a radius 
Now, this point is clearly equidistant from that point and that point. 
We know that. 
It's exactly R away from both of those vertices of the triangle 
So if it's equidistant, and we proved this in a previous video, if it's equidistant from both of those points, it must be on the perpendicular bisector of the segment that joins those two points 
So this must be on the perpendicular bisector. 
So that's perpendicular, and it bisects that segment right over there. 
But we can make the same argument for this segment right over here. because this point is R from the center 
We're going to call it point 0, I'm tired of just calling it "this point" point O is equidistant from 
Let me label these, so let's call this A, B, C. 
So we already said point O is equidistant from 
C and B, so it must be on the perpendicular bisector of BC, and it's also equidistant from A and B 
It's R away from both because 
A and B both sit on the circle they are both a radius away from the center 
So it also must sit on the perpendicular bisector of A and B. 
Let me draw it a little bit neater. 
So it must also be on this perpendicular bisector 
And finally, it also is equidistant from A and C. because those are both R away they both sit on the circle 
So it must be on the perpendicular bisector of AC as well 
So AC is right over here. 
And this is what the interesting thing is 
We're seeing that the three perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of this triangle they do definitely intersect, but they're intersecting at a point outside of that triangle 
And that point is the center of this circle. 
So once again, that last idea is 
O is equidistant from A and C, so it must sit on the perpendicular bisector of A and C 
Which would look something like this 
So once again, we see that three perpendicular bisectors are intersecting at a unique point and O really is the circumcenter so, if you take any circle and you put any triangle whose vertices all sit on that circle, the center of that circle is its circumcenter 
So we just drew a situation where this is a circumcenter that sits outside of the triangle proper. 
So point O is also going to be the circumcenter of this triangle. 
And point O is also going to be the circumcenter of this triangle right over here. 
It's going to sit on all three perpendicular bisectors and we know that because it's equidistant from all three points of any of these triangles where the vertices sit on the circle itself. 
This is the Hubblecast. 
News and images from the NASA / ESA Hubble Space Telescope. 
Travelling through time and space with our host, Dr. J 
EPlSODE 23: 
Seeing the invisible a.k.a. 
Dr. Joe Liske. 
When you listen to your favourite piece of music, your ears pick up on the very wide range of frequencies, from the deepest rumblings of the bass to the very highest pitched vibrations. 
Now imagine your ears were only sensitive to a very limited range of frequencies. 
You'd miss out on most of the good stuff! 
But that's essentially that situation that astronomers are in. 
Our eyes are only sensitive to a very narrow range of light frequencies: visible light. 
But we are completely blind to all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. 
However, there are many objects in the Universe that do emit radiation at other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. 
For example, in the 1930s it was discovered by accident that there are radio waves coming from the depths of space. 
Some of these waves have the same frequency as your favourite radio station, but they are much weaker and, of course, there's nothing to listen to. 
In order to "tune in" to the radio Universe, you need some sort of receiver: a radio telescope. 
Now for all but the longest wavelengths, a radio telescope is just a dish, much like the main mirror of an optical telescope. 
But because radio waves are so much longer than visible light-waves, the surface of the dish doesn't have to be nearly as smooth as the surface of a mirror. 
And that's the reason why it's so much easier to build a large radio telescope than it is to build a large optical telescope. 
Also, at radio wavelengths, it is much easier to do interferometry. 
That is, to increase the level of detail that can be seen by combining the light from two separate telescopes, as if they were part of a single, giant dish. 
The Very Large Array in New Mexico, for example, consists of 27 separate antennas, each measuring 25 metres across. 
Now each antenna can be moved around individually, and in its most extended configuration the virtual dish mimicked by the array measures 36 kilometres across. 
So what does the Universe look like in the radio? 
Well, for a start our Sun shines very brightly at radio wavelengths. 
So does the centre of our Milky Way galaxy. 
But there's more. 
Pulsars are very dense stellar corpses that emit radio waves only into a very narrow beam. 
In addition, they rotate at speeds of up to several hundred revolutions per second. 
So in effect, a pulsar looks like a rotating radio lighthouse. 
And what we see from them is a very regular and fast sequence of very short radio pulses. 
Hence the name. 
The radio source known as Cassiopeia A is in fact the remnant of a supernova that exploded in 17th century. 
Centaurus A, Cygnus A and Virgo A are all giant galaxies that pour out huge amount of radio waves. 
Each galaxy is powered by a massive black hole at its centre. 
Some of these radio galaxies and quasars are so powerful that their signals can still be detected from a distance of 10 billion light-years. 
And then there's the faint, relatively short-wavelength radio hiss that fills the entire Universe. 
This is known as the cosmic microwave background and it is the echo of the Big Bang. 
The very afterglow of the hot beginnings of the Universe. 
Each and every part of the spectrum has its own story to tell. 
At millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths, astronomers study the formation of galaxies in the early Universe and the origin of stars and planets in our own Milky Way. 
But most of this radiation is blocked by water vapour in our atmosphere. 
To observe it, you need to go high and dry. 
To Llano de Chajnantor, for example. 
At five kilometres above sea level, this surrealistic plateau in northern Chile is the construction site of ALMA: the Atacama Large Millimetre Array. 
When completed in 2014, ALMA will be the largest astronomical observatory ever built. 
64 antennas, each weighing 100 tonnes, will work in unison. 
Giant trucks will spread them out over an area as large as London to increase the detail of the image, or bring them close together to provide a wider view. 
Each move will be made with millimetre precision. 
Many objects in the Universe also glow in the infrared. 
Discovered by William Herschel, infrared radiation is often also called "heat radiation" because it is emitted by all relatively warm objects, including humans. 
You may be more familiar with infrared radiation than you think. 
Because on Earth, this kind of radiation is used by night vision goggles and cameras. 
But to detect the faint infrared glow from distant objects, astronomers need very sensitive detectors, cooled down to just a few degrees above absolute zero in order to suppress their own heat radiation. 
Today, most big optical telescopes are also equipped with infrared cameras. 
They allow you to see right through a cosmic dust cloud, revealing the newborn stars inside, something that just cannot be seen in the optical. 
For example, take this optical image of the famous stellar nursery in Orion. 
But look how different it is when seen through the eyes of an infrared camera. 
Been able to seeing the infrared is also very helpful when studying the most distant galaxies. 
The newborn stars in a young galaxy shine very brightly in the ultraviolet. 
But then this ultraviolet light has to travel for billions of years across the expanding Universe. 
The expansion stretches the light-waves, so that when they are received by us they've been shifted all the way into the near infrared. 
This stylish instrument is the MAGlC telescope on La Palma. 
It searches the sky for cosmic gamma rays, the most energetic form of radiation in nature. 
Lucky for us, the lethal gamma rays are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere. 
But they do leave behind footprints for astronomers to study. 
After heating the atmosphere, they produce cascades of energetic particles. 
These, in turn, cause a faint glow that MAGlC can see. 
And here is the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. 
It doesn't even look like a telescope. 
Pierre Auger consists of 1,600 detectors, spread over 3,000 square kilometres. 
They catch the particle fallout of cosmic rays from distant supernovas and black holes. 
And what about neutrino detectors? 
Built in deep mines or beneath the surface of the ocean, or in the Antarctic ice. 
Could you call those telescopes? 
Well, why not? 
After all they do observe the Universe, even if they don't capture data from the electromagnetic spectrum. 
Neutrinos are elusive particles that are produced in the Sun and supernova explosions. 
They were even produced in the Big Bang itself. 
Unlike other elementary particles, neutrinos can pass through regular matter, travel near the speed of light and have no electric charge. 
Although these particles may be difficult to study, they are plentiful. 
Each second more than 50 trillion electron neutrinos from the Sun pass through you. 
Finally, astronomers and physicists have joined forces to build gravitational wave detectors. 
These "telescopes" do not observe radiation or catch particles. 
Instead they measure tiny ripples in the very structure of space-time, a concept predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. 
With a stunning variety of instruments, astronomers have opened up the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, and have even ventured beyond. 
But some observations simply can't be done from the ground. 
The answer? 
Space telescopes. 
Hubblecast is produced by ESA / Hubble at the European Southern Observatory in Germany. 
The Hubble mission is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. 
Now it is a time of simplification:  everything becomes simpler. 
It is simpler to wash our clothes,  our dishes, to travel in space. 
Though, unfortunately,  the culture becomes simpler. 
The culture becomes different:  it changes its rate, its depth, and many other of its parameters. 
I'm not going to judge this process, it has many objective  and positive causes: the changes of communicational forms,  even new communicational civilization is connected to the Internet and different technical innovations which really make many things  simpler and better. 
But there is also a loss of depth. 
There are also subjective elements  connected to, for example, simplification of culture in our country which is not always very positive. 
And we understand perfectly  that because of the development of different media, TV, etc., we also lose much. 
What can we set over against it  without judgment? 
We can create "spaces of complexity." 
Unfortunately, there aren't many genres  where these spaces are possible. 
It is very difficult to combine this  with different new institutions, but it is real to combine this with  traditional institutions like museums. 
Museums have all chances to be justified  as spaces of deepening of culture. 
Unfortunately, till now  they don't work this way. 
For reforming them this way  we should work a lot. 
What does this job consist of? 
First of all, goal-setting. 
Every museum action or movement from ventilation of repository  to working with every audience -- 
I'm not even talking now  about the main tasks -- 
like exhibitions, expositions,  scientific events, etc., all these actions should be considered  in connection with goals. 
The goals form themselves  and goals form the depth, and, at the same time,  they solve many tasks. 
I could compare the process of  goal-setting with a matrioshka: one goal in another, and so they go on; there are many of them, they accumulate. 
And paradoxically in contrast with  this Russian doll, there is not always reduction of size, they could be of the same size. 
But they are inserted in one another  and overflow from each other. 
The second very important thing:  museum process and museum activity are more important then the final result. 
We don't seek this result  but we go forward to it, always by making goal-setting. 
And finally, the most important resource for museum activity which is not always estimated and used  is cooperation. 
It is a valuable resource  which needs much openness and, believe me, really less money. 
So my appeal to the community: 
Let's become more complex! 
(Applause) 
[Josh] 
Hey Donovan, do you have anything to drink? 
[Donovan] 
Yeah, in the fridge. 
[Julian] 
Hey Josh, grab me a glass of "melk". 
[Josh] 
They don't have any "melk", but I can get you some milk. 
[Donovan] 
That's what he just said. 
[Julian] 
Yeah, I just want some "melk". 
[Josh] 
Nah, you're saying it wrong. 
You're saying "melk". 
Like it's a disease. 
(Laughs) 
[Donovan] 
How do you say it? 
[Josh] 
I'm saying it the way everyone oughta say it. 
"Milk" M-I-L-K 
[Donovan] 
Right, like 2 percent. 
[Julian] 
Right, whole "melk". 
[Josh] 
No, no, no. 
Say milkshake. 
[Julian] 
Milkshake. 
[Josh] 
OK, now say milk. 
[Julian] 
"Melk". 
[Josh] 
Are you hearing this? 
[Donovan] 
Yeah, the man wants a glass of "malk". 
[Josh] 
"Malk"? 
[Donavan] 
Give him the "malk", Josh! 
[Father] 
Donovan, inside voices please. 
[Donovan] 
Sorry, Dad. 
My white friends. 
[Julian] 
Josh! 
Pour me a glass of "melk"! 
[Josh] 
Why are you yelling at me? 
[Donovan] 
Just give him the freaking "malk". 
[Josh] 
You guys aren't even saying the same thing. 
[Julian] 
We're all saying "melk", Josh! 
[Josh] 
No! 
You're saying "melk"! 
You're saying "malk"! 
(Yelling versions of milk) 
[Josh] 
Shut up! 
Shut up! 
[Donovan] 
You better put it down. 
[Julian] 
Don't do it, Josh! 
[Josh] 
You're going to shoot me, if I shoot myself? 
That doesn't even make any sense! 
[Donovan and Julian] 
Josh, put it down! 
Put the gun down! 
(Yelling at each other to put the gun down) 
[Josh] 
I'm going to kill myself over this! 
[Julian] 
You're like a brother to me! 
Your head is like a brother to me! 
(Screaming) 
[Josh] 
And then, after that, we pull the trigger. 
All of us. 
[Julian] 
No, we are not filming something like that. 
[Josh] 
Why not? 
[Julian] 
It's so dark. 
I don't know. 
(Signing softly to the cat) 
Josh I need to call you back, man. 
I'm really busy. 
(Gunshot) 
Hi today I am going to tell you about three different kinds of pasta. 
The first pasta I am going to tell you about is capellini. 
CAP-A-LEAN-E, also known as angel hair. 
This pasta is long and thin. 
The second pasta I am going to tell you about is spaghetti. 
SPA-GET-EE, spaghetti is similar to capellini in that it is long and thin, but it is a little bit thicker than capellini. 
The third pasta I am going to tell you about is linguini. 
LlN-GEEN-EE. 
Linguini also means little tongues. 
Linguini is flat and long and thin. 
So next time you're ordering pasta you will know just what to ask for. 
Studio Soyuzmultfilm Stopmotion/Puppet division 
Tomorrow will be tomorrow directed by Ivan Ufimtsev written by Grigory Oster art directors: 
Leonid Shvartsman, Nikolai Titov camera Vladimir Sidorov 
Animators S. Olifirenko I. Sobinova-Kassil music Vladimir Shainsky,  sound B. Filchikov, cutter G. Filatova script editor N Abramova voice artists Vsevolod Larionov (the parrot) ,  Nadezhda Rumyantseva (Marmoset) ,  Vassily Livanov (the boa) , Michael Kozakov (little elephant) puppets and decor G Filippova,, S. Etlis, M. Koltunov, P. Gussev, V.Alisov, V. Grishin, S. Znamenskaya, N. Andreyeva, O. Massainov producer G. Kovrov Soyuzmultfilm 1979 
Good morning, 
It's time to have breakfast, monkey. 
ls it tomorrow already? 
No, it's only today yet. 
But you already had breakfast? 
I have. 
Why? 
Then today is tomorrow! 
Today cannot be tomorrow. 
Tomorrow will be in the future, and we are in the real time. 
And the future is not real? 
It... 
It is make-believe? 
The future is real, but... 
But? 
But, but, but? 
It will come later. 
When? 
Soon. 
And I think it has already come. 
What do you mean, it has come? 
When? 
What do you mean, it has come? 
What has come, my friends? 
The future. 
Where? 
Everywhere. 
Today's morning it is already tomorrow. 
Really? 
It can't be that today is tomorrow. 
Yes? 
You mean, today is yesterday? 
Yesterday is over. 
When yesterday ends, starts tomorrow. 
Then the day after tomorrow. 
Then two days after tomorrow. 
Then... 
I beg your pardon, but when is today? 
I don't care about today! 
It's boring! 
Every day - it is today. 
How do we cope with that? 
Can it be that one day Time will stop and we will say: 
Yesterday is every morning. 
Life is awfully boring. 
Life is awfully boring, Yesterday is every morning. 
Let tomorrow come today, It is where we hurry. 
Let the future come our way, - Then we wouldn't worry. 
Don't you see that everything around belongs tomorrow? 
Don't you feel the future has already come? 
lf the future had come, now it would have been... the New Year! 
The New Year? 
The New Year? 
Let it be the New Year! 
What, what New Year? 
The New Year doesn't come just like that. 
You have to see it in. 
Then let's! 
Let's, let's see it in! 
Let's! 
I'd say, why don't we really see it in? 
It is so pleasant, my friends, to see in the New Year. 
Very pleasant. 
How? 
How? 
How shall we see it in? 
To see in the New Year, we need, first of all, a Christmas tree. 
Secondly, Santa Claus. 
And, last but not least, the Snow Maiden. 
I'll be 'the last but not least Snow Maiden'! 
And I will, I beg your pardon, be Santa. 
Then that makes me the Christmas tree. 
That's right! 
And we will decorate you, and dance the round dance around you. 
What will we dance, I beg your pardon? 
Ooh! 
The round dance. 
The boa's home is Africa, ln Africa he lives, - 
So cute, and slim, and ever-green, Just like the summer leaves. 
Why - green? 
Because I'm a Christmas tree. 
You won't make a Christmas tree. 
And why is that? 
Why won't he? 
A Christmas tree is prickly. 
And he is soft. 
A Christmas tree has to have needles. 
Ha! 
We can stick needles into him. 
Oh no, don't stick needles into me! 
The parrot is right: 
I won't make a Christmas tree. 
Then we don't have a Christmas tree? 
But we have the Snow Maiden and Santa Claus. 
We don't have Santa Claus either. 
Santa is cold. 
And the elephant - there, feel him - he is warm. 
We'll freeze him! 
There! 
No! 
Please don't freeze me! 
Please don't freeze me! 
Please... 
One Snow Maiden won't make a New Year celebration. 
There. 
And I say - it will. 
Absolutely! 
Today the Snow Maiden Will visit girls and boys. 
And she will bring them presents, And she will bring them toys. 
So you are determined to see in the New Year? 
Yes! 
And you no longer need the old year? 
No, we don't! 
Go ahead, see it in then. 
But mind you: the little elephant will miss out on his Birthday. 
How is that? 
Why? 
He hasn't celebrated his Birthday this year, right? 
He hasn't. 
And he won't. 
Because you don't need this year any more. 
But how will he do without his Birthday? 
I wanted to give him ripe bananas as a Birthday present. 
There won't be any ripe bananas either. 
They'll stay green. 
My friends, I think we rushed events a bit. 
And how! 
Why see in the next New Year, when there's still so much interesting left in this year? 
Sweet bananas and pineapples. 
Oh yes. 
And my Birthday. 
Then the future hasn't come yet? 
Not yet. 
But it will come. 
You can be sure of that. 
That means, today is not tomorrow yet? 
Today - is today. 
And tomorrow will be tomorrow. 
Every day? 
Every day. 
That's wonderful! 
Every day will be tomorrow! 
The End Subbed by Eus 
My beloved brothers and sisters, as we gather once again in a general conference of the Church, 
I welcome you and express my love to you. 
We meet each six months to strengthen one another, to extend encouragement, to provide comfort, to build faith. 
We are here to learn. 
Some of you may be seeking answers to questions and challenges you are experiencing in your life. 
Some are struggling with disappointments or losses. 
Each can be enlightened and uplifted and comforted as the Spirit of the Lord is felt. 
Should there be changes which need to be made in your life, may you find the incentive and the courage to do so as you listen to the inspired words which will be spoken. 
May each of us resolve anew to live so that we are worthy sons and daughters of our Heavenly Father. 
May we continue to oppose evil wherever it is found. 
How blessed we are to have come to earth at such a time as this —a marvelous time in the long history of the world. 
We can't all be together under one roof, but we now have the ability to partake of the proceedings of this conference through the wonders of television, radio, cable, satellite transmission, and the Internet —even on mobile devices. 
We come together as one, speaking many languages, 
living in many lands, but all of one faith and one doctrine and one purpose. 
From a small beginning 182 years ago, our presence is now felt throughout the world. 
This great cause in which we are engaged will continue to go forth, changing and blessing lives as it does so. 
No cause, no force in the entire world can stop the work of God. 
Despite what comes, this great cause will go forward. 
You recall the prophetic words of the Prophet Joseph Smith: 
"No unhallowed hand can stop the work from progressing; persecutions may rage, mobs may combine, armies may assemble, calumny may defame, but the truth of God will go forth boldly, nobly, and independent, till it has penetrated every continent, visited every clime, swept every country, and sounded in every ear, till the purposes of God shall be accomplished, and the Great Jehovah shall say the work is done." 
There is much that is difficult and challenging in the world today, my brothers and sisters, but there is also much that is good and uplifting. 
As we declare in our thirteenth article of faith, 
"If there is anything virtuous, lovely, or of good report or praiseworthy, we seek after these things." 
May we ever continue to do so. 
I thank you for your faith and devotion to the gospel. 
I thank you for the love and care you show one to another. 
I thank you for the service you provide in your wards and branches and in your stakes and districts. 
It is such service that enables the Lord to accomplish many of His purposes here upon the earth. 
I express my thanks to you for your kindnesses to me wherever I go. 
I thank you for your prayers in my behalf. 
I have felt those prayers and am most grateful for them. 
Now, my brothers and sisters, we have come to be instructed and inspired. 
Many messages will be shared during the next two days. 
I can assure you that those men and women who will address you have sought heaven's help and direction as they have prepared their messages. 
They have been inspired concerning that which they will share with us. 
Our Heavenly Father is mindful of each of us and our needs. 
May we be filled with His Spirit as we partake of the proceedings of this conference. 
This is my sincere prayer in the sacred name of our Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, amen. 
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. 
My name is Art Benjamin, and I am a "mathemagician." 
What that means is, I combine my loves of math and magic to do something I call "mathemagics." 
But before I get started, I have a quick question for the audience. 
By any chance, did anyone happen to bring with them this morning a calculator? 
Seriously, if you have a calculator with you, raise your hand. 
Raise your hand. 
Did your hand go up? 
Now bring it out, bring it out. 
Anybody else? 
I see, I see one way in the back. 
You sir, that's three. 
And anybody on this side here? 
OK, over there on the aisle. 
Would the four of you please bring out your calculators, then join me up on stage. 
Let's give them a nice round of applause. 
(Applause) 
That's right. 
Now, since I haven't had the chance to work with these calculators, 
I need to make sure that they are all working properly. 
Would somebody get us started by giving us a two-digit number, please? 
How about a two-digit number? 
Audience: 
22. 
AB: 
22. 
And another two-digit number, sir? 
Audience: 
47. 
AB: 
Multiply 22 times 47, make sure you get 1,034, or the calculators are not working. 
Do all of you get 1,034? 
1,034? 
Volunteer: 
No. 
AB: 
594. 
Let's give three of them a nice round of applause there. 
(Applause) 
Would you like to try a more standard calculator, just in case? 
OK, great. 
What I'm going to try and do then -- 
I notice it took some of you a little bit of time to get your answer. 
That's OK. 
I'll give you a shortcut for multiplying even faster on the calculator. 
There is something called the square of a number, which most of you know is taking a number and multiplying it by itself. 
For instance, five squared would be? 
Audience: 
25. 
AB: 
25. 
The way we can square on most calculators -- 
let me demonstrate with this one -- is by taking the number, such as five, hitting "times" and then "equals," and on most calculators that will give you the square. 
On some of these ancient RPN calculators, you've got an "x squared" button on it, will allow you to do the calculation even faster. 
What I'm going to try and do now is to square, in my head, four two-digit numbers faster than they can do on their calculators, even using the shortcut method. 
What I'll use is the second row this time, and I'll get four of you to each yell out a two-digit number, and if you would square the first number, and if you would square the second, the third and the fourth, 
I will try and race you to the answer. 
OK? 
So quickly, a two-digit number please. 
Audience: 
37. 
Arthur Benjamin: 
37 squared, OK. 
Audience: 
23. 
AB: 
23 squared, OK. 
Audience: 
59. 
AB: 
59 squared, OK, and finally? 
Audience: 
93. 
AB: 
93 squared. 
Would you call out your answers, please? 
Volunteer: 
1369. 
AB: 
1369. 
Volunteer: 
529. 
AB: 
529. 
Volunteer: 
3481. 
AB: 
3481. 
Volunteer: 
8649. 
AB: 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
Let me try to take this one step further. 
I'm going to try to square some three-digit numbers this time. 
I won't even write these down -- 
I'll just call them out as they're called out to me. 
Anyone I point to, call out a three-digit number. 
Anyone on our panel, verify the answer. 
Just give some indication if it's right. 
A three-digit number, sir, yes? 
Audience: 
987. 
AB: 
987 squared is 974,169. 
(Laughter) 
AB: 
Yes? 
Good. 
Another three-digit -- (Applause) 
-- another three-digit number, sir? 
Audience: 
457. 
AB: 
457 squared is 205,849. 
205,849? 
AB: 
Yes? 
OK, another, another three-digit number, sir? 
Audience: 
321. 
AB: 
321 is 103,041. 
103,041. 
Yes? 
One more three-digit number please. 
Audience: 
Oh, 722. 
AB: 
722 is 500, that's a harder one. 
Is that 513,284? 
Volunteer: 
Yes. 
AB: 
Yes? 
Oh, one more, one more three-digit number please. 
Audience: 
162. 
162 squared is 26,244. 
Volunteer: 
Yes. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
(Applause ends) 
Let me try to take this one step further. 
(Laughter) 
I'm going to try to square a four-digit number this time. 
You can all take your time on this; 
I will not beat you to the answer on this one, but I will try to get the answer right. 
To make this a little bit more random, let's take the fourth row this time, 
let's say, one, two, three, four. 
If each of you would call out a single digit between zero and nine, that will be the four-digit number that I'll square. 
Nine. 
Seven. 
Five. 
Eight. 
9,758, this will take me a little bit of time, so bear with me. 
95 million -- (Sighs) 
218,564? 
Volunteer: 
Yes! 
AB: 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
(Applause ends) 
Now, I would attempt to square a five-digit number -- and I can -- but unfortunately, most calculators cannot. 
(Laughter) 
Eight-digit capacity -- don't you hate that? 
So, since we've reached the limits of our calculators -- what's that? 
Does yours go higher? 
Volunteer: 
I don't know. 
AB: 
Oh, yours does? 
Volunteer: 
I can probably do it. 
AB: 
I'll talk to you later. 
In the meanwhile, let me conclude the first part of my show by doing something a little trickier. 
Let's take the largest number on the board here, 8649. 
Would you each enter that on your calculator? 
And instead of squaring it this time, 
I want you to take that number and multiply it by any three-digit number that you want, but don't tell me what you're multiplying by -- just multiply it by any random three-digit number. 
So you should have as an answer either a six-digit or probably a seven-digit number. 
How many digits do you have, six or seven? 
Seven, and yours? 
Seven? 
Seven? 
And, uncertain. 
Seven. 
Is there any possible way that I could know what seven-digit numbers you have? 
Say "No." 
(Laughter) 
Good, then I shall attempt the impossible -- or at least the improbable. 
What I'd like each of you to do is to call out for me any six of your seven digits, any six of them, in any order you'd like. 
(Laughter) 
One digit at a time, 
I shall try and determine the digit you've left out. 
Starting with your seven-digit number, call out any six of them please. 
Volunteer: 
1, 9, 7, 0, 4, 2. 
AB: 
Did you leave out the number 6? 
Good, OK, that's one. 
You have a seven-digit number, call out any six of them please. 
Volunteer: 
4, 4, 8, 7, 5. 
I think I only heard five numbers. 
I -- wait -- 44875 -- did you leave out the number 6? 
Same as she did, OK. 
You've got a seven-digit number -- call out any six of them loud and clear. 
Volunteer: 
0, 7, 9, 0, 4, 4. 
I think you left out the number 3? 
AB: 
That's three. 
The odds of me getting all four of these right by random guessing would be one in 10,000: 
10 to the fourth power. 
OK, any six of them. 
(Laughter) 
Really scramble them up this time, please. 
Volunteer: 
2, 6, 3, 9, 7, 2. 
Did you leave out the number 7? 
And let's give all four of these people a nice round of applause. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
(Applause ends) 
For my next number -- (Laughter) while I mentally recharge my batteries, 
I have one more question for the audience. 
By any chance, does anybody here happen to know the day of the week that they were born on? 
If you think you know your birth day, raise your hand. 
Let's see, starting with -- let's start with a gentleman first. 
What year was it, first of all? 
That's why I pick a gentleman first. 
Audience: 
1953. 
1953, and the month? 
November what? 
23rd -- was that a Monday? 
Audience: 
Yes. 
Good. 
Somebody else? 
I haven't seen any women's hands up. 
OK, how about you, what year? 
1949, and the month? 
October what? 
Fifth -- was that a Wednesday? 
Yes! 
I'll go way to the back right now, how about you? 
Yell it out, what year? 
Audience: 
1959. 
1959, OK -- and the month? 
Audience: 
February. 
February what? 
Sixth -- was that a Friday? 
Audience: 
Yes. 
Good, how about the person behind her? 
Call out, what year was it? 
Audience: 
1947. 
AB: 
1947, and the month? 
Audience: 
May. 
AB: 
May what? 
Seventh -- would that be a Wednesday? 
Audience: 
Yes. 
AB: 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
Anybody here who'd like to know the day of the week they were born? 
We can do it that way. 
Of course, I could just make up an answer and you wouldn't know, so I come prepared for that. 
I brought with me a book of calendars. 
It goes as far back into the past as 1800, because you never know. 
(Laughter) 
I didn't mean to look at you, sir -- you were just sitting there. 
(Laughter) 
Anyway, Chris, you can help me out here, if you wouldn't mind. 
This is a book of calendars. 
Who wanted to know their birth day? 
What year was it, first of all? 
Audience: 
1966. 
66 -- turn to the calendar with 1966. 
And what month? 
Audience: 
April. 
AB: 
April what? 
Audience: 
17th. 
I believe that was a Sunday. 
Can you confirm, Chris? 
Chris Anderson: 
Yes. 
AB: 
I'll tell you what, Chris: as long as you have that book in front of you, do me a favor, turn to a year outside of the 1900s, either into the 1800s or way into the 2000s -- that'll be a much greater challenge for me. 
AB: 
What year would you like? 
CA: 
1824. 
AB: 
1824, OK. 
AB: 
And what month? 
CA: 
June. 
AB: 
June what? 
CA: 
Sixth. 
AB: 
Was that a Sunday? 
CA: 
It was. 
AB: 
And it was cloudy. 
(Laughter) 
Good, thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
(Applause ends) 
But I'd like to wrap things up now by alluding to something from earlier in the presentation. 
There was a gentleman up here who had a 10-digit calculator. 
Where is he, would you stand up, 10-digit guy? 
OK, stand up for me just for a second, so I can see where you are. 
You have a 10-digit calculator, sir, as well? 
OK, what I'm going to try and do, is to square in my head a five-digit number requiring a 10-digit calculator. 
But to make my job more interesting for you, as well as for me, 
I'm going to do this problem thinking out loud. 
So you can actually, honestly hear what's going on in my mind while I do a calculation of this size. 
Now, I have to apologize to our magician friend Lennart Green. 
I know as a magician we're not supposed to reveal our secrets, but I'm not too afraid that people are going to start doing my show next week, so -- 
I think we're OK. 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
So, let's see, 
let's take a different row of people, starting with you. 
I'll get five digits: one, two, three, four. 
Oh, I did this row already. 
Let's do the row before you, starting with you: one, two, three, four, five. 
Call out a single digit -- that will be the five-digit number that I will try to square, go ahead. 
Five. 
Seven. 
Six. 
Eight. 
Three. 
57,683 -- squared. 
Yuck. 
Let me explain to you how I'm going to attempt this problem. 
I'm going to break the problem down into three parts. 
I'll do 57,000 squared, plus 683 squared, plus 57,000 times 683 times two. 
Add all those numbers together, and with any luck, arrive at the answer. 
Now, let me recap. 
(Laughter) 
Thank you. 
(Laughter) 
While I explain something else -- (Laughter) 
-- I know, that you can use, right? 
(Laughter) 
While I do these calculations, you might hear certain words, as opposed to numbers, creep into the calculation. 
Let me explain what that is. 
This is a phonetic code, a mnemonic device that I use, that allows me to convert numbers into words. 
I store them as words, and later on retrieve them as numbers. 
I know it sounds complicated; it's not. 
I don't want you to think you're seeing something out of "Rain Man." 
(Laughter) 
There's definitely a method to my madness -- definitely, definitely. 
Sorry. 
(Laughter) 
If you want to talk to me about ADHD afterwards, you can talk to me then. 
By the way, one last instruction, for my judges with the calculators -- you know who you are -- there is at least a 50 percent chance that I will make a mistake here. 
If I do, don't tell me what the mistake is; just say, "you're close," or something like that, and I'll try and figure out the answer -- which could be pretty entertaining in itself. 
If, however, I am right, whatever you do, don't keep it to yourself, OK? 
(Laughter) 
Make sure everybody knows that I got the answer right, because this is my big finish, OK. 
So, without any more stalling, here we go. 
I'll start the problem in the middle, with 57 times 683. 
57 times 68 is 3,400, plus 476 is 3876, that's 38,760 plus 171, 38,760 plus 171 is 38,931. 
38,931; double that to get 77,862. 
77,862 becomes cookie fission, cookie fission is 77,822. 
That seems right, I'll go on. 
Cookie fission, OK. 
Next, I do 57 squared, which is 3,249, so I can say, three billion. 
Take the 249, add that to cookie, 249, oops, but I see a carry coming -- 249 -- add that to cookie, 250 plus 77, is 327 million -- fission, fission, OK, finally, we do 683 squared, that's 700 times 666, plus 17 squared is 466,489, rev up if I need it, rev up, take the 466, add that to fission, to get, oh gee -- 328,489. 
Audience: 
Yeah! 
AB: 
Good. 
Thank you very much. 
(Applause) 
I hope you enjoyed mathemagics. 
Thank you. 
(Applause) 
[Music] 
Text on Screen: 
Western illinois University and University Television Present Spotlight 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi. 
Welcome to Spotlight. 
I'm Beth Seaton, director of sponsored projects here at Western illinois University. 
We're here at Knoblauch Hall, where we are going to visit Dr. Win Phippen from the School of Agriculture. 
And hopefully, the director of the School of Agriculture, too. 
We're going to talk to Win a little bit about a program that has been funded here at Western illinois University. 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi Win. 
Win Phippen: 
Hey, Beth. 
How are we doing? 
Beth Seaton: 
Good. 
I wanted to come over and talk to you a little bit about your new project. 
Tell me a little bit about your new USDA project. 
It's so exciting! 
It's like a half a million dollars, right? 
Win Phippen: 
Yes it is. 
It's a quite a coup for the University. 
Beth Seaton: 
It is. 
Win Phippen: ...and my research program. 
I'm quite excited about it. 
It's very unique. 
It's not a hard core, sort of, science research project. 
It's more plant-breeding education, and with a component of science related to it. 
And the real neat thing about it is that is has 
lots of opportunities for students. 
Beth Seaton: 
That's wonderful. 
So tell me how you're involving students in the project. 
Win Phippen: 
Great! 
A lot of private seed companies, breeding seed companies, especially for corn and soybeans, are trying to get students re-energized about the field of plant breeding. 
And so this grant allows for students to do internship projects, and that's on the entire summer, time to work with these private companies. 
And so, this year, we have four interns. 
One is at Pioneer Hybrid 
Another one is over at Iowa State University. 
And another one is with the USDA in Peoria. 
And I have another one here at Western. 
And another one that is at the University of illinois, 
learning about bio-energy crops. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Tell me about why plant breeding is important to the USDA and to the general population. 
Because I don't really know too much about plant breeding. 
Win Phippen: 
Well, a plant breeder is the person who takes undomesticated plants. 
These are plants that haven't been considered for commercial production. 
Let's say a plant has a very strong, sort of, pharmaceutical properties to it. 
And we want to a... 
Instead of trying to synthetically make in the labs, sometimes it is easier to have the plants produce these particular compunds. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Win Phippen: 
And so the plant breeder is the one who would go out in the wild, collect up the wild plants of these particular species, and they'd start doing some crosses. 
And they would try to make different combinations of these plants to create a plant that would be suitable for commerical production. 
Text on Screen: 
Dr. Win Phippen, WlU School of Agriculture 
Win Phippen: 
On a more sophisticated scale, the corn and soybean production has been around for a while. 
And there are several plant breeders in the country that have actually been working on this. 
But they are simply trying to improve production practices. 
And so they could be, simply, improving the hybrids for insect resistance, or disease resistance. 
Every year new diseases come along. 
Soybean Asian Rust is one that came back a few years ago. 
All of our current varities didn't have Soybean Asian Rust resistance in it. 
And so now they are looking back to the old wild populations to see if they can find that resistance and find some old lines, and cross it into today's hybrid line. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
And why it is that Western is well positioned to be doing this sort or research? 
Win Phippen: 
We're in the perfect location. 
We're ideally suited, in the middle of the Midwest. 
We're right in the center of a lot of graduate-level programs, where students can go on and get master's degrees, and PhDs in plant breeding. 
And, most of the seed-breeding companies are located right here in the Midwest. 
And so our students come in with a good agricultural background. 
And now they can get... 
This grant adds a new minor here in the department, in the School of Ag. 
Beth Seaton: 
So you have a new minor in plant breeding? 
Win Phippen: 
A new minor in plant breeding. 
So that offers two new courses. 
One is in traditional plant breeding... 
And this is where we simply cross plants with each other. 
And it offers the new bio-technology plant breeding. 
And this is, you've probably heard about genetically engineering plants. 
This is here we can introduce DNA from other sources into plants to give it some unique traits. 
And this is where we can have plants resistant to herbicides and insects and things like that. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
So you've talked a little bit about the benefit to the students. 
Tell me a little bit about the actual scientific research program that you're doing with this grant. 
Win Phippen: 
Okay. 
As you know, here in illinois, we produce a lot of corn and soybeans during the summer months. 
But the rest of the year, the fields set empty. 
And so, some researchers over at the USDA over in Peoria have come across this crop that allows us to plant in the late fall, after corn comes out. 
And it actually grows throughout the winter months. 
It gives us field coverage, so we don't get a lot of erosion in the fields during the winter months. 
Beth Seaton: 
So it's good for the field, too? 
Win Phippen: 
It's excellent. 
So not only is off-season production but it also gives benefits back to the field for growing corn and soybeans. 
Beth Seaton: 
So when do you harvest this pennycress? 
Win Phippen: 
We plant it in late fall, and then, sometime, in late May, typically, by the first of June, is when you would harvest this plant. 
And that allows you to then plant your soybeans right behind it, and there is no impact, then, on the soybeans. 
So they can get a full season of soybeans. 
But what they are benefitting is, they have produced all that pennycress. 
And why pennycress is being looked at... 
As you can see, it's a fairly oil-seed crop. 
It has a lot of oil. 
It's about 40 percent oil. 
And so the intent of this is simply to help displace a lot of petroleum-based products. 
And that could be fuel, so this simply could be crushed, to get out the oil, to make a bio-diesel product. 
Or you can take this seed and add it to, let's say, plastics, and other, sort of, petroleum-based products. it's not going to alleviate us completely from the dependency on foreign oil, but it is certainly a step in the right direction. 
Beth Seaton: 
It sounds like an exciting research program for Western. 
Win Phippen: 
Yes it is. 
And what is exciting about it is, because this grant involves students and research, the students get to be involved in, sort of, cutting-edge research. 
No other institution in the country is looking at pennycress. 
Or looking at this sort of approach at off-season seed production. 
And so part of my job is to breed new varieties of pennycress. 
And the big part of that is trying to produce more oil on these seeds. 
They are about 36 percent, right at the moment. 
And we're trying to get that, up to say, 40 to 45 percent. 
And so a big part of this trying to look into these seeds and finding out how much oil is in there. 
Beth Seaton: 
How do you do that? 
Win Phippen: 
Well, we've hired a chemist, and we have, it's called an "automated GC" or a gas chromatograph. 
And it allows us to look inside these seeds to find out how much oil is in them. 
I actually have one next door, if you want to go over and take a look. 
Beth Seaton: 
Yeah, let's take a look. 
Win Phippen: 
All right. 
Beth Seaton: 
Let's go. 
Win Phippen: 
So come on in. 
This is the research lab. 
And this is where we actually extract the oil right out of the seeds. 
Another grant that I wrote with the USDA allowed us purchase an automated gas chromatograph, and that allows us to actually look at the oils inside in the seed. 
And so the first thing we have to do is we have to actually count these seeds. 
Beth Seaton: 
So you count these little, tiny seeds? 
Win Phippen: 
These tiny little seeds. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Win Phippen: 
And we'll count about 50 to 100 of them, and we'll place them in a glass tube... 
And then we add some hexane. 
And then we grind it up. 
And what you can see is the white part here at the bottom is the pulp of the seed, and that's where the oil is. 
And what that oil will do is actually migrate up into the extraction layer here. 
And then will suck that little clear part off, and place it into a GC vile. 
Now once the liquid in in here, we have a computer that can control this robot 
And it applies a sample on every 24 minutes. 
Because this is automated, we can run anywhere from 900 to 1,000 samples within a week, and runs 24 hours a day. 
Beth Seaton: 
Why would you run 900 to 1,000 samples? 
Win Phippen: 
Well, if you're breeding plants, you're not quite sure which one has the components that you want. 
So when I make a cross, I've got all the these young seedling plants, and I'm not sure which one I'm interested in. 
So I have to collect seeds from each individual plant. 
Beth Seaton: 
Every single plant? 
Win Phippen: 
Every single plant. 
Beth Seaton: 
And that's why you keep these numbers running? 
Win Phippen: 
And I've got to keep every single vile together. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Win Phippen: 
Once we have the sample in the vile, there's a robot here that is controlled by the computer, that will inject a sample very 24 minutes. 
So, as soon as the sample goes in, it actually enters into a very long glass tube. 
It's about 30 meters long. 
And so if it's a very 
large molecule, it's going to move very slowly. 
If it's a very small molecule, it will move through fairly quickly. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Win Phippen: 
When it gets to the very end of that tube, there is a flame there, and it's going to burn off this molecule. 
And depending on the intensity of the fire, that is created because the molecule comes out at that time, creates a signal. 
And that allows us to determine not only how much oil was in the plant, but also the specific components that actually make up that oil. 
Let's take a look at the computer here. 
And so this is the controller, and this controls where all the viles are. 
And it keeps track of all the numbers. 
I know where all my samples are. 
I know how much material is in those samples, and when it is going to be run. 
And after the sample is run, I get what is called a chromatogram. 
And, simply, it's a graph. 
This is the signal strength over time. 
And so, I inject my sample here, and as it goes through, every time 
I get a peak, that tells me that a compound that is coming to the end of that glass tube. 
And so this tells me all the different compounds that were actually in my seed oil. 
Now, as a plant breeder, how do we make sense of this? 
All right. 
What I know is, I know what compound this is at the two-minute time period, four-minute, or six-minute time period. 
Well, let's say I'm trying to create a bio-diesel product that doesn't create as much smoke. 
Or maybe doesn't gel up under very cold conditions. 
Beth Seaton: 
Right. 
Win Phippen: 
So what I would look for is plants that have very high of this compound and perhaps something low in this compound. 
Beth Seaton: 
I see. 
Win Phippen: 
And so I can alter the relationship of these different constituents within the oil. 
And so, that's the exciting thing about pennycress. 
It's a brand new crop. 
No one has actually done much research on this particular crop, and so the possibilities are endless on pennycress. 
And it's exciting to have students involved in this type of project. 
And the employment opportunities are tremendous. 
You're starting to see a lot companies starting to talk about green energy and green production. 
And so these students are going to be positioned very well, in terms of getting positions at these companies, 
looking at new crops, and breeding new varieties, and things like that. 
Beth Seaton: 
It's really exciting that we have these opportunities for students here in Macomb, illinois. 
And I really appreciate you showing me your lab and talking to me about your project. 
Win Phippen: 
That's great. 
Anytime. 
You know what, later on this week, we're actually having a Field Day about pennycress. 
It will be out at the research farm, and it's opportunity for not only producers, but also, say, for potential students and other students to come out and see what we're doing out in the field. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay, great! 
I would love to come out if you would be willing to show it to me. 
Win Phippen: 
I'd love to. 
Make sure to bring your boots! 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay, thanks. 
Win Phippen: 
It should be fun. 
Win Phippen: 
All right. 
Thanks for coming out. 
This is the field plots for the pennycress research. 
We've got several studies out here. 
The one to the north here is a planting density and planting methods study, where we are trying to answer the question of how many seeds do we need to put in the ground to get a decent yield. 
One looking at a half a million, a million, and two million seeds per acre drilled, and broadcasting, where we just toss it out on the ground. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
Win Phippen: 
Another big question is simply determining when in the fall we need to plant, so I have successive planting dates, starting at September 1, all the way up here to November 30. 
And looking at what is the best time to plant. 
Can we do it right after corn? 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
So the pennycress is crop that you're using to put into the field in the alternate season. 
So you're still going to have corn or beans, and then this goes in afterwards? 
Win Phippen: 
Yes. 
Typically, on pennycress, we would follow corn. 
So you would plant after the corn comes out. 
And this would form a rosette, just a bundle of leaves, into the fall, it will overwinter just fine. 
And it will start flowering in early spring. 
And it will be at this stage by the end of May. 
And you would hope to harvest that by the first week of June. 
And then you'll plant a full season of soybean right behind it. 
And so the real niche for this crop is growing off-season crop production. 
It's called "double cropping." 
Beth Seaton: 
And this is what the Field Day is going to be about tomorrow; people are going to come out so they can 
learn more about pennycress and what you're doing out here? 
Win Phippen: 
Absolutely. 
We're trying to answer all the basic questions you would ask on any sort of new crop you're introducing. 
Because this is strictly for the bio-diesel market, we're not making a feed crop or anything like that. 
It's strictly for off-season bio-diesel production. 
So we've got a lot of studies out here. 
What we'll look at, in terms of, what kind of nitrogen does it need? 
What is the planting date? planting density? planting methods? the pollination systems? 
What roles to bees play in pollinating this particular crop? 
We'll look at what is the impact of pennycress on soybeans, which is a crop that would follow pennycress. 
And we'll have a chance to take a look at all of that tomorrow. 
We'll offer coffee and doughnuts. 
Beth Seaton: 
Great! 
Win Phippen: 
And it starts at 10 a.m. and finishes at noon. 
Rain or shine. 
Beth Seaton: 
Are your students going to be out here, helping you tomorrow? 
Win Phippen: 
The sure will. 
The students, they play a big role in trying to do these research plots. 
They learn how to develop a plant-breeding program, and develop a crop from essentially a weed. 
Beth Seaton: 
Who is invited to Field Day tomorrow? 
Win Phippen: 
The intent is really to introduce pennycress to the general public. 
Now, we've invited fellow researchers over from Peoria, who have been working on the crop. and industry folks, who have a vested interest in pennycress in the bio-fuels area. 
They'll be over to talk about what they're up to, in terms of building a bio-diesel plant. 
And local growers, who have had to chance, sort of, play with it, nd they'll give us some feedback on how well it went and some of the challenges they are facing in growing the crop. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay, well, we'll be back tomorrow to look at your Field Day. 
I hope the weather holds out for us. 
Win Phippen: 
It sure will. 
Thank you. 
Win Phippen: 
So we've got some growers and sales folks, and the local support, chemistry support from the USDA. 
I'd like to being the day first by introducing Terry Isbell. 
It was the USDA that, sort of, came up with the idea of working on pennycress. 
And he's going to tell us a little about how they got started and where they are now in the research side of things. 
But before we get to Terry, I'd like to introduce our overhead... 
Dr. Bill Bailey, he is the director of the School of Agriculture. 
And he has some welcome words, I guess. 
William Bailey: 
Words of welcome. 
A big decision I was involved in was whether or not to have coffee or cocoa or chili today. 
We opted for the coffee. 
Welcome. 
You're part of a historic event. 
Truly historic. 
This is the first Pennycress Field Day ever, in the history of the world. 
Right here, at Western illinois University. 
So cutting-edge stuff. 
We're very pleased that you took the time to come here and share some of Win's work with him, 
It's exciting stuff. 
It's new stuff. 
It continues to the tradition that he started here at Western of looking at new ways and new crops to help 
Illinois farmers make money. 
So I'll turn it over to you, Win. 
Win Phippen: 
Thank you. 
And I'll turn it back to Terry. 
Terry Isbell: 
This is a fun project, because as Brad knows, I've got one answer: 
"I don't know." 
[Text on screen]: 
Dr. Terry Isbell, US Department of Agriculture 
Terry Isbell: 
I stick with it really well, don't I, Brad? 
We started working on the probably in about 2002. 
We saw it as an opportunity to develop a crop locally. 
It's really volunteers in of our field. 
If you drive around, it's really easy to see right now. 
It's going to be turning yellow. 
You can do down the interstate, 65 miles an hour, and you can pick it out. 
Once you see it a couple of times. 
So it is easy to see. 
It's pretty much everywhere. 
It's all across the Midwest. 
It stretches into Canada, down into 
Texas. 
It's very widespread. 
It originated, probably, in this country with wheat, as a contaminant of wheat. 
And that's probably why you see it so widely dispersed. 
So we're not the discoverer of it. 
We just saw an opportunity to take that plant and do something with it. 
So it has very high oil. 
It is 36 percent oil, in the variety that we're working on. 
It's a very small seed, as you've seen this morning. 
And it does dry down. 
It has a lot of good things going on in a crop, that you want right out, as a wild crop. 
And usually you have to work to get those things. 
It doesn't really seed scatter. 
It will after a while. 
That is how it gets dispersed. 
It is usually several weeks after it's ripe that you'll start to see the seed shatter. 
So it holds on to the seed, so you can get it into the combine and do all the things. 
And so, these things sound all easy when you talk about them but when you work on a new crop, these things aren't easy to get to that point. 
So this thing started way ahead of every other new crop that we have ever worked on at the lab. 
And you have bear that in mind. 
It may take tens of years to get to the point where pennycress started. 
So, Win has an opportunity to really take that and move that forward quite a bit and make some real advancements. 
You don't have to conquer all these small problems that usually are associated with crops. 
This had to be done with soybeans. 
And these things had be done with corn. 
I mean, if you think about the effort that goes on in corn and soybeans today, in terms of the breeding effort... 
I mean, you are looking at the breeding effort going on right here. 
Win Phippen: 
All right. 
Well, welcome everybody. 
It's nice to finally meet Hannah. 
And welcome to the mom. 
If you guys don't already know, I'm Dr. Win Phippen. 
And what we're doing today, essentially, is giving an opportunity for the interns to come back from their summer projects and sort of report back on what they did all summer long. 
What they did for the money. 
And tell us all about what they have learned. 
And then hopefully we'll have a chance to talk to some of the advisers and the professors and giving us some feedback. 
And we definitely want feedback from the students on how we can improve the program. 
The grant that this is all part of is trying to create opportunities for students to get interested in the field of plant breeding. 
And so we're going to be offering these internship programs for the next three years. 
And we'll have some opportunities to even create other opportunities in doing summer internships not only at Pioneer, at the University of illinois, Iowa State, and over in Peoria, but also summer work positions here on campus during the summer and during the school semester. 
So, today, really is an informal time for the student -- so don't get too nervous -- to present 15 minutes or so of what you've learned on your particular projects. 
And I think what you'll find is, you all worked in plant breeding, or in plant production areas, but you all worked on very different crops. 
From chemistry to corn breeding to Hannah's variety of different things. 
And then 
later on, we're going to hear from Victoria, our Iowa State person who is coming in on Amtrak, and they won't be here until 11. 
And then she is going to talk about the George Washington Carver program that she did over at Iowa State with Candice Gardner, with that plant introduction station. 
Billie, Student Intern: 
My research at the lab focused on analyzing the percent of oil and moisture and fatty acid content of pennycress. 
[Text on screen: 
Billie, Student Intern, WlU School of Agriculture] 
And several studies were conducted while I was there including a position of the seed location on the plant to determine how much oil it had. 
And different herbicides were used on the plants. 
And a variety of trials were conducted and some other studies. 
Pennycress is a winter annual, and the seeds contain a very high oil percent. 
This crop is easily grown and harvested, with minimal affect on soybean production. 
And Terry concluded that if pennycress was planted in all soybean fields, off season, at 1,000 pounds per acre yield, it could produce about 3.8 billion gallons of additional bio-diesel. 
And the remaining meal can also be used as an organic fertilizer and natural weed killer for 
low-acreage, high-value crops. 
It's also a source of monomer for bio-based plastics. 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi Hannah. 
Tell me a little bit about your internship this summer with Dr. Phippen. 
I understand you were working on his US Department of Agriculture grant? 
Hannah: 
Yeah, I got to work at the University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign 
[Text on screen: 
Hannah, UlUC] with small grains. 
So wheat and oats. 
And I got to do a lot of data collection on trying to find the best variety of wheat and oats. 
And lots of work out the field. 
Beth Seaton: 
So are you a student at the University of illinois? 
Hannah: 
Yeah, I'll be transferring there in the fall. 
So I'll be a junior in the fall. 
Beth Seaton: 
That's great. 
So what kind of advice would you give to anybody who is considering this sort of agricultural internship? 
Hannah: 
I would say, definitely go for it. 
Because, I didn't know anything before 
I started it. 
I got to learn a lot about different crops and 
I got to get some hands-on experience before I started in the fall. 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi Victoria. 
Did you work here at Western illinois University or somewhere else? 
Victoria: 
I worked at Iowa State University, and I worked for the plant-introduction station at Iowa State University. 
Beth Seaton: 
And this was on his US Department of Agriculture grant, correct? 
Victoria: 
Yes, it was. 
Beth Seaton: 
So were you working with pennycress, too? 
Or were you working with a different crop? 
[Text on screen: 
Victoria, student intern]: 
I was working with a bio-soil plant called camelina. 
And I was basically taking the diomorphic differences, which is the difference in the leaf shapes, and the morphologic measurements of camelina. 
Beth Seaton: 
Tell me about your internship. 
What would you say was the most exciting part of it for you? 
Victoria: 
I got to work a little outside of my major. 
I'm a biology major and chemistry. 
And I'm focused more on the animal aspect. 
But I got to work more with the plant aspect of it, and I really enjoyed it. 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi Josh. 
Josh: 
Hello. 
Beth Seaton: 
Tell me a 
little bit about your internship that you had with Dr. Phippen's 
USDA grant this summer. 
Josh: 
Okay, I worked for Pioneer 
Hybrid International, out of Adair, illinois. 
I worked under plant breeder Dr. Mark Hoffback. 
And I reported to Bruce Edson. 
He's a senior research associate for Pioneer. 
And my project was related with nitrogen-use efficiency corn hybrids. 
The field that I worked with was flooded out not once, not twice, but three times. 
And if you there today there is only soybeans that high. 
In other words, we had to contact other research stations around the Midwest and go 
[Text on screen: 
Josh, student intern]: to their nitrogen-use efficiency plots and collect our data. 
So I went to Marion, Iowa; Princeton, illinois; and Johnston, Iowa, which is Pioneer's world headquarters. 
And I collected my data from their locations. 
Beth Seaton: 
Okay. 
So what would you say is the most exciting thing about your internship this summer? 
Josh: 
The most exciting thing was to work with very smart, intelligent people that know a lot about the maize or the corn crop. 
And most of all, their passion about it. 
They really 
like what they do. 
And it made me like what I do. 
Learning from those people is worth more than the paycheck every week. 
Or most importantly meeting those people for down the road future references, for possibly a job after graduation. 
Beth Seaton: 
That's great. 
Thanks a lot for talking with us. 
Beth Seaton: 
Hi Bill. 
William Bailey: 
Hello, Beth. 
Beth Seaton: 
I was just upstairs talking with Win Phippen and he told me I could find you down here. 
I am over here talking to him about his new USDA grant so I thought I would just ask you a couple of questions if you have a couple of minutes. 
William Bailey: 
Certainly do. 
And welcome to our Ag Mech Lab. 
Beth Seaton: 
Yeah, I've never been in here before. 
It smells like an Ag Mech Lab. 
Tell me a little bit about what a grant like Win Phippen's means for your department. 
It's a wonderful opportunity for Win, for the 
School of Agriculture, and for our students. 
It means a lot because it puts us on the cutting-edge on a lot of the research that is going on in plant breeding. 
And, more importantly, it gives students an opportunity to work with Win, who will teach them plant- breeding techniques, and they will apply what they learn in class under his supervision. 
Beth Seaton: 
He seems really exicted about his program, and when I'm talking to him about it 
[Text on screen: 
Beth Seaton, Director, WlU Office of Sponsored Projects] you can just see the enthusiasm come out. 
I've talked with a lot of other ag faculty from your department in my role as the director of sponsored projects. 
You have a lot of faculty member who are involved in not only in teaching in the classroom, but also heavily involved in research projects. 
William Bailey: 
We certainly do. 
And it is that blend of 
[Text on screen: 
Dr. William Baily, Director, WlU School of Agriculture] research and teaching, which, I think, is real hallmark of the School of Agriculture here at Western. because the faculty members are doing their scientific research, bringing it into the classroom themselves. 
They are the teachers and they are the researchers. 
For example, here in the Ag Mech Lab, the students put on the Ag Mech Show, under the guidance of our ag mech instructor. 
Beth Seaton: 
And that is every February? 
William Bailey: 
Every February. 
But it's student run. 
It's the 
largest student-run event in the country. 
And so the students take full advantage of those opportunities. 
The learn a lot from it also. 
Beth Seaton: 
You have a lot of international type of things going on in the department also, don't you? 
William Bailey: 
We certainly do. 
For many of our students, they have not had the opportunity to go overseas. 
Some of them, frankly, have not even been to Chicago or on an airplane. 
But we take them and have taken them to China. 
Last year, was to Australia. 
We have a trip to Brazil coming up. 
A trip to Russia, which was very successful. 
And the students understand that it opens up a whole new world for them, which they were not aware of before. 
Beth Seaton: 
I remember reading in the newspaper about the trip you took to Australia. 
You were on that trip. 
William Bailey: 
Yes. 
Beth Seaton: 
I was surprised at how many students you were able to take with you. 
William Bailey: 
It's always a concern, because the students pay for it themselves. 
We keep the cost as low as possible but at the end of the day, it is a wonderful experience, and the students uniformly get their moneys' worth. 
And we have many students who will go on every trip we offer. 
Beth Seaton: 
Thanks for taking the time to talk with me today about some of the things going on in the School of 
Agriculture at WlU. 
William Bailey: 
Thank you very much for dropping by, Beth. 
We enjoy sharing all of our activities with you. 
Beth Seaton: 
And thank you for joining us today on Spotlight. 
[Text on screen: 
Spotlight] is a production of University Television, a broadcast service of The College of Fine Arts and Communication 
Western illinois University. 
Hosted by Beth Seaton 
Director WlU Office of Sponsored Projects 
Special Thanks to Dr. Win Phippen, Professor, WlU School of Agriculture 
Dr. Bill Bailey, Director, WlU School of Agriculture 
This project was supported by Agriculture and Food 
Rsearch Initiative, competitive grant number 2010-8577-20535 of the USDA National Institute of 
Food and Agriculture. 
Thank you to our collaborators for hosting the plant breeding internships: 
Dr. Terry Isbell, USDA-ARS-Peoria 
Dr. Fred Kolb, University of illinois 
Dr. Candice Gardner, USDA-NCRPlS, Iowa State University 
Dr. Mark Hoffback, Pioneer Hi-Bred International and all the students and interns who participated in this project 
Produced and Edited by Michael Thompson, UTV Staff 
Director Mike Taylor 
Office Manager Nancy Richbark 
Associate Producers Mark Dial, Roger Kent, and Michael Thompson 
Production Coordinator Phil Weiss 
Associate Producer Quintin Parker, Ryan Severs 
Graphics and Animation Todd Draeser, Nate Heidenreich 
Engineers Jerry Markley, Rich Sample, Mike Yadgar 
The purpose of the Office of Sponsored Projects is to serve the University community in all areas of externally sponsored projects and to support the University goals of encouraging research, creative activities, and public service. 
Copyright 2011 Western illinois University 
Well, let's go write out the answer together in the interpreter. 
I'm going to start by defining my function small_words, and it takes a list of words as input. 
I definitely want to iterate over each one. 
The problem definition said that we want those involving at most 3 letters, so those are the small words that we yield. 
Now I'm going to add some debugging to see if I've gotten the right answer. 
I'm going to use one of these list comprehensions because I love them so much. 
I'm going to print out each word that's in small_words applied to "The quick brown fox." 
I'm just sort of eyeballing it. 
"The" and "fox" are at most 3 letters, so I hope to see these 2 in the answer, but "quick" and "brown" are too big to make the final cut, and that's exactly what we got out. 
Recall that our goal was to enumerate all the strings in a grammar. 
That was our super slow approach to check and see if HTML or JavaScript was valid. 
Well, unsurprisingly, these generators are the trick we're going to use to enumerate a lot of strings in a concise manner. 
All right, let's go through the possible answers together. 
We're definitely going to match 1368 because it's in the language of this regular expression. 
It's 4 copies of 0-9 together. 
By default, the value of the token, that is, when it comes into us, it's just the string 1368. 
But we're going to convert it to an integer using this cast or conversion here, so at the end of the day, it's going to be 1368. 
It's not going to be the string 1368 because we have this special conversion. 
It's not going to be the string 1 because the maximal munch rule means that we're not going to match just one. 
We match all 4 digits. 
Similarly, it's not going to be the integer 1 because we match 1368. 
It's also not going to be the empty string. 
We definitely match 1368, and 1368 is a good number to match. 
That's the approximate year when the Ming Dynasty started. 
They featured a strong central government in China, but perhaps they're best known because most of the Great Wall that we can see was either built or repaired during the Ming Dynasty. 
This is my Great Wall sketch. 
You can tell it's the Great Wall because it's got a label that says "Great Wall." 
Cranial nerves IX and X, which are the Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerves, mediate the sensory and motor functions of the palate, pharynx, and larynx. 
Practitioner: 
I'd like to take a look at the back of your throat. 
Can you open your mouth? 
[fades] 
To test these nerves, ask the patient to say, 
"Aaaah," or yawn as you observe the soft palate and the uvula. 
The soft palate should rise promptly and symmetrically, and the uvula should remain midline. 
Next, test the gag reflex, one side at a time. 
Using a tongue blade, touch one side of the pharynx, then the other. 
You should see a prompt rise of the palate, and other signs of gagging. 
Finally, ask the patient to swallow. 
It should be done without difficulty or regurgitation. 
Cranial nerve Xl, the Spinal Accessory nerve, innervates the sternomastoid and upper trapezius muscles. 
To assess this nerve, ask the patient to shrug his shoulders upward against your hands. 
During this maneuver, evaluate the strength and contraction of the trapezius muscles. 
Practitioner: 
Good. 
Can you turn your head to... [fades] 
Then ask the patient to turn his head to each side, against your hand. 
Observe the contraction of the opposite sternomastoid muscle and note the force of movement against your hand. 
Cranial nerve XIl, the Hypoglossal nerve, mediates motor functions of the tongue, which in turn affect articulation of words. 
Inspect the patient's tongue as it lies on the floor of his mouth. 
Observe for fasciculations. 
There should be none. 
Ask the patient to stick out his tongue. 
Note any asymmetry, deviation, or atrophy. 
The tongue should protrude straight out. 
>> At this station, we're going to practice putting a naso-gastric tube in for a feeding tube and then we're also going to practice doing a bolus feeding and a tube feeding by a pump drip, continuous feed. 
So first we're going to need a feeding tube. 
We could use, this would come in a clean package and I would have opened this up, and this is the Levin tube. 
That's a long, single lumen tube and it has pre-marks on it, to help you know to make your marking, to know how far you're going to insert it. 
And so I'm going to put my clean gloves on and then I would have opened up my package. 
So I'm just using clean technique, because it's going into the stomach. 
So I would open up my package that has a clean tube in it. 
And I took this out and have clean, now it's clean. 
First, I need to measure how far I want to pass it. 
So I want to measure it from the tip of the bottom part of the earlobe, all right? 
The tip to the nose, to the nares, and then I'm going to add from the nares to the stomach, the middle of the stomach. 
So I want to about that marking, that's about how far I'm going to want to pass it. 
I want to have my patient with their head slightly forward, because if their was tipped back, that would open their airway, and I want to go into the stomach. 
I can lubricate the end a little with water or may get some lubrication. 
If the patient's alert, they can swallow some ice chips while I pass to help this go down the right way. 
And I'm just going to begin to pass the tube in. 
And I just want to keep passing it down and the patient will swallow, until I get to that mark that told me I was in all the way. 
All right. 
Once we've gotten so that we've passed the tube as far as we want to, we've gotten to the mark that we wanted to get to, and we can secure the tube in the patient's nose. 
And there's a couple of ways you can do that, but we'll use kids tape here. 
Make a little flag. 
Secure that in the patient's nose. 
And then I need to check for placement. 
I'm going to add this Lopez value here, at the end. 
It's a stopcock that is designed to go onto, for tube feedings and for naso-gastric tubes. 
So I'll put this on the end of the Levin tube and then I need to, there's a couple ways that I can check that this tube is in the right place. 
I can have this patient x-rayed, to make sure the tube is in the proper place. 
I can withdraw some of the gastric contents and check for pH. 
Those two are considered the best gold standards. 
The x-ray placement and then the pH. 
PH should indicate that it's very acidic, being in the stomach. 
The third mechanism of placement is to add some air in here and to listen with a stethoscope to see if you hear a whoosh. 
So you can listen here. 
That's the third mechanism. 
It's not as accurate, but it is used a lot in many institutions if they don't have the bedside testing. 
So know what your unit protocol is, what your hospital protocol is. 
So this would be the third one, and I would be listening with a stethoscope here and listening to hear a whoosh from the air. 
Once I know, once I have confirmed placement by either pH, x-ray or air sounds, then I'm going to turn the Lopez valve so that I shut off here to the patient so that it doesn't drip out and then until I'm ready for my feeding. 
Now, depending on which type of feeding it is, it can set up a little different. 
If the patient is going to have an intermittent feeding, every so many hours they get so many cc's of fluid, and you administer it all together, I'm going to need an irrigation tray. 
And this, because this tray has a bulb type syringe, I'm actually going to use a catheter tip syringe also. 
So I would have gotten that extra. 
And then I have my tube feeding that I'm going to use. 
Tube feeding. 
Okay. 
Okay. 
So I'm going to pour my tube feeding in here, whatever the prescribed amount is. 
Taking apart my syringe. 
I'm going to add this in here, and then I want to turn my stopcock to open it up to the patient. 
I can shut off this side port so it doesn't leak out. 
And then the patient's head should be elevated a little bit. 
You don't want them flat. 
So let's make sure, either raise the head of the bed or the patient can be raised up with some pillows. 
Make sure they're not flat. 
Okay. 
So now I'm ready and I can take my feeding and pour it in here. 
Okay? 
And then you just want this slightly higher than the patient so that it'll go in but not too fast. 
Okay? 
All right, and then I would give whatever my feeding amount was slowly and then after that, I would turn my stopcock again to shut it off so it's off here so it won't leak and then I can come back and do it again. 
Now, once I've been feeding the patient and I'm doing it, if this was my first time, after I check for placement, that's all I had to do. 
If I'm coming back four hours later, to give another bolus feed, I would need to check for residual first, tube placement, check for placement, check residual and then give the feeding. 
I may need to follow it with water per my order, to make sure the line is flushed and also to give the patient free water. 
If the patient's on continuous drip, meaning that they get a continuous feeding over 24 hours, we're going to use a special pump that is designed to be used with the feeding tubes. 
And there's a special bag and seth (phonetic) that fits in this special type of pump. 
All right? 
So we're going to use a special feeding bag. 
All right. 
And then I'm going to pour my required amount of feeding into the bag. 
Close the top. 
Okay. 
Now this is similar to an IV. 
It has a drip chamber, kind of like an IV does, but to get this IV to run, we have to do something special, to get this tubing to flush. 
This part here is stretchy tubing. 
And I need to stretch it flat and that allows the drip chamber to fill. 
All right? 
Okay. 
And then I put, prime my line, just like an IV line, until I get a drop to come out. 
There we go. 
We got a couple of drops out. 
So this is ready to go now. 
And I can hook this up. 
Now, I'm going to put my drip chamber in here and this stretchy tubing goes below. 
My tubing fits in here. 
Then this stretchy tubing, I'm going to use this little blue handle to help me loop this around, and it fits right in that little port. 
Okay? 
And I need to attach it to my patient. 
And again, before I have done this, before I do this, I would have checked for residual, checked for placement, I opened up my stopcock so it'll flow between the patient, into the patient from the bag. 
Now I'm going to set my pump for what I need to run it at. 
So we first turn it on, and it says, "Set dose." 
And that's the total volume you're going to give. 
So if we want to give 200 cc's, hold that down until we get to 200. 
Hold that down. 
There we go. 
I went over a little bit. 
Sorry. 
Went over. 
Okay. 
So my dose is 200. 
I need to set my rate. 
And that might be 30 cc's an hour, whatever your order says is what you would set it for. 
Okay. 
So, I've set my rate, I've set my dose, and I hit run. 
Again, you want to make sure your patient is not flat, while they're receiving feedings, so they don't aspirate. 
Even though you're receiving, giving tube feedings on a pump, you still need to periodically check for residual and to give some free water per the order to give the patient some extra water. 
BYU-Idaho has additional facilities at off-campus locations such as the Outdoor Learning Center at Badger Creek with ropes courses and cross-country skiing and the Sky Mountain and Quickwater Lodges in the Teton Valley near Victor, Idaho. 
Oh, oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
For the longest 
If you said goodbye to me tonight 
There would still be music left to write 
What else could I do 
I'm so inspired by you 
That hasn't happened for the longest time 
Once I thought my innocence was gone 
Now I know that happiness goes on 
That's where you found me 
When you put your arms around me 
I haven't been there for the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
For the longest 
I'm that voice you're hearing in the hall 
And the greatest miracle of all 
Is how I need you 
And how you needed me too 
That hasn't happened for the longest time 
Maybe this won't last very long 
But you feel so right 
And I could be wrong 
Maybe I've been hoping too hard 
But I've gone this far 
And it's more than I hoped for 
Who knows how much further we'll go on 
Maybe I'll be sorry when you're gone 
I'll take my chances 
I forgot how nice romance is 
I haven't been there for the longest time 
I had second thoughts at the start 
I said to myself 
Hold on to your heart 
Now I know the woman that you are 
You're wonderful so far 
And it's more than I hoped for 
I don't care what consequence it brings 
I have been a fool for lesser things 
I want you so bad 
I think you ought to know that 
I intend to hold you for the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
For the longest time 
Oh, oh, oh 
Since the design of the Nokia M9 
On a totally new way of thinking, we wanted even the smallest detail to refglect that. 
Every single function you exoect your phone form has been redesigned. 
Now even setting up 
My name is John Green and I wanna welcome you to Crash Course "World History" 
Over the next 14 weeks together we will learn how in nearly 15,000 years humans went from hunting and gathering... 
"Mr. Green, is this going to be on the test?" 
Yeah, about the test. 
The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world. 
And it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship. 
You will be tested on first dates, in job interviews, while watching football and while scrolling through your Tweeter feed. 
The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages whether you will be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric and whether you be able to place your life and your community in a broader context. 
The test will last your entire life and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that when taken together make your life yours and everything...everything will be on it. 
I know right, so pay attention! 
In a mere 15,000 year humans went from hunting and gathering to creating such improbabilities as the airplane, the internet, and the 99 cent double cheeseburger. 
It's an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey of my own... over to camera 2...Hi there, camera 2, it's me, John Green, 
let's start with that double cheeseburger. 
Oh, food photography, so this contains 490 calories. 
To get this cheeseburger, you have to feed, raise and slaughter cows then grind their meat, then freeze it and ship it to its destination. 
You also have to grow some wheat and then process the living crap out of it until it's whiter than Queen Elisabeth I. Then you have to milk some cows and turn their milk into cheese. 
That's not even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers or the sweetening of tomatoes and the grinding of mustard seeds, etc. 
How in the sweet name of everything holy have we ever come to live in a world where such a thing can even be created. 
And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money that if I make the minimum wage here in the US, I can earn it in 11 minutes! 
And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of relative abundance. 
Well, to answer that question, we are not going to be able to 
look strictly at history, because there isn't a written record about a lot of these things. 
But thanks to archaeology and paleobiology, we can look deep into the past. 
Let's go to the Thought Bubble. 
So 15,000 years ago, humans were foragers and hunters. 
Foraging meant gathering fruits, nuts, also wild grains and grasses. 
Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, as long you could find something with meat to kill. 
By far the best hunting gig in the prehistoric world incidentally was fishing. 
Which is one of the reasons why when you look at the history of people populating the planet, we tended to run for the shore and stay there. 
Marine life was A, abundant, and B, relatively unlikely to eat you. 
While we tend to think the lives of the foragers were nasty, brutish and short, fossil evidence suggests that they actually had it pretty god. 
Their bones and teeth are healthier than those of agriculturalists. 
And anthropologists who studied the remaining forager peoples have noted that they actually they spend a lot fewer hours working than the rest of us. 
And they spend more time on art, music and storytelling. 
Also if you believe the classic of anthropology 
"Nisa", they also have a lot more time for skoodilypooping. 
What? 
I call it skoodilypooping. 
I am not going to apologize. 
It's worth noting that the cultivation of crops seems to have risen independently over the course of millenia. 
And the number of places, from Africa, to China, to the Americas, using crops that naturally grew nearby. 
Rise in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the fertile crescent, yams in West Africa. 
People around the world began to abandon their foraging for agriculture. 
And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice. 
Right? 
Even though it meant less music and skoodlypooping. 
Thanks Thought Bubble. 
All right, to answer that question, 
let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture. 
Advantage: controllable food supply. 
You might have droughts or floods, but if you are growing the crops and breeding them to be heartier, you have a better chance of not starving. 
Disadvantage: in other to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet. 
Advantage: specially if you grow grain, you can create a food surplus, which makes cities possible and also the specialization of labor. 
Like, in the days before agriculture, everybody's job was foraging. 
And it took about a 1000 calories of work to create a 1000 calories of food. 
And it was impossible to create large population centers. 
But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the production of food. 
Like for instance, trade's people, who can devote their lives to better farming equipment, which in turn makes it easier to produce more food more efficiently, which in time makes it possible for a corporation to turn profit on this 99 cent double cheeseburger. 
This is delicious, by the way. 
It's actually terrible, it's very cold. 
And I wish, I had not eaten it. 
I mean, can we just compare what I was promised to what I was delivered? 
Yeah, thank you. 
This is not that. 
Some would say that large and complex agricultural communities that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches are not necessarily beneficial to the planet, or even to its human inhabitants. 
Although, that it is a little of a bit tough argument to make, coming to you as a 
I am, in a series of ones and zeros. 
Advantage: agriculture can be practiced all over the world. 
Although, in some cases it takes extensive manipulation of the environment, like, you know, irrigation, controlled flooding, that kind of thing. 
Disadvantage: farming is hard. 
So hard in fact that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans and have to till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities. 
So why did agriculture happen? 
Wait! 
I haven't talked about herders. 
Herders, man! 
Always getting the short end of the stick. 
Herding is a really good and interesting alternative to foraging and agriculture. 
You domesticate some animals, and then you take them on the road with you. 
The advantages of herding are obvious. 
First: you get to be a cowboy. 
Also, animals provide meat and milk, but they also help out with shelter, because they can provide with wool and leather. 
The downside is that you have to move around a lot, because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it harder to build cities. 
Unless you are the Mongols. 
By the way, for the next 14 weeks, you will frequently hear generalization followed by 
"Unless you are the Mongols" 
But anyway, one of the main reasons herding only caught on certain parts of the world is that there aren't that many animals that lend themselves to domestication. 
Like, you have sheep, goats, caddle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common: they aren't native to the Americas. 
The only half-way useful herding animal native to the Americas is the llama. 
No, not that llama. 
Two Ls. 
Yes, that llama. 
Most animals just don't work for domestication. 
Like, hippos are large, which means they provide lots of meat. 
But unfortunately they like to eat people. 
Zebras are too ornery; grizzlies have wild hearts that can't be broken. 
Elephants are awesome, but they take way too long to breed. 
Which reminds me, it's time for the open letter. 
Elegant. 
But first let's see what the secret compartment has for me today. 
Oh, it's another double cheeseburger. 
Thanks secret compartment. 
Just kidding, I don't thank you for this. 
An open letter to elephants. 
Hey, elephants. 
You are so cute, and smart, and awesome. 
Why you gotta be pregnant for 22 months? 
That's crazy. 
And then you only have one kid. 
If you were more like cows, you might have taken us over by now. 
Little did you know, but the greatest evolutionary advantage: being useful to humans. 
Like, here is a graph of cow population. 
And here is a graph of elephant population. 
Elephants, if you had just inserted yourselves in the human life like cows did you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies conspiring against the humans. 
And then you could have risen up and destroyed us, and made an awesome elephant world, and elephant cars, and elephant planes. 
It would've been so great, but no...you gotta be pregnant for 22 months and just have one kid. 
So annoying! 
Best wishes, John Green. 
But back to the agricultural revolution and why it occurred. 
Historians don't know for sure, of course, because there are no written records. 
But they love to make guesses. 
Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture even though it was more work, or abundance gave people more leisure to experiment with domestication or planting originated as a fertility rite - or as some historians have argued - people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol. 
Charles Darwin, like most 19th century scientists, believed agriculture was an accident, saying: 
"A wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise, old savage" 
Off-topic: but in will know in the coming weeks, that the definitions of "savage" tends to be "not me". 
Maybe the best theory is that there wasn't really an agricultural revolution at all, but that agriculture came out of an evolutionary desire to eat more. 
Like, early hunter/gatherers knew that seeds germinate when planted. 
And when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it. 
Unless it is this food. 
Then you want to do less of it. 
I kind of wanna to spit it out. 
That's much better. 
So, early farmers who would find the most successful forms of wheat and plant them, and experiment with them, not because they were trying to start an agricultural revolution, because they were like, 
"You know what would be awesome? 
More food!" 
Like, on this topic we have evidence that more than 13,000 years ago humans in Southern Greece were domesticating snails 
In the Franchthi Cave there is a huge pile of snail shells, most of them are larger than current snail, suggesting that people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious. 
Snails make excellent domesticated food, by the way, because A, surprisingly nutritious, and B, they are easy to carry since they came in their own suitcases. 
And C, to imprison them, you just have to scratch a ditch around their living quarters. 
That's not really a revolution. 
That's just people trying to increase available calories. 
But one revolution leads to another. 
And pretty soon you have this, as far as the eye can see. 
Many historian also argue that without agriculture we wouldn't have the bad things that come with complex civilization, like patriarchy, inequality, war, and, unfortunately, famine. 
And as far as the planet is concerned, agriculture has been a big loser. 
Without it, humans would never have changed the environment so much, building dams, and clearing forests, and more recently drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer. 
Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean that that was the right choice? 
Maybe so, and maybe not. 
But regardless, we can't unmake that choice. 
And that's one of the reasons why I think it is so important to study history. 
History reminds us that revolutions are not event, so much as they are processes. 
That for tens of thousands of years, people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today. 
Just as today we are making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people in the future will remember as revolutions. 
Next week, we are gonna journey to the Indus River...very fragile our globe. 
We're going to travel to the Indus River Valley, I will see you then. 
june twenty second twenty twelve 
Where the dogs arew howling all day long 
Where the stands are the something something 
Where the windows are breathing in the light 
Where the rooms are a collection of our lives 
This is a place where I don't feel alone 
This is a place 
That I call my home. 
8's Head, here we go.. 
Okay, number off from bow when you're ready, nice and loud 
Number off 
Easy. 
Can I have 2, just 4, 6 and stroke tapping on 
That'll do. 
Easy 
Where are we at, guys? 
Rich, you ready? 
Mackers, you ready? 
Joe Perry. 
James. 
Crumpets, yeah? 
Okay, tap turning - ready, go. 
And easy, just bowside backing down, arms only 
Didn't even try! 
2, blade in 
Check your gates.. 2 and 4 tap 
Easy there. 
(tapping the side of the boat) 
Ffwwoooaaarrr! 
34 
Louis - "Doesn't matter if it goes to 34" 
Tap on Dave 
Easy 
Do you get, like, half a pip higher than I do? 
Louis - "Don't know" 
Mackers gently 
Easy 
Okay, stern 4 rowing on. 
Just stern 4, we're just tapping up the gap 
Ready, go 
Bowside squeeze 
One more light, easy there. 
Drop 
35's just gone off 
Crumpton - "Aaah, Yeah!" 
Louis - "If the weather gets shit, just fucking hang off it" 
Back it down stern pair gently, stern pair back. 
Louis, back it 
Easy there 36 are just going, 37 are just going 
Yeah yeah, legs back 
Ffwoooaaarrr, this is fucking exciting! 
Here we go boys, red bull's kicking in 
Okay, ready Brookes? 
We'll give 41 a little bit more gap 
Backstops. 
Ready, go 
Might need to easy in a little bit, just a little bit before the bridge 
We build under Chiswick 
Chp, shaaah 
Two more. 
That's one. 
Actually..... keep paddling 
One more, easy there. 
Drop 
Louis - "Loose and long!" 
Here we go Brookes 
Ready boys? 
Backstop. 
Go 
Okay, you ready boys? 
Coming up to Chiswick 
Legs, backs. 
Good 
Yeah, loose and relax. 
Loose and relaxed 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Get ready 2, 1, build Now 
Here we go boys, legs, get the heels on 
Heels! 
HEELS! 
More, go! 
GO GO GO, UP UP UP 
Legs! 
Legs! 
Legs! 
You're at 36, and you're on boys 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There, you're high at 36.5, 37 
Loose and moving in the hands, crisp and clean 
In, crisp and clean 
In, shah. 
In shah 
Keep it up, keep it loose 35.5, 36. 
Cleaner, pin the finishes - go! 
Pin 
Pin, there! 
Good, bouncy water, and we've already settled to 33.5, 34 
Now punch it, ready? 
Go, legs! 
Legs, backs 
Legs, backs! 
Chp, send. 
Chp, send 
There, already gaining on 41 in front, and all other crews in front 
Yeah boys 
Shaaah. 
In, shaaah. 
In, shaaah 33, I want to spin the hands out a little cleaner 
Ready, go! 
Bigger finishes, cleaner hands 
There! 
There! 
Chp, send 
Phase 2 - 1 minute - NOW! 
Nah! 
Legs! 
Legs! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There. 
Yeah! 
It needs harder through the water - get gripped up, up and in 
Legs, get connected 
In, there. 
In, there 33.5, 34. 
Good boys! 
Okay, we've almost got overlap on 41 in front, we'll pass them as we come under Barnes 
Loose, loose. 
Chp, send. 
Chp, send 
Up and in, in the rough water - up and in! 
Chp, there 
Chp, there 
Good boys, you're at 1:21's, 1:22's 
Loose, loose 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
There! 
There! 
41, GET OVER! 
MOVE!! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
Clean it up, back end 
Pin it! 
Hang, pin. 
Hang, pin. 
There! 
There! 
Gooood! 
Just walking up on this crew 
Ready, first slingshot 
Set a new pace as we come under Barnes 
Slighshot, ENGAGE! 
Now boys, legs 
Legs, backs. 
Legs, backs 1:19's at 34, YEEAAAH! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
There! 
Here comes Barnes - we're going to put eyes up on the bridge, eyes in, and we shoot this middle part 
Here we come, round the corner 
There! 
There! 
Yeeaah! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Now eyes up on the bridge. 
Eyes up! 
Eyes in! 
2nd quarter, GO! 
There! 
There! 
Yeah, number 40's coming up 
Loose and long 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Still 1:20's, 1:21's. 
That's it boys 
Fucking on top of it 
In, send 
In, send 
Yeah! 
Loose and moving 
Loose and moving 
Just hard through the water, get connected 
Heels! 
Heels, there! 
Chp, there! 
Chp, there! 
Buried 
In, yeeeaah. 
In, Yeaah! 
Good boys 
Okay, a little bit of rough water as we come close to, uuh, that's 38 in front 
Loose. 
Loose! 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
Okay, coming past the Bandstand - that's our first big marker 
Heads up! 
Ready boys, this is where we step on the pace, where others slump 
Ready, steady, NOW Brookes! 
There! 
1:20's 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
There! 
Yeah, moving really nicely, really nicely 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
BlG fucking rhythm 
There! 
BlG RHYTHM 
BlG RHYTHM 
In, send 33, 33.5. 
Yeeeaah 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
Still 1:19, 1:20. 
Good boys 
Straightening up, rudders off 
We have straight speed! 
NOOOW! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
There! 
There! 
Good, coming up past 38 now - Loose! 
Second slingshot 
Ready, steady, ENGAGE! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
There! 
Yeah boys, moving 
Loose! 
Loose! 
Good, I've got a good line coming round this bend 
Sit up, there! 
There! 
Shaaah! 
Chp, shaaah! 
Okay, clean it up in the rough water 
Pin the finishes, separate it out 
Ready? 
And, go, loose! 
Loose! 
Straight arm hang 
Shaah! 
Shaaah! 
1:20, at 34 
Crisp, sharp 
Crisp, sharp 
Number 40's coming up, past Chiswick Eyot 
There! 
There! 
Good and clean 
Haaang, pin 
Haaang, pin 
There! 
1:18's, good lift! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
YEEAAH! 
Nice and horizontal in the hands, horizontal! 
Flat! 
There 
There! 
Big shape, over the waves 
Over the puddles, keep it crisp 
Crisp! 
Yeah Joe! 
In, send 
In, send! 
There! 
There! 
Good boys, 33. 
1:19's 
So round the bend, as we come past Chiswick Eyot 
This is where we sit up and breathe, and we consolidate the rhythm 
Loose! 
Loose! 
There! 
There! 
Yeah! 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
Loose and long, yeah 
There it is boys, that a big rhythm! 
Big Rhythm! 
Big Rhythm! 
Big Rhythm! 
There! 
There! 
YEAH! 
Got 2 lengths to crew 40 
Sit up. 
Smooth and loose. 
Smooth and loose 1:21's. 
33, 33.5 
Sit up! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Here's the Eyot 
Now, breathe, consolidate the rhythm, for 10. 
Ready? 
Strengthen the rhythm, mark it! 
There! 
Legs, backs 
Legs, backs 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
Good speed lift, 1:20 
Yeaah 
Press it on! 
Press it on! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Crew 40's one length away 
Coming up to the end of Chiswick Eyot, the halfway marker 
Sit up, there! 
Yeah, there. 
Good 
Loose 
I'm gonna give you a little cleaner water, here it comes 
Now, we just press off the Eyot, through the finishes 
Stay connected, ready - 
GO! 
Press! 
Press! 
In, there 
In, there 
Yeah! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
We've got half a length to crew 40 1:19/ 1:20. 
33 
In, send 
In, send 
Halfway marker's coming up! 
In 3, in 2, in 1 - 
Halfway marker - NOW! 
THlRD QUARTER! 
YEAH! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Yeah! 
Okay, just coming up the inside of crew 40, here it comes 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
Right, I'm going to give you bow/stern overlap in 2 
Get ready! 
Steady? 
Slingshot, now! 
There! 
There! 
Loose! 
Loose! 
Yeah, now we're walking boys! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 1:21's at 33 
In! 
In! 
Yeah! 
Right, I want it HARDER through the water 
Harder through the water! 
Press it shift, all 8, ready? 
Backs, NOW! 
Legs! 
Legs, backs 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Good! 
We're coming level 
Middle 4, I want to feel your shift in 2 
That's 1! 
2! 
NOOOW! 
LEGS! 
LEGS! 
Yeeaah, horsepower! 
Raw power! 
There! 
There! 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
Yeah boys. 
Okay, we've got 33 coming up 
And.. 38 
Hang time, flatter handles - GO! 
Flat hands! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs 
There! 
There! 
Now, just flatten it out - 5 finishes as we come up to Hammersmith. 
Go! 
Finishes! 
Finishes! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
Big pin, 33 
Here we go boys. 
This is what we talked about - 
We get the buzz, we lift, and we move on big in this final third 
Get ready! 
In 3, in 2, 1 - NOW BROOKES! 
LEGS! 
LEGS! 
Chp, send! 
Eyes up on the bridge, eyes up! 
There's Hammersmith! 
Eyes in! 
Feel the buzz! 
Feel the lift! 
Now GO, Brookes! 
There! 
Legs, backs 
Legs, backs 1:16, 1:15, yeaaah! 
1:13! 
Move it on! 
There! 
There! 
Loose 
Okay, we've got another slingshot 
Use the buzz, slingshot through, I want to clear them in 10 
Ready? 
NOW! 
There! 
There! 
3 4 
Good 
Loose 
Loose 
Yeeaah 
Right, this it the buoy where I straighten up the line - 
This is where we've gotta move, boys! 
Wind's on your backs, swing into it boys! 
Ready? 
2km - NOOW! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs 
Yeah boys! 
Loose 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There! 
Bigger pin, bigger pin at 33 
Shaah 
Shaaah 
There! 
Yeah, boys! 
We're really moving now Brookes, stay loose 
Clean! 
Clean!! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Here's the wind - straight line's coming up in 3 
Chp! 
Now, swing it! 
This is the hard part! 
Dig in boys! 
Ready? 
NOOOW! 
Dig in! 
Martyn Smith - "GOOOO!" 
Legs, backs! 
Clean finishes, waves starting to pick up 
Big shape - over the puddles. 
Over the puddles 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Now, we use another slingshot. 
Drop off to 1:25, let's step it boys 
Dig deep now! 
Ready? 
GOOO! 
There! 
There! 
Loose 
Loose 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Good change, at 33, 33.5 
CLEAR THElR BOWS, in 5! 
Ready. 
NOOW! 
1! 
2! 
3! 
4! 
Yeeaah! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Right Joe, last 4 minutes are coming up 
Stay loose boys. 
Loose in the water 
Loose hang. 
Loose hang 
This is the tough part. 
Stay hanging, stay loose, and pin it out! 
Now! 
HANG, pin! 
HANG, pin! 
There! 
We got one more crew to hunt down, before we get to Putney 
One more crew to hunt down, they're 3 lengths in front. 
4 minutes to go! 
Ready? 
NOW! 
4 minutes! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 1.5km to go, loose and long! 
Loose! 
Shaaah 
Shaaah 
There! 
Yeah boys! 
In, send. 
In, send 
We shifted to 1:24's, at 33.5 
I need a bit more! 
Ready, GO! 
There! 
2 lengths to 37 
Loose 
Chp, send 
Louis - "Yeah, there!" 
That's the money, THAT'S THE FUCKlNG MONEY! 
There! 
There! 
Loose 
Loose 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Yeah boys! 
3 minutes to go, final 1km coming up! 
Crumpton - "Aaaaaah!" 
Here we go James, ready boy? 
Dig deep now boys! 
Dig deep, and finish it off. 
REAL fucking good race 
Ready, Steady, NOOOOW! 
There! 
There! 
Loose! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
You're 1 length away from 37, let's catch 'em as we come down Putney 
Cleaner, up and in! 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
Yeah! 
Yeah! 
Yeah boys, little sharper around the back end, you're at 1:23's. 
Stay loose 
Chp, send 
Chp, send 
There, nice and lively. 
Up and in. 
Up and in! 
Yeah! 
Here we go boys, 2 minutes - Barn Elms. 
Put it behind us! 
Finish it off with a bang. 
Ready, steady, GO! 
There! 
Half a length to 37! 
There! 
There! 
I want a bit more, bit more boys. 
Press it on, clean it up 
Ready? 
1:24's. 
And, go! 
There! 
There! 
Swing into it - legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
We empty the tank as we hit the black buoy - Loose! 
Loose! 
There! 
Still half a length to 37, finish it off boys. 
Here comes the black buoy! 
Last minute, minute and a half. 
Ready, Steady - 
NOOOW! 
1:22's! 
Legs, backs! 
Legs, backs! 
We go up 1 every 10. 
Loose - chp, there. 
Chp, there 37 move! 
Yeah boys!! 
Shaah. 
Shaah 
Yeeaaah. 
Sit up on it. 
Sit up! 
Okay, ready? 
Up 2 for 10 - 
Ready, GO! 
1! 
2! 
3! 
4! 
5! 
Yeah boys! 
Crisp, sharp! 
We're at 34.5, 35 
Ready, next shift. 
In 2, in 1, GO! 
1! 
Heels down! 
Heels! 
Heels! 
HEELS! 
Now cleaner! 
HANG. 
HAANG! 
Chp, send. 
We're at 1:20's! 
Ready, up 2 again. 
At 36. 
Ready, GO! 
1! 
2! 
3! 
4! 
5! 
150m to Putney Pier - go Go 
GO! 
Legs! 
Legs! 
Louis - "Now! 
BREAK THE RlGGER" 
EQUlPMENT TEST, GO! 
There! 
Legs! 
Legs! 
1:19's, finish it off! 
5 more! 
GO! 
1! 
2! 
3! 
4! 
And down! 
(cries of pain) 
Well done boys, yes! 
Okay, let's get moving boys, get moving. 
Move move move 
Really well done, that was fucking awesome! 
YEEAAAH BOYS!!! 
Good boys, nicely done, nicely done. 
18:10 - yeeah! 
Okay let's go both hands, both hands, go 
Louis - "Oh, my legs. 
My back!" 
Well done lads, heads up. 
Breathe, open the lungs 
Here we go, let's start to clean it up. 
Make sure the blades are buried. 
Ready? 
Go. 
So just pin it together, everyone 2% 
Louis - "Easy" 
How many crews was that, 5? 
1,2,3.. 4... 
Yeah, 5 crews. 
Haha, nice guys 
<i>In 1895...</i> <i>Lumiere Bros.</i> <i>Invented the motion picture.</i> <i>- About 60 years later - It hurts!</i> 
Do your best! <i>1945, Hong Kong</i> <i>- most important incident in film history - Not yet?</i> 
Now what? <i>- Takes place in - Water!</i> <i>- A small island of China. 
- Got it!</i> 
Hurry! <i>It's born to god of action movie.</i> <i>Jackie Chan</i> <i>According to legend, Jackie has shoulder-length hair</i> <i>and he's good at kicking.</i> <i>KWON Sang-woo</i> <i>KWON Sang-woo I'm writing a screenplay now.</i> <i>It's like a floor plan to make a movie.</i> <i>Lucky ones are made into glamorous films</i> <i>but most end up as worthless trash.</i> <i>KlM Ha-neul</i> 
Okay, fantastic! <i>Written & Directed by LEE Han My name is LEE Ji-hwan.</i> <i>Written & Directed by LEE Han I only have one dream.</i> <i>Written & Directed by LEE Han I only have one dream.</i> <i>To be an action actor surpassing Jackie Chan</i> <i>and make movies 'til I get old and die.</i> <i>ALMOST LOVE</i> 
Hey! 
You wanna die?! 
Sleep well? <i>My name is JlN Dal-rae.</i> 
Take care of your skin, you! 
Wrinkles on your face already! <i>My dream is to be a heart-bearing actress.</i> 
Guess you don't know, that sincere actors tell the life story through these wrinkles. 
Kyung-hee wonders the street she was abandoned 13 years ago. 
An empty corner of the street, where she sees an alley cat, abandoned just like her. 
Perhaps... 
I may not be a human being. 
I may be a cat instead. 
A cat disguised as a human. 
What? 
You're a human disguised as a cat? 
JlN Dal-rae, you fool! shouldn't be crying now. 
You can't even speak lines in public yet overacting when alone! 
Again! <i>But there's</i> <i>one problem.</i> <i>I get so nervous speaking</i> <i>in front of people.</i> <i>They tell me to drop my dreams.</i> <i>However! 
I have a magical spell</i> <i>granting all my wishes.</i> <i>What is it?</i> <i>It's... a secret.</i> 
Good morning mom! 
What gets you up so early? 
Is something burning? 
Oh my, what am I thinking? 
Dad, must be dementia. 
I'm worried, aren't you? 
She's not even 50 yet! 
Yesterday... all of sudden... she asks, 'What's your name? ' 
A mother forgets her own daughter's name! 
Such a unique name too. 
JlN Dal-rae, from Youngbyun, Yaksan! 
Dad, you named me, so don't forget it. 
Okay? 
Dad, you're losing weight. 
Good morning! <i>That's Ji-hwan, a friend from neighborhood.</i> 
I was out exercising, brought these for you. <i>Stopped his mental age around ten.</i> <i>How pitiful, so I play with him.</i> 
Dal-rae! <i>He's Young-hoon, my boyfriend.</i> <i>Good looking, huh? 
Master of Taekwondo as well.</i> <i>Always finishing in 1st place.</i> <i>Took some time, but finally found myself the one.</i> 
Hi! 
Keep practicing. 
I missed you. 
Changed your hair. 
It's pretty. 
Let me walk you to the lecture hall. 
That's okay. 
Hey... 
Took three months just to grab your hand. 
Feels good! 
Looking for Ji-hwan? 
Yes. 
I don't see him anywhere. 
Hasn't come to practice. 
Doesn't answer the phone either. 
Hmm... 
Do it for love of movies. 
Hi, how are you? 
Good, how are you? 
Excuse me, but... 
Can you hand me the tissues? 
Damn! 
Stop! 
I'll kill you! 
Come on! 
Cut! 
Okay. 
Are you Ok? 
Is everything alright? 
Except for blood on my chest. 
Yeah, right. 
It's the winter. 
Once the ice stabs the bones he realizes that he's alive. 
Nice! 
What a line! 
Dad, you're a novelist now? 
A novelist, that's really off the wall. 
Can't recall the things you've done. 
Uh, a truck driver... a cabaret singer... 
You and your samba... a dance instructor... a month at acting school to become an actor... 
Remember that? 
Hey, stick to what's going on now. 
Dwelling on the past... not a manly thing to do. 
Sir, I came for visit. 
Hi Dal-rae, welcome! 
Hey, what's up? 
This is Ji-hwan's dad. 
I'm MOON Young-hoon, Ji-hwan's classmate. 
Ah, so you're Young-hoon... 
Sir, bought some soju and squid for you. 
How many? 
The fridge is broken so put them in cold water. 
Yes. 
Do you drink? 
No sir, not really. 
You're cringing. 
Sit over here. 
Stop playing around, dad. 
Wait a sec Young-hoon. 
Will be with you shortly. 
Thought you were hurt, look well to me. 
My sincere apology for being well. 
Are these even washed? 
Should've never come here! 
Well, Ji-hwan says you will wash them again, for sure and told me to soak them and hang. 
And those... socks need to be sewed. 
I'll let you pass just for today. 
Are these rags or socks? 
Shit! 
I guess you're a writer. 
Yeah. 
A novel. 
Oh, I see. 
Why do you look at me like that? 
Do I look that handsome to you? 
Yes, you're handsome. 
Kissing my ass? 
So young yet corrupted already! 
Um... 
Did you want to tell me something? 
Have a seat. 
Okay. 
I consider Dal-rae like a daughter 
How long have you been a couple? 
It's been about three months. 
You two can't be serious then. 
Huh? 
Are you close to Ji-hwan? 
Yes, I believe we are. 
Close friends... 
It's hot! 
Then can I ask you a favor as a father of your friend? 
Yes, of course. 
Got 30,000 won with you? 
Just 30,000 won. 
Pardon me? 
I saw a pair of sneakers perfect for Ji-hwan. 
I'm short 30,000 won. 
I'll pay you back right away. 
Can you lend me that money? 
Sure. 
Thanks a lot! 
I ask you as a father of your friend... keep this a secret, okay? 
Yes, a secret! 
Quiet! 
I worry about you and your life. 
Not everyone can become Jackie Chan. 
Heard from somewhere that he fell unconscious five times and has metal parts all over his body. 
My goal is to fall unconscious six times and be a Robocop! 
Ouch! 
That really hurts! 
A Robocop! 
You're Robocop! 
Dad, Dal-rae's killing your son! 
Dal-rae? 
He deserved it, right? 
Of course. 
Take her away Young-hoon! 
Don't come back here again! 
How can he be so filthy! 
Dal-rae... 
Yes sir? 
When did you meet Ji-hwan? 
Um... 
It was during 2nd grade... over ten years already! 
Dal-rae, Can I ask you a favor? 
Yes, of course. 
Actually... 
I thought of a novel seeing you and Ji-hwan 
And? 
Stories of you two may be helpful. 
They're not that interesting. 
So why don't start? <i>When he was young Ji-hwan was often ignored.</i> <i>He's now a rascal but then a quiet kid who'd fight a lot</i> <i>so other kids avoided him a lot.</i> <i>As your teacher, I want to know</i> <i>more about my loving students.</i> 
Come up here, one at a time and tell everyone about your future aspiration as an adult. 
Understand? <i>FUTURE ASPlRATlON</i> <i>LEE Ji-hwan & JlN Dal-rae</i> 
Hey! 
LEE Ji-hwan! 
Did you see them? 
The drawings all over. 
You have runny nose. 
Here, wipe it off. 
Keep it, or throw it away. 
Thanks. 
Got something for you too. 
It's not coming out... 
Oh god. 
Smells awful. 
Uninteresting, right? 
This is a great topic. 
Became friends while removing scribbles. 
But... who could that been? 
Scribbling high up like that... 
Such a smarty! 
Is that important? 
This story should be... a mystery with a fabulous ending. 
Popular these days, you know. 
For example... 
In reality, the one scribbling was an alien. 
No wait... better make it an angel. 
Huh? <i>The angel, helps an ignored kid to find his friend</i> <i>by scribbling all over the street.</i> 
Add the foreshadowing by showing a glimpse of a feather. 
And at the end, Voila! 
The angel appears, angel! 
Oh my... 
Stop pretending to be nice. 
How, can you smile like that in front of me! 
Stop there! 
Okay... who can tell us what the problem is here? 
Come on, she's shaking. 
Maybe she's got her phone on vibration mode. 
So awkward, even for the audiences. 
Who are you? 
Never seen you before. 
Yes! 
A third-year Taekwondo major, my name is LEE Ji-hwan! 
Heard that, as an acting teacher you are the best in the country 
So I dared to sneak into your class! 
Such a dignity for someone sneaking in! 
Sure. 
But don't talk too much. 
Quiet! 
Yes, thank you very much. 
Yo, LEE Ji-hwan! 
Concentrate! 
Choose. 
Jackie Chan or Taekwondo. 
I can do both well! 
Fine. 
Ten more laps then. 
Master! 
Said you gotta do both. 
A National is only two weeks away and you're 3 kg over. 
Pick up the speed! 
Another weight loss? 
Don't get me started. 
Go get me some water. 
Ji-hwan... 
You're losing weight to avoid facing Young-hoon, right? 
Think what you like. 
As I told you before, my goal is not winning a Gold but to graduate. 
He will only bring her back. 
- Are you sure? 
- Yes. 
So what have you decided? 
I will bring her. 
Not because I love her but since I need money. 
Money?! 
Money is not a problem. 
Tell me how much you want. 
I will ask after I get her back. 
Gave me one cigarette. 
Sir, cigarette. 
Hey, why are you thundering like that? 
Could you not remember me all these days? 
Anyway, now that you came, stay here for some time. 
The both of us can play together. 
Hey, why are you going away like that? 
What will you lose if you stay with me for some more time? 
Oh God! 
Did you get wet again? 
Take this and dry yourself. 
Pandarta?! 
The train has no scheduled stop here. 
Why did it stop? 
- How should I know? 
Then why are you sitting there? 
Go and find out. 
Oh! 
My ring fell down. 
This is a valuable ring. 
You should not lose it. 
Keep it. 
This is the ring your father gave the first time. 
Keep it. 
Bananas! 
Apples! 
Salutations sir. 
Why did the train stop? 
The water is going over the tracks. 
It may take about two hours to recede. 
Please come and sit in my room until then. 
Idiotic rain! 
Hey, ring up uncle and find out how father is. 
At the same time ask him to send some vehicles. 
We cannot stay here a long time. 
Who is he? 
- He is Badri, son of Dasanna. 
He has so many people around him, is he such a big shot? 
Keep your voice low, he is the king of entire Telangana. 
Hey, where are you going? 
- It is raining, mother. 
If your father sees you, he will.. 
Your husband is busy elsewhere. 
Look there. 
Silk drops which make the young girl happy 
Like the colorful parrots and like sugar crystals .. ..the rain drops are falling to enhance the youth 
Did you remember me after such a long time 
How long will you hide in the skies 
You come and go like a guest 
If you promise to stay with me forever.. ..I will hold you close with my hands. 
If you want to come will I stop you? 
O beautiful rain drop stay with me like my nose ring 
O beautiful rain drop stay with me like my ear ring 
like my bangles, and anklets and.. ..like ornaments I wear everyday 
Shall I preserve you like a childhood friend? 
Like the blooming youth of a girl shall I see myself in you? 
Like the song on my lips, like the poetry of a poet and.. ..as the dreams in my eyes if you wish to be with me 
Father is very serious. 
He wants to see you. 
Let us go. 
Shall I kidnap her? 
Find her details. 
The train started but where is your father? 
Did father not come? 
What are you searching for? 
My father did not board the train. 
You dont worry. 
By the way how does he look like? 
How does he look like? 
I am asking about his appearance. 
He has a muffler round his neck and wore kurta pyjama. 
Its all right. 
I will search. 
Did you see a person in kurta pyjama and a muffler. 
No sir. 
See the other side. 
You dont worry. 
I am asking. 
Look that side. 
Sir, please wait sir. 
Dad! 
Are you here? 
No, I am under the train. 
Come on. 
Listen, my father is has boarded the train. 
Wait madam, I am searching. 
I am saying that my father is has boarded the train. 
I said I am searching. 
Why dont you understand? 
My father is in the train. 
What? 
He is in the train? 
Come soon. 
O rain, do not go away after dropping on the eyes. 
Stay with me always just like the showers and lightning. 
Why did you go away having roused the feeling of love? 
If you want to come will I stop you? 
Why are you standing here? 
He could not catch the train. 
What can you do about it? 
Come on. 
How is your health, father? 
All of you please go out. 
I want to talk to my son. 
You too, go outside. 
Sir! 
- Please go. 
I understand how it will be when death comes near. 
I know I am not going to heavens. 
Being a gangster I killed many people and now I am suffering. 
You dont repeat my mistakes. 
And dont ever hurt any woman. 
I did that with Parvati. 
I never told anybody that I am the father of her son Kasi. 
Now I want to do justice to him. 
I want to give half of my property to her son. 
Promise me you will fulfill my wish. 
Why dont you talk? 
Will you do it? 
Do you equate me with the son of your mistress ? 
Your dad is very great. 
He lived and died like a king. 
He died like a dog. 
I became home minister because of your father. 
From now I will serve you as I used to serve your father. 
I know I will have your support. 
Just a phone call is enough for any work. 
By the way 17 of our people are in central jail. 
If you ever need them I will release then on parole. 
I have an urgent meeting with collector. 
Bye. 
You stay here. 
She is the your fathers mistress and he is her son. 
Mother, he is my brother and he will be with me from now. 
Come let us pray for our father soul. 
You made him a permanent servant by calling him brother. 
Gun, How much? 
- One liter. 
Only single, why dont you take two liters. 
I dont have money. 
What is the need for money between us? 
Hey, prepare the bill for one liter. 
If you give 2 liters I will prepare the bill for 2 liters. 
Shall I give you two slaps?. 
What we want is ladies. 
Then fill the tank. 
Anyway it is not your money. 
If I fill the tank she will not come until next week. 
If I fill 2 liters she will be back tomorrow morning. 
What happened madam? 
You are not coming so frequently. 
Did you forget me? 
I remembered you the day before yesterday. 
What about yesterday? 
I didnt go to zoo yesterday. 
Personal. 
Hey venki, Venkat is here. 
All of you come here. 
Venkat arrived. 
Hey, move of the way. 
Always blocking the way. 
Why are you shouting at her? 
This is a routine matter for us. 
- First tell me why are you here? 
What about your interview? 
- Its gone. 
Wow, it is gone. 
What is this? 
I missed the opportunity. 
Is she that beautiful? 
Who may be the blessed person that gave birth to.. ..such a beauty?! 
She is from the abode of the gods. 
Give me 2 liters. 
Wait for 5 minutes. 
We are in important discussion. 
You came without knowing the name or address of the girl? 
I could not find. 
- Why was that happened? 
What will you do here without those details? 
That is the issue I am unable to solve. 
Nothing is there to solve. 
Just forget about her. 
Why do you discourage him like that? 
Encourage him. 
Look here my dear Salim - My name is Venkat. 
No. 
If you are searching for your Anarkali then you are Salim. 
You look so dynamic. 
Why are you.. ..listening to this burnt out fellow? 
Thats it. 
Look here, dont be depressed that you missed her. 
Search! 
- There is nothing you cannot find if you search. 
Who are you sir, giving advice freely? 
Ranga Rao, a big name in the states. 
I came here now. 
I am planning to settle down in Warangal. 
Thinking to settle in Warangal? 
Do you know what lemons called in Warangal? 
What are they called? 
- They are called Lemons. 
That is what is called extra speech. 
Pour 2 litres. 
- Ok. 
My boy, where is the club for playing cards? 
Search! 
There is nothing you cannot find by searching. 
I did not like your face. 
Did I like yours? 
Am I not adjusting? 
How much did it cost? 
- Sixty-eight. 
How much? 
- Sixty-Eight. 
Is it sixty-eight? 
I have sixty. 
Keep the change. 
Ah! 
He gave 8 rupees less and asking me to keep the change?! 
Ah! 
What a son in law! 
He is making my daughters shift from place to place. 
He plays cards, has debts every where and has got us a bad name. 
Grandmother! 
We all know about father. 
Leave the matter. 
All these days she supported him. 
Now you are doing that? 
He left us at home with out any care and.. .. now we dont know in which club or .. ..under which tree he is playing cards. 
I am here! 
What aunty? 
You are praising me a lot? 
The state is facing a drought. 
People have stopped giving loans. 
And they are unjustly asking me to repay their money too. 
Since there was no one else I came back thinking that.. ..my mother in law is my only refuge. 
Am I wrong? 
You will always do this. 
Do you know that you have a marriageable daughter? 
First address that issue. 
Ha! 
Ha! 
My daughter is a princess. 
Some prince will definitely come for her. 
He will give me half of his kingdom as dowry to marry her. 
This is ancient tradition and is not wrong. 
My dear, I know that you made fish curry. 
Serve it to me. 
What happened? 
Boss, the girl is here, in Warangal. 
Hey, cant you see what is happening? 
Cant you wait? 
You continue speaking. 
Her father is a useless man. 
Throughout the day he indulges in drink.. ..playing cards and spends all his time at the club. 
There is no habit he doesnt have. 
It will be very easy to manage him. 
Uncle, for the first time in my life 
I had the desire for marriage. 
And that was after seeing her. 
Handle this case carefully. 
Give the money. 
- How much? 
10 rupees. 
Bring this bag also. 
- I am already carrying two bags. 
Why dont you give it to brother-in-law? 
He is already carrying the burden of the family. 
You bring it. 
- I will bring it. 
Have you understood, uncle? 
They say I am not securing marks and you dont have job. 
Sister, where are you going? 
Those brinjals are fresh. 
You wait here. 
- Is it necessary? 
What happened to these people? 
Uncle! 
- What is it? 
Do you like that girl? 
I have told you about a girl, Do you remember? 
She is the girl. 
Who? 
That train beauty? 
Yes. 
Will you do a favor to me please? 
Take your parents out from here. 
Ok, I will do that. 
Will you buy me a chocolate? 
I will give you as many as you want. 
Mom! 
- What happened? 
Mom, the chips which you kept out for drying.. ..will be spoiled in this rain. 
Sister, Why are you still standing here? 
You first go home. 
- Let us go home. 
Ok, come on let us go. 
Is that you? 
- You remember me? 
Yes, are you from Warnagal? 
No madam, I am from Vijayawada. 
I came to Warangal to purchase vegetables. 
My name is Venkat. 
I studied polytechnic. 
Height 62. 
Please tell me your name, address and other details. 
Is it so urgent? 
I dont want to miss again. 
I am very sorry. 
That day my father was in toilet. 
With out knowing that I. 
Leave that matter. 
You must be tired by now. 
You are dancing till now from the moment we met, in my dreams. 
I have to take you to my friends immediately. 
That Jagan argues that no one is beautiful than Aiswarya. 
He will shut his mouth if he sees you once. 
Are you trying to impress me? 
No madam. 
I have already impressed you. 
I think you like the rain very much. 
Rain is my friend. 
Correct madam. 
It rained when we first met. 
It is raining today also. 
That means you friend rain is trying to unite us.. ..which means there is something between us. 
I dont think so. 
It is raining since this is the rainy season. 
I remember from the rain. 
I will show you a beautiful place. 
Come 
Where to? 
To the temple of thousand pillars. 
It will be wonderful experience to see it when it is raining. 
With two temples on either side of nandi .. ..and a rainbow starting from one temple ends on the other. 
You have to see it definitely. 
Really? 
Will it be so nice? 
You should see yourself to believe. 
Come on let us go. 
- Now? 
It can be seen only when it is raining. 
Believe me. 
Please come once. 
It stopped to rain. 
Bye. 
Where are you going? 
Should I tell you? 
At least tell me when will we meet again. 
Let us see when it again rains. 
What is that? 
Didnt you tell that the rain is uniting us? 
If we meet when it again rains.. ..I will also believe that there is something between us. 
Bye. 
You will meet again when it rains? 
I dont understand a bit. 
Do you at least know his name? 
What is there in the name, Grandmother? 
He is tall handsome guy. 
Is it not enough? 
I am not able to understand you. 
Mother, is it proper to teach her all this things? 
You shut up. 
The society has changed. 
You are an old woman by birth. 
Do you think he will meet you again? 
My friend rain will take care of that. 
It will unite us. 
None of the cards are useful. 
When you dont have luck how can you win? 
Show. 
- What? 
- Show. 
My score is 60. 
What about you? 
50. 
- What about you? 
- Ten. 
What is this? 
Are you trying to cheat us? 
Do you know, here people will bash you if you try to cheat. 
Is it new for me? 
Just joking. 
Distribute once again. 
I will have the show and pay you. 
Are you trying to fool us? 
Give the money. 
I dont have any. 
I have given all of them to you only. 
Dont try to scare me. 
I will not be scared? 
Nothing is left with me. 
I dont have watch or chain. 
What will you do? 
Bash me? 
Do it. 
Continue the game. 
Who are you, sir? 
He is Badris man. 
Why are you giving me the money? 
- Play. 
You please play, sir. 
I dont know how to play? 
You play. 
We can settle terms later. 
There is a bar nearby. 
Come there after you finished the game. 
When does it rain? 
When black clouds appear. 
When does the black clouds appear? 
Just before the rain comes. 
You idiot! 
I can tell you when the petrol tanker will come.. ..but how could you expect me to know when it will rain. 
Not only me, nobody can tell you that. 
I can tell. 
- Tell what? 
What is the program on TV at 7 p.m.? 
A serial named Jeevanarogalu. 
After that? 
- We will get headache. 
After that? 
- News will come. 
After that? 
- Weather report. 
Who will give that report? 
Gali Ganna Rao. 
If we call him he can tell when it will rain. 
9848032919. 
This is my cell number. 
Gali Ganna Rao. 
This is my name. 
People always misunderstand me and feel.. ..that I give them wrong information. 
I only read the report given by the weather department.. ..but dont control the weather myself. 
It will be good if you understand that. 
Please call later. 
Ok? 
Catch! 
Sir, we are in trouble. 
We did not still get the report which.. ..we are supposed to get by now. 
- What shall we do? 
Oh! 
I see that you are new to the job. 
You dont know about me. 
Do you think that we depend fully on their report? 
Now select one finger. 
The pointing finger? 
There will be no rain. 
Go. 
Sir, there is a phone for you. 
Who is that? 
- A fan of yours. 
This is Gali Ganna Rao speaking. 
This is Gun the Gagan speaking. 
Are you the person who gives the weather-related news? 
How does he know? 
Yes. 
What you want? 
When can we expect the rain? 
Not at present. 
- Why? 
Because the pointing finger was selected. 
Tell me correctly. 
During the next 48 hours the state will not have any rainfall. 
You can dry clothes, dry chips under the sun etc. 
Can we apply beer to the hair? 
Do whatever you want and leave me. 
Will there be rain at least after 48 hours? 
This is a difficult question. 
Wait a minute. 
Select one finger. 
Yes. 
There will be rain after 48 hrs, 6 minutes and 8 seconds. 
Is the rain guaranteed? 
Yes, without doubt. 
My finger never cheats me. 
Since you asked so many foolish questions.. ..can I ask you just one? 
- Go ahead. 
You are inquiring so much about the rain.. .what seeds did you sow? 
He is asking what seeds we sowed? 
Tell him that it is the seed of love. 
- The seed of love. 
What? 
The seed of love?! 
Put the phone down. 
Hey guys, it will rain after 48 hours. 
We all heard that. 
These people will be like this only. 
What a big house this is?! 
You have seen only the outside. 
Now see the inside. 
It will be great. 
What is this? 
I am afraid of dogs, sir. 
Thieves must be afraid of dogs. 
Why should you be? 
That is why I am afraid. 
He is counting notes by the heap. 
The boss is coming. 
Boss, this mans name is Kona Ranga Rao. 
A good friend of mine. 
He came to seek your help. 
Dont be afraid. 
A blood relation started between us. 
Ask him. 
Sir, I tried various businesses in different parts of the state. 
I also tried different precious stones. 
When I was that my fate would never change, I met you. 
Ask him a loan. 
Sir, I need some financial assistance from you. 
Uncle! 
The God has granted the wish but the priest created hurdles. 
Take this. 
Sir, you helped me as soon as I asked. 
If you please visit my home for dinner.. .. 
I will repay your kindness. 
Hey, why will he come to your house? 
Stay within your limits. 
Uncle, he made the request himself. 
I will consider later. 
SlR I felt like.. 
Hey, you are starting a song when you are asked for a story. 
You got your money. 
Now leave. 
What did he see in me to lend me this money? 
If he gave you money without a mortgage.. ..then you must have something as valuable as gold. 
What do I have? 
I have a golden heart. 
Gali Ganna Rao speaking. 
Where is the rain? 
We dont have rain in stock. 
It is out of stock. 
How can rain the out of stock, you fool! 
You idiot! 
Everyone calls me a fool. 
But you have.. ..lovingly called me and idiot. 
Who are you? 
You said that there would be rain after 48 hours.. .. six minutes and eight seconds. 
Where is the rain? 
Is it you, seed of love? 
Rain is not a wife to come as soon as it is called. 
Of course, my wife does not come even when I call her. 
Then whose call will she respond to? 
Are you talking about the rain or my wife? 
At present we are talking about your wife.. ..tell me about the rain. 
The rain was supposed to come. 
But the low pressure.. ..crossed Orissa, West Bengal and then moved over to Bangladesh. 
Then what are you doing here without going to Bangladesh. 
I do not have a passport. 
What passport, you anthrax......! 
My boy, you are inventing new words to swear at me. 
If you hang up, I will resign his job.. .. and become a wayside astrologer. 
You are not fit even for that. 
O God of rains! 
Till today I thought.. .. that only farmers pray to you. 
But now even lovers are praying to you. 
Dont you have mercy, O God of rains! 
The moment we hung up there is thunder and lightning. 
This means that there will be rain. 
Hurray! 
It is raining. 
Hey, stop. 
She said that she will meet when it rains.. ..but did not tell when and where. 
I am getting tense and cannot understand what to do. 
It is me who should understand. 
Why are you overacting? 
Shut your mouth. 
I know where to go. 
Grandmother! 
Did I not tell you? 
The rain is here. 
Yes I see that. 
Leave me. 
What is the use of holding my hands? 
Go and hold the hands of that boy. 
Where will you meet him? 
You did not even decide on a place to meet. 
I dont understand. 
It is me who has to understand. 
Not you. 
I understood completely. 
I will leave now. 
Bye. 
Who are you? 
Why are you standing there and blocking the entrance? 
Please come in sir. 
Please have this seat sir. 
This is the house of a poor man, built with a lot of effort. 
Come here, he is Badri, a very famous man. 
He has a very big heart. 
He is the king of Telangana. 
He does not go to anyones home. 
He visited only ours. 
She is Shailaja, my daughter. 
Will you get some coffee, my dear? 
She is learning dance. 
He brought that rowdy with him. 
One scoundrel joined another. 
You leave quickly. 
What about the coffee? 
I will take care of all that. 
You leave now. 
Otherwise you may not meet that guy. 
Why did the young girl become an old woman? 
Sir, coffee! 
Please take it. 
She is my mother in law. 
But she is more than my mother. 
Then why do you make her serve the coffee? 
You should have asked your child to do it. 
She went to the temple for her prayer. 
She should have gone after an hour. 
After an hour the priests will close the temple and leave. 
My child has a lot of devotion for God. 
There is a temple on the side and that side too. 
There is also a beautiful rainbow in between. 
Everything is just as he said. 
But where is he? 
He is not to be seen. 
Hey rain, are you pouring down only here.. ..or even at the place where he is? 
If you do so then he will think there is no rain.. .. and will not come. 
Why dont you please rain at his place too? 
My dear, my cute rain! 
Please rain at his place also. 
Do you believe at least now that rain unites both of us? 
I already believe that. 
It seems you did not believe completely. 
Because you came so close but stayed that far. 
Let the distance between the hearts melt slowly 
Let me slowly open the door of naughty thoughts 
The sky is sending down rain threads of love 
And making a garland with rain drops as flowers 
At this pleasant moment when it drenched us .. .. and joined us by the rainbow of love 
With this rain as a witness.. .. let me proclaim that you are mine 
With this rain as a witness.. .. let me establish this bond forever. 
In your twists and turns I can see the beauty of lightning 
I am seeing your spectacular dance in this first rain 
I can hear your voice in this thunder 
And do I hear your signals through.. ..the sounds of these rain drops 
I am following the track of your heart 
Shall I follow your foot steps as your wife 
In this wetness when your shyness went away 
Can any curtain stop your eagerness 
I am gifting my beauty to your eyes 
Let these rain drops show me your treasures 
And let me remain indebted to the god of rain 
I cannot stop the anxious youth anymore 
Shall we marry with out any delay 
let us recreate history and show that.. ..our union is a proof of real friendship 
I will never remove you from my heart . ..and this ring from my finger. 
You should also promise me one thing. 
Whenever it rains you should come and hug me like this. 
My God! 
From where did you get that heroine? 
Shall we watch the shooting? 
Why not? 
Let us go. 
Sir, see this girl! 
How beautiful she is! 
If we make her the heroine in our movie.. ..it will definitely go on to celebrate a silver jublee. 
You are right director. 
She looks wonderful. 
Hey photographer! 
Take a few snaps .. ..of that girl in the pink dress. 
Look here Mr.Ranga Rao! 
We never know when luck will smile on someone. 
For example Simran became a heroine. 
Her mother is moving around in a Benz car. 
Roja also became a heroine. - Her brother too has a Benz car. 
Same thing with Rambha too. 
Her mother is moving around in Benz car. 
You are talking only about brothers and mothers. 
What about fathers? 
- He is there. 
And you are that person if you agree. 
Listen to me and make your daughter a heroine.. ..then you will get not only Benz cars .. ..but you can enjoy all other luxuries. 
You can earn some crores of money. 
Crores!? 
Yes believe me. 
Kona Ranga Rao becomes crores Ranga Rao. 
I am placing my daughter in your hands.. ..you should make her a star and change my fate. 
Do you have a five star cigarette? 
Dont say anything else. 
My stomach is about to split. 
Yes, my difficulties have become a joke for you. 
Tell as what they are. 
There are two matches. 
One girl is very beautiful. 
She likes me too. 
But she does not have any money. 
The other girl is average in looks. 
But she is very wealthy 
What is there in money? 
You are lucky to find a girl who likes you. 
Marry that girl who is not rich and you will be happy. 
You are what I call a friend. 
Now tell me the address of that which girl. 
Give me water! 
Someone close to you is remembering you. 
Why do they remember even when they are close? 
Because they are close, they will remember.. ..either when close by or when far away. 
Is that so? 
Hey, these people are getting very close. 
It is better that we go away. 
Hey, Mr.Ranga Rao! 
Oh! 
My father! 
Where is your father? 
There. 
Near that scooter. 
- Is that man your father? 
Hey! 
Do something. 
Build a wall. 
Do you know my father? 
- Yes we know. 
Hey, Salim! 
He is coming this side. 
There is an auto coming behind. 
Stop the auto. 
Take it and go. 
Will the meter work? 
It will cost 5 rupees more than the meter. 
Ok bye. 
Good night. 
Did she go? 
- Hello Salim, how are you? 
Hello, Mr. Ranga Rao! 
Are you fine? 
Do we look like thieves who steal rings? 
No. 
Because we sell the rings before you can steal them. 
Did you get your Anarkali? 
Yes sir, by your grace? 
So are you daily going to the movies and parks with her? 
Even that happened just now with your grace. 
When is the marriage? 
That too will depend on your grace. 
That is, should the girls father not agree? 
Why should you worry about the girls father? 
I advise you to elope with the girl. 
That will fix the father and you will enjoy the thrill. 
Sir, do you know what your greatness is? 
What is it? 
- I too dont know. 
That is what I call extra speech. 
I did not like your face. 
Salim, the scooter is not getting started. 
Please kick start it. 
If he likes someones face he will make.. 
Why does he have Shailus ring on his finger? 
I had a similar ring made for my daughter. 
She lost it somewhere. 
Did you find it by any chance? 
I was joking. 
This is a girls ring. 
Not good for you. 
Your luck will be reversed. 
Take it off. 
Oh, is it love! 
You must have that much passion. 
But be careful. 
If that father knows.. ..he might have your hand or leg removed. 
His head will be removed before.. ..he decides between hand or leg. 
His Anarkali is my daughter?! 
Then why will she agree to become an actress? 
She will not. 
All of you come here. 
Listen all of you. 
If all my debts have to be repaid.. ..and if you have to breath free air, then I must die. 
Oh God! 
Im coming to you. 
How are you? 
Bring some water. 
What? 
Am I not dead? 
You may stop me today and tomorrow. 
But I will go one day. 
No one listens to what I say. 
I will listen to you. 
Swear by your mother that you will listen to me. 
Okay I will listen to you. 
Will you become a cinema actress? 
No, no. 
You must pose like this. 
Are you a director? 
You are shooting a photograph like a movie. 
My money is hard earned.. 
Excuse me. 
No smoking sir. 
I am the father of the heroine. 
Even then you cannot smoke sir. 
Let the movie succeed, then I will take care of you. 
Hi, Salim! 
What are you doing here? 
I came for Anarkali. 
Where is your Anarakali? 
Dont play games. 
Then give your daughter to me. 
I will look after her very well. 
I dont even know your name. 
My daughter is a star. 
She will be a heroine. 
She cannot be the lover of a loafer like you. 
There is a lot of gap between you and my daughter. 
Hey, you cannot even touch her shadow. 
What? 
- You cannot even touch her shadow. 
You said I cant even touch her shadow? 
I am going to marry Shailu. 
Venkat weds Shailaja. 
If anybody try to obstruct Venkat kills anybody. 
I like you O Nijam girl and you are my princess 
Welcome my dear prince and take this young beauty with you 
If you give me your hand I will take.. ..you atop the elephant with me 
Arrange for the musical band for our marriage. 
I will come with you 
This girl has eagerly accepted my proposal 
Let us come together and steal each others hearts 
Talk sweetly and open the treasure of my beauty 
You too became intelligent 
Because you pampered me 
I laid a path of jasmines for you. 
Come to me running 
I heart found the priest of love and could not escape from him 
Be the deity in the temple of my heart 
I am intoxicated with your love and come to you 
I will blow away with you like a gale 
My shyness became an hurdle 
I will drive it away by kissing your cheek 
Drown me with your kisses and lift me in your embrace 
Become the beautiful day once and a lovely night once 
We must be exited each time we embrace 
I lost all my prestige. 
When he was kissing you in front of your father.. ..and everybody, you didnt say a single word. 
She is being ecstatic about it. 
You took an oath by your mother.. ..does he became important than her? 
I took oath of mom that I will act in movies not to forget him. 
It is unnecessary for me to live any more. 
O dear, keep that pan aside. 
I will burn myself into ashes. 
Will you keep it aside if I tell you? 
Have you not told me to do so? 
- Let us go out. 
It seems son-in-law is going to do something. 
Let us not disturb him. 
Come on. 
O my dear, is it ok for you if I die? 
It is burning! 
Where there is a will there is a way. 
Bhadra, Ranga Rao came to see you. 
Let him in. 
- Hey you, come here. 
Sir, Bhadram sir! 
You are my God. 
Please save my daughter and me. 
She is my only daughter and I brought her up as a doll. 
Even my master is also looking her as a doll.. ..but he wants to see her in his home. 
He is ready to give 10 lakhs if you accept this marriage. 
When crores are coming who needs lakhs. 
I will first use him to finish Venkat, then think this matter. 
My God, 10 lakhs? 
Where are they? 
Here, take them. 
Sir, God has given me an extra tooth but not extra intelligence. 
I would have realized your heart if He gave me that. 
But I am unfortunate. 
This marriage will not happen. 
Why is that? 
Every idiot wants to marry my daughter.. ..Sir, I am not talking about him. 
He is pure gold, I am talking about that fellow.. ..who trapped my daughter in the name of love. 
Who is he? 
His name is Venkat. 
He is handsome and 6 feet tall. 
That is the main problem. 
Thank you. 
Do you want another? 
- It is enough for now. 
Are you Venkat? 
Yes. 
Boss is calling you. 
Get in to the jeep. 
- Which boss? 
This territory has only one boss. 
Bhadram sir. 
Why does he wants me? 
Hey! 
He got some work. 
Shut up and get in to the jeep. 
The boy is with me. 
You go. 
I will drop him at the house and follow you. 
Who is he? 
He is talking opposite to what we say. 
Put both of them in the jeep. 
Come on. 
What is this? 
Why are you so angry with us? 
Sorry sir. 
I said I will come. 
Please leave the boy. 
I would not cause any harm just caress him. 
Take the boy home. 
Dont you hear? 
Go. 
He seems to be mad. 
Hold on. 
Are you scared? 
Come on. 
Please give back the kid. 
Why are you crying my boy? 
Will you go to your uncle? 
Banti!? 
Please give the boy. 
Hey! 
Your uncle saw you. 
The kid is very smart. 
Catch. 
You took a nice catch. 
Open the door. 
Uncle! 
Dont show your face to me. 
Get out. 
- Boss! 
I say get out. 
Uncle. 
You just beat them. 
I would have cut them into pieces. 
Do you know I am from Cuddupah. 
I am a tiger. 
Hey! 
Take out the rods let us bash them all. 
Here, take this rod and bash them all. 
I swore to Sai Baba that I dont hit anybody on Thursday. 
Bhadra, may be the person sitting is the one we want. 
I will talk to him. 
My boss called you. 
You rejected. 
So he himself came here. 
Why are you sitting without respect? 
I am the person who beat your people. 
It was not my mistake. 
You called me. 
I said I will come.. ..after dropping the boy at home. 
They tried to hurt the boy. 
I will kill.. ..the person who tries to hurt the boy. 
Uncle! 
Look here, I am an elderly person advising you. 
Obey my words and forget that girl. 
Which girl? 
- What was her name? 
Shailaja. 
Shailu!? 
Why should I forget her? 
Because my boss is loving her. 
Hey, You will not be in Warangal. 
In that case I will stay in Karim Nagar. 
Tell me uncle, he is loving her but does she love him? 
Who needs that? 
My boss loves her. 
That is enough. 
It is not enough uncle. 
Your boss is loving her. 
I am loving her. 
She loves me. 
So she is mine. 
I am an young guy asking you. 
Please leave this place. 
Shailu is mine. 
Bhadranna!? 
I can die ten times for Shailu. 
Can you die once? 
I am ready, what about you?...Are you ready? 
Uncle, why are you supporting him? 
I called you from vizag to convince him not to support him. 
Why are you being hasty? 
I will talk to him. 
Why do you interact with that rowdy? 
What is the necessity that you want the girl he loves? 
He wants the girl I love. 
Have you seen how arrogantly he is speaking? 
Do one thing. 
Leave this city and come to Vizag with me. 
I will not come. 
Dont talk like that. 
Why do you want to stay here.. ..and have a dispute with that rowdy. 
Why do you try to scare me? 
What if he is a rowdy? 
What is his specialty? 
I am also a rowdy.. .. if anyone tries to interferes in my matter. 
Beat me. 
I kicked my mother when I was a kid. 
She never beat me. 
I kicked my father when I have grown up. 
He never beat me. 
You shouldnt have leaved him brother. 
You must have killed him there itself. 
What is the need for that? 
He only announced that.. ..he can die ten times for her. 
If I kill him now.. ..he will become a hero in her eyes. 
He must not become a hero. 
Hey Godess Laxmi, daughter of ocean God. 
Take the Arathi baby. 
Why are you looking me like that? 
I have really changed. 
I promise. 
Come here I will explain you. 
I accept that I am a bad man. 
But I am not a bad father. 
Sit down. 
For the first time in my life I worshiped the God. 
I took one decision after I prayed to all the Gods. 
To perform your marriage with Venkat. 
You are not understanding me. 
I am not against your love. 
I just want to know one thing. 
What is the difference.. ..between me, who is useless and him? 
I dont have any job and neither does he. 
I am spending my time in clubs and he in the petrol bunk. 
I dont have any shame so I am running this family.. ..by borrowing money from others. 
But he is very hotblooded. 
What will he do? 
How will he earn money and look after you? 
The house owner does not understand your love. 
He demands his rent every month. 
The milk man, the provision store owner.. ..no one will understand your love. 
Every one demand money. 
How will you manage? 
Did I say anything wrong? 
He is also trying for a job. 
What is his fault if he failed? 
I will arrange a job for him. 
Ask him will he do it? 
Look here my child. 
I care a lot for you. 
All I want is you should never repent like your mother.. ..that you have married a guy who is useless like me. 
Take this flower. 
Girls should put it in the plait. 
Boys must put it in the ear. 
Give this flower to Venkat. 
Take the plate. 
By the way will our son-in-law agree? 
How can I say that? 
I know. 
He will not accept. 
Your father will arrange a job for me? 
Will he make me a card distributor in that club? 
Venkat, be serious. 
My dad want you to join.. ..as assistant manager in a cement factory. 
I dont want that. 
Why? 
Because my father arranged it. 
- Yes. 
How will you feed me if you dont have any job? 
Anyone can ask that to me but not you. 
When you believed that rain has united us.. ..then why cant you believe that I can feed you. 
How will you do that? 
- I will rob a bank or I will steal. 
I can do anything for my love. 
Try to understand me. 
You want to see me as an employee. 
With in 24 hours I will come to your house as an employee. 
You have tried to create a dispute between your daughter ..and me because I am unemployed. 
Now I am employed. 
As a driver? 
To 25 lorries. 
I am a supervisor. 
10,000 salary. 
Is it enough to feed your daughter? 
I can earn 10,000 in one day if luck smiles at me. 
Do you see, because I said those words that day.. ..he became determined and got a job. 
I know that you are capable. 
But you need a little push. 
I have given green signal to your love. 
What are you doing? 
Take my son-in-law inside. 
I will order to print the wedding cards. 
But there is a small problem. 
My scooter is not starting. 
Can you order to drop me since you are not the driver? 
No need, I will take my way. 
Stop wearing a girls dress and.. ..let your beauty be magnified by a saree 
Dont jump like a small girl and.. .. let me tie you down with a nuptial not 
let me reach you quickly and.. ..let us fulfill our naughty desires hold this beauty in your embrace 
see this, how can I stop the youth.. .. when the my heart became an enemy 
Why should we feel lonely.. .. when we have each others company 
Accept me as your bride 
Drive away your shyness and repay this sweet debt 
The girl is very delicate. 
How can I touch her 
It is difficult to remain alone at this age 
Here I am, twist around me 
Fulfill my desire by owning me 
Hi! 
How are you? 
I got a variety dream last night. 
In that dream both of us were married. 
Surprising! 
I too had the same dream. 
But first night was with Salman Khan. 
I will never get married in this life. 
What if I reject? 
There are many other girls in the city. 
If I am not agreeable to the below average beauty like you.. ..how could I expect any girl to like me? 
I think I was a wall in my previous life. 
That is why.. ..everyone is throwing dung cakes on my face. 
Jagan, come with me. 
Where to? 
- I will tell you afterwards. 
Come with me. 
Are you going to hit me there? 
What happened? 
You should not see. 
Remove the hand uncle. 
Sorry. 
I know you very well. 
That is why I said we will sit outside. 
Please wait for a while. 
We have to select the cards. 
We can do that sitting outside also. 
I wont do anything. 
Come on sit down. 
We should not believe this men. 
Is this card nice? 
No. 
Look at this card. 
Remove it. 
O my God! 
Hey! 
Stop there. 
Sorry sir. 
Are you Venkat? 
Yes sir. 
Get into the jeep. 
Why sir? 
I will tell you in the station. 
What is my crime sir? 
Since you are supplying gunpowder.. ..to terrorists to prepare dynamite. 
Dynamite!? 
Sir, I am working as supervisor .. ..in Shakti transport company. 
Your owner has revealed your name. 
Confess yourself kid. 
I have surrendered myself. 
Why do you want to have a dispute with police? 
They will beat you. 
Accept the truth. 
I will kill you. 
He is telling lies. 
I dont know about any thing. 
You tell the truth. 
Do you remember what you said that day? 
You said your lover insulted you. 
You want to earn money in any way. 
I took you into my company after I explained all the details. 
I had even promised to give you 10,000 rupees per month. 
You are trying to drag me into this? 
Venkat, stop. 
Sir, please dont do it. 
You are in uniform. 
I will come with you. 
- Let us go. 
You dont worry baby. 
Nothing will happen to him. 
He is angry with me so he did not do.. .. the job I offered. 
Ego problem. 
And joined in this dirty job and now arrested. 
As a man he should have some ego but not this much. 
As your father I have to try something. 
But how? 
I have to fall at their feet. 
I will directly talk with the home minister. 
I think it is the correct idea. 
Small influences will not work. 
Since it is a terrorist case. 
Hello! 
Is it the home minister? 
Yes, this is home minister speaking. 
What is the matter? 
Its me sir, Kona Ranga Rao. 
My fellow is in trouble sir. 
It will not be a big problem. 
If you give the surety.. ..he can be released. 
No problem. 
When I said that my father arranged a job for you.. ..you laughed at me. 
As a result we became the laughing stock.. .. for everyone. 
A man should not have so much ego Venkat. 
You are crazy. 
You are fortunate to be released. 
Otherwise what would have happened? 
Shailu, you dont understand. 
This is the drama ploted by ..your father and that Bhadram to separate us. 
If my father did all this, why would he try so hard to bring.. ..you out of the jail? 
Do you know you would have been in jail.. .. for up to five years if he does not helped you. 
Why would he do that if he wants to separate us? 
Because they want that you should find fault in me. 
Forget about all others. 
Do you believe that I am the culprit? 
Let us leave that matter now. 
Shailu, Do you believe that I am the culprit? 
What can I do but believe. 
To get a job so quickly you may. 
It is useless to convince you. 
You began to believe.. ..your father blindly. 
That is why you could not even .. ..believe me. 
You dont love me any more. 
I cannot be with you if you dont love me. 
It is not proper for you to go to Vizag for such a small reason. 
Small arguments are common among couples or lovers. 
It may look like a small incident for you.. .. but it is very big concern for me. 
Then also how can you break a relation? 
You should convince her later when she is calm. 
Convince her? 
Is she a small girl? 
Doesnt she have any brain? 
You are behaving arrogantly. 
I need not beg her. 
She will come to me if she wants me. 
Why are you worried so much baby? 
It is just a small argument. 
Is it not your fault that you raised an argument with him.. ..when he was surrounded by many tensions? 
You know quarrels will increase if you let them to.. ..otherwise they will simply vanish. 
After all the hard work I have done to separate them.. ..this old lady is trying to take away my fruits of success. 
What are you still thinking? 
Go to him. 
Shailu! 
You are still wasting time here? 
Venkat is leaving the city. 
- My God! 
You are bleeding! 
Were already in a lot of trouble. 
- What happened to you, dad? 
This is nothing, baby. 
He was very angry. 
Leave that matter. 
Venkat is leaving the city. 
Go and stop him. 
I tried to convince him to change his decision. 
But he was very angry. 
His anger was increasing every minute. 
As a last effort I fell at his feet. 
With out respecting my age he kicked me. 
I hurt myself by falling on a stone. 
I dont care if my body is hurt. 
It will be cured in a few days. 
But he hurt my heart. 
He threw this ring to the ground. 
Any way he is a man. 
But we have to bare it. 
If you go and fell at his sisters feet.. 
Not necessary. 
Listen to me, baby. 
I am saying it is not necessary. 
I dont want.. .. to fall at the feet of a person who rejected me. 
If he wants me, he will come to me. 
He had a dispute with Bhadram in the past. 
Now Bhadram wants to take his revenge on us. 
He wants me to repay all the debt I took from him long ago. 
If I cannot, then he wants me to marry my daughter to him. 
It is better for me to hang myself than giving.. ..my daughter to him. 
But I did not do it because of you. 
What can we do now? 
There is a way. 
That producer is still waiting with money .. ..in his hands. 
If my daughter agree to act in his film.. ..I can give that money to Bhadram. 
How can I ask her to act in these circumstances? 
Dad, I will act in the movies. 
Clear the debt with that money. 
Let me wipe the blood off. 
It will go in few days. 
May be from that producer. 
Hello producer sir! 
Greetings! 
When will you give me the advance, sir? 
Do you want me to come to Warangal? 
Warangal? 
We are moving out from Warangal. 
Good bye to you Warangal and good bye for Bhadranna. 
O rain, do not go back having droppe d from the eyes. 
Stay with me like the showers and the lightning. 
Why did he go away having raised love in my he art 
If you want to come will I stop you? 
Hey! 
Venkat is here! 
Venkat! 
It has been a long time. 
- How are you doing? 
Let us go and see what happens. 
We will burn his house.. .. with a tank full of petrol and bring Shailaja back. 
Are you out of your mind? 
He is not an ordinary person. 
He is a powerful man in entire Telangana. 
That will be our strength. 
He cannot imagine .. ..that we will dare to rescue Shailu from him. 
Even then we should not be careless. 
With a perfect plan.. ..we should rescue her tonight. 
Bhadra, listen to me. 
She is not even taking any food. 
How would she possibly marry you and lead her life with you? 
Dont do it. 
If you decorate your feet with Mehendi. 
They look beautiful with that red color. 
If you decorate your hands they too look beautiful. 
But dont let blood smear your hands. 
It will not be nice. 
I could have done anything with you. 
But my father told me in his death bed.. .. not to hurt any woman. 
That is why I have caused no harm to you. 
But I will definitely marry you. 
I dont like you. 
Then whom do you like? 
That Venkat who left you and ran away? 
Why do you think him so much about him? 
I am the person who is standing all your abuses. 
Think about me. 
Change your mind. 
It is not me but you who has to change your mind. 
Whatever you say, my fancy for you is only increasing. 
What do you ladies have? 
Even kings become your slaves. 
I cannot stand it any more. 
I will marry you tomorrow itself. 
Why do you look like that? 
I am giving you time only till the marriage hour. 
You must change not only your mind ... 
That will never happen. 
- It will happen. 
Never. 
Cant you hear? 
Dont you know the fate of Ravana who kidnapped Sita? 
Open your eyes atleast now. 
Hey Ravana! 
Get ready for the war. 
Change the story. 
Are you Rama? 
Take the nuptials from Sitas neck and give them to Ravana. 
He will tie them. 
Are you mad? 
Why will Rama remove Sitaa nuptials. 
Hey, remove the nuptials. 
- Sir, it is a sacrilege. 
It is a sin. 
Did you see this? 
The power went off. 
This is a bad omen. 
What nonsense? 
Inquire what happened. 
Maybe lord Rama has come. 
Hey you, come here. 
Did you check everything? 
Yes we checked all the fuses. 
Now check the transformer. 
And be quick. 
Ok, boss. 
Here the connection is removed. 
Let us put it in the girls room. 
Hey Anjanna, put this lantern in the girls room. 
Hey, he is escaping with the girl. 
Catch him. 
Is everyone safe? 
Let us go from here. 
We are waiting for a long time now. 
We didnt see any train. 
I am scared. 
Is there any train now? 
Why are you scared? 
Not for myself. 
I am feared about Shailu. 
I asked in the enquiry. 
There is only one train, that too goods. 
It will not stop in this station. 
Still Venkat and Jagan has not came. 
How can we leave them? 
Venkat told us to leave with Shailu whether he comes or not. 
I dont come until Venkat is here. 
Here they come. 
Venkat! 
Is everything all right? 
Do you know how scared I am? 
When will the train arrive? 
There is only one goods now. 
Let us somehow try to catch it. 
You are not coming with us. 
What are you saying? 
You took a lot of risk for us till now. 
You just go. 
How can we leave you like that? 
Yes, we will also come with you. 
You go from here. 
- Listen to me. 
They have entered the forest. 
We got a message from Kasi. 
He said that he will kill that man and .. .. bring the girl before the hour of marriage. 
He said he will not be your brother if he fails. 
Uncle, make me as bridegroom. 
He kept the ring I gave to him. 
That means father lied to me. 
And I believed his words. 
I did a big mistake. 
Come on. 
Move away. 
Do you want to die? 
What do you want? 
- I want a lift. 
This bus belongs to a marriage party. 
You will not get the lift. 
This is your bus brother, come inside. 
Why dont you pick up the cell? 
- It is your cell phone. 
What? 
My phone? 
Hello? 
Who is it? 
I am unable to listen. 
Tayaru, is that you? 
We are coming. 
Did you call to ask how much I got as priests fee? 
Nothing. 
The marriage was cancelled due to differences between.. ..the two parties. 
We are returning in the same bus. 
The boys people are at the back.. .. and the girls people on the right. 
I and Shambu are suffering in between them. 
Why should it not be cancelled? 
It is a love marriage. 
Is there any rule that lovers will never go apart? 
They got separated due to a silly issue. 
The groom has.. ..a temporary job but the girls side was told.. ..that it is a permanent job. 
At this the girls father got angry and made the girl.. ..take the issue up with the groom in front of everyone. 
At this the boys ego got hurt. 
So it is an ego problem. 
Because the girls side insulted them.. 
When did we insult them? 
They only lowered our dignity. 
As if they had any dignity. 
Hey priest, why should we talk with those people.. ..who do not have any status or capability? 
We are drinking scotch because we are capable. 
The drinking during day time shows.. ..that theirs is a manner less family. 
You driver, stop the bus. 
I will finish off this man. 
Who are you to finish me? 
If I hit you, you will go sprawling. 
What will you hit me? 
If I take one more peg.. ..I will sleep on the seat myself. 
We do not talk to idiots. 
- But we are talking to idiots. 
Do you mean that my teacher is an idiot? 
It seems to be your opinion. 
Not theirs. 
Now sit aside. 
We do not speak to drunkards at all. 
I am a drunkard but not a hen-pecked husband. 
How dare you say that to me? 
Did you see what he said about you? 
I am observing you since some time. 
Why are you getting aggressive? 
There the ladies have entered the arena. 
You too enter the fray. 
What are you ranting? 
We agreed for this marriage.. ..since we did not know that you are worthless people. 
See this sari that you presented. 
Please do not tear the sari. 
That sari is more than enough for your status. 
Madam, past is past. 
Please keep quiet now. 
Who are you to speak in between, you bald fellow? 
How dare you speak to me like that? 
If not a bald fellow we will call you a rotten fellow. 
Teacher, bald is better than rotten. 
Oh! 
Is that so? 
Why dont you say loudly so that all can hear? 
All of you please listen! 
My teacher is bald, not rotten. 
My dear bride, why dont you patch up for what happened.. ..by saying sorry to the groom once? 
You shut up. 
Will a sorry nullify everything they did? 
Look sir, will you accept it if the girl you love insults you.. ..in front of all and then say sorry? 
I will not. 
Every time this bus puncture at this place. 
Is this a hotel? 
- It is a hotel. 
Do they serve chicken or mutton? 
Only those are available here. 
In that case let us go in. 
Come on. 
Where to? 
Listen to me. 
How long will it take? 
It will be ready with in 10 minutes, sir. 
Do it quickly. 
- Ok sir. 
Bring one chicken curry and mutton fry for my master. 
Bring boiled eggs along with them, for my master. 
Why dont you announce that I also eat fish and crabs? 
You forgot to mention prawns. 
Really? 
You bring them. 
I will kill you. 
- They said that, not me. 
Get lost you idiot. 
- Talk politely. 
Get lost you idiot sir. 
These parents will never change and.. ..those lover will never unite. 
Did you really love him? 
Then why did you doubt him? 
I did not doubt him. 
It was he who told a lie. 
Ok, he told a lie. 
But why? 
Because he wanted you and could not leave you. 
Everyone does not get true love. 
You are fortunate to get that. 
Look not for the permanence of job but of love. 
Listen to me and apologize to him. 
What about our parents? 
It is you who have to live together. 
Not your parents. 
Go quickly. 
If you delay then he may not accept you. 
Why are you still thinking? 
Go now. 
Kiran, I did not come to say sorry to you. 
But to tell you that I will live or die with you only. 
Stop there. 
What are you doing with my son now? 
Have you gone mad? 
What was the need for you to go to him? 
I will bring a much better boy for you than him. 
Get who ever you can. 
But this marriage will never happen. 
I wont agree for this marriage even if you fall at my feet. 
Stop it. 
Our marriage will take place. 
We are not concerned with your standoff. 
Our love is important for us. 
She realized her mistake and.. ..apologized me. 
Now if I bow to your adamancy.. .. then I will lose her forever. 
Whether or not you agree we are going to marry. 
Will you not shed your anger over me? 
How can I bare that anger? 
Stop your acting I will not surrender to you 
Show some mercy on your girl who approached you 
Does our paths ever combine? 
Please stop your angry scolding 
My dear! 
Why dont you please relent? 
If you are angry you will not walk with me till the end 
Will you drench me instead of being my umbrella 
You are the rain who throws away the umbrella 
When I look beyond the curtains .. .. 
I found that my impression in your heart. 
Since I know the value of love I did not forget like you. 
He is always thinking about me but does not talk to me 
Even a second lost will never come back 
Bye. 
Hey, I am talking to you. 
Why are you thundering? 
Do you think I am afraid of you? 
Even if you thunder, eventually you have to come to me. 
Hey, I am talking to you. 
Cant you hear? 
Are you deaf? 
Dont make such a fuss. 
I know that you also want to speak to me. 
You are only trying to placate your ego. 
Come to me now. 
Hey rain, you were the witness when a big man promised me.. ..that he will keep me in his heart and my ring on his finger. 
He kept the promise too. 
I also promised that whenever you come I would hug him. 
Should I not keep my promise now? 
Even if he is angry with me I am going to hug him. 
Venkat! 
What is the use of killing a minion like you. 
I am sparing your life. 
Go and tell him that he cannot harm.. ..even a single strand of my hair. 
Uncle, why are you looking at me like that? 
Am I looking like a mad person? 
No. 
The marriage will take place at the decided moment. 
The bride will come. 
Kasi will bring her. 
We share the same blood. 
Boss, Kasi has come. 
Uncle, did I not tell you? 
Kasi has come. 
Shailaja has come. 
Kasi! 
Kasi! 
Uncle, did I not tell you? 
I know that you will bring her. 
You are a true brother. 
Tell me where she is. 
Brother! 
You made me your younger brother. 
You also gave me everything. 
But I could not do what you wanted. 
I came here because he spared my life. 
I dont want such a life. 
I dont want this life. 
No. 
Give it to me. 
I am telling you. 
Get up. 
What are you saying? 
Are you mad? 
Uncle, he says that he wants to die. 
Aunty, he says that he wants to die. 
Hey, dont die. 
One must not die, but kill. 
One must kill. 
He is not an idiot. 
But he made me an idiot before everyone. 
Hey, dont cry. 
It does not matter whether this coward lives or dies. 
You, old woman! 
Put the marriage mark on my face. 
Hello! 
Bhadranna! 
Tell me what the matter is. 
I am coming to Hyderabad. 
If you make a single phone call.. ..I will send the entire Hyderabad to you. 
Why do you need to come? - Because I need to kill a person. 
Why do you take the trouble? 
Tell me who he is and I will have him killed in an encounter. 
No. 
I must hack him to death in the open street. 
Okay, if you wish let it happen that way. 
Before I finish my work and return to Warangal.. ..they should be no report of any activity in Hyderabad. 
There should be no law and order. 
Okay, as you wish. 
See you later. 
Look here DCP, for 24 hours.. ..ignore any incident that happens in the city. 
- Ok. 
Hey, leave us. 
Is it true that someone kidnapped her? 
No, that is not correct. 
She twisted her ankle and was in hospital. 
She will not give any interview now. 
Go away. 
My boy, have you come?! 
I am very happy. 
I have invested 14 crores in the movie. 
If you had not brought her I would have been doomed. 
Take these 10 lakhs. 
I dont need 10 lakhs. 
Only three lakhs is enough. 
Oh, you do not seem to belong to this age. 
He is saying no to money. 
I need to send this money urgently to Vizag. 
Can you make any arrangements please? 
When he is requesting us why do you stare with an open mouth? 
Move now. 
I will have it done. 
Are you looking for Venkat? 
- He is upstairs. 
He is taking money from the producer for bringing you back. 
He must have taken five or 10.. lakhs not thousands. 
This is true. 
I swear by my mother. 
Dont try to cheat me anymore father. 
You told me that he threw the ring down.. ..and I stayed away from him believing you. 
Now you are telling me that he took money. 
Even if he took money they would be the strong reason for it. 
I will believe only Venkat and not you. 
Why are you backing him? 
Do you know how much trouble I took to make you.. ..a heroine? 
Will you now go away with him? 
What will happen to the movie? 
Come with me. 
Wait. 
Leave her. 
I left her. 
Shailu is mine. 
Dont play with love. 
You will be ruined. 
I will kill you if you obstruct my daughters path. 
I prayed to God that they should be united. 
God granted my wish. 
That is all I want. 
He piers my heart with the spear of love 
He is the real man 
Look how handsome my life partner is 
She resembles the dancing waterfall 
His sharp eyes pierce my heart 
She has a body like a flower filled with honey 
I will arrest you in my embrace 
I will guard you against all odds 
O beautiful swan, you gave me a sweet pain 
I have a lot of belief in you 
I felt the heat of your love 
I owe my entire life to you 
What is it? 
Nothing. 
Where did son in law go? 
Wait here. 
I will search for him. 
Venkat! 
You scoundrel! 
Why do you stab from behind like that? 
If you are a man who took a mothers milk, fight from the front. 
Let us decide the winner. 
Hey, what do you think? 
Do you think that he was brought up on donkeys milk? 
Do you think that he cannot fight you? 
My boy is the son of a lion. 
He alone is sufficient to kill and bury you where you stand. 
If you have the courage, fight alone. 
No one else should interfere. - Hey, all the others stand back. 
Bhadra, finish him off. 
Prove that you are a man. 
Venkat! 
Wait! 
The God and the people are on his side. 
If you try to hit him from 
. 
Gadejuristen - The Danish Street Lawyers 
My name is Nanna Gotfredsen and I am a street lawyer in Copenhagen. 
We are at the open drug scene right now. 
It's just behind the main station in Copenhagen and we have had an open drug scene here for 30 years- 25 or 30 years. 
What we are doing here with our bike is that we are sending out a legal team providing users, homeless people, and outdoor sex workers with legal advice and legal assistance. 
It's the package: 
Pump, filter, water, injection needle. 
We have several kinds of needles that we can offer. 
If you don't use these, then we have some bigger ones and we also have a pump that is bigger. 
But this is what you have in the ordinary set here and also alcohol cleaner. 
And this is a J-Key card. 
Information for safer injection. 
This is a question and then you have the answer on the other side. 
There is not doubt that law enforcement cannot prevent people from using drugs. 
Using drugs has other reasons than whether it is criminalised or not. 
When the police is targeting the open drug scenes you can only make it worse for drug users. 
They are fighting so hard to stay alive and we can see that from the constantly high death rate in Denmark 
This is our office - The street lawyer. 
Drug users, homeless people and all of them are here with us. 
We can be like 30 or 40 people up here, and so we would like some more space. 
Homeless people are having their clothes and things and papers and things like that in the office. 
We have just a very small internet café. 
This is the map that the police is using. 
We have 14 no-go zones and when you are banned 
- it is only drug users and homeless people who are banned from being in these zones - it will cost about 100 euros every time you are in these areas. 
We have the main station here and the church is here, and here in an overlap of 3 no-go zones we have the needle exchange program. 
So what is the message you are sending? 
It is "do you want a fine or HlV? 
Pick yourself." 
"Fixerum" means "user room or injection room" and that is from Vancouver in 2004 and it is still like that. 
And this is 2 huge garbage disposers in Copenhagen where users are injecting and using their drugs because we don't have injections rooms. 
Actually it is explaining the choice... what choice do we have? 
We cannot choose that people are not using. 
We cannot choose a drug-free society - that's an illusion. 
But we can chose - do we want them to inject like this? 
With nurses and safety? 
Or do we want them to inject like this? 
That's our choice. 
We've had the discussion about injection rooms as well for about 15 years in this country. 
The majority of our politicians still find that establishing safer injecting facilities is too controversial. 
It is characterised by legalising drugs. 
So people still have to use around here on the open drug scene, in our back yards and they are put at great risk for overdose, infections and amputation because of that. 
I also speak in favour of what you can call injection rooms where you can go inside and take your illegal drugs, get clean needles, and also get access to healthcare if you have any diseases or have been infected or have anything... that you can get help in these places and also take your drugs in a safe place, so that we don't have people lying around for instance taking an overdose outside in the cold weather or during the winter 
If you have a safe injection facility, we hope from the police and I think the citizens hope the same, that there will be a very clear reduction in injection pumps and needles around this area. 
It is my opinion that Denmark, like many other states is under social pressure from the UN system or from, for example, the Americans and others, not to engage too much in for instance injection rooms or prescription of heroine and such because they feel that it is undermining the international treaties in the area. 
The treaties were made in 1961 when the world 
looked a little different. 
So, I think sometimes that the UN system should actually be in favour of making sure that human rights, for instance securing that people get access to healthcare, also on a street level even if they are drug users or homeless or the like. 
And actually, the UN in this question has been doing the opposite and it has been very unfortunate. 
We see a room with nurses and doctors, a clean room, 
I think it can be there in a few years. 
Punishment as a tool to prevent people from potentially harming themselves is absurd. 
So we need to start with decriminalising drug users; at least stop the war on drug users and invite them - they need to be socially included, they need acceptance, they need healthcare - that is the first think to do. 
Subtitle script by: 
Arielle Reid � 
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A shot in the dark 
A past lost in space And where do I start? 
The past and the chase 
You hunted me down 
Like a wolf, a predator 
I felt like a deer in the lights 
You loved me and I frozen in time 
Hungry for that flesh of mine 
But I can't compete with the she-wolf, who has brought me to my knees 
What do you see in those yellow eyes? 
I'm falling to pieces I'm falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces Falling to pieces 
Did she lie and wait Was I bait, to pull you in 
The thrill of the kill You feel, is a sin 
I lay with the wolves Alone, it seems, 
I thought I was part of you 
You loved me and I frozen in time 
Hungry for that flesh of mine 
But I can't compete with the she-wolf, who has brought me to my knees 
What do you see in those yellow eyes? 
'Cause I'm falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces I'm falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces Falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces Falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces Falling to pieces 
I'm falling to pieces Falling to pieces 
Professor Charles Bailyn: 
Okay, here's the plan for today. 
I want to do one last foray into relativity theory. 
And this is going to be a tricky one, so I hope you're all feeling mentally strong this morning. 
If not, we--gosh, we should have ordered coffee for everyone. 
And, in so doing, I want to introduce one key concept, and also answer at least three of the questions that you guys have asked before in a more--in more depth, and also relate the whole thing back to black holes. 
And then, having done that, we'll have some more questions. 
And then, having done that, I want to get back to astronomy; that is to say, to things in the sky that actually manifest these relativistic effects. 
So, that's where we're going today. 
And along the way, as I said, we'll deal with some of the questions you've been asking in a deeper kind of way. 
In particular--so, questions. 
Watch out for the answers to these questions. 
Somebody asked, "What's special about special relativity, and what's general about general relativity?" 
How do they relate? 
So, we'll come back to that one. 
Somebody also asked, 
"Why use the speed of light to convert time into space and vice versa, to get them in the same coordinate system?" 
So, why use c to convert time to space and vice versa? 
And then, also, there was the question of, you know, "What is the mathematical formulation of general relativity?" 
So, how to express general relativity in some kind of equation. 
And we'll get to the key equation, which is something called a metric, for general relativity, and then we're going to stop. 
Because to go on from there is fairly heavy calculus and we're just not going to do that. 
But I want to get at least that far. 
Okay, so let's go back to special relativity for a minute. 
So, special relativity. 
Flat space-time, no gravity. 
And you'll recall what happens. 
As you get close to the speed of light, all sorts of things that you thought were kind of constant and properties of objects, 
like mass and length and duration, and duration of time, and things like that, all start to get weird and change. 
So, length, time, mass, all these things, vary with the velocity of the person doing the measuring. 
And so, you could ask the question, is there anything that doesn't vary? 
Is there anything that's an invariant? 
And the answer is, yes. 
There are some things that don't vary. 
So, some things are invariant. 
And Einstein actually said later in his career that it's actually the invariants that are important, not the things that change. 
And so, he should have called his theory invariant theory instead of relativity theory. 
Think of what that would have done to pop philosophy. 
Instead of saying, "everything is relative," all this stuff, you would have had the exact same theory. 
You would have called it invariance theory. 
And the pop philosophy interpretation of this would be, 
"some things never change." 
And it would have been a whole different concept in three in the morning dorm room conversations. 
Okay, so some things are invariant, what things? 
Now, let me first give you a 
little bit of a metaphor and then come back to how this really works in space-time. 
Supposing you're just looking at an xy-coordinate system and you have two points in a two-dimensional space. 
So, here's a point and here's a point. 
Now, if you arrange for some kind of coordinate system--here's a coordinate system. 
This is x, this is y--and you ask how far apart these points are. 
Well, you can do that--let's see. 
They're separated in x by this amount here, which we'll call delta [Δ] x. 
And they're separated in y by this amount here, and that's Δ y. 
But of course, those quantities depend on the orientation of your coordinate system. 
If I now take this coordinate system and I shift it like this, now it's going to be totally different. 
Now I'm going to have x look like this and I'm going to have y, Δ y look like that. 
So Δ y has gotten a whole lot smaller. 
Δ x has gotten a whole lot bigger. 
And all I did was twist the coordinate system. 
Yeah? 
Student: 
[Inaudible.] 
Professor Charles Bailyn: 
You still get the same distance, thank you very much, that's exactly right. 
The distance is the invariant. 
The x-coordinate and the y-coordinate, those vary with the coordinate system, but the distance is the same. 
That's exactly the point. 
And so, the quantity--let me summarize this. 
For points on a 2-D space, Δ x varies. 
Δ y varies. 
But there is a quantity that is invariant and that is--well, let's call it (Δ x^(2)) + (Δ y^(2)), which is the distance squared, (Δ D^(2)). 
And this is invariant. 
It doesn't matter which way you twist things around, that will--that quantity will remain the same. 
So, now, imagine that you've got events in space-time. 
So an event in space-time has three spatial coordinates and one time coordinate. 
So, it's basically a point in a four-dimensional space. 
And as your velocity changes, the distance and time also change. 
That's the equivalent of rotating the coordinate system. 
But there is something that doesn't change, and let me write that down. 
This is usually given the Greek 
letter Tau [T] squared. 
And this is equal to (Δ x^(2)) + (Δ y^(2)) + (Δ Z^(2)) - c^(2) (ΔT)^(2). 
And this is invariant. 
This is an invariant interval, sometimes called proper distance. 
And as you change your velocity--as the space, as the mass, as the time all change--this quantity, describing the separation of two events--so, this describes the separation of two events, that quantity changes--doesn't change. 
That quantity is invariant. 
Okay, so now, this answers one of the questions that was asked before. 
Why does one use c^(2) or c to transform the space coordinate into the time coordinate and back? 
It's because you need the c^(2) out here in order to make this invariant. 
If you're calculating the distance, if you use x^(2) plus 1/2 y^(2) or some other constant times y^(2), you're not going to get something that's invariant. 
And it's only when you use the c, here, that you end up with something that's invariant. 
And so, if you think about these as representing the four coordinates of the system, it's clear this one coordinate is x, one is y, one is z, just as you would expect. 
And then, there's this other coordinate, which is c times T, but it's negative so it has to be times the square root of -1. 
So, the four coordinates in space-time can be thought of as x, y, Z and i cT, if you want to think of it that way. 
And the time coordinate is imaginary, because when you square it, you have to end up with a negative number. 
Don't worry about the details of that. 
But the presence of the c^(2) here is why you have to use c, in particular, to get from time to space and back. 
And that's necessary because this is the thing that doesn't vary with velocity. 
All right. 
So, this is actually kind of a weird expression. 
Because unlike the distance between two points--and you'll notice, these three terms put together, that's just the distance squared, ordinarily, but that is not invariant anymore, because there's this other term here, which can vary. 
Unlike the distance, this doesn't have to be positive. 
You've got three different cases here. 
This interval can be zero for different points. 
In ordinary distance it can only be zero if the two points are the same, but this can be zero for different points, for different events. 
It can be zero, it can be negative, and it can be positive. 
So, what does that mean? 
What happens when it's zero? 
So, if the interval is zero, that means that the distance between the events in light-years, for example, is equal to the time separation in years, because that's--because this term has to be exactly equal to that term there, in order for them to subtract out and get zero. 
And the c^(2) converts from light-years to years and back again. 
And so, what does that mean? 
That means if you emit a photon at one event, that same photon can, if it's going in the right direction, be present at the second event. 
So, if you ride along with light you'll see both--you'll participate in both these events. 
So, you sit at event one. 
You flash a light. 
You ride along with the expanding light waves from that event and you get to something one light-year away, exactly a year later. 
And so, if the second event is one light-year away in distance and a year later in time, that same photon will be present at the second event, as at the first event. 
So, things that have one of these intervals of zero are separated by an appropriate amount so that the same ray of light can participate in both of them. 
So, if the interval--let's keep that up there for a minute. 
If the interval is negative, what does that mean? 
The distance is less than the light travel time. 
So, the photon is already past the second event. 
So, if you were to emit a ray of light at event number one, it would have passed the second event by the time it occurred. 
The photon has already gone by. 
And similarly, if the interval is positive, then the light photon hasn't reached event two--hasn't yet reached event two. 
Now, this is important, because this means that you can't communicate from event one to event two. 
So, if you're at event two, you don't know what happened at event one. 
Because even if you'd sent out a signal, a radio signal or whatever, it would not have reached you by the time event two takes place. 
So you can't communicate from event one to event two. 
And similarly, you can't travel from event one and reach event two, because you'd have to go faster than the speed of light to do it. 
These kinds of intervals, these negative intervals, these are called time-like, because the time term is larger than the distance turn. 
And these kinds of intervals are called space-like intervals. 
And you can only travel or communicate over time-like intervals. 
Yes? 
Student: 
What are these so-called events? 
Professor Charles 
Bailyn: 
So, they're events--you can think of them as points in space-time. 
So, they have a particular position in space and a particular point in time. 
So, they can be described by four numbers, three spatial coordinates and a time coordinate. 
They can be anything. 
You know, turning on a light, doing anything you want to do. 
Receiving a photon, whatever it is. 
But they are points in a four-dimensional space-time and therefore require four numbers to describe them. 
And you can only get from one to another if they're separated from a time-like, that is to say, a negative, interval. 
Okay, so this expression, which I'll write down again, this is called a metric. 
And the particular metric that I've written down here is the metric for flat space. 
Because remember, this is special relativity. 
There's no masses, no curvature of space, none of that stuff, yet. 
This is the metric for flat space with no mass present. 
And there are many other metrics possible. 
Any time you add mass or do other things, you get different kinds of metrics more complicated than this. 
So, what's special about special relativity is that you use the metric appropriate for flat space as opposed to the many other different kinds of metrics that you can use in general relativity, which has a much more general form for the metric. 
I should say, you can also write this down. 
You can write down the spatial terms here in polar coordinates. 
Remember polar coordinates? 
Polar coordinates, you describe the position in space, instead of with x, y, Z, you describe it with a radius, a distance from zero, and some angles. 
And it turns out, that's convenient to do so. 
Let me write this down in polar coordinates, or in polar. 
That's an r. 
Let me write that explicitly. 
This is an Omega, that's some angle. 
And then the T thing remains the same. 
And I've pulled a little bit of a notational fast one on you here. 
I've gone away from the deltas and I've written these down as d. 
This is the differential d. 
Those of you who have taken some calculus will remember this. 
If this were a calculus-based course I would explain why I did that, but I'm not going to. 
So, just allow me this slight of hand, here. 
For technical reasons, these have to be differential. 
Yes? 
Oh, by the way, the Louvre was doing them too. 
Programs are now available, they are on art. 
The history of art. 
There's a group called Art Education for the Blind. 
New York. 
They produce twenty volume set, with great photos in it. 
Art history for the blind. 
Cave art to the present. 
It's spectacular. 
A lot of people are getting hehind this evidence. 
This is not a practice or a fashion, this is evidence that this stuff works. 
And when you build a practice, a program on top of that to suit whatever needs you have. 
Why do this? 
Well the evidence shows, raised line pictures can be used by the blind. 
When they are drawing objects they show the shapes of objects. 
The very thing you see. 
And they have different levels of sophistication in their drawings. 
Especially if they have only recently gone blind. 
A child and an adult. 
And I think 
Eriko and Esref's perspective and metaphor drawings are kind of "firsts" in art history. 
We had no idea, 20 years ago that any of this was possible. 
And it's just spectacular that it is possible. 
Thank you very much. 
(clapping) 
Constance: 
So we have time for a few questions for Dr. Kennedy. 
Does anybody have anything they would like to actually comment on, based on what he said, or questions for him? 
Anything you would like for clarification, possibility for your museum. 
Speak loudly, if you don't mind. 
I'll ask you to say your name, your organization and then ask your question. 
And if you could stand up. 
Thank you. 
Just because for accessibility, auditory accessibility as well. 
Diane: 
Diane Gallinger, and I'm a independent museum specialist and my question is for some people who are um, who have.... visual issues, they are not necessarily trained in using or working with tactile diagrams, now that I know at the Louvre, they have a program where they actually bring them in for workshops and work with let's say models of figure of models so that they get used to the feeling the full three-dimensional model and then they work to getting used to the feel of that so how that would translate into the feel of a two dimensional tactile diagram. 
But if you were just working, say in a small community in Ontario, which is where I am at right now, you have people who are coming in and doing programs and working with tactile diagrams but they may not necessarily have a background in using tactile diagrams and yet they may be, if you don't have the opportunity to do ongoing workshops with them to sensitize them or give them more experience in using a tactile diagram. 
What would you recommend for someone like myself, who is doing that program to enable someone who is new at working with this, to be able to comprehend the feeling of your hands. 
And I do do,. visual descriptions and do work with models that they can relate to the diagram as well, so it's not, you know, not being used just in on its own to use the two depiction but it's just how do you get over that hump apart from maybe using something like visual description or a tactile model, so how do you help them to use a two dimensional tactile diagram? 
Dr. Kennedy: 
Um, great question. 
I'll tell you two stories. 
One of them is, imagine a blind woman 
I was doing a test in Ottawa and she said, uh, You know, I'm no good with space and 
I can't do this kind of thing. 
Uh I have no experience with pictures, I can't draw. 
And I basically said to her, take up thy pen and draw. 
And she started, and her first drawing was a scribble. 
Drawing on a raised page line drawing. 
I said, well Kit, and her first drawing was a scribble. 
And then she looks upset __. 
I should draw this box, that I was offering to her, this way, and then the next drawing, within minutes, had some scribbles but also a clear face of the box. 
And I actually, that's like a change from say a two to three year old to a three or four year old sighted kid. 
That takes a year. 
And she went from that in less than five minutes and then she said, "Oh, no, no, _" 
Her next drawing had two faces attached side by side like a fold out drawing, which is typical of a seven year old sighted child. 
So then, in fifteen minutes she had gone through three or four years of drawing ability on her own. 
I had never taught anybody. 
I just want to know what they can do when they think about what they are doing. 
And how they think they might improve, and then what I see is that gradually themselves getting better because the drawing development sequence that unfolds in a sighted child, also unfolds in the blind. 
And they push themselves because they _ themselves. 
Okay, second story, is Esref herself. 
So she was encouraged to draw, so she said "Okay, I'm going to draw an advent wreath." 
If you don't know what that is. 
It's a  in German or Northern Germany where there is a wreath of greenery and then typically four candles set in a square fashion around this circular wreath. 
And it would sit on the table. 
And so she wanted to make them go sideways, she was drawing a fold out drawing of the wreath and its four candles as her first drawing. 
Um, as an adult. 
So my suggestion to you is, don't think that it is necessary to start at some peculiar place which they must have, like three-dimensional objects, then move to representations of those, like a sculpture, then slip away another dimension and go to . 
Then slip away another dimension and go to two dimensions. 
No - just drop them in the deep end and say please draw. 
And you'll find they will do lines for surface edges without asking you what can a line stand for. and _. 
And they will start learning shapes that are relevant and they will start using spacial systems that are like sighted children, and then they will themselves mature as they themselves evaluate their own drawings. 
By the way, the box that I was asking her to draw was exactly a _ matte the box that you could fold up and put in my pocket, complicated enough that it would be a challenge for anybody and so it was a nice sort of task: draw a cube, draw a table, draw a glass, draw a hand, draw _ box. 
These are examples of things that you can offer people as targets and they will draw them and they will criticize their own drawings and be satisfied with some parts and then drive themselves into more sophisticated drawings. 
Okay, is that enough? 
Constance: 
Okay, I know that there is other questions. 
Dr. Kennedy: 
I am happy to stay, love talking about this, love to know your experiences. 
Constance: 
Clearly, again another very passionate person with lots of information. 
So Dr. Kennedy will be at the back and thank you 
Dr. Kennedy: 
My pleasure. 
(clapping) 
My favourite Prime Minister is this man right here, Winston Churchill, 
He was an incredible leader for our country, and indeed the whole free world at the most impossibly difficult time. 
Just a few yards away from here is the Cabinet Room, and Winston Churchill, as Prime Minister sat in that Cabinet Room, and decided, with his colleagues, to fight on against Nazi Germany and Hilter, even after France had fallen. 
That was a heroic decision, a right decision, and actually meant the world was saved from Nazi tyranny. 
It was the most important moment in British history, and I think it's because of his courage and guts that we made the right call. 
NEWS READER: 
"Behind Winston Churchill we stand united as never before in history." 
Well, obviously, he came to office in 1940, at a desperately difficult time; France was about to fall, the war was going extraordinarily badly from Britain's point of view, Hitler was rampant across Europe. 
It looked like the end for the free world, the end for Britain, and the end for 
Churchill too. 
But he showed incredible bravery, incredible courage at bringing the nation together, forging a courageous spirit, taking on Hitler, and eventually winning. 
So it was a very difficult time for Britain, a time when you needed the best possible leader, the most courageous possible leader to come forward, and in Winston Churchill we were incredibly fortunate to have that man. 
(Tahiti Spears Scholarship Recipient) (The WlU Black Alumni Scholarship Fund) 
Hello from the campus of Western illinois University 
I'm Tahiti. 
I wanted to take a moment to thank you for reading my letter and considering a gift to WlU black alumni fund. 
The scholarship has really made a difference for me and I hope you will join other former students who make this happen for us with your gift to the fund. 
Your gift is so important to us this year and every year. 
Beginning this month me and other student callers will be calling to update your contact information inviting you to participate in this year's campaign and hopefully hear a memory or two from you at times you had at WlU. 
If you prefer not to receive a call you may also update us using the card attached to my letter and also send in your gift. 
So as a recipient of this scholarship please accept my thanks and consider this personal invitation to join others in making this scholarship fund possible. 
(wiu.edu/giving) (now more than ever...) (...we need your participation.) (Reach back.) (Give today.) (Change a life.) 
(piano music playing) 
Steven: 
When historians talk about late 19th-century Paris, they often talk about a culture of display, and this is a painting that is all about that. 
Beth: 
We're looking at Mary Cassatt's painting, 
Woman with a Pearl Necklace in a Loge, and this is, perhaps, Mary Cassatt's sister pictured in the Paris opera house. 
She's sitting in a private booth, and we can see behind her a mirror, which reflects all the other private booths in the opera house. 
Steven: 
So the Paris opera house, situated at the intersection of the Grand Boulevards, is a building which is a kind of jewel itself, but that also puts its occupants on display. 
In other words, the stage of the opera house is not simply where the ballet takes place, but the stage is also the audience. 
Beth: 
The architecture of the Paris opera house enabled seeing and being seen, and afforded numerous opportunities in small, little balconies and spaces where one could glimpse the fashionable elite of Paris, and we certainly feel that we're looking at one of the members of that elite in this painting by Mary Cassatt. 
Steven: 
What you said is exactly right. 
Look at the composition. 
Mary Cassatt must have been turned away from the stage 
looking into the box towards her sister, and Lydia is, in turn, looking back out towards the audience, and so we're seeing Lydia the way that the audience would have seen her, had they glanced into this box. 
She is this object of display within this jewel box. 
Beth: 
But Cassatt doesn't paint herself reflected in the mirror, where she must have been as she looked at Lydia and painted her. 
Steven: 
So this is a painting that really does show the opulence of imperial France. 
The moment that's being represented is clearly intermission. 
The chandelier has been lowered into the space of the audience. 
The lights are up, and so the audience's gaze has shifted from the stage to themselves. 
Beth: 
So Cassatt's family, although it was very wealthy, actually her father refused to support her desire to be an artist, and although he paid for her basic living expenses, refused to support her art supplies and her studio where she painted. 
Steven: 
This, despite real support from the leading artists of the day. 
She was a close friend of Degas, who had enormous respect for her ability, and she was an extraordinary painter, in every way a peer of the great impressionist painters in Paris. 
Beth: 
This painting displays a virtuoso technique. 
Mary Cassatt gained her knowledge of painting from a variety of sources, but it was difficult because she was a woman. 
Steven: 
Her first formal classes were at the Pennsylvania Academy of Art, but women were not allowed to study from the nude, even from within the context of art school. 
Beth: 
And like many artists of her generation, they moved to Paris where there was a little bit more freedom for women who were aspiring artists. 
Although she couldn't enter the École des Beaux-Arts because she was a woman, she did enter the private studio of several accomplished artists and studied with them. 
Steven: 
But the world was still a restrictive one for her, even in Paris, and she was not, for instance, able to spend time with her friends like Degas at the cafes. 
We see that, actually, reflected in her subject matter, which tends to be domestic, or perhaps a night out at the opera. 
Beth: 
It's difficult, I think, to remember those restrictions for women when we look at this painting because there's an extraordinary sense of freedom about the woman who's depicted here. 
She's leaning back on her right elbow. 
There's a strong diagonal that has a sense of informality and movement, real self-confidence 
Steven: 
The woman with a pearl necklace, perhaps Lydia seems so much her own agent in the world, and it really does remind us of the tensions that existed at the end of the 19th century, as women were really entering into the public space. 
You know that the tension between public and private is played out, not only in terms of the subject matter, not only the fact that they're in a kind of semi-private space within this booth in the public space of the opera house, but also in the contrast between light and shadow that plays across Lydia's body. 
Look at the way the light picks up only the side of her face. 
The front of her face is in shadow. 
Not only is it rather brave on Cassatt's part, but it also speaks to the representation of bourgeois culture, this notion of privacy and its importance, even as one views the stage with others. 
Beth: 
Cassatt has so much in common with her impressionist colleagues and is really picking up on some of the most advanced problems that they were confronting in their art, an interest in artificial light, for example. 
The informality of loose brushwork of an attempt to capture a moment in time. 
These are all concerns that were important to her impressionist colleagues. 
Steven: 
One of the areas that I found most interesting is the place where her shoulders meet. 
The representation of her shoulders and the representation of the reflection of her shoulders, and all of that comes together just at the top of the upholstered chair that she sits on, and if you work out from that point, the arc of the balcony that we see reflected in the mirror becomes a reference to her vision, as she looks out at the audience, even as it looks back to her. 
(piano music playing) 
[Instrumental] 
Strangers in the night exchanging glances 
Wond'ring in the night what were the chances 
We'd be sharing love before the night was through 
Something in your eyes was so inviting 
Something in you smile was so exciting 
Something in my heart told me I must have you 
Strangers in the night 
Two lonely people 
We were strangers in the night 
Up to the moment when we said our first hello 
Little did we know 
Love was just a glance away 
A warm embracing dance away 
And ever since that night 
We've been together 
Lovers at first sight, in love forever 
It turned out so right for strangers in the night 
[Instrumental] 
Love was just a glance away 
A warm embracing dance away 
Ever since that night we've been together 
Lovers at first sight 
In love forever 
It turned out so right for strangers in the night 
Dooby-doooby-doo Doo-doo-doo-di-da 
Hey there, it's Kati again. 
Thanks for coming back to check out my videos. 
Today I'd like to talk about a tip, that I give to all of my client's I even have to give it to myself repeatedly to remind myself about this. 
And this has to do with people suffering from anxiety, stress, depression. 
You name it, this is something that we should all constantly evaluate in our lives. 
And that is, not spending time with people who are bad for us. 
Okay well that sounds really easy. 
People who we hate probably don't hang out with. 
People who are really mean to us we probably don't hang out with. 
But if you really think about it, there are probably people in your life, that I call "toxic" friends. 
Especially when we're talking about eating disorder people. 
We go into inpatient, we're there with maybe six to ten other girls, some of which want to get better, like you, working hard to pull through, and it's really difficult, and they're there to help support you. 
Those are great friends to have around and that's what I'm hoping to cultivate in this website, is a big support system of people rooting for us, right, to do better not to do worse. 
But there's always a few people in those treatment programs, who kind of make a life of being in treatment. 
They don't really want to get better, and they kind of pull the rest of us down. 
They even put up websites and things to help "promote" anorexia and 
"promote" sickness. 
Why would you do that? 
These are people that can hinder you're recovery. 
And I know it's hard to let people go, and I'm not saying that you have to tell your friends, or call them up and say, 
"hey you know what? 
I was watching this video and I'm not friends with you anymore. 'click'." 
That's not what I'm saying. 
I'm saying limit your interaction with people like this. 
Because I guarantee, if you evaluate it after. 
Like, Let's say you go have coffee with this friend who is "toxic". 
Afterwards, you probably feel worse about yourself, you're probably counting calories, more than you normally do, you skipped a snack, 
"not on purpose", but kind of on purpose, because they're in your head. 
They're making bad comments about you, about themselves, about what's going on. 
And those people just aren't healthy. 
So that's my tip that I give to everybody, whose suffering from anything. 
Even if you're just depressed, I'm sure, I'm sure that you're hanging out with people, who probably aren't good for you. 
This could even be a boyfriend or a girlfriend. 
Somebody who tears you down instead of builds you up. 
What I'd encourage you to do is take out that journal, that I told you to purchase, hopefully a long time ago you go it, you've been jotting down notes. 
But today 
I'd like you to make a list of the people that you spend the most time with, and just make note, take note of what they say to you, take note of how you feel when you leave them, when you've spent a couple hours, 
I hope you feel better not worse. 
And so we'll stop, you know, we'll stop torturing ourselves when we surround ourselves with bad negative energy. 
It's much more refreshing to spend time around people who, just build us up, they're there to support. 
So, I hope that's helpful. 
Continue to make your comments and to share this, if you're on Linkedln, if your on Tumbler, if you're on Google+, share this with people. 
This can be helpful for anybody! 
This can be helpful for your mom, your friend, your brother all of us need to be supported by people who love us and care for us. 
And also don't forget to subscribe, so that when I post other tips and helpful things, you know about it right away. 
And we'll keep taking one step after another, to a healthy mind, healthy body. 
Two door Bugatti coupe, I call it Katy Perry 
Wiz Khalifa papers, smoking my favorite berries 
S65 I call it Rihanna, it got a red top but it's white like Madonna 
Made man, you hear what I said 
Having a slumber party all my bitches counting bread 
Made man, also known as Papi Chulo 
And I'm running straight up in the culo 
My wrist always on frio, call me chilly chill 
Super head from super head, and I really will 
Californication, motivation in my pocket 
Got on my blue Dickie, shout out my nigga Roccett 
Still smoking sticky, it ain't no other option 
Not for made niggas and I'm never stopping 
I raised the bar, I set the standards 
My yayo Usher Raymond, that bitch just keep on dancing 
Dollar bills on top of dollar bills 
Thats all I'm throwing, if she won't her momma will 
Made niggas, talking a lotta skrill 8 digits, a nigga tryna live 
Made man, you hear what I said 
I got a hundred squares if you scared, call the feds 
Made men, I'm screaming dollar bills 
Pop the trunk on the Porsche, there they go, dollar bills 
Riding round the city, plastic cup of Henny 
Find a nigga like me, truth be told, I don't know many 
I say shout my driver Lauren, that 62 with curtains 
Can't see shit, I don't know where the fuck I'm at for certain 
When it boils down, I'm just a T.O. nigga 
But bitches tell me that I just look like a creole nigga 
New Orleans know it's love, everytime I'm in town 
Shout out my nigga Tez, that's my brother my round 
Spending tomorrows money, I call it mañana 
Off the rack just ain't my style, I call it designer 
One of my baddest women ever, I call her Rihanna 
But that's cause her name is Rihanna 
I'm in the condo just posting watching Miami kill 
I might just walk to the arena and watch it for real 
Ashes to ashes, me, Rozay and Khaled 
Smoking bull riders, shit moving slow as a ballad 
Tattoo on your ass, it'd be nice if you show me 
I'm buying bitches furs, Mike Tyson, Naomi 
I've got the right to do it, it's only right to do it 
Love me some head, and I love a woman that likes to do it 
Still love my team, ain't no other option 
Not for made niggas and I'm never stopping 
I'm Damon Wayans, just know that homie don't play that 
You know we run it my nigga, Young Money, Maybach 
Dollar bills on top of dollar bills 
Thats all I'm throwing, if she won't her momma will 
Made niggas, talking a lotta skrill 8 digits, a nigga tryna live 
Made man, you hear what I said 
I got a hundred squares if you scared, call the feds 
Made men, I'm screaming dollar bills 
Pop the trunk on the Porsche, there they go, dollar bills 
Black Panamera, I call it T-Pain 
I got my autotune, that bitch insane 
Got my revolver too, I call it Ving Rhames 
You still a baby boy, we doing big things 
Street niggas, you hear what I said 
I got some bad news, Jabar back in the feds 
Facing twenty, he just did a dime 
Been out a year, look like he finna ride 
Genocide, these people killing time 
Throw you in a hole, you must be penalized 
Soon as you see success, haters reinvest 
Miami guns drive, half a million nothing less 
Raised the bar, I set the standards 
My yayo MC Hammer, that bitch just keep on dancing 
Michael Jackson, let it moonwalk 
Set it on the napkin, let it cool off 
Dollar bills on top of dollar bills 
Thats all I'm throwing, if she won't her momma will 
Made niggas, talking a lotta skrill 8 digits, a nigga tryna live 
Made man, you hear what I said 
I got a hundred squares if you scared, call the feds 
Made men, I'm screaming dollar bills 
Pop the trunk on the Porsche, there they go, dollar bills 
Noob yeah, I'm a noob oh oh 
A nolife a real one 
I'm playing MMORPG 
Episode 02 - The fellowship of the staff 
Are you sure that Bandaid's staff is the reason of the bug ? 
I can't see another explanation. 
Luminus Devastatus is a spell that priests unlock at the level 100. 
Yes but with the update version, it can set up a new deal. 
No, no, no, I have checked twice. 
No, wait, it's better to : 
Bandaid ! 
Come here my boy, come ! 
What's going on dudes, are we going to do a new quest ? 
No, no ,no. 
We just want to know where did you got that beautiful staff. 
The staff ? 
But I already told you, on Dardane. 
No, that cannot be Bandaid. 
Dardane doesn't loot this kind of item. 
Yes he does, and it's Golgotha who killed him right in front of me. 
And when she left, she said she didn't need this kind of item, so I took it for myself. 
- Yeah, me, I think he is lying. 
- Why would he lie ? 
I don't know, perhaps he bought the staff from Ash the chinese farmer. 
And he doesn't dare to say it. 
I am not Chinese ! 
You really think behind his blank stare there's enough grey cells to bamboozle us ? 
Yes. good point. 
However, nothing can explain how the worse priest from Horizon 1.0 is able to cast level 100 spells. 
And me, I think you're jealous Omega Zell. 
What !? m-me jea, but he's insane, never ever, it's you who is jealous ! 
- Why do you say that Bandaid ? 
- Yes, why do you say that ? 
Well, because I reached level 100 before you ! 
And even Tenshirock the hacker has said that I was super whacking of the dead. 
He also said that I was the Chosen one ! 
Wait, when did you see Tenshirock the hacker ? 
It was when Golgotha killed Dardane. 
And surprise surprise, the very same day you find an item that is not even referenced in the loots's list of Horizon 1.1. 
Comrades, this is a critical moment, an emergency meeting is a must. 
Come on, follow me... and you, come here. 
Okay I see. 
I need to contact Tenshirock as soon as possible. 
What is the date... 
Tenshirock. 
Tenshirock, Tenshirock ! 
- I absolutely needed to see you. 
- Really, what for ? 
This. 
Well ! 
If it isn't my favorite little noob. 
Can you tell me why you give him a cheated item while me, your old friend for ages, I get nothing. 
Ash, Ash, Ash. 
We are not going to talk about this again. 
I already explained my motives to you : if I give you just one item, created by me, you're going to resale it right away to those poor souls who are enchained in their virtual world. 
And you'll feed their addiction. 
Me, I'm here to set them free. 
There is no such thing as a worthless trade... and you didn't answer my question. 
Noob power. 
What? 
Noob power, it is nothing else than my brilliant plan to decolonise the MMORPG. 
I already regret asking... 
And how do you plan to handle it this time ? 
Well, as usual, a small demonstration is better than a long speech, look. 
Comrades, this item is a threat to the Noob guild. 
We are near the destruction. 
If one of the game master sees us with it, nobody will escape. 
And our avatars will be deleted. 
This staff is a gift... a gift to the foes of the Noob guild. 
Why not using it ? 
For too long, we are the laughing stock of Horizon 1.0. 
We have an opportunity to regain our dignity. 
We can't control it ! 
Artheon is right, we can't use it ! 
We have to sale it at the auction house. 
No, the cheated staff must be destroyed. 
Bandaid, delete it ! 
No, I don't want to. 
It'll be a waste ! 
Imagine how much we could earn if... 
Delete it, if not I will kick you out from the guild ! 
Ho, dictator, tyrant, fascist, communist ! 
OK... 
But it's really not fair at all... 
Obviously, this cheated staff is indestructible. 
I'm the only one who can destroy it, or a game master, maybe. 
But for that, he will have to delete the avatar of the owner with it. 
On no. 
The staff cannot be destroyed, by any craft we here posses. 
So let's sale it, it's the only solution. 
Let us use it ! 
With it, even Bandaid will be usefull. 
I say it again, this item is a gift. 
We have one solution left. 
We have to bring it into the Vulca earth, and throw it into the endless abyss fault of the Arks. 
What ? 
This zone is only available from the level 45. 
Every player falling into the Arks fault will for ever lose one of his items. 
It's the biggest penalty in the game. 
We just have to throw in Bandaid until his cheated staff disapears. 
No, this is crap, in that case, we can call a game master right now ! 
No, if we get caught with a cheated item, they're going to delete our avatars without warning. 
We have to proceed on our own and in absolute discretion. 
Wait Artheon, you don't get into Vulca that easily. 
It is surrounded by the Lassierra mountains and in this place, there is an evil that never sleep. 
When the mobs see you, they harass you. 
And if somehow we get through this zone, we'll arrive on a devastate and sterile earth, 
Covered of embers, ashes and dusts. 
Even ten thousand players of our level won't handle it. 
- It's insane. 
- And if we fail, what will happen ? 
What will happen when the GM will find out that Bandaid help us to rise up our level with a cheated staff given by Tenshirock the hacker ? 
They will delete our characters. 
All of them, without distinctions. 
Why are you not listening to me, I told you... 
Damn woman, did anyone ask you ? it's not like if we care about your opinion ! 
But, I can't believe my own ears. 
It's me the boss so... 
What kind of organisation it is when everyone does whatever they want ? 
The chaos. 
Here you see the effect of my evil plan. 
If I give overpowered cheated items to noobs, arguments will start in the groups, 
The green-eyed monster, the demon of jealousy will tear them apart, 
And then, bored, disgusted of MMORPG, they will return to the real life. 
I'll do it. 
I'LL DO IT !! 
I'll do it. 
I will jump into the Arks fault with the staff. 
If it's the only way to make you stop arguing, so I'll do it for you. 
I'll help you carrying your load. 
My sword is your's. 
OK then. 
Mmm, I won't manage to persuade them right now, 
This will give some time to make Bandaid sale the stick and give me all the credits. 
Our destiny is into your hands Bandaid. 
If this is the guild's will, Omega Zell will join you. 
And you'll have my thief skills. 
Yes, my thief skills will certainly come handy. 
I'll get this staff one way or another and thanks to it, 
I'll finally get in the Justice guild in exchange of this one of a kind item. 
Let it be. 
We will be the fellowship of the staff. 
One cheated noob to divide them all. 
One cheated noob to disconnect them all. 
And to the real life, make them return. 
My precious... 
Bandaid, what the hell have you done again ! 
Cancel this spell right now ! 
Artheon... ? but, it's not me, it's the staff that did it on its own. 
Hey, is the babe new? 
- Yes. 
Is she still naive? 
- Yes. 
Stop. 
Rs. 
20. 
50p. 
- Get lost! 
Hey! 
Where are you going? 
Pay my money. 
Come on, quick! 
You don't want to pay, you want to take? 
Wait, I'll give you. 
Looks like Bhai is in trouble. 
She's of use to me. 
Come here. 
Go catch her. 
Go! 
Where are you running? 
Father. 
Father, are you taking your medicine on time? 
Yes dear. 
- How is your chest pain now? 
I have only one pain. 
My young daughter drives the rickshaw. 
And I live off her. 
- Why do you think like that? 
Nowadays, girls drive a car, even fly a plane. 
I only drive the rickshaw. 
When I was born, hadn't you told mom it's not a girl, but a boy? 
Right? 
Sister! 
- My Munni is back! 
Leave that, come to your sister. 
She is the daughter of the house. 
You are back from school, child? 
Yes. 
But tell me, why did you quit school? 
When poverty pulled my leg, . . . helplessness took away books from my hand. 
I could not become a doctor, but I'll make you a very big doctor. 
When I become a doctor, I'll first cure father. 
Yes, father will recover. 
Then you, me and father will go on a holiday. 
We'll go to a place where there are mountains covered with snow. 
We'll climb those. 
- But how will I climb a mountain? 
My legs. . .I cannot climb a mountain. 
Can't my legs be cured? 
Ofcourse dear, your legs will get cured. 
You have me. 
Why do you think I drive the rickshaw? 
I'll collect lots of money. 
I'll get you treated by the best doctor in the world. 
You will walk, run, walk in step with the world. 
Can't you see? 
Are you blind? 
Who did you call blind? 
Me? 
You are blind, your father is blind. . . your whole family is blind. 
Why are you looking there and talking? 
I am here. 
Wherever you may be, for me, you are here. 
I'll thrash you ! 
I'm sorry sister, did I hurt you? 
- That's a pole, not a lady. 
I know it is not a lady, it is a pole. 
You mind your own business. 
What's wrong with the municipality? 
They put up poles everywhere. 
It's quite a huge pole - Are you blind? 
I am not a pole, I am a woman. 
Woman? 
I'm sorry sister, I made a mistake Forgive me. 
I think he is mad too. 
Someone help me cross the road. 
- Who is this? 
I am blind. 
Help me cross the road. 
- Okay, come. 
Are you blind since childhood? 
- Yes. 
Me too. . . . it's okay, don't worry. 
It's okay. . .say hello to aunty. 
Come. 
What is your name? 
- Babu. 
Babu, are you Hindu or Muslim? 
Where did he go? 
Strange! 
I asked him his religion and he disappeared? 
It's time for my bus to come. 
Who throws such things on the street like that? 
Hey guy! . . . idiot! 
Why are you. . . . 
What are you doing in the middle of the street? 
Damn ! 
What are you doing? 
Move! 
Move! 
Can't you hear? 
The traffic has got jammed because of you. 
Mangoes? 
You sell mangoes? 
I don't eat mangoes. 
I don't sell mangoes. 
The traffic has got jammed because of you. 
If you have finished work, go home. 
Why tell me? 
I am stuck here. 
Why are you troubling me? 
Move. . . move! 
Can't you hear the horns blaring? 
Can't you hear so many horns blaring? 
Thief? 
Where is the thief? 
Who died? 
- No one died. 
Not thief, I said blare. 
Are you deaf? 
You speak loudly, and very fast. 
So I don't understand anything. 
Your moustache covers your mouth. 
Move your lips slowly. 
When I see your lip movement, I'll understand. 
I don't understand easily. 
God ! 
- What did you pick? 
Show me your hand. 
I didn't pick anything. 
You've met me here, don't meet me in heaven. 
You live in that building? 
Which floor? 
The traffic has got jammed because of you. 
Look! 
Why are so many vehicles parked here? 
So many horns are blaring, can't you hear? 
Are you deaf? 
The traffic has got jammed. 
Are you blind? 
Who called me blind? 
Looks like a gang who calls me blind is out. 
Who are you calling blind? 
You are blind, your father is blind ! 
What are you doing? 
Why are you boxing? 
Neelambar! 
How come you are here? 
I'm in trouble. 
- Are you out of it? 
How did you get rid of the trouble? 
- I stuck it on someone else. 
That's the rule. 
Everyone transfers his trouble to someone else. 
What's happening? 
Why are horns blaring? 
I think there is a queue for petrol. 
- It's a traffic jam. 
Tell him! 
Before the traffic gets jammed, let's go to our Neelambar Pitambar store. 
Let's go to our store. 
Understand in one attempt sometimes atleast. 
Where are you going? 
Drive fast, sister. 
- I am driving fast. 
This is not a plane, it is a rickshaw. 
Where do you want to go? 
Left or right? 
- Take a right. 
Take a left. 
Stop. 
In the garden. 
Over there. 
- Where? 
I'll tackle him. 
Like a pauper, even the heart has come on the street? 
Hey! 
Stop! 
What are you doing? 
Apply the brakes! 
So this trick was yours? 
You are wasting my time. 
Forget the trick, think of my heart. 
- Get lost! 
Or the paper heart burst today ; tomorrow, your heart will. 
You will say, how are you at fault. 
This happens at this age. 
One falls in love and intentions go wild. 
It's all nonsense. 
Know in how much tension I have come here today? 
And you can only think of mischief. 
You want to have fun in the garden. 
You are bad, even your heart is bad. 
I am leaving, good bye! " What is the fault of the eyes? " 
" How is even the heart at fault? " 
" What happens at this age. . . " 
" I did just that " 
" Your face is like the moon, your body like dew " 
" There is mischief in the eyes, and rain in your hair " 
" Your grace has made me . . . " 
" even more crazy " 
" What is the fault of the eyes? " 
" Your love has made me so restless " 
" The truth is that even I have lost my heart now " 
" Before your love. . . " 
" I surrender " 
" What is the fault of the eyes? " 
Shalu, give me a kiss, please! 
No ki. .ss. 
All this has to be done after marriage, not before marriage. 
Neelambar, neither are you married, nor I.Then what are you talking about? 
You openly express love in the garden. 
Don't you feel ashamed? 
Why should I feel ashamed? 
- Why are you quiet? 
Answer me. 
Why don't you speak? 
- I'm speaking so loudly. . . and you say I'm not speaking? 
You have fallen in love. 
- Wish what you are saying was true. 
But no, I have not fallen in love. 
Pitambar, he is not telling you, but me and Shalu. 
Oh, so you were talking to these two and I was interrupting . . . and adding to the confusion? 
But what were they doing? 
We have never done it, so how do we know? and reached the garden so soon. 
- And will reach marriage stage soon. 
But remember, no kiss, no risk. 
Sir, the information is confirmed. 
The diamond dealing will be done in Hotel Blue Diamond's swimming pool. 
Sir, the diamonds are worth 100 million rupees. 
Which police officer has been given the responsibility of such a big case? 
Sir, a very capable officer, Inspector Gorpade. 
Gorpade? 
The one who could not attend the meeting of his own case. . . how will he nab the culprits? 
Sir, agreed that you and Gorpade don't share a good relationship. 
That doesn't mean you don't consider him capable of any job. 
Even he has solved many big cases. 
Is it? 
Gentlemen, what time was this meeting scheduled? 
1 1 O'clock. 
And that guy must still be snoring in bed. 
Get up, it's morning. . . . . 
Get up, it's morning. 
You have come, that means it's morning. 
Don't recite poetry. 
Get up, you have a meeting at 1 1. 
Okay! 
What's the time now? 
- 12 O'clock. 
What! 
For a 1 1 O'clock meeting, you wake me up at 12? 
Don't worry, one hour late in India is okay. 
Nonsense! 
Now I know why our India has not progressed. 
Why? 
If wives like you wake up their husbands like me an hour late. . . 
India will never progress. 
God, why doesn't London have such wives? 
Why is she screaming? 
- What happened to her? 
She was shocked. 
- Shocked? 
Why? 
Look down. 
My pajamas got left in the blanket. 
- Wear them quickly. 
God ! 
Go take a bath quickly, the water will go. 
Why take a bath everyday? 
It's a waste of time, water, soap. 
My complexion won't change even if I take a bath everyday. 
Not for your complexion, but you stink. 
Go quickly! 
Prepare my breakfast. 
- I am. 
Lado, get my shampoo. 
If I give him the whole bottle, he'll finish the whole bottle. 
He will keep shampooing himself. 
Whatever he does, his complexion won't change. 
Get the shampoo. 
- Coming ! 
The cat is troubling me here, and the husband troubling me there. 
Everyone troubles me. 
What all do I manage? 
The water has gone cold, get the shampoo! 
Coming. 
Take. 
- Coming. 
Why do you give me the shampoo in a bowl everyday? 
Am I a beggar? 
Take a bath, but not in excess. 
- Damn ! 
What shampoo is this? 
It stinks! 
Was this shampoo, or egg? 
I'll benefit only if I serve him. 
Lado, my body is stinking of egg. 
Smell me. 
An egg shampoo will smell of egg. 
Now eat. 
Okay. 
Will you eat? 
Is it good? 
What is this you are blowing out? 
Lado, have I turned epileptic? 
Why am I fizzing from the mouth? 
Could it be that you made me take a bath with egg & gave me shampoo to eat? 
It is possible, I was in a hurry. 
- What! ! 
Not only my gun, even my brain hits right on target. 
No one can cheat me. 
Because I, Zibago, if load people with money for loyalty. . . 
I even kill people for betrayal. 
I've heard I will have to play with death again? 
The fun lies only in this game. 
You have to strike a deal of diamonds worth 100 million. . . in the swimming pool of Hotel Blue Diamond. 
It will be done. 
But be careful, because this time, the police has information. . . that the diamonds have reached India. 
Mr. Zibago, I very well know how the police department functions. 
You had to come at 1 1. 
- Ask your daughter. 
She woke me up at 12, then how can I come at 1 1? 
Who asked you to run away with my daughter? 
Where did I run? 
I took her slowly by rickshaw. 
I had to pay a fare of Rs. 
7 0. 
You still haven't paid me that money. 
Why should I pay you? 
Did you ask me and elope her? 
Does any lover of the world . . . ask the girl's father when he is eloping his daughter? 
It has become a routine with you. 
You eat breakfast and come late to work. 
Breakfast? 
Since I have married your daughter, I am eating grams. 
I have turned into a horse. 
Know what she gave me for breakfast today? 
Egg shampoo. 
You are laughing? 
Thank your stars she served you egg shampoo. 
She gave me a white handkerchief in my milk as cream. 
Take this file. 
Go through it. 
- Is this the file of your murder case? 
What did you say? 
I meant, whose murder case file is this? 
A man named Manish will strike a deal in diamonds worth millions. . . in Hotel Blue Diamond. 
Then let him strike the deal first. 
- Why? 
Because law says that until someone commits a crime. . . you cannot nab him. 
As soon as he strikes the deal, you will catch him red handed. 
Both saw the time. 
Both jumped in. 
Something fishy. 
Even I will jump in. 
I won't spare you ! 
I won't spare you ! 
Where are you going? 
- Girls, what are you doing? 
I am on duty, let me go. 
Where are you hiding? 
Come out soon ! 
Did you see? 
- Yes sir. 
Sexy figures in the pool. 
Not that figure, you fools! 
Look. 
He is escaping ! 
You take the short cut. 
You take the long cut. 
Go! 
I won't spare him! 
My cycle! 
- I won't spare him! 
Where am I skating? 
My pajama ! 
I won't spare you ! 
Where is he hiding? 
My name is Gorpade. 
I have felled big time goons. 
Manish is not here. 
Don't worry, Manish will come with the diamonds. 
Where is Hira ( diamond)? 
- Sir, I am here. 
Not you, where is the diamond thief? 
Where are you going? 
I saved my life with great difficulty. 
Nowadays, guns are fired somewhere, and bombs are blasted somewhere. 
It was difficult to live before ; nowadays, it is difficult to survive. 
That is why I am telling you my love, get married soon, have a honeymoon. . . sire children. 
- You are always joking. 
No Shalu, if you get separated from me, what will you do? 
Will you toss in bed, or sigh? 
- Neither! 
I'll just write love letters to you round the clock. " If ever you get separated from me, what will you do? " 
" Will you toss in bed, or sigh? " 
" I will neither toss in bed, nor sigh " 
" I will just write love letters to you round the clock " 
" If ever you get separated from me. . . " 
" I'll write that I cannot sleep without you " 
" Your memory torments me all day and night " 
" What will you write? " 
" I'll write that the rain lights a fire in me " 
" This garden full of desires makes me restless " 
" Whenever I will flow in the waves of your love " 
" I'll just write love letters to you round the clock " 
" Forget it, don't get into this love letter business " 
" Don't go away from me just to write love letters to me " 
" Don't ever go away from me even for a moment " 
" I only pray for that " 
" If we get separated one moment, we will die in the next " 
" Then how will we write love letters round the clock? " 
" If ever you. . . " 
" I will just write love letters to you round the clock " 
Manish has developed ill intentions. 
He wants to keep the 100 million worth of diamonds to himself. 
Manish has turned a betrayer who we cannot trust anymore. 
I don't want Manish now, but those diamonds. 
Go and search every corner of the city. 
Beat him! 
I don't want to hear anything. 
If I don't get those diamonds. . . 
I will bury you half in soil and blow up the other half with a bomb. 
I want those diamonds worth 100 million. 
Go and find Manish anyhow. 
Is Lily home? 
- No, she has gone to Goa. 
My name is Manish. 
Ask her to call me when she returns. 
Look, don't forget, it is very urgent. 
Do make her call me, okay? 
Who is it? 
- Are you hurt? 
No. 
- You want something? 
Yes. 
- What? 
TV and Video. 
- You want TV and Video? 
Why are you looking in the vegetable section? 
TV and Video is over there. 
Come. 
We have to loot his shop. 
- Speak softly. 
What if he hears? 
He is deaf. 
Come sir. 
You sit here, and you sit here. 
What will you take? 
- I don't want anything. 
Where did he go? 
- I am here. 
Why do you always do this? 
- Did someone fall again? 
Not there, he fell here. 
I offer a chair, and you make him fall. 
Sorry sir, but he cannot see. 
But he is good at his work. 
Hello. 
- Not here, do it here. 
Hello. 
- Not to the door, here. 
Hello. 
- Okay! 
Did he say something? 
Forget it. 
Okay, you handle these customers, I'll go to the counter. 
What if anyone steals something. 
What do you want? 
- TV and Video. 
I bought this clock from you. 
It came with a guarantee of one year. 
Then come after one year. 
None of its needles move. 
What? 
- None of its needles move. 
I'll repair it for you in a jiffy. 
Key. 
Here's the key. 
The parts of this car are no good. 
- This was not a car, it was a clock. 
Clock? 
Shouldn't you have told me before? 
And why did you bring a clock here? 
You should have taken it to a clock shop. 
Strange man. 
You bought so many things? 
- Yes. 
Just a minute. 
Okay, I'll make the bill, you make the payment. 
Bill? 
- Yes. 
Pay him money. 
- Here, take. 
What are you doing? 
- Showing them a TV. 
This is not done. 
- That's how I do it. 
I sold all TV's. 
Only one or two are left. 
What are you doing? 
Do you intend to loot? 
How can they loot like that? 
What do you mean by threatening me with a gun? 
Keeping a gun on the temple means. . . 
Gun?. . . 
Gun ! . . . 
Neelambar! 
You were making a bill and demanding money? 
I'll pay you ! 
Move it. . . move it both sides. 
What are you doing? 
- Kick him. 
Neelambar, call the police. 
Call the police! 
What happened? 
- Mr. Gorpade has come. 
Mr. Gorpade, they were stealing our TV's and Videos. 
Who? 
Where? 
- Over there. 
You always give wrong direction. 
- Thieves? 
Constable, arrest them. 
Beat them up. 
What happened? 
For the first time, while shopping with you, I made an arrest. 
Shall I buy eggs? 
- Eggs? 
Buy the whole shop. 
Buy all things you need at home. 
- Take colour for Holi. 
Take whatever you like. 
- Buy coffee for your husband. 
Buy Safi to purify his blood. 
The Urban Design master studies (prototypically) fulfills and complies with the promise of interdisciplinary 
After studying urban planning and architecture it was for me absolutely clear that I would choose to study Urban Design here in Hamburg it was for me absolutely clear that I would choose to study Urban Design here in Hamburg 
One of them was... or is... the theoretical background that is applied in our practical work.... that they are really used... also the existent interdisciplinary work that practically occurs with an open source way of thinking that one wouldn't find in any other university. 
What makes this master program for me really very special is ... that we don't only work with students but we also work with the professors, we don't learn something with an top-down approach but we actually are on their same level and we can to a certain point shape the whole master program. 
Hello! 
My name is Sarah. 
I come from Cairo. 
I learned German last year because I wanted to study UD in HCU. 
Mainly because for me as an architect it was a super chance to work with sociologists and ethnologists together. 
And in reality I was never disappointed from such a decision. 
My name is Tabea and I worked for the last 5 years as a landscape architect in Switzerland. 
I decided to study Urban Design here in Hamburg since it was important for me to develop my own methods, techniques and tools that could later get incorporated in my professional life. 
What we have been learning here has been also causing a wave of interest to the extent that we have been invited to take part in international workshops, give lectures and to write articles. 
Our theme is recycling systems in Hamburg. 
We are trying to understand the city as a resource. 
As a resource for materials for example. 
Materials that today would most probably enter a degradable procedure rather than a revaluation or reassessment procedure. 
Our goal is to use those materials to give them value and through that creating new conceptions. 
To be able to work on such a project we were supported by the professors, the economists, the architects, and the sociologists in HCU. 
Even beyond HCU we have asked other experts about topics such as REcycling, waste and UPcycling. 
The lamellas are coming straight from a garbage container. 
The garbage container is standing right beside my apartment building. 
And all the time... when I walk pass it... 
I come by new items thrown by people, and when something interesting appears I would take it with me and in this case it was the lamellas, and this is now the 5th lamp that we've brought together. 
The project that we are working on right now is the tree house project and it is all about actively challenging neighborhood cooperative methods in city districts. 
We are developing in a park under plan together with school kids and students a temporary intervention of a tree house made out of recycled material that would be built on the tree. 
Our aim is the installation of a permanent prototype typology of tree houses developed by kids. 
We are a team of architects, urban planners, and urban designers working together with local experts who are around 10 to 12 years old. 
Tomorrow we start testing stretched firefighting hoses to find out what are the limits of this material and what can we do out of it 
Are you thinking of creating something like a hammock that would be hung simply between the trees... an oversized hammock ...? 
You should also imagine that in our first trial it would be this oversized hammock, but later we would create vertical layers of it, that would be connected horizontally to each other... this is what we hope we can achieve this week. 
In our master program we also have the chance to develop new forms of how can urban designers from the bottom - with the inhabitants - develop a part of the city. 
Right now we are working on a project in Munzviertel where we are trying out having an office as an automobile caravan as our platform where we and the inhabitants develop new ideas for the place. 
Hello... 
My name is Lene. 
I studied sociology and political science and what really interested me in Urban Design and was for me very exciting is the way we work. 
We work mainly as teams in projects and we present our projects with an open-source way of thinking - hung on the wall. 
Every so often we get heavily criticized however the way we work functions really good because there is no competition between us but rather a cooperative way of learning. 
This establishes overall a very stimulating work setting. 
This is of course compulsory!!! 
The big isometrics!! 
From the outside!! 
With all those small details and the drawings... and what is essential is how all of this is collected and composed... 
It is all together remarkable!!! 
My name Juan Camilo. 
I come from Columbia. 
I studied there Architecture. 
I came here to Hamburg to study Urban Design in HCU. 
I find it extremely interesting here although I... 
I didn't really have a complete picture about the program before. 
I find urban design as a kind of network where the professors and the students are the main the players in it... there is no strong hierarchy but we are more like forming a cooperative research field. 
I find it really effective that we can have here in UD-HCU this chance to interact with the different professors and students because through that we are able to strengthen and deepen our own interests 
All those key points... we have to express in some kind of form... and bring it in the right structure to present them in an A4 format that says this is our field of studies... or this is the complexity of our theme. 
And we need one A4 page that says "we are here". 
It would be best when we can get all those points in a plausible sequence. 
So. 
MUSlC 
In 1919, "My Antonia" had been out for a year. 
And Cather was getting a lot of attention. 
People loved this book. 
She wrote her mother in December of 1919 and you can just feel on the page how excited she is to share with her parents how famous she's beginning to become. 
MUSlC 
CATHER'S VOlCE: 
In addition to painting the bathroom and doing the house work and trying to write a novel, 
I have been becoming rather famous lately, and that is an added care. 
In other years, when I was living like a lady, with an impressive French maid, I could have been famous quite conveniently, but then I had only to receive a few high brows. 
Now the man in the street seems to have got onto me and it's very inconvenient. 
Reporters come running to the house all the time and keep finding me doing housework. 
They demand new photographs and I have no new clothes and no time to get any. 
Yesterday, when I was washing dishes at the sink with one of Mother's long gingham aprons tied around my neck, I've never had time to shorten it, 
I heard a knock at the front door and didn't stir. 
Then a knock at the kitchen door; such a dapper young man asked if Miss Cather the Author lived here that I hesitated. 
He said, "Tell her I'm from the New York Sun and want to see her on very important business." 
I told him that miss Cather had gone to Atlantic city for a rest. 
I simply couldn't live up to the part you see. 
He left saying there was to be a big article about her on Sunday. 
That was just the beginning for Cather. 
She's still popular to this day. 
From the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Archives, I'm Andy Jewell. 
MUSlC 
The top U.S. commander in Afghanistan says he's ordered new restrictions on airstrikes targeting Taliban militants hiding in residential homes. 
The directive from General John Allen prompted the Afghan government to claim the U.S.-led NATO occupation force has agreed to stop bombing residential areas and homes altogether. 
But U.S. officials say the attacks will continue but now under stricter guidelines for airstrikes, not ground operations. 
The new policy was unveiled amidst widespread anger over the latest NATO attack that killed 18 civilians, including nine children, last week. 
On Friday, Allen emt directly with some of the victims" families and apologized to the Afghan people. 
This was a joint Afghan and U.S. force, they were taken under fire, a hand grenade was thrown, three of our people were wounded. 
We called for the people who were shooting to come out and then the situation became more grave and innocent people were killed. 
On those occasions when our forces accidently kill or harm Afghan people, we are very sad. 
And I have come here today to offer you my condolences and my regrets and importantly to apologise to each of you for this tragedy." 
General Allen's new directive to limit airstrikes comes nearly two years after his predecessor, General David Petraeus, also issued new rules that were billed as a major step toward reducing civilian casualties. 
Syrian government forces have launched new attacks in several parts of Homs province in one of its largest offensives in recent weeks. 
Syrian activists say at least 35 people were killed in bombings in the city of Homs as well as nearby towns. 
The attacks come days after UN monitors were able to reach the village of al-Qubair in central Hama province in the aftermath of a massacre of up to 80 civilians. 
Syrian forces had previously blocked the monitors from visiting the site, fueling allegations the regime was trying to hide evidence of the killings. 
A member of the UN team said the observers had come across human remains. 
What we saw most [prominently] were two homes — one was damaged mainly from the rockets and BMBs and other calibers-small and large calibers bullets. 
We found a variety of different kinds of bullets there. 
The other was burnt [buildings] with bodies inside the bodies. 
You can smell the burn of dead bodies. 
You coan also see body parts in and around the village." 
According to UN figures, government-backed forces in Syria have killed more than 10,000 people during the more than year-long uprising against the Assad regime. 
President Obama took criticism from Republicans over the weekend after saying the private sector is "doing fine." 
Obama was comparing the private sector's gain of 4.3 million jobs in the past 27 months to the public sector's loss of 550,000 jobs over the same period. 
On Friday, Obama clarified his stance. 
The economy's not doing fine. 
There are too many people out of work, the housing market is still weak and too many homes under water, and that's precisely why I asked Congress to start taking some steps that could make a difference. 
What I've been saying consistently over the last year, we've actually seen some good momentum in the private sector. 
We've seen 4.3 million jobs created, 800,000 this year alone. 
Record corporate profits. 
And so that has not been the biggest drag on the economy." 
While Obama's comments drew widespread scrutiny, Republican candidate Mitt Romney drew far less media attention after openly attacking the hiring of firefighters, police officers, and teachers. 
Speaking in Iowa on Friday, Romney invoked the recent election in Wisconsin to criticize Obama for pushing a measure to help states regain public sector jobs. 
He wants to hire more government workers. 
He says we need more firemen, more policemen, more teachers. 
Did he not get the message of Wisconsin? 
The American people did. 
It's time for us to cut back on government and help the American people." 
Attorney General Eric Holder has appointed two prosecutors to head a probe into recent leaks of information on classified government programs. 
Holder announced the investigation after bi-partisan anger over published reports revealing President Obama's secret "kill list" as well as the U.S.-Israeli use of cyberweapons to target Iran's nuclear program. 
The FBI had already announced a probe of the cyberweapons operation last week. 
In appointing the prosecutors, Holder rebuffed calls from lawmakers to appoint an independent special counsel outside of his office's control. 
At a White House news conference on Friday, President Obama rejected suggestions the leaks may have come from his administration to bolster his re-election bid. 
The notion that my White House would purposely release classified national security information is offensive. 
It's wrong and people I think need to have a better sense of how I approach this office and of how the people around me approach this office. 
Wildfires are continuing to spread through parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming as high temperatures fan the flames. 
The High Park Fire in Colorado has already scorched more than 20,000 acres of land amid high winds and temperatures above 90 degrees. 
More than 1,800 people have been evacuated across the four states. 
New figures meanwhile show 2012 continues to be the warmest year on record in the United States. 
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, this spring has been the warmest of all time and last month was the second-warmest May since record-keeping began more than a century ago. 
The average temperature for the 48 states not including Alaska and Hawaii from March through May was more than five degrees higher than the 20th century average. 
New figures show this year's military suicide rate is on pace to reach a record high. 
The Pentagon says there have been at least 154 suicides among active-duty troops through last Thursday, a rate of nearly one each day. 
The figure marks an 18 percent increase over the same period a year ago. 
More U.S. soldiers have died by taking their own lives than been killed on the battlefield. 
Spain has agreed to accept a European Union bailout offer of up to $125 billion dollars for its debt-ridden banks. 
The move makes Spain the fourth and largest European country to accept emergency international aid as part of the continent-wide sovereign debt crisis. 
Details on the terms of the deal have been kept under wraps, with no mention of new austerity measures that have sparked an uproar across Europe. 
After the bailout was announced, demonstrators with Spain's Indignado movement gathered in Madrid to protest. 
We are saying that this is a scam precisely because the aid should not be for the banks. 
It should be for the citizens who are the most affected by this crisis. 
Not the bankers. 
I don't think they are doing as bad as the citizens. 
The crisis has its origin in the markets not in the citizens." 
In Iraq, at least six people have been killed and 38 wounded in a bombing of a crowded square in Baghdad. 
The attack targeted a gathering of Shi'ite Muslim pilgrims. 
Hundreds of a people rallied in the Chilean capital of Santiago on Sunday to protest the screening of a new film honoring the late military dictator, Augusto Pinochet. 
The premiere of the film, titled "Pinochet", drew a number of former ministers and army generals who served under his regime. 
Protesters came under assault from supporters of the film, who threw rocks, eggs and red paint at the large crowd. 
Lorena Pizarro, head of a group representing victims of the regime, denounced the attacks on protesters. 
They are violators of human rights and today this is the only response that they have: to suppress us, to be violent towards us, to mistreat us and abandon [their country]. 
They, those genociders are inside the [theater]." 
Three people were killed in Auburn, Alabama on Sunday after an argument at an apartment complex turned violent. 
Two of the victims were former members of the Auburn University football team. 
Auburn police chief Tommy Dawson announced the deaths. 
"It's sickening that these young lives were cut short, and, and also the shooter is such a young man. 
As a society, we've got to learn the value of life again. 
If I could bring them back today to their parents, I would. 
Fortunately, I can't do that. 
And to the parents and families of these victims, I am very sorry. 
Please let it be known, we are grieving with you 
In other gun violence nationwide, four people were killed in an apparent gang-related shooting in Sacramento on Sunday and four people died when a father in California's Fresno County killed his wife and two children before taking his own life 
And a group of Latin musicians has won a campaign for the Grammy Awards to reinstate the category of Best Latin jazz album following its elimination last year. 
Latin jazz was among dozens of ethnic music award categories cut from the annual event by the Recording Academy in a controversial move. 
Last August, four Latin jazz artists filed a lawsuit with the New York Supreme Court claiming that the dropping of such categories had adversely affected their careers. 
The suit was dismissed in April, but after continued campaigning the Recording Academy announced the award's reinstatement on Friday. 
Hello, my name is Karen Peltz Strauss. 
I grew up in NY 
I have a family of three boys and one husband. 
The "Dirty Jobs" crew and I were called to a little town in Colorado, called Craig. 
It's only a couple dozen square miles. 
It's in the Rockies. 
And the job in question was sheep rancher. 
My role on the show, for those of you who haven't seen it -- it's pretty simple. 
I'm an apprentice, and I work with the people who actually do the jobs in question. 
And my responsibilities are to simply try and keep up and give an honest account of what it's like to be these people, for one day in their life. 
The job in question: herding sheep. 
Great. 
We go to Craig and we check in to a hotel and I realize the next day that castration is going to be an absolute part of this work. 
So, normally, I never do any research at all. 
But, this is a touchy subject, and I work for the Discovery Channel, and we want to portray accurately whatever it is we do, and we certainly want to do it with a lot of respect for the animals. 
So I called the Humane Society and I say, "Look, I'm going to be castrating some lambs, 
Can you tell me the deal?" 
And they're like, "Yeah, it's pretty straightforward." 
They use a band -- basically a rubber band, like this, only a little smaller. 
This one was actually around the playing cards I got yesterday, but it had a certain familiarity to it. 
And I said, "Well, what exactly is the process?" 
And they said, "The band is applied to the tail, tightly. 
And then another band is applied to the scrotum, tightly. 
Blood flow is slowly retarded; a week later the parts in question fall off. 
"Great -- got it." 
OK, I call the SPCA to confirm this -- they confirm it. 
I also call PETA, just for fun, and they don't like it -- but they confirm it. 
OK, that's basically how you do it. 
So the next day I go out. 
And I'm given a horse and we go get the lambs and we take them to a pen that we built, and we go about the business of animal husbandry. 
Melanie is the wife of Albert. 
Albert is the shepherd in question. 
Melanie picks up the lamb -- two hands -- one hand on both legs on the right, likewise on the left. 
Lamb goes on the post, she opens it up. 
Alright. 
Great. 
Albert goes in, I follow Albert, the crew is around. 
I always watch the process done the first time before I try it. 
Being an apprentice, you know, you do that. 
Albert reaches in his pocket to pull out, you know, this black rubber band but what comes out instead is a knife. 
And I'm like that's not rubber at all, you know. 
And he kind of flicked it open in a way that caught the sun that was just coming over the Rockies, it was very -- it was, it was impressive. 
In the space of about two seconds, Albert had the knife between the cartilage of the tail, right next to the butt of the lamb, and very quickly the tail was gone and in the bucket that I was holding. 
A second later, with a big thumb and a well calloused forefinger, he had the scrotum firmly in his grasp. 
And he pulled it toward him, like so, and he took the knife and he put it on the tip. 
Now you think you know what's coming, Michael -- you don't, OK? 
He snips it, throws the tip over his shoulder, and then grabs the scrotum and pushes it upward, and then his head dips down, obscuring my view, but what I hear is a slurping sound, and a noise that sounds like Velcro being yanked off a sticky wall and I am not even kidding. 
Can we roll the video? 
No I'm kidding -- we don't -- (Laughter) 
I thought it best to talk in pictures. 
So, I do something now I've never ever done on a "Dirty Jobs" shoot, ever. 
I say, "Time out. 
Stop." 
You guys know the show, we use take one, we don't do take two. 
There's no writing, there's no scripting, there's no nonsense. 
We don't fool around, we don't rehearse -- we shoot what we get! 
I said, "Stop. 
This is nuts." 
I mean, you know. 
(Laughter) 
"This is crazy. 
We can't do this." 
And Albert's like, "What?" 
And I'm like, "I don't know what just happened, but there are testicles in this bucket and that's not how we do it." 
And he said "Well, that's how we do it." 
And I said, "Why would you do it this way?" 
And before I even let him explain, 
I said, "I want to do it the right way, with the rubber bands." 
And he says, "Like the Humane Society?" 
And I said, "Yes, like the Humane Society. 
Let's do something that doesn't make the lamb squeal and bleed -- we're on in five continents, dude. 
We're on twice a day on the Discovery Channel -- we can't do this." 
He says, "OK." 
He goes to his box and he pulls out a bag of these little rubber bands. 
Melanie picks up another lamb, puts it on the post, band goes on the tail, band goes on the scrotum. 
Lamb goes on the ground, lamb takes two steps, falls down, gets up, shakes a little, takes another couple steps, falls down. 
I'm like, this is not a good sign for this lamb, at all. 
Gets up, walks to the corner, it's quivering, and it lies down and it's in obvious distress. 
And I'm looking at the lamb and I say, "Albert, how long? 
When does he get up?" 
He's like, "A day." 
I said, "A day! 
How long does it take them to fall off?" 
"A week." 
Meanwhile, the lamb that he had just did his little procedure on is, you know, he's just prancing around, bleeding stopped. 
He's, you know, nibbling on some grass, frolicking. 
And I was just so blown away at how wrong I was, in that second. 
And I was reminded how utterly wrong I am, so much of the time. 
(Laughter) 
And I was especially reminded of what an ridiculously short straw I had that day because now I had to do what Albert had just done, and there are like 100 of these lambs in the pen, and suddenly this whole thing's starting to feel like a German porno, and I'm like ... (Laughter) 
Melanie picks up the lamb, puts it on the post, opens it up. 
Albert hands me the knife. 
I go in, tail comes off. 
I go in, I grab the scrotum, tip comes off. 
Albert instructs, "Push it way up there." 
I do. 
"Push it further." 
I do. 
The testicles emerge -- they look like thumbs, coming right at you -- and he says, "Bite 'em. 
Just bite 'em off." 
And I heard him, I heard all the words. 
(Laughter) 
Like, how did -- how did I get here? 
How did -- you know -- I mean -- how did I get here? 
(Laughter) 
It's just -- it's one of those moments where the brain goes off on it's own: and suddenly, I'm standing there, in the Rockies, and all I can think of is the Aristotelian definition of a tragedy. 
You know, Aristotle says a tragedy is that moment when the hero comes face to face with his true identity. 
(Laughter) 
And I'm like, "What is this jacked-up metaphor? 
I don't like what I'm thinking right now." 
And I can't get this thought out of my head, and I can't get that vision out of my sight, so I did what I had to do. 
I went in and I took them. 
I took them like this, and I yanked my face back. 
And I'm standing there with two testicles on my chin. 
(Laughter) 
And now I can't get -- I can't shake the metaphor. 
OK, I'm still in "Poetics," in Aristotle, and I'm thinking -- out of nowhere, two terms come crashing into my head that I haven't heard since my classics professor in college drilled them there. 
And they are anagnorisis and peripeteia. 
Anagnorisis and peripeteia. 
Anagnorisis is the Greek word for discovery. 
Literally, the transition from ignorance to knowledge is anagnorisis. 
It's what our network does; it's what "Dirty Jobs" is. 
And I'm up to my neck in anagnorises every single day. 
Great. 
The other word, peripeteia, that's the moment in the great tragedies, you know -- 
Euripides and Sophocles -- the moment where Oedipus has his moment, where he suddenly realizes that hot chick he's been sleeping with and having babies with is his mother. 
OK. 
That's peripety or peripeteia. 
And this metaphor in my head -- 
I got anagnorisis and peripetia on my chin. 
(Laughter) 
I got to tell you, it's such a great device though. 
When you start to look for peripetia, you find it everywhere. 
I mean, Bruce Willis in "The Sixth Sense," right? 
Spends the whole movie trying to help the little kid who sees dead people, and then, boom -- "Oh, I'm dead" -- peripetia. 
You know? 
It's crushing when the audience sees it the right way. 
Neo in "The Matrix," you know? 
"Oh, I'm living in a computer program" -- that's weird. 
These discoveries that lead to sudden realizations; and I've been having them, over 200 dirty jobs, I have them all the time, but that one -- that one drilled something home in a way that I just wasn't prepared for. 
And, as I stood there, 
looking at the happy lamb that I had just defiled -- but it looked OK. 
Looking at that poor other little thing that I'd done it the right way on, and I just was struck by if I'm wrong about that and if I'm wrong so often, in a literal way, what other peripatetic misconceptions might I be able to comment upon? 
Because, look, I'm not a social anthropologist but I have a friend who is. 
And I talk to him. 
(Laughter) 
And he says, "Hey Mike. 
Look, I don't know if your brain is interested in this sort of thing or not, but do you realize you've shot in every state? 
You've worked in mining, you've worked in fishing, you've worked in steel, you've worked in every major industry. 
You've had your back shoulder to shoulder with these guys that our politicians are desperate to relate to every four years, right?" 
I can still see Hillary doing the shots of rye, dribbling down her chin, with the steel workers. 
I mean, these are the people that I work with every single day. 
"And if you have something to say about their thoughts, collectively, it might be time to think about it. 
Because, dude, you know, four years." 
You know, that's in my head, testicles are on my chin, thoughts are bouncing around. 
And, after that shoot, Dirty Jobs really didn't change, in terms of what the show is, but it changed for me, personally. 
And now, when I talk about the show, 
I no longer just tell the story you heard and 190 like it. 
I do, but I also start to talk about some of the other things I got wrong, some of the other notions of work that I've just been assuming are sacrosanct, and they're not. 
People with dirty jobs are happier than you think. 
As a group, they're the happiest people I know. 
And I don't want to start whistling "Look for the Union Label," and all that happy worker crap. 
I'm just telling you that these are balanced people who do unthinkable work. 
Roadkill picker-uppers whistle while they work. 
I swear to God -- 
I did it with them. 
They've got this amazing sort of symmetry to their life. 
And I see it over and over and over again. 
So I started to wonder what would happen if we challenged some of these sacred cows. 
Follow your passion -- we've been talking about it here for the last 36 hours. 
Follow your passion -- what could possibly be wrong with that? 
Probably the worst advice I ever got. 
(Laughter) 
You know, follow your dreams and go broke, right? 
I mean, that's all I heard growing up. 
I didn't know what to do with my life, but I was told if you follow your passion, it's going to work out. 
I can give you 30 examples, right now -- 
Bob Combs, the pig farmer in Las Vegas who collects the uneaten scraps of food from the casinos and feeds them them to his swine. 
Why? 
Because there's so much protein in the stuff we don't eat his pigs grow at twice the normal speed, and he is one rich pig farmer, and he is good for the environment, and he spends his days doing this incredible service, and he smells like hell, but God bless him. 
He's making a great living. 
You ask him, "Did you follow your passion here?" and he'd laugh at you. 
The guy's worth -- he just got offered like 60 million dollars for his farm and turned it down, outside of Vegas. 
He didn't follow his passion. 
He stepped back and he watched where everybody was going and he went the other way. 
And I hear that story over and over. 
Matt Froind, a dairy farmer in New Canaan, Connecticut, who woke up one day and realized the crap from his cows was worth more than their milk, if he could use it to make these biodegradable flower pots. 
Now, he's selling them to Walmart. 
Follow his passion? 
The guy's -- come on. 
So I started to look at passion, 
I started to look at efficiency versus effectiveness -- as Tim talked about earlier, that's a huge distinction. 
I started to look at teamwork and determination, and basically all those platitudes they call "successories" that hang with that schmaltzy art in boardrooms around the world right now. 
That stuff -- it's suddenly all been turned on its head. 
Safety -- safety first? 
Going back to, you know, OSHA and PETA and the Humane Society: what if OSHA got it wrong? 
I mean -- this is heresy, what I'm about to say -- but what if it's really safety third? 
Right? 
(Laughter) 
No, I mean really. 
What I mean to say is I value my safety on these crazy jobs as much as the people that I'm working with, but the ones who really get it done, they're not out there talking about safety first. 
They know that other things come first -- the business of doing the work comes first, the business of getting it done. 
And I'll never forget, up in the Bering Sea, I was on a crab boat with the "Deadliest Catch" guys -- which I also work on -- in the first season. 
We're about 100 miles off the coast of Russia: 
50-foot seas, big waves, green water coming over the wheelhouse, right? 
Most hazardous environment I'd ever seen, and I was back with a guy, lashing the pots down. 
So, I'm 40 feet off the deck, which is like looking down at the top of your shoe, you know, and it's doing this in the ocean. 
Unspeakably dangerous. 
I scamper down, I go into the wheelhouse and I say, with some level of incredulity, 
"Captain, OSHA." 
And he says, "OSHA? 
Ocean." 
And he points out there. 
(Laughter) 
But in that moment, what he said next can't be repeated in the lower 48. 
It can't be repeated on any factory floor or any construction site. 
But he looked at me, and he said, "Son" -- he's my age, by the way, he calls me son, I love that -- he says, "Son, I'm a captain of a crab boat. 
My responsibility is not to get you home alive. 
My responsibility is to get you home rich." 
(Laughter) 
You want to get home alive, that's on you. 
And for the rest of that day, safety first. 
I was like -- 
So, the idea that we create this false -- this sense of complacency when all we do is talk about somebody else's responsibility as though it's our own, and vice versa. 
Anyhow, a whole lot of things. 
I could talk at length about the many little distinctions we made and the endless list of ways that I got it wrong. 
But, what it all comes down to is this. 
I formed a theory, and I'm going to share it now in my remaining two minutes and 30 seconds. 
It goes like this -- we've declared war on work, as a society, all of us. 
It's a civil war. 
It's a cold war, really. 
We didn't set out to do it and we didn't twist our mustache in some Machiavellian way, but we've done it. 
And we've waged this war on at least four fronts, certainly in Hollywood. 
The way we portray working people on TV -- it's laughable. 
If there's a plumber, he's 300 pounds and he's got a giant butt crack. 
Admit it. 
You see him all the time. 
That's what plumbers look like, right? 
We turn them into heroes, or we turn them into punch lines. 
That's what TV does. 
We try hard on "Dirty Jobs" not to do that, which is why I do the work and I don't cheat. 
But, we've waged this war on Madison Avenue. 
I mean, so many of the commercials that come out there -- in the way of a message, what's really being said? 
Your life would be better if you could work a little less, if you didn't have to work so hard, if you could get home a little earlier, if you could retire a little faster, if you could punch out a little sooner -- it's all in there, over and over, again and again. 
Washington? 
I can't even begin to talk about the deals and policies in place that affect the bottom line reality of the available jobs because I don't really know. 
I just know that that's a front in this war. 
And right here guys, Silicon Valley, 
I mean -- how many people have an iPhone on them right now? 
How many people have their Blackberries? 
We're plugged in; we're connected. 
I would never suggest for a second that something bad has come out of the tech revolution. 
Good grief, not to this crowd. 
(Laughter) 
But I would suggest that innovation without imitation is a complete waste of time. 
And nobody celebrates imitation the way "Dirty Jobs" guys know it has to be done. 
Your iPhone without those people making the same interface, the same circuitry, the same board, over and over? 
All of that? 
That's what makes it equally as possible as the genius that goes inside of it. 
So, we've got this new toolbox, you know. 
Our tools today don't look like shovels and picks. 
They look like the stuff we walk around with. 
And so the collective effect of all of that has been this marginalization of lots and lots of jobs. 
And I realized, probably too late in this game -- 
I hope not, because I don't know if I can do 200 more of these things -- but we're going to do as many as we can. 
And to me the most important thing to know and to really come face to face with, is that fact that I got it wrong about a lot of things, not just the testicles on my chin. 
I got a lot wrong. 
So, we're thinking -- by we, I mean me -- that the thing to do is to talk about a PR campaign for work, manual labor, skilled labor. 
Somebody needs to be out there talking about the forgotten benefits. 
I'm talking about grandfather stuff, the stuff a lot us probably grew up with but we've kind of -- you know, kind of lost a little. 
Barack wants to create two and a half million jobs. 
The infrastructure is a huge deal. 
This war on work, that I suppose exists, has casualties 
like any other war. 
The infrastructure's the first one; declining trade-school enrollments are the second one. 
Every single year: fewer electricians, fewer carpenters, fewer plumbers, fewer welders, fewer pipefitters, fewer steamfitters. 
The infrastructure jobs that everybody is talking about creating are those guys -- the ones that have been in decline, over and over. 
Meanwhile, we've got two trillion dollars -- at a minimum, according to the American Society of Civil Engineers -- that we need to expend to even make a dent in the infrastructure, which is currently rated at a D minus. 
So, if I were running for anything, and I'm not, 
I would simply say that the jobs we hope to make and the jobs we hope to create aren't going to stick unless they're jobs that people want. 
And I know the point of this conference is to celebrate things that are near and dear to us, but I also know that clean and dirty aren't opposites. 
They're two sides of the same coin, just like innovation and imitation, 
like risk and responsibility, 
like peripetia and anagnorisis, 
like that poor little lamb, who I hope isn't quivering anymore, and like my time that's gone. 
It's been great talking to you and get back to work, will you? 
(Applause) 
The same statistic was run for female students. 
Again, I made up the data to illustrate the effect. 
Females tended to apply predominantly for major B with 900 applications for major B and just 100 for major A. 
The university accepted 80 out of 100 applications in major A and 180 out of 900 in major B. 
Please tell me the rate of acceptance in percent for major A for the females student population. 
I believe the first step I took at the Mechina was my first step towards success in life 
After you finish the Mechina, you have the tools to succeed later on in life, in the army, in everything that follows 
I think this Mechina in general isn't a Pre-military Academy, but a preparatory academy for how to live life 
When we thought about erecting an institution in the city we deliberated what kind of institution it should be, and we decided that this is what Am Yisrael really needs now 
I went to Rabbi Drukman and asked him who should lead the Mechina 
He told me to call Rabbi Boaz [Sherman. 
They asked me to lead the Mechina, to found it 
I debated about it and in the end 
I decided to go ahead with the idea 
We brought a bus from Ashkelon, some guys from here and there we told the guys we recruited: 
"Guys, there will be a new Mechina here next year" 
It was a very special experience. 
We began with 30 guys, "the pioneers" who came to the Mechina. 
They began the idea in a really nice way. 
We came to Kiryat Malachi we sought a place for the Mechina, though we couldn't find a suitable place so we rented an apartment and a storage area which would serve as our Beit Midrash. 
Our porch served as a place to relax, for meals, nargilla, the dining room 
Here are the stairs, here was the dormitory, two rooms, 30 guys- our first class. 
This is where the Mechina began. 
We were told, "There's a kindergarten about to be abandoned, not far away, just as the municipality promised us. 
It wasn't clear if we were suppossed to get both classrooms or just one. 
In the end, the kindergarten emptied and we added caravans. 
Here were the sports area and a mini obstacle course 
Here was the climbing rope 
Everyone who came to the Mechina knew that by the end of the year, he'll reach the top of the rope. 
In the end, after 5 amazing years in Kiryat Malachi, the Mechina had to move on. 
We came here, to the Shafir area. 
We had study partners at the local school. 
They told me all the time to check out the Mechina program. 
I came thinking I'd be here for a week or two, and then move on to the army.. 
I had no intention to stay.. 
I wanted to just go straight into the army without thinking too much. 
I didn't even think for a moment about life processes, yeshiva. 
Not even for a moment. 
My thinking at the beginning of the year was to come to the Mechina, do my psychometric tests, and then immediately apply for the Atuda program, without any thoughts of staying 
I came to the Mechina 
And I see great guys great Rabbis who love us for who we are. 
You see the warmth here. 
I saw that this Mechina is more special than the other Mechinot I saw. 
Gili was a Platoon Commander in the Tank Corp. 
They were called to go to Ramallah. 
They asked Gili and his platoon to enter the junction in order to attract the gunfire away from the infantry. 
This is what saved them. 
They told him it was enough but he insisted on going in again. 
One bullet penetrated the earpiece on his helmet and killed him. 
About a year after Gil was killed, a major donor of the Mechina, Sandy Kolb asked us if we would agree that the Beit Midrash be named after Gili. 
This is how we got to know Rav Boaz and Naftali Kendler. 
Their self-sacrifice is close in my heart to the self-sacrifice exhibited by Gil to his soldiers. 
The two connect. 
This year here at the Mechina is a very, very significant year. 
It creates a real revolution among these young men. 
And slowly but gradually, through all the experiences and laughs, you see how these kids stabilize, kids who walked around with a kipa, but with spikes underneath with all the gel in their hair etc.. 
The hair slowly but gradually gets shorter, they begin to dress differently 
like a Talmid Chacham. 
Something stabilizes within them. 
Two words the Mechina gave me: 
Torah and Life. 
As far as I'm concerned, they are both the exact same thing. 
The Mechina brought Torah into my life. 
It totally changed my life. 
I understood this at the Mechina itself which was one of the most significant things I've ever done. 
I think that only after looking at the long-term will I be able to see just how significant and essential it impacted my life. 
After a year-and-a-half at the Mechina, 
I received not only direction, but also serious momentum to begin life in the best way possible. 
Our spiritual situation when we came here wasn't exactly "up there", and had we enlisted directly into the army, we would have absolutely experienced [spiritual] burnout. 
The Mechina saved us. 
Thank G-d, we see amazing success at the end of the year when we see the same student who, was began the year with an earring, and at the end of the year before enlisting in the IDF, the student makes a Siyum Masechet/concludes a book of Talmud and with this Siyum he enlists in the IDF in a combat unit, nonetheless! 
Amazing! 
"Magic", perhaps, but I call it "Divine Assistance"... 
I became so attached to this place that the decision to get married happened right over here, on the steps. 
I came here with my wife, even after the Mechina had already moved elsewhere. 
I took her to these steps and we talked and I felt my best in this place 
I felt here the most confident to tell her that I want to marry her that I love her and want to build a Jewish home at the very place which helped me know what a Jewish home is... 
I'm carrying around the centre of Europe. i like the idea very much. 
Lisboa, it's the centre of good food, good nightlife. 
- Open to the world, to multiple cultures. 
- Its' kind of becoming the centre of cultural evolution, in its own way. 
- And I think it can be the centre of Europe, because it captures the European culture. 
- This is Lisbon: ... open-hearted. 
- The centre of Europe? 
It's right here... 
To be precise: 
Right there, in Espalha Brasas, ... 
Lisbon, of course. 
- I believe, wherever you are in Europe, you're at the centre. 
- This is a restaurant that is based on simple and traditional Portuguese cuisine. 
- We have had a tradition for centuries: 
The codfish... ... dried in the sun with salt. 
And some centuries ago that would be the way to keep it all year long. 
And that would be the food for most Portuguese who could not afford something else. 
- I think Lisbon is the centre of Europe... ... 
With the internet you have no boundaries, we have the weather and the nice people, so we can conquer the world. 
There is a challenge in terms of culture, because we don't have a very entrepreneurial culture. 
- The centre of Europe is right where you are. 
Our signature is: 
'Ideas that happen'. 
So it's not only having the ideas, but also the possibility of making them happen. 
I started a house of the entrepreneurs. 
It's a place where entrepreneurs can get the resources they need, the people they need, the support they need. 
- The centre of Europe is split between our heritage, common culture and our hearts. 
Especially with what I call the "natural dances", 
like Argentinian tango, salsa... , where you have actually true improvisation, you add another element to the mix. 
And that is that besides the interpretation of the music, you also have the combination with your partner, in a free way, where from simple mechanics you create all these things that you see. 
- I think the centre of Europe is where the soul and heart of Europe is. 
It took several years to convince Portugal that it was worthwhile to invest in artificial intelligence. 
And also because Portugal did not have a very good image in technology abroad, it was also very difficult for us to convince customers in other countries to go ahead with us. 
Of course it's also very difficult for a computer to have the intelligence to cope with complexity, and that's where artificial intelligence comes in: 
To take better advantage of the resources of the company. 
And that was the main goal for Siscog, our company that develops software for the transportation domain. 
- In internet, you should take advantage of when you have the attention of the customer, to make him perform an action. 
In offline, it's difficult because the media and the action are separate things. 
You see TV, and then you go to the shops. 
Now here, you can use their attention to see your ad and take some action. 
Of course you need the human resources, the people, the talent to do that. 
- It mostly depends on brains. 
You don't need to build or to invest heavily in factories. 
- It could be an area where Portugal could invest in, and make a large return, without needing a very big investment in machines. 
- From the early stages, we decided to divide the company in business teams, without departments. 
There is no department of design, or department of development, ... all that stuff. 
All the teams are businessteams that have business people and technical people together, working for the same purpose and for the same team. 
So all you see around our office, is businessteams of 12-15 people maximum, working together in a circle shape. 
So everyone works together. 
- We got a digital label to work with us and we'll be on a compilation that has different bands from all over the world that play garage rock. 
And we were selected to represent Portugal. 
- My day job is in school. 
I teach Portuguese to foreign learners. 
- I'm a designer ... ... of machines. 
- I'm an architect. 
- Wel, when I'm not playing in a band, I like to be a photographer. 
- Portuguese are people with a high degree of imagination and a high degree of flexibility. 
Both of these aspects have helped us in building a good IT system, adapting it to the needs of our customers. 
- Centre of innovation, of technology. 
It's the centre of tradition, of history, of modernity, of wonderful people. of good food, of good weather. 
Everything! 
Oh, Lisbon, it's one of the favourite cities for having international congresses. 
So we are at the top. 
- So we're in a group, and there are several other companies there as well, tourism-connected or communication, and event-makers. 
So it's all a big synergy of competences. 
It's easy, when you know what you're doing. 
And if you have time enough in advance to prepare all the details, because it's a business built on details. 
And to be prepared for all kinds of "unexpected". 
So if you are already prepared for what you know is going to happen then you also have time and availabiity to take care of those things that you don't know. 
It's fingerspitzengefuhl, yes, that's for sure. 
This specific congress, as is the case for most of them, is marketed primarily through the website. 
And this is the prime communication tool for the congress. 
- We actually position us as European, as international. 
Of course Europe is a very mature market in terms of internet, so we decided to adopt .eu as the main domain of the company. 
- We felt hat if there was a dot-EU, we should clearly be part of it. - .eu Is used because it is a European congress. 
- Europe has become an open space in many ways. 
- We are in the European Union, ... yes? 
Why not use .eu, we are European. 
- In Portuguese, EU spelled e-u, means "I". 
- I would say that we are a Portuguese company, but we are also a European company. 
We are not a global company - yet. 
MOSFlLM 
" Youth " Artistic Association 
A hail of bullets, 
A sea of gore, 
We've taken up the burden 
Of civil war. 
From morning till night 
The storm clouds roll. 
Many paths through the fields, 
Only one to our goal. 
From morning till night 
The storm clouds roll. 
Many paths through the fields, 
Only one to our goal. 
Dedicated to the young heroes of the Civil War. 
Have you anything to say? 
Any requests to make? 
You red dog! 
Dad! 
THE ELUSlVE AVENGERS 
Based on " Little Red Devils "  by P. Blyakhin 
Screenplay by Sergey YERMOLlNSKY Edmond KEOSAYAN 
Directed by Edmond KEOSAYAN 
Director of Photography Fyodor DOBRONRAVOV 
Production Designers V. GLADNlKOV and V. GOLlKOV 
Music by B. MOKROUSOV 
Lyrics by R. ROZHDESTVENSKY ñíӱò 
Starring 
Vasya VASlLYEV Vitya KOSYKH 
Valya KURDYUKOVA Misha METELKlN 
Co-starring L. SVERDLlN Ye. 
KOPELYAN, V. BELOKUROV 
V. TRESHCHALOV G. YUKHTlN, N. FEDOSOVA 
I. CHURlKOVA B. SlCHKlN, S. KRAMAROV 
Ataman! 
Help us! 
My cow! 
My cow! 
Ataman! 
Those bandits have taken away my last cow. 
What did you expect, you fool? 
Get freedom without paying for it? 
Didn't you scream when you gave birth to children? 
And you expect to give birth to a new world without pain? 
With no pain at all? 
I've got small children. 
It was my very last cow. 
Your last! 
Remember this, silly woman: 
Today they took away one cow, and tomorrow... they'll give you back ten! 
- What do you mean, ten? 
- Just that. 
Who had all the cows? 
Who? 
The rich. 
The landowners. 
Now they'll be yours. 
Cows, bulls, hens, pigs - all yours. 
Give me back my cow! 
You'll have to wait, my dear. 
We'll give you everything in time. 
You're a free woman. 
A citizeness! 
Here's where they buried him. 
Next morning the grave was open, the coffin empty. 
Since then everyone passing by the graveyard gets in trouble. 
- But people do drive past. 
- But it's not him... 
Didn't Pyotr go at night? 
Hear that? 
Hear that? 
Father! 
Look! 
THE AVENGERS 
Good Lord! 
Is it true? 
- Honest to God. 
- He's talking through his hat. 
I didn't believe it myself at first, then looked around... and saw a coffin flying over the graves. 
And beside the road - ghosts with scythes. 
And not a sound... not a sound. 
Stop! 
Stop! 
You do better today. 
But when you kick him in the belly, swing your leg harder. 
- Got it? 
Let's do it again. 
- All right. 
Last and final tour of the lmperial Drama and Comedy Theatre soloist. 
What markets there used to be in those rich lands! 
And now? 
Nothing but freedom. 
Got to pull in your belts under the new chief. 
Orders are to trade and be jolly. 
No peaceful sleeping these days. 
I'm telling you, my dears: 
Empty your storehouses before you have them emptied for you. 
Come and see, Granny! 
It's our last performance. 
I'm just passing through. 
I'm leaving tonight by the last horse. 
Back home to Odessa, city of songs and chestnuts. 
I'm Buba Kastorsky, Maker of original songs. 
I sing my songs, I think, alright. 
I sing to the left, I sing to the right, 
The public always finds My songs a delight. 
And why so? 
Because... 
I'm Buba Kastorsky, Maker of original songs. 
There's rumours afloat, The old women say 
You can hear the cock At break of day: 
Cockadoodledo! 
I'm Buba Kastorsky, Maker of original songs. 
I see my cow, Nyurka, and a piece of paper on her horn. 
It said: " Here's your cow, Aunt Darya. 
Don't fear. 
We'll get the bandits! " 
Their sign is the cuckoo's call and the cock's answer. 
They say Budyonny thought of that, honest to God! 
Here they come... 
And now, the fair-haired Josie! 
Never shall I forget 
That wondrous night - 
Our two hearts pledged 
To a future bright. 
You laughed at the fears 
That did harry me... 
You promised... that night... 
To marry me. 
The night flew by, the night flew by, 
The morning brought a leaden sky. 
Night again, night again, 
This night, alas, a night of rain. 
That night is gone, 
That night is gone. 
I cannot believe 
That all is over... 
The romance is ended. 
Sing some more! 
More! 
Dance for us! 
What's so funny, you apes? 
So you caught the kid. 
Your pa was quicker than you, wasn't he? 
Didn't hurt yourself? 
Come on, let's have some kvass. 
You think that Sidor Lyuty's heart don't ache for you war orphans? 
It aches all right. 
But in times like these we can't help having orphans. 
Know how many of my pals your pa did away with? 
You don't know, but I do. 
I'd string up his dead body if I had my way. 
He was a bastard, that pa of yours. 
Here, drink. 
Danka's a long time in coming. 
Don't worry about him. 
Valerka! 
Valerka! 
Wait, Valerka! 
- Hear that shooting in the village? 
- So what? 
Could anything have happened to Danka? 
You're no psychologist, Yashka. 
They're shooting wild, without any aim. 
Just to keep their spirits up. 
What kept you so long, Danka? 
What's wrong? 
I hurt my back. 
The Whites are in Zbruyevka. 
- Many of them? 
- Lots. 
- Come for long? 
- I don't know. 
Why didn't you find out? 
I couldn't stay there. 
Lyuty recognized me. 
- What do we do now? 
- Go scouting. 
I'll go. 
There're 40 houses in Zbruyevka and not a single man or boy left. 
Some have joined the Reds, some the Whites. 
If one of us boys went they'd quickly spy us. 
Ksanka's got to go. 
Ksanka. 
Ksanka! 
Get back into your girl's clothes. 
You'll go to Zbruyevka. 
Maybe she oughtn't to go alone? 
Find out how many there are and how long they'll stay. 
You ferry her there and then back, Yashka. 
Go to Aunt Darya's. 
Good luck to you, Joan of Arc! 
Why did he call you that Joan of Arch? 
What does it mean? 
Something like a psychologist. 
He knows all sorts of bourgeois words. 
Valerka told me they burned that Joan of Arc. 
He probably just made it up. 
- Ksanka. 
- What? 
I like you prettier in girl's clothes. 
What things you say! 
That's right. 
What are you doing? 
I won't let you go alone. 
I'm going with you. 
You want to give me away? 
Don't argue. 
Go back. 
Ksanka! 
Ksanka! 
Wait, Ksanka! 
What were Danka's orders? 
It's not that. 
What's that for? 
It's my granddad's cross. 
It'll keep trouble away. 
I'm off. 
Go ahead. 
You abandoned her! 
You hear? 
You got cold feet. 
Say something! 
Tell him he's a coward! 
Shut up. 
You mean, everyone run for your life? 
- Yashka couldn't have helped. 
- You would've abandoned her too? 
What's the use? 
He'd have got caught himself and not saved Ksanka. 
For shame... 
Wait for me here. 
If I'm not back by evening, you come... 
Valerka. 
Who's there? 
It's me, Father Mokei. 
Danka? 
Thank God... 
I thought you'd followed your father. 
I'm still alive. 
Everybody's gone mad. 
They threw the bell-ringer from the belfry for spite. 
The bell's not been rung since Christmas. 
- What are you here for? 
- Looking for my sister. 
She's at the inn - a waitress. 
Lyuty and his men are billeted there. 
You say she's at the inn? 
Lock my freedom behind iron bars, 
I'll steal it, bars and all. 
Lock my freedom behind iron bars, 
I'll steal it, bars and all. 
Out sailed the moon, then again 
Hid her fair face. 
Lock the black steed behind five iron locks, 
I'll steal it, locks and all. 
I've known God and the devil, 
I've been God and the devil. 
Imprison the maid behind a high fence, 
I'll steal her, fence and all. 
Imprison the maid behind a high fence, 
I'll steal her, fence and all... 
Give us a dance! 
Give him the guitar. 
Give us a dance, Gypsy! 
All of us are feeble, for we are but mortals. 
Vodka! 
Way to go, the black head! 
You're sharp, Gypsy! 
I know a pure-blooded little filly when I see her! 
How can you tell? 
By her teeth. 
I looked round - 
A coffin flying over the graves! 
And beside the road - ghosts with scythes. 
And not a sound! 
Drink, sinner! 
Learn to partake of our fare. 
Hey, Gypsy, you can't hold anything but a guitar. 
Going to take it into battle with you? 
His horse will wield the sword for him. 
Ajugful of vodka for me! 
Come on, son. 
Here, hold my hands, guys. 
Hold his hands, come on. 
I'll not have you breaking my cups! 
Away, you anti-Christ! 
Vodka! 
Quick! 
Give me another one! 
Come here, Ksanka. 
Good day to you, Uncle Sidor. 
- Do the men bother you? 
- Oh, not at all. 
Poor orphan. 
I've brought you a present. 
- You like it? 
- It's lovely. 
- Wear it, if you like it. 
- Thanks very much. 
Go now. 
- Anybody been to see her? 
- Not a soul. 
- Did she go out? 
- No. 
If anything happens, I'll skin you alive. 
She makes out to be innocent. 
But I know she's connected with them. 
They'll show up any day now. 
You see anything suspicious, let me know. 
Kornei! 
So I can't hold anything but a guitar? 
My good men! 
What are you doing? 
Stop it! 
- Is it time, Danka? 
- He must give us the signal. 
- Give me some cartridges. 
- There aren't any. 
- Come on, give me a cartridge. 
- Give me a cartridge. 
Missed! 
The last bullet, Father Philosopher. 
Now we'll get it. 
Here's how! 
Drink! 
Drink, everybody! 
Drink... drink... drink... 
THE AVENGERS 
You want to kill me, Ksanka? 
Yaska! 
Hey, Burnashists! 
Quick! 
Behind the counter! 
They never stop drinking, and we have to guard them. 
Hi, Kornei! 
Pour me out a drink! 
One more, Mikola, and you... and you... 
Mikola? 
Don't touch him. 
He's an actor. 
Those eyes so dark, Those eyes so black, 
So passionate eyes, so beautiful eyes! 
I'm in love with those eyes! 
Good evening. 
Kornei! 
Where's Lyuty? 
- Does it hurt? 
- I don't mind. 
Oh, come on! 
Really. 
I'd gladly get wounded every day if... 
Sit still! 
I'm in love with those eyes... 
I'm afraid of those eyes... 
- What? 
- I killed the bastard. 
What are we to do with them, Comrade Danka? 
Go up on the belfry, call the people together. 
Let them decide. 
Vodka... 
One fine day, Devil Was feeling bored. 
He went to Soldier's house, Knocked at the door. 
Said to Soldier's wife,  " I'll be no trouble, 
Just sit in the corner, Still as rubble. " 
Said he to her, " I'll be no trouble, 
Just sit next to you, Still as rubble. " 
Soldier's Wife had lived alone, Many a year. 
Devil moved in, His purpose clear. 
Twelve months went by. 
In Devil's seat 
Sat seven little Devils eager to eat. 
I'd gladly join Wife this very day, 
But Devil Makhno stands in the way. 
So while I'm fighting in the war, 
To Devil, Wife, don't open the door. 
Comrade Army Commander! 
An urgent message, Comrade Army Commander! 
Zbruyevka's been freed by some avengers. 
Some avengers? 
Who are they? 
- Nobody knows for sure. 
- And if not for sure? 
Have you contacted them? 
That's impossible. 
- Why not? 
- They are not there. 
- Who is not there? 
- The avengers. 
- And Zbruyevka, is it there? 
And then they'd tow the sharks back to Purteen Harbour, boil them up, use the oil. 
They also used the flesh as well, for fertilizer and also would fin the sharks. 
This is probably the biggest threat to sharks worldwide -- the finning of sharks. 
We're often frightened of sharks, thanks to "Jaws." 
Maybe five or six people get killed by sharks every year. 
There was someone recently, wasn't there? 
Just a couple weeks ago. 
We kill about 100 million sharks a year. 
So I don't know what the balance is, but I think sharks have more right to be fearful of us than we have of them. 
It was a well-documented fishery. 
As you can see here, it peaked in the '50s, where they were killing 1,500 sharks a year. 
And it declined very fast -- a classic boom-and-bust fishery, which suggests that a stock has been depleted or there's low reproductive rates. 
They killed about 12,000 sharks within this period, 
literally just by stringing a Manila rope off the tip of Keem Bay up in Achill Island. 
Sharks were still killed up into the mid-80s, especially out of places like Dunmore East in County Waterford. 
About two and a half, 3,000 sharks were killed up till '85, mainly by Norwegian vessels. 
You can't really see, but these are Norwegian basking shark hunting vessels. 
The black line in the crow's nest signifies this is a shark vessel, rather than a whaling vessel. 
The importance of basking sharks to the coast communities is recognized through the language. 
I don't pretend to [know many Irish words], but in Kerry they were often known as "ainmhide Na seolta," 
"the monster with the sails." 
Another title would be "liop an dá lapa," 
"the unwieldy beast with two fins." 
"Liabhán mór," suggesting a big animal. 
Or my favorite, "liabhán chor gréine," "the great fish of the sun." 
That's a lovely, evocative name. 
On Tory Island -- a strange place anyway -- they were known as "muldoons." 
(Laughter) 
No one seems to know why. 
Hope there's no one from Tory here. 
Lovely place. 
But more commonly all around the island, they were known as the sunfish. 
And this represents their habit of basking on the surface when the sun is out. 
There's great concern that basking sharks are depleted all throughout the world. 
Some say it's not population decline, it might be a change in the distribution of plankton. 
It's been suggested that these sharks would make fantastic indicators of climate change, as they're basically continuous plankton recorders, swimming around with their mouth open. 
They're now listed as vulnerable under the IUCN. 
There's movements in Europe to try and stop catching them. 
There's now a ban on catching and even landing them, even landing ones caught accidentally. 
They're not protected in Ireland; in fact, they have no legislative status in Ireland whatsoever, despite our importance for the species and also the historical context within which basking sharks reside. 
We know very little about them. 
And most of what we do know is based on their habit of coming to the surface -- we try and guess what they're doing from their behavior on the surface. 
I only found out last year, at a conference on the Isle of Man, just how unusual it is to live somewhere where basking sharks regularly, frequently and predictably come to the surface to "bask." 
It's a fantastic opportunity for a scientist to see and experience basking sharks. 
They are awesome creatures. 
It gives us a fantastic opportunity to study them, to get access to them. 
What we've been doing for a couple years -- last year was a big year -- is we started tagging sharks, so we could try to get some idea of sight fidelity and movement and things like that. 
So we concentrated mainly in North Donegal and West Kerry as the two areas where I was mainly active. 
And we tagged them very simply, not very high-tech, with a big, long pole. 
This is a beachcaster rod with a tag on the end. 
You go up in your boat and tag the shark. 
And we were very effective. 
We tagged 105 sharks last summer. 
We got 50 in three days off Inishowen Peninsula. 
Half the challenge to get access is to be in the right place at the right time. 
But it's a very simple, easy technique; I'll show you what it looks like. 
We use a pole camera on the boat to actually film the shark. 
One, it's to try and work out the gender of the shark. 
We also deployed some satellite tags, so we did use high-tech stuff as well. 
These are archival tags. 
What they do is store the data. 
A satellite tag only works when the air is clear of the water and can send a signal to the satellite. 
And sharks and fish are underwater most of the time, so this tag actually works out the locations of shark, depending on the timing and the setting of the sun, plus water temperature and depth. 
And you have to kind of reconstruct the path. 
What happens is, you set the tag to detach from the shark after a fixed period -- in this case, eight months -- and literally to the day, the tag popped off, drifted up, said hello to the satellite and sent, not all the data, but enough data for us to use. 
This is the only way to really work out their behavior and movements when they're underwater. 
And here's a couple of maps that we've done. 
In that one, you can see that we tagged both off Kerry. 
Basically, it spent all its time, the last eight months, in Irish waters. 
On Christmas, it was out on the shelf edge. 
Here's one we haven't ground-truthed yet with sea-surface temperature and water depth, but again, the second shark spent most of its time in and around the Irish Sea. 
Colleagues from the Isle of Man last year actually tagged one shark that went from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days. 
Nine and a half thousand kilometers -- we never thought that happened. 
Another colleague in the States tagged about 20 sharks off Massachusetts. 
His tags didn't really work. 
All he knows is where he tagged them, and where they popped off. 
His tags popped off in the Caribbean, and even in Brazil. 
We thought basking sharks were temperate animals and lived in our latitudes, but in actual fact, they're obviously crossing the equator as well. 
So very simple things like that, we're trying to learn about basking sharks. 
One thing that I think is a very surprising and strange thing is just how low the genetic diversity of sharks is. 
I'm not a geneticist, so I won't pretend to understand the genetics. 
And that's why it's great to have collaboration. 
Whereas I'm a field person, 
I get panic attacks if I have to spend too many hours in a lab with a white coat on. 
Take me away. 
So we can work with geneticists who understand that. 
So when they looked at the genetics of basking sharks, they found that the diversity was incredibly low. 
If you look at the first line, really, you can see that all these different shark species are all quite similar. 
I think this means they're all sharks and they've come from a common ancestry. 
But if you look at nucleotide diversity, which is more genetics that are passed on through the parents, you see that basking sharks, if you look at the first study, was order of magnitude less diverse even than other shark species. 
You can see this work was only done in 2006. 
Before 2006, we had no idea of the genetic variability of basking sharks. 
We had no idea: 
Did they distinguish into different populations? 
Were there subpopulations? 
And that's very important if you want to know what the population size is, and the status of the animals. 
So, Les Noble in Aberdeen kind of found this a bit unbelievable, really. 
So he did another study using microsatellites, which is much more expensive, much more time-consuming, and to his surprise, came up with almost identical results. 
So it does seem to be that basking sharks, for some reason, have incredibly low diversity. 
And it's thought maybe it was a genetic bottleneck, thought to have been 12,000 years ago, and this has caused a very low diversity. 
And yet, if you look at the whale shark, which is the other plankton-eating large shark, its diversity is much greater. 
So it doesn't really make sense at all. 
They found that there was no genetic differentiation between any of the world's oceans of basking sharks: even though they're found throughout the world, you couldn't tell the difference, genetically, from one from the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa. 
They all basically seem the same. 
Which, again, is kind of surprising; you wouldn't expect that. 
I don't understand or pretend to understand this; 
I suspect most geneticists don't either, but they produce the numbers. 
So you can actually estimate the population size based on the diversity of the genetics. 
And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population size: 
8,200 animals. 
That's it -- 8,000 animals in the world. 
You're thinking, "That's ridiculous. 
No way." 
So Les did a finer study, and he found out it came out about 9,000. 
Using different microsatellites gave the different results, but the mean of all these studies is about 5,000, which I personally don't believe. 
But then, I am a skeptic. 
But even if you toss a few numbers around, you're probably talking an effective population of about 20,000 animals. 
Do you remember how many they killed off Achill in the 70s and the 50s? 
So what it tells us, actually, is that there's actually a risk of extinction of this species because its population is so small. 
In fact, of those 20,000, 8,000 were thought to be females. 
There's only 8,000 basking shark females in the world? 
I don't know. 
I don't believe it. 
The problem with this is they were constrained with samples. 
They didn't get enough samples to really explore the genetics in enough detail. 
So, where do you get samples from for your genetic analysis? 
Well, one obvious source is dead sharks -- dead sharks, washed up. 
We might get two or three dead sharks washed up in Ireland a year, if we're kind of lucky. 
Another source would be fisheries' bycatch. 
We were getting quite a few caught in surface drift nets. 
That's banned now, and that'll be good news for the sharks. 
And some are caught in nets, in trawls. 
This is a shark that was actually landed in Howth just before Christmas -- illegally, because you're not allowed to do that under EU law -- and was actually sold for eight euros a kilo as shark steak. 
They even put a recipe up on the wall, until they were told it was illegal. 
They actually did get a fine for that. 
So if you look at all those studies I showed you, the total number of samples worldwide is 86, at present. 
So it's very important work, and they can ask some really good questions, and tell us about population size and subpopulations and structure, but they're constrained by lack of samples. 
When we were out tagging our sharks -- this is how we tagged them on the front of a RlB, get in there fast -- occasionally, the sharks do react. 
On one occasion, when we were up in Malin Head in Donegal, the shark smacked the side of the boat with his tail, more, I think, in startle to the fact that a boat came near it, rather than the tag going in. 
And that was fine. 
We got wet. 
No problem. 
And then when myself and Emmett got back to Malin Head, to the pier, 
I noticed some black slime on the front of the boat. 
I used to spend a lot of time on commercial fishing boats, and I remember fishermen saying they can tell when a basking shark has been caught in a net, because it leaves a black slime behind. 
So that must have come from the shark. 
Now, we had an interest in getting tissue samples for genetics because we knew they were very valuable. 
We would use conventional methods; 
I have a crossbow -- you see it in my hand there, which we use to sample whales and dolphins for genetic studies as well. 
So I tried that, I tried many techniques. 
All it was doing was breaking my arrows, because the shark's skin is just so strong. 
There was no way we were going to get a sample from that. 
That wasn't going to work. 
So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the boat, 
I thought, "If you take what you're given in this world ..." 
So I scraped it off. 
I had a little tube with alcohol in it to send to the geneticists. 
So I scraped the slime off and sent it to Aberdeen, and said, "You might try that." 
And they sat on it for months. 
It was only because we had a conference on the Isle of Man. 
But I kept emailing Les, saying, 
"Have you had a chance to look at my slime?" 
And he was like, "Yeah, yeah. 
Later." 
He thought he'd better do it because I never met him before; he might lose face if he hadn't done the thing I sent him. 
And he was amazed that they actually got DNA from the slime. 
They amplified it and they tested it, and they found, yes, this was actually basking shark DNA, which was got from the slime. 
So he was very excited. 
It became known as "Simon's shark slime." 
And I thought, "Hey, you know, I can build on this." 
So we thought, OK, we're going to try to get out and get some slime. 
So having spent three-and-a-half thousand on satellite tags ... 
I then thought I'd invest 7.95 -- the price is still on it -- in my local hardware store in Kilrush for a mop handle, and even less money on some oven cleaners. 
And I wrapped the oven cleaner around the edge of the mop handle and ... (Laughter) 
I was desperate to have an opportunity to get some sharks. 
And this was into August now, and normally sharks peak in June, July, and you rarely see them, or rarely can be in the right place to find sharks into August. 
We were desperate, so we rushed out to the Blaskets as soon as we heard there were sharks there, and managed to find some sharks. 
So by just rubbing the mop handle down the shark as it swam under the boat -- you see a shark running under the boat here -- we managed to collect slime. 
And here it is. 
Look at that lovely black shark slime. 
And in about half an hour, we got five samples. 
Five individual sharks were sampled using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System. 
(Laughter) (Applause) 
I've been working on whales and dolphins in Ireland for 20 years now, and they're a bit more dramatic. 
You probably saw the humpback whale footage we got a month or two ago off County Wexford. 
And you always think you might have some legacy you can leave the world behind, and I was thinking of humpback whales breaching and dolphins. 
But hey -- sometimes these things are sent to you and you just have to take them when they come. 
So this is possibly going to be my legacy -- 
Simon's Shark Slime. 
We got more money this year to carry on collecting more and more samples. 
One thing that is very useful is that we use a pole camera -- this is my colleague, Joanne, with a pole camera -- where you can look underneath the shark. 
What you're trying to look at is, the males have claspers, which kind of dangle out behind the back of the shark. 
So you can quite easily tell the gender of the shark. 
If we can tell the gender of the shark before we sample it, we can tell the geneticist this was taken from a male or a female. 
Because in the moment, they have no way, genetically, of telling the difference between a male and a female, which I find staggering, because they don't know what primers to look for. 
Being able to tell the gender of a shark is very important for things like policing the trade in basking shark and other species through the sightings, because it is illegal to trade in these sharks. 
And they are caught and are on the market. 
So as a field biologist, you just want to get encounters with these animals, and learn as much as you can. 
They're often quite brief, they're often very seasonally constrained. 
You just want to learn as much as you can as soon as you can. 
But isn't it fantastic that you can then offer these samples and opportunities to other disciplines, such as the geneticists, who can gain so much more from that. 
So as I said, these things are sent to you in strange ways. 
Grab them while you can. 
I'll take that as my scientific legacy. 
Hopefully, I might get something a bit more dramatic and romantic before I die. 
But for the time being, thank you for that. 
And keep an eye out for sharks. 
If you're more interested, we have a basking shark website now set up. 
So thank you and thank you for listening. 
(Applause) 
Hello, and welcome back to Introduction to Genetics and Evolution. 
In the previous videos we looked at how to study the process of recombination. 
And specifically how we can leverage recombination to actually map genes associated with diseases. 
And again, as I've said several times, we are looking for an association. 
Between alleles at markers, such as these hapmap SNP markers that we discussed, and a phenotype such as disease status. 
That is essentially the what we're trying to do with genetic mapping. 
Now what we're gonna do in this video is, we're gonna actually try to map simple genetic traits. 
So traits controlled by one gene that have a very large effect on that trait. 
Relative to genetic markers [inaudible]. 
So. 
We can actually use hat map markers just 
like we use it for soft limitations in previous videos to map simple genetic [inaudible]. 
So remember we did these problems using these three [inaudible] markers, a, b and c. 
And we did the case of the test cross with an individual that was heterozygous for all three, so it gave little a, big b, little b, big c, little c. 
Crossed to somebody who, who's homozygous. 
Little a, little a, little a, little b, 
little c, little c, little c. 
Now we can imagine that A and B are snip markers with, you know, so they necessarily have two or more oleos, and that they have a known location in the genome. 
Now what we can say now is maybe C is the disease gene. 
So what we're trying to actually do with a lot of genetic mapping, this isn't all of mapping but part of mapping, is to determine whether C, the diseased gene is between a certain pair of markers. 
And secondarily, about how far is it? 
Like is it, for example, between A and B? 
And if so, is it closer to A or is it closer to B? 
Or is it off to one side, maybe out passed 
A and further away from B? 
That is genetic mapping. 
So let's, let me illustrate this with an example. 
I will be using concepts very much like what we did with [inaudible] mapping of genes. 
Let's use cycle cell anemia. 
Now this disease is recessive, meaning you have to have two copies of the mutant type to exhibit the disease. 
Alternatively if you only have one copy, we, if you're heterozygous we refer to you as a carrier. 
That means that you probably had a parent that had the disease for example, not necessarily but you probably did. 
Now let's imagine you're, you're serving a 
lot of families and you have multiple cases of carriers, these individuals that we know are heterozygous for the disease, having kids with affected individuals. 
When I say affected individuals I mean ones who actually have the disease. 
So you're crossing somebody heterozygous for the disease, the carrier, with somebody homozygous for the disease. 
So this is again just like the test cross we did before. 
Well lets say you have the gene attached for the parents and for the offspring. 
But you don't know what the gene is causing the disease. 
This is a very important point. 
You do not know what or where the gene is causing the disease. 
When I say you have the gene attached to the parents and offspring I mean you have their genes attached for a bunch of genetic markers. 
You don't know where among those markers the disease-causing gene is. 
So let's, let's focus on two genetic markers on chromosome eleven. 
Let's say that you've already, from something else you already have some idea that, that this disease is caused by mutation on chromosome eleven. 
Which actually is true by the way for sickle cell anemia. 
Let's say you have two markers. 
Let's say the A marker is at this point. 
There's a picture of chromosome 11's chromosome Let's say the A marker is that this location. 
I just made this location up. 
Don't worry about that. 
Let's say big A big A might be an individual's homozygous for the letter C for the nucleotides C in that position. 
Big A little A has T at one copy and C at one copy. 
Little A little A has T at both copies. 
This is, this is irrelevant. 
I just wanted to give you some idea what I mean when I'm saying these snip markers and big A and little A. So this something just to make it more real in the context of a DNA sequence. 
The important thing is that A is over here on a chromosome and B in contrast a little bit lower down on the chromosome. 
So what are we trying to do? 
We're trying to see is the gene causing 
Sickle Cell Anemia between A and B? 
Is it down below B or is it at that little area above A? 
That's what we're trying to figure out. 
So, let's say that you have some data now from the, from the sets of families I mentioned. 
And this is what the family unit looks 
like. 
Now again, we have the genotypes, just for 
A and B. We don't know anything about C except, by virtue of disease status. 
Okay? 
So, [inaudible] are Aa, . 
So, you know, they're heterozygous for both the A and B markers. 
416 of them were healthy, and one was diseased. 
'Kay? 
So most of them tend to be healthy if you're heterozygous for both. 
Those are little a, little a, little b, little b. 
Most of'em, or actually all of'em in this case, are diseased. 
If you're big A, little A, little B, little B. 
So you're homozygous for little B, but you're heterozygous A marker. 
So, you're mostly healthy, there's a couple of diseased individuals. 
And this case, little A, little A, big B, little B, most of them are diseased. 
So, look at this just a minute, and speculate whether you think marker A is closer to the disease-causing mutation or marker B is. 
Again, remember mapping is looking for an association between genotype and phenotype, okay? 
So what you wanna do, and looking at this right now, this is just like the problem we did in a previous video. 
Look and see. 
Does your genotype just at A predict the disease? 
Does your genotype just at B predict the disease? 
All right, let's take a look now. 
So at A, just looking at A. Well, actually let's start with B, let's start with B. Just at B, big B, little B. 
So this one is big B, little B. Most, almost all of them are healthy. 
This one down here is also big B, little B. 
Almost all of them are diseased. 
This one's little b, little b. 
Almost all of'em are diseased. 
This one is little b, little b and almost all of them are healthy. 
So b really doesn't predict the genotype very well at all. 
What about a? 
Well, this one is big A, little A, and almost all healthy. 
This one's also a, big A, little A, and almost all healthy. 
This one's a, a and all diseased. 
This one's a, a and almost all diseased. 
So clearly in this case, A, the genotype at the A marker, is more predictive of whether you have the disease, than, than the genotype at the B marker. 
So we can assume that A is probably closer to this, disease causing [inaudible]. 
And we haven't said whether it's between A and B or not. 
It could be in that little area above A, as I said before. 
All we can do if and this is assumption if this is a simple genetic trait that is fully explained by a single gene having a very large effect. 
What we can do is we can split this section up, this whole section over here and just infer what's going on at the disease causing mutation. 
So we are saying these ones are healthy and this one is diseased. 
Or if you only get the disease when you have the mutation then this one must necessarily be little C and little C. And this one over here, must necessary be big C, little c, right? 
Because these ones are carriers, they're healthy, these ones are diseased. 
So, let's break that up. 
Again, we have another gene causing disease, so we're just splitting this row up. 
So we're taking this original problem that we were looking at two markers and basically now looking at three, the third being what we're inferring to be happening at the disease-causing gene. 
I split this up relative to disease status, and that was it. 
So what we can do is we can split up all these other ones, like this one right here. 
These ones, necessarily are there aren't any. 
These ones would be and we can continue the same process that I just did. 
So I just broke up everything here. 
From the previous slide into this set of individuals. 
And again, we're assuming all big C little C are healthy. 
They're carriers of the disease but they do not exhibit, actually exhibit the disease. 
And little C little C in this case are, are, are all healthy.'Kay? 
So, without doing any math. 
Without doing any math at all, I want you to tell me the order of the genes here. 
Is the c of disease causing mutation between a and b, is it off past b, or is it off past a? 
It's very simple. 
What you do in this case is you just try to figure out which one is the double recombinant. 
And from that and since you know the phase you can figure out which one is in the middle. 
Double recombinents are always the rarest class. 
In this case the rarest class will be these right here. 
Now, when we look at this, which two of these genes are in the same phase and what's the third one that is in different phase. 
Relative to the parents. 
Here are the parentals. 
And we can confirm that is actually the parental phase because that is most common. 
When we look over here, the rarest two have c been coming from the other chromosome, where's the capitals are together, just as they should be so, the little m, little b, big m, big c is necessarily the double recombinant, so it must have had something like this to come to double recombination event. 
So the order must be B. 
A, C, B. So C is in fact in the middle. 
Now, what we can do, from those numbers you saw. 
And you can do this for practice if you want. 
You can go back and actually and calculate the recombination fractions. 
The recombination between A and C is only 0.8 centimorgans. 
Or if you calculated it, directly it's 0.008. 
Between C and B is 15.1% recombination or 15.1 centimorgans. 
So we can infer from this since A was at 11P fifteen. 
Six, B is at 11P 12.3, C is probably at or near 11P 15.5. 
In fact, this gene is actually well known to be at 11P 15.5. 
It actually has already been mapped and identified. 
Now lemme conclude this video by just recapping one very important point. 
Goal of genetic mapping is to localize alleles and genes that cause disease. 
What you're trying to do is you're trying to find, where is that unique allele, 
like, which gene has it. 
Cuz again, genes don't come labeled. 
Even when you have the full human genome sequence, the genes do not come labeled. 
Some markers will be associated with disease. 
And those ones that show that strong association where alleles at those markers, the gene attacked at that was the markers will, will be associated with whether or not you have disease, or will predict whether or not you have disease. 
Those are ones that will be near the disease-causing gene. 
Okay? 
Some markers will not be associated. 
It will be very weakly associated with it. 
And those are the ones are that are likely far away from the disease causing. 
I hope that makes sense and we'll follow up on this next time with looking at mapping through studies of population data. 
I hope you'll join us. 
with the economy going down, unemployment going up we need a resource like iseek that's going to listen to the needs and ... help us to to go to the next step the best thing about iseek is that it gives me an opportunity to show students a real job what the hours are - what the pay is - how many benefits there are with the job i use the iseek sites and the links to help walk them through here's a potential job 
let's investigate through iseek what a typical day on this job looks like what the transferable skills to be considered for such a job are what it pays and who's hiring this is an excellent website I use really often to do my job search and what opportunities they have i think it's great - everybody can use it - it's real fast there's something for everybody so tells me about like majors and more in detail what the school has to offer i see iseek as a easy simple website that's fast and pretty great to work with i was working at a job that i did not like it at all so I was looking for something that I could do and that would take a short training and that's what I did and before I did that I went to iseek to find out what the job is about how much I would be able to make iseek is a great tool to work with clients in exploring careers as well as finding job leads exploring the career field is wonderful in that it has so much information about the type of work done the classes needed the outlook you can link right to the jobs available it's just a fabulous website at the time that I was looking for information on career paths helped me decide where to go it's very user friendly and I think that's always great so it's easy to find information that you are looking for i have foreign nationals on my case-load that I coach and they are concerned about getting US credit for their foreign degrees and there is a link from iseek that helps walk them through the process of translating their foreign credentials to US equivalent credentials i have used iseek to work with my clients with disabilities and we use it to explore educational options and job opportunities it's a great starting tool to get people started 
looking at financial aid and and what schools offer specific programs so I found it very useful i think iseek breaks it down really well as far as category, as far as typing in A+ certification it will list all the schools which is very, very useful cause a lot of other websites do not have that feature iseek has changed my life by providing resources necessary for job searching and growing my own home business one way that iseek has really helped me with my clients it really helps them in understanding that there's a connection between themselves and a career once they get in contact with ISEEK they see that it's something tangible - it's something real that they can actually do once they leave our facility one of the best aspects of iseek is it's Minnesota focus i'm working with people who are employed -- they have roots in the community so when they're looking at a change of careers they want to know what is the outlook in this area ... 
Minnesota or in the seven county area they're interested in what the salary range is for a certain career they want to base it on data that's collected locally and if they're considering going to school they want to go to school here i changed my ... my major at school two times now with this program I can go down there and see which part of the you know occupation would be hot in the market so now I know what should I do with it so get an idea, get you know more information and knowledge about it that would be iseek if i go somewhere else i go to iseek as a employment counselor I want to make sure that when I send a customer to training that that training site is WlA approved our customers use that to actually basically learn what that career entails such as what are you doing for your daily activities at work are you standing are you sitting are you outside are you inside what it also provides is labor market information for our customers so you can see how much that occupation is going to pay per hour -- i usually use iseek for projects here at school to get more broad information on careers mostly what i like from ISEEK is that there's no limitations on what you can research any type of job is usually on the website from what I've been looking up -- so there's no limitations it's pretty good i love the career interest assessment i use that all the time where it's very simple it allows individuals to go online and print out themselves and they're basically checking what they like to do once that's complete then i can go back into the system identify which cluster of jobs are a good fit with their interests and it really helps them to expand upon some other career opportunities that they never really thought about before and that's what i like about it you know it kind of makes them look more open minded for opportunities instead of just being geared towards doing the same old thing they've been doing all their lives iseek is very important because it reaches a broad range of the population i know that it's used in with middle school students high school students and i personally work with adults it allows people to make wise decisions that help them personally and help the workforce be ready to participate in the work of the state while i am looking to go back to school the information is very detailing to each a specific career it tells you what colleges in the state will provide that particular courses and the nature requirement so it's a bunch of information all in one place it's so easy to follow it's very simple to utilize all the resources on there the simple click tabs to understanding the links that they're sending you to and utilizing those links 
like the workforce center that's my favorite part that's no lie it opened doors for me i was just finding out what schools i want to go to it gives me options of some careers that i thought i liked iseek is very important for our state because it allows me to give students a tool to use outside of the classroom when they leave i teach them how to learn it in my classroom and they continue to use it when they leave my classroom the fact that it is linked to the job sites throughout the state makes it a reasonably easy way to continue a sense of urgency for a lot of participants who are stuck they're not sure what they want to apply to but by getting the information and then while they're right there transfer that process to applying online just makes it a pretty seamless process so in that sense i think it's a very valuable resource for those who like myself are coaching participants to secure jobs within the State of Minnesota not only is the site itself user friendly but the people who put the site together are very friendly they're very accessible and what i like most about iseek and the employees at iseek is that they listen they're not about just trying to do something because it's the right thing to do they want to do it because they really want to help people they really want to know and they're constantly asking for feedback we're doing "a" "b" and "c" is this working and if it's not working what can we do to improve it we love iseek 
We are asked to find the values of sin of theta and cos of theta for theta is equal to pi over 3, 2 pi over 3, 4 pi over 3 and 5 pi over 3 and I assume that they are talking about these angle measures being in radians. 
So let's figure out what this is going to be. 
And to do that let's set up ourselves with a little bit of a unit circle, we'll use unit circle definitions of our trig functions especially because I suspect many of these are going to not be able to be done purely with SOH CAH TOA. 
They are going to be beyond 90 degrees or beyond, so let's figure out, so let's see there's our unit circle and also just to kind of visualize these a little better, maybe use out knowledge of some triangles where we know the angle measures and degrees. 
Let's convert these radian measures to degree measures. 
So if we have pi over 3 radians , so pi over 3 radians, is going to be equal to well we know we know how many degrees are there how many degrees are there per radian. 
Well for every 180 degrees you have pi r 
Welcome to the Rush Rhees Library the largest of the River Campus Libraries 
Dedicated in 1930, the building is done in Greek Revival style 
On this tour, we will show how the library fits in to the undergraduates' lives 
We're now standing in the Frelinger Lobby 
Note the display cases, showcasing faculty publications 
The library collections and services are the cornerstone of research and scholarship at the university 
The library spaces, though, belong to the students 
This is the Welles-Brown Room, one of the students' favorite study spaces 
Straight ahead is the reference area students can print out articles, find books they need, and ask questions through our Ask a Library chat service 
Librarians at the Reference Desk help students with research questions 
Reference staff is available seven days a week during the academic year 
To the right of the reference computers, you'll find the 
Hawkins-Carlson Room. 
This newly renovated space is used for lectures and receptions and is also a popular study room 
Near the Towers Stack entrance is the Circulation Desk where you can check out books and journals, request to reserve books, or make a request for materials not found on the shelf. 
Nearby are the Popular Reading and New Books collections 
The staircase takes you to the Periodical Reading Room 
This room is usually packed with students studying and reading quietly. 
In fact, the students will give you 
The Look if you talk too loudly 
When the weather is nice, you can step on out to the balcony and relax in an adirondack chair 
Across the lobby with this large statue of Industry and Athena is the Great Hall, another good study spot 
Stairs lead up to offices, the Robbins Library and the History Department 
The Business and Government Information Library which opened in 2006 has business resources and federal documents 
The Center also has a huge collection of microforms and machines for viewing or creating PDF files from microfilm 
The business collection has corporate financial data back to the 1920s with thousands of federal documents published by the U.S. government that covers everything from NASA to polio vaccines 
If you step into the doorway marked Administration and turn to the right you'll see the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections 
The Rare Books and Special Collections Library contains more than 100,000 rare books and over 350 manuscript collections 
The oldest printed book in the collection is the 
Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas printed in Germany in 1472 
On the right side of the entrance are Special Collections Exhibit Cases 
The library installs more than a dozen exhibits each year displaying materials from the collections 
To the left of the entrance is the Hyam Plutzik Library of Contemporary Writing where Creative Writing classes are held 
The Seward Room is lined with exhibition cases in rows of shelves, containing law books which William Henry Seward owned 
Mr. Seward's papers include a number of letters from Abraham Lincoln 
Students can use the collections from the Kominsky Reading Room with its eight large study tables 
Student internships including primary-source documents including the Frederick Douglass Letters are available each year in the Rare Books and Special Collections Library 
As you head down the hall towards the elevator check out the portrait library of famous Rochesterians 
Take the elevator to the fourth floor to visit the 
Robbins Library 
The Robbins Library has one of the best collections in the world for Middle English Literature and the Middle Ages in general 
Housed in room 416 of Rush Rhees, it also includes the Koller-Collins Center for English Studies 
The Robbins Library has books on medieval literature, history and culture especially of chivalry and the legends of King Arthur and Robin Hood 
It also has many books on witchcraft 
Russell Hope-Robbins, a widely published medievalist and author of the Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology donated his library to the University 
The Robbins Library and Koller-Collins Center is also the center of medival activities on campus 
Conferences and talks on medieval and literary topics including the lectures sponsored by the 
Undergraduate Midieval Society are held in the Robbins Library 
The Robbins Library has several important websites devoted to 
Middle English literature and folklore 
The Camelot Project provides information on the many legends of 
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table 
Scholars from universities throughout the world have contributed to the Camelot Project 
Undergraduate students also contribute to the project through research internships 
Now lets take the elevator down to the Ground Floor 
The Art/Music Library is located on the Ground Floor of 
Rush Rhees Library beyond the gallery space 
The Art/Music Llbrary has musical scores and CDs and books and journals on photography, architecture, painting and visual studies. 
There are tables and carrels for individual and group study, as well as comfortable chairs and for-public computers 
Further down the hall you'll see the Multimedia Center 
They have a student-founded collection of over 3000 DVDs which you can browse and borrow for 4 days 
Now we come to the Information Technology Center with plenty of computers for students 
The Upstairs gallery is popular for group study 
Next we climb the staircase to the new Gleason Library 
Opened in Fall 2007, the Gleason Library combines group study spaces with chairs for solo reading, a projection room for videos, and lots of natural light 
Gleason acts as a third space for students, apart from their dormitories and the classroom 
This concludes our tour of the library 
We hope you'll return soon 
Hi! 
I'm Louis Ortiz on behalf of Expert Village and today we are going to show you how to clean and prepare, for cleaning actually, a leek. 
Leeks are great to use in all kinds of stocks; usually seafood stocks, chicken stock, vegetable stock, they are a great addition. 
At first glance, you notice the similarity to green onions essentially. 
The green onions and chives that usually come from this will come from the top of the leaves as well as the base. 
As you know from a green onion, its a much more dense and compacted along the stalk here and a little less on the leaves. 
So with leek, we just kind of want to take off those leaves. 
So I'm just going to make a cut with my utility knife here and takes these guys off; move those. 
On the base, I don't want to cut too high up this direction above the roots simply because it will pull it apart. 
So I am going to get as close to the base as I can still leaving everything connected. 
That way, remove that. 
What I like to do is cut these in half at this point, straight down the center. 
That way we can rinse the inside as well as the base and as we cut this direction, we get some nice little half circles that come off of the leek here and they are nice and uniformed. 
I'll come back in just a second, rinse these guys and show you what kind of cuts we can get out of these. 
Hello 
Again, I conversed with myself 
Until dawn, just a little 
See, in my hands I still held hope 
It wouldn't have been stardust 
Wavering Sleep, fully clothed 
"Seeya, sometime." 
These two words I placed on top of each other. 
If I follow this wakened dream, a gentle song evolves 
Lulling in my ears 
When I rub my sleepy eyes it becomes a definite day 
And for some reason it seems as though I'm about to forget, 
So I call your name 
I called your name 
I simply wished 
For my gloominess to leave 
There's been no result though 
I want to be admitted 
To the hospital of the moon 
I already lack a tomorrow 
If I follow this wakened dream, a gentle song evolves 
Lulling in my ears 
When I rub my sleepy eyes this definite day is over 
And for some reason, not wanting to forget, 
I call your name 
I called your name 
If I follow this wakened dream, a gentle song evolves 
Lulling in my ears 
When I rub my sleepy eyes it becomes a definite day 
And for some reason it seems as though I'm about to forget, 
So I call your name 
I called your name 
I called you. 
positive thinking , greeting to you long time could not see you !! 
Alsalam Alykum 
MY Fmaily , Sudanese family i"m comming today to present a wonderful tons to you ! about sudan , my country i"m gonna talk to the world wide about kindeness , graveness and sudanese generosity 
let"s all talking about sudan to the worldwide 

Scientists are still mystified by how we retrieve our memories. 
Each one of us has about 500 trillion synapses in our brain. 
If we could access all of them, it would be like having an entire Library of Congress in your head. 
So could solving the mystery of Jill Price and her memory turn us all into living libraries? 
Once again, Diane Sawyer. 
As we now know, Jill Price has a unique brain that can, in effect, relive her life day-by-day, including watching the TV shows she loved. 
I tested her memory with random clips. 
This is "All in the Family." 
Can she guess which episode from a few seconds? 
You ain't ugly. 
1975. 
She had her baby on the 22nd of December, 1975, and this was right before. 
She's right. 
By the way, she once helped work on a retrospective for CBS. 
Like, "Who shot JR?" 
And I would explain what was going on, and when it happened, so it is useful in that respect. 
What was the date of that episode? 
"Who Shot JR?" was on March 21, 1980, but we found out who shot JR on November 21, 1980. 
[GUNSHOT] 
And I could tell you what I was doing in both of those instances. 
The final episode of "M*A*S*H"? 
February 28, 1983, and I could tell you what I was doing that day, and it was raining that day too. 
And what about theme songs? 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
"Rockford Files." 
We brought one to try to stump her. 
[MUSlC PLAYlNG] 
"Blanksy's Beauties." 
No? 
I've never even heard of that show. 
"Blanksy's Beauties" aired only three months in 1977, and she was just 11. 
Today she works as an administrator at a religious school. 
Her job history, as unsettled as her life. 
She says she was 12 when she realized she had begun to live two lives at once-- the present and the past. 
Her mother, Roz. 
She was not easy. 
And that's because everything that was going through her head, she couldn't explain. 
Her brother, Mike. 
There were things I would think to myself, why don't you just get over that. 
She doesn't. 
It was hard for them because they didn't really know what to do for me. 
My brother is totally opposite of me. 
I'm screaming, and yelling, and crying, and they didn't really know what to do for me. 
You can see the toll it seems to have taken on her year-by-year. 
This profound lesson she teaches about our memories, our lives. 
Is it possible our happiness and survival come from what we choose to edit, to forget? 
Because you said at one point that we have no idea how much of ourselves is created by editing our memories to shape ourselves. 
Right. 
And I don't do that. 
Like, I still feel bad about stuff that happened 30 years ago. 
But we all do. 
We can all remember one or two things. 
But not one or two things. 
Everything. 
And I really live it and feel it. 
And I think, God, if I just done this, then I wouldn't have done this, and I wouldn't be here, and I'm always constantly doing that. 
Her father, Len, a Hollywood agent, looks back. 
Most of us are like that oyster that has that little grain of sand. 
It builds a pearl around it to smooth out the sand, and that's what our memories are really. 
We forget all the bad things, or a lot of them, or they're dulled. 
We dull the emotions. 
But with Jill, she's right there. 
For instance, her mother, a dancer, remembers saying the usual one or two things about her daughter's weight gain. 
Jill has the days and dates. 
She'll not realize that she said 500 times. 
She'll think she's said it one time. 
And it has caused a weight problem for her, but there's nothing I could do about it anymore. 
Jill wants us to know that too much memory, living in the past, is paralyzing. 
It's uncontrollable. 
I actually probably should be in a mental hospital because this makes me crazy, but I figured out a way to live with this. 
Think about your junior year in high school. 
Now what can you remember? 
Doctor Cahill and Doctor McGaugh of the University of California 
Irvine say there's something else they've 
learned about that mysterious part of Jill's brain, which is larger than usual. 
It's an area associated with OCD. 
We believe that she has strong tendencies towards obsessive-compulsive. 
Could her brain be storing an infinity of memories, just as some OCD patients hoard things? 
We don't think it is an accident that the tendency to collect is both for objects and for memories. 
We think these are related, and we think the brain does it, and we want to figure out how. 
Do you save things, hoard things? 
I don't like the word hoard, but yeah. 
I have the first doll that was put in my crib. 
I have the first gift that was given to me when I was born. 
This is my notebook from senior year in high school. 
Have you tried drugs? 
What kind of drugs? 
Antidepressants. 
That doesn't work either. 
There is only one thing they did make a dramatic difference. 
In 2002, she starts conversing online with a man named Jim Price. 
They meet, fall in love, and marry. 
He just got me right from the very beginning, and we laughed all the time, and he just was my best friend. 
When she was and Jim were together, it seemed like that was gone. 
That didn't matter. 
All the baggage of the memories that she had were what kind of put away. 
For a few years, she had doctors to help her, a husband's who adored her. 
Then two years after the marriage, tragedy. 
Jim, a diabetic, died of a stroke at the age of 42, another day relive in full pain over and over again. 
And we could say time heals all wounds. 
It doesn't for her. 
Her best friend, Wendy LaVoy. 
I think Jill's brave, and I think she has a lot of courage. 
And she's my hero because of it. 
I don't think she knows that. 
She will. 
Before we go, she brings something for me-- an article from almost 40 years ago. 
I was in my 20s. 
I have no memory at all of this. 
Oh, my gosh. 
I think you were working at the White House. 
Oh, good grief. 
I was working at the White House. 
In her book The Woman Who Can't Forget, she says she's trying to learn to live forward. 
Inspired by her husband, learning to laugh at her difficult gift. 
What's so great about Jill is Jill will call me on any given day and she'll say, Wendy, do you remember what we did 20 years ago today? 
I'm like, you're kidding, Jill. 
I don't remember what I had for lunch today. 
Little cerebellum-- 
At the same time, the doctors hope she'll help unlock the secrets of Alzheimer's, of genius, and the way all of us remember. 
I don't want to go too crazy here, but it could-- revolutionize is maybe too big of a word-- it could profoundly influence how we think the brain stores memories. 
All right. 
I'm going to do one more here. 
I'm going to do one more. 
"Shakespeare in Love" win seven Oscars. 
March 21, 1999. 
Well, I give up. 
I told you. 
You can't stump me. 
I surrender. 
I surrender. 
Jill Price told Diane Sawyer she decided to share her story because of the memory of seeing a confused woman in a bank, dressed in a bathrobe, clearly suffering from Alzheimer's. 
Jill thought, how can I have so many memories, while her's erode? 
She hopes her new book, The Woman Who 
Can't Forget, out just this week, will help others. 
And you could read an excerpt at abcnews.com. 
We'll be right back. 
If I ask you, apart from Violin do you know what other instrument can be played on the shoulder? 
That's Right! 
Is a VlOLA~ 
If you have no idea what a viola is it actually doesn't matter.... 
Since, most of the violists are used to it and not only viola but many other instruments or  music genres are being misunderstood or neglected. 
That's why I am here making a mini series  about music knowledges that you may not know. 
[ The E Symphony ] 
The 1st episode of the E Symphony will be about the viola 
The English name of the viola is viola. 
(nice translation) 
Some people pronounce as "viola" 
Viola with other string instruments are all evolved  from a Baroque instrument called the Viol 
You may have now notice that, compare to the violin, cello or double bass, you have less opportunity to hear the word "viola" 
But this is pretty normal, this already happened since long time ago 
The structure of early music is 
The top part (treble) makes the melody. 
The lowest part (bass) makes the basic harmony 
The middle part (alto) is mostly for extend harmonization 
Imagine a string group is like a hamburger. 
The violins are the beef. the cellos are the bread. the violas are like vegetables. 
Not the most important but weird without them. 
Continue with the metaphor or the burger. 
Improve the taste of the burger means improvement of the ingredients 
Breads have similar taste anyways. so people will mostly focus on the beef, so vege-like violas are ignored 
Now you can cook beef in different ways. even breads can served with butter or soup 
Greens? 
Eat them raw. 
This cycle that happens over and over centuries  makes the situation now viola is facing 
There are lots of composers in the world who loves and plays the viola 
Here are some examples 
Our first example is J.S. Bach 
His 5th son is also a composer 
He recalled that his dad loves the viola 
Well, J.S. Bach is the father of music and he knows how to play all the strings and keyboard instruments but he sits the viola section when he plays the string quartet 
He composed 6 string quintet with these quintets, he added the 2nd viola  to enhance the texture of the pieces 
Bach said he loves the sound and the volume of the viola 
Our 2nd example is Mozart 
Mozart is well known for writing nice sections for violas in his quartets 
He wrote a Violin and Viola concerto to his mom 
During the premiere of this concerto 
Mozart plays the viola and let his dad plays the violin 
This is not because the viola part is easier 
Both parts have many similar passages and difficulties 
But Mozart still chose to play the viola there is no evidence to prove why he did that so I think Mozart secretly loves the viola 
There are more famous composers who had play the viola 
However, there are no famous violists so there is no composers to write songs for the viola then there is no pieces to train violists as a result, there is no famous violists 
The theory is similar when you find a job the job requires you to have experiences but you have no job to gain experiences 
Paganini is known as one of the most virtuous violinists 
He did try swap from playing the violin to the viola and he knows that there is no good pieces for viola so he paid a composer, Berlioz, to write him a  concerto to show off his viola skills 
But Berlioz trolled Paganini by wrote him a symphony  "Harold in Italy" instead of a concerto 
Paganini was so mad that he didn't play the  piece and not even attend the premiere. 
The viola has missed the opportunity to rise again. 
After many springs and winters until the 20th century in England has appeared our father of viola Tertis 
He fully understand that the problem that the  viola doesn't have any good pieces he can counted as the first person who asked and  paid many composers to write songs for the viola 
Therefore, formally speaking, the viola starts it's development from the 20th century 
Talking about 20th century 
It's hard to not mention Primrose 
He is like the viola version of Paganini 
He had already play all Paganini's Caprices with his viola 
He started playing as violist before playing the viola but he then never touches the violin anymore 
He had say something gold 
I personally can't agree more with his words (and that's what I think) 
You are more then welcome to jealous us, violists. 
The viola seemed like being ignored for ages but after watching this video now you know what viola is what difficulties it was facing 
Viola has a fast development especially it has just started from the 20th century 
Like vegetables, they were just sides in many dishes now they are treat on their own like salad and more! 
Dear fellow violists 
If there are people asking you what instrument do you play 
You shall say "the viola" very firmly 
Like a boss 
If he then ask what's the differences between the violin and the viola? then you can act like a boss and say 
The viola has a nice sound, it is just  different from (or better then) the violin 
Now, the 1st episode of the E-symphony has now come to an end 
If you have additional info about viola or want to know  more about other musical knowledges (eg. instruments, composes, music genres) 
Please tell me in the comment section below! 
Or you can go and like my facebook page 
If you have no preference, please subscribe to my channel to see more videos 
If you had learn something from this video please Like and Share  this video to let more people know what the viola is! 

We are on problem number 10 on page 489. 
Stacy noted that she is both the 12th tallest and the 12th shortest student in her class. 
So let me write 12th down. 
She's the 12th tallest and shortest. 
If everyone in the class is a different height, how many students are there in the class? 
And these are the type of questions that I just like to make sure that I'm not miscounting. 
So she's the 12th tallest. 
So what does that mean? 
That means that there are 11 people taller than her. 
So let's say from shortest to tallest. 
So this is Stacy right here. 
And so, if she is the 12th tallest-- let me put it this way. 
If I said that she was the first tallest, that means there's no one taller than her. 
If she's the second tallest, that means there's one person taller than her. 
If she's the third tallest, that means there's two people taller than her. 
And likewise, if she's the 12th tallest, that means that there are 11 people taller. 
Similarly, if she's the 12th shortest, well, that must mean that there are 11 shorter than her. 
So this is really just making sure that you parse the words correctly and count properly. 
So if there's 11 shorter, 11 taller, and then there's 
Stacy, well, that's 22 plus her. 
There's 23 students in the class. 
And this is just to make sure that you don't say, oh, 12 taller, 12 shorter, and say 25 or something like that. 
It's just to confuse you really, I think. 
Problem number 11. 
Image. 
Clear image. 
Invert colors. 
Problem number 11. 
Switch colors. 
The quadratic function g is given by-- this is just the general way people write quadratic functions-- is equal to ax squared plus bx plus c, where a and c are negative constants. 
Which of the following could be the graph of g? 
So I'm not going to even look at the choices. 
I'll just show you how I would-- if someone didn't even give me any choices, and say, well, if a and c are less than 0, what's this going to look like? 
So let's draw the x and y. 
So let's say that that is the x-axis. 
Actually, I drew this-- let me edit, undo. 
OK. 
So let me draw the x-axis. 
You might realize pretty soon why I have to redo this. 
The y-axis. x, y. 
All right. 
So we know that a and c are negative. 
So c is the y-intercept, right? 
When x is equal to 0, we're just left with g of x is equal to c. 
So c is the y-intercept. 
So if c is less than 0, we know that the y-intercept is going to be below the x-axis. 
It's going to be a negative number. 
We know that this is c. 
That's where the graph intersects the y-axis. 
We also know it's going to be symmetric around the y-axis. 
Well, actually, we don't know for sure that it's going to be symmetrical around the y-axis. 
And I could go into that in more detail, but I won't. 
But that's all we need to know. 
It depends what the bx-- this term-- is. 
But let's just ignore that for now. 
And then we know that a is negative. 
So in general, you might want to prove it to yourself, you know the graph of y equals x squared. 
That opens up like this. 
And the graph of y is equal to minus x squared. 
It goes down like that. 
So a possible graph for this would look like this. 
The important thing is these are the two things that you know when they tell you a and c is negative. 
It's going to be a graph that opens downwards, and it's going to intersect the y-axis in the negative area, below the x-axis. 
A legitimate graph also would have looked like this. 
It could have also looked like this. 
It didn't actually have to be symmetric. 
It depends what this bx term does. 
But if we look at the choices, the only choice that intercepts the y-axis below the x-axis at a negative y-intercept and opens down is choice A. 
There's only three choices that open down, and only choice A intercepts in the negative area, so the answer is A. 
It actually looks eerily like what I drew, just out of the blue. 
Next question. 
Problem number 12. 
OK, so they drew a square. 
And I will draw a square, because they drew a square. 
And they say this is A, this is B, this is C, D. 
And this is P. 
This is Q. 
And out here is R. 
I don't know where this problem's going, but it looks interesting. 
Figure not drawn to scale, of course. 
In the figure above, ABCD is a rectangle, with 
BC is equal to 4. 
AB is equal to 6. 
P, Q, and R are different points on a line, not shown, that is parallel to AD. 
So P, Q, and R are apparently all on the same line that is parallel to AD. 
Well, I guess that is the way they drew it. 
So let me erase. 
Let's just say this is Q. 
That R is down here. 
This isn't R. 
So they're all on the same line. 
And they say the line isn't shown, but it's parallel to AD. 
So let me draw that line. 
So that line looks something like this. 
Let me draw it straight. 
And on that line, you have P, Q, and R, and it is parallel to AD. 
Good enough. 
Points P and Q are symmetric about line AB. 
OK, so that means that P and Q are equidistant from this 
line, so that means that this distance is equal to this distance. 
When they say P and Q are symmetric around AB, you can almost pretend like AB's a mirror right here, and P and Q are the mirror images of each other. 
Good enough. 
And then it also says points Q and R are symmetric around line CD. 
So we also know that this distance is equal to this distance. 
Good enough. 
What is the length of PR? 
This is fascinating. 
So let's say that this length right here-- let me do it in yellow-- this length is x. 
Then what is this green length going to be? 
This green length right here is going to be 4 minus x. 
How did I know it was 4 minus x? 
Well, this distance up here is 4. 
So this is x. 
This is 4 minus x. 
Well, then this distance right here is also going to be 4 minus x. 
And if this yellow distance is x, then we also know that this distance is x. 
So the distance from P to R is going to be the sum of all of these, right? x plus x plus 4 minus x plus 4 minus x. 
And I think you see where this is going. 
It's x plus x plus 4 minus x plus 4 minus x. 
These x's all cancel out, right? 
2x minus 2x. 
And we're just left with 8. 
And that's our answer. 
B. 
And you could've tried it out. 
You could have assumed Q was right in the middle, and it would have worked out the same, but you know for sure that the answer is 8. 
Next problem. 
Image clear. 
Invert. 
I don't know if I'll have time for this. 
The price-- I get nervous when I'm running out of time. 
So I'm going to do this in the next video. 
See you soon. 
So in this problem, we're going to try to build up a given row of Pascal's triangle. 
So you could solve this problem recursively, and that's what I did my first time, but I feel that the iterative solution is a bit simpler and more intuitive to understand. 
This isn't always the case, but this is how I'm going to explain this problem. 
What we're going to do is, we're going to start with a list that's row 1, and then we're going to build the next list by adding the 2 numbers above it. 
More precisely, let's say we're doing the last row, and we have the previous row already made, we're going to start an invisible 0 here, and we're going to say, 1 is going to be the sum of the 0 number that I just made up and the 1 that's the first element of the previous row. 
We're going to update our pointers to move over by 1, and we get to the element 4 by adding 1 and 3. 
I'm going to repeat this process all the way through. 
6 is 3 + 3. 
4 is 3 + 1. 
1 is 1 and 0. 
So that's pretty easy to explain, and that's basically how you would do it if you were building it out by hand, but putting it in a code may be a little bit more complicated and have alluded you. 
So let's see how it's done. 
So if I initialize the first row in the triangle to 1. 
We don't have anything for a result yet, so that's an empty list. 
I'm then going to iterate through the process of building each row 1 at a time, n times. 
That way we can get to the nth row. 
We're going to append the row that we just discovered onto the result list. 
The first time around it will just be the list of 1 because that's how the triangle starts. 
We're then going to find the next row, which I haven't defined yet, and then repeat this process appending the current row onto the result list. 
Once we're done, we're going to return the result. 
So this is a good outline of what we're doing, but we're missing the most important part, and that is the makenextrow. 
So a row is going to start as an empty list. 
As I had the 2 pointers before, we're going to have the previous one and then we're going to have one that I'm going to call e. 
So as I said in the description, we're going to start out with 0. 
That way when we add 1, we get 1, which is the sides of the triangle. 
We're going to calculate the new entry in the current row by adding e--that's our right pointer--with the previous one that we start at 0 so that we get 1. 
We're going to update the values in previous and then the next iteration, e will update to the next value in row. 
This last line basically includes the 1 on the right-hand side. 
Once we return result, triangle can use makenextrow accordingly, and we're done. 
After the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games the UK government said it hoped to see Chinese people come to the 2012 Olympic Games 
I wanted to go. 
People have travelled from China to London by motorcycle and car before but I thought going by rickshaw is more unique, and, of course, it's a traditional mode of transport in my country. 
I really loved France. 
It had beautiful beaches, and really friendly people. 
After the Olympics is over I will go to the US by boat, travel around there, and then cycle to South America for the next Olympic games. 
Canon 6D, Nikon D600.. 
We decided to make a battle between these two 
Hello, this is Digital TV and I'm Nadezhda Bakharova. 
These cameras appear to be in the same weight category, but if you like to count gramms and millimeters, you'll notice that Canon is slightly lighter and smaller. 
The texture is quite similar on both of the cameras. 
The bodies are made of magnesium alloy and polycarbonate. 
When you look at the basic features, Nikon makes a huge leap in front of Canon. 
It's slightly faster with the burst rate of 5.5 frames per second compared to Canon's 4.5 fps ...more precise with the full-frame CMOS sensor of 24.3 MPS against Canon's 20.2 MPS... ...more accurate. 
It has 39 focus points against Canon's 11... ...and Nikon's viewfinder coverage is 100% compared to Canon'ts 97%... 
There's even more pros regarding Nikon - it has 2 SD card slots against 1 in the Canon 6D. 
And one built-in flash against zero in the Canon 6D. 
And it's a complete knockout. 
Still, Canon makes up with wider ISO range with a maximum at ISO 102400 against Nikon's ISO 25600 
Also Canon's battery life is longer - it can take up to 1090 shots, while Nikon's battery allows it to take only 900 shots 
But the main advantages of Canon 6D are the built-in Wi-fi and GPS features 
You can send photos to social networks and to print queue directly from the camera and also remotely manipulate it. 
Travelers might find GPS coordinates quite useful in their journeys. 
And that's how Canon can match Nikon's features. 
So, who's winning this battle - Canon or Nikon? 
You decide. 
Write your opinions below, in the comments. 
See you soon! 
These cameras both come from the same family, but compared to his elder brother 6D is much more compact and weighs less. 
All of the main buttons are placed on the right side of the back panel while 5D Mark ill has them near both sides of the display 
There is certainly something strange happening. 
5 years ago, TED was something that was enjoyed by a 1,000 people once a year. 
And today, it's something enjoyed by about 300,000 people every day. 
Tela mentioned, more than 100 million TED talks have been viewed. 
When you think about that, it's strange, you know, 100 million lectures viewed on the Internet, who would've thought? 
How did it happen? 
This event here today actually seems equally miraculous to me. 
TED itself had really nothing to do with organizing it. 
And, trust me, organizing an event like this takes a huge amount of effort. 
And, yet, it's one of more than 100 would be held this year around the world as part of this TEDx program of independently organized TED events. 
The program still in Beta hasn't really even started yet. 
No one is making any money. 
This is being done for passion, curiosity. 
How did that happen? 
So I should warn you that the story I will tell it's not like a top-down plan of some determination to propagate TED to the world. 
I think you'll discover TED has a life of its own. 
More mysterious than that, it's a story of a very strange, but I think beautiful, cultural phenomenon that has emerged out of a really remarkable community, which by the way includes you. 
So, TED past, present, and future. 
TED started as an experiment in convergence. 
The brilliant Richard Wurman and Harry Marks figured it out 25 years ago that industries of technology, entertainment, and design were converging, that if you brought together the people from those 3 worlds, they would have interesting things to say to each other. 
So, it turned out the first TED held in 1984 showcased the brand-new Apple Macintosh and Sony showed off this strange, shiny, silver, round disks containing digital sounds which were the first CDs. 
And both objects, if you like, oozing technology, entertainment, and design. 
People were wowed. 
Event lost money and wasn't held again for another 6 years. 
But, after that -- (Laughter) after that it's been held annually, 
It really took off. 
And, strange things started to happen. 
The content broadened. 
In addition to the T, E, and D, of TED, in came story tellers, adventurers, entrepreneurs, business leaders, just ordinary human beings with a surprising story to tell. 
Remarkably, instead of the audience going, 
"oh, this is diluted. 
This is losing relevance to me.", they loved it. 
Why? 
Why? 
Well, it turns out that a lot of us forgot somewhere along the line that are actually all of knowledge is connected. 
When you hear someone remarkable, whoever they are, share something of their passion or what they do, not only you're inspired by them personally, but you start to see connections that you didn't see before between what you do and what they do, or someone else does. 
So, we spend our lives digging these trenches. 
That's we get really good at one thing, and that's where we live, that's where we're focused. 
TED is the moment when you come out of your trench, and you ascend up a slope, and you see how what you do connects with whatever else does. 
It can be really eye-opening and thrilling. 
It can fill you with a new sense of possibility. 
So in, let's see, 11 years ago, I was certainly digging my own trench. 
I was trying to build this technology publishing company, magazines, websites. 
I was in it deep. 
This was the year, I first went to TED. 
I was smitten. 
You know, I'd always thought of myself  as this slightly "Odd Man Out." 
Like I always struggled to make conversations about house and God and family gossip, movies, celebrity, and all the things I think normal people talk about, do they? 
(Laughter) (Audience) We don't know. 
CA : 
(Laughing) 'We don't know'. 
That was a great comment! 
At TED, I found myself surrounded by this motley crew of geeks, sort of passionate entrepreneurs, inventors, creators. 
Really, they didn't have a whole lot in common except that they were all very curious, they were all absolutely eager or willing to talk out-of-the-box ideas and to engage in conversations that depending on your view point, rather a little bit crazy or might turn out to be really important. 
I loved it, I thought I'd come home. 
And, the media entrepreneur in me noticed something as well. 
So, media were obsessed with this. 
Attention is a currency. 
We measure it in lots of different ways: we measure eye balls, how many are there, ratings, circulation, and so forth. 
We also look at demographics, who owns those eye balls. 
Bill Gates is worth more than Billy Blogs. 
And, there is a third measure of attention that is much harder to measure. 
So, we don't often talk about it. 
We should because it is the most important of the three. 
It's the measure of thequality of attention. 
Is it focused or casual? 
Is there indifference or is there passion? 
Passion is the measure of a media business that has valued for the long term. 
You can get away with selling ads for a while for example to large numbers of casual people, but they pretty well will knew, passion is how you build a community, how something takes on a life of its own. 
And, what I saw at TED was not only what the 800 people there -- you know, really influential people! 
But they had a level of attention that was way off the charts. 
I mean, they were there for 4 days. 
They were focused. 
They were engaged. 
They used words like  'this is the highlight of my year'. 
I mean, this was a media thing that just exhibited extraordinary passion. 
So, I thought 
TED is amazing. 
And I also thought, Wow, it's an incredibly potent media asset, if you like, in the making. 
There's something really, really amazing here. 
So, I started to dream about whether there might be some way I could play a bigger role. 
And you know, to cut a long and complicated and occasionally painful story short, 2001, a foundation that I had set up found itself as the proud owner of TED and I got to run it, and I was terrified. 
First of all, business I'd been building had been smacked hard by the dot-com bust. 
I'd had to lay off a thousand people off the workforce. 
I knew that it was time for me too to leave. 
I felt like an abject failure. 
If I failed at TED as well, there would be nowhere to hide. 
It also didn't help that I knew nothing about the conference business. 
(Laughter) 
Or, that I had none of Richard Wurman -- who had been the sole owner -- 
I had nothing of his huge stage presence. 
So, the goal number one was "Don't screw it up." 
(Laughter) 
And, I worked really hard to figure out, what was it about TED so special? 
"Don't touch that. 
Only tweaks." 
Some of the early tweaks included professionalizing the logistics of TED, courtesy of these two amazing Canadian twins, the McCartney sisters, who put on events with attention to detail that I hadn't seen before. 
And then as far as the program was concerned, it was just continue this process, make it -- continue the process of broadening it out, you know, bring in more people, brought in more scientists, more out-of-the-box thinkers, more non-Americans, more women. 
Several core members of the TED community, during what was a 2-year transition process, really got behind it, Jeff Bezos, John Doerr, Sunny Bates, 
Linda Stone, Sergey Brin, Larry Page, and -- actually some people in this room who I won't embarrass, but thank you -- really swung the community around to believing that TED could go on. 
And so, the first event did pretty much sell out well ahead of time. 
As a junior at 2003, there was one of the things that I felt like really needed to happen. 
I felt like this sense of inspiration and possibility that always hit people at TED, we just needed to do something with that. 
There was so much potential there to make a difference in the real world. 
What could we do? 
So, at the end of TED 2003, 
I urged the audience to consider getting behind some of these big, wild causes 
like AlDS, fresh water, you know,  the ocean's crisis. 
And, some people loved it. 
And, some really didn't. 
I mean, the truth is, one person's cause is another person's "Dear God, please shoot me now". 
And, it is! 
In a conference filled on how people re-discover wonder, a sense of possibility, curiosity, you have to be really careful what you kind of do that might be perceived as cramming something down someone's throat. 
So, a few longstanding members of the TED community were thorouly pissed off, and actually left. and I thought I might have blown it. 
However, that little kerfuffle led to something very special. 
A group of us went away for a weekend, and we brain-stormed about, look, there's got to be a way to do this. 
This stuff really matters. 
It's actually, inherently, quite interesting 
How do we bring to it to TED in a more TED-like way? 
And, what that led to was this. 
So, every year, we bring 3 remarkable people to TED and give them this unique proposition. 
Come and make a wish. 
Tell us your dream. 
You can make one wish without restriction. 
This process has, first of all, allowed us to bring people to TED we could never have brought. 
Second, it brought to the conference, the world biggest issues in a way that seemed different, magical, exciting, and in a way which led to an extraordinary range of collaborative projects that frankly wouldn't have happened in any other way. 
One is "One.org." 
Cameron Sinclair is in the room actually, TED prize winner, Cameron. 
Where are you? 
Here you go. 
(Applause) 
"Open Architecture Network" is an amazing project that brings together the world's designers and architectures to collaborate and do stuff that anyone could not do. 
It's a beautiful site that gets better every month. 
We had "Pangea Day." 
James Nachtwey brought the story about TB. 
"The encyclopedia of Life" has been built, that's a massive project that TED was part of. 
"Once Upon a School", "Next Einstein in Africa", and this "Charter for Compassion". are just some of the ones that have been done. 
So, the kerfuffle was over, you know, 
TED numbers started to grow, and it really started to feel like there was something good going on and the puzzle was, how could you get these ideas that were exciting people in the conference? 
Could you get them out into the world at large somehow? 
So, if you wind the clock back a bit to when I started the foundation that owns TED, 
I was really obsessed with this question: how do you make a difference? 
How do you leverage money spent to really have maximum impact? 
And, I thought about these 5 things, all of which have massive amplification of human attention. 
And, then, it hit me that there was really a bigger thing that encompasses them all. 
And if you focused on that, you know, that might be the way to go. 
Think about ideas, you know, they start off as these little electrical patterns in someone's brain, you know, they weigh nothing. but they occur in the right circumstances, can spread to another brain, they can excite the body that houses that brain to do stuff, and if you're lucky, pass on the pattern to other people. 
The ideas do the work for you. 
That's a really amazing thing. 
And so we wondered how we could let the amazing ideas that happen at TED, which are after all the most infectious ideas I have ever seen, boy, if you could see those into the world, what might happen? 
And how to do it? 
I hired a woman, June Cohen to help me figure out the answer to this question. 
She is an experience media executive, long-term TEDster. 
And our first shot was television, you know, big audience. 
We thought TED talks would look fantastic on TV. 
Unfortunately, all the TV executives we spoke to didn't see that. 
We got nowhere. 
And so in 2006, we thought we do a little experiment, and just try putting a few of them up ourselves on the web, and see what happened. 
We were worried that they would have none of emotional impact of the live event. 
We were worried that TEDsters would be annoyed that stuff would be given away. 
But so, it was just an experiment. 
Majora Carter, Hans Rosling and Ken Robinson, these were three of the first ones we put up. 
What happened was not just people passed them on and surprising numbers viewed them, the tone of response we got back astonished us. 
People laughed, people cried, people were inspired, people tell their friends. 
This word again, passion. 
We saw the passion and that was a clue, that was something bigger here. 
So, we made a decision in 2007 that TED really officially was no longer a conference. 
TED was going to be this. 
[Slide reads:] 
We engineered the web site to be built around spreading free talks to the world. 
And to our astonishment and delight, TED community far from being upset that we were giving away the crown jewels, shared this on, it was a thrilling to see. 
So, where is this going? 
In 2009, we've seen the continuation of this process. 
Just letting TED go free to the world, we had this Open Translation Project, which has been thrilling seeing literally hundreds of translators take TED, bring those talks to their own communities. 
And, now, this TEDx program, spreading the live events to the world. 
Where is it heading? 
Well, the truth is I don't know. 
I think it's an incredible fact, an incredible discovery really that millions of people around the world are wanting knowledge. 
You know, they want this re-discovery of wonder. 
They want the sense of possibility. 
And they actually want to be part of shaping the future. 
That's a surprise and that's thrilling in its own right. 
But, even more thrilling is this. 
TED is part of much bigger revolution in, I'd say, global education that's made possible by the web. 
It's an amazing fact that people like this can become a new type of global icon, that the role of teacher in our world is about to become sexy, wonderful, you know, I mean,  and it should have always been, right? 
But that hasn't been for the last few years. 
Teachers can reach people across the world. 
That is amazing. 
And I... if you ask what my dream was, I think the way I would answer it, would be to look at this picture here. 
These are kids photographed in the village in Pakistan not far from where I was born. 
Their parents would have been born about the same time as me. 
Unlike me, I had an education and got to live an amazing life, they didn't have that chance. 
They lived a life griding out a living in tough conditions. 
They're beautiful children,  may have a different chance. 
In 5 years' time, I wish each of these kids will probably have access to a cell phone that would be more powerful than the computer you own. 
I would say that you can make the case that the future of the world depends on what they see on that cell phone. 
Will they be looking at trivia, pornography, incitations to violence? 
Although some of them get to look face-to-face at some of the world's greatest teachers speaking to them in the language that they can understand. 
They can give them information they need to come out of the poverty to realize their true potential. 
They might be in here. 
They might be the next Einstein or the next Gandhi, the person who will save the planet for our grandchildren. 
How does that happen? 
I can't make that happen. 
But, maybe, just maybe, we can. 
And, certainly today is a really exciting start. 
So, thank you to each of you. 
(Applause) 
this is representing the earth 
Okay !! and this represents ... what do yo think? 
The moooon yes , our first challenge is how far apart are they 
like roughly. 
Like roughly? about that much. 
Okay. 
I guess may be not that far about that far? yeah yeah may be that far. 
about like that? ha ha may be I guess, yes 
May be that may be that 
like this far ? 
I feel its like here, somewhere right there? 
alright alright lets lets.... 
I am just going to stand here 
Can I ? 
Yeah yeah go ahead how does this far sounds like these are some images I found: on a Google image search for the earth and the moon diagrams that are not to scale are pretty common and I understand why we make them so you can show that detail without showing all that uninteresting space in between but they can have a problematic effect on learning because they give people the wrong idea about the relative proximities of things now if we want to talk about the distance between the Earth and the moon its actually... 
its about here think about this. 
It takes light one second to go from the earth to the moon takes eight minutes for light to travel to the Sun and four years to go to our nearest star then consider that there are 100 billion stars in our galaxy and as far as we know a hundred billion galaxies in the universe say universe truly is bigger than we can imagine and certainly bigger than we can draw to scale 
We are asking forgiveness from our Lord in these times to forgive our mistakes and to count us from His sincere servants we are not able to carry these days orders because shaytan and our ego are standing in our way so we are asking forgiveness and asking Allah SWT to send us more power to become better servants to Him from the first man until the last one order came to the children of Adam AS believe believe in Allah and believe in akhirat life this was the duty of 124,000 Prophets they came to warn people and to tell them this Kalimat, to call them to Allah 
He told them not to concentrate on this dunya, but to concentrate on akhirat life when we check from Adam AS until Muhammad ASWS this is what they did in this century people are running not to mention the name of Allah from small groups to organizations to governments running to stop the name of Allah and heedless 21st century people are running after them 
Jews, Christians, Muslims all are running in their footsteps running towards jahunum 
Allah SWT has created us for his service and he is saying to us, 
I have created you and the jinns only to know me and to worship me the main reason for mans creation and worshipping is in this dunya not in akhirat worshipping to Allah is here in the world 
Allah is ordering us to know him inviting us to know him 
He is sending messengers to us to teach us who He is and who we are? and the only way to know Allah we must follow the footsteps of the Prophet ASWS but every prophet came and passed and our Prophet ASWS, the last Prophet the seal of Prophets has also physically passed from this world over 1400 years now but we cannot escape the judgement day to say we did not see the Prophet we didnt know how to follow the Prophets left inheritors to us and he is ordering us to hold on tightly to them to hold on tightly and to follow them if we do, then we find safety if we don't, then in this world we are in trouble as the 21st century people are all in trouble from the simple man to presidents to kings everyones in trouble no resting, no peace, no happiness happiness is only fake happiness people have fake happiness not the real happiness all this is because we left Allah and his Prophet and we are concentrating on dunya the more people are concentrating on dunya dunya is running away from them they are running to catch dunya dunya is moving fast and they are moving fast after dunya forgetting Mawla forgetting akhirat, forgetting the orders of the Prophets forgetting the prayers, everything that Allah has ordered the only thing that people are concentrating these days is me and only me and everything has to work for me i want it this way and i want it that way no one has it the way they want and all this happened to us because we left the orders of Allah we left the orders of His Prophet ASWS and we left the orders of Saliheen the righteous people and Allah SWT is saying you must obey Allah, you must obey His Prophet and you must obey Saliheen, the righteous people and because we are not doing that, we are finding ourselves in trouble in difficults we are using our own minds only you have your own plans and Allah has plans for you your plans are not fitting to the plans of Allah if it's fitting, then you'll be happy your not happy, thats showing that it is not fitting its not fitting to the plans of Allah and all that happend because we are disobedient to those people who konw that plans and tell us do this and do that turn this way dont turn that way this is wrong to you, it may look okay, but down in the road is not going to be it looks at open road but down in the road theres a dead end road where you cannot even make a u turn from so if u want safety in this dunya and akhirat which if you don't find safety in dunya, you wont find safety in akhirat you must look you must run and you must prepare youself for akhirat and even if you are passing through difficulties, because of your efforts, because of our efforts that Allah SWT inshAllah will make it easier for us first in the berza in the grave world we have so many difficulties in front of us we dont have time to play around and everyone today is saying enjoy yourself im running happy, fake happiness and enjoying, running only foolish people without any responsibilities are running for that kind of actions people with responsibilities, that Allah SWT is making us responsible we must run to fulfill the orders of our Lord that he has given to us if we do it then Allah is not going to win and if we don't do it Allah is not going to lose if we do it, we are going to win and if we don't do it, we are going to lose so this is one life that Allah has given to us this is what the intelligence is ordering this is what the schools are supposed to be teaching people but forget about the schools the schools are teaching, don't believe, don't believe in Allah don't believe in God believe in nature where is this nature? 
let me go find this nature and ask somethings where is it? what kind of nature is this? never having any mercy and everyone is running after this nature even Imams today are saying the disasters are coming from nature say, it came from Allah to disobedient children of Adam the 21st century disobedient ones are revieving the anger of Allah SWT say they say, no! 
Allah is most merciful 
He is always forgiving to you are you not reading the Fatiha? read the Fatiha! you must be reading it if you are praying five times a day, then you must be reading the Fatiha forty times you are not understanding? they are not understanding because they became nature people they didn't become the messengers of Allah the ones who are trying to give the message to the people and themselves 
No same thing with Imams, with Rabis, with Priests all are running in the same direction and all in that dunya nothing else only dunya is stopping them from this nothing else they have the knowledge, but they think if I say this, they may stop my salary they may change my position from this mosque to another mosque or they may kick me out pray, it's better you are using the religion of Allah to earn dunya you think Allah SWT is not going to send your rizq? their is suspicion yes, suspicion once upon a time 
Harun ar-Rashid rightly guided Khalifah coming to bahlul danar, saying, 
I heard that you have some debt tell me and I will pay he looked at him saying, 
Oh Khalifah! 
You have a debt on you and you are looking to pay my debt? he said, you have one life that you have to give to Allah you didn't give yet and you are looking to pay my debt? and he was saying, if you are looking at the worldly debt, you think that Allah SWT gave you open doors to endless treasures and he's going to forget about me? 
he's going to forget about my rizq? he said, keep everything to yourself that kind of Imams we are looking for they say about him, Mahzub it's okay we need that kinds of Mahzubs in these days we need that kind of people to stand up to say to the kings to say to the presidents to remind this to them, not going and bowing down, going al the way kissing their feet the Imams and the Shaykhs, this is what they are doing today if you ask them, they have their reasoning of course endless reasoning they come with your position is not allowing you to do that you are not for dunya, you are for akhirat your duty is to remind people it doesn't matter if they are good ones or if they are bad ones it does;t matter is they are small figures or big figures it doesnt matter if they have titles in this world or they dont have it this is the duty but because of dunya again,they are bowing down saying harm may come or they may stop us they may push us around 
Allah is saying, this world is big, make hijarat if they are pushing you don't know, Allah knows if something is coming to you, Allah is saying, if its good coming to you, know that it is a favor to u from your lord if its something bad happening to you, know that it happens to you because of yourself, because of your efo because of your wrong actions 
Allah is reminding us so Allah SWT is sending 124,000 Prophets to remind us, saying, 
Oh people, you are not for this dunya, you are for akhirat an intellidence is ordering you to work for akhirat if we are working for akhirat, then we are the winners of dunya and akhirat if we are working for dunya, then we are the losers of akhirat and dunya 
In Florida, Jacque Fresco and Roxanne Meadows work on The Venus Project. 
With the feeling of 1950"s optimism. 
Functionalism, science fiction and ecology, meet in a vision for a new society. 
Redrawn from scratch. 
Might be a big alligator here. 
We try to make this place to show people, not what the future will be, but possible arrangements outside our city. 
We get achieved a level of production so high, that would be superfluous to put a price tag on things, and that is the beginning the civilized world. 
The whole idea of the future is to stop putting up little cities and buildings, but to work out a whole system. 
Transportation, school, shopping. 
We only design 1/8th of the system, and then reproduce it. 
And when the city has a certain size, we stop. 
And that everything go back to the nature, between this and the next city. 
Is that the earth were sprawl all over the place. 
And they are called cities without crime. 
So, any kid can go and check out anything. 
Roller skates, reservoirs, anything. 
And they will go break that in your home. 
If people have access to the necessities of life, they don't kill, they don't steal, if they are educated properly also. 
Now, for the people that are afraid that there is a bunch of scientists, you would work on the area D, all that is bull. 
All that is what you get from the television shows. 
There is no need to control people. 
None or whatsoever, in an abundant society. 
We don't want people to have houses, and then go out and buy the furniture. 
We think that, like your automobile. 
You don't have to buy seats, it comes with everything. 
So we want to mold all that in the house. 
Jacque and Roxanne build models for films they make, to spread the message of The Venus Project. 
So people say, all my buildings are alike. 
They are not. 
If you carefully look at them, there is a widest range of variables. 
Some people say, i don't know that i want to live in a dome. 
Your brain is in a dome. 
You have been living in a dome all your life. 
This is how we make our apartments. 
We change the dive, they changes the shape. 
And then pressure. 
Moves a composite material forward, then we cut it. 
And then this machine lifts it. 
And this machine, in certain improvement onto that. 
Do you understand? 
No humans do any work, any kind of work at all. 
Except what you would like to do. 
Art, music, play right, travel, scuba diving. 
It wont take 7000 or less people to run everything on Earth. 
You need everybody anymore. 
With the advent of automation and nanotechnology, we will make machines enabled to do most of the work. 
There is no such thing as Utopia, as the best as you can design up to now. 
Any might that you might think that my city as the ideal city. 
It is not. 
You would be a straight jacket for future generations. 
They will make all the cities. 
Do you understand? 
No final frontiers. 
That is the message. 
Well, i got all these ideas from the human body. 
When you get an infection on your toes, there is no community. 
That sends a command to the brain. 
And the brain says, oh, i am going to do a two month study. 
But at that time your infection is up to your knee. 
The antibody go right away. 
So every organ of the body is taking care of it. 
That is how the Earth is operated. 
Nature's way, not Fresco's way. 
Will check. 
"There is one outstandingly important fact regarding spaceship earth. 
And that is that no instruction book came with it." (R. Buckminster Fuller) 
- Hi Fiorela, tell me what do you do and why do you blog? 
- Well, I have two kinds of blogs. 
One has personal content, "Bitácoras de Fiori Álvarez" where I tell all kinds of stories, short stories that cross my mind at that moment, some of them are my own experiences, another are my friend's experiences, and things that necessarily need to be repeated, in some way. 
The other blog, has more academic content 
They are brief summaries of what I read. 
I study Political Science. 
So, you will find a lot about Sociology, Political Sciences. 
International Relations, etc. 
Basically what I want in the first one is to have a place to vent in the second one, I seek to share knowledge because not to many people have access to a certain kind of books or they don't easily understand them. 
-Besides your blogs, in what other places are you in internet? 
- Well, I follow some blogs, starting for Ivan Lazo's blogs 
I follow Lucifer Achocada ... ... well different kind of contents there are different things that I read.. 
Most of them are about politics, because of my career. the second is related to short stories and simple writings, just to distract my mind for a while. 
- And where else can you be found on the Internet? 
Twitter? facebook? 
- Well, my Facebook account already died, but 
I am always on Twitter. @FioreAlvarez, you find me there all the time. 
- Do you have some anecdote in your blogger - twitter experience, that you could highlight? 
- Well, something really funny always happens to us because to every event we go, we devirtualize with the people. 
And it is really funny, because you are talking for 20-30 min. with a person, and suddenly you say, Hi I am Fiori Alvarez and the person gets surprised - "really? so nice! 
I follow you". 
So, the relationship becomes so personal that you end up being a friend of a lot of people but, real friends, real solid friendships, as in 2.0 as in ???? 
- Thank you Fiorela 
Now, given all this I will now draw a number of pie charts. 
I want you to select the one that most closely resembles the distribution over here. 
Just for clarity, party A is depicted in red and party B in blue. 
Please select exactly one of those pie charts. 
Basically, there are four methods for conducting a risk analysis. 
And, some of them come out of various guidelines. 
ISO has this 13335 standard. 
I don't know how many of you are you familiar with that one. 
You know, the one you hear a most about is, you know, 17799 which has now evolved into 27001. 
But, 13335 is guidelines for management of IT security. 
And, these four options that I'm going to talk about are, are, are out of that standard. 
And the first one is called the baseline approach. 
And, what the baseline approach does is have you apply a set of controls to achieve some baseline level of protection for all systems. 
And, oftentimes, it's called a gap analysis. 
So, and I'll show, actually, I think it's the very next slide. 
I'll, I'll show you. 
I was going to draw a picture. 
But I'll, 
I'll just show you the picture on the next slide. 
It should look a lot better than the one I would draw. 
And the list of controls, as you would guess, given that 
ISO promulgated the guidelines for management by security is in the ISO 27001. 
So they, they, they, they are connected to some extent. 
So, that's the baseline approach. 
The next one is the detailed analysis approach. 
This one is a 
little bit more in depth. 
So, what you're going to do here is an in depth analysis and identification of assets, and assessment of the threat levels against those assets, and associated vulnerabilities. 
So, this is more a more comprehensive approach similar to what we talked about earlier with that three step flow. 
The security level appropriate for the security need is identified using this approach. 
So, rather than setting a baseline and then comparing everything against the baseline, this focuses on a specific combination of threat, vulnerability, asset, and consequence. 
The next one is a combined approach which combines the baseline and detailed analysis. 
What you do here is that, primarily, focus this approach high risk exposures. 
And, you would do a detailed analysis of the high risk areas, and then use the baseline approach on everyth ing else. 
So, rather than do a selective risk analysis where you may, and it certainly wouldn't make economic sense for you to try to do a detailed analysis of everything. 
Remember we talked about priority. 
However, by using this combination of detailed for high risk areas and base line for everything else, you were able to touch a pretty wide swath of the organization and do it in a efficient and economical way. 
So that's, that's the benefit of the combination approach. 
And then, the last approach is the informal approach which is sort of the, you know, using your gut, using your heuristics, you know, things that you 
learned, you know, rules of thumb and its not structured at all. 
I would argue against doing the informal approach unless its the only approach you can do. 
And in some organizations, it may be the only approach you can do. 
Like I said, any, any approach is better than no approach. 
But, keep in mind that it's going to be very difficult for you to document that for you to make it repeatable. and if, if, you know, something you'll have to, live with. 
So, you know, think, think in terms of what's going to happen down the road as you make choices with respect to what's the right risk analysis approach for you and your organization. 
This is that exhibit I was referring to. 
Basically, what you do with the a, with they baseline approach is you would set a baseline. 
We say, this is where we want our level of protection to be. 
And then, you would look at various assets and say, well, where are we vis-a-vis that level with respect to asset A. We've got a gap. 
And that's why you guys have all heard the term gap analysis, this is also called a gap analysis. 
You know, with asset B, you know, there's still a gap, and it's smaller. 
With asset C, there's no gap. 
In fact, we're higher than the level of protection we specified. 
What does that mean? 
Right. 
You're spending more money, time, resources and pension on asset C than it's, that you probably need to in order to comply with management's directive with, with, and with policy. 
When you're doing the base line approach, it's two steps. 
The first step is to establish this minimum set of controls. 
And, you would select controls using, using standards and, you know, Barbara I know has talked to you about a number of standards and you're probably aware of other sets of standards. 
I mean, there are no shortage of standards out there. and then, you would make the security check 
list. 
And then, step two is you would analyze the gaps and you'd do that using the checklist. 
And then, when there's a gap, you'd do whatever you need to do in terms of remediation to either close that gap or to reduce the expenditures in areas where your level of control is higher than what's specified by the analysis. 
[marker squeaking on board] 
(Ken Robinson) Every country on Earth, at the moment, is reforming public education. 
There are two reasons for it. 
The first of them is economic. 
People are trying to work out how do we educate our children to take their place in the economies of the 21st century? 
How do we do that? 
Even though we can't anticipate what the economy will look like  at the end of next week, as the recent turmoil is demonstrating. 
How do we do that? 
The second, though, is cultural. 
Every country on Earth, on earth is trying to figure out how do we educate our children so they have a sense of cultural identity, and so that we can pass on the cultural genes of our communities, while being part of the process of globalization? 
How do we square that circle? 
The problem is they're trying to meet the future by doing what they did in the past. 
And on the way, they're alienating millions of kids who don't see any purpose in going to school. 
When we went to school, we were kept there with a story, which is, if you worked hard and did well and got a college degree,  you would have a job. 
Our kids don't believe that. 
And they're right not to, by the way. 
You're better having a degree than not, but it's not a guarantee anymore. 
And particularly not if the route to it marginalizes most of the things that you think are important about yourself. 
Some people say we have to raise standards, as if this is a breakthrough. 
You know, like, really, yes we should. 
Why would you lower them? 
[laughter] 
I haven't come across an argument that persuades me of lowering them. 
But raising them, of course we should raise them. 
The problem is that the current system of education was designed and conceived and structured for a different age. 
It was conceived in the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment. 
And in the economic circumstances of the Industrial Revolution. 
Before the middle  of the 19th century, there were no systems of public education. 
Not really. 
I mean, you could get educated by Jesuits, you know, if you had the money, but public education,  paid for from taxation, compulsory to everybody and free at the point of delivery, that was a revolutionary idea. 
And many people objected to it. 
They said it's not possible for many street kids, working class children, to benefit from public education. 
They're incapable of learning to read and write, and why are we spending time on this? 
So, there's also built into it a whole series of assumptions about social structure and capacity. 
It was driven by an economic imperative of the time, but running right through it was an intellectual model of the mind. 
Which was essentially the Enlightenment view of intelligence. 
That real intelligence consists in this capacity for a certain type of deductive reasoning, and the knowledge of the classics, originally. 
What we've come to think of as academic ability. 
And this is deep in the gene pool of public education, that there are really two types of people: academic and non-academic; smart people and non-smart people. 
And the consequence of that is that many brilliant people think they're not, because they've been judged against this particular view of the mind. 
So, we have twin pillars, economic and intellectual. 
And my view is that this model has caused chaos in many people's lives. 
It's been great for some. 
There have been people that have benefited wonderfully from it. 
But most people have not. 
Instead they suffer this. 
This is the modern epidemic, and it's as misplaced, and it's as fictitious. 
This is the plague of ADHD. 
Now, this is a map of the instance of ADHD in America, or prescriptions for ADHD. 
Don't mistake me, 
I don't mean to say there is no such thing as Attention Deficit Disorder. 
I'm not qualified to say if there is such a thing. 
I know that a great majority of psychologists, and pediatricians think there is such a thing. 
But it's still a matter of debate. 
What I do know, for a fact, is it's not an epidemic. 
These kids are being medicated as routinely as we had our tonsils taken out. 
And on the same whimsical basis, and for the same reason - medical fashion. 
Our children are living in the most intensely stimulating period in the history of the earth. 
They're being besieged with information, and force their attention from every platform, computers, from iPhones, from advertising holdings, from hundreds of television channels. 
And we're penalizing them now for getting distracted. 
From what, boring stuff, at school for the most part. 
It seems to me it's not a coincidence, totally, that the instance of ADHD has risen in parallel with the growth of standardized testing. 
Now, these kids are being given Ritalin and Adderall, and all manner of things, often quite dangerous drugs, to get them focused and calm them down. 
But according to this, 
Attention Deficit Disorder increases as you travel east across the country. 
People start losing interest in Oklahoma 
[laughter]. 
They can hardly think straight in Arkansas 
[laughter]. 
And by the time they get to Washington, they have lost it completely. 
And there are separate reasons for that, I believe 
[laughter]. 
It's a fictitious epidemic. 
If you think of it, the arts, and I don't say this exclusively of the arts. 
I think it's also true of science and of maths. 
But let me, I say about the arts particularly because they are the victims of this mentality currently, particularly. 
The arts especially address the idea of aesthetic experience. 
And aesthetic experience is one in which your senses are operating at their peak. 
When you are present in the current moment. 
When you're resonating with the excitement of this thing that you're experiencing. 
When you are fully alive. 
And anesthetic is when you shut your senses off and deaden yourself to what's happening. 
And a lot of these drugs are that. 
We're getting our children through education by anesthetizing them. 
And I think we should be doing the exact opposite. 
We shouldn't be putting them asleep, we should be waking them up to what they have inside of themselves. 
But the model we have is this, it's, I believe, we have a system of education that is modeled on the interests of industrialism, and in the image of it. 
I'll give you a couple of examples. 
Schools are still pretty much organized on factory lines - ringing bells, separate facilities, specialized into separate subjects. 
We still educate children by batches. 
You know, we put them through the system by age group. 
Why do we do that? 
You know, why is there this assumption that the most important thing kids have in common is how old they are? 
You know, it's like the most important thing about them is their date of manufacture 
Well, I know kids who are much better than other kids at the same age in different disciplines, you know, or at different times of the day, or better in smaller groups then in large groups, or sometimes they want to be on their own. 
If you're interested in the model of learning, you don't start from this production line mentality. 
These are, it's essentially about conformity. 
And increasingly it's about that as you look at the growth  of standardized testing and standardized curricula. 
And it's about standardization. 
I believe we've got to go in the exact opposite direction. 
That's what I mean about changing the paradigm. 
There was a great study done recently of divergent thinking, published a couple of years ago. 
Divergent thinking isn't the same thing as creativity. 
I define creativity as the process of having original ideas  that have value. 
Divergent thinking isn't a synonym. 
But it's an essential capacity for creativity. 
It's the ability to see lots of possible answers to a question, 
lots of possible ways of interpreting a question. 
To think, what Edward de Bono would probably call laterally. 
To think, not just in linear or convergent ways. 
To see multiple answers, not one. 
So, I mean, there are tests for this. 
I mean, one kind of cod example would be, people might be asked to say how many uses can you think of for a paper clip. 
Those routine questions. 
Most people might come with 10 or 15. 
People who are good at this might come up with 200. 
And they do that by saying, well, could the paper clip be turned, and a foot tall, and be made out of foam rubber. 
You know, like, does it have to be a paper clip as we know it, Jim. 
Now, there are tests for this. 
And they gave them to 1,500 people. 
It's in a book called Break Point and Beyond. 
And on the protocol of the test, if you scored  above a certain level, you'd be considered to be a genius at divergent thinking. 
Okay? 
So, my question to you is, what percentage of the people tested, of the 1500, scored at genius level for divergent thinking? 
You need to know one more thing about them. 
These were kindergarten children. 
So, what you think? 
What percentage at genius level? 
(Audience member) 80. 
(Ken Robinson) You think 80, okay. 
98%. 
Now, the thing about this was, it was a longitudinal study. 
So, they retested the same children five years later. 
Age of eight to ten. 
What do you think? 
50? 
They retested them again, five years later,  ages 13 to 15. 
You can see a trend here, can't you 
[laughter]? 
Now, this tells an interesting story. 
Because you could have imagined it going the other way, couldn't you. 
You start off not being very good, but you get better  as you get older. 
But this shows two things. 
One is, we all have this capacity. 
And two, it mostly deteriorates. 
Now, a lot of things have happened to these kids as they've grown up, a lot. 
But one of the most important things that happened to them, 
I am convinced, is that by now, they've become educated. 
They know, they spent 10 years at school being told there's one answer. 
It's at the back and don't look. 
And don't copy, because that's cheating. 
I mean, outside schools that's called collaboration, you know. 
But inside schools and this isn't because teachers want it this way, it's just because it happens that way. 
It's because it's in the gene pool of education. 
We have to think differently about human capacity. 
We have to get over this old conception of academic, non-academic, abstract, theoretical, vocational, and see it for what it is a myth. 
Secondly, we have to recognize that most great learning happens in groups. 
That collaboration is the stuff of growth. 
If we atomize people and separate them and judge them separately, we form a kind of disjunction between them and their natural learning environment. 
And thirdly, it's crucially about the culture of our institutions, the habits of the institution, and the habitats that they occupy. 
Today, we talk about innovation and tradition. 
But I am more innovation than tradition especially in a country like the 
Philippines where we don't really know who we are because we are just in the process of defining ourselves. 
Three hundred years in the convent as people say and 50 years in Hollywood, we are the most confused people in the planet. 
And now, we're seeing that together with other emerging countries in the world, we're starting to define ourselves. 
And I find it most interesting at this point in my life that I work more with young people than those who are my age. 
I guess my journey began when I was 35 years old, when I had my midlife crisis. 
Just like many of the people in this country, you know, we were taught to study hard, to become successful, get rich and give to charity. 
And I realize that I did all that. 
But at 35, I discovered that you can achieve your ambition but doesn't necessarily make you a happy person. 
And oftentimes, when we are just ambition-driven, we get something that we realize later on is an empty bag. 
And so, at 35, I had a wife, I had three children but I was not happy because I realize that the more that I was driven by a desire for personal success, I was living in a country where there was deepening poverty and there was growing corruption. 
And I also realize that the tradition drives us - development is driven by charity when we need to realize that as a Christian country, we have to also talk about Christian stewardship. 
And, and so, three things that was very clear to me - that I needed to address. 
One was that we had become a mendicant society, we were migratory and we were also mercenary. 
And I often wondered, people talk about sustainable development but what I saw was sustainable poverty. 
And I tried to understand our situation, the Five S's of sustainable poverty that the Filipino was living as a squatter. 
And a squatter does not have any dignity, does not have any security. 
And a country of squatters cannot be globally competitive. 
So the second thing was that the Filipino had lowered their standards. 
In his subhuman conditions, he was living in a shanty, that's the second S. And so, he could not come up with the best quality products because he himself is born and raised in a shanty, in a pile of garbage. 
And the third, he is raised in a village called a slum. 
It takes a village to raise a child. 
So he's surrounded by drug addicts and drunks. 
And so, there are no village models. 
We have 
lost the fathers in our home and the heroes in our communities. 
And the fourth is that he's in a survival mode. 
And so the environment is quite predatory and mercenary. 
And fifth is that it's a subsistence economy. 
We call it "Isang kahig, Isang tuka". 
One scratch, one peck. 
And so we realize that a country that does not deserve to be poor is poor. 
A country that has a tradition of very strong Christian values is one of the most corrupt. 
And so, this was the source of my midlife crisis. 
And I realized too that I just follow the old patterns. 
You know, send your children to the most exclusive schools, become successful, 
live in an exclusive subdivision and just create your own artificial bubble of security and comfort in a sea of third world poverty. 
And I realize that that's not the kind of legacy I wanted to pass on to my children. 
They cannot wander in the - they cannot walk the streets in safety. 
And especially the most successful, they are also the most vulnerable to crime and to rebellion. 
At the same, in the countryside, the poor continued to be the most vulnerable to the calamities, to the typhoons and to the floods. 
So I realized too that at 35, I was at the prime of my life, I had so much energy, why was I so unhappy? 
And that's when I went to the biggest slum in the country called Bagong 
Silang, north of Manila, and started to really discover because I was in search of my soul, as a Filipino, as a Christian and as a human being. 
And I did not find it in the artificial surroundings that I just boxed myself in. 
I lived in an exclusive subdivision with security guards, with high walls. 
And I was surrounded by squatters around me, my people, my family that I did not know. 
And so I realized that I had to go beyond my own definition of family. 
I had to consider the poor, the orphans, the criminals, the rebels as my family. 
Otherwise, I will not invest my time, my talent, my treasure, I'll just - it's just convenient to write out a check and just perpetuate this whole tradition of charity. 
So anyway, I realized that it is really about connectivity that the brightest and the best, those with the greatest opportunities are disconnected from our people, are disconnected from the land, are disconnected from the rich natural resources and that's the reason why we're poor. 
You know, there are countries that do not have the fertile land that we have, do not have the biodiversity, the rich natural resources, do not even have our producer - our human resource and our market base, almost 100 million market base. 
And, you know, it's now very interesting for me just coming home from Davos where I was invited two weeks ago. 
And yesterday, it was very fascinating that finally what a - my own reflections about Davos was printed at the Huffington Post. 
And it was simply just my own personal view of a ground up development where we have to start to see the world through the eyes of the poor and the suffering because it has always been top-down development. 
It's always been the rich, the powerful, the best educated, those who controlled wealth and money who made all the decisions in our country that just - who were disconnected from the suffering of the majority. 
And I had to start with my own reconnection. 
Because if there's something wrong in any countries, it's not the fault of others, it's my fault. 
So I worked with the criminals and gang members for three years in Bagong Silang. 
I introduced programs for sports, education, scholarship. 
But I discovered unless it is really holistic, unless you transform the physical environment, unless you restore human dignity, you address social justice, that it will be very difficult to sustain. 
And after bearing six of the gang leaders that we had rehabilitated, five of them were killed by their former enemies, by drinking bodies because transformation does not happen overnight. 
And one of them committed suicide when our training center for livelihood was closed and that was his only hope. 
So this whole journey had its own pain. 
And it was painful because when you start to consider the poor as family, and I also realized that my children have no future in this country or anywhere in the world if my country remains third world and my people remained second class. 
So the whole objective for me of development was to restore the dignity, my honour as a 
Filipino. 
And as long as majority of my people lived as squatters, in slums, I will continue to live with this honour. 
And I will pass on that legacy to my children. 
So the first village we built, it was through volunteerism, it was through - it was not anchored on fund raising because I realize that if we just go for the money that it cannot be sustained. 
It cannot be sustained by charity, it cannot just - it had to be a passion for a transcendent cause. 
And very early, it was not just a project to ease human suffering. 
It was, for me, a journey towards ending poverty in our country. 
And it was about restoring human dignity, giving land to the landless, giving homes to the homeless and water for people who had no clean water. 
And it's simply amazing because we have discovered that we don't need to wait for foreign aid or to foreign charity that we have the - we have the brains, we have the heart, we have the resources to end poverty if we just rise above our politics, we rise above our rivalries, we rise above our parochialism and really have a shared vision to end poverty in our country and for us to be able to really have that as the highest, as the driving passion for us. 
So even the top universities, you know, should make it priorities not just to fuel personal ambition, for career, but really for their own graduates to have a vision for their country, for them to have pride in being Filipino. 
And I realize that foundational to all my - to this is for me to really show the world that God did not make a mistake when he made me Filipino, that there is so much wealth in this country, that there is so much opportunity that we can offer our people. 
So the task for me was to show that in this country, we should not just graduate jobseekers here or abroad. 
We should graduate wealth creators and job generators. 
And that we should see that the greatest wealth of this country is our people including the poorest of the poor, including the rebels and the criminals. 
And we should not look for opportunities in other parts of the world because we realize that people from other countries will have their own share of trouble. 
When I was in Davos, the Europeans were talking about Euro debt woes and the Americans were just battling it out with their own recession blues. 
And now, people are starting to realize that more and more solutions to the world problems in the West and in the North are in the emerging countries of the South and the East. 
And so, somehow, because of my background as an economist and also working for multinational company in marketing, I realized that what the Filipino need was positive branding. 
And so, we had Gawad Kalinga that embodied the best of the Filipino in his own country. 
And we wanted this to be the product of his love for his country, for his people. 
And we called it Padugo, bleeding for the cause. 
Anyway, the first village we created in Bagong Silang has inspired many people to discover that they can do it. 
And many of our people abroad started to build their own village in the poorest towns or barangays where they came from. 
And after we launched this in 2003 with various schools, a lot of young people who became our volunteers, we have been able to build 2000 communities and impacted then the lives of about 1 million people. 
And what is interesting is that our latest count is we've had already more than 1 million volunteers in our communities. 
So it has become the work of nation building. 
And lately, we are very happy that our legislators have also taken notice and are now have filed a bill called House Bill 4374, it's the House Bill for Volunteerism for Nation Building. 
And the goal is to build 50,000 communities, one per barangay following the Gawad Kalinga model. 
So that's addressing the issue of social justice for 5 million families in our country because that will now become the platform for good citizenship, for productivity and for bottom of the pyramid wealth creation. 
And so, after building the first village, we're now embarking on the second phase. 
We call it the phase of social artistry. 
We're now building the Enchanted Farm village university in Angat, Bulacan. 
This is the first of 25 farm village universities. 
Farm because it really encourages people in the city to go - to find opportunities in the countryside. 
It is about the management and the business graduates of the top schools in the city to work with scientist and to work with the agriculturist and to work for the rich, to work with the poor for us to really transform this country into a land of squatters, into a land of rebels in the countryside and to be able to see that we have over 12 million hectares of underproductive land where we can plant coffee and cacao. 
Because what is to me is really disturbing is a country that can feed the cattle and the carabaos and produce milk because we have kakawate, we have grass, we have malunggay and we have, you know, napier, everything is here, but we import 99% of our milk. 
And we can produce the best chocolate, we can produce, you know, the best ice cream using 
local ingredients and so on. 
So now, the second phase is to really look at the different industries that are undeveloped. 
Like our chocolate, we only - we consume 36,000 tons of chocolate beans but we produce only 6000. 
So why should we import? 
And to me, it's very tragic that the producers of cacao and coffee are from the equator belt and down but the rich countries own the brand and own the wealth. 
And so it's very, it's important for us to really just, you know, go back, reconnect with the resources that we have. 
And so, we hope that we can - we are moving to the phase of sustainability through innovation. 
Before Gawad Kalinga, it was not the practice in this country for landowners to donate their 
land to the poor. 
But when we show that if you have ten hectares of land and you give two hectares of it, we can bring 100 families out of being informal settlers, out of living in the slums and build communities where people have strong values, that people can build their homes and can now really have the motivation to work or send their children to school. 
We realize that we'd trigger economic development, we bring peace and order, land values start to go up. 
And so, land owners now - now, we have land coming out of our ears. 
So in seven years, we're able to raise enough land in 400 towns good for 1 million families. 
So I don't think it's a problem for us to get land for 5 million - to get 5 million families out of being informal settlers in this country. 
You know, it is about solidarity. 
It's about a passion for the next generation that learning from own mistake, that it's selfishness, it's greed, it's self-interest that has made this country poor and corrupt. 
And so, we hope that we can get more of the students in Xavier to really invest in countryside development. 
We're coming up with our social innovation camps this summer. 
We are building a 100-bed facility now in Angat. 
And we'll be inviting the Business and Management students and even the third year and fourth year high school to come up in our career camps and also for us to really train them in social entrepreneurship, in green innovation and so on. 
So, we have - this is, to me, the most interesting place in the world to live in. 
It's, to me, the most exciting time to be Filipino. 
And it's not even about legal citizenship, it's not even the colour of our skin. 
Right now, I have with me our volunteers from France. 
This year, we're expecting over 1000 people from Europe who will do their internship with us in our Gawad Kalinga communities because they're starting to see that this is now the Asian age and this is also the time for global partnership, that those who have developed technology in the West will be able to really work with the creative talents of our country, to really transform this country and make it productive and expand the market base. 
A lot of big business now are supporting us because they realize that investing and bringing people out of poverty makes good business sense because it expands the market base. 
And it also brings peace which is very important in terms of sustainability. 
So this is just an old man rattling. 
I am very - I'm always very impatient for young people to wake up and for them to now be connected because many of our young people have very 
- they are very idealistic. 
Their hearts are less corrupted and their minds are less polluted but they're just disconnected. 
They're connected through social networking, they're all Facebook users, Twitter users. 
They go to the clubs, et cetera. 
But they do not know the poor. 
So the first thing that this - the brightest and the best of people here and abroad, just 
like what the French are doing, is for them to know the poor because that is the abandoned wealth of the world. 
For them also to go to the rural areas because it's not just in the malls that you find opportunities or in the developed areas. 
Because, you know, areas that have hit rock bottom have no place to go but up. 
That's where the opportunities are. 
And so, again, we hope that you can continue to help us as we transform the countryside. 
First, we're addressing the needs of the disaster victims right now, we are building 5000 homes for the Sendong victims in Mindanao. 
We have a team right now to help also the earthquake victims in Dumaguete. 
And the amazing thing is just build and they will come. 
If they - if you build, you tried and if you show the world, the people also who are part of this because that cannot be done by one man or one organization. 
My role is to just create the platform, my role is just connect people, my role is to just for us to really be on the same page in terms of the kind of world we want to build. 
And so, this is an exciting time. 
My only problem is that I have enjoyed working with young people. 
Not only with the poor but also with young people. 
Because in Davos, I saw that the owners of technology are mostly young. 
And so, the young people own the future. 
And so, and these are exciting times. 
I realize that that's also, you know, what innovation is about. 
Always have aspirations, always have hope so that - because aspiration drives innovation, invention and creation. 
Thank you. 
This course is mostly not going to be about this particular kind of fuzzing. 
Rather, the emphasis of the course is more on random testing in the original sense of fuzzing which is to say trying to find flaws in software rather than this very specific meaning of fuzzing for penetration testing purposes. 
And now one of the challenge problems for this unit is going to involve writing something with more like this kind of fuzzer, but basically mostly we're concerned with random testing sort of in the general software robustness. 
Mainly we're concerned random testing as what would be applied to our own software or to software developed by other people in our own organization. 
On many an occasion I've been camping in the Adirondacks, and one of my favorite periods is right at dusk, when the lake becomes absolutely glass-like. 
The sun is setting but you can still see the silhouettes of trees - all these conical spires, beautiful reflection on the water with the last few bits of sunlight. 
And then you hear the wail of a loon. 
You'll hear one individual of the pair give this long, mournful wail, which is essentially saying, 
"I'm here. 
Where are you?" 
Generally, moments later, you'll hear the response from the other member of the pair giving its wail, saying, 
"I'm over here." 
Loons are active at night. 
You can be out in a beautiful Adirondack lake after dark, or a northern Minnesota lake, and this is one of the characteristic, evocative sounds you're going to hear from that area - something that'll stick with you for the rest of your life. 
It just punctuates the fall of night and really sets the mood for what follows: the solitude, the peacefulness. 
It's all wrapped up in that one vocalization. 
Thorotrast was a contrast medium used in Germany since 1890. 
It was used in Japan since 1930, but it was found that 25 to 30% of people developed liver cancer 20 to 30 years later. 
Why does it take so long before cancer develops? 
Thorotrast is an alpha-radiation nuclide. 
Alpha radiation injures nearby cells, and the DNA that is harmed most is a gene called "P53". 
We now know, thanks to genome science, the entire sequence of human DNA. 
However, there are 3 million locations on the DNA that are different from person to person. 
So today, it doesn't make sense at all to proceed as if all humans are the same. 
The basic principle should be the "personalized medicine" when we look at internal radiation - which DNA is damaged, and what kind of change is taking place. 
In case of thorotrast, it is proven that P53 is damaged in the first stage, and it takes 20 to 30 years for the 2nd, 3rd mutations to occur, causing liver cancer and leukemia. 
About iodine-131. 
As you know, iodine accumulates in thyroid gland, and that is most noticeable during the formative phase of thyroid gland, i.e. in small children. 
However, when the first researcher in Ukraine was saying in 1991 "There are an increasing number of thyroid cancer", researchers in Japan and the US were publishing articles in Nature magazine saying "There is no causal relationship between the radiation and thyroid cancer." 
Why did they say that? 
Because there was no data prior to 1986, there was no statistical significance. 
The statistical significance was finally noted 20 years later. 
Why? 
Because the peak that started in 1986 disappeared. 
So even without the data prior to 1986, the occurrence of thyroid cancer and radiation exposure from Chernobyl had the causal relationship. 
Epidemiological proof is very difficult. 
It is impossible to prove until all the cases are done. 
Therefore, from the viewpoint of "protecting our children" a completely different approach is required. 
Dr. Shoji Fukushima from a national institution called Japan Bioassay Research Center, which researches health effects of chemical compounds, has been studying diseases involving urinary tract since the Chernobyl accident. 
Dr. Fukushima and doctors in Ukraine studied parts of bladders removed during more than 500 cases of prostatic hypertrophy surgery. 
They found out that in the highly contaminated area where 6Bq/liter was detected in urine, there was a high frequency of mutation of p53 though 6Bq may sound minuscule. 
They also noticed many cases of proliferative precancerous conditions, which we assume was due to the activation of p38 MAP kinase and the signal called "NF-kappa B," 
leading inevitably to proliferative cystitis, with carcinoma in situ occurring with considerable frequency. 
Knowing this, I was astounded to hear the report that 2 to 13Bq/liter [of radioactive cesium] was detected from the breast milk of seven mothers in Fukushima. 
We at the Radioisotope Center of Tokyo University have been helping to decontaminate Minami-Soma City, sending about 4 people at a time and doing decontamination work for the length of 700km per week. 
Again, what's happening to Minami-Soma clearly shows that 20 or 30 kilometer radius [from the nuke plant] doesn't make any sense at all. 
You have to measure in more detail like measuring each nursery school. 
Right now, from the 20 to 30 kilometer radius area, 1,700 school children are put on the buses to go to school. 
Actually in Minami-Soma, the center of the city is located near the ocean, and 70% of the schools have relatively low level of radiation. 
Yet, children are forced to get on the school buses to go all the way to schools near Iitate-mura [where radiation is higher], spending 1 million yen everyday for the busing. 
I strongly demand that this situation be terminated as soon as possible. 
What's most problematic is the government's policy that they will compensate the residents for the moving cost only if their areas are designated as official evacuation zones. 
In a recent committee held at the House of Councilors [Upper House], then-President Shimizu of TEPCO and Mr. Kaieda, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry answered that way. 
I ask you to separate the two immediately - compensation criteria issue and children's safety issue. 
I strongly ask you to do whatever you can to protect children. 
Another thing is, what I strongly feel when I'm doing the decontamination work in Fukushima is that emergency decontamination and permanent decontamination should be dealt with separately. 
We've been doing a lot of emergency decontamination work. 
For example, if you look at this diagram, you will notice that the bottom of this slide is where small children put their hands on. 
Every time the rain stream down the slide, more radioactive materials accumulate. 
There can be a difference in radiation level between the right side and the left side. 
If such difference occurs and if the average radiation of the slide is 1 microsievert, then one side can measure as high as 10 microsieverts. 
We should do more emergency decontamination work in such places. 
The ground right under the roof gutter is also where children frequently put their hands on. 
If you use high pressure washer you can reduce the radiation level from 2 microsieverts to 0.5 microsievert. 
However, it is extremely difficult to lower the level to less than 0.5microsievert, because everything is contaminated. 
Buildings, trees, whole areas. 
You can lower radiation dose of one place, but very difficult to do that for the whole area. 
Then, how much will it cost when you seriously do the decontamination work? 
In case of "Itai-Itai Disease" caused by cadmium poisoning, to decontaminate half of cadmium-contaminated area of roughly 3,000 hectare, the government has spent 800 billion yen so far. 
How much money will be needed if we have to decontaminate the area 1,000 times as big? 
So, I'd like to make four urgent requests. 
First, I request that the Japanese government, as a national policy, innovate the way to measure radiation of food, soil, and water, through using the Japan's state-of-the-art technology such as semiconductor imaging detectors. 
This is absolutely within Japan's current technological capability. 
Second, I request that the government enact a new law as soon as possible in order to reduce children's radiation exposure. 
Right now, what I'm doing is all illegal. 
The current Radiation Damage Prevention Laws pecifies the amount of radiation and the types of radionuclides that each institution can handle. 
Now Tokyo University is mobilizing its workforce in its twenty-seven Radioisotope Centers to help decontaminate Minami-Soma City, but many of the centers don't have a permission to handle cesium. 
It's illegal to transport it by cars. 
However, we cannot leave highly radioactive materials to mothers and teachers there, so we put them all in drums and bring them back to Tokyo. 
To receive them is illegal. 
Everything is illegal. 
The Diet is to blame for leaving such situations as they are. 
There are many institutions in Japan, such as Radioisotope Centers at national universities, which have germanium detectors and other state-of-the-art detectors. 
But how can we, as the nation, protect our children if these institutions' hands are tied? 
This is the result of the gross negligence by the Diet. 
Third, I request that the government as a national policy mobilize technological power of the private sector in order to decontaminate the soil. 
There are many companies with expertise of radiation decontamination; chemical companies such as Toray and Kurita, decontamination companies such as Chiyoda Technol and Atox, and construction companies such as Takenaka Corporation. 
Please mobilize their power to create a decontamination research center in Fukushima as soon as possible. 
It will take tens of trillions of yen to do the decontamination work. 
I'm gravely concerned that it might become public works project involving concessions. 
We don't have the luxury to spare a single second considering the financial condition of the Japanese government. 
We must figure out how we really do the decontamination work. 
What on earth is the Diet doing, when 70,000 people are forced out of their homes and wandering? 
That's all. 
Jeremy: 
All throughout history men fall in love with women 
You want to know why, well, let's start from the beginning 
I've come to set the record straight 
I've come to set the record straight 
From scientific propagation of the species 
To poets and philosophers, your Baudelaires and Nietzsches 
I've come to set the record straight 
I've come to set the record straight 
But if you're asking for specifics 
Well this isn't hieroglyphics 
If you want to know sincerely 
Listen up, I'll tell you clearly 
What I like about you is... 
Candace: 
So, you were saying...? 
Jeremy: 
Oh, yeah: 
I've come to set the record straight 
I see you still don't get it 
But you really shouldn't sweat it 
I'll say one more time with feeling 
Here's the reason you're appealing 
What I like about you is... 
What I like about you is... 
What I like about you is... 
I wanted to take a year of your life to give back to a positive cause in a real world setting. 
Having been at the U of R for four years 
I sort of thought I knew what Rochester was all about but then this year being in the community and seeing what's going on, it's a different world than what I would have imagined. 
And being open to that new perspective has been a blessing for me. 
I think Rochester Youth Year does and probably will continue to keep students in the Rochester area because it exposes you to tend to have a certain connotation of the city in certain neighborhood and certain areas 
With the alternative suspension program I've been able to get out into the community to different schools and have really gotten to know to a certain extent the community at large, and get to know Rochester as a whole. 
The reason I'm so invested in Rochester is because there's so many areas that just need improvement. 
I mean, it's the same everywhere. 
But because it's a small large city, you can actually see where that improvement needs to be had. 
And there's room for growth. 
So, 
As far as myself, that is. 
So, if 
I wanted to start from the bottom and start helping 
I can actually see my work grow and come to fruition. 
I think that a lot of recent graduates are in the same position that I was in you don't know what you want to do, or you know what you want to do but there are no jobs for what you want to do. 
And this really a great time to figure out who you are, what you want to do, and give back to the community at the same time. 
I'm a product of Rochester 
The Rochester Youth Year program is a great program. 
It provides a lot of professional and personal involvement opportunities it connects the students involved, or the graduates involved, with different community organizations and helps us get to know what's going on in the community and learn more about the community and ways that we can be involved. 
It's also great for networking, it puts us in touch with a lot of leaders in the community and lots of training opportunities. 
Um, so it's really great at preparing for a future career. 
I am definitely think that being a part of this 
- the host site that I was at - was really a great opportunity for me. 
It's something that I can add to my resume and that I can talk about in interviews 
- that really stands out. 
There aren't a lot of schools even in the country that are experience learning schools but that those that are, are really high performing schools that are, look to, as a model. 
And being a part of that and being so entrenched in the daily workings of an experience learning school is something really good for me as a teacher. 
I would say that the biggest benefit for me was connecting with non profit individuals and networking and really getting to know a lot of great people that are in the community and are making such a huge difference and all very committed and passionate in the same types of goals that I am. 
I'm a big supporter of women's rights and women's issues so giving back to, empowering women from communities that otherwise don't give a voice to most women, was something I was passionate about. 
I think that working this year with the nonprofit and with teenagers has really opened my eyes to continuing to work with them. 
I'm a very shy person so it was difficult for me to go out and make these connections with people 
I think what helped is that my passion for the cause of Compeer, who they're serving and why, and it helps me - people can see my passion and they were more intrigued and able to listen to me and respond. 
It's important to have youth-driven service programs 'cuz it provides them an opportunity or even just a gateway to become productive citizens of tomorrow and become civically engaged role models in the community. 
It shows how valuable volunteers are to, especially, a nonprofit organization. 
Just because they are willing to make that time commitment for you know whatever organization it is they're volunteering for. 
So I think I just noticed more about how available it is to volunteer, and just what a difference that it makes for that organization. 
A lot of what I did at Compeer on in terms of volunteer recruitment was going to a lot of fairs, and like health fairs, community fairs, volunteer recruitment fairs, and just sharing the information that those who attended - a lot of times they were just community members, sometimes they were students, sometimes they're professionals, and it was just letting them know what was going on at Compeer and how they can be involved. 
Volunteers play a truly vital role in causing change and impact within the community. 
I think successfulness has really shown me how beneficial mentoring is. 
No matter what, where they are on their life or what they're going through. 
Mentoring - 
I hadn't had a lot of experience with it before and I never really had a mentor 
- an official mentor - when I was a teenager but just seeing how much they can really help the teen and just be there as a positive role model adult in their life, where they might not have that adult who's really looking out for them. 
It just shows that even though it's frustrating and hard sometimes to recruit people who are willing to mentor, and make that commitment, matches that really work out so beneficial and they really outweigh all the negatives. we did a lot of field studies at Strong Hospital because we're doing a project on teen health in Rochester. 
I would also make partnerships with people in the community, invite experts into the building, and I also did a lot of resource development and raised over ten thousand dollars for an overnight field study to Gettysburg. 
I'm usually in the forefront, you know, and it's tough being in with your fellow year. 
You're working on - you're working behind the scenes planning - and, well, not indirect planning - but that's all I'm focused on, the planning, the implementation but not, I'm not the facilitator by any means and that's the most surprising thing, I'm not used to that. 
But I guess I would act as the facilitator at our culminating event, and then I was able to actually see the work come to life, I mean being behind the scenes for about eight months, I became a bit introverted 
So now as a facilitator getting to speak to the kids and see how much they appreciate the work that I did, was the biggest surprise. 
One of the main components of my duties was 
looking for funds to sustain the program and to that end we did a lot of grant writing, soliciting funds and that sort of thing, so it was a lot of compiling information about the program and sending it out to different community stakeholders who might be interested in helping our program along. 
It really was working a variety of different groups 
-parents, teachers, people in the community- so just trying to bring all of those people together to really make a cohesive fundraising effort was definitely challenging at times. 
There's always, I guess there was sixty eight partnerships it's a matter of reaching out to people showing that you're mission aligns with their mission, and then showing how some collaboration could be made. 
The thing is, with partnerships differences may arise but I learned that we have to work through them in order to achieve the common goal. building a relationship with the community is so vital to anything you do, even as a physician, even as a outreach worker. 
If you don't have a trusting relationship with the community you work with, they're not going to do much and you're not going to be as effective as you can. 
It's kind of, um something that takes a lot of time, it takes a lot of effort, it doesn't happen automatically but if you cultivate those relationships with people I've learned that you get a much more positive response. 
Helping is not always about what you receive. 
So 
That's what I've learned while being at this nonprofit 
The group of women that I work with, they're so dedicated. 
They're not getting paid. 
They work, they have families, they have all of these things they're doing. 
But they're so dedicated to the community. 
They're coming to meetings, they're learning this stuff then doing outreach work. 
On their own, you know. 
It's like, when you meet people who really care, who want to make a difference, it kind of empowers you, it inspires you to do more. while at the same time honing your professional skills different areas of the city and people and actually getting out there and working really kind of enhanced your view of the city. 
I can actually see my work start growing. and I would have liked to have given back to the community by working within the community of Rochester. and working with other nonprofits as well. 
Yes, 0.4 is the product of these two values over here. 
So, in reality the solution is just to apply the product p1 * p2, and hitting the 1 button gives me indeed 0.4. 
I can now go and change this probability to 0.1 and 0.8. 
You probably already figured out that the answer is now 0.08, and indeed, my code gives me the following result, 0.08. 
On July 4th, 2012, physicists in Geneva, Switzerland, made an earth-shattering announcement. 
They discovered what we call the Higgs boson. 
A particle, an elementary piece of nature, that we've been searching for for over 40 years. 
And around the world, hundreds of millions of people tuned in and said to themselves, 
What in the world is a Higgs boson? 
It's a very good question. 
The Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leon Lederman once called the Higgs boson the God particle, and for years thereafter, physicists have been shaking their fists at him, because the Higgs boson has nothing whatsoever to do with God. 
But it is very very important. 
It's important enough that the world spent over 9 billion dollars to build the Large Hadron Collider, the most complicated machine ever built, to search for the Higgs and particles like it. 
It's a ring, 17 miles around, 300 feet under ground, that goes beneath the border of France and Switzerland. 
If you are walking around in the fields, you would see just mountains, and fields, and cows, but underneath your feet, there'd be this machine that takes protons and accelerates them close to the speed of light, smashes them together to make new particles. 
And we found one: the Higgs boson. 
I'm Sean Carroll. 
I'm a physicist at CalTech, and I was there in Geneva on July 4th, 2012, for the Higgs discovery announcements. 
I saw the young physicists camping out overnight, waiting for good seats in the seminar room. 
I heard the standing ovation when the announcements of the discovery were made. 
[Joe Incandela:] "...five standard deviations." 
I saw people get a little emotional, a little teared-up, at this discovery that we've waited decades to achieve. 
In one sense, the Higgs is the end an era. 
In my new book, "The Particle At The End Of The Universe", I try to explain why this was so important. 
Why this smart, dedicated people put so much effort into finding this little particle. 
What it is is the completion of the Standard Model of particle physics, the theory that explains the atoms that make up you, and me, and everything we see in our everyday lives. 
But understanding that part doesn't give us all the answers to the questions we have. 
We still want to know: 
Why is there more matter than antimatter in the universe? 
What are the dark matter and the dark energy that make up so much stuff in the universe? 
Where did the universe itself come from? 
What we're hoping is that the Higgs boson gives us a new tool to answer these questions. 
That is, one era ends, another one begins. 
It is as if we'd been in one room for all of our lives, doing physics, and the Higgs is a door into the next room. 
And it'll be very interesting to see what's inside. 
Of course, I believe. 
Especially during the period of recession, my faith has grown even more. 
Human actions can only be successful with the help of God . 

Let's see. 
We have this graph over here with t is the independent variable on the horizontal axis and d is the dependent variable on the vertical axis. 
And then they have a table here. 
Looks like this table corresponds to this graph. 
When t equals 1, d is 40, when t is equal to 2, d is 80. 
So these points correspond to points on this line. 
And then they explain to us, you are buying a gym membership. 
The membership costs $40 per month. 
In the graph and table above, d is the total number of dollars that you pay for your gym membership, so that's d right over there, and t is the time in months that you keep the membership. 
Write an equation for the amount of money d that you pay for your gym membership, if you keep the membership for t months. 
And you see that here. 
If you're one month, you pay $40, two months you pay another $40, you pay $80. 
You see that in the graph right over here. 
If you have 0 months, you pay nothing. 
Then one month, $40, the next month another $40 getting you to $80. 
So if I were to write this as an equation, the dependent variable here is the amount that I pay in dollars. 
So that is going to depend on the time. 
And how is it going to depend on the time in months? 
Well I'm going to pay $40 per month times the number of months. 
So I can either write it as 40 with a little asterisk sign, which is Shift 8-- and then I put t there-- or I could literally put just a t right over there. 
And I think that's right, because if my time is 0 according to this table and according to this graph, 
I pay nothing. 
If there was some initial membership charge then maybe we would add that membership charge and you would pay the monthly fee after that. 
But here this looks about right, that the dollars paid is equal to 40 times the time in months. 
The time in months is the independent variable. 
It drives the dependent variable, the number of dollars you pay. 
So these are turkeys, and this is electrified also. 
This is space age stuff. 
There's a little stainless steel filament. 
See it running through the horizontals? 
These, the verticals, are dead. 
The horizontals carry the spark. 
This is really a major breakthrough in pastured farming. 
This poultry net material, we get ours from 
Premier in Iowa, it's only been around for about 20 years and it took computer chips to be able to shorten the spark length down to 4 thousands of a second, to get the resistance 
load low enough so it wouldn't melt the polyethylene. 
So this is why I say, I am not a [indistinguishable] by any stretch, we embrace technology. 
But it's cool that this netting comes in a 150 foot roll, weighs 12 pounds, one person can take it up and put it down in 10 minutes, and it keeps out bears, coyotes, wolves, possums, skunks, racoons, and keeps the turkeys and chickens in, and all those predators out. 
Who would have guessed that you could have that eighty years ago. 
I noticed that there's no covering 
like we see with the chickens. 
Is it because at this stage, at their size, the aerial predators don't become an issue. 
Exactly, at this point the aerial predators are not an issue. 
The group over there is three weeks younger, than this group here, this group is eleven weeks old, that group over there is eight weeks old. 
Are they getting ready to harvest? 
No, they'll go to sixteen weeks. 
Again, what keeps us awake at night is trying to figure out how to scale these things, and all that. 
So this is a "gobbledy go", this is the latest ideology of a portable turkey structure. 
This thing is 32 feet long, 12 feet wide, these are roosts here. 
But the thing to notice is, they're just lodged boards. 
So these purlins up here are just lodged. 
The point is that in five minutes you can pop all these off, pop the purlins off, fold up the shade cloth, now you're down to just eight feet, hook up to a pick up truck, and you drive down the road at 55 miles an hour. 
And why do you have these in here for? 
Those are roosts. 
Oh! 
OK. 
Again, what it does is, it makes the whole farm infrastructure portable. 
So it could be done in suburbia, it could be done on a rental farm, it could be done on an uncle's farm, you can move all this around. 
And that really changes the entrance opportunity, and the expansion capability, by having the infrastructure all portable. 
Of course, the turkeys, they'll pick up 45% of their diet off the grass, so that's why they get a much bigger area. 
It's great. 
Yeah, they got this area today, and they were just there two days before, we move them every two days. 
And, again, we've got the cows ahead, we're shortening the grass with the cows. 
Do you need a tractor to move this? 
Yeah, this is a feed buggy up on the front, so it's hooked up to the feed buggy. 
So you just hook up to the feed buggy with a tractor here, you set up your next circle up here, and you just hook up with the tractor and open it up. 
And you've been doing this for twenty years? 
I came back to the farm full time September 24, 1982. 
It'll be 30 years this September 24th. 
So what type of adoption have you seen across the industry with people accepting these techniques and utilizing them, and raising pastured poultry. 
Well, it's growing, but it's such a tiny subset of the whole industry that it's still not a spit in the ocean. 
Still way less than one percent. 
Oh, yeah, but it's growing. 
What is the rate at which it is growing? 
Is it doubling every year? 
Is it 50%? 
I don't, it's hard to tell. 
Do you think it might be doubling? 
I don't know, I doubt if it's doubling. 
Doubling every year, that would be astronomical. 
But I can imagine now that it's increasing by 10 or 15% every year. 
So it's definitely going up. 
So if there were one thousand farms last year, there'll be probably eleven hundred this year, and thirteen hundred next year, and it's definitely on the up swing. 
Being fueled partly by the whole local food tsunami. 
The whole local food, integrity food tsunami. 
Part of this process is to help people understand that this is possible, and create a demand for it. 
And if there's a demand, then people will take this information and start producing the product, which doesn't exist for the large part for many people. 
Believe me, people ask me, how fast could a transition be made? 
You know what? 
In two years this could become the dominant agricultural paradigm. 
All it takes is for Americans to say, this is what I want. 
Because, believe me, there are thousands of small farmers around this country poised, able and ready to scale up. 
But they're not good marketers, they're whatever. 
We're going to talk about that later, some of the really exciting developments that you've encountered, within your local community, is the adoption of internet technology and social networking to allow that transition to occur, to easily sell the product. 
Yes, that's what we're needing to have, is aggregators, that crucial aggregator marketer. 
As I see it, the technology is here, the land is here, the knowledge is here, we just need people that are willing to say, you know what? 
I don't need that Caribbean cruise this year. 
I'll take that thousand dollars and I'll buy better food. 
And maybe I'll feel better. 
That's what we need, we need people to make that life adjustment, and as that happens it's going to be a good thing. 
This is the only herd that we have right now that isn't being mob stocked. 
Because here we just made hay, and we've got all this poultry, so we're trying to just clean a little bit ahead of these, so they're in a pretty big paddock. 
The paddock goes from the turkeys over here. 
We're just trying to clean up around the fringes, where the mower couldn't get. 
But you get a sense of it. 
Some of the grass finished beef here. 
This is what we call "salad bar beef". 
Everyday they get a new paddock, yesterday they were over there, today they're here, this afternoon they'll move into that next paddock right there. 
What we're doing here is we're just kind of cleaning up after we made hay, to kind of clean the fringes of the field where the mower couldn't get, and that sort of thing. 
These are grass finished beef, as opposed to grain, and grass-fed, that used to mean the same thing, and now it's become a distinction. 
Kind of like the term "natural". 
It's been perverted and bastardized. 
Exactly, exactly. 
Grass-fed, the fact is that all cows in the US are grass-fed at some point in their lives. 
And then they go into a feedlot for four months. 
And it only takes 14 days of grain feeding to chase most of the conjugated linoleic acid out of the body of a ruminant. 
Two weeks and they're at it for four months, in the typical factory farm. 
Exactly, so there's just nothing there. 
These guys are grass finishing, they go literally from here... 
In fact 12 of these are going to go to slaughter tomorrow. 
So they go directly from here, right to the abattoir. 
What do you do in the winter? 
Cause obviously the pasture isn't available in the winter. 
At least in most of the continental US. 
Yeah, what happens is, with this grazing management, we're able to stockpile grass, just by not allowing them to graze late in the season, into the winter. 
The average farm in our area feeds hay 120 days a winter, we feed hay only 40 days a winter. 
We've greatly reduce the amount of hay we have to feed, which is less hay we have to make, 
less hay we have to feed. 
How do you do that? 
By controlling the grazing with moving the animals everyday to a new paddock, and allowing rest periods to deny access to certain pastures late in the season so that it just stands on the stalk going into the winter. 
It's OK to eat that fresh. 
Absolutely, even when it frosts, and it turns brown it's still better than hay. 
So that's what we do going into the winter. 
You are able to cut it down to two thirds, the amount of hay that they require? 
Yes, yes. 
And this is something that most typical beef producers could do if they chose to. 
Everyone of them. 
Relatively easily. 
From Florida to... 
What's interesting is, it doesn't have anything to do with latitude, because the average farmer in Florida feeds hay for 120 days a year. 
In illinois, 120 days a year. 
In Saskatchewan, 120 days a year. 
It's part of the job description. 
Cattle farmer: feed hay 120 days a year. 
If you can manage the grazing so that you can get that hay out, it greatly affects your bottom line because that's all mechanically harvested, stored... 
When they're in the hay feeding season, whatever the time that is, is it necessary to supplement with grains or anything like that? 
That's what many beef raisers will tell you. 
And vigorously so, and deny that there's any other way that is possible or practical. 
I wonder if you could address that? 
I have an answer for that. 
If what most people think can't be done, if somebody has done it, the it can be done. 
Ours get no grain whatsoever at any time. 
What that means is that you have to have a phenotype that's an easy finisher. 
And many of the grain based, the phenotypes that the industry is using to finish on grain, tall legged, great big 1500-pound cows are what we call "hard keepers". 
It takes a lot of energy to keep that boiler stove. 
What we want is what we call "state-of-the-art 1950s genetics". 
An animal that'll put on fat. 
Same with the pigs. 
We don't like these lean pigs out of Britain. 
All they do is sit around in the feeder, they won't go and forage, and dig, and eat. 
We want the 1950 style, that will put on some fat, the easy keeper, and cattle the same way. 
So genetics plays a part, secondly, we don't try to make them gain weight in the winter. 
Some farmers, if they're not just fat and roly-poly, they think they're abusing them. 
No, actually going through a period of slow gain helps them to detoxify, kind of like a fast. 
Which they would normally have in the winter anyway. 
This is the way the typically would be growing. 
Absolutely, think about the deer. 
A big blizzard will actually loose some dear from starvation. 
But the strong ones survive, and they go on to 
live another day, and they've gone through this purge, and it's actually very healthy for them. 
So we don't try to keep them roly-poly fat in the winter time. 
And finally, hay making is an art. 
A lot of hay that's made is made simply as a mass of material as opposed to an art. 
Like round bales, they're wrapped too tight, all the hay goes one way, so they mold, there are all sorts of aflatoxins and molds in there. 
The old way to make hay was to put it in a stack with all this air, you know, like under a pole where air could get through it, and salt it down. 
We make hay in squares, both small squares and large square bales, where the stems are going all sorts of different ways, and when we stack it in the shed, we salt it down as a curative agent, to draw the moisture out and keep the degeneration from occurring, so we use a couple hundred dollars worth of salt every season, as a curative agent. 
That increases the palatability of the hay, it increases the curative aspects of it, so it's actually more nutritious and better, so that it actually gives them more nutrition when they eat it. 
So all these factors, genetics, and hay as art, and the controlled grazing, all of those things factor in to making a hay-less or short-hay system. 
One of the things we're learning for humans, and many people have known this for a long time, is the value of fermented foods, and regularly incorporating them into our diet. 
So with animals is the same thing, they benefit from the introduction of the bacteria and the bacterial products. 
I guess the equivalent would be silage. 
Do you produce that? 
No, and we don't agree with that for ruminants. 
I agree with the fermentation for omnivores because in nature pigs and poultry do scratch into anaerobic layers, getting down in the soil, scratching into the anaerobic layers, and do eat ensiled, pickled type stuff. 
Herbivores never do, there's no place in nature where herbivores eat fermented anything. 
What that does, the fermentation, it changes the pH in the rumen, and makes it acidic, so not only does it make the microbes that should be... 
Cause lactic acid is being produced in there. 
Exactly, and so what it does is, it allows the E. Coli, and the things that are supposed to help that digestion become acidically acclimated. 
So that if we happen to eat some it kills us instead of our acidic system killing it. 
So in some ways, some of the same downsides of eating grain. 
Exactly, very much so. 
So I adhere to the rule of thumb that with herbivores silage should be looked at as kind of a condiment. 
No more than maybe 10% of the diet. 
It can be done as taking a vitamin pill, or something like that, but no more than that. 
Or then you start really setting up this acidosis situation, and you deny the rumen its job of fermenting the roughage. 
The way this controlled grazing or mob grazing works, where we have them in little tight paddocks everyday, is, I am making a little "S" here, grass grows in an "S" curve. 
Just like a lot of businesses. 
Well, like people! 
So I call this down here diaper grass, this right here is teenage grass, and out here it's nursing home grass. 
OK, so our job as land stewards, is to try to keep this forage in this fast solar metabolic stage. 
We don't want to go out here, nursing home, cause then it stops. 
We don't want to be here in "diaper", cause then it stops. 
What we're doing is using the herbivore in its historical role as nature's pruner, to prune this back so that it can restart this fast metabolic solar conversion into biomass cycle. 
Without the herbivore, that doesn't happen, so under grazing is as bad as overgrazing. 
Both of those extremes are incorrect. 
It's that because it grows up and goes to seed? 
Yeah, it goes to seed and just stops, and desiccates. 
And since all that carbon dioxide goes back into the air, rather than pulling it out of the air, and sequestering it in the root system. 
Essentially, the herbivore is nature's biomass accumulation restart button. 
Just like a viticulturist would prune a vineyard, or an orchardist would prune an orchard to stimulate more verdant healthy lush production, the herbivore stimulates that verdancy by pruning the forage plants. 
In nature it's accomplished by moving, mobbing and mowing these herds of herbivores, you know, the wildebeest of the Serengeti, the cape buffalo in Botswana, the American bison, was accomplished through moving, mowing and mobbing for predator protection and moving on, and so we don't have the predators here for the cows, so we use electric fence as our steering wheel, accelerator, and gas pedal on that four legged sauerkraut vat. 
That cow is basically a portable fermentation tank, and so we are moving her day to day on this forage in biomimicry like nature does with predators and herbivores to prune back the biomass and restart this fast accumulation cycle. 
We call this mob stocking, herbivorous, solar conversion, 
lignified carbon sequestration fertilization. 
And if every farm in America practiced that we would sequester all the carbon that's been emitted since the beginning of the industrial age in fewer than 10 years. 
Wow! 
That's how efficacious it is. 
So when you eat your grass finished steak, not only is it good for you, it's good for the whole ecology. 
Is there also a movement in the beef raising industry towards this, because of the increasing demand? 
Yes, and this is probably growing faster than the pastured poultry, the pastured pork. 
Beef is probably growing faster. 
I don't know why, except that probably the beef industry has not been vertically integrated 
like the swine and the poultry industry. 
There are still a lot of independent operators out there. 
Whereas the swine and the poultry industry have been, you know, Tyson's and Smithfield, they've vertically integrated it. 
So there's a lot more ability to be creative and move in the beef industry, and for sure there's a tremendous increase. 
And to increase the awareness, what should consumers look for? 
Should they look for grass finished? 
Or is that term being bastardized too? 
Well, what they should do is go visit the farm and see. 
But many people aren't going to do that. 
Well, they should. 
So that's the first step, visit the farm. 
Yes, visit the farm, see if there's any grain around and ask the farmer, ask around. 
But mainly, visit the farm and see if you see any grain. 
Cause most farmers will say, yeah, they're grass finished but we grain them the last 30 days. 
It's more common than not. 
If you hear those terms, that is the cue to find a new farmer. 
That's exactly right, that is the cue. 
The question is, have they ever gotten any grain in their lives? 
Period. 
If the answer is yes, then find a new one. 
I mean, you know, not that there might not be a, for example, we buy a lot of calves. 
We don't know, some of these calves probably got a little bit of grain maybe when they were weaned from the cow, for a week of two. 
But that's way, way back, 12 months ago. 
That's the least significant stage. 
What we make sure is that all these animals have been "grass only" for at least a year because we do buy some calves from places we're not sure how they're handled. 
A lot of these are getting ready to go to slaughter. 
Yeah, twelve of them will go tomorrow. 
And how old are those that are going? 
They are probably 28 months. 
They don't grow as fast as they would on grain. 
On grain they would grow faster. 
But they don't require any tillage, and this whole thing works on real time solar energy. 
You're seeing it here. 
There's no fertilizer, no tillage, no annuals. 
And you're creating topsoil. 
That's exactly right. 
America needs more topsoil. 
Yes, you're exactly right, 
America needs more topsoil. 
That's for sure. 
Captions by www.blogdisidente.com 
I will go do some work. 
If I'm late... ...give this paper to anyone will bring you to me. 
You will be late? 
No, no. 
Just if I am late. 
Goodbye, Mother. 
What's your name, sweetheart? 
Abdallah. 
Abdallah. 
What a nice name, Abdallah. 
Take this, sweetheart. 
Candy. 
It's okay, take it. 
This is for you, sweetheart. 
Yes, honey. 
It's 5:20 now. 
That's all right. 
I will change clothes and eat and give you a call back. 
Okay. 
I have to hang up so I can park. 
Okay. 
Bye. 
Bye. 
Haja. 
Haja. 
Yes, son? 
I am sorry, Haja. 
I live in this house. 
I saw you sitting here since the morning. 
Do you have any problem? 
No, no. 
I am waiting for my son. 
He is coming to pick me up. 
Don't you need anything? 
Thank you, appreciate it. 
Can I just have some water, please? 
-Sure. 
-I am so thirsty all day. 
Yes, of course. 
Thank you a lot. 
-Are you picky? 
-No, no. 
-Thank God. 
-When is your son coming? 
He asked me to wait for him here till he finish some work. 
He will take me to his house... ...and I will see his son and wife. 
This is my first visit ever to the city. 
-Really? 
-Yes, I swear to God. 
But my son is living here in the city. 
He is married to a lady from a very wealthy family... ...and he has an amazing child. 
Wait, I will show you his picture. 
His name is Hamada. 
See how cute he is? 
How old is he? 
A year and 6 months. 
God wills. 
He is cute like his grandmother. 
This was in the past. 
You know, I have never seen him. 
And he also gave me a hard time... ...till he gave me a picture of him. 
When he come to visit me I asked him... ...why didn't you bring your son and wife? 
He answer travelling makes my wife tired. 
Here I am, a very old lady... ...but people helped me to catch the train and come... ...and my son waited for me in the station. 
But there is nothing we can say. 
It's noday's lady's. 
By the way, what's your name? 
-Abdallah. 
-God bless you. 
You look handsome and have a good taste. 
Thank you. 
Look, I will show you something... ...and tell me your opinion honestly. 
Show me. 
I got it for my daughter-in-law... ...and I am afraid that she don't like it. 
But tell me honestly, don't lie at me. 
So beautiful. 
Seriously. 
Yes, I swear it is beautiful. 
Yes, so her family knows who we are. 
[BOTH LAUGHlNG] 
[PHONE RlNGlNG] 
Incoming Call My Love 
By the way, if you have his number... ...I can call him for you. 
-Really? 
-Yes. 
Anyway, he gave me this paper... ...and asked me to give it to anyone if he is late... ...and who will take this paper will drive me. 
Give it to me. 
It must be his number. 
Maybe he is busy and it is not a good idea to call him 
Just give it to me, will make sure he is fine. 
Or you don't want to see Hamada? 
Okay, but when my son come to take me... ...you must come to his house and have lunch with us. 
Please, whoever finds this woman... ...take her to the nearest elderly house. 
So let's do it, lets make a scatter plot. 
To make it easier, on the X axis, we'll say that the miles are in 10,000's. 
So 60,000 will correspond to say, 6 on this axis and the value of the car we'll say is in 1000's. 
Click where on this graph these points belong. 
Now look I had a fixed formula in all of those. 
If you call the data X₁, X₂ all the way to Xn where n is the number of coin flips, 
I wonder which of the following formula do you think best capture as what we we're doing the sum/Xi, 1/Nsum/Xi, the product of Xi or 1/Nthe product of Xi. 
This is incomprehensible, Sir! 
They say they already recommended Commissioner Seo as the official in charge of the city! 
Isn't that supposed to be your position? 
How can your uncle treat you like that? 
Don't get overexcited. 
I've gained something much greater than that official status. 
What? 
Power is not inherited, but is taken by those who wield it. 
My uncle has taught me that lesson. 
It was a good lesson. 
Oh, I'm sorry to have bored you with such story. 
[Seul Hye] 
Do not worry. 
I have heard nothing. 
You've changed somewhat since I've seen you last. 
You were cold as stone last time, but now you're even smiling. 
Back then, there was a man I had my heart set upon. 
Even though I may seem to be cold, I have my integrity. 
Back then? 
You speak of it as if it were a thing from the past. 
Yes. 
He was someone who I could not be with. 
So, I ended things in a petty way. 
Is that so? 
Then, you could stay by my side tonight, right? 
Forgive me, but I already made a prior engagment. 
A prior engagement? 
Yes. 
A favor was done for me, thus I promised to return the favor by greeting him tonight. 
You wench! 
You're arrogant! 
How dare you put excuses as greetings to disobey him when he's speaking? 
That's fine. 
It's her arrogance that intrigues me. 
Seol Hye! 
Come outside for a minute! 
Forgive me, it seems I am required. 
Alright. 
She's a geisha from the commoners. 
You can just order her, why are you just watching her? 
I don't know why. 
Somehow, I can't seem to give her up. 
Find out what the favor she asked the official, and make sure it gets done. 
I can't have another man have a flower that I can't have. 
What's going on? 
The people you asked to help you, they came looking for you. 
Really? 
Sir! 
Sir! 
She's nowhere to be found! 
She's disappeared! 
Disappearing to where? 
That doesn't make any sense! 
If she fell to here, she couldn't even manage herself properly. 
Now, are you aware of who you are? 
Who are you? 
Don't you remember me? 
We have seen each other in the palace grounds. 
Don't worry. 
You'll be safe. 
I'm Seol Hye... 
I was a colleague of your brother. 
Brother Chun-Soo asked you to take care of me? 
Yes, that's right. 
After these events, he himself came to see me. 
I think it will be difficult for Dong-Joo. 
I'm sorry for delivering such news. 
Forgive me for making such a hard request. 
No. 
I'm so grateful that you've come to me for help. 
If she's his sister, she's like my sister. 
Now, what can I do to help? 
Everything you need is in here. 
If Dong-Yi doesn't make it outside the city, then help that child stay alive. 
Please take good care of her. 
Dong-Yi! 
You see this symbol, right? 
Don't forget this symbol. 
If you leave this symbol, this older brother will come find you. 
You have to come and get me. 
All right! 
Dong-Yi, I promise. 
I'll come and get you 
Brother Chun-Soo! 
I'm super excited for Family Fest, I actually just found out that my mother is coming which is really nice. 
She'll also be bringing my dog and my little brother, hopefully. 
My mom is actually coming up for the first time since she came up first week of orientation. 
My parents have never been to Mac, so it'll be like "here's my new home!" 
It'll be nice to have them here when I kind of know my way around a little bit more and I can sort of tell them about Macalester. 
My grandparents are probably coming out. 
I didn't know they were still mobile, so that should be interesting. 
I'm running the 5k with my mom, and "running" is a loose term. 
I'm betting my dad will attempt the 5k and then just not want to do it about halfway through. 
And then he wants to go to a Wild game so we're going to try to hit that. 
Last year I did the 5k, which was pretty awesome. 
Probably we'll be going to a play in Minneapolis hopefully and cooking dinner for her. 
She's the best. 
I'm also running the 5k with one of my roommates. 
Running, walking the 5k with one of my roommates. 
I'm really looking forward to getting some nice meals in good restaurants. 
I don't run, I stand there and watch people run around. 
I think we're going to explore Minneapolis because I've pretty much stuck to campus so far. 
My mom says she wants to see my apartment. 
We'll see how that goes. 
I definitely have to clean my dorm room before then. 
I just want to see them, I don't know, they're nice people. 
I've missed her a lot. 
We talk on the phone, but of course that's never quite the same as hanging out with your parents in real life. 
It's such a nice togetherness, you know? 
I like it. 
I like watching people walk around with their parents because I think it makes people make more sense. 
I like seeing freshman run to their parents because they haven't seen them in so long. 
That'll be me this year. 

We're told to graph this system of equations and identify the number of solutions that it has. 
And they have the system of equations here. 
So they want us to graph each of these equations and think a 
little bit about the solutions. 
So the first equation here-- I'll rewrite it, so I'll graph it in the same color that I write it. 
This first equation's already in slope-intercept form, y is equal to 3x plus 1. 
We see that the slope, or m, is equal to 3, and we see that the y-intercept here is equal to 1. 
So let me be clear, that is also the slope. 
I just called it m because a lot of times people say y is equal to mx plus b. 
So we can graph it. 
We can look at its y-intercept, the point 0, 1 must be on this graph. 
So that's the point 0, 1 right there. 
This is the y-axis, that is the x-axis. 
And the slope is 3. 
That means if we move 1 in the positive x-direction, we're going to move up 3 in the positive y-direction. 
So we move 1 in the x-direction, we move up 3. 
If we moved 2 in the x-direction, we would move up 6. 
Just like that. 
Because 6 over 2 is still 3. 
Likewise, if we moved down 1, if we went negative 1 in x, we would go negative 3 in y. 
So negative 1, negative 3. 
Because negative 3 divided by negative 1 is still 3. 
If we went negative 2 in x, we would go negative 6-- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in y. 
So these are all points along the line, and I can connect the dots now. 
So let me do that. 
So let me connect the dots as best as I can. 
This should be a line, not a curve. 
My hand isn't 100% steady, but I think you get-- let me do it a little bit better than that. 
I think I can do a better job than that. 
Let me draw-- that's even worse. 
All right. 
Last attempt. 
That's throwing me off. 
So last attempt right here. 
There you go. 
So that's that first line right there. y is equal to 3x plus 1. 
So let me do the second one now. 
So it's written in standard form right now, 2y plus 4 is equal to 6x. 
We want to get this in slope-intercept form, y is equal to mx plus b. 
So a good place to start could be to subtract this 4 from both sides. 
So it goes on the other side. 
So let's subtract 4 from both sides of this equation. 
The left-hand side, we're left with just a 2y, and then the right-hand side becomes 6x minus 4. 
So 2y is equal to 6x minus 4. 
And then to get everything in terms to solve for y, we just have to divide everything by 2. 
So let's divide everything by 2, and we get y is equal to 3x minus 2. 
So that's the second equation in slope-intercept form. 
So same drill here. 
The y-intercept is negative 2. 
So we go-- that's negative 1, negative 2 right there, and its slope is 3. 
And notice its slope is the same as the other line. 
So it's going to have the same inclination. 
If we move 1 in the x-direction, we move up 3 in the y-direction. 
1, up 3. 
Just like that. 
If we go back 1 in x, we go down 3. 
Back 1 in x, we go down 3. 
Just like that. 
So if we connect the dots here, it'll look something like this. 
I'll do my best to draw a straight line. 
So the second graph, 2y plus 4 equals 6, we put it into slope-intercept form and we graphed it. 
Now, the whole point of this question was to identify the number of solutions that it has, the system. 
A solution to a system of equations is an x and y value that satisfy both of these equations. 
Now, if there were such an x and y value that satisfied both of these equations, then that x and y value would have to lie on both of these graphs. 
Because this blue line is all of the pairs of x and y's that satisfy the first equation. 
The red line is all of the pairs of x's and y's that satisfy the second equation. 
So if something's going to satisfy both, it's got to be on both lines. 
When you look here, are there any points that are on both lines? 
Well, no. 
These two lines never intersect. 
A point of intersection is a point that is common to both of these lines. 
No, they don't intersect. 
No intersection. 
So there is not a solution to this system of equations. 
There is no solution. 
We know that because these two lines don't intersect. 
And you didn't even have to graph it. 
The kind of giveaway was that these are two different lines. 
They have different y-intercepts, but their slopes are identical. 
So if you have two different y-intercepts and your slopes are identical, then you have two different lines that will never intersect. 
And if they represent a system, or if they're the graphs of a system of equations, that system has no solution. 
We tried talking to him about the hot topic right now. 
The legal battle for a home made video that Ohanie 
Noa 
Jennifer Lopez's ex husband is intending to publish but please observe Mark's reaction (the reporter says) But right now this is the question of the moment (he makes hand signals to proceed with the other question) 
Next question 
I want to know.. 
Next question at least tell what you think 
Next question says to his agent: did you explain this to her before? 
But can you... 
Gracias (thank you) 
Walks out 
ANTHONY: 
I was President of one of the fraternities at Cal State Northridge. 
I used to get calls from Dean Peckham on Saturday and Sunday morning at 8:30, because one or more of the fraternities had had some kind of indiscretion, and I was being called on the carpet to explain our misbehavior. 
Of course, I never told my parents that the Dean was calling me for that. 
They were under the impression that I was a very important person to the management of the college, because a dean would call me almost every weekend and ask me to come down to college to help him. 
So, it worked for me. 
I hope I helped the dean get the things done that he wanted to do. 
It seems he went from there to a tremendous amount of success with the university. 
(Music Plays) 
NARRATOR: 
Few individuals affiliated with Cal State Northridge are as beloved as Dr. Edmund Peckham. 
The son of two teachers, Ed learned the value of education and mentoring at an early age. 
With a bachelor's from Brown and a master's and Ph.D from Harvard, 
Ed began his service to San Fernando Valley State College in 1967 as Dean of Student Activities and Housing. 
Ed was faced with the difficult task of initiating from the ground up a comprehensive program to improve student life on campus. 
ANTHONY: 
I think Ed's ability to get along with almost everybody was probably his main tremendous strength. 
He was able to deal with people in almost any venue and come out looking like everybody's friend. 
NARRATOR: 
By 1969, he was named Dean of Students and in 1985 he was named Vice President of Student Affairs. 
Ed was an active administrator, attending Associated Student government meetings, emceeing campus events, and advising many, many student clubs and organizations. 
WlLLlAM: 
When we think about campus spirit, we think of Ed Peckham. 
He was a colorful person. 
He drove a yellow convertible vehicle. 
I think it was a Pontiac. 
And he'd ride this thing in the Homecoming parades. 
He just had a lot of color about him and about his involvement with students. 
He was, I think, a great friend to students across the campus. 
NARRATOR: 
Although Ed retired in 1991, he and his wife Dory remained close to the university. 
He and Dory are longtime season ticket holders for Matador Athletics, and are loyal supporters of the library and the arts. 
Ed was named Honorary Lifetime Director of the Alumni Association and was instrumental in helping the association create and enhance its support for current students through its legacy and first generation scholarship programs. 
In 2000 Ed was presented with the university's inaugural Emeriti Merit Award, which the Alumni Association renamed in 2008 as the Dean Edmund Peckham Award, to honor Ed's impact on five decades of student life at Cal State Northridge. 
ANTHONY: 
I think I go back 43 years with Ed. 
That's a long time. 
I don't think I'm gonna go through with anybody else for 43 more years of my life. 
(Music Plays) 

Let's see if we can take the derivative with respect to x of 2 to the x power. 
And you might say, hold on a second. 
We know how to take the derivative of e to the x. 
But what about a base like 2? 
We don't know what to do with 2. 
And the key here is to rewrite 2 to the x so that we essentially have it as e to some power. 
And the key there is to rewrite 2. 
So how can we rewrite 2 so it is e to some power? 
Well, let's think about what e to the natural log of 2 power is. 
The natural log of 2 is the power that I would have to raise e to to get to 2. 
So if we actually raise e to that power, we are going to get to 2. 
So what we could do, instead of writing 2 to the x, we could rewrite this as e. 
We could rewrite 2 as e to the natural log of 2, and then raise that to the x power. 
So this is the x power in yellow. 
And so let's do that right over here. 
So instead of taking the derivative with respect to x of 2 to the x, let's say, let's just take the derivative with respect to x of the exact same expression rewritten, of e to the natural log of 2 raised to the x power. 
Let me put this x in that same color, dx. 
Now we know from our exponent properties if we raise something to some power, and then raise that to another power, we can take the product of the two powers. 
Let me rewrite this just to remember. 
If I have a to b, and then I raise that to the c power, this is the exact same thing as a to the b times c power. 
So we can utilize that exponent property right here to rewrite this as being equal to the derivative with respect to x of e to the natural log of 2 times x. 
And what's neat about this is now we've got this into a form of e to the something. 
So we can essentially use the chain rule to evaluate this. 
So this derivative is going to be equal to the derivative of e to the something with respect to that something. 
Well, the derivative e to the something with respect to that something is just e to that something. 
So it's going to be equal to e to the natural log of 2 times x. 
So let me make it clear what I just did here. 
This right over here is the derivative of e to the natural log of 2 times x with respect to the natural log of 2-- 
let me make it a little bit clearer-- with respect to the natural log of 2 times x. 
So we took the derivative of e to the something with respect to that something-- that's this right here, it's just e to that something. 
And then we're going to multiply that by, this is just an application of the chain rule, of the derivative of that something with respect to x. 
So the derivative of natural log of 2 times x with respect to x is just going to be natural log of 2. 
This is just going to be natural log of 2. 
The derivative of a times x is just going to be equal to a. 
This is just the coefficient on the x. 
And just to be clear, this is the derivative of natural log of 2 times x with respect to x. 
So we're essentially done. 
But we can simplify this even further. 
This thing right over here can be rewritten. 
And let me draw a line here just to make it clear that this equals sign is a continuation from what we did up there. 
But this e to the natural log of 2x, we can rewrite that, using this exact same exponent property, as e to the natural log of 2, and then all of that raised to the x power. 
And of course, we're multiplying it times the natural log of 2, so times the natural log of 2. 
Well, what is e to the natural log of 2? 
Well, we already figured that out. 
That is exactly equal to 2. 
This right over here is equal to 2. 
And so now we can simplify. 
This whole thing, the derivative of 2 to the x, is equal to-- and I'll switch the order a little bit-- it is the natural log of 2, that's this part right over here, times 2 to the x. 
Or we could write it as 2 to the x times the natural log of 2. 
Today's lecture, we will be talking about the treatment of depression. 
The goals and objectives of today's lecture are: to describe the target symptoms commonly associated with depression, incorporate concepts from pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacology, and therapeutics to select a treatment regimen for an individual patient with depression, to identify phases of treatment, desired therapeutic goals, and factors that determine the duration of therapy when managing patients with depression, to describe clinically significant drug interactions and adverse events with antidepressants and how to prevent or solve some of these issues, to develop a care plan for a depressed patient with selection and monitoring of appropriate antidepressants and community and hospital settings, and then to classify antidepressants based on their individual mechanism of action. 
Before we get started in some of the discussion of the actual antidepressants, 
I want to discuss some of the basic principles of psychopharmacotherapy, that need to be thought about when we're looking at all of these treatment options. 
Essentially, first, we need to make sure that the diagnosis is correct. 
So we need to have a good assessment, and this is fundamental in the treatment selection. 
Oftentimes, medications alone are not sufficient for complete recovery. 
So, patients may need to be referred to some sort of counseling or non-medication based therapy plan. 
The phase of illness is important in terms of the specific intervention and duration of treatment. 
So, again, this may not apply as much in depression treatment, but in various mental illnesses, we really need to look at how the patient is presenting at that moment and how we select the medication. 
The risk/benefit ratio must always be considered with treatment planning, so we need to make sure that we know the positives and negatives of the selection. 
We need a prior personal or family history of good or poor response to a specific agent. 
And this usually can help us dictate a first choice. 
So this will be some of the things that you need to make sure you get in terms of the information of each individual patient. 
Each individual patient will present with different target symptoms, and how their illness is presenting. 
Not every patient will present the same. 
So you need to get a good baseline assessment for depression, for example, of how they're functioning: 
How is their sleep? 
How is their appetite? 
How is their interest from baseline? 
So you can use those individual markers as treatment response. 
And then we always need to be aware of adverse events occurring. 
So we need to observe the patient for the development of adverse events during the course of their treatment. 
When looking at the treatment of depression, we're going to be talking about a lot of symptoms. 
And we're going to be talking about some chemical imbalances. 
And some of the primary chemical imbalances we see are with serotonin, commonly referred to as 5HT, and norepinephrine, commonly referred to as NE. 
And you can kindof see some of the symptoms we're going to be talking about, and how they relate to the different deficiencies. 
So with serotonin, we tend to see the depressed mood, some of the anxious symptoms, maybe some of the panic, the fears; we also see some related obsessions and compulsions and some of the appetite issues with serotonin. 
Interestingly enough, bulimia and eating disorders are often related to a serotonin deficiency also. 
On the norepinephrine side is where we see a lot of the cognitive function, the difficulty with concentration, attention, and memory. 
We also see the depressed mood on the norepinephrine side, but the last difference is that we also see the physical fatigue and psychomotor retardation, so that physical slowness and lack of energy. 
So it's just an interesting way to look at how the medication selections, and how they're affecting the different neurotransmitters may actually affect some of the symptom sets when you're assessing the patient. 
When we look at an episode of depression, we're not only looking at a time course of something happening immediately. 
So you can look at the bottom of the slide that you see. 
The time course to depression is over six to twelve months. 
So this is not something that someone wakes up in the morning and feels suddenly depressed the next day. 
It usually takes them a period of time to slip from that normal mood phase down to that depressed phase. 
And then, on the same side, you can see that it doesn't immediately turn into recovery or remission, so we do have a time lag that we need to address. 
Often times, in the patient's first episode of depression, you will not see them seek treatment until they're at the very bottom of this illustration. 
Versus someone who has suffered from multiple episodes of depression, they may know kind of the slippery slope that's ahead of them, and they may start to seek treatment halfway down the slide, the slope, versus all the way down to the very bottom of the barrel for their symptom set. 
So now let's get into the actual diagnoses that are required by the DSM-IV. 
The DSM-IV is the book within psychiatry that classifies all the mental illnesses. 
So, for depression, we're requiring at least five or more symptoms, present for two weeks, most of the day, nearly every day. 
So, of these symptoms, we have depressed mood, and loss of interest or pleasure. 
Keep in mind those first two symptoms are asterisked and bolded. 
That's because one of the five symptoms must be either depressed mood, or loss of interest or pleasure. 
Then some of the others are: appetite or weight change, sleep disturbance, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, decreased concentration or indecisiveness, and suicidal ideation. 
Continuing with the diagnosis, we need to add that these symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. 
Symptoms are not due to a medical condition or drug use. 
And symptoms are not due to bereavement. 
So again, this is not an immediate reaction, due to some sort of loss. 
Patients - everyone is still going to go through the normal grief process. 
And then symptoms are not due to another mental illness. 
So we have to make sure, again, we have the correct diagnoses. 
The DSM also categorizes some different types of depression. 
For the most part, what we're going to be focusing on is Major Depression in the typical sense. 
Atypical Major Depression - patients tend to have a little bit different subset of primary symptoms, meaning they tend to have more sedation, sleep more often, and actually have an increase in appetite. 
And then psychotic depression patients can also become psychotic when they are depressed. 
And so those are some other categories that are out there that I wanted you to be aware of. 
Dysthimia is kind of a situation where it's not a full-blown depression, it's just their general their mood that they're at is a lower level mood. 
But it doesn't necessarily meet criteria for full Major Depression. 
There can be organic causes, so it can be traumatic injury to the head or brain. 
Could be substance induced or medication induced. 
We know alcohol is a depressant, we know certain beta-blockers for blood pressure control can cause depression. 
So there's different types that we need to be aware of. 
But for the majority of this discussion, we're going to be focusing on the typical Major Depression. 
The reason we spend so much time emphasizing the importance of depression is: the prevalence numbers continue to rise. 
You can see, back in 2003, we had a lifetime prevalence at 17% of the population, most commonly in the late 20s, and most people lasting at least four months or so of duration. 
We also see a significant productivity issue in work time. 
So you see almost six hours a week for depressed patients, vs. one and a half hours a week for non-depressed patients. 
Everyone's going to have some lost productivity, so it's not necessarily a function of depression. 
But this can account for a lot of dollars for an employer, and for people suffering from this illness. 
So, as time goes on, and as the new numbers come out, they project that most likely these numbers will just continue to rise, with the prevalence, as more and more patients are becoming aware of depression and being treated. 
Who's at risk for depression? 
Our patients with a family history, especially if it's a first degree relative with depression. 
Those patients are one and a half to three times more likely to develop depression. 
Females have a higher incidence; previous depressive episode - once a patient has had one incidence of depression, their risk goes up exponentially for a second, third, or fourth episode. 
Any chronic medical illnesses adding stress to them, substance use, stressful life events. 
Often - you know, we're not saying this is part of the bereavement period, but if people are in a stressful period of their life, they may begin that triggering process of depression. 
We know that the post partum period is a risk for depression, and then patients who really don't have a lot of social support are at an increased risk for depression. 
When looking at the pathophysiology of depression, we often refer to this as a chemical imbalance. 
And so, the imbalance we're really talking about is two-fold: there's a fundamental decrease in the levels of the neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine, which we talked about, and then also dopamine, which is referred to as DA. 
And then we also see a dysregulation of the receptors that these neurotransmitters act at. 
So, things just are not in sync in the brain, causing the problem. 
So the following sequence of slides are going to kind of illustrate this imbalance that we're talking about. 
So you can see in the depressed state, we have low amounts - this is just using the example of serotonin, but you could use any of the neurotransmitters - but you see, we have low amounts of serotonin in the synapse, on the right hand side. 
We have upregulated receptors, so the target where these are going to, there are lots of targets, so think of this as a dart board, there are lots of bulls eyes for these receptors to go to. 
And we see a low amount of signal across the neurons, meaning we're not seeing a lot of emphasis in the brain to release any more neurotransmitter. 
So what we can do is insert a medication, and we can insert an antidepressant here, and this is using the example, which we'll talk about, of a reuptake inhibitor. 
So this is blocking the reuptake of serotonin. 
So it can't go anywhere, other than where it needs to go. 
So you're seeing more and more serotonin being created and making it available to go to the receptors. 
This increase in serotonin causes the autoreceptors on the left-hand side to kind of desensitize and down regulate, so to get them back in balance. 
And again, this process takes time, but this is one area that the medication is helping balance this receptor disregulation out. 
Once those auto-receptors are kind of back in balance, the whole brain neuron actually starts to release more neurotransmitters, of the serotonin, so we actually see more serotonin in that synapse, causing more availability to all of those receptors. 
So we're seeing more potential action of the neurotransmitter in the brain. 
And then, ultimately, once the serotonin is created, and we're maintaining it throughout the neuron, that receptor site where we had all those bullseyes, and think of that dartboard again, we had all those targets, really starts to down regulate, because we don't need all those receptors, really, the brain did that to compensate for them just not having enough neurotransmitter around. 
In this process, we get this down regulation, and this is where the side effects actually begin to resolve, of the medication. 
When we're looking at our patient assessment, we're primarily looking at some target symptoms. 
Essentially, you want to follow these symptom sets, and find out where the patient is at. 
It's actually an acronym that's commonly used: it's DSlGECAPS, and we'll kind of talk about it. 
You see a depressed mood, so again, assess their mood. 
Sleep: oftentimes patients with depression have difficulty falling asleep and maintaining sleep, so their sleep is often poor. 
Their interest in activities, guilt, their energy level: so how much energy they have to complete tasks. 
Their concentration: their ability to concentrate and follow through with things - again, somewhat feeding back into some of those productivity issues. 
The appetite: oftentimes patients who are depressed don't necessarily eat more - they actually eat less. 
So there's weight loss associated with depression and loss of appetite. 
That's physical slowness, or the psychomotor retardation, so kind of assessing them visually, as you're seeing the patients and looking at them, and saying, "Okay, do they have kind of a spring in their step or not? 
And is it coming back?" 
And then, ultimately also any suicide risk. 
We need to get some lab assessments when treating depression. 
We need to get a CBC, we need to make sure the patient's not anemic, or some other issue going on medically. 
Thyroid: patients with hypothyroidism, one of the biggest symptoms is depression. 
So, if this is just hypothyroidism, we can correct the thyroid, and avoid anti-depressant treatment. 
So that's something we'd best rule out from the initiation. 
And the urine drug screen, again: substances of abuse, both during the intoxication phase and the withdrawal phase can cause symptoms of depression. 
So, looking at our treatment options, we've got lots of options out there. 
So, this is why it's becoming more prevalent, and more and more patients are being treated for depression, is because our treatment options have really grown. 
We're going to talk about some of the historical ones, but then we're going to spend most of our time talking about the agents that we do use, with utility, most often. 
So, when we introduce the antidepressant, you can see that it takes some time for the clinical effect to come across. 
So, what's happening is, we need time for the neurotransmitter to increase, we need time for the receptor sensitivity to down regulate, or the number of receptors to go down, and when those two things occur is when you see that bottom line of that affect, or the "sad face" going to the "happy face". 
So, we need to be patient with our medications, and allow for this process to occur. 
So, one of our treatment options that we can use, or some of the older drugs, are tricyclic antidepressants, or TCAs. 
And this class is primarily serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. 
So they're actually going to prevent the brain from sucking back up serotonin and norepinephrine so it can't be used. 
The amount of serotonin and norepinephrine really depends on the particular compound that is out there. 
We don't use a lot of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression anymore, and we'll talk about that: it's primarily due to the side effects. 
You will see these agents being used outside the scope of depression, for treatment of headache and pain, and things like that. 
So they are still used, but not necessarily in the treatment of depression, and they're used at much lower doses. 
The side effects of tricyclic antidepressants are significant. 
And that, again, like I said, is the limiting factor of the drugs. 
There are cardiovascular side effects. 
They're very anticholinerigic drugs; they're very sedating; we see a lot of weight gain. 
The cardiovascular side effects are important, because these drugs are actually fatal in overdose. 
So, again, when we were using these as our sole option for the treatment of depression, we had to be very cautious with the quantity of pills we were giving patients, because of the toxicity of overdose. 
They're not any - it's not that they're any worse of a drug than the newer agents, or the newer agents are any better, it's just that the newer agents are better tolerated than the tricyclic antidepressants, but these are very effective drugs. 
Another option that we have for the treatment of depression, and again, these aren't your standard options for the treatment of depression, is the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 
Again, these are very effective agents, often not used as first line, very often used in the refractory set of patient. 
Phenelzine is the primary agent we use, and these basically work by irreversible inhibition, that's the key component: irreversible, of monoamine oxidase a and b, resulting in increased levels of the neurotransmitters. 
So basically, monoamine oxidase is an enzyme in the brain that destroys serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. 
So we inhibit this enzyme, so it can no longer destroy the neurotransmitters that we need increased. 
So, the reason we don't use these agents anymore as a first line, is because of some of the risks. 
In combination with other agents, we're at risk for a hypertensive crisis. 
So we need to be very careful with some of the drug interactions that are there. 
There's also some food-drug interactions that occur with Tyramine, because Tyramine is a precursor to these neurotransmitters. 
So, there are some limitations for the patients there. 
The drug interactions are very important. 
Stimulants, CNS, antihypertensives, and antidepressants - other antidepressants. 
So we have these rules that we have to follow, that if you're going to start another antidepressant after stopping a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, you need to wait fourteen days. 
And the reason you need to wait fourteen days is so that the brain can make more monoamine oxidase, that enzyme. 
It's irreversible inhibition, but the brain can regenerate this enzyme. 
But it just takes two weeks for this to occur. 
And then you need to wait five half-lives of the previous antidepressant that the patient was on, they need to be off of the medication completely for five half-lives before starting the monoamine oxidase inhibitor. 
So, you can see, with a lot of these restrictions and issues, these drugs are not first line, they're often only handled by psychiatry, but it's important to be aware of them. 
I talked about some of the food-drug interactions in those tyramine containing foods, so this is just there for completeness, but if you can look at some of the absolute contraindications that patients have to follow, it can be some social and issues of quality of life, in terms of what they can and cannot have. 
So, of note, you know, tap beer is an absolute contraindication, some cheeses ... you can look down, and moderate, to be careful with is red and white wine, and then just bottled or canned beer. 
And then these were, the unnecessary, are things that they used to restrict patients on years ago, but then with further study they no longer restrict. 
So twenty years ago they were restricting all of these agents, but now we're a little more aware of the actual tyramine content. 
So, the newest MAO inhibitor is something called "Emsam". 
And it's Selegeline as a once-daily monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and it's a topical patch. 
So, this is once a day. 
It doesn't provide any sort of benefit in terms of compliance, where patches can sometimes with once a week. 
But it's once a day they have to change their patch. 
The dietary restrictions for the MAO inhibitor actually only apply to the nine milligram and higher doses. 
So, the lower end we don't need to necessarily restrict. 
It can be a little confusing for patients, so you have to be pretty clear on it. 
And you still have to follow the wash-out rules that we just talked about. 
It's not any simpler in terms of getting the patient on or off the medication. 
But this is a new drug that just became available in the last couple of years. 
So now we're going to talk about the SSRls, which are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. 
And these consist of Citalopram, Escitalopram, 
Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine,Paroxetine, and Sertraline. 
And we're going to talk about some of the differences between each of the agents. 
This is a class of drugs, but they are all unique, and just because someone tries one and has a positive or negative experience, doesn't mean they will have the same experience on another agent. 
So, oftentimes we think of the SSRI as just being this simple, easy drug to work with, and it just increases the amounts of serotonin - it doesn't have any affects on other receptor sites. 
But, as you'll see in the next slide, this isn't as clean-cut as we envision it to be in this slide. 
So you can see we've got the serotonin reuptake inhibitor, but we've got all this other noise going on that makes each combination of the antidepressant, how they use these other receptors, give each drug its unique profile. 
The first SSRI that we're going to talk about is Fluoxetine. 
This is Prozac, Prozac weekly, 
Serafem also, and Fluoxetine generic. 
Fluoxetine has multiple indications. 
It's indicated for Major Depression, which we're focusing on. 
It's also indicated for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 
Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder, which is where the Serafem actually comes into play, 
Bulimia, Panic Disorder, and Bipolar Depression - when it's combined with a different antipsychotic. 
The average dose of someone taking fluoxetine is twenty to eighty milligrams a day. 
It only needs to be dosed once a day. 
The weekly preparation: basically the rule is ninety milligrams is equal to twenty milligrams a day. 
So ninety milligrams a week is equal to twenty milligrams a day. 
Some of the unique aspects of fluoxetine: it has a very long half-life, because it has an active metabolite. 
So the half-life is up to even three, four days. 
So, it's a positive for patients who forget to take their medication from time to time, because we're not going to see any symptoms of withdrawal, the blood levels are going to stay pretty clean, we're not going to have any issues with that. 
We do see some levels that can see some synergistic effects. 
Now, all these drugs 
- we talk about SSRls increasing just serotonin - you get indirect effects on other neurotransmitters. 
And we can see some increase: you can see in the top that there's some norepinephrine activity, some of the serotonin 2C activity that we highlight could increase some norepinephrine and dopamine. 
So if you think about some of those initial symptom comparisons we talked about, 
Fluoxetine is a little more activating, may help a little more with concentration, may be helpful in some of the sedated and fatigued patients. 
With its long half-life and active metabolite, though, it might not be great for the elderly. 
There are a lot of drug interactions, though, with Fluoxetine, both with the Fluoxetine and the active metabolite. 
So you have to be careful with using the drug, in terms of drug interaction monitoring. 
The next agent we'll talk about is Paroxetine, and there are multiple formulations, again: 
Paxil, Paxil CR, and Paroxetine. 
Paxil versus Paxil CR: the only difference is that the CR is better upon initiation. 
Paxil's a little difficult to start. 
It's very hard to get on and off of this drug. 
So, the CR has a little bit different absorption, and so it absorbs lower in the stomach, rather than in the stomach, more in the intestine, so you don't get as much nausea with the drug. 
And so you do some slight dosage adjustments, but there's no benefit of Paxil CR over Paxil or Paroxetine after the first two weeks of treatment. 
So, again, we don't really see anything in terms of the use of this agent. 
The dose of Paroxetine is anywhere from ten to eighty milligrams. 
Again, multiple indications: 
Major Depression, 
Obsessive-Compulsive, Panic, Social Anxiety Disorder, 
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, 
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Pre-Menstrual Dysphoric Disorder. 
As we talk about some of the other anti-depressants, you may not see as long of lists of indications, which is fine, it doesn't make any one drug more superior to another when they have more indications. 
It's just what that particular manufacturer decided to study and gain FDA approval for. 
But it doesn't make a drug better or worse than another. 
That doesn't make a drug that's not indicated for something that we can't use it for something, potentially. 
Some of the unique aspects of Paroxetine is it does have a very short half-life, so we have to be careful with withdrawal. 
Withdrawal can occur by missing one dose of this medicine. 
And the withdrawal is something like a flu-like symptom, flu-like phenomenon, so people get very nauseous, sweaty, they may feel a little off-balance, they may have some reality distortion, often, too. 
So you have to be careful with this one, with someone with compliance issues and forgetting to take their medicine. 
This is probably the more sedating, calming agent, so it's better with patients who have insomnia, they might see a little actual fatigue. 
We do see some anticholinergic side effects, though with Paroxetine: the dry mouth, sedation, constipation. 
And we can see waking, clinically, with Paroxetine also. 
Across the board, most of the antidepressants are weight-neutral. 
We'll talk about one later on that is, does have weight gain. 
But Paroxetine, of the SSRls, is probably your highest risk adding maybe about five pounds, to ten pounds. 
Sertraline, or Zoloft, is used at a dose anywhere from 50-200mg. 
Again, various indications. 
Some of the unique aspects of this are it can be a little more activating; we have some actual slight dopamine activity, so that can give a little bit of activation. 
Dopamine often functions very similarly to norepinephrine. 
It can be helpful in an actual atypical depression, which we're not really focusing on during this talk, but those patients, that subset, that sleep more and eat more. 
We do see quite a bit of diarrhea and sweating with this clinically, so you have to be careful with initiation too, with patients. 
And then, again, you have to taper this medication. 
Pretty much every antidepressant, except for Prozac or Fluoxetine, you have to taper. 
Fluoxetine, with that long half-life, tapers itself. 
Citalopram, or Celexa, is actually, when looking at the pictures, probably the clean SSRI that we think of. 
All it really touches is Serotonin. 
There's a little, little bit of antihistamine activity, so sedation is about 50/50 with this drug. 
So half the patients say if they take it in the morning they're tired in the afternoon. 
Half of them, it doesn't make any difference. 
If they're taking the medicine in the morning, and really tired in the afternoon, they can switch it, potentially, to bedtime to help with that. 
There's really no drug interactions. 
There's an advantage in the elderly with this, because it's a very clean, useful drug. 
It does have two sides to it: it's broken down. 
And so it has an inactive side in terms of when the liver metabolizes it. 
And that becomes important because it leads into the next drug we're going to talk about. 
So, we're going to kind of transition into Citalopram to Escitalopram. 
And you see, Citalopram on the top has R and S enantiomers. 
And the liver metabolizes this drug into two components: an "R" enantiomer - which basically, think about this, is the liver makes active and inactive drug. 
And the active drug is something called Escitalopram or Lexapro. 
And so these two are really what we often refer to as cousins. 
They're very similar medications. 
So, when looking at Escitalopram versus Citalopram, again, you see a little bit different dosage with the Lexapro in that we can kind of get a little bit lower dosage because, you see, it's about 100 times more potent than Citalopram. 
Meaning that it's not necessarily more effective; it's just occupying all receptors with active drugs, versus some receptors with inactive drug. 
Some of the studies suggest that 10mg of Lexapro is about equivalent to 20-40mg of Citalopram. 
This can be an insurance issue, though. 
A lot of patients, this drug is just not covered because there's really no great superiority over Celexa. 
The last SSRI we're going to talk about, for completeness' sake, is Fluvoxamine. 
This is actually not indicated for the treatment of depression. 
It is indicated for the treatment of OCD - 
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. 
So you don't see a lot of use of this, and really the main reason you don't see a lot of use is there are some potent drug interactions and some significant interactions that we need to be aware of. 
So it's a little complicated of a drug to use, and with the other agents being just as effective as a treatment option, we just can get away with not using it as a first line agent. 
Okay, we're going to transition into kind of talking about some of the side effects of these medications. 
And where these side effects are most prominent is in the first two weeks of treatment. 
And really, this is kind of to give you a picture as to why, as when we created all that neurotransmitter, remember those receptor sites were still in that upregulated state, meaning there is a lot of them. 
So there's a lot of targets for all that serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine to go to, and some of those targets relate to side effects. 
And it takes about two weeks for that brain to downregulate back down to only having a few of those target sites. 
So what are some of these side effect that we see initially? 
We see nausea, diarrhea - majority, there's a lot of serotonin receptors in stomach and the gut, so that's where a lot of these GI symptoms come into play. 
We can see sedation or insomnia, so again, it really depends on the agent; it really depends on the patient also. 
So, it can go either way. 
We do see an initial increase in anxiety, in the drug, so - which is ironic, because a lot of these drugs are used to treat anxiety, so 
Patients are just a little more restless in the beginning, and we need to be aware of that in the first couple weeks. 
And we can see a headache in the first couple weeks. 
Kind of transitioning over to the chronic side effects, that don't go away, necessarily, and are related, that you have to kind of think about beyond the first two weeks, and you can't really talk the patient, necessarily, out of just sticking with it, is, first of all, that headache could continue. 
So I always tell patients, 
"You could have a headache in the first two weeks." 
"If it sticks around three to four weeks later, 
let your doctor know." 
Sexual dysfunction, which we'll talk about. 
You'll see increase in sweating. 
People, especially at night, often sweat and wake up with sweat on their sheets and things like that. 
And then, we see an interruption in the sleep cycle. 
So, patients sometimes don't get that, don't spend as much time in that deep-sleep phase of rest. 
So I'm going to talk a little bit about the sexual dysfunction side effects, because I think they're really important to highlight. 
Oftentimes patients are uncomfortable talking about this. 
Providers are uncomfortable talking about it, but it's really something we need to address. 
Sexual dysfunction in just depressed patients alone is anywhere from 50-90%, just in that depressed phase. 
Patients who are depressed often present with a decreased desire for sexual activity. 
And the decreased interest is equal among men and women. 
So, upon initiation of the medication, it may not be an issue for the patient, as they already have a decreased interest, but it may become an issue once the medication starts to work and the depression resolves. 
The antidepressant-induced sexual side effects are anywhere from 10-75% of patients, depending on the particular agent you're looking at, and really those numbers vary because it depends on the age of the agent, how long it's been around, and which questions were asked of patients. 
The newer agents that have been approved were much more fastidious about making sure we ask all the right questions and monitoring the sexual side effects. 
And these sexual side effects that can occur are: delayed ejaculation, absent or delayed orgasm, and decreased sexual desire. 
The reduction in sexual desire is mediated by dopamine. 
So that's actually a little bit easier to handle because we can augment dopamine with other medications. 
Delayed ejaculation or absent or delayed orgasm is mediated by the stimulation of the serotonin receptors, so, primarily the 2C and 2A subtypes. 
So we can look at some of the medications that don't cause the sexual side effects, but they're really looking down, making sure serotonin can't touch these two receptors, so we don't get this side effect. 
But you have to break it into the two categories. 
So there are actually three antidepressants that don't cause sexual side effects, and none of them we've actually talked about yet. 
We'll be talking about them, and they are: 
Buproprion, Mirtazapine, and Nefazodone. 
Of these these three, there's actually only two with utility, because the Nefazodone has some liver issues that limit the use of the medication. 
SSRls really have a lot of utility because one of the main issues compared to some of the older drugs is their safety profile. 
In overdose, these drugs are very safe. 
The main issue that we have to worry about in terms of toxicity, is the risk of Serotonin Syndrome. 
So anytime you have a drug that increases serotonin, and you add another drug that increases serotonin to it, or you have a change in serotonergic tone, meaning an increase in that serotonergic level, you run the risk for Serotonin Syndrome. 
It's a very low risk, but, again, any time there is a potential change in serotonin levels, you run this risk. 
And this is a medical situation that you need to monitor and treat with supportive care. 
So we're going to move on beyond the SSRls right now, and we're going to start talking about some other agents that we have. 
We have SNRls, which are selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, 
NDRls: norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors, 
S2 Antagonists, and alpha 2 Antagonists. 
And these are going to be the other category of antidepressants that are commonly used. 
All of these agents fall into what we consider a dual mechanism of action. 
This poses the question: 
Is two mechanisms, so, increasing two neurotransmitters, better than just increasing one? 
And so you get multiple mechanisms. 
You can get some side effects, versus a single mechanism. 
But with attacking two chemicals, so, being a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, we can sometimes see benefit and therapeutic outcomes. 
So you have to balance this spectrum. 
So, the first group we're going to talk about is the SNRls, which is the selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. 
So this is a reuptake pump inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine. 
So we're not only going to prevent serotonin from being sucked back up by the brain, and not be able to be used, but we're going to increase norepinephrine in the same manner. 
The first SNRI is Venlafaxine, and this is 
Effexor and Effexor XR. 
This is dosed twice a day, anywhere from 75-300mg total. 
Your mechanism of action is as a SNRl. 
We have a couple different indications. 
How this drug needs to be managed is, we need to go slow in terms of initiation. 
We need a slow titration because of the side effect profile. 
Again, this medication is a very effective medication to be used, but it needs to be titrated slowly, because there are a lot of side effects. 
So it's very difficult to get patients on and off of this medication. 
The nausea and diarrhea is very severe. 
This situation, you actually want to use the extended release preparation, because there are 
less side effects associated with the extended release. 
Similar side effects to the SSRls: headaches, sexual side effects, the increase in anxiety, and insomnia. 
We do see an increase in blood pressure, especially as we get to the higher doses of the medicine, and it's usually isolated systolic increase. 
So you have to use this with caution in certain patient populations, potentially. 
And again, use that long-acting formulation to avoid side effects. 
Interestingly enough, with this medication, you need to be at the higher end of the dosing spectrum to get that double-action effect. 
At the lower end, in initiation of the medication, up until about 150mg, you're really only getting action as an SSRl, so as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. 
You're not hitting both neurotransmitters until the higher level dosing. 
Again, I mentioned this medication needs to be titrated slowly: there's a significant withdrawal, again, with the medicine, so, like I said, it's very hard to get on and off of, but it's a very effective medication in treatment. 
The next SNRI is one of our newest antidepressants: 
Duloxetine, or Cymbalta. 
Anywhere from 20-60mg a day, and, again, an SNRl. 
The main difference with this is that patients get the dual action right away. 
Versus Venlafaxine, it took to get to the higher dosing spectrum. 
This we get right away. 
Nausea, insomnia, and headache are the most reported side effects. 
We are seeing clinical reports of weight gain in patients, so that could be an issue. 
There is a potential for some urinary retention, so keep that in mind with patients. 
There are some drug interactions to be aware of, but not necessarily limiting treatment options, as talked about with some of the other agents. 
The next dual-action agent is an NDRl, or norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. 
And this is unique because it's not touching anything related to serotonin. 
So this is a different shift from what we've talked about. 
We're increasing dopamine and norepinephrine. 
You have to remind yourself, too, that all of these increases, when you touch one neurotransmitter directly, you will indirectly increase all of them. 
So this is a direct increase of dopamine and norepinephrine. 
Not to say that eventually the patient may get some serotonin effect also. 
So the one agent is Buproprion. 
We have a lot of formulations of this drug: 
Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL. 
We have also an agent called Zyban, which is Buproprion, and it's indicated for nicotine addiction, so that's a smoking cessation agent. 
So you have to be careful if you have a patient already taking this drug for smoking cessation, then we don't want to add it on for depression. 
Your dosing is anywhere from 75-450mg a day. 
And it's going to be in divided doses, depending on the agent you use. 
And we'll kind of show you that on the next slide. 
This drug is very activating. 
So, if you're on a formulation that needs to be taken three times a day, don't have the patient taking it past dinner time. 
If you have a patient taking this at bedtime, most likely next month they'll need some sort of sleeping agent because they're going to have trouble falling asleep. 
They're going to have restlessness, insomnia - often people just feel like they're crawling out of their skin. 
There is absolutely no sexual side effect with this medication because there's no serotonin activity. 
This agent can also be used for patients who have a decrease in sex drive while taking a [inaudible] other antidepressant that affects serotonin. 
So you can add this in. 
There are a few contraindications. 
Anyone... per the packaging, and that's with a seizure disorder and eating disorder. 
A little history on that: 
The reason that this was contraindicated in seizure patients and in eating disorder patients is because it was studied in very high doses in bulimic patients, and that small subset of patients had an increased risk of head seizures, so, it's kindof followed the drug along throughout its history. 
And again, we talked about patients on Zyban for smoking cessation already. 
It's the same medication. 
So, the different agents we have are immediate release, sustained release, and extra-long acting, I guess you could call it. 
And you can see, in blue we have the three peaks, where the immediate release is up to three times a day. 
The sustained release goes up to twice a day. 
So you can see that same coverage of spectrum, and the XL is once a day. 
You're going to get ultimately equivalent doses, and equivalent action throughout the day, with whatever agent you use. 
But the XL, actually, is I think a nice drug option in this population, if it's actually covered on the insurance. 
They're almost all generic now, so it is becoming not an issue. 
But the Buproprion XL is just a nice, clean agent that we can utilize so we don't have issues with 
late evening activation or anything like that. 
Mirtazapine is probably one of the most confusing agents we have. 
It's an Alpha-2 antagonist. 
And we're going to try to walk through how the medication works. 
This is not a reuptake inhibitor. 
So it's a completely different shift of how we're doing antidepressants. 
It's that we're actually going to try to stimulate the manufacturing, so to speak, of the neurotransmitters. 
So, you can see that we have action on the alpha 2 antagonist's effects, to increase both serotonin and norepinephrine. 
And we do this - inserting this drug - on different areas of the neurotransmitters. 
And then, these two neurons talk to each other with the end result of increasing norepinephrine, which is actually the triangles, and the serotonin, which is the little yellow tadpoles. 
So, you do get a dual-action, it's just not in the same way that we've done in the past, where we've kindof blocked that pump action, where the neurotransmitter can't get sucked back up. 
This time we're actually trying to stimulate action. 
So, Mirtazapine has multiple formulations, again. 
Remeron, Remeron Sol Tab, Mirtazapine, and Mirtazapine Sol Tab. 
The SoluTab does not have any absorption increase rate. 
It's just a benefit in patients who have swallowing difficulties. 
It's not absorbed in the mouth; it just dissolves. 
Which might be helpful in the elderly, for example. 
This is an Alpha 2 antagonist 5HT3, 2A, 2C antagonist. 
So, what we'll show you in the next slide is how we're kind of targeting where - directing, exactly which serotonin receptors we want the serotonin to go to once we've increased it, to help control some of the side effects. 
The dosage is anywhere from 15 to 45 milligrams to be dosed at bedtime. 
The side effects with this drug are kind of unique. 
We've got sedation, which is why it's just at bedtime. 
Interestingly, the lower end of the doses are more sedating than the higher end of the doses. 
So, 15 milligrams is actually more tiring than 45, but they should always all be dosed at bedtime. 
We see weight gain with this drug, and we can see significant weight gain with this drug. 
So, anywhere, you know, up to 20 pounds is not uncommon. 
We'll talk about that in the next slides, showing you a little bit further how it happens. 
Dry mouth, constipation; there's no sexual side effect because, again, we're kind of targeting and directing exactly where we want the serotonin to go. 
And oftentimes, it's due to this unique action, we can use this as a good augmentation strategy if we need to. 
So, it's something to think about in that aspect to kind of kick-start the brain again. 
So, let's kind of show you what this Remeron kind of direction is showing in terms of how we're directing some of these serotonin receptors. 
So we're blocking 2A, we get this anxiolytic response, we get this sedating response, and we don't get any sexual side effects there. 
We're not letting any serotonin get to 2C, we get that anxiolytic calming, but we get some weight gain. 
And that can also be described as how the weight gain occurs is to, it interferes with the brain's ability to get the message from serotonin that it's full. 
So patients need to be aware that they may not feel physically full quickly, so they may end up consuming more food. 
We see that blocking at the third serotonin receptor, 5HT3, so we don't see a lot of nausea or GI distress. 
So this is, again, those initiation side effects of nausea, vomiting, and things like that are not a problem with Mirtazapine. 
And the last thing that when you put in that histamine, anti-histamine effect with Mirtazapine, you get some drowsiness and also some added weight gain to be aware of. 
The next group of medicines in the dual action are the S2 antagonists, and we're just gonna touch on these from a broad spectrum, because the utility in the actual anti-depressant realm is not very strong anymore. 
Nefazadone is limited in use. 
There's a black box warning on liver failure. 
The manufacturer actually no longer makes the brand name. 
There are still generic products out there. 
But you have to be very careful with the monitoring aspect. 
Like Remeron, this kind of targets where it wants serotonin to go, so you do not get any sexual side effects. 
But again, because of that, even though you have that benefit, all the other consequences of the liver damage really limit its use. 
This was much more of a sedating, calming antidepressant when it was being used. 
But, again, not out there. 
The other limitation with it is there's a lot of drug interactions with the medicine, so even before they pulled the brand name, we didn't see it a lot. 
And then, Trazadone, also in the same class of antidepressants, too, is not clinically being used as an antidepressant anymore. 
Because of this potent histamine activity, we're primarily seeing this being used for insomnia, rather than depression. 
So if you see patients on Trazadone, it's not that they're - when we start talking about how to handle refractory patients and combination therapy, that they're on a combination product. 
They're actually just getting it for sleep, and they're using it in much lower doses than the antidepressant doses. 
We need to just kind of touch on St. John's Wort, an herbal product, has an active ingredient of hypericum. 
Mechanistically we kind of go around in circles, but right now it's kind of thought to be similar to an SSRl. 
You need to be careful with drug interactions with this drug. 
And you also just kind of need to be aware: patients are feeling the need to self-medicate with an herbal product. 
Whether they're on an antidepressant - maybe it's not working as well - or they're feeling that they need to treat with an herbal product, maybe they need to seek some formal treatment. 
There have been studies done from the National Institute of Mental Health on St. John's Wort, and it has been shown to be effective in either mild, to maybe moderate cases of depression. 
And the drug interactions: a couple to highlight, one to highlight is birth control pills 
We define the equation of the plane containing the straight line that goes the equation, right over here and this plane has to be perpendicular to the plane containing the straight lines x/3 = y/4 = z/2 and also it has the line x/4 = y/2 = z/3. 
Now just to visualize this properly, let me draw the planes. 
So the first plane in question that we defined the equation of, let me draw it, let me draw it like this. 
I am going to try and do this problem using vector notations because it is easier in my mind to manipulate vectors in a way that you can find perpendicular vectors and equations of planes...There's other ways that you can do this problem. 
SO we define the equation of this plane right here. 
Now we know this plane contains this line and this line, if we look over here, contains this point (0,0,0) 
If x, y and z all equal to 0 then all sides of this equation are zero. 
So it contains the point (0,0,0) or you can view it as if it contains the position vector (0,0,0) and it also contains the point (2,3,4) because if x=2, y=3 and z=4 then all of these are going to be equal to 1. 
So it also contains the point where the position vector, we can say, (2,3,4) 
So if we wanted to draw this line, 2 points specify the line so this line would look 
like that. 
But if wanted to look at a vector that this plane contains, it would be the vector that goes from (0,0,0,) to (2,3,4) which really is the position vector (2,3,4) and I am gonna write it in the (i,j,k) notation just to make it clear that this is a vector. 
So this vector that lies in the plane in question is the vector 2i +3j + 4k, i just wrote it in the unit vector notation and will call this the vector a. 
Vector a is equal to that and I will write a over here. 
Now we need to figure out the equation of this line and the best way to do it, is if I can find another vector in this plane then I can find a normal vector in this plane and then using a normal vector and some arbitrary other vector in this plane, I can then figure out the equation of this line because the normal vector dotted that arbitrary other vector has to be equal to zero. 
Now if none of that makes sense, maybe as we go through this problem, it will make more sense. 
Now what I am gonna do is use these other vectors that are implicitly defined by these lines to figure out another vector in this plane over here. 
So let me draw what I am talking about. 
So let me draw this other plane and I will draw it in white. 
And this other plane also contains (0,0,0). 
Actually both of these lines contain (0,0,0). 
So let me draw it over here. 
I think what I just said, if I do step by step it will make a lot more sense. 
So the other plane, that one comes vertically over this plane and it goes vertically below as well. 
And we see here that the plane that contains these two lines is perpendicular to this, they are perpendicular to each other. 
Now this blue line over here contains the point (0,0,0) and the point (3,4,2), same logic that we took to get to this point over here. 
If this is (3,4,2) they all equal 1, the equality holds. 
So let me just draw some arbitrary place, so (3,4,2). 
Now let me be clear, we havent even defined the coordinate axes, we do not really know what angle we are looking at it from, this is only for visualization purposes. 
So this line right over here, 
I can draw will look something like this. 
It would look something like that. 
It sits on that white plane. 
Let me do the same thing for this magenta line. 
The magenta line also contains the point (0,0,0) but it also contains the point (4,2,3) 
SO let me just draw it over here. 
SO, (4,2,3), so that's the magenta line. 
You wouldn't even see it if this was transparent, it would just keep going down like that. 
Now, I am gonna try to explain how I am gonna tackle this problem again. 
I am going to use vectors to find, that are implicitly defined by this blue line and this magenta line. 
I am gonna take a cross product of those two vectors to find a vector that is normal to this entire white plane and that vector has to sit in this perpendicular plane, and then I can use that vector and vector a to figure out a normal vector for this plane and then I will be able to figure out the equation of this plane. 
So let me just do it. 
So what's a vector? 
What are the two vectors that sit in this white plane? 
Well the point (0,0,0) the position vector (0,0,0) and the position vector (4,2,3) is in this plane so the vector p = 4i + 2j + 3k is also in this white plane. 
I am really just subtracting this position vector from that position vector to get this position vector, which clearly sits in this plane. 
This vector starts from origin, goes to (4,2,3), this plane contains the origin is clearly sitting in this plane, and by that same logic, I can figure out a vector, actually the position vector itself that sits on this plane. 
I will call that c= 3i + 4j +2k. 
The fact that everything is at the origin kinda simplifies everything. 
The position vectors themselves sit on the plane. 
If this wasnt sitting on the origin, we wouldn't have been able to do that. 
We would have had to subtract between these two vectors or between two other points to actually get vectors on this plane. 
But with that out of the way, I could take the cross product of b and c and that will give us some vector that is perpendicular to both b and c which means it is perpendicular or it is normal to this entire white plane which means it must sit in this yellow plane. 
So I am gonna find a normal vector in the yellow plane, just like that. 
Lets call that vector d. 
SO the cross product of b and c is just, this is how I remember it. the determinant, you take i, j, k, it has been discussed in a lot more depth in linear algebra. playlist. 
The determinant of that. 
The next row is the determinant of vector b so it 4, 2 and 3. 
And then the next row is that of vector c, so it is 3,4 and 2 and so this is going to be equal to, let's think about that. 
So for i, cross out that column and that row. 
SO its 2 times 2 minus 3 times 4 
SO that's 4 minus 12. 
So its -8i minus, remember we have to swap signs, plus-minus-plus when you are taking the determinant. 
So you ignore the j, so its 4 times 2 = 8 minus 3 times 3 which is -1. 
So this would be a -1 here but there is already a negative here so its a +1j. 
And then finally the k, you cross out that column. 
4 times 4 is 16. 
16 -6 =10. 
So plus 10. 
Let me be sure I got that correct. 
So the first one, I always have to make sure, so i I got yup, 4-12 = -8 and negative j ... 4 times 2 is 8 minus 9 = -1 but j has a negative so that's right. 
And then k, 4 times 4 is 16. 
16 -6 = 10. 
So that looks right. 
So plus...plus 10k. 
So this vector right here is the vector d. 
I just figured it out. 
Now if we take the cross product of d with vector a the vector that was....you can kinda view it as lying along this line over here, then we will get a vector that is normal to this plane. 
We can call that vector n, for normal, that is normal to this yellow plane that will actually sit on this white plane. 
So lets figure it out, we will see in a few steps, probably in the next video why is that actually useful. 
So lets take, lets find what is d cross a... this is equal to our normal vector which is = same thing. i..j...k. 
We are gonna take d which is -8, 1, 10 and take the cross of that and vector a which is 2,3,4. and we will get, actually, I will continue this in the next video so that I do not make these videos too long. 
- Her Grace is gone. 
Find her. 
- My lady. 
- You men, with me. 
- Sir. 
So, she's definitely left the palace? 
Yes, sir. 
We saw her guards ourselves. 
Get me more details. 
Sir. 
Pretty lil babydoll, sooo cute... 
Don't worry, Daddy'll be back tomorrow... 
Tomorrow? 
How about NOT, huh? 
C'mon, thish babydoll needs her daddy, see? 
Sure, when I'M paying! 
How 'bout you pay, huh? 
Yungdal... look... 
No changing the subject. 
This has got to stop. 
Hush! 
I shwear that girl looks like Her Grace. 
Huh? 
Is Sulhi in? 
I really AM drunk, I'm seeing things. 
She looks just like Dong Yi in the old days. 
Um, I think it's her. 
Huh? 
It IS her. 
But why's she here? 
Good question... 
What brings you here? 
And dressed like this? 
I know this is sudden... but I desperately need some information. 
About the capital murders? 
I've been concerned about them myself. 
There's talk that it's the Sword Guild. 
That's why I'm here. 
To find out who's behind these murders... and if they're the same people that framed the guild before. 
The ghetto? 
Yes. 
Your father lived there, so the guild's orders came from there. 
There's an old wood bridge. 
If the guild is truly active again, they'll get their orders there. 
My lady. 
Did you find out? 
The Queen sent her away? 
Yes, and without the King knowing. 
Yet something's not right. 
If she's feeling poorly, why have no medicines been sent to her pavilion? 
So she leaves on medical grounds but doesn't tell the King? 
Yungsun, get the whole story. 
Lady Jo, send word to the Viceroy that I want to see him today. 
Your Grace. 
Well, Dong Yi, why did you REALLY leave? 
I'm playing Minion Rush, I've bought all the costumes... it's a very awesome game 
So you'll not buy the new Asphalt? 
Ah? 
Asphalt 8. 
Asphalt Airborne? 
I'm sick of waiting 
It was released last August 22th! 
In this video I'd like to talk about the power of creating and comparing alternatives. 
And to do that I'm going to share some research that Steven Dow did as a postdoctoral scholar with me at Stanford University. 
When you're designing, does it make more sense to go for quality and try to come up with the best possible design? 
Or does it make more sense to go for quantity first as a path to try and learn and understand? 
There's a story that Bayles and Orland tell about an art teacher who divides the class in half, and he tells one half of the class, 
"You're going to be graded exclusively on the quality of the very best thing that you make." 
He tells the other half of the class, 
"You're going to be graded on the quantity of things that you make. 
Doesn't matter how good it is; all that matters is how much that you make." 
And what this teacher found was that while the quantity group was busily churning our piles of work — and learning from their mistakes — the quality group sat around theorizing, and at the end of the day they had little more to show for their efforts than grandiose theories and piles of dead clay. 
So this gives us some intuition that rapidly producing many alternatives has a lot of value. 
And to explore this further, Steven and I had people create egg drop devices. 
You may have done this when you were in high school. 
If you haven't, it's a lot of fun, and I suggest trying it out. 
And what you can do with an egg drop device, is you're building a contraption that will protect an egg from a fall. 
Here we threw one out my third-story office window and, lo and behold, the egg survives. 
And we tested a whole bunch of people in variance of this design and people come up with all sorts of stuff. 
They come up with good ideas, and bad ideas, and creative solutions, and really unimaginative ones. 
And one thing that is really interesting is that, in aggregate, people often pick one idea early on, and they stick with it to their detriment. 
And so here is a couple participants talking about that experience. 
(No, I don't know, for some reason this is... this seems to be the only idea, in that there needs to be a platform and then it's going to cushion, if possible, with the materials. 
I... 
I don't see any, any other way. >> I'm not a very good outside-the-box thinker, so I kind of just had one idea and I was going to try and make it work. >> I kind of went with the whole parachute idea, and what I had from the beginning. 
So. >> This is the best approach for such a design.) 
What we see here is an example of what Karl Duncker called "functional fixation." 
In a number of experiments that he ran in the 1940"s he gave people tasks like this: 
"Attach the candle to the wall such that none of the wax drips on the table." 
Ten, twenty percent of the people figured it out. 
Take a moment and see if you can figure it out. 
The solution — as a couple of you have got, but I bet many people didn't — is to take the box that holds the tacks and use that as a container for the candle. 
That will protect the wax from dripping on the table. 
And what's interesting about this is that, because the tacks are in a box, we don't see the box. 
If you give people the exact same set up, where the tacks are outside the box, all of a sudden the box becomes obviously available as a resource and nearly everybody solves exactly the same problem. 
So Stephen and I set off and tried to figure out whether we could augment people's design process to get them to explore more alternatives. 
And one of the things that we did, is we forced people to come up with multiple alternatives in parallel. 
We call this parallel prototyping, and in this particular study we had people design graphical advertisements for the web. 
So, we're going to put people in one of two conditions: 
You're either going to be in a serial condition, where you iteratively create six prototypes from start to finish; or in a parallel condition, where you create three alternatives, get feedback, create two more, get feedback, and then make a final one. 
I should clarify that the amount of time that was available was exactly the same in both conditions, and in both conditions people got exactly the same amount of feedback. 
The only difference is when and how they got it. 
And, again, people come up with all sorts of stuff: 
Creative ideas and crummy ideas, well executed and poorly executed, and, overall, we're able to measure, using web analytics, the click-through rate that people clicked on these advertisements. 
And so, over the past several years, we've run millions of advertisements out on the web. 
And what we see, in aggregate, is that participants who got a parallel design medicine — who were forced to create multiple alternatives in parallel — had a higher click-through rate: 
The ads they created were clicked on more than ads in the serial condition. 
And not only that, but the people who clicked on those ads and then went to the site subsequently spent a whole lot more time on that site and what this is telling us is that we're getting the right people through to those ads. 
We also had experts — both advertising professionals and clients for this website — rate the quality of the advertisements and the experts also rated the quality of the parallel ads to be higher. 
And then we had the ads rated by a crowd online for the diversity of the ads. 
And what we see is that the ads in the parallel condition are also more diverse. 
And so why does a parallel approach yield better results? 
I think one of the important things that creating multiple alternatives in parallel does, is it separates your ego from the thing that you make. 
If I have only one idea and you critique it, I'm going to treat that as feedback about me; whereas if I have multiple different ideas and I get critique about them, 
I can see that its feedback about the ideas and not a referendum on me as a person, 
Also, automatically, by creating multiple alternatives, people are inspired to compare what they've created and try and transfer what they've learned from one design as they go forward in the future. 
And we see this transfer across a wide variety of domains. 
For example, in Dedre Gentner's research on business negotiation, she had participants read business school cases, and she either had people read the cases one at a time and think about each individually, or she had people read them two at a time and compare them. 
And what she found was that having people compare two cases — to be able to contrast them and see similarities — yielded to a three-fold increase in the amount of wisdom that they were able to get out of those cases and transfer to a new negotiation task. 
So, what we got out of this is that maybe there's some big benefits of creating multiple alternatives, especially for design teams and not just for individual design. 
So the next experiment we ran looked at sharing multiple alternatives. 
Same basic idea — we have a new client this time. 
And we're going to have people either create and share multiple, create multiple and share their best, or create and share only one. 
Participants came up with lots of different designs. 
And [what] you can see is that the "share multiple" condition drastically outperforms the other two conditions. 
So being able to create and share multiple designs has especially significant benefits for teams. 
And there are a number of reasons for this. 
I'd like to point out one in particular, which is the increase in group rapport. 
When we asked people how they felt about their teammate, both before and after the task, in the create- and share-one conditions, people felt worse about their teammate afterwards — the single design approach can create enmity between teammates, and hostility — whereas, when creating and sharing multiple designs, people felt better about their teammates afterwards. 
One important benefit of sharing multiple designs, both with users and with designers, is that alternatives provide a vocabulary for talking about the space of possible designs. 
As Tohidi and colleagues showed, this could be especially valuable for users because users don't know what the space of possible designs is. 
And so having multiple alternatives gives this vocabulary. 
I hope that today's lecture has provided you with the conceptual tools for why it's valuable to create many different alternatives. 
And I hope that this will be really useful for you as you go about your design projects. 
I'll see you next time. 
Here is my pair of images again, and my scan line, and I'm extracting from it a very small little window that is the local image of the specific feature over here which happens to have a strong vertical structure, which is nice of localization. 
Now I'm comparing this little patch with my little patches in the right image, and I'm drawing a sum of square difference error, which is minimized when these two patches look alike. 
I'll tell you in a second how this looks like mathematically, but intuitively we have to pick the place along the random measured search space that has the smallest sum of square difference error, which is the one where these two patches just look mostly alike. 
This is a space of the scan line in which I search, often called disparity, and for one location this is actually being minimized right over here. 
Here's the basic algorithm for SSD minimization. 
We take two patches--one from the left image, one from the right image. 
We normalize, so the average brightness is zero. 
We then take the normalized image and take the difference. 
Then we square the difference. 
That gives us a sum-of-square image. 
Then we can sum up all the pixels to get a single value. 
This is our SSD value, our sum-of-square difference value. 
All of these operations are easily implemented using the material you already know. 
The smaller the SSD value, the closer these two images correspond. 
This is a very common technique for comparing what's called image templates, where your left image is a template, and you're searching the left image for the optimal template. 
As you vary the location of the right image, you can find different SSDs. 
You tend to get graphs for the right image. 
With an image template, it gives you certain errors. 
Sometimes you get a very small disparate error. 
That's the place you'll pick for the best, mostly likely alignment. 
Hello and welcome to Freshly Served, healthy vegan recipes in Europe. 
Tonight Phil and 
I are in a small town on the very South coast of Turkey called Kas and we are cooking in the kitchen on the, on the roof top of our hostel looking out into the surrounding hills around Kas, very very beautiful spot. 
Tonight, I am going to make a dish out of rolled oats because they were the only whole grain I could find in the grocery store and I am actually been meaning to make a dinner with oats for a while so we'll see how that comes out. 
And what I've got so far is some vegetables that I've chopped up. 
I got onion, zucchini and mushroom. 
I'm gonna cooked those and then throw in the oats and get everything cook together and then I'm gonna throw in a raw avocado which is a little different from what I'm used to seeing because it has more of a smooth skin but it feels really soft, looks beautiful. 
(Video Clip Playing) 
So, I've got this pan heated up and then I got all the stuff in the hostel come in to the company so far, they have a lovely bottle of Turkish olive oil right here so 
I'll pour this a little bit into the pan and then I'm gonna grab my mushroom first. 
Mushroom are the only vegetable that go in before the onions and that is because they take longer to cook and they like to soak up the oil, when you first throw them in you might feel like you need more oil but you don't. 
Just give it a stir, leave them on the heat and they will start to release their own juices, you don't need any more oil than that. 
Now, mushrooms do takes a little more time to cook so leave them enough time on the heat. 
While they are cooking I want to remind you to go read the recipe down below, HealthyVeganRecipes.net and you can also sign up for the hidden section of our website to check out all the stuff that we've been doing on our travels, be sure to go and sign up for that at HealthyVeganRecipes.net/Europe. 
Everything is free there but you do have to go to that section of our website. 
So, I'm not sure if you can see it in the screen but these mushrooms are starting to release their juice here. 
Getting nice and soft, that was all the oil you needed there. 
So you can see now that the mushrooms have reabsorbed all of the liquid that they put out, that's when you know they're done and it's time to add the next thing which 
I'm gonna put the onions in and another reason you put the onions in second of the mushroom is because of that juice so if the onions been in first, the mushrooms would be kind of infused with all the onion flavour. 
This way they stay separate but as you combine them in the dish their flavours merge together just not as much as if the mushrooms were totally in first. 
So I let the onions soften up a little bit before adding the zucchini and letting them soften a little bit as well. 
What I'm gonna do next is put a little sprinkle of salt on there. 
I'll give it a good stir around and then put the lid on this dish so that the juices can come out from the vegetables while they cook. 
The salt helps that cooking process so as soon as you get that salt on there, give it a little stir around and then get that lid on pretty quickly. 
Alright! 
So giving it a few minutes to cook in here and as you take the lid off you can see a lot of steam coming up. 
There's gonna be lot of moisture in here which is perfect because the next thing were gonna add is the seasoning. 
And what I'm gonna use is some of my garlic and onion powder. 
You can find these mixes on the hidden section of the website at HealthyVeganRecipes.net/Europe. 
So, I've got some garlic and onions, I've really want to make sure that this dish came out savoury because it is oats and it's usually a breakfast dish. 
So I've got a whole onion in there as well as the onion and garlic powder and then I'm just gonna use some of my Italian herb mix, also in that hidden section of the website. 
Give it a squeeze as you put it in there and I'm gonna put on what's goona looks like a lot, the reason is it's going for the vegetables as well as the oats. 
Like I said, we really want to make sure that this taste like dinner and not breakfast. 
So give that a stir around. 
And then make sure that those seasonings coat the vegetables first and then you're gonna put the grains in which I've got about two cups of oats here. 
They are rolled oats? 
Yes, sorry. 
Rolled oats! 
And you want to season those oats as well so I'm gonna give them a two minutes in the heat with no moisture just the vegetables. 
Make sure those flavours really coat around the rolled oats. 
So, the oats are looking a little bit toasted, they've got seasonings on them so I'm gonna do now is add the liquid and I'm using water but if you have vegetable broth that would be perfect. 
I'm gonna be kind of careful with it because I'm not sure how much to add before the oats gets to be really mushy but I've got about two cups of water here ready to go. 
And if you have an oven this would be lovely if you put the water in and then pop it in the oven to bake it since I don't what I'm gonna do and looks like I'm gonna do about cup and a half of water and so like I don't have an oven what I'm going to do instead just put this lid back on here and allow those oats to really cook in there. 
So my avocado was a little bit different and what I'm gonna have to do is scoop it out with a spoon rather than my usual flip it inside out because the skin is very flimsy. 
Doesn't like to flip! 
And over here are oats that have a few minutes to cook. 
I can see they're looking very soft, they're trying to stick to the bottom of the pan a little bit so I turned the heat off for the last few minutes and now I think it's time to give it a try and see how this works out. 
That's gonna be hot. 
It's nice! 
Very savoury but soft! 
A little bit different from your normal grain. 
So, I hope you enjoyed your savoury oatmeal dinner, we're gonna have ours put in a plate and topped it off with the avocado and enjoy it here on the roof top in Kas. 
And then again if you want to see all our travel videos for free you just need to go at HealthyVeganRecipes.net/Europe. 
In 2007 the crisis in the real-state market spread fast around the world 
Millions of people lost their houses and their jobs ? 
We are deep in shit and we all know it but we still trust that all is not going to fall apart 
Is capitalism destroying itself and 
I think that is all splosh 
Capitalism 
Karl Marx and the critique of Capitalism is undergoing a revival today 
To bring Marx's Kapital to the stage is a crazy edeavour 
The success of this play is very astonishing for me fully unexpected 
The achivement of Capitalism is the limitless capacity or commodities 
But how can Marx's criticism of capitalism can help us to gain a better understandig of this crisis? 
The question from Marx is not aimed at more critique 
From where does all the enthusiasm with everything that has to do with Karl Marx comes? 
In a lot of countries in the West, dealing with your waste, you're kind of separated from it, you put it in the bin and it magically disappears. 
Someone comes, it's all arranged for you. 
You don't have to think about it. 
And here, you have to make an extra effort, because there really isn't a system, so you have to think about it. 
You're confronted with it. 
So even though there's a really bad problem, there's a positive side, because you're forced to recognize the problem. 
You're forced to have to deal with it. 
So looking at that side of it, it's really an opportunity for people to kind of confront their their consumption, their pollution. 
Bali has a problem about every year our coastal, when it's the season once a year, a lot of plastic garbage landed in Kuta coastal. 
The government said this is because of the sea tides. 
It's not about the sea tides, from my opinion, it's about people still throw plastic garbage in the river or in the canals and they flow to the ocean, and the ocean will bring it back to the land. 
Waste management is a little bit the land of no one, no? 
I mean it's a little bit, you can almost do whatever you want without really being caught. / But the garbage problem affects everybody, rich and poor, and if you can't deal with that basic problem- pollution from your waste- then how are you going to deal with these large, more complex problems, like deforestation, destruction of the coral reef, and climate change. 
I mean, it's like the easy one to handle. / If you're talking about garbage problem in Bali, from my perspective, you can debate about it, but actually the original culture of people in Bali here, they're really clean, in their house. 
They wake up in the morning, like 5:00 early, and already clean their house, clean their yard, and before sunset also they're doing the same thing they clean it, and they throw all the garbage into the area in the household it's called "tegalang", it means the area that you plant or grow anything, or you grow a pig there or something. 
There is a special area to put this garbage. 
But a long long time ago, let's say 25 or 30 years ago, most of this garbage was organic and the Balinese, most of the Balinese, are still doing this culture, only the material of the garbage has changed. 
Now it's plastic. / Waste is a man-made concept. 
It didn't really exist, and it especially didn't exist before the 50s and 60s. 
Everything was organic; we didn't have all this man-made material. / Mostly things would have been packaged in banana leaves, so if you look at the offerings, your daily offerings which can be bought at the market, they are now being packaged in plastic bags, single use very thin, high density plastic that is used once and then thrown away because it's so thin you can't really reuse it. 
That would have all been packaged in banana leaves. 
But I also think that probably what's happened is the change in lifestyle - food also would have been packaged in banana leaves - a change of lifestyle so that now there's a lot more things available on the market. 
In the past, I don't think, offerings for instance as an example, would have been so widely sold as they are nowadays. 
But so many people are working, directly or indirectly, in the tourist industry, so that, you know, increasingly people are having to buy things which in the past they wouldn't have had to buy. / There really wasn't the culture of obsolescence that exists today. 
Traditionally in Indonesia, and also Bali of course, most people don't want to pay for waste disposal. 
They never had it. 
What they did with their waste was just throw it in the back, or burn it, or throw it in the river, and those habits spill over into businesses. 
People have a restaurant, or they have their hotel, and they take the same approach. 
They're just like "get it away, get it away", and they've never thought about having to pay for this. 
It's always, you can just throw it on the open lot or throw it in the river, and it's taken care of. 
And it's further complicated now in that you have a lot of large hotels that produce a huge amount of waste, and there's actually a lot of valuable stuff in that waste. 
And you have an informal scavenging sector that approach the hotels and businesses and say, "We will provide waste services for you for free, and we'll buy the waste." 
And what they're really interested in, they're actually buying the waste, they're buying access to the recyclables. 
So they're taking the stuff of value, but the stuff that has not value, guess where it goes: in the river, on the side of the road, wherever. 
You really get what you pay for and if you're selling you're waste or paying very little, you're going to have a dirty island. 
And for the tourism sector, obviously it's in their interest not to have a dirty island. 
So they have to make that leap and start realizing that if they want to have this thing taken care of, the stuff that doesn't have value, you're going to have to pay for it. 
Also another problem that we have in Bali is that plastic waste is often burned. and this can create all sorts of problems. 
Respiratory illnesses are the number one reported illness in Bali. 
And if you're breathing in plastic waste that's being burned, particularly at the speed that it's being burned, because it's not a high heat burning, which is less toxic, but it's usually a smoldering slow burning heap, so this can create all sorts of problems for human health and air quality. 
I mean think of all these things we have that are really pointless. 
A plastic bag, you use for 15 minutes, and then it's around for your grand kids and their grand kids. 
It's just insane. 
And it's not just plastic bags, there are some things you 
look around, from plastic straws to plastic bottles... 
I mean the idea that a plastic bottle consumes a typical 600ml plastic bottle needs a quarter of it in oil to produce that bottle is just mind-boggling. 
When you're looking at that plastic bottle you're not buying water; you're buying crude oil. 
And then, in Bali, people don't realize how many bottles there are. 
Just water bottles, there are over 3 million bottle a day, and that doesn't include all the other kinds of beverages, from your soda to your energy drinks and things like that. 
And even if you were able to recycle 90% of those, you would still have 300,000 of them being thrown in the environment every day. 
It's not acceptable. 
It's nonsense. 
In Bali we produce 20,000 cubic metres of waste everyday. 
And if we say that 15% of that is plastic, then that means we're producing 3,000 cubic metres of plastic waste everyday. 
I think that it's an incredibly valuable resource; it's mined, oil is drilled from the ground and it creates this product which is incredibly useful, so it should be rightly respected as a resource, and used and used and reused and reused again and again and again. 
Our argument as a campaign is not with plastic; it's about our consumption, and our habits around this disposable culture that we've created. / I mean people come to Bali and they've looked at the brochure; they've heard about it or read about it, and seen stuff, and they have this image of what Bali is, and there have been a few times where they've been quite shocked at what happens, what actually is the situation. 
There was a story, where I was asked to help with this hotel, they had had a problem with garbage that right in front of their hotel entrance, literally, there was a huge garbage dump, and it would burn almost every day, and the smoke would go right through the hotel's lobby, and through their restaurant and through to the beach, and it wasn't good for business, as you might suspect. 
So they had tried every, they had called every government office, I think even calling up to the Governor to help deal with this problem, and nothing every happened. 
And so out of desperation they asked for help, and 
I went down there and did a quick little survey, you know, I was working for an NGO back then and they were willing to pay us to do it, and at the time we thought quite a bit. 
If we knew how much money they were losing we would have asked for more. 
But we did a survey of what was going on and what we discovered was that most of the garbage burning in front of the hotel was their own, that they had created their own problem. 
And why that happened was they were selling their garbage to the local trash guy and he was just taking what he wanted out of it and dumping everything in the traditional dump. 
In fact, the dump had been there before the hotel. 
So no one in the hotel had bothered to go across the street and look, and they would have seen their logo. 
They would have seen it. 
And their reaction at first was, "well, let's fire this guy and get rid of him," and I said, no, that's not going to work. 
If you replace him it's going to be the same thing. 
The problem is not this guy dumping here, the problem is you're asking him to pay for this garbage. 
You should be paying him to take care of it properly, to dump it at the landfill; a novel idea! 
I mean they really were kind of accustomed to selling their garbage. 
It's completely crazy! 
And they realized that they needed to change, and it was easy to make the decision, because they were losing tens of thousands of dollars a day. 
I mean, they were losing a lot of money. 
So to switch over and pay a local guy a few hundred dollars a month to take care of it made a 
lot of sense. / So every year, Bali has I think it's 4 million domestic tourists and 3 million international tourists. 
Now on top of that, we have a population that's just about reached 4 million. 
So you think of that in terms of the resources that every tourist uses, and it's estimated that a tourist will consume 4 times the amount of an average local person. 
What's happening with all the rubbish they're producing? / There might be a dump nearby that's by a river that's going out, and you're wondering why there's all this garbage in the ocean. 
It might be coming from the places where you're staying, or eating at. / One of the main proponents against the illegal dumping was always saying, 
"they make the money in Ubud, and we get the trash." 
You know, maybe it's the location of it, and also the agreement and acceptance of the past decision makers to allow the trash to come in. 
So they said, "oh great, we have a place, and there's an agreement, and look, our trash is actually helping you to build a road, that's going to connect it to land that was otherwise inaccessible." So, I truly believe that they felt there was a mutual benefit exchange happening. 
It only was until recently that they realized maybe this deal isn't so good, and put a stop to it, and the kepala desa, the head of the village, was actually able to implement that, and endorse it and make it happen. 
I think the Bali government has already made a road map: 
"Bali go Clean and Green". 
It's like the big agenda in our government; how to make Bali more sustainable, more eco, more green, you know. 
Actually if we see the road map, it's already good. 
I mean, the short term planning, the medium term planning, the long term planning, it's already good. 
And then, the policy of this planning, is based on the 3 big main agenda. 
First, education, formal or informal. 
And the second: involve the private sector. 
I mean, 
like companies, or the corporations that make business in Bali, because tourism is the most main business, but also the garbage or the pollution is also made by this big industry. 
And the third is involve the peoples' action. 
I mean, the community action. / There's actually a lot of people out there that are concerned about the problem, but they don't know what to do, and they're completely, you know, frustrated with it. 
And when you start setting these examples they see that and then they come to you, and that's what's happening. 
I believe there are lots of grassroots movements in Bali, made by NGOs or made by just social local organizations, already making a good movement about and making awareness to the locals on how to separate the garbage and how to make compost from the organic garbage, but right now, from my perspective, it's just a small movement. 
So, I think to make it effective, we should involve, or put social pressure on, the government to make a local law, like 'perdau' or 'awig awig' to make it more significant, to make a more significant change, 
I mean, to make it more effective and efficient. 
We consulted with the community leaders, and we heard that they have big plans for their village to try and revitalize their economy here with a cultural and ecotourism program that just got launched about a year and a half ago. 
In addition to helping them to kind of formulate their tourism program, because they asked us for some advice from a foreigner perspective, we also gave advice on the waste management stuff, which the community had been working on, some members of the community had been working on for 15 years, because this illegal dump site started about 15 years ago, and there are people in the community that have protested against it since then. 
Coincidentally, about a year after we started the project in this community, the illegal dump site had been shut down after 15 years of operating, which, for us, felt like a monumental success for the village to achieve that. 
It was really quite a big deal. 
Still, it's not perfect right now, because you know, the waste still has to be handled, but the decision to stop the incoming 14 trucks a day of waste from outside of this village that's not even theirs was a huge decision that we felt really proud of the people for being able to achieve that. 
I definitely think it could be replicated in other villages. 
Of course the joint shared vision and desire has to be there. 
Many times, people kind of throw their hands up in the air, and are like "what am I going to do?" but there are actually a lot of things you can do, and you have to start, maybe small in the beginning, but you have to start. / If you have a small organic farm in your house, even a small one, it will effectively decrease the garbage problem. 
For example, 
like my kitchen waste: more or less, like 70% is organic, so I have a compost box, I just put this 70% of organic [waste] into the compost, because this will go back again to nature, you know, back again to my vegetable plot, and then the rest, 30%, most of this 30% not organic garbage is recyclable, and has an economic value, too, because in Bali we have 'pemulung'. 
Pemulung are like the garbage collectors. 
Sometimes they buy it from you, from every house. 
They will travel around [saying], "berang bekas, berang bekas," meaning like "garbage, garbage," and then they will buy it. 
They have a really good value for plastic, for bottles, like beer bottles, for paper, for aluminium, metal, steel, copper, they have a really really good price to buy it from the people, and most of this 30% not organic garbage from my kitchen is recyclable, so you can sell it, or just give it, to this garbage collector, and this 25% will be going to recycle, to be something good, new goods, and so only 5% is your actual garbage, what we call really garbage. 
This is 
like the soft plastic material, like biscuits, 
'kemasan' biscuit packaging, or plastic bags. 
So, from my opinion, if there's only 5% garbage going to the dumping place because we cannot do anything with it 
I think the dumping place would not be so full so quickly. / So I think the most practical way now that we in Bali don't have a waste management facility yet, a proper one, is to do waste prevention: each household can do that, like bringing your own bag, bringing your own container, bringing your own bottle, so you don't add more waste. 
I know it looks just small. 
"But it's only one plastic bag!" But well, I worked with a group of students once, and we asked them to observe how many plastic bags entered the household each [day], and one student came and said, "5 plastic bags". 
Ok, let's calculate. 
In a month, that will be 150. 
And how many people, how many families, more or less in your banjar (village)? 
She said, "55". 
That means, in a year, there will be more than like 10,000 plastic bags. 
That's a lot. 
This happened to me, because when we're talking about plastic, for example, the big problem in Bali, I tried to live a one month "plastic diet". 
We call it "plastic diet". 
Just to get the data about how difficult it would be to live without, to minimize as much as possible using plastic. 
It can be done. 
We go shopping, we just bring our own bags, our own carrier, so it's not so difficult. 
For most of our customers, we provide them with a monthly recycling report. 
So, they get a sheet of paper that says, ok these are the things that you were able to recycle: this much aluminum, this much plastic bottles, this much of this other plastic, paper, blah, blah, blah. 
And then we go down the list of other things that were man made but weren't recyclable. 
You know, styrofoam, or some hazardous stuff. 
And then we go down into the organics and explain to them the food waste we collected and all that, so they have a record of what actually they are producing. 
And at first, you know, they're like, "oh, that's cute, that's nice, whatever," but after a while, when they look back and they see, over 6 months or a year, they realize actually how much waste they produce. 
And in some cases, it's quite shocking. 
So it's kind of a wake-up call, and it makes them realize that yes, they are polluters; they have to think about their impacts. 
I think tourists have an enormous responsibility for the impacts that they create on any country that they visit. 
They contribute a huge amount to the amount of waste that needs to be dealt with, so, you know, they can make a positive impact by perhaps the hotels that they choose to stay at, making sure, asking, "ok, what's your environmental policy? 
What do you do with your waste? 
I want to make sure that the waste that I'm creating at this hotel, or what the hotel is creating is ending up at the right place, not going and polluting the rivers and going into the ocean and actually degrading the whole tourist experience." The whole point of going to a place for a holiday, a nice holiday, is to relax, maybe enjoy the sea, but if there's a bunch of trash in it, then obviously it's not really what you came here for. 
So you can ask your hotel what they do with their stuff. 
You can, before coming here, make a pledge to support a local organization that's maybe working to support the environment, to keep the place that you're coming to visit beautiful and functioning, and you can donate to those organization, those non-profits, and support projects like that. 
And, on a larger scale, 
I would like to see the places, the tourist destinations, perhaps saying that 1% of money that you spend on hotel or food or airline tickets goes to supporting an environmental fund, or a green fund. 
There are places that have done that effectively, like Gili Trawangan, off the coast of Lombok, has the Gili Ecotrust, so you know, just a small amount, I think it's a dollar per day per tourist goes to that fund, and that helps to do the waste management and addresses different environmental issues. / Everyone wants to be green, and basically the first phase of that is you have some pioneers that are being green, and then everyone jumps on the bandwagon and says they're green, and more often than not, unfortunately a lot of people are just saying they're green. 
They might have good intentions, others might not, but it's just a marketing element, and they say "We're green!" or "We recycle, we do that," but as people, as customers and people understand that it's not enough just to say that, they have to prove it, they have to explain what they do. 
And even you know, just asking questions and that, it adds up, it helps. / At the top of any waste management plan should always be prevetion first, then reduction, and then you start looking at, ok, well the waste is already there, what can we do with it? 
Can we reuse it? 
Ok, if we can't reuse it, can we recycle it? 
But it's got to be in that pyramid of priorities. / So what the coalition is doing right now is to encourage business to do waste prevention, we call it Plastic Detox Bali. 
Our community, right now, people right now, are addicted to plastic. 
They tend to freak out, like "WHAT? 
No plastic allowed??" 
We have to keep reminding, we're not anti-plastic; we need plastic. 
But you need to learn how to use it wisely. 
So, to help them ease this addiction, 
I guess, Plastic Detox Bali. 
There's a series of actions that business can take. 
Like first, we ask them not to provide plastic bags for free. / What I think should be done on Bali, and perhaps in the rest of Indonesia, but certainly in Bali, is first introduce a bag tax. 
Make people pay for it. 
Pay for the plastic bag. 
Pay for the privilege. 
Pay for the mounting external costs, because then hopefully people will realize this is not free. 
People think it's free now and they think it's modern. 
They think free, modernity, nice, ya? 
"Asik, dong?" 
But it's not. 
Because what about the cost of cleaning it up over the long term. 
What about the health costs incurred by people who inhale the dioxins created by burning it. 
What about the people who eat it in their fish? 
What are the public health costs? 
You know, all these costs. 
I mean, we're talking millions and millions and millions of dollars. 
So you want to make waste management, or you want to do waste reduction? 
Which one is more cost efficient, cost effective? 
For a government that's struggling, that can't even provide water to the residents in 
Denpasar, there are so many other crises that are impending on this island, you know, plastic should be the easiest thing. 
Just put a bag tax, and then when people already realize, there's already public support, "hey, bags are expensive," then you do a bag ban. 
Ban it. 
Ban the single use plastic bag. 
Ireland? 
92% reduction in 2 weeks!!! 
They just banned it outright, and it's possible in a place like Bali: it's an island. 
You could just ban the bag. 
And people would just have to learn to deal with it. 
You learn. 
The first or second time you go to the store and you don't have a bag, and you're either forced to buy a bag or you've got to go home and get one, you won't forget again. 
You know, instant behavior shift. 
Instant. 
And people will grumble, and [complain], but grow up! 
We have to be adults about the environment we live in. / Students are the next leaders to come in the very near future, so they need to be able to have access to the kind of information and education to be made aware. 
And often times, not just in Indonesia, but in many countries, the school curriculum is outdated. 
It's not relevant to the current issues that we're facing in modern times, so to be able to infuse the perhaps outdated or "has-room-to-grow" curriculum, we feel that would be really effective, and get the kids excited. 
We started to select schools in different areas, many of them were in a little bit more remote areas, where they didn't really have any collection service, so typically the school would be burning the waste, or throwing it in the river at the back. 
We had very good discussions in a high school, in which, without wanting to say what was the solution, we were asking, 
"What do you think should be done, what can you do to reduce waste in your daily situation?" 
And without having to say anything, because we had refreshments around that were served by the school, students went straight away, 
"This can take away, this we can reintroduce the banana leaf, don't use that and that." 
So, I think actually the high schools should be a pretty good target. / A lot of programs, they don't need a lot of money, but they need some. 
And if you could help in the fundraising efforts for getting these programs off the ground or sustaining them, it would be a huge, huge help. 
When you think about it on that global scale, what will future communities do? 
The solution for me, is back again to the government, because the people, most of the people here, already agree about the garbage separation or the recycle, all the slogans, like "Reduce, reuse, recycle" or "Bali go clean and green". 
Everyone already agrees on those slogans. 
But what we're talking about now is after the slogan, or after the the idea, something that you wrote, the words you have to do the action right now, right? 
So what we're waiting for now, we as the grassroots movement, or the people still doing what we believe it, what we're waiting for is the government law to support this action. 
To institute that change on such a massive scale, wow, I mean, the government needs to intervene, and it needs to intervene from the top all the way down to the village. 
Every level, you know, and the way, with regional autonomy in Indonesia, ya, the Governor can say it should be like this, but then the Bupatis need to follow suit. 
They need to care; they need to really care. 
I think now the government still doesn't have any serious concern about the garbage but I do believe, especially the Balinese 
local government, because government in Bali is quite unique, we have a formal government and an informal government, and they are both equally strong, 50-50. 
So if both these governments had a really serious concern about the garbage or waste issue, it would be socialized effectively in the public. 
We, people here, would support 100%. 
So make it real. 
"Refuse plastic bags, refuse plastic bags, plastic, plastic, plastic, refuse plastic bags. 
Bali is a beautiful island, plastic bags are giving it a scaly skin, 
Let's play music, and support a beautiful Bali without plastic." 
(Off camera) What is a social worker?A social worker is really what I call an Agent of Change 
A change agent. 
And that is so important to understand the distinction. 
When you look at a patient. 
The doctor sees the patient. 
The doctor doesn't see anything else but the patient and inside the patient. 
The social worker does not just see the patient. 
The social worker sees family. 
The community at large. 
The resources within the community. 
And deals with all of them. 
That is your change agent. 
Because we do not focus on one thing. 
We focus on the entirety. 
And you really can't cure anything without looking at at the entirety. 
If you only work on the one individual someone with mental illness or the senior... what about what comes with the senior? 
Well there's finances, there's there's housing, there's family issues, there's all these other issues. 
The social worker does that. 
Not the doctor. 
Not the psychologist, not the nurse. 
We do. 
That's is what makes us agents of change. 
2013.6.11 Lotte Card Art Hall 
SlSTAR back with 2nd  regular album after 1 year 
Their comeback exclusively  shown by Melon 
Hey it's really  strange, strange 
I've never been like this  but whenever I see you 
My heart starts running 
When I see your face  I start wondering 
I can't control my face  I'm going crazy 
I want to see  you, you again 
I wanna say woo  woo woo woo yeh 
It's because of you  I don't want to say it first 
But it lingers in my mouth 
Loving U U What should I do  What should I do 
I can't control it 
My heart is broken heart  I can't bring my mind together 
Boy I'm falling in  love with U U 
What should I do,  what should I do 
I can't let you go  I love you 
Baby I'm in love with you ok let's talk about love 
Men try to blow whistles at me  And get me 
All of them goodbye now 
My cute voice will only Call you out, you~ 
What should I do I think I'm in love 
Woo woo woo woo yeh 
It's because of you 
I don't want to say it first  But it lingers in my mouth 
Loving U U What should I do  What should I do 
I can't control it 
My heart is broken,heart  I can't bring my mind together 
Boy I'm falling  in love with U U 
What should I do,  what should I do 
I can't let you go  I love you 
Baby I'm in love with you 
I'm getting anxious  This night is too long 
That word that I hid from you I love you 
Baby I'm in love with U U 
What should I do  What should I do 
I can't control it  My heart is broken,heart 
I can't bring my  mind together 
Boy I'm falling  in love with U U 
What should I do,  what should I do 
I can't let you go  I love you 
Baby I'm in love with you 
Hello Hello When  our eyes meet L.O. 
L.O.V.E I say  Mellow, Mellow, we are L.O.L.O.V.E. 
L. O. L. O. V. E I'm only think about U 
Two three! 
We are SlSTAR~ 
I didn't know we had so much fans 
A lot of you came 
We are back with our  2nd regular album after a year 
You know that we don't have any ballad songs 
There is one ballad song  in this album 
We have an amazing  song 
For that song... 
She wrote the lyrics  of that song 
We have that song. 
Which one is it? 
Correct answer 
We will show you  our first ballad song,'crying' 
Thank you 
A day without you I can't do anything 
Never No more 
Even if I regret it  It's all done now 
I don't have the courage to Take it back 
You come to me secretly And shake me again gently 
Oh no Oh no Don't hold my heart 
I feel like a fool looking at  You and crying 
Oh no Oh no  This is not love 
Love, like nothing happened  Like I never loved 
I can't do that  Crying Crying 
Love, even if I try to take it back  Me without you 
Endlessly Crying crying 
I open my eyes  You're nowhere 
I brush my eyes and look for you But you are not there 
I close my eyes and open it again  But you're still not there 
I thought it would  be okay without you 
But I look at the  memories we had 
Tears and memories that are  Falling out, it's all finished 
For You and Me 
You come to me secretly And shake me again gently 
Oh no Oh no Don't hold my heart 
I feel like a fool looking at  You and crying 
Oh no Oh no  This is not love 
Love, like nothing happened  Like I never loved 
I can't do that  Crying Crying 
Love, even if I try to take it back  Me without you 
Endlessly Crying crying 
No, this is not me I used to know 
I'm going to be okay, I know Whenever I breathe  I hate you 
I can't sleep at night  Telling myself it's okay 
But we can't take it back  Late regrets, So don't cry 
Love you were different I know now that you changed me 
Even if I push you away  And brush you away 
You are everything  To me that can't go 
I wanna go back I couldn't love anyone but you 
I don't know what to do  I'm puzzled Yeah, I feel restless 
I think my mind has  gone crazy Yeah 
My man's sick pack  Girls fall in love respect 
He lures me with energy 
Confidence is boss  I'm totally in 
Please know my heart  Wanting love 
I want you to me my man From now 
Hey you look at me only 
Hey you don't make  me cry One two three four 
Come to me slowly 
Are you lured by me Don't smile 
Too greasy  I have a man 
He is full of charms  You can't be like him 
Dark eyebrows  wide shoulders 
From head to toe all  of them Oh my God 
Please know my heart  Wanting love 
I want you to me my man From now 
Hey you look  at me only 
Hey You don't make  me cry One two three four 
Come to me slowly  Break it down take it slow 
You keep on reading  my expressions 
I feel irritated feeling stuffed 
Don't read my face 
Hey you look at me only 
Hey you don't make  me cry One two three four 
Come to me slowly 
Hello, LOEN TV  viewers 
This is SlSTAR 
The title song is more  mass oriented song 
In one words, it's like intensity 
I think it's wanting love, so I think it's loneliness 
I thought it had a lot  of colors to it 
Every one of us has  our own part in it 
It's a little bit different from the old songs 
There are a lot of point  choreography on stage 
For me, I have dance with  a male dancer 
When Bora is dancing, magic powder comes down 
For Dasom, she uses  stick and hat to show 
Musical side of the song 
We are together again after  a bit of Unit activities 
And it's really great to  come back with regular album 
We all have very different  colors of our own 
You will get to know each members better with the song 
Please love us 
This was SlSTAR, thank you! 
Would I get  married before 30 
My heat is already tired  from giving love oh 
Even from the raindrop sound  My heart hurts 
I'm still young and delicate  Naïve and delicate 
Have a lot of tears 
I cry and ask for it 
There's that blank  space full of tears 
Give me love That's enough 
Would you come  before morning 
I only have you,  like a fool Oh 
I cry all day  Until the day breaks 
I don't know if that  sun is the moon 
I don't know if  it's night or day 
I cry and ask for it 
There's that blank  space full of tears 
Give me love That's enough 
I try to write the letters  hundreds of times 
But at the end  I rip it apart 
Why is love  so heavy for me 
I cry all day  Until the day breaks 
I don't know if that  sun is the moon 
I don't know if  it's night or day 
I cry all day the day breaks  Day breaks, day breaks 
I cry all day the day breaks  Day breaks, day breaks 
Give me love That's enough 
...but it's actually Michigan where this is maybe the most stark and the most amazing. 
In Michigan, the new Republican governor is a man named Rick Snyder. 
Rick Snyder does not get a lot of national attention, but boy howdy he ought to. 
What Governor Snyder is doing, I think, tells you, in particular, how clueless the beltway press has been about what is actually happening in the states right now, in Republican politics. 
If you listen to the beltway press, even those who are willing to be critical of the Republicans, they say things like, "Well real fiscal conservatives would consider raising taxes, as well as cutting spending, to address their state's budget shortfalls". 
That is actually happening in some of these places. 
Look what they are trying to do in Michigan. 
Rick Snyder has proposed an actual tax increase. 
Michigan has a budget problem, so he's gonna do the,[bell dings] responsible thing. right? 
He's going to raise taxes. 
He's gonna raise taxes on - seniors, and on poor people. 
1.7 billion dollars in tax hikes for Michigan seniors, and Michigan's poor people, and for people who want to make a tax deductible donation to public universities. 
Sorry, you know, Michigan has a budget problem. 
We're gonna hafta raise a whole lotta money from you - 
- poor people, old people, people supporting public schooling - you have to take the hit because the state needs to save that money. 
Is the state saving that money? 
No, the state is not. 
Governor Snyder is taking all of that money that the state will gain, and he is not using to close the budget gap. 
He is giving it away - in the form of 1.8 billion dollars in corporate tax cuts. 
He's taking in 1.7 billion dollars in higher taxes from poor people and old people, and giving it away. 
1.8 billion dollars to businesses. 
Net short term effect on the state's budget? 
Zero or worse. 
It is not about the budget. 
It is really not. 
It is not about the budget in Wisconsin, it is not about the budget in Florida, it's not about the budget in Ohio, it is not about the budget in Michigan. 
But what Michiganders know, and what Michiganders have been trying to get the rest of the country to pay attention to, is that what these Republicans are doing in the states, is not just 'not about the budget'. 
It's about something way worse than that. 
Stay with me for a moment here. 
There is more to this. 
This is our house. 
Kill the bill. 
This is our house. 
Kill the bill. 
Kill the bill! 
Kill the bill! 
Kill the bill! 
Kill the bill! 
Why are these people in Michigan so loud? 
Why are these people in Michigan so mad? 
Not just because they haven't won yet, like the protesters in Wisconsin have, it's because Michigan Republicans are telling them, that they are about to lose their right to elect local government. 
The governor's just going to take care of that from now on. 
See, the governor knows best. 
This whole democracy thing, turns out, it's very inefficient. 
And haven't you heard? 
There's a crisis. 
Big government conservatism gets really, really, really astonishingly big. 
That's next. 
The Michigan House has already passed, and the Michigan Senate is about to pass a bill that sounds like it is out of a dystopian leftist novel from the future. 
If you think that Republican governors around the country are using fiscal crisis as a pretext, to do stuff they wouldn't otherwise want to do, this is something I don't think I every would have believed Republicans even wanted to do. 
But this is what they're proposing. 
This hasn't really gotten much national attention, but please just check this out. 
Governor Rick Snyder's budget in Michigan is expected to cut aid to cities and towns, so much, that a lot of cities and towns in Michigan are expected to be in dire financial straights. 
Right now, Governor Snyder is pushing a bill that would give himself, 
Governor Snyder and his administration, the power to declare any town or school district to be in a financial emergency. 
If a town was declared by the governor and his administration to be in a financial emergency, they would get to put somebody in charge of that town. 
And they want to give that emergency manager they've just put in charge of the town, the power to "reject, modify or terminate" any contracts the town may have entered into. 
Including any collective bargaining agreement. 
So this emergency person, who get's put in charge of a town deemed to be in financial crisis, by the governor's administration. 
This emergency person gets to strip the town of union rights. 
Unilaterally, by their own personal authority. 
But this emergency person also gets the power, under this bill, to suspend or dismiss, elected officials! 
Think about that for a second. 
Doesn't matter who you voted for in Michigan. 
Doesn't matter who you elected, you're elected local government can be dismissed, at will. 
The emergency person, sent in by the Rick Snyder administration, could recommend that a school district be absorbed into another school district. 
That emergency person is also granted power specifically to dis-incorporate or dissolve, entire city governments. 
What year was your town founded? 
Does it say so, like on the town border, as you drive into your town? 
Does it say what year your town was founded? 
What did your town's founding fathers and founding mothers have to go through in order to incorporate your town? 
Republicans in Michigan want to be able to unilaterally abolish your town, and dis-incorporate it - regardless of what you, as a resident of that town, think about it. 
You don't even have the right to express an opinion about it, through your locally elected officials, who represent you. 
Because the Republicans in Michigan say they reserve the right to dismiss your measly elected officials, and to do what they want instead, because they know best. 
The version of this bill that passed the Republican controlled Michigan House, said it was fine for this emergency power, to declare a fiscal emergency. 
Invoking all of these extreme powers. 
It was fine for that power to be held by a corporation. 
So ? of Michigan, could at the governor's disposal, be handed over to the discretion of a company. 
You still want your town to exist? 
Take it up with the board of directors of this corporation that will be overseeing your future now. 
Or rather, don't take it up with them, frankly their not interested. 
Instead of thinking of Michigan as the Upper and Lower Penninsula, 
let's just consider the prospect of Amway-stan, right? 
The area between Pontiac and Flint? 
Could be the next Dow Chemical-ville, maybe? 
The power to over-rule and suspend elected government, justified by a financial emergency. 
Oh, and how do you know when you're in a financial emergency? 
Because the governor tells you you're in a financial emergency. 
Or a company he hires to so, does that instead. 
The Senate version of the bill, in Michigan, says it has to be humans declaring your fiscal emergency, the House bill says a firm can do that just as well. 
This is about a lot of things. 
This is not about a budget. 
This is using, or fabricating crisis, to push for an agenda, you'd never be able to sell under normal circumstances. 
And so, you have to convince everyone that these are not normal circumstances. 
These are desperate circumstances. 
And your desperate measures are therefore somehow required. 
What this is has a name. 
It is called Shock Doctrine. 
This video is about the coalitional game theory solution concept called the core. 
Recall that the Shapley value told us about how to divide the coalition's value fairly among all of its members. 
In this video We instead want to think about whether the agents would be willing to form the grand coalition, as compared to forming smaller coalitions that might give all of their members greater value than they're able to achieve in the grand coalition. 
Let's begin by looking at an example which we're going to call the voting game. 
We're going to think about a parliament that consists of four political parties which we'll call A, B, C and D. 
Each of these parties have a different number of seats in the parliament. 
45 seats, 25, 15 and 15 respectively. 
The parties have to vote to decide whether to pass a spending bill of a 100 million dollars and also to decide amongst themselves how to divide that spending between the parties. 
It's necessary to get a majority which is to say fifty one votes in order to pass any legislation and of course if the bill doesn't pass, then there will be no money for any of the parties to spend. 
Let's begin by thinking about the Shapley values in this case. 
I, 
I'll tell you what the answer is in a second, but you may want to pause the video here and work out for yourself what the Shapley values are in this situation. 
So, these are the Shapley values here. 
I won't show you how we did the calculation. 
Notice in particular, That even though, B and C and D have different numbers of votes, they end up getting the same value in the Shapley value. 
The question that I want to focus on today, is whether any sub-coalition can gain, by defecting from the grand coalition? 
Again I'll invite you to pause and think about that before I give you the answer. 
So the answer is that a sub-coalition can gain, in particular, A and B together could form a sub-coalition which would do better than the grand coalition and Being paid according to the Shopley values. 
So, A and B by themselves have en ough votes to pass the legislation without the help of C and D and if they were to divide the 100 million amongst themselves, for example 75, 25, then they would each get more than they got Under the Shapley value division, and they would still pass the legislation. 
So, this goes to show that while the Shapley values may be fair, they don't necessarily give the right incentives to all of the different parties to want to actually join the grand coalition and so, instead, we should look for different ways that the parties could divide the payments so that they would be willing to form the grand coalition So that's the question that we're going to think about in this video. 
Under what payment divisions would the agents be willing to form the grand coalition? 
And the answer as we'll see is that they would be willing to do so if the payment the profile belongs to a set which we'll call the core. 
Here's how we define the core. 
So, we're going to think about a given payment vector, that's going to be an assignment of a certain amount of value to each of the different members of the coalition. 
And we're going to say that the core, that this payment vector is in the core of a coalitional game. 
If and only if the following condition is true. 
For every coalition that could form and which is a subset or equal to the grand coalition. 
So every subset of the grand coalition, it's the case that for all agents in that subset. if we sum across all of the agents in that subset, excuse me. 
The amount of payoff that the payoff vector says that we give to each of those agents I in the subset. 
That sum is at least as much as the value that the agents would have gotten as a coalition if they had deviated, and instead, formed that subset S. So, kind of intuitively, what we're guaranteing here is that the sum of the payoffs to all of the agents in any subcoalition, is at least as much as they could earn if they actually did go off and form that subcoalition. 
And you can see in the voting game that's what we saw Wasn't ach ieved. 
That the amount that we were paying a and b under the shoply value payments wasn't as much as they could have gone off and gone, gotten on their own. 
So if there doesn't exist any sub coalition where the agent's could have gotten more on their own then our pay affecter is in the court. 
And intuitively this is like Nash equilibrium. 
Because what we're saying is the agents don't have any profitable deviations. 
It isn't the case that any subcoalition could deviate away from the grand coalition, and end up with higher payment for themselves. 
The way it's different from Nash equilibrium is we're thinking about groups of agents jointly deviating. 
So. 
In, in a sense it's a stronger notion than a Nash Equilibrium. 
We don't think only about unilateral deviations here. 
So, any time a solution concept is introduced to you, there are two questions that you should wonder about. 
The first is whether the solution concept always returns something. 
Analogously remember Pure strategy Nash equilibrium doesn't always exist. 
Mixed strategy equilibrium does always exist. 
So we might wonder, if the core always nonempty? 
Does it always suggest at least one payment profile to us? 
Secondly, we might wonder, is the core always unique? 
When it does return something to us does it always return one thing, does it make a sharp recommendation, or might it return multiple things? 
Well first of all, is the core always nonempty? the answer here unfortunately is no. 
So there are some games in which, there aren't any stable payments, that can be allocated to the agents. 
And we can see this already in the voting game. 
So, the set of minimal coalitions that are able to pass the 
legislation are A B, A C, A D, and B C D. All of these subsets of the agents have enough votes to pass the legislation. 
Now we can Just looking at these sets reason that there isn't any way of dividing the payments that would be stable, for all sub coalitions. 
In particular we can see that if the sum of the payoffs to the parties in b c and d ends up being less than a hundred, then this set of agents has reason to deviate and form this coalition, where they can then Divide the full hundred million amongst themselves. 
However, if B, C and D get the entire payoff of a hundred million, then A can form a coalition with any one of B, C or 
D, which would be sufficient And it could do this with which ever of the of B, C, and D is getting paid the least under whatever payment profile we're assuming is adequate for B, C, D. And best that we can see is there is always some sub-coalition that can profitaly deviate from any. 
Payment profile that, that we propose, and that means that the core is empty for this game. 
The second thing we might wonder is, in cases where the core is not empty, is it unique? 
And again, here the news is bad. 
Because, no, the core is not always unique. 
So now let's consider changing teh voting game, so that we require an 80 % majority, instead of a 51% majority. 
It's now the case that the winning coalitions are these 2 coalitions, these are the only coalitions that are able to obtain 80% majority, the, the only minimal coalitions 
And it's now the case that a and b are a required in all winning coalitions. 
And this means that any complete distribution of the $100 million between just a and b is going to belong to the core because there's no way that c and d, even if they're not paid anything can go off and form some As different coalition that would pay them more. 
And so, the grand coalition is stable as long as a and b get paid everything. 
Now let me give you a few more definitions so I can say some more positive things about the core. 
First let me define a simple game. 
I'll say that a game is simple if it's the case that, for all coalitions, the value of the, the coalition is either zero or 1. 
And notice that our voting game is a simple game. 
And the reason is that we either produce 100 million dollars. 
Or 0, depending on whether we get a majority or not. 
And so, we can scale those payoffs where 1 is 100 million dollars and 0 is 0 and we can then encode this as a simple game. 
My 2nd definition is of a veto player and I'll say that a player i has a veto if The value of all coalitions that don't involve i is 0. 
So in other words the participation of i in a coalition is necessary if the coalition is going to produce any value at all. 
Putting these 2 things together it's possible to show that. 
In a simple game, the core is empty exactly when there is no veto player. 
And that's precisely what we saw in our voting game example already. 
We had no veto player. in the case where we needed a 51 percent majority. 
Because there was a coalition that didn't involve a. 
On the other hand, the core was empty, in that case. on the other hand, if there are veto players, the core consists of all of those payoff vectors where the nonveto players get zero and the payoff is divided among the veto players. 
And, again, we saw that in our voting game example here where we had the 80 percent majority required. 
Where a and b were both veto players. 
I want to say 1 more positive thing about the core. 
And to do that, I'm going to illustrate, another coalitional game example. 
So this is called the airport game. 
In this example, there are several different cities in the same geographical area that need access to airports and the different cities are different sizes and so they need to be able to accommodate different sized airplanes. 
They have to decide between each building their own airport or building a regional Airport and sharing the cost of building the regional airport amongst all the cities. 
If they build the regional airport it's cost is going to depend on the largest plane that has to be accomondated. 
So, whichever city in the coalition that builds a regional airport Needs the biggest aircraft is going to set the size of the airport for everybody. 
Otherwise, everyone just builds their own airport. 
So we'll model this as a coalitional game as follows, and, as of course, the set of cities And the value of each coalition is ba sically the amount of work that was avoided as compared to having all of the airports built individually for each city. 
So, more specifically, the value of a coalition is the sum of the cost of building runways for every city in S Minus the cost of the biggest runway which is the one that actually has to be built for the regional airport. 
Well I'll define a convex game as follows, a game is convex If, for all, coalitions that are strict subsets of n, the value of the union of those subsets, of those two different coalitions, is at 
least as big As the value that the first can achieve by itself plus the amount the second could achieve by itself minus the amount that the coalition in common between these two can achieve for itself. 
So notice that we, we already talked about superadditivity. this is a stronger assumption because superadditivity assumed that s and t had an empty intersection. 
Whereas here we're allowing them to have an intersection and we're, we're just subtracting the value of its intersection. 
So, so this speaks about also cases in which s and t. 
Do have 1 or more agents in common. 
Nevertheless, convex games are, are relatively common and the Airport games is an example of a convex game. 
So the reason I mentioned convex games is to say some nice things about the core. 
And here are, are 2 kind of positive theorems about the core. 
First of all, in the case of convex games, the core always is nonempty. 
So, there's always at least some way of dividing payments between all of the agents to support the grand coalition and in a way where no subset of the agents would be willing to deviate in order to, to benefit themselves Secondly, even better, the Shopley value is in the core for convex games and so that means that for these particular games, dividing the value of the grand coalitoin in a way that is stable and dividing the value of the grand coalition in a way that is fair are not goals that are at odds with each other. 
So in these games, it's possible to do both. 
Hey guys, this is Heather from healthyveganrecipes.net. 
Today, I'm going to share my garlic herb sauce recipe. 
I'm coming to you from our new kitchen in Ottawa. 
Phil and I have moved to Canada's capital. 
I grew in a suburb just outside of the city called Kanaka and its been exciting for me to start getting to know downtown a little bit. 
I didn't get out here very often, so we are right downtown and right near the - we're having lot of fun. 
This is my kitchen, a little bit smaller than what I had in Victoria but it works. 
What 
I'm going to show you today is this garlic herb sauce recipe - a bean sauce, which 
I haven't done in a while and it's one of my favorite things to make. 
And, I just happened to have made a bean dip yesterday and I'm going to turn some of that dip into a sauce. 
So, when you start with the bean dip, you can do any type of dip - hummus or black bean. 
What I made is actually is white bean dip with some Italian herbs and some nutritional yeast to make it taste a little bit cheesy. 
So, you get your bean dip, made to the consistency of a dip, and then if you want to make a sauce out of it, you just add more water. 
I'll post this garlic herb sauce recipe over at healthyveganrecipes.net. 
I'm going to make this into a sauce and I will show you how to that right now. 
One awesome thing about unpacking is I got to find all of my kitchen stuff that I packed away last May that I have not seen since. 
So, that's been like 8 months of not having my kitchen stuff. 
One of the things that I love are these pyrex dishes, they're glass and can with a plastic lid, so I can put this right on the fridge, and I can keep my food in glass instead of plastic containers, which is awesome. 
These are made by pyrex but I think there are other companies that do the same kind of thing. 
So, here's my white bean dip that I made yesterday, you can see its very dip-like consistency and all you need to do to make it a sauce is to add water. 
I'm just going to spoon out the amount that I want, and again, if you're looking for the recipe for this dip, just head over to healthyveganrecipes.net. 
This is going to be a lunch for us, so that should do it. 
I've got that in a bowl and you can do this in a blender. 
You can actually just do it to a sauce consistency first but I did a lot of beans. 
I cooked some dried beans and I end up with quite a lot, so I made the dip first and today I feel like a sauce, so here we go. 
What I got in here are some Italian herbs. 
You can choose from whichever herbs you like. 
I think I have basil, chives and oregano - I can't quite remember, and I got some nutritional yeast in here, which is always a nice addition to a sauce - it's this yellow-flaky-stuff. 
And for salt, I'm using something called herbamare. 
It's a mix of salt as well as some dried herbs and some kelp, which is awesome to add iodine as well as making this salty but reducing the actual sodium content. 
I want my sauce a little bit runny, and all I'm doing is just stirring this up with the water so you can see it's quite runny - it's actually a little bit too runny, so I'm just going to add another spoonful of the dip. 
That's a nice thing to have some dip at hand. 
You can use it for all kinds of different things. 
Phil and I use it for snacks all the time, its fantastic. 
So, that's something really good, take a little taste just to make sure that as you water it down, it doesn't 
lose the flavor. 
That's really nice but I think I just add a little bit more nutritional yeast. 
Nutritional yeast is another thing that I pulled out of my box of kitchen stuff that I'm so happy to find. 
So, that's ready to go. 
And then, what I'm going to do is I'm going to serve it over cauliflower - cauliflower is not so exciting most of the time. 
This one has few little brown spots that I'm just going to thinly slice off here. 
Cauliflower, when you get it, comes with this green stuff around and it's kind of hard to get in to. 
So, what I do is just peel back some of these leaves - get my knife in there and once you get a few pieces out, it gets easier. 
So, just pull those out. 
Once you slice one of them, you want to make sure to take one out because it will dry out. 
And since I slice this top off here, I want to take those as well, and the rest of it you can put back in its plastic bag and save. 
It is better if you can use the whole thing at once, but this is lunch for Phil and I, the entire cauliflower would be a bit much. 
This is going to get dry out a little bit but just do the best you can. 
I'm going to put it back into the plastic bag that it came in and pop it back in the fridge. 
So, you want to wash up your cauliflower, just make sure that there's not dirt or anything like that on it. 
One of the things that I really love with this kitchen is the first place that Phil and I had been that doesn't have a microwave, which is awesome because we don't use microwave and it kind of gets in the way of the use of space in the cupboards. 
The last place we lived in we used the microwave for storage actually, but cupboards are much more efficient, so we were excited about that. 
Alright, so get your cauliflower cut up and 
I'm going to cut it into bite size pieces. 
At his point, is you want to, you can steam this or boil it. 
I'm just going to have it raw because we're having it for lunch and lunch is when I like to get raw vegetables because it's the warmest part of your day and the most active and most able to handle those cooling raw foods, especially in winter time in Ottawa - it's pretty cold here. 
Alright, so there is Phil's bowl, he always eats more than me - he's a guy and bigger than I am. 
I'm just going to pour some of the sauce over the top. 
You can use as much or as little as you like - that's look pretty good, some on mine. 
Here you go my lovely simple garlic herb sauce recipe over cauliflower. 
You can have a few chopped onions or some parsley on top there if you a garnish - it's very easy to make if you have a bean dip already made. 
Hey! 
Starting another The Moustache In The Kitchen! 
Say hi to everyone. 
Moustache: 
Hi, everyone. 
The Moustache In The Kitchen 
Today we're going to make the vanilla sugar, which I had said to you... 
That we would make with the remaining vanilla, which was supposed to stay drying, 
From the Confectioner's Cream episode. 
It can be used in cake, in Palmier's dough, can be used in dough's pie, 
It can be used in lots of things you want! 
It's delicious and you reuse the vanilla. 
The vanilla bean, which is expensive and worth reusing. 
Today's Episode 
Vanilla Sugar 
Here, in this little pot, I'll show you. 
There's all the vanillas I save, 
That I let drying. 
Moustache: 
The smell is amazing! 
Everytime I make something with vanilla bean, I wash it if I put inside the milk or the cream. 
If I didn't put, don't need to wash. 
Then I put it beside my stove and leave there for a couple of days, it'll dry. 
When it dry, I save inside this little pot here, I close it, I let it quite closed. 
When I have the enough quantity for making the vanilla sugar, I make it. 
For the vanilla sug... 
Moustache: 
And what is the enough quantity for making the vanilla sugar? 
This is what I'm going to say right now! 
For the vanilla sugar, we will always need the sugar and the vanilla. 
SUGAR & VANlLLA 
Only. 
Nothing more. 
Moustache: 
Wonderful, it makes sense. 
It makes sense. 
And then what happens? 
In this case, here I have 15g of vanilla. 
So I need 150g of sugar. 
In other words, we always need 10% of the sugar's weight in vanilla. 
So: there's 200g of sugar? 
I'm going to use 20g of vanilla. 
Moustache: 
Wonderful! 
I have 1kg of sugar? 
I'm going to use 100g of vanilla. 
The ideal is using refined sugar or caster sugar. 
Moustache: 
And what about the "brownd" sugar, can't it? 
You can, actually you can use any sugar. 
But we use more... 
The brown sugar has more flavour, right? 
So it'll mask the vanilla's flavour. 
It's easier a sugar that doesn't have much flavour. 
It's better with the refined or with the caster sugar, because they are more thin. 
The caster sugar isn't the Icing sugar ok, guys? 
The Icing sugar has starch. 
It's not this, ok? 
So, or the caster sugar or the refined sugar. 
But I don't have any of them here, so I'm using granulated sugar. 
I've never seen, really, anywhere, this unique support for cancer research. 
And so I want to thank you for your participation, your collaboration and most of all, for your confidence in our ideas. 
(Applause) 
Lookie here. 
Now I'm f& excited if I've left something more than just ... the usual rations. 
See if there is anything else that could be eaten. 
Just think if I left some candy. 
That would be great. 
IS THERE ANY CANDY HERE? 
I don't think there is any, but one can always hope. 
Matches, even more Vaseline I don't really have use for. 
Zinc ointment. 
Very much in here, apparently good. 
YEAH! 
YEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAH! 
YEAAAAAAAAAAAA - 
- AAAAAAAAAAAAA - 
-AAAAHA HA HA 
WOHOO! 
YEAAAAAAAAAAAAAH! 
YEEEEEHOO! 
Is it really? 
Did I leave that here!? 
It is completely- DOUBLE pack of cheez doodles. 
YEAAAAAAAAAAAAAH! 
YEAH! 
I am so hungry. 
The rest is probably just ... garbage. 
Extra spoon, extra primus pump. 
So I had two after all. 
Extra funnel, something, extra cover. 
OHOHOO!! 
WOHO! 
OOOOOOOOOOH! 
What was I thinking!? 
Have I been leaving this here? 
I was probably thinking,- Trying to save weight. 
It's not possible. 
OHOHOHAHAHA! 
WOH-WOHOO! 
WOHO! 
WOOOooooioi. 
My god ... here is mentos. 
Ooh! 
Here is cheese!? 
What the f... 
Have I left all the things here that I should have left at the next depot? 
My god! 
That was that then,- 
- No! 
It is ... another! 
Hahahaha! 
I am going absolutely crazy. 
People were so excited about Grant's new product that he started getting requests 
left and right for his glasses wipers and spray nozzles. 
So, he started to keep a 
list of everyone who would want a pair very soon. 
By the end of 1 day, 36 of his friends had begged him for glasses wipers and 11 of those people each said that they would also like a pair of nozzles to go with their glasses wipers. 
It's... the pop... from, uh, the pizza place? 
It's -- looks like a person. 
He matches the color of the restaurant. 
That is the coffee logo. 
That is a parade elephant. 
That is the Disney. 
Those are... little... worms. 
That looks like an "M". 
But upside down, "M"s are "W"s! 
That is the Apple Store logo! 
It has a bite of an apple in it. 
Ooh, looks like the 'merican flag. 
A bell. 
Uh, outside space. 
Looks like a shooting star? 
With a planet. 
An eye. 
Chili, and it has an "S" next to it, and chilis are spicy. 
That looks like a beach ball. 
Beach balls are very colorful. 
The GE logo. 
That's where my grandpa works. 
Babies... are little. 
Gas. 
That is a cheetah? 
A cheetah. 
Cheetah. 
A letter "O", but it has a dot in it. 
An "M" for McDonald's, and it looks like a fry, but it's an "M" made out of fries. 
On a car. 
It's a peace sign! 
A turkey, that's very colorful like the rainbow. 
The Nikes. 
That is coffee again. 
Maybe on a restaurant? 
That looks like a marble. 
That is on a control that you use to control the TV at Ryan's house! 
Panda bears live... out in the woods, I think. 
Baby toys. 
Those look like baby toys! 
The end! 
Now do me a favor and please make a bar chart of the same data. 
And after you've done it, I'll ask you the same question of whether there's an approximate 
linear relationship between age and wage. 
Chechnyah 
During our journey in this show 'Travel with the Quran' we have travelled to many countries to spot light The Quran institutes.. to find the miracles of the Quran around the World. and amongst these countries, is the Country of Chechnyah. 
Everyone knows that Chechnyah have been through many wars and it finally became stabilized 6 years ago 
When i first decided to come to Chechnya - people thought that the war is still on!! even my mother asked me: 
Isn't There a war in Chechnyah? 
I replied to her: 
"No mother, Chechnyah is now stabilized" after it was stabilized.. their main focus was on the book of Allah swt and they have a great Quran institutes now 
This is why we came here to introduce to you.. the Kids of Chechnyah and how well focused they are When it comes to the Book of Allah swt 
Also to show you the Quran insititues here which I am sure you will love, here in Chechnyah but while I was recording, those two young boys were heading to register for Summer Quran classes so I've asked them to join me 
May Allah protect them and keep the Quran firm in their hearts, and may Allah preserve you all as well. 
We headed to one of the Quran Institues here in chechnya, and Indeed I was amazed from what I've seen 
Its as though the Dream is now Reality. 
Before I came to chechnya, I was told that they focus so much on their Quran [especially the kids] 
But when I came here, I found their Institutes to be very different from the other Institutes. 
Some of you may think that I am standing in a Random Public Garden or a park. 
No By Allah, I am standing in a park that belongs to Quran Institue 
A very distinguished Institute that has many things to help the students to memorize the Quran. 
I wish that this dream comes to reality back in my country and in other countries as well. 
The dream of this great concern about the Book of Allah here in Chechnya, Come with me to check it out 
This institute... has special Rooms for Their students a classes that fits their schedule well, and a Cafeteria that provides their daily meals. 
And they have a Masjid of their own, along with a wide green field, for the students to enjoy their break time 
But Truly, the most Beautiful thing we found in this institute.. 
Is the Organized system of the institute, along with its discipline from the Hufadh of the Book of Allah Swt. 
Who can start reciting for us a portion of what they have memorized from the Quran? 
MashaAllah TabarakAllah, Do you listen to Shaykh Abu Bakr Al Shatri? 
-Yes he does -MashaAllah, May Allah make you 
-..become like Shaykh Abu Bakir al Shatri. 
Congratulation to AbuBakr for having 
-.. the kids of chechnya listening to him. 
May This is all be found in his scale of good deeds 
Institute of Shaykh Zayid - Chechnya. 
while I was walking around the institute.. here in Chechnya 
The insititute of Shaykh Zayid for Quran Memorization and while I was listening to their beautiful recitation, I met a boy named Ikhwaan 
It was said to me that this young boy is 12 years old and has the Quran Memorized. 
MashaAllah Shaykh Adam, When did ikhwaan start memorizing the Quran? - he started memorizing as soon as we opened up this Institute which was 8months ago. 
- He started memorizing 8 months ago? - yes he did. 
MashaAllah Tabarak AlRahman, he memorized the Quran only in 8months! honestly I am a little shocked because he doesn't speak Arabic right? - yes he doesnt. 
-But with that, his main focus was to memorize.. 
-..the Quran in 8-9 months. 
And he sure did. 
MashaAllah. 
- How many pages does he memorize a day? 
- He used to memorize 2-4 pages a day.. 
- but in the last portion of the Quran, he started memorizing.. 
- .. 8pages a day! 
-Masha'Allah 
- and obviously he doesn't leave this institute?  - yes ofcourse. 
MashAllah Tabarak AlRahaman, Who encouraged him to memorize the Quran? 
- No one encouraged him, he had personal desire to memorize the Quran. 
-MashAllah, as we know the one who memorizes the Quran must always be reviewing what he has memorized. 
- How many pages does he review a day? 
- He reviews 4 Chapters a day! 
-MashAllah! 
I ask Allah to bless him. 
Chechnya 
I have a small request.. 
Now that you have planned to memorize the Quran and started working on it... 
Make sure you Do not Despair! 
I know with this great Quran journey.. you will be facing many hardship and obstacles.. 
These obstacles should never let you stop what you are doing 
It should not let you say "that's it.. 
Im going to stop memorizing the Quran" 
I have honestly met many people who have memorized upto 3 chapters and as soon as they faced a small obstacle.. they decided to stop memorizing the Quran! 
Trust me when I say: 
This is indeed from the Shaytaan. 
the honey, we know its sweet but we also know it was produced by the sharp needle on the bee! and just like the Quran, it is so great! 
Believe me.. 
I have met many disabled people, they face so much hardship while memorizing the Quran but.. 
They knew the great blessings behind memorizing the Quran.. so they did complete Memorizing the Quran with all these hardships and obstacles that you don't even face or will face [Since you are in good health] and if you have sincerely focused on this..Allah will ease every step you take because you want to memorize the book of Allah 
Allah says: 
"And those who strive for Us - We will surely guide them to Our ways." 
Allah will make it easy way for you but make sure you do not despair! 
The Old Grozny Institute - Chechnya 
We had an ultimate visit to one the special institute here in Russia 
This institute is made for special needs people 
They teach them Quran and the Deen. 
we are now in chechnya in one of the ultimate Quran institute 
This institute was built in 1904 - very old institute but it was renovated recently [in the past few years] 
The strange thing about this institute is that there's 100 student- from them are normal students who memorize theQuran and from them [around 25 students] are special needs 
Those who are deaf, unable to speak and unable to see. and from one of the beautiful examples in this institute is a young man who's Russian 
He converted to Islam, and he has this great keenness in wanting to learn the Quran, Keep in mind he's blind yet he wants to learn the Quran, ofcourse through braille and wants to memorize it as well. 
MashaAllah i heard that he learned how to read braille in a small period of time and learned how to read the Quran very well.. how long did it take him to learn it? 
To be honest, to learn the correct way so that you can prefect the reading.. it takes a long period of time 
But i learned the basic of braille [connecting the letters and words together] in 2 days. 
This is due to that fact that I already knew how to read braille in Russian language and English, so I didnt find difficulty in learning the Arabic one. 
Okay but why do care so much about leanring 
Why does he want to learn this fast and is trying to seek nearness to Allah? 
I have always had a desire to learn the Language of the Quran so that I can read it 
This is why I left university of Moscow and came here. 
I Ask Allah to ease my way in seeking this knowledge for his sake. 
Does he enjoy it? 
- Ofcourse, with no doubt. 
- This is concidered his Jannah on Earth 
- He has found the Jannah of This dunyah by learning this language for the sake of learning the Speech of Allah. 
Allahu Akbar, this is beautiful! 
- As you've heard, he left his studies and family to come and learn the Quran 
I asked him do you enjoy what you do? he said: 
Indeed I found the Heaven of This Dunyah by Learning the Quran. by Allah, this is a beautiful answer. 
I heard that this young man is a soccer player in the National Team of Russia? 
Yes I do play soccer with the National team of Russia that's made especially for blind people and we won the European cup just recently in Portugal 
So not only is he focusing on learning how to read braille in arabic, but he's also working on Quran memorization and he still active in other ways, the likes of his favorite sports and such 
He has many goals mashaAllah. 
But our request is for him to Read to us 
Surat An'baa: 
"About what are they asking one another? 
About the great news..That over which they are in disagreement 
No! 
They are going to know. 
Then, no! 
They are going to know. 
Have We not made the earth a resting place? 
And the mountains as stakes? 
And We created you in pairs.. 
And made your sleep [a means for] rest.. 
And made the night as clothing.. 
And made the day for livelihood.. 
And constructed above you seven strong [heavens] 
MashAllah Tabarak AlRahman 
When we meet these people, especially those with special needs we find in ourselves.. honestly in myself and yours.. 
The lack towards the speech of Allah we can see and the Quran is right infront of us, and our FlRST language is Arabic 
Allah says:And is it not sufficient for them that We revealed to you the Book which is recited to them? yet we still keep away from Quran, some of us read the Quran only in Ramadan, and some of us does not want to memorize the Quran and he knows that the Quran is easy to memorize. 
Look at all these examples that was brought your way! 
We now want from you to start with your children in helping them memorize the Quran. and you should also memorize too. 
Memorizing the Quran, Reciting the Quran and prefecting it because 
BY ALLAH, this Quran will be with us OR against us on the Day of Judgment. especially for those who know the Arabic language, those who have been blessed with their sight, their hearing and their tongue 
By Allah we will not succeed.. and will not find blessing except by the Quran. 
I ask Allah to Allow us to complete this show and through these great examples - motivate you to memorize the Quran. 
You and whoever is around you. 
Ameen. 
"I can't seem to get this paper right!" 
"Having trouble with your writing, Timmy? 
Have you tried the writing center?" 
"The writing center? 
What's that?" 
"Why Timmy, the writing center is a free opportunity for you to improve your writing skills! 
You don't need an appointment and it's located right in the tunnel. 
Our excellent staff will be glad to help you at any stage of your writing." 
"Wow! 
That sounds nifty! 
I think I'll head to the writing center right now!" 
"That's the spirit, Timmy! 
Make sure to tell your friends about the writing center too!" 
The Dover Boys at Pimento University or "The Rivals of Roquefort Hall" 
Pimento University 
Pimento U. 
Good old P.U. ♪ Pimento U. Oh, sweet P.U. ♪ ♪ Thy fragrant odor scents the air. ♪ ♪ A pox on Yale. ♪ ♪ Poo poo, Perdue. ♪ ♪ Pimento U., my college fair. ♪ 
Out and away, the most popular fellows at... 
Out and away, the most popular fellows at old P. U. are the three Dover boys. 
Tom, the fun-loving member of the trio. 
Dick, a serious lad of 18 summers, plus a winter in Florida, as related in The Dover boys in the Everglades. 
And Larry, the youngest of the three jerks... brothers. 
A gay outing at the park has been planned by the merry trio and they are off to fetch their fiancée, Dainty Dora Standpipe at Miss Cheddars' female academy, close by. 
With their usual punctuality, the boys arrive at the appointed hour of 3:00. 
Yoohoo! 
Yoohoo! 
Yoohoo! 
And are soon on their rollicking way. 
Forced to pass a certain public house, a tavern of unsavory repute, our young friends meet the distressing situation with their usual uncompromising, moral fortitude. 
Little do they know that even now, within this very tavern, 
Dan Backslide, the former sneak of Roquefort Hall, coward, bully, cad, and thief, and arch enemy of the Dover boys, squanders his misspent life. 
Hark, the Dover boys. 
Drat them. 
Double drat them. 
They are escorting Dora Standpipe. 
Dear, rich, Dora Standpipe! 
How I love her... father's money. 
Confound those Dover boys! 
Oh, how I hate them! 
I hate Tom! 
I hate Dick! 
And I hate Larry! 
They drive me to drink! 
Confound them. 
[hiccups] 
Con... found them! 
But let us draw the curtain on this sordid scene, and turn to more pleasant surroundings, where we find our young friends engaged in a spirited game of hide-go-and-seek. 
15, 20, 25, 30, 35... 
No! 
No! 
In here! 
No, up here! 
Up here! 
No! 
No! 
Over here! 
Over here! 
Over here! 
In here! 
No! 
No! 
In here! 
No, in here! 
Over here! 
In here! 
No! 
Here! 
In Here! 
No! 
Here! 
510, 515... 
Over here! 
Over here! 
No, over here! 
In here! 
Opps, sorry. 
Over here! 
No, no, over here! 
Over here! 
Over here! 
Over here! 
No! 
In here! 
The Dover boys. 
Then Dora must be alone and unprotected! 
A runabout. 
I'll steal it! 
No one will ever know! 
1,250, 1,255... 
..1,490, 1,500. 
Here I come, ready or not. 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Help, Tom! 
Help, Dick! 
Help, Larry! 
[gasping] 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Tom! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Larry! 
Poor Dora, will no one save her from this predicament? 
Will no one come to her assistance? 
But hold on! 
What's this? 
It looks like an alert young Scout. 
And that's just what it is. 
He'll not fail her, I'll venture. 
Telegram for the Dover boys. 
Messrs. Tom, Dick, and Larry, care of Wayward Tavern, Upper Bottleneck, New York. 
Sirs, quote, HELP!, unquote. 
Signed Dora. 
35 cents collect. 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Save me! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Save me! 
Help! 
Help! 
Help! 
Save me! 
Help, Tom! 
Help, Dick! 
Help, Larry! 
♪ Oh Dora dear, sweet Dora dear, ♪ ♪ Keep courage up and chin up high. ♪ ♪ The stalwart sons of old P.U. ♪ ♪ Are here at hand to do or die. ♪ 
P.U., P.U., we're all for you, yeah, boom! 
Unhand her, Dan Backslide. 
Unhand her, Dan Backslide. 
Unhand her, Dan Backslide. 
Hey, we're getting in a rut. 
Stand up and fight, you coward, bully, cad, and thief. 
Oh, you haven't been thrashed enough yet, eh? 
And now it is time to say goodbye. 
Goodbye. 
CC Cartoons Classic Cartoons with Closed Captions in HD 
Hi there. 
I'm Tucker Balch, and this is Computational Investing, Part one. 
I hope you're doing great. this module is about information and the efficient market hypothesis and we're going to begin taking a look at something called event studies. objectives for this module we're going to look at what are the most common sources of information that you can leverage for investing. learn how information relates to company value and we're going to look at the three versions of the efficient markets hypothesis that are important and the, the, the effect of what we're doing here. and finally in this module we'll look at event studies, how they work and talk about the next assignment for you involving event studies. okay. now, nearly all quantitative-based investing is based on some kind of arbitraged model. 
And, and in, in particular, what we are looking at is an arbitrage between what the price of the equity is on the market and what we believe its, its true value is. so I'm going to draw a blue line here and let's, let's presume that that's the true underlying value of the, of the equity. 
How we, how we get that true value, that's a different topic, but let's assume somehow we know what it is. 
The, the arbitrage comes about when we well, we, we presume that the price on the market should be very close to that true value. 
And if it diverges significantly that's an opportunity to either buy or sell the stock on the presumption that it's going to return back to its true value. 
So, if the quoted market price is significantly below the true value, that's a buying opportunity. 
And we know the price is going to revert back to the true price or if it's significantly above the true value that's a shorting opportunity. 
And we presume that it's going to go back down to that true value. now another important thing to remember is let me save that real quick. another important thing to remember is that we're always talking here about, about market, market relative in the new image here, okay we're, we're looking for market relat ive value, you know, and, and in particular let me let me draw a line here where the, the, you know, the, the, the price of the market and by, by that I mean S and P 500 varies over time. we're looking for a value relative to that. 
So, green here is S and P 500 and red here represent the ongoing price of an equity. 
Let's say, this vertical line is where we detect an opportunity. we are looking for movement of relative to the market. 
So, we are looking for this, this difference here. 
In this case the equity lost value compared to the market. 
Okay, we will talk more about that soon. now, with regard to the underlying value, how do we calculate that? well, there's some two key methods. one is called technical analysis that is based on price and volume only. and another is fundamental analysis, where we 
look at financial statements and important ratios like price earnings ratio, cash on hand, dividends, and, and so on. now, in order to make the assessment of true company value, we need information. 
And there are three key sources of information for, for price volume, you can get that directly from the markets. fundamentals those are available through filings within, in the United States the 
Securities and Exchange commission. and then, of course news. news tells us about either about the broad market overall or about how you know, specific items about a company, that may affect it's, it's ongoing, ongoing value. 
Okay. 
I'm going to wrap this video up. in the in the next video, we'll start talking the efficient markets hypothesis. 
See you soon and thanks a lot. 
Last week we have learned the fist exercises of mindful breathing and the third one is: breathing in I am aware of my whole body ...aware of body when you breath in you connect with you body you bring your mind home to the body and you remember that you have a body this is a very important exercise because in our daily life very often our body is there but our mind is elsewhere and we forget that we have a body we are in a state of dispersion we are caught by our thinking we are caught by the sorrow, the regret concerning the past we are caught by the fear, anxiety about the future we are caught in our anger, in our projects our mind is not with our body we are in a state of dispersion dispersion is the opposite of concentration when you are there and concentrated you can get in touch with what is there deeply what is there is: you have a body, you have a life and around you there are wonders of life to be in touch with and inside of you there are wonders you can get in touch with because your body is also a wonder and the world is a wonder the sun,the moon, the stars, the trees, the rivers, the hills are all wonders true life is possible only with concentration and mindfulness if you are in a state of dispersion you are lost our thinking is very seldom productive thinking is sometime productive, good but most of our thinking are not productive they pull us away from the here and the now and is in the here and the now that we can encounter real life we can encounter our body and many other wonders of life that are available in the here and now so I think and I get lost in my thinking 
I am not there 
I think therefore I'm not there (french) "Je pense dunque je ne suis pas la pour la vie" that is why is very important to learn how to stop the thinking it does not mean that thinking is evil because thinking is sometime very productive but most of our thinking are not productive they can bring sorrow, fear, anger so we learn to stop thinking in order to begin to feel you feel the presence of your body, you feel the presence of the wonders of life that are available in the here and the now and if you feel their presence you can get the nourishment and healing that you need the sunshine, the fresh air, the beautiful trees, you lungs your inbreath and outbreat, if you are in touch you touch the wonders of life and you get the healing and nourishment so the third exercise is to breath in mindfully and during the time you breath in you touch, you realize, you are aware that you have a body so this is kind of a happy reunion between mind an body and it may take only a few seconds for you to be anchored in the here and the now to be estabilished in the here and the now so that you can truly live your life in fact we have to be in the here and now in order to be alive because the teaching is very clear the past is no longer there and the future is not yet there 
Computer, resume testing (robotic voice) Who said, "Logic is the cement of our civilization with which we ascend from chaos using reason as our guide?" 
T'plana-Hath, matron of Vulcan philosophy 
Correct (robotic voice) What is the molecular formula of Yominum Sulfide crystals? 
Correct (robotic voice) Solve: 
(a graphic of 3-dimensional chess) 
Checkmate, Correct. 
(robotic voice) What significant contribution to bio-engineering was made on the Loonkerian outpost on Klendth? 
The universal atmospheric element compensator 
Correct (robotic voice) Evaluate and conclude: 
A starship's sensors indicate it is being pursued so closely that it occupies the same space as its pursuer. 
Correct (robotic voice) Identify this cultural object and its significance. 
A Klingon mum-mification glyph 
Correct (robotic voice) What were the principle historical events on the planet Earth in the year 1987? 
Correct (robotic voice)What was Kiri-kin-tha's first law of metaphysics? 
Nothing unreal exists. 
Correct (robotic voice)Adjust the sine wave of this magnetic envelope so that anti-neutrons can pass through it but anti-gravitons cannot. 
Correct (robotic voice) What is the electronic configuration of Gadolinium? 
Correct (robotic voice) How do you feel? 
(robotic voice) How do you feel? 
(robotic voice) How do you feel? 
I do not understand the question 
What is it Spock? 
I do not understand the question Mother 
You are half human. 
The computer knows that. 
The question is irrelevant. 
Spock... 
The retraining of your mind has been in the Vulcan way, so you may not understand feelings. 
But as my son, you have them. 
They will surface. 
As you wish, since you deem them of value. 
But I cannot wait here to find them. 
Where must you go? 
To Earth. 
To offer testimony. 
You do this -- for friendship? 
I do this because I was there, 
Spock. 
Does the good of the many outweigh the good of the one? 
I would accept that as an axiom. 
Then you stand here alive because of a mistake made by your flawed, feeling, human friends. 
They have sacrificed their futures because they believed that the good of the one 
-you- was more important to them. 
Humans make illogical decisions... 
They do, indeed. 
Hey guys, my name is Tim Schmoyer and it's Wednesday, time for some YouTube tips and advice and this week I want to talk about the new YouTube trailer option that we had to add to our new one channel design that had rolled out like a couple of weeks ago. 
I've actually already talked about this on the ReelSEO channel which you can click right here and go watch that, but I want to take it a little bit further this time, because what I said there is some things that I have observed about what makes channel trailers work well and what kind of doesn't, just based on the limited, you know, interaction I seen with them across several channels that have already implemented it. 
And now YouTube's coming out with some best practices that they are seeing as well and actually almost everything I said in that original video is also what YouTube is saying so I feel a little bit proud of myself about that. 
But let's look at what they say and then I have another tip to add to the end that I think is very vital and crucial that they don't include. 
But first of all, the first thing they say is to have a very clear call to action to subscribe. 
That means talk about it in your video, show it visibly on screen, use annotations and even in the description text of the video, which actually shows up right alongside of the video, right on your channel page there. 
Make sure that you're talking about the subscribing there as well because ultimately the goal of the trailer is to talk to non- subscribed viewers and get them to click that subscribe button and become a part of your community. 
YouTube also says to entertain the viewer and don't just tell them what you do and what you're about but show them. 
Use b-roll, use clips from past episodes and videos, really show them what you're all about and what they can expect if they subscribe. 
Number 3, they say to indicate somehow what type of videos that you make and then also kind of hint at your posting schedule and when people can expect new content from your channel. 
Number 4, they say to keep in mind that most viewers will potentially have already seen one of your other videos and that's why they're coming to your channel and they kind of check out more about what you're about. 
So keep that in mind as you craft your script and what you're going to say in that video. 
And number 5, they say that there's no perfect length, but to keep it short and I think we can all agree with that. 
I say probably about 30 seconds is sufficient, although the one in this trailer doesn't do that but that's because I made it long ago and I'm going to fix that later. 
The YouTube tip that I would add for this is when you're explaining about what you do, make sure you include why you do it because I have found that most people don't really care as much about the what as much as they care about the deeper meaning behind it, the why. 
And if you can identify and articulate that quickly, what that is, I find that that's usually more emotional, more engaging and even if people aren't really interested in what kind of content you're doing, if they're really on-board with why you're doing it sometimes they will subscribe to you also. 
We've already talked extensively about why it's important to answer that why question both for you and for your audience, so click it right there if you want to go watch it or also link to it in the description below if you're watching this on mobile or something. 
So I hope that's helpful. 
I'd love to hear from you guys, as always, what tips and advice do you have for your channel trailers as you've been experimenting with these and making them and maybe even finding out what's working and what's not. 
I'd love to hear from you guys and leave your comments, even if it's not just for me but for all the other video creators who will watch this. 
The rest of you guys go check out what other people are saying because they usually leave good stuff. 
And if this is your first time here we'd love to have you subscribe. 
Why? 
Because I believe that all you guys have a message that is important that people need to hear and I want to do whatever I can to help you guys spread your message so that the who people need to hear it can hear it and thus be impacted and I really enjoy helping you guys do that. 
So to do that, we talked about YouTube tips and advice every Wednesday. 
Tomorrow on Thursday we'll do some Q and A, just answering some of your questions and on Tuesdays we take a look at online video news and talk about what it means for us who are video creators. 
So all that is coming up, subscribe and I will see you guys tomorrow for some Q and 
A. Bye. 
(Talking about Saddam Husein) 
Sheikh Zayed's Idea is sound. 
Save Iraq, Save the people of iraq - And Resign. 
Loyalty to the Era of Martyrs 
(Poster) If I died, Do not cry my mother. 
I will die so my country lives. 
Egypt needs you my loved ones, Egypt needs you. 
They Slaughtered us with grief 
They murdered Flowers and Pigeons 
Those who kill Innocence are criminals and not human. 
(Woman) He is a Martyr, God (Allah) is all I need. 
He is the best guardian. 
They murdered Flowers and Pigeons and Those who kill Innocence are criminals and not human. 
But our Country is one, 
It's impossible to destroy what's between us. 
The blood of your children is valuable. 
It is going to unite us in our path. 
But our Country is one, 
It's impossible to destroy what's between us. 
The blood of your children is valuable. 
It's going to unite us in our path 
Martyrs of the Revolution 
And others 
Fear is not going to make us go back 
And they cannot cut between our lines 
The dreams and agony of people living under the same conditions 
No, Fear is not going to make us go back 
And they cannot cut between our lines 
The dreams and agony of people living under the same conditions 
But our country is one, 
It's impossible to destroy what's between us. 
The blood of your children is valuable. 
It's going to unite us in our path. 
But our Country is One. 
It's impossible to destroy what's between us. 
The blood of your children is valuable. 
It's going to unite us in our path. 
The President Mohammad Hosni Mubarak has decided to resign the The position of President of Egypt and instructed the supreme council of the army forces to run the affairs of the country 
May God Guide and help us 
But our Country is one. 
It's impossible to destroy what's between us. 
The blood of your children is valuable. 
It's going to unite us in our path. 
But our Country is one. 
The January 25 Revolution (January 25 - February 11 / 2011) 
Written by: 
Mustafa AlNajjar 
Composed by: 
Suhayeb Shukry 
Sung by: 
Mohammad Abbas 
Artistic vision: 
Ali Murad 
Hi, I'm Robbie Shoepepper, and I am a student assistant here at the Alden Library Learning Commons. 
I provide services such as renting out laptops, renting out peripherals for your computer, and giving you you're key for your study room. 
This is also a great place for your technology questions and troubleshooting. 
I hope you come to the desk and have a nice day. 
So far i have made a number of videos discussing Jehovah's Witnesses and their anti-blood doctrine. 
And inevitably whenever i make one of these videos about blood Jehovah's Witness will challenge me and say something along the lines of 
Look Brian, we're just doing what the Bible plainly and clearly teaches. 
It plainly says don't take blood. 
And if the Bible says don't take blood, we're not going to take blood. 
It's as simple as that. 
Now... what i like to do to challenge this overly simplistic reading of the scriptures. 
And i would like to start in Matthew chapter 5, starting in verse 27. 
We're Jesus says "you have heard it said, do not commit adultery, 
but i'll tell you that anyone who looks at a woman lustfuly has already committed adultery with her in his heart." 
Jesus goes on and say "if your right eye causes you to sin gouge it out and trow it away." 
So do you apply that overly simplistic reading of the scriptures to this verse in Mathew chapter 25? 
if you would look at a woman lustfuly would you gauge your eye out and then you throw away? well i'm guessing that you as a Jehovah's Witness wouldn't do that because 
i know a lot of Jehovah's Witnesses and i never met a single one who has only one eye. 
Now, it's interestant to me that you properly apply the rules of scripture interpretation 
to this in Matthew chapter 5, but you offer this overly simplistic view 
of the scriptures partaining to blood. 
Now my hunch is i have seen as a bases hotel overly simplistic industries that provide is that most of you have never done any real in-depth research either passages that tainted blood he the scriptures he wants to really encourage you to do so isn't hiding and start of the select hockey apostle pursuit flaws 
lol if you go apprenticeship really look basically what the worst clauses god what at times alarms people to bring it on his loss privileges dietary laws recordist herbal and lost business special programs if you don't know if you look in a couple passages of scripture that show this person calls the first one that comes to financing for samuel chapter fourteen is for salt it's a really bad to personal responsibility to scan heat wall of course they need it for them to be strength flat-out it would be i call upon soldiers society civil israel's exit although they do that the bible clearly says that the indian also cmyk blueblood but because of the extreme heat if this doesn't have a burst of god kicked off this soon business is that first annual chapter twenty the same thing repeats itself again it goes to a priest because please written his medicine it all up for this half is the consecrated where that's reserved for the lord priesthood leaders but because of the exit street dei slide the law engage the reading with it and pocket dot this against the priest or against it sparrow capture his prison cell he discusses the party paused matthew chapter twelve it says effigies slip through the great deals on the set desires hundred beginning thinks it has agreed to keep it here is the song was the your desires are doing what is the cold war this so i he answered you'd reprobate yet but it is four hundred jesus his word for it today at his companions need the consecrated brett he says he hasn't got a lot of his companions eighty thousand credit records with dot 
lawful for him to do that only four the parties don't you just heard bits that was not lawful four dated p the press but he's using it as an example these leaders if there is a useful we're going to buy out of there are a lot and not just the rich of the law he says or have you read it into law that also note that the scandal desecrated if they are is priests are stated by the priests are working exactly the people hidden that depicts the cement that might lead but i got one trader tempelsman if you have known one of his words in the heat i desired person that sacrifice got to do the deficit c jesus delivery of the law he also said that the market and business visit to the point of view fault talking about how the britain blog just be and yet got you range nigel believes that he has to brief you get the email blood transfusion blood grossly unfair mercy foster in this case as well it's okay for data dvd consecrated life bread that's not 
lawful for him to eat wouldn't it be ok day eat meat teaches with blood evening star i don't think so nobody would do it so why don't you take whole blood from somebody who needs it you know the bible says time and time we interesting is not needs the communists cautions to see if he says 
laetitia issued by one or drag the romans fourteen seventeen says that she had gotten not batterer of indirect adapting fifteen alliances that will cause into you know how big is not is not including or untill faces spirits of the law that wasn't he the water he won pharisees form give their child transfused conference centers its credit market because that's pretty much hope that they received argument is that jesus sciences walking through the repeal he's a little bit release report do you want the 
lately conspiracy what does that letters that i have a reddish international business was from a living misusing their own relaxed when it happened when she got a call today rushing over to the hospital which is not a rich spend the rest of us there was this huge called for the book you are listening deep doctors told her that person did whatever operating out of heated leather the issue is jobs actually do it is that she had early days of the jehovah's witnesses these adult the by hopes when he says he should have left okay bly helping his friend are again initially package just listen that she did a lot of research warned deadly outplacement guy if she was so distrustful spend the night and looking for conservation plans they're going to be home separately the blood because she bar issued rehashing directly general as i said he would be pleased by what id that's not what she found a cheap research fathers pbionline and she found out that god's merciful that he didn't want her son some legalistic lock i think that she said whether or not is that she said and wish agree so much that i would have research this before abridged would walk before the accident occurred have slapped my son of god informed coverage of this witness in baltimore were full that it's decision but since we have not listened to what these baboons work to happen scriptures lost work time this conflicting when ally interpretation that reply advantage patrick authorized to do i got stuck to the world's bob dylan if you look into the most part because it could save your life mine someone hope in the future 
What I would like to do is describe an imaginary or fictitious bitcoin transaction and then talk about how somebody might try to game or defraud this system and why it's mathematically hard to do but why there is actually an economic incentive in the Bitcoin system for different people to behave honestly. 
Let's suppose that there is someone out there named Dan. 
Dan wants to order a cheese pizza from Pete's Pizza Shop. 
Let's say that Pete's Pizza Shop accepts bitcoins as payment and that it costs 1 BTC for a pizza pie. 
Imagine that Dan previously received 5 BTC from his cousin Carol. 
So, Carol, laballed by "C", gave to Dan 5 BTC, which we can label as a "B" with a circle around it. 
He wants to use one of these 5 bitcoins to buy a pizza from Pete. 
What Dan's bitcoin client will do is it will create a transaction record that includes information about how Dan got these bitcoins. 
So, in this case it includes information about this transaction between Carol, who we've marked by "C" and Dan for 5 bitcoins. 
Then it specifies that Dan wants to give one of these bitcoins to Pete... 
We will label Pere by "P". ...and also that Dan is going to take the remaining 4 bitcoins and that will be basically change to himself. 
The way that bitcoin is built is that you have to actually specify the change. 
Whatever goes into the bitcoin system has to come out at the other end. 
So, you can't have a transaction with the numbers on and up. 
Whatever is remaining is either change or part of it can be used a a transaction fee and so on. 
For this example, to keep things simple, 
I'll assume that there is no transaction fee in place. 
The transaction fee is just zero. 
We'll focus only on the situation in which everything is being accounted for in the transaction. 
This transaction record is going to be boradcast out to the entire Bitcoin world. 
In particular, Pete is going to receive a copy of this transaction. 
But in addition to Pete receiving it, so too will the other people on the Bitcoin system. 
If you recall, there are these special nodes, these special entities or people in Bitcoin that are known as bitcoin miners. 
These bitcoin miners are going to be responsible for making sure that everything checks out in the transaction from a global perspective. 
What they do is they look at the full record of transaction and this transaction record is public, it's known as the transaction block chain... 
I'll put the description of the transaction block chain right here. ...and this transaction block chain contains the history of every single transaction that ever occured within the Bitcoin system from the beginning of time, the time of the first block, which is known in Bitcoin as the genesis block. 
Everybody can verify the details of any transaction if they wanted because that information is public. 
In particular, what these bitcoin miners will look at is whether or not Dan previously received 5 bitcoins from anybody else,... 
In this particular case it was his cousin Carol. ...whether or not Dan has tried to spend those bitcoins previously, and so on and so forth. 
These bitcoin miners are all collectively trying to take all these recent transactions that haven't yet been recorded. 
That includes not only the transactions between Dan and Pete, but there may be other transactions floating out there that took place around the same time. 
The bitcoin miners will look at all these different transactions at once and they are going to try to figure out how to form a transaction block out of these transactions and they'll wanna add this transaction block to the end of the current transaction block chain. 
If you might recall from previous videos, that for a bitcoimn miner to add a transaction block to a transaction block chain they have to solve, what's known as the proof of work puzzle. 
The Bitcoin system is designed, or maybe calibrated is the better word, so that, on average, one miner will solve a puzzle in about ten minutes. 
It's worth stressing here that it could take a long time for any one individual miner to solve the puzzle... 
It could even take maybe a year or even two years. ...but because there are so many of these miners working at the same time, one of them is bound to get lucky and solve the puzzle quickly. 
Each of these proof of work puzzles that is associated with a transaction block happens to have a difficulty score associated with it. 
This difficulty basically represents how hard it was to solve that proof of work puzzle. 
Imagine that there are some numbers and we will call these numbers for the most recent difficulty score. 
These are just numbers that somehow represent how hard it was to solve this proof of work. 
When you at overall chain, what the Bitcoin system is interested in, it is interested in how hard was it to construct that entire chain. 
The reason it's important for someone to understand how hard the entire chain was constructed is because this overall score for this chain, this difficulty score for the chain is what's used by Pete or by other people who are receiving bitcoins to figure out whether or not they trust the transaction. 
The more work that went into the overall chain, the more trust they will have in that transaction. 
The reason for that is that the way Bitcoin works is that if there was ever more than one transaction block chain out there... 
Let's say there was a bad user out there or maybe somebody didn't receive a particular message in time or whatever reason. 
If there is somehow more than one transaction block chain out there, according to the Bitcoin protocol, everyone is supposed to work off of the chain that had the most work put into it. 
So, we ignore chains that have a lot less work and only consider the chain that had the most work put into it. 
In the Bitcoin system, that particular chain is often referred to as tha longest chain. 
This is actually kind of a confusing piece of terminology because by longest chain we don't mean that this chain is long in any physical sense. 
We really just mean... 
And I'm gonna put equal bars to kind of say what it means. 
By the longest chain we mean tha chain that has the most work. 
The way that the work is defined is that you look at all these different difficulty scores, you add them up and that gives you a difficulty score for the entire chain. 
Now we are gonna be interested in the chain that had the most work put into it and we call that the longest chain. 
Let's imagine that Dan is dishonest and that after he eats the pizza... 
Let's say Pete is convinced, he gets this bitcoin from Dan, he waits a bit, he sees that there is a long chain out there that contains the transaction, he sends the pizza over to Dan, 
Dan eats the pizza and then decides that he doesn't want to behave honestly, he wants to somehow cheat Pete or he wants to defraud the system. 
The way that Dan is gonna try to defraud the system is by attempting to create another transaction, in which he assigns the 5 BTC he got from Carol to somebody else. 
Let's call this person Fred. 
Fred could be Dan's alter ego, could be a friend of Dan's. 
It doesn't matter who Fred is because we know that Fred isn't the rightful owner of these bitcoins. 
What Dan is gonna try to do is he is gonna try to take those 5 bitcoins that he got from Carol and he is gonna now try to take these 5 bitcoins and assign them over to Fred. 
This is something that we don't want to allow because that would mean that somehow Dan was able to spend these 5 bitcoins twice over, he's effectively double spent those bitcoins. 
Obviously, one of these transactions should be considered fraudulent. 
The other one should be allowed to go through. 
It's important to keep in mind that if Dan just tried to spend the same coins again without trying to cover his tracks or anything of that nature, everybody out there would know that Dan is up to no good because thay can see from the existing longest transaction block chain, namely this existing chain from the beginning, they can see that Dan already spent these coins before, he shouldn't be allowed to spend these coins again. 
What Dan has to do is he has to create a different transaction block chain that contains just the second bogus transaction in it, and this will be the transaction to Fred, and that would leave out the other transaction to Pete. 
Hopefully, everybody else will start to accept or believe this newer chain. 
Since everyone in Bitcoin ultimately goes with the transaction block chain that contains the most work, namely this longest chain that we talked about, 
Dan has a chance, he has a hope potentially of being able to pull off this type of a fraudulent scheme. 
The real question now is how likely is it for Dan to succeed. 
For Dan to be able to pull this off, he has to start off with the transaction block chain that existed previously and he has to try to add to that transaction block chain a different transaction. 
So, rather than having this previous transaction where he gave money to Pete, he is gonna try to create a new transaction and add it to the transaction block chain that contains this other fraudulent transaction between Dan and his friend Fred. 
This is gonna be the bad transaction between Dan and Fred that will be in this new block. 
In Bitcoin lingo this idea is known as a fork in the chain. 
And what is meant by a fork is that somehow there is more than one version of histories. 
Somebody tried to rewrite their tracks or to cover their tracks and to revise history the way we know it. 
What that really means is that there is now somehow more than one version of what happened out there. 
In this example, one branch in this fork is legitimate and the other branch is bogus. 
The legitimate branch was the one where Dan paid his friend Pete for pizza and the bogus one is this follow on transaction where Dan attempted to pay his friend Fred with those same exact bitcoins. 
Remember that any transaction block that's added to this transaction block chain has to contain within it a proof of work puzzle, or solution rather to a proof of work puzzle. 
Otherwise, noone will accept the chain. 
So, if Dan wants to cheat the system, he has to secretly solve a new proof of work puzzle himself. 
But the challenge for Dan is that he is starting off with a bit of a handicap, because there is already this longer chain out there that people have started accepting. 
Keep in mind that because this chain is out there, other nodes may have started to build on top of this chain. 
Every ten minutes, somebody is adding to this chain on average. 
So, there is this longer transaction block chain out there and Dan wants to create his own fake chain. 
So, in order for that chain to be believable he has to now be the longest chain out there and he has to basically do all this proof of works to create the chain that is longer. 
To come up with this longer chain on his own, 
Dan has to outrun the existing proof of work chain. 
That means he has to solve not just typically one proof of work puzzle, but may need to solve several proof of work puzzles to create another chain that he hopes will be longer than the chain that's out there. 
If he can get the longest chain and he can get people to start using that chain instead,.. and that's the chain he might want people to use because it contains this fake transaction, but it removes the previous transaction where he gave money to Pete. 
To solve a proof of work Dan has to take whatever computing power he has access to and he has to start working on solving the proof of work puzzle. 
There are no known shortcuts for solving these puzzles. 
If you recall from any of the proof of work videos, to succeed in a proof of work is kind of like winning a lottery. 
There are ways to do it, but it depends of how much computing power you have. 
The more computing power you have access to, the more lottery tickets you have. 
If somebody has even one lottery ticket, they do have the chance to win the lottery, but they are far less likely to succeed compared to somebody ho has a lot of lottery tickets in hand. 
Even if you succeed once in winning the lottery with the small numer of tickets, the likelihood of repeating that feat over and over again, several times in a row becomes much smaller. 
That's exactly what Dan has to do. 
He has to win this lottery multiple times until he has a bigger chain. 
The key thing you have to look for is how much computing power Dan has versus how much computing power all the honest nodes in the system have together. 
If it's the case that all the honest nodes... 
Let's say we call this "the honest computing power". 
When I say "honest computing power" I mean the total computing power for all the bitcoin mining nodes who are honest in a network. 
If that total computing power that they have access to is greater than the power that Dan has access to, so Dan's computing power, the Bitcoin system will be safe because it will be hard for Dan to be able to create this fraudulent transaction chain, because he won't be able to outrun the honest people. 
The honest people win the lottery more frequently and will create the longer chain and Dan's attempt is gonna be very much an uphill battle. 
It is still possible that Dan could have access to a lot of computing power, maybe he is very wealthy or he has a lot of resources, but he'll really need a lot to be able to do that. 
More than everyone else who is legitimate combined. 
That's one aspect of why the transaction block chain is secure, because it's unlikely for anyone individual to have access to just that much computing power. 
Here I should point out that there is also another aspect to the security of Bitcoin. 
If Dan has access to that kind of computing power to solve these proof of work puzzles, rather than trying to fight this uphill battle of forking the transaction block chain and creating fake transaction and so on, 
Dan is probably much better off, just using that computing power he has for legitimate bitcoin mining himself. 
You might remember that bitcoin miners, who solve proof of work puzzles get both a reward... 
For succeeding they get some numer of bitcoins. ...and they also get a transaction fee for all the transactions in the block that they validated. 
So, there is this economic incentive for Dan to behave honestly. 
Maybe I should just recap in closing the video that the security of bitcoin transactions comes from, first of all, this mathematical barrier that makes it hard for Dan to fork the transaction block chain in a dishonest way, as well as an economic incentive for Dan to just act honestly and mine bitcoins for himself. 
[cheering, applause] 
Ok 
Very excited 
Our first guest is a wife, a mother, a lawyer and quite possibly the most powerful woman in the world. 
Please welcome the first lady of the United States of America - Michelle Obama. 
[song: ladies night] 
[cheering applause] 
..how are you? ah, well welcome 
I'm so happy to see you again. 
And you still, you still moving. 
I'm trying to, trying to move. 
You're moving it, you're doing it. 
You still got the moves. 
It's all about movement. 
Let's move. 
We're trying to get people up and dancing, dancing is a great way to lose a little weight, be healthy be healthy, be happy. 
You are demonstrating it every day. 
I, I try to promote it every day. 
I like to move. 
It doesn't matter how well you move, it's just moving. 
You're good though. 
You're, you're a good mover. 
But, still I, I think maybe still better than your husband. 
I hate to say it. 
I, I'm sure of that. 
[laughing] 
Yeah. 
He tried to dispute it when he was here. 
He's rural. 
Yeah, yeah. 
[laughing]yeah. 
I think we have proof. 
Yeah 
We do have proof. 
No, you're definitely a better mover. 
Ahm, well 
Well, let me say first of all thank you for haveing my mama at the White House [oh, yeah] for the Easter, that was a beautiful event and she was so [applause] and she was so thrilled to be there. 
It was great having her [applause] she's terrific 
We even got Bo in there. 
Bo's there, Tony's there... 
Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org 
" Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. 
Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
" Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. 
Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
" Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
" You dwell in my heart. " 
" Whether its dusk or dawn. " 
" Whether in light or darkness. " 
" You're always with me. " 
It was my mother's dying wish.. ..to take the entire 'Bhajan Mandli' group along with their family.. ..on a trip to Badrinath. 
Please do come. 
Of course. 
Please join us on the trip.. ..and pray for my mother's soul. 
My mother. 
Why do souls become restless after they die? 
I mean, once you're dead it's the end of all problems. 
Why become restless? 
That's not it. 
Suppose the deceased has a unfulfilled wish. 
Then his son will fulfil it. 
You won't go on the trip. 
Get that. 
Her mother was in the hospital for two years. 
And he didn't even come take a look. 
He was making dollars in America. 
This charade is for the world. 
Not for his mother's soul. 
No need to look so depressed.. ..you won't get an off. 
Get that. 
Just one idol left! 
By the way, where's the trip headed? 
I can't believe you're coming with us. 
The children are so happy. 
She thinks you are crazy. 
I am going on a visit to the temple. - " Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
" Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
" Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
" Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
Where is he? 
- A dozen of pot-bellied Ganesh idols. 
- What! 
Those Krishnas worth 250. 
Eight of those brawny Hanumans. 
- What are you saying? 
- And five of those 'Sherawali'. 
The lady sitting on the tiger. 
What's the total? 
Three dozen, sir. 
- Three dozen, right! 
Then, three Sai Babas bonus. 
- What? 
They are in a big demand. 
Send it to the white Volvo parked there. 
- Okay. " Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
What did you give him? 
Give me too. 
- Funny, people are distributing alcohol like offerings.. 
What's that? 
What should I say? 
Water of Ganges. 
- Yes, yes. 
Oh, give me some. 
Why is it so bitter? 
Because the Ganges is polluted. 
Oh! 
- Yes. " Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
" Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
" Hare Rama; Hare Krishna. " 
" Krishna; Krishna; Hare; Hare. " 
Apologise. 
They were fasting. 
Hello. 
- We were fasting. 
And you gave us alcohol. 
Alcohol is permitted in fasts. 
It's made from sugarcane. 
It fills you with energy, and makes you lightheaded. 
- Rascal. 
Keep the phone down. 
- You'll never learn. 
Abusing in the month of 'Shravan' (pious month). 
See. 
Truth sounds bitter than liquor. 
There's a limit to cracking jokes. 
Papa, please. 
What you did yesterday, is a sin in mummy's view. 
And mummy's fasting today to repent for it. 
I want to know. 
How can she repent for my sins by fasting? 
Sushila, it's like your phone's on charging.. ..and my battery's getting charged. 
ls it Wi-fi? 
Chintu, careful. 
Papa. 
Get down. 
Papa, we're practising. 
Today's 'Janmastami'. 
You've your exams tomorrow. 
Who will write that? 
Get down! 
Why do you always stop for religious things? 
He'll be absolutely fine. 
My son's playing Govinda. 
My son won't become Govinda or Chunkey Pandey. 
He'll grow up to become a cricketer. 
Get down. 
Get down. 
Come on. 
Mahadev. 
- Coming. 
- Let's go. 
- Come soon. 
Listen. 
Remove the tag of Rs.250 from.. ..all the new idols that we bought. 
- Yes. 
Now, watch how I sell it for 10-12 thousand. 
And keep one idol from each on display. 
- Okay. 
Understand? 
- Yes. 
Come on. 
One and only one piece in the world. 
This idol appeared from the ground.. - Yes. ..when the temple at Badrinath was being built. 
What are you saying? 
A great sage from Dwarka set out for a journey on foot.. ..and that afternoon the sun was really scorching.. ..l gave him a jug of water to drink. 
He was so pleased. 
And gave me this idol. 
And this idol turned my luck around. 
I bought this, once a rented shop.. ..and a three room house in Bhooleshwar. 
With terrace. 
With terrace. 
Amazing! 
Mr. Kanji, sell this idol to me. 
I am in big trouble. 
I'll rot in hell if I even think of selling my Lord. 
Sell the God? 
Look at what he's saying. 
Mischievous... 
Lord. 
Listen carefully. 
- Yes. 
You can hear His flute. 
It's time for him to play His flute. 
What are you saying? 
- Try to hear with devotion. 
Listen, you can hear the echo of Mathura. 
Rajastan, Om Sai Ram. 
Heard it? 
Can you hear? 
- Yes, yes. 
Now leave. 
- Sell this idol to me. 
Please, Mr. Kanji. 
I'll let this idol out of my sight.. ..only when that special person arrives. 
The chosen one. 
Who is that? 
The sage had said that  " A great devotee of Sai.. 
" ..from Rajasthan will come for His ldol " . 
That's amazing. 
- What? 
That's me. 
- No, no. 
Look, there's my car. 
RJ, Rajasthan. 
And it also has an 'Om Sai' sticker. 
That's true. 
What did you say your name was? 
Bhanwar Lal. 
- Bhanwar Lal? 
Mahadev...it's him? 
- What? 
Who? 
- It's him? 
What happened? 
- The sage had written your name himself. 
Look. 
Bhanwar Lal. 
I don't understand a word that's written here. 
It's written in Madrasi. 
He was a Madrasi. 
Though he lived in Dwarka but, look.. 
Great. 
This idol now belongs to you. 
Thank you. 
Great. 
Kanji Money? 
- Bhanwar Lal. 
You only listen, but don't understand. 
I said I won't charge you for this idol.. ..but I will have to pay the sage. 
Yes, of course. 
Here you go. 
100 rupees. 
Only 100.. - Mahadev. 
Mahadev. 
This is a question of devotion. 
We cannot force anyone. 
Do you how much I had at that time? 
Only 20 rupees. 
Only 20 rupees. 
Remember? 
So do you know what I did? 
I was wearing a similar gold chain. 
And I gave that to him. 
It's all about faith. 
Anything you give is less. 
Anything you give is less. 
Wow. 
What a thought. 
Not just my gold chain, I will give up my gold ring too. 
That's it. 
Here. 
Here you go. 
- Great. 
Take of everything. 
Take of everything. 
- Take it. 
Great, great, great. 
Glory to.. - Lord Krishna! 
Glory. 
Now, where will this idol emerge from? 
From the land of Mathura, where else? 
Glory to Sri Kanji Lalji Mehta. 
Glory to you. 
As long as people believe in toys like this.. ..our business will prosper. 
Kanji. 
This is the God's idol, don't call it a toy. 
The Lord is only a delusion. 
- Yes, let's go. 
lsn't that Chintu? 
Yes. 
Yes, that's him. 
- Yes. 
Yes. 
He's dancing so well. 
I'll put an end to all this. 
Shut down the shop and get the scooter. 
- Yes. 
Come on. 
- Kanji. 
- Yes. 
Look after my shop for a month. 
Why? 
- I'm going on Haj. 
I suggest that you get your shop fixed.. ..rather than going on a Haj. 
God save me from devils. 
Your shop will come crashing down even if anyone sneezes. 
Let's go. 
- Coming. 
Feed them worth 10 rupees. 
- Okay. 
Let's go, let's go. 
Glory to.. - Siddeshwar Maharaj. 
Let the 'Janmastami' festivities begin. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" You're so striking. " 
" lf you're fire, I am water. " 
" lf you're the sky, we're the stars. " 
" You're so striking. " 
" lf you're fire, I am water. " 
" lf you're the sky, we're the stars. " 
" Even if we've to lay down our lives. " 
" But we promise. " 
" We won't let you go. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" You're so striking. " 
" lf you're fire, I am water. " 
" lf you're the sky, we're the stars. " 
" You're so striking. " 
" lf you're fire, I am water. " 
" lf you're the sky, we're the stars. " 
" Even if we've to lay down our lives. " 
" But we promise. " 
" We won't let you go. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" 11, 12, 13. 
The heat's rising. " 
" ln my body. " 
" 11, 12, 13... " 
" 11, 12, 13. 
The heat's rising. " 
" ln my body. " 
" Don't look now. " 
" My eyes are spitting fire. " 
" This sight looks so colourful. " 
" You're so talked about, you're so unique. " 
" Even if we've to lay down our lives. " 
" But we promise. " 
" We won't let you go. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Just one more place left to visit. 
Mishra. 
You call me from Kashi for a day.. ..and make me travel the entire day. 
It's a small area. 
Once you give them your blessings.. ..they'll cast their votes for me. 
Glory to.. - Siddeshwar Maharaj. " What's this fervour? "   " What's this obsession? " 
" What's this craze? " 
" What's this fervour? " 
" Tell me. 
Tell me. " 
" What's this fervour? "   " What's this obsession? " 
" What's this craze? " 
" What's this passion all around? " 
" We'll lose ourselves in your joy. " 
" We'll lose ourselves in your devotion. " 
" Even if we've to lay down our lives. " 
" But we promise. " 
" We won't let you go. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Look, Sonakshi Sinha. 
She is Rowdy, my Rathore's in the next alley. 
Let's go. 
Come on. 
- Yes. " Break the pot. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Begin with the festivities. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
What's going on here? 
Move. 
Get down 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Come here. 
- Yes. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Break it. 
Hear! 
Hear! 
Hear! 
Hear! 
Calm down! 
Calm down! 
It's the Swami's orders. 
Calm down! 
Calm down! 
Calm down! 
What orders? 
Sri Siddeshwar Maharaj has just said.. ..that Lord Krishna is very pleased.. ..to see the crowd that has gathered around.. ..for the 'Janmastami' festivities. 
And today He'll eat milk and butter from His devotees. 
Yes, He'll drink milk and eat butter. 
And Siddeshwar Maharaj also says that.. ..this auspicious opportunity will last only for an hour. 
Only one hour. 
So, your time begins now. 
Go. 
Go. 
- Who is that imposter? 
Hello. 
Play it, play it. 
Go ahead, feed Him. 
- What's wrong with the mic? 
Take a look. 
- What's wrong with the mic? 
Where's everyone going? 
Go, go. 
- No. 
Where are you going? 
- Go. 
Get down. 
Play it. 
- Wait everyone. 
Wait. 
Even Siddeshwar Maharaj is asking you to go. 
Go, go, leave. 
- Leave me. 
What have you done? 
No, papa. 
- Fool, breaking pots during exam times. 
Stop it, stop it. 
Go and feed some butter to the Lord. 
I won't stop you next time. 
Stop you fool! 
You'll be punished for your unpardonable sin. 
He will punish you Himself. 
He will punish you. 
Don't try to scare me in the name of Lord. 
I'll see what He does to me. 
Go home, it's going to rain. 
You'll get drenched. 
It's an earthquake. 
Swamiji Rain? 
Rain? 
- Rain? 
My hand's paining. 
I won't be able to write my exam tomorrow. 
I'll slap you. 
I'll make you hold the pen in your mouth and write your paper. 
You're scolding him. 
But what about you? 
- What did I do? 
What? 
The festivities were left incomplete. 
You've to admit that there's God. 
You spread the rumour.. ..and immediately there was an earthquake. 
- Remember. 
- What earthquake? 
Even the utensils didn't budge. 
Papa. 
I think they took your announcement too seriously. 
This news just came in from parts of the country.. ..that the idol of Sri Krishna's eating butter. 
ls the Lord eating butter? 
- No. 
Priest, offer the Lord some buttermilk. 
People are offering cheese, cottage-cheese.. ..butter, buttermilk to the idol of Krishna. 
- Oh, God! 
The rumour has spread so far. 
Please, eat it. 
This is low-cholesterol cheese. 
The Lord's so lucky. 
Look at the things He's getting. 
Earlier, people would keep it in a covered platter.. ..in front of Him. 
But now they're feeding Him. 
Let Him enjoy. 
It's your fault. 
Mumbai just experienced a slight earthquake tremor.. ..of 3.5 Richter scale, which didn't cause.. ..any harm to life or property. 
See. 
Heard that? 
But a shop in the flea market has collapsed.. ..which was closed at that time. 
Must be Mohammad's shop. 
According to our sources.. ..the shop was registered to Mr. Kanji Lalji Mehta. 
It's really surprising, because.. ..there are other old shops in this market which are still intact. 
But Kanji Lalji Mehta's shop has been completely destroyed. 
This is Shweta Tiwari, with cameraman Vaibhav Mishra, ABP News. 
Sister, switch on ABP News quickly. 
We saw. 
Brother-in-law's shop is gone. 
It's collapsed. 
Pravin! 
- Calm down, father. 
No, sister. 
Come there with the children. 
I'm coming there with father and the others. 
- Yes. 
Yes, we're coming. 
We're coming. 
The idols of Gods have gone underneath. 
The shop is completely ruined 
Doesn't seem like there was ever a shop here. 
What are you saying? 
We had goods worth 25 lakhs. 
And we'll have to pay the scrap dealer.. ..to have this cleared. 
Why pay? 
We'll give him one of the broken idols.. ..and say " It appeared from the ground in Amarnath " . 
What are you saying, brother-in-law? 
You'll soon be bankrupt. 
Do you know the losses you've incurred? 
40 lakhs. 
Goods worth 25 lakhs bought on credit.. ..and 15 lakhs spent on renovation last month. 
40 lakhs? 
Where did you get that kind of money? 
We borrowed a part of the amount by mortgaging the house. 
And I borrowed 10 lakhs from a friend. 
And 5 lakhs from your own pocket.. ..for earning 18% interest. 
Pravin, you fool. 
You didn't even ask me. 
How will we arrange for such a huge sum? 
There's hardly 30-40 thousand in the bank. 
And we don't even have jewellery. 
Sushila. 
We'll manage. 
- How? 
Why don't you understand? 
lf you hadn't spoken ill about the Lord.. ..He wouldn't have caused this earthquake. 
His justice is silent. 
Will you please stop preaching? 
You mean to say, that the Lord.. ..who doesn't exist, razed down my shop.. ..because I spoke ill about Him? 
So, just to prove Himself.. ..he razed down just my shop in a fit of rage. 
And if I still don't believe in Him.. ..he will make me incur more losses? 
- Yes. 
What yes? 
I still don't believe in You? 
I haven't incurred any loss. 
Look. 
What's he doing? 
- What.. 
Everything's lost, Kanji. 
Only thing left is this Godrej safe. 
Rolex. 
It's a Rolex. 
- Nah. 
Mr. Dinesh. lsn't that a Rolex watch you're wearing? 
Must be worth 1.5 -2 lakhs. 
It's worth 10. 
Mr. Kanji. 
I am sure you read the terms and conditions.. ..before reading the policy. 
Not at all, sir. 
Your officer asked me to sign at the places marked.. ..and I did so. 
How irresponsible you are. 
What happened, sir? 
Your policy insures you against.. ..accidents like theft, fire, fraud. 
Right. 
That's what we opted for. 
But not against Act of God. 
Act of God? 
See, it's written here clearly. 
Conditions apply. 
My glasses.. - ln the event of loss or damage to the property.. ..the insurance company is not liable to pay.. ..any amount if the damage is caused by act of God. 
And here are your signatures. 
It's written in such small letters. 
And nobody reads that. 
What is 'Act of God'? 
lncidents that are not caused by humans. 
Like? 
- Like earthquake, Tsunami, Thunder. 
You cannot claim insurance in such cases. 
Because these are natural calamities. 
But I don't believe in God. 
Tell him. 
I don't care if you do or don't. 
You're signatures are right here. 
I am so sorry. 
Sorry? 
What sorry? 
Sir. 
Sir, I've invested my entire earnings in the shop. 
Even my house is mortgaged. 
And you're saying sorry. 
I know, but your claim cannot be approved. 
You may go now. 
No, sir. 
I won't leave until my claim isn't approved. 
Security. 
Sir.. 
Sir, why are you calling security? 
I'm talking to you decently. 
- Yes, sir. 
Take him away, please. 
- Why call the security.. 
Come on. 
- Just a minute. 
Just a minute. 
Come on. 
You just know how to swindle our money. 
Mind your language. 
You should be publicly beaten. 
Throw him out. 
Get out! 
Get out! 
You get this for 2000 in the flea market. 
Don't you understand? 
It's Act of God. 
You want money, don't you? 
Go and ask God. 
Take him away. 
Act of God. 
Just a second. 
Just a second. 
Leave me. 
Act of God. 
So, you believe in God. 
- Yes. 
You believe that God is present everywhere. 
ln him, him, that madam, him. 
God dwells in everyone. 
- Yes. 
And me? 
Mr. Dinesh, you believe that God dwells in me too. 
Yes. 
Thank you. 
Act of God. 
I didn't do it. 
God did. 
It's 'Act of God'. 
God slapped him again. 
I didn't do it. 
And now God will shoot you.. 
And you will die. 
Later, will your family get the claim.. ..or will that be 'Act of God' as well? 
Tell me. 
- No. 
Kanji, what are you doing? 
Why are you scared? 
Take the gun. 
Get down now, come on. 
The phone's ringing again. 
Forget it. 
You switched of your mobile.. ..that's why they're calling on the landline now. 
Tell them I am not at home. 
They say if we don't arrange for the money.. ..we'll have to vacate the house in a month. 
I had so many dreams. 
I wanted to make Jigna a pilot. 
And my son a cricketer. 
But soon I'll even lose this house. 
Everything's lost. 
Everything will be fine. 
What will be fine? 
All I have is the shop property. 
I'll sell that and repay the mortgage. " Om Jai Jagdish Hare. " 
" Swami.. " 
Yes. 
Yes, he's here. 
It's Nimish. 
- Who? 
Who Nimish bhai? 
- The estate agent. 
Oh yes. 
Yes, Nimish. 
Go ahead. 
Did you find a buyer for that property? 
What are you saying? 
What happened? 
What happened? 
He's saying, there are broken idols of God on that land.. ..so it's become inauspicious. 
The place has become cursed. 
- Oh, God! 
No one will buy this land.. ..that's the rumour in the market. 
Nimish. 
100 years later, when people find.. ..idols of God under that land, the prices will shoot up by 4 times. 
Four times. 
And people will construct a temple there as well. 
lf anyone wants the buy the land he can.. ..otherwise I care a damn. 
What now? 
I've an idea. 
What are you doing, Kanji? 
Suicide! 
Sister-in-law, suicide.. 
Papa. - kahan kahan? 
Leave me. 
What are you doing? 
- Papa.. 
I am not a coward. 
I will file a case. 
Have you lost it? 
He's gone crazy. 
You will file a case against an insurance company.. ..worth 3000 crores! 
I'm sure there are many others like you.. ..who have filed a case against the insurance company. 
There must be others like me who might have filed a case.. ..but no ever filed a case against your Kishen. 
I...will...file a case against your God. 
What are you doing? " Who controls this world? " 
" Who's that sitting high up in the sky? " 
" Why are You hiding behind the clouds? " 
" Why are You afraid of being seen? " 
Kanji. 
- Yes. 
How will you fight the case? 
That's simple. 
lf your Lord can appear in the temple.. ..from 9-12 and 4-7, then he's free from 12-4. 
He can appear in the court at that time. 
What do you need? 
Tell me. 
Agreement, affidavit, anything you need. 
I will make it. 
Come with me. 
I've high contacts. 
Just tell me what you need? 
High contacts? 
- Yes. 
I want to send a notice. 
- Come with me. 
Come on. 
So, who do you want to serve the notice to? 
'Bhagwan' (God). 
So, Mr. Bhagwan 
Surname? 
Surname? 
He must have a last name? 
Sharma, Verma, Kapoor, Khanna, Desai, anything. 
Don't know, because we haven't met. 
I see. 
No. 
- You two haven't met? 
No. 
- That's fine. 
What's his crime? 
Crime. 
He has ruined me. 
What? 
You just said you two haven't met. 
This Mr. Bhagwan must live somewhere. 
Resident? 
- Who do I send the notice too? 
People say that He lives in temples. 
I see... 
What? 
Which 'Bhagwan' are you talking about? 
- Sit. 
He has many names, which ones should I say? 
Krishna, Ram, Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh. 
Sai Baba. 
- It's a sin. 
Hanumanji. 
Balaji... 
And ladies too. 
Durga, Saraswati, Parvati, Santoshi. 
You've lost your mind! 
Wasting my time. 
Get lost. 
Come on. 
Mad man. 
The nerve he has. 
Come on. 
Don't trouble me. 
Leave me alone. 
Go to someone else. 
I plead you. 
Wait a minute, I'm a Hindu. " Hari Bol. 
Speak now, reveal the secrets. " 
The person we're going to see now is a famed lawyer. 
lf he says yes, our job will be done. 
Yes, sir. 
Which floor? 
Lift's out of order? 
11th floor. 
I forgot the key to the scooter. 
I'll be right back. 
- Come on. " He's witty, sells lies. " 
" Kanji's cleverness is known everywhere. " 
" He's witty, sells lies. " 
" Kanji's cleverness is known everywhere. " 
" He locked horns with God. " 
" And invited trouble for himself. " 
" He always speaks the truth. " 
" His honesty is unique. " 
Mr. Lawyer. 
- Yes. 
Religious. 
Kanji. 
- Go back, we're at the wrong place. 
Are you with him? 
Stop, stop. 
Excuse me, where does advocate Hanif Qureshi live? 
Up ahead. 
ls Hanif at home? 
- Yes. 
Come. 
Father's inside. 
Hello. 
You seem to be in trouble. 
ln the last riots, I defended some innocent Hindus. 
And my own people did this to me. 
Father cannot walk. 
But you want to fight.. ..with the One who created your entire community. 
Will you flee? 
I've no other option left. 
I won't run. 
Look, I cannot fight your case in this condition.. ..but if the lawyers refuse to take up your case.. ..then according to the law you can defend your own case. 
ls that possible? 
- Yes, there's a provision in the law. 
lf you want I can prepare your legal notice. 
I'll be grateful to you, Hanif. 
Hanif. 
Do you believe in Allah? 
Of course. 
God, Allah, they are all the same. 
So, I am fighting against Him. 
So, why are you helping me? 
You're not the only pleader. 
Everyone does. 
Some pleads to Him, and some against Him. 
Where do you want to send this notice? 
I don't have his... 
- Address. 
No. 
- Then. 
The judge will dismiss your case in the first hearing. 
I mean, I don't have His address.. ..but of the places where people look for Him. " You're our benefactor, our friend. " 
" So scare us. " 
" Why ruin our present, by telling us about an unknown future. " 
" You're our benefactor, our friend. " 
" Why ruin our present, by telling us about an unknown future. " 
" They put a price tag on you. " 
" What's money got to do in devotion? " 
" Hari Bol. " 
" Speak now, reveal the secrets. " 
" Speak up. " 
" Hari Bol. " 
" Speak now, reveal the secrets. " 
Hello. 
Relax, just relax. 
The shop in flea market.. ..which collapsed a few days ago due to the earthquake.. ..the owner of that shop, Kanji Lalji Mehta.. ..has filed a case against God. 
This is the reaction of people over the matter. 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Just relax. 
This case won't be accepted in the court. 
Trust me. 
Just leave it to me. 
You won't even have to come to the court. 
Relax. 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Glory to.. - Leeladhar Maharaj! 
Greetings. 
I feel we should meet that person once.. ..and listen to his problems, and try to understand. 
Well, l.. 
Although we all hold different positions.. ..in different communities. 
But our God is one. 
Later. 
And today, a human has accused our God. 
This is not a personal war. 
lnstead, it's a battle for all humans.. ..who have faith in God. 
So I've decided that l, Siddeshwar Maharaj.. ..and Gopi Maiyya, will go to the court.. ..to give that shameless human a fitting reply. 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Yes, it's a democracy, where everyone is treated equally. 
And now, even God. 
Even God will have to stand in the High Court's witness box.. ..where the most dangerous criminals stand for trial. 
Strange, but true. 
I still say, think about it once. 
I already have. 
Today's the first hearing.. ..and the judge will decide whether.. ..such a case can be accepted or not. 
It's a good omen. 
Really nice. 
Let's go. 
Many believers are standing outside the court shouting slogans against Kanji. 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Many 'dharma gurus' have come to the court.. ..to give a reply of Kanji's baseless allegations. 
Very few people have been allowed in the courtroom as well. 
Swami, give me your blessings. 
Move aside, no one will touch the swami. 
Move aside, move aside. 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Kanji, people say you're doing this for publicity? 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
- You? 
- You will sit here. 
Sit, sit. 
Hey insurance.. 
How's the Rolex? 
Working fine. 
Relax. 
Relax. 
He's the one who spread the rumour about God eating butter. 
All rise. 
Kanji, get up. 
Mr. Kanji Lalji Mehta. 
- Yes, sir. 
We've been informed that you'll defend your own case. 
Yes.. 
I don't have any other option, Your Honour. 
The other lawyers are scared. 
So, I'll have to defend this case.. 
My lordship, this is a baseless appeal. 
A publicity stunt. 
There's no cause of action that can be proved in court. 
So I suggest, under order 7 rule no.11.. ..of the code of civil procedure. 
This case be straightaway dismissed.. ..for out of cause action. 
Your Honour, my English isn't that good.. ..but I do understand that he's asking.. ..to shut down this case immediately. 
Right? 
You're right. 
I don't want to get into this hassle in the first place. 
I'm a Gujarati, businessman. 
Whether the Lord exists or not, doesn't make a difference to me. 
The insurance people said that.. ..God has razed down my shop. 
Or, he's the One behind your shop's destruction. 
So, I said fine. 
Ask God to compensate for my losses. 
Case closed. 
But why will God raze down your shop? 
Fool! 
Please. 
Please come to the witness box and speak. 
May Lord forgive his naiveness. 
May Lord forgive his naiveness. 
May Lord forgive his naiveness. 
Why will God raze down my shop? 
Exactly, why will God raze down my shop? 
He has other important things to do. 
So, tell the insurance company to pay me. 
End of matter. 
Why will the insurance company pay you? 
You've agreed to the terms and conditions.. ..of the insurance company. 
Exhibit no.1, sir. 
Right. 
Then God will have to compensate for it. 
Call upon, Lord Ram, Shiva, Ganpati.. ..Whoever you get along better with. 
Do some of your hocus-pocus, or.. - Fool! 
The only way to find God is through salvation. 
God won't descend down on earth.. ..for a ordinary man like you. 
He would only if He exists. 
You're turnover is in millions, and this is a small settlement. 
Just say yes. 
I will even give you cash discount. 
Really. 
I object, Your Honour. 
Mr. Kanji is calling service to God a business. 
Of course it's business. 
Take a visit to any religious place. 
First you've to pay for parking. 
Then, pay for standing in the smaller queue. 
Then pay for the flowers, blanket, candle. 
And the donation box is kept right before the idol. 
As soon as you bow down, you've to put something in it. 
And they even charge for the offerings of God. 
Just like we're charged for seeing wax statues in the museum. 
Similarly, they charge us for seeing the stone idols in temples. 
And the priests have salaries as well. 
His is less, and his is more. 
And you even have income tax benefits. 
Right? 
So, where's the service? 
And, Your Honour, there's never recession in this business. 
No. 
ln fact, they do better business during recession. " Oh, God! 
Oh my, God! " 
Relax. 
Consider that it is a business. 
Still, why are you asking them for compensation? 
You pay premiums for your insurance.. ..so you can ask them for a compensation. 
But why will the temple pay you? 
Because...l've paid premiums in their temples as well. 
- What? 
What nonsense? 
I knew you won't believe me.. ..so I have brought all the proofs along. 
Look. 
These are the receipts of the premium.. ..l've been paying for the last 18 years. 
On my wife's advice. 
Look. 
My first premium was for 1501 rupees.. 
There's a well-known temple in the South. 
I paid it there. 
Then, I've been paying 1000 rupees every year.. ..at Lord Ganesha's stall. 
It's called a mandap. 
And, your honour, my mother-in-law used to be very sick. 
So, the temple authorities said, " Pay us 11,000.. " 
" ..perform a veneration and watch the miracle " . 
We performed the veneration and my mother-in-law passed away. 
That was a good thing, but I also lost 11,000. 
And they didn't refund a single rupee. 
And then, donation at the mosque.. ..blanket at the shrine, candle at church, alms for beggar.. ..incense sticks, veil for Mother Goddess. 
ln total I've paid around 10 lakhs in all these stores. 
Enough! 
Enough! 
Don't call it a store. 
It's called a temple. 
And people donate willingly at the temple.. ..for the peace and prosperity of their family. 
Even I gave this amount.. ..for the peace and prosperity of my family. 
And not for fun. 
But your God snatched all the peace from my life. 
Because only God can cause earthquakes. 
Humans cannot do it. 
So tell me, don't I've a right to ask God for compensation? 
Mr. Kanji. 
You've a tiff with God, don't you? 
- Yes. 
So why don't you ask Him directly for compensation? 
Why are you asking the temples? 
Which company supplies electricity to your home? 
Reliance. 
- Reliance. 
So if there's an electricity problem in your home.. ..you will call up the Reliance office, won't you? 
You won't call Anil Ambani directly. 
Mr. Anil, we've a electricity problem. 
Silence. 
What do you mean? 
What do you mean? 
These priests, the saints are officers of God. 
- No. 
They aren't officers. 
Officers are educated people. 
They are... 
They are salesmen, Your Honour. 
They are collection agents.. ..because they own God's franchise. 
Your Honour. 
This man's an atheist. 
He doesn't know what he's saying. 
But, we are saints. 
We will forgive him. 
But the world will never forgive him for this grave sin. 
You won't be able to set foot out of your house.. ..if you say anything else. 
ls that your concern for me.. ..or are you threatening me in front of the judge? 
We...are concerned for you. 
They pay me up quickly. 
End this matter. 
My lord, this is enough. 
The donation receipts, the submissions. 
There's no agency agreement between God and my clients. 
Kanji is saying baseless things. 
We cannot file a case against God for such a small thing. 
Small? 
My lord, this isn't small issue. 
That shop means everything to me. 
My means of earning. 
The only way to support my family. 
And I built that shop with hard work. 
Now, it's just a piece of land. 
And no one's ready to buy that as well. 
These people say,  " Donate with faith.. " 
" ..and you'll never be wronged " . 
And the insurance people say  " Pay your premiums on time.. " 
" ..we're there in your troubled times " . 
I gave donations and also paid my premiums. 
But none of them are willing to help me. 
I am an ordinary human. 
A middle-class man. 
My family, my wife and children.. ..will be forced to live on streets. 
No, my lord. 
You'll have to give me a chance.. ..to defend my case in this court. 
And the constituency of lndia gives me the right.. ..to voice my plea in this court. 
So please, my lord. 
One crore is a big amount for a middle-class businessman. 
And especially, when it's a question of his survival. 
So, the court accepts Kanji Lalji Mehta's case. 
Silence. 
And only after carefully examining.. ..all the evidences and arguments.. ..the court will give its verdict, whether.. ..Mr. Mr. Kanji Lal will get his compensation or not. 
And if he does, then who will pay him? 
The insurance company or, the temple. 
The court's adjourned for the day. 
Wait. 
Wait. 
You can perform all the veneration you want.. ..and ring those bells as many times you wish. 
Your God razed down my shop. 
And now, I will alone shut down all his shops.. ..or my name isn't Kanji Lalji Mehta. 
And this isn't my concern for you. 
It's a direct warning. 
Yes. 
You're safe here, it's a government property. 
But how will you escape them? 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Down with.. - Kanji! 
Sir. 
The case has been accepted. 
I'm worried about Sushila and the children. 
I'll take a cab, you go. 
But how can I leave you alone. 
I'm going to the police station, for protection. 
Drop her home as well. 
Go. 
Be careful, dear. 
Go, go, go. 
Are the boys ready? 
Remember. 
Kanji shouldn't get to see daylight. 
That's it. 
There he is. 
Catch him, beat him. 
Don't let him go. 
Wait, where are you running to? 
He's hiding there. 
Catch him. 
There he goes. 
Catch him. 
Don't let him go. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Here comes Govinda... " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Don't let him go, catch him. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Go that way. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Let's sit down and talk. 
All I did was file a case. 
lf you try to talk they'll cut you in half. 
Look behind. 
Catch him. 
Faster! 
Who are you? 
Krishna Vasudev Yadav. 
What? 
Krishna Vasudev Yadav from Gokul. 
So you're from UP. 
You can call me Kanhaiyya. 
Catch him. 
Careful. 
Careful. 
Careful, slow down. 
Slow down. 
Are you a man or a stuntman? 
You can call me a stuntman as well. 
But people call my stunts a miracle. 
Miracle. 
- Hold on. 
You aren't wearing a helmet either. 
There he is. 
Don't go this way, go that way. 
Down, down, down, drive on the road. 
Faster! - " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
That was a narrow escape. 
Now, take me to Brahmanwadi. 
Go straight then take a left, then right and another left. 
And you'll be home, go on. 
You brought me this far, so drop me home as well. 
My job's to show the way.. ..it's your job to get to the destination. 
Fine. 
Keep it. 
Thank you so much. 
You're so kind. 
- Thank you. 
Take care. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Papa! 
- Sushila. 
ls everything fine? 
Go up and take a look in the house, you'll know. 
Thankfully we survived, otherwise.. 
No, I'll talk to the police. 
Don't worry. 
They hurled stones and acid bottles in our house. 
I don't care lf I die. 
But the children. 
lf Jigna would've been hit by that acid.. 
I won't let anything happen to them. 
I am their father. 
Please. 
So, understand the duties of a father. 
Withdraw the case. 
- You're a fool. 
I'm about to lose my house. 
Where will we stay? 
On the streets, or in their house? 
Do we have any other option? 
Why don't you understand? 
Come on, Jigna. 
Sit in the car. 
Come. 
- He's made a mess of things. 
I won't leave papa. 
I'll slap you if you refuse. 
- No, mother. 
Come on, sit inside. 
Please.. 
Hello. 
Hello. 
Who is it? 
- Bhagwan (God). 
What? 
lf you were a Muslim, I would've said Allah. 
lf you were a Christian, then Jesus Christ. 
You're a Hindu, so Krishna. 
You, here? 
You're an excellent stuntman, really. 
Very good. 
I'm sure you're acting is decent as well. 
Why don't you approach some television channel? 
They keep remaking Ramayan and Mahabharat. 
Krishna. 
Suited-booted Krishna. 
Here to teach me a lesson. 
Look. 
Look there. 
Gods are bare-bodied. 
Like this. 
They're never fully covered. 
That's your wedding photo, right? 
- Yes. 
Wearing that traditional attire. 
So, did you only wear a traditional attire.. ..since your wedding? 
No, right? 
- No. 
See. 
That's our older image. 
Conch in one hand, mace in the other. 
Where are yours? 
lf I keep holding them all day, won't my arms hurt? 
Think. 
Actually, our latest photos haven't been updated on Facebook. 
People still use the older ones, and we let them. 
We don't have a problem. 
- Let them. 
- That's enough. 
You're boring me now. 
Get out, leave. 
Mahadev! 
- Mahadev! 
- Only you can hear and see me. 
Yes, coming. 
Coming. 
Mahadev! 
What happened? 
What happened, Kanji? 
See him. 
He calls himself God. 
I can see him. 
He can see you. 
My name's Krishna, your new neighbour. 
Neighbour? 
Neighbour? 
The person Kanji had mortgaged his house to.. ..has sold it to me. 
Here are the documents. 
And, Kanji bhai, sorry for that joke about God. 
What's this? 
How can he sell my house to him? 
I was about to pay him on time. 
I already paid him. 
This isn't done. 
This is my house. 
Nobody can just buy it. 
Relax. 
Chill. 
When you get your compensation from God.. ..you can repay me, I will leave. 
And anyway, I always leave after my project is over. 
Why buy the house when you want to leave? 
Are you a agent? 
I am not that low. 
I've a consultancy firm. 
I give advice to people. 
- Advice. 
Anyone who thinks of me. 
Public service. 
Service open to all. 
A solution to every problem. 
Sometimes it gets slightly delayed. 
But...l always get there on time. 
There's delay but not denial. 
Just like I came here, to help Kanji bhai. 
Help me? 
I found out about your condition.. ..only after I brought the house. 
The court case, lost your shop.. ..and your wife and children too. 
Kanji bhai, don't worry. 
You can stay here. 
ln return, I will only use your things. 
Television, fridge, etcetera. 
Fine, but remember.. ..one day I will buy this house back from you. 
So be it! 
I mean, I promise. 
He's a nice man. 
- Something you said. 
No, just.. 
Cheers. 
Calls himself God. 
I think he's drunk. 
Thank you, for letting me stay in my own house. 
Thank you so much. 
Thank you. 
I will sleep outside on the terrace. 
And you can sleep wherever you want. 
It's your house. 
Thank you. 
Goodnight. 
And yes, the light switch is at the back. 
Switch off the lights before you go to sleep. 
Another power failure. 
No. you switched it off. 
- No, I didn't. 
You're drunk. 
So? 
I see. " Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
" Go...go...go...Govinda. " 
Case on God admitted. 
Paper, paper, paper. 
High Court has put it's seal on it. 
Through the notice prepared by advocate Hanif Qureshi.. ..Kanji Lalji Mehta's case on God has been accepted. 
I think he's mad. 
Who is this guy? 
Hey Jigna, what happened? 
See, his wife ran away. 
Who can live with that madman? 
I don't even talk to him. 
Or the Lord might punish us as well. 
What a splendid bike. 
- But, who is he? 
I think he arrived just last night. 
Who's playing this classical music? 
I've heard that the new guest is really handsome. 
Don't I look handsome? 
Get inside. 
Hey, Hari Prasad. 
Hey, Chaurasiya. 
What's all this? 
I was waking up the birds! 
What? 
Who? 
I was waking up the birds! 
Practice. 
I was practising. 
It's a good thing to do in the morning.