+ The "De Adventu" is a collection of notes rather than a finished work. Incidentally it throws some light on the trend of early Franciscan events and thought in general.
+ For a period of twenty-six years, Eccleston was busy collecting material for his chronicle, which he based on personal knowledge, interviews, and documents no longer extant. He described the “heroic period” of the Franciscan movement in England. His chronicle lacks dates, is weak on chronological presentation, and gives preference to England, but is considered accurate and reliable in the content related to the Friars Minor in England.
+ Though the original manuscript has been lost, there are four manuscripts of the “De Adventu” which are known to scholars. The chronicle was edited in the nineteenth century by J. S. Brewer in the “Monumenta Fraciscana” (1858), by R. Howlett (1882), by the Friar Minors at Quaracchi (1885), and by Felix Lieberman in the “Monumenta Germaniae” (1885). A critical edition is lacking. Father Cuthbert, O.S.F.C., translated the work into English in 1903 under the title "The Friars and How They Came to England," and E. Gurney Salter rendered it in English in 1926 with the title "The Coming of the Friars Minor to England and Germany."
+
+= = = Watcha Gonna Do? = = =
+
+ Whatcha Gonna Do? may refer to:
+
+= = = Von Duprin = = =
+
+ Von Duprin is a brand of security products. It was the producer of the first "panic bar" style door mechanism that allows a door to a public building to be locked from the outside but still easy to exit from the inside.
+ In 1903 the Iroquois Theatre Fire in Chicago claimed the lives of almost 600 people. Carl Prinzler was supposed to attend a show at the theatre that fateful day, however, other business dealings called him elsewhere. In this era, it was common for theatres and the like to lock interior and exterior doors to prevent non-paying persons from entering. This also inhibited persons on the inside from exiting. This was the case during the Iroquois Theatre Fire. All doors were locked and/or bolted which prevented patrons from exiting, causing most to be burned alive or succumb to smoke inhalation.
+ Prinzler was astounded at the enormous and senseless loss of life that night. He sought a way for doors into public facilities to be locked from the outside, but to allow egress from the inside with minimal effort during an emergency. Prinzler tapped into the architectural engineering abilities of Henry H. DuPont to develop a product. In 1908 the first model of a "panic bar" style egress device was released and Vonnegut Hardware Company was utilized to market it. Owing to the joint effort to develop and sell the product, it was sold under the name Von Duprin, a combination of the names Vonnegut, DuPont and Prinzler.
+ The popular 88 Series crossbar exit devices still manufactured by Von Duprin look similar to the original design, although significant engineering changes have been made.
+ Von Duprin continues to manufacture security related products and is a brand of Allegion plc.
+
+= = = True Russian Orthodox Church = = =
+
+ The True Russian Orthodox Church () was an Independent Russian Orthodox-like doomsday cult founded by Pyotr Kuznetsov. The self-name of the group was "Heavenly Jerusalem" (). This group broke away from the Russian Orthodox Church, considering it insufficiently orthodox. Its members were not allowed to eat processed food, watch television and handle money. They rejected bar codes, National identification number and passports because they contained satanic symbols ("the number of the Beast").
+ In November 2007, between 29-35 members of the group holed themselves up in a cave in Russia's Penza region, near the village Nikolskoye, threatening mass suicide if authorities tried to intervene. Kuznetsov had told them to hide themselves away to await the end of the world, which he predicted would take place in May 2008. Kuznetsov himself was not with the group, but had been placed under police arrest.
+ On March 28, 2008, seven women who had holed up in a cave for months were being treated by emergency workers, regional officials said. Three days later 14 members emerged from the cave after melting snow caused part of the cave to collapse.
+ On April 3, 2008 Kuznetsov was taken to a hospital where "Officials said that he may have attempted suicide after realising his prediction had been wrong." In subsequent years, he was in a psychiatric ward with a diagnosis of paranoia. In 2016, the court once again extended the period of his compulsory treatment at the request of the Chief of the regional psychiatric clinic.
+ On May 16, 2008 the last nine members of the cult emerged from the bunker due to the toxic fumes produced by two cult members who had died over winter. On May 21, after removing the bodies of the dead, the cave was blown up. Officially, it was done because of its danger to local population and curious visitors.
+ After leaving the cave, most of the sect members left the village, except for one family. Several people moved to a deaf village in Belarus. Vasily Nedogon, head of the family remaining in Nikolskoye, in 2012 continued to live with his wife and three children without electricity and passports; he still waited that the End time will come soon.
+
+= = = Swift Boat challenge = = =
+
+ The Swift Boat challenge from Oklahoma oilman T. Boone Pickens was his reported offer of $1 million to anyone who can disprove even a single charge made by the Swift Vets and POWs for Truth, formerly the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, during the Presidential election campaign.
+ Pickens, who had given the group $3 million in funding during the campaign, issued the challenge on November 6, 2007 in Washington, D.C., while serving as chairman of a 40th anniversary gala for "The American Spectator" magazine.
+ On November 16, 2007 U.S. Senator John Kerry, whose military service was a target of the groups's televised ads, book, and media releases and appearances, wrote a letter to Pickens accepting Pickens' offer as reported. Kerry asked Mr. Pickens to donate the $1 million to the Paralyzed Veterans of America should he succeed in proving any of the charges untrue.
+ That same day, Pickens issued a response, saying he was "open" to Kerry's suggestion but stated that the offer applied only to the group's television ads. He additionally required Kerry to provide his Vietnam journal, his military records, specifically those for the years 1971-1978, and copies of all movies and tapes made during his service. Pickens' letter also challenged Kerry to agree to donate $1 million to the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation, if Kerry "cannot prove anything in the Swift Boat ads to be untrue."
+ On November 20, 2007 Kerry issued a letter responding to Pickens'. He accused Pickens of "parsing and backtracking" on his initial offer and wrote that "I am prepared to prove the lie and marshal all the evidence, the question is whether you are prepared to fulfill your obligation." He concluded that "the only thing remaining now is to set the date for our meeting in an appropriate forum."
+ On June 22, 2008, a group of Vietnam veterans accepted the challenge and sent a 12-page letter with a 42-page attachment of military records to support their case that rebutted several of the accusations of the Swift boat group. Pickens responded with a message stating "In reviewing your material, none of the information you provide speaks specifically to the issues contained in the ads, and, as a result, does not qualify for the $1 million."
+
+= = = Eiji Moriyama = = =
+
+ TENIMYU: THE PRINCE OF TENNIS MUSICAL SERIES (as Takeshi Momoshiro)
+ Rock Musicals BLEACH (as Renji Abarai)
+ Other
+
+= = = 20th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ The 20th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island represented the colony of Prince Edward Island between September 26, 1854, and 1859.
+ The Assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of Prince Edward Island, Alexander Bannerman. Edward Thornton was elected speaker.
+ George Coles was Premier.
+ The members of the Prince Edward Island Legislature after the general election of 1854 were:
+
+= = = Dinefwr Sharks = = =
+
+ Dinefwr Sharks RLFC were a rugby league side based in Ammanford, South-West Wales.
+ "West Wales Sharks" were formed in the spring of 2006 and joined the Rugby League Conference Welsh Division West. The Sharks played eight games and there were heavy losses in the matches against Bridgend Blue Bulls but they ended their season with two wins against Aberavon Fighting Irish and Swansea Valley Miners.
+ In 2007, the Sharks moved to Furnace United RFC to play their home fixtures. The club played in the Rugby League Conference Welsh Premier division playing seven rounds from May to July. In the first match they lost to the Valley Cougars 12-74 but then won their next match 33-32 against the Cardiff Demons. But they then lost their remaining five matches including a tight 34-30 loss against Torfaen Tigers. Just one win meant that they had finished bottom of the league. Following interest shown by prospective junior sides at the letter stages of the 2007 season, the Sharks established junior sides Dinefwr Junior Shark and Swansea East Junior Sharks.
+ In 2009 the club, with a new voluntary board and a relocation to Tycroes RFC, changed their name to "Dinefwr Sharks" as this would be more relevant to their new playing location. The club made it to the final of the Welsh plate but lost to Newport Titans.
+ CPC Bears RL was formed in 2010, as the regional side for Carmarthenshire, Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion in the Welsh Premier Division with Dinefwr Sharks competing in the South Wales Championship. The South Wales Championship was given a re-structure following Dinefwr Sharks and three other West Wales clubs not fulfilling fixtures. They were replaced with newly formed Dyffryn Devils.
+ The Sharks have had some representation at International level
+ Wales 'A' Internationals - Alan Pope, Dai Norman, Mark Cooke and James Bannister.
+ Wales u19s - Dan and Jonny Griffiths
+ Wales Students - Christiaan Roets
+ Junior International u16's - Daniel Davidson
+ Plate Final
+ Newport Titans 32 Dinefwr Sharks 24
+
+= = = Gradac, Metlika = = =
+
+ Gradac (; ) is a village in the Municipality of Metlika in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia on the Lahinja River. It is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. The village is best known for well-preserved Gradac Castle.
+ Gradac has a railway station, a post office, bars and cafes, and a small industrial park. Traditionally many craftspeople (stonemasons, locksmiths, wainwrights, wheelwrights, and potters) and farmers lived in the village.
+ It also has an outdoor sports field for handball, basketball, and soccer. It is located next to the new fire station, which was built in the 1980s. A small airport, mainly for gliders and light aircraft, is located in nearby Prilozje. This airfield was originally built in World War II in order to allow allied aircraft to land to evacuate wounded soldiers and civilians and to deliver other humanitarian aid such as medicine.
+ Gradac Castle is castle with a moat and located on a curve of the Lahinja River. It has been declared a national cultural heritage landmark of Slovenia. Gradac Castle was first mentioned in written documents in 1228.
+ The castle island is mostly covered by a large Renaissance park that is neglected and overgrown. It includes a garden, remnants of an alley, and the mausoleum of the last owner (named Gusič), who was a businessman from Zagreb. There are plans to restore the castle and renew the park. The Municipality of Metlika repaired the roof of the castle to prevent further decay at end of the 1990s. However, talks with potential investors from Italy and Ireland have been unsuccessful.
+ Public discussion about the future of the castle intensified again in 2006. This happened when the Slovenian regional development program for southeast Slovenia was discussed and right before the regional elections.
+ Since the summer of 2006, locals have begun a relatively successful campaign to inform the Slovenian public about the neglected castle and the potential for it to serve as a hotel in order to develop tourism in this region. Following local initiatives, the Metlika municipal authorities and the Ministry of Culture in Ljubljana became more actively involved. There are plans to set up a hotel in the castle.
+ In March 2009, MP Renata Brunskole, who was also mayor of Metlika, asked Minister of Culture Majda Širca about government plans for the castle. Although the minister's response was not encouraging, the ministry of internal affairs included the castle in the project "Invest in Slovene Tourism".
+ On 18 June 1944 the Slovenian Red Cross was founded in Gradac. A military school for Partisan officers was located in the castle during World War II between 1944 and 1945.
+ Gradac was bombed on the afternoon of January 30, 1945. Apparently German intelligence found out that a large number of wounded waited in the village for evacuation through the nearby Partisan airports of Otok or Krasinec. At 4 pm on that day, six or seven German aircraft dropped bombs on the center of Gradac. Five people were killed and eight wounded. The new bridge over the Lahinja, two buildings, and the saw were completely destroyed. Fourteen other houses were heavily damaged.
+ The old fire station is located right at the intersection of the roads to Črnomelj and Semič. The new fire station is located at the end of the village on the road to Črnomelj. Right there are also a soccer field and a field for handball and basketball. An old scale for weighing livestock can also be seen near the old fire station. A number of buildings have been listed as cultural heritage monuments by the Slovenian Ministry of Culture. These are:
+ The community has built a wastewater treatment facility that is now fully operational. All of the houses are now connected to the sewer network.
+
+= = = Hilary McKay = = =
+
+ Hilary McKay (born 12 June 1959) is a British writer of children's books. For her first novel, "The Exiles", she won the 1992 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a once-in-a-lifetime book award judged by a panel of British children's writers.
+ McKay was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, the eldest of four daughters. She studied English, Zoology and Botany at St Andrews University before becoming a public protection scientist. She currently resides in Derbyshire with her husband, Kevin.
+ McKay says of herself as a child "I anaesthetised myself against the big bad world with large doses of literature. The local library was as familiar to me as my own home."
+ The Casson Family series comprises the Whitbread Award-winning "Saffy's Angel" (2001) and four sequels: "Indigo's Star" (2004), "Permanent Rose" (2005), which was shortlisted for the 2005 Whitbread awards, "Caddy Ever After" (2006), "Forever Rose" (2007), and prequel "Caddy's World" (2011). The series focuses on an English family of artists, the Cassons. The children are called Cadmium ('Caddy'), Saffron ('Saffy'), Indigo ('Indy') and Permanent Rose (Rosy Pose), and are named after paint colours (a large paint chart that hangs in the Casson family's kitchen that plays an important role in the book "Saffy's Angel".) The parents' names are Eve and Bill. The first three books are written in the third person but focus on the point of view of the character in the title, whilst "Caddy Ever After" is written in the first person and is narrated by each of the siblings in turn, and "Forever Rose" is written in the first person and is narrated by Rose. Other characters featured in the books include Tom (an American boy who makes friends with Indigo and Rose whilst on a short stay in England), David (a thick-skinned and well-meaning reformed bully) and Sarah (or "wheelchair girl", as she was known to the Cassons before she met Saffron). "Caddy's World," a prequel describes a younger Caddy when Rose was first born.
+ Cadmium is the dreamer of the family; she loves animals and has an incredible amount of guinea-pigs and hamsters. She falls in love with her driving instructor, Michael, and it is she, initially, who looks after the other children. She loves her family, and often returns home to visit whilst studying Zoology in London. Saffron, or Saffy, is the realist; she is scornful, sarcastic, and fiercely intelligent. Really, she only wants to be loved; she often leans on her best friend Sarah for support. She discovers in the first book that she is actually the daughter of Eve's sister Linda. In "Permanent Rose" she discovers that her father is Bill (Eve's husband and father of the other children, making her both the Casson children's cousin and half-sister). Indigo is the only boy. He is music-loving and sensitive, and his best friends are Tom and David. Rose is the true artist of the family. If not stopped, she will cover the walls of their house with paintings and drawings. Eve is their ditzy mother who spends her time in the shed painting, when she isn't "hanging her young offenders" (she teaches them art on Saturday mornings) or painting murals in the local hospital. She hardly ever cooks a proper meal, so the children live on tinned food and Indigo's adventurous cooking, but she loves all her children and sees how special all of them are in their own way. Their father Bill is almost always in London and hardly ever home, although occasionally manages to save the day before disappearing back to his studio and girlfriend in London.
+ The Porridge Hall series (1994-1998) features Robin Brogan and his mother, who live in Porridge Hall on the Yorkshire coast. Once Porridge Hall was Mrs Brogan's family home, now it has been split into two houses, and she and Robin live in one half, from which Mrs Brogan also runs a bed and breakfast. The Robinson family live in the other half, and the two families are firm friends.
+ The Robinson children are the twins, Peregrine and Antoniette, who have abbreviated their names to Perry and Ant, their brother Sundance, and their sister Beany. Sundance got his nickname because Perry and Ant used to play Butch Cassidy, and Sundance was always the Sundance Kid. Beany, whose real name is Elizabeth, got her name because she declared, at a young age, that she wanted to be a bean when she grew up. She actually wanted to be a doctor in South Africa and didn't know how to tell her parents.
+ Other characters include Dan, a former enemy of Robin's, and later his best friend, and a mysterious girl called Harriet, who appears in the second book, "The Amber Cat". Storytelling is a key theme in the second and third books, whilst beachcombing and life by the sea feature large in all three books.
+ The books have been published as audiobooks, with the first two read by Nigel Lambert, "The Amber Cat" also by Ron Keith, and "Dolphin Luck" by Judy Bennett. "Dog Friday" has been adapted into a German film, "Ein Hund namens Freitag". Besides German, the trilogy has been translated into Dutch and Estonian as well, and "Dog Friday" has also been translated into Czech, Danish, Greek, Polish, Spanish, and Thai, and "The Amber Cat" into French.
+
+= = = Ladislav Šaloun = = =
+
+ Ladislav Jan Šaloun (1 August 1870, Prague – 18 October 1946, Prague) was an important Czech sculptor of the Art Nouveau period.
+Šaloun was born in 1870 in Prague and he studied in the studios of Tomáš Seidan and Bohuslav Schnirch. He was involved as an artist in the Mánes Union of Fine Arts. This independent education allowed him to avoid the influence of Josef Václav Myslbek, looking instead to the work of Auguste Rodin. He was later admitted to the prestigious Czech Academy of Sciences in 1912 but never took training there. In 1927 he was appointed the civic artistic advisor for the city of Prague in 1927, and in 1946 was honored by being named a National Artist.
+Šaloun worked on his Jan Hus Memorial on the Old Town Square in Prague for 15 years, from 1901 through 1915. During this time this commission required a much larger studio so he designed Šaloun's Villa where he lived and entertained. This house in Vinohrady is one of the outstanding proto-modernist buildings of its Prague district. He also produced similar Hus monuments for the towns of Hořice (1911–1913) and Libáň (1925). His architectural sculpture for the Municipal House, finished in 1911, is one example of his collaborations with Czech architect Osvald Polívka.
+ According to Cannon-Brooks, "From the beginning he was extremely prolific and his exceptional facility... led on occasion to a certain superficiality, for which he has been over-criticized."
+Šaloun is buried in the Vyšehrad cemetery, not far from his bust of Antonín Dvořák marking the composer's grave.
+
+= = = List of Major League Baseball All-Star Game venues = = =
+
+ The first All-Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World's Fair at Comiskey Park and was the brainchild of Arch Ward, then sports editor for the "Chicago Tribune". Initially intended to be a one-time event, its great success resulted in making the game an annual event, with some years (1959–1962) having two All-Star Games.
+ The venue for each All-Star Game is chosen by an MLB selection committee. This choice may be made to commemorate a particular historical occasion, the opening of a new ballpark, or a significant milestone. The criteria for choosing the venue are subjective; for the most part, cities with new parks and cities who have not hosted the game in a long time or ever tend to be favored. The venues among the major league franchises: between 1964 and 2015, five teams hosted 3 times, 13 teams twice, ten teams once, and two teams not at all. The "home team" is the league in which the host franchise plays its games. Through the 2018 season, the American League has hosted 43 times, and the National League has hosted 46 times. Traditionally, the game's venue alternated between the two leagues from year to year with six exceptions:
+ This tradition was discontinued after the 2015 game.
+ As of 2019, one Major League Baseball franchise has never hosted an All-Star Game: the Tampa Bay Rays. The Miami Marlins hosted for the first time in 2017 following the 2012 opening of Marlins Park, although Miami was initially scheduled to host in 2000, MLB eventually moved the game to Atlanta. All-Star games have been played in D.C., hosted by both incarnations of the Washington Senators (now known as the Minnesota Twins and as the Texas Rangers), as well as by the Washington Nationals in 2018.
+ Of the remaining 27 franchises, the New York Mets had gone the longest period without hosting since their sole hosting duty in 1964, but this streak came to an end at 49 years in 2013. During that span, 18 of the remaining 25 teams have hosted an All-Star Game at least twice since 1964: Atlanta Braves (1972, 2000, and future host in 2021), Chicago White Sox (1983 and 2003), Cincinnati Reds (1970, 1988, and 2015), Cleveland Indians (1981, 1997, 2019), Detroit Tigers (1971 and 2005), Houston Astros (1968, 1986, and 2004), Kansas City Royals (1973 and 2012), Los Angeles Angels (1967, 1989, and 2010), Milwaukee Brewers (1975 and 2002), Minnesota Twins (1965, 1985, and 2014), New York Yankees (1977 and 2008), Philadelphia Phillies (1976 and 1996), Pittsburgh Pirates (1974, 1994, and 2006), San Diego Padres (1978, 1992, and 2016), San Francisco Giants (1984 and 2007), Seattle Mariners (1979 and 2001), St. Louis Cardinals (1966 and 2009), and Washington Senators/Texas Rangers (1969 and 1995). The Dodgers are now the team with the longest active hosting drought, since 1980. But this will change in 2020 when the Dodgers host again, which will then pass the record to the Oakland Athletics who have not hosted since 1987.
+ New stadiums that have not hosted the All-Star Game in cities that have hosted it previously are: Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, the new Yankee Stadium in New York City, and SunTrust Park in Atlanta.
+ Future All-Star Games will be played at Dodger Stadium in 2020, at SunTrust Park in Atlanta in 2021 and at the aforementioned Citizens Bank Park in 2026.
+ Following the game at the first Yankee Stadium in 2008 in its final season, the Bronx's old stadium joined Cleveland's old Cleveland Stadium (also known as Municipal Stadium prior to its own demolition) as the only venues that have hosted four Major League Baseball All-Star games. New York City has hosted it more than any other city, having done so nine times in five different stadiums; after 2017, Tampa Bay will remain the only major league city since the first All-Star Game in 1933 to never have hosted.
+ Dodger Stadium will join this list in 2020.
+ The only discontinued ballparks that hosted one All-Star Game are: Ebbets Field in 1949, Memorial Stadium in 1958, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in 1959, Shea Stadium in 1964, Metropolitan Stadium in 1965, Busch Memorial Stadium in 1966, Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in 1972, the Kingdome in 1979, Olympic Stadium (Montreal) in 1982, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1985, Globe Life Park in Arlington in 1995, and Turner Field in 2000.
+ The following teams have hosted the All-Star Game in the summer then proceeded to host post-season games in the fall:
+ "League Championship Series play began 1969"
+ "Division Series play began 1995"
+
+= = = Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet = = =
+
+ Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet (Female Military Training) was a Polish organization for women, which existed in the interbellum period as well as during World War II. This was not a paramilitary organisation.
+ In the autumn of 1918 Poland regained national independence, which had been lost as a result of the Partitions of Poland. Soon afterwards, numerous conflicts with several neighbouring states started, and in many cases Polish women organized to actively participate in them, as auxiliaries to the Polish Army. The most famous example of such a unit was the Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet (Voluntary Legion of Women), created in late 1918 or early 1919 in Lwów, for which Poles fought with the Ukrainians. The first commandant of the Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet, Colonel Aleksandra Zagorska, lost her only son, 14-year-old Jerzy Bitschan, in this conflict. Poems and a song were written about him years later.
+ The Ochotnicza Legia Kobiet also actively participated in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921, it had some 2 500 members and after the Peace of Riga it was dissolved, in 1923. But several women, with Maria Wittek as their leader, did not want to give up. They wanted equality, also concerning military service, which, in their opinion, should also be available to females.
+ Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet was created in 1928 and its members were volunteers, women and girls over 15 who wanted to prepare themselves for future military service. Enjoying the support of the government and the army, the organization had several facilities, in which summer and winter camps took place. Many of the camps that were built and used by Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet, are now popular places for vacationing - Garczyn by Kościerzyna in Pomerania, Istebna by the Olza River in Cieszyn Silesia, Charzykowo near Poznań, Spała by Tomaszów Mazowiecki, but also Koszewniki near Grodno, now located in Belarus.
+ During the Polish September Campaign, members of the organization distinguished themselves and the most famous personality associated with Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet is undoubtedly Elżbieta Zawacka, whose activities helped the Polish Army Headquarters in London to give women of the organization the same rights and privileges as those enjoyed by male soldiers. Women actively took part in Home Army actions.
+ There were numerous women soldiers in the Warsaw Uprising. After its collapse, the Germans treated them as regular soldiers, according to the Geneva Convention. Unlike civilians from Warsaw, they were not sent to concentration camps such as Ravensbrück and Stutthof, but to special POW camps, operated by the Wehrmacht, mainly Stalag VI-C in Oberlangen and Oflag IX-C in Molsdorf. In the Stalag VI-C there were almost 2,000 women-soldiers, they were freed by the 1st Armoured Division (Poland) of General Stanisław Maczek. Oflag IX-C was freed by the Americans of the US Third Army led by General George S. Patton.
+ After the war, all Polish women-soldiers were gathered in Burg, Hessen, where they received English uniforms with a "Poland" sign on their sleeves.
+ In January 2017 the association "Ogólnopolska Grupa Rekonstrukcji Historycznej Przysposobienia Wojskowego Kobiet" was founded.
+
+= = = UDPCast = = =
+
+ UDPcast is a file transfer tool that can send data simultaneously to many destinations on a LAN. This can for instance be used to install entire classrooms of PCs at once. The advantage of UDPcast over using other methods (nfs, ftp, whatever) is that UDPcast uses the User Datagram Protocol's multicast abilities: it won't take longer to install 15 machines than it would to install just 2.
+ By default this protocol operates on the UDP port 9000. This default behaviour can be changed during the boot stage.
+ http://udpcast.linux.lu/
+
+= = = King Edward VI High School, Stafford = = =
+
+ King Edward VI High School is a mixed secondary school located in the Highfields area of Stafford, England. The school has a sixth form, which forms part of the Stafford Collegiate. It is a comprehensive state school admitting boys and girls from ages 11–18. The school was formed in 1977 following the amalgamation of King Edward VI Boys’ Grammar School and Stafford Girls’ High School.
+ King Edward VI High School is administered by the Staffordshire County Council Education Committee. It serves mainly the west of Stafford to the Shropshire border, and admits students aged between 11 – 19 years.
+ The school catchment area includes Western Downs, the Rowley Avenue area, Forebridge, Doxey, the top end of the Highfields Estate and the villages to the west of Stafford i.e. Bradley, Derrington, Seighford, Haughton, Gnosall, Church Eaton and Woodseaves.
+ The school was formed by merging the long established selective schools, King Edward VI Boys’ Grammar School and Stafford Girls’ High School, in 1977. The selective element was removed in order to create the comprehensive school taking pupils of all abilities. The premises of the Girls’ High School were enlarged and the school was based there.
+ The closure of the old grammar school led to the creation of the independent fee-paying Stafford Grammar School.
+ The Free Grammar School of King Edward VI was first established in Stafford in 1550 to provide free education to young boys.
+ In 1862 a new building was erected for the school on Newport Road and would serve as the home of the boys' grammar school for well over 100 years.
+ The old King Edward VI building on Newport Road remained in education hands and was turned over to Chetwynd Middle School before later becoming what is now known as the Chetwynd Centre, home of the Stafford Collegiate, where many Post-16 subjects are taught as part of an agreement between the Stafford secondary schools and Stafford College of Further Education.
+ Stafford Girls' High School was established in 1907 as a grammar school for girls and was based at The Oval, just off the Lichfield Road, with some accommodation for students at The Hough Cottage (now an Italian restaurant). The school later moved to a new site off West Way, close to Stafford Castle; the modern home of King Edward VI High School.
+ In 1977 King Edward VI Grammar School and Stafford Girls' High School were amalgamated to create a comprehensive off West Way.
+ The two schools merged in September 1976, with King Edwards VI Boys Grammar vacating their site to move to the Stafford Girls' High School site off Newport Road.
+ The old girls' school buildings on The Oval also remained in education hands, later becoming an art college before being converted into residential apartments.
+ In 2003, Colin Elstone was appointed as Headteacher, serving until 2010 before his retirement. The school achieved its Ofsted status as "Good with outstanding features" under his leadership. From 2010 to 2014 the Headteacher was Russell Davis, before the current Headteacher, and former Deputy Headteacher, Jason Christey was appointed in 2015. The school achieved another "Good" Ofsted rating during its inspection in 2018.
+
+= = = Bartlett Richards = = =
+
+ Bartlett Richards (January 6, 1862 – September 5, 1911) was a Cattle Baron and Banker who owned or fenced in vast acreage in Wyoming and Nebraska.
+ Born on January 6, 1862, in Weathersfield, Vermont, the son of Rev. J. DeForest Richards, a Congregational church pastor and Harriet Bartlett Jarvis. At the age of ten, after his father died, Richards was sent to Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. After graduation in August 1879, Richards moved west to Cheyenne, Wyoming to recover his health in the outdoors, a prescription similar to that given later-President Theodore Roosevelt. Bartlett Richards, however, became involved in the cattle business, and elected to remain in Wyoming rather than return to the East. By the time the year was over, he had purchased 1000 head of cattle and established the Ship Wheel Ranch on the Belle Fourche River in northeast Wyoming.
+ Richards quickly became involved with ranching activities. By 1881, he was managing three ranches in Wyoming and a year later was put in charge of Lakotah and Rocky Mountain Cattle Companies. In 1883, representing Abram Stevens Hewitt, Richards took over the Bronson Ranch (which was renamed the Lower 33) in Sioux County, Nebraska.
+ In 1885, Richard's elder brother, DeForest Richards, moved west to open a bank in the boomtown of Chadron, Nebraska, which had just been reached by the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad. That year, Congress also passed the Van Wyck fence law, which prohibited barbed wire fences from blocking cattle roads to market and access to water sources. Bartlett was named vice president of the bank and in 1887 became president of Chadron's First National Bank, in addition to his ranching activities.
+ Despite the anti-fencing law, the Richards brothers fenced in vast acreage with barbed wire. DeForest Richards controlled about a half million acres and Bartlett Richards had nearly 300 miles of fencing on government lands (in effect securing another half million acres) by 1899. His Nebraska Land and Feeding Co. had fenced in an area equivalent to four times the state of Rhode Island by 1902. Jarvis Richards fenced in Colorado acreage in addition to helping his brothers with their operations. Bartlett Richards noted to fellow cattlemen in February 1902 that over 6 million acres of federal land had been fenced and 350,000 head of cattle were fattening behind those fences, and estimated the land and cattle were worth about $18 million. Richards proposed to legalize these takings by having Congress pass a Lease bill. However, President Theodore Roosevelt (either despite or because of his experience as a cattleman) vetoed it.
+ He also sent John Mosby to remove the fences. Many of Richard's fences supposedly protected homesteads of soldiers' widows, based on fraudulent documentation. Mosby's Colorado methods failed, however, since the Omaha grand jury refused to authorize an indictment against Richards or anyone but nonresident agent W. R. Lesser. Mosby was recalled to Washington to appease Nebraska's Senators, but other attorneys were sent out, who secured indictments. Richards and his English brother in law William G. Comstock were convicted in 1905 despite their argument that the government land hadn't been surveyed. The local judge sentenced them to $300 fine apiece and six hours in custody, which they spent celebrating at the Omaha Cattlemen's Club, and which led President Roosevelt to fire both the U.S. attorney and U.S. Marshall. The next year Richards and Comstock were indicted on a new charge of conspiracy to deprive the government of public land, convicted and fined $1,500 fines as well as sentenced to a year in jail. After three years of appeals, the convictions and sentences were upheld, so they were sent to prison in Hastings, Nebraska for a year beginning in 1901.
+ Richards was also involved with at least nine other banks in Nebraska and Wyoming, serving as stockholder, vice president, and president. Richards also continued to operate the Lower 33 and Ox Yoke Ranches in Nebraska, including the Spade Ranch empire.
+ Richards died in the hospital at Hastings, Nebraska in 1911, a month before his sentence would have been completed. His body was returned to Vermont for burial. The Nebraska Historical Society has microfilm relating to him and his cattle operations. In 1970, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.
+
+= = = Albert of Pisa = = =
+
+ Albert of Pisa, O.Min. (died 23 January 1240), was an Italian Franciscan friar. He served as minister provincial for Germany, Hungary, and England.
+ Albert of Pisa, was born in Tuscany. According to tradition, Agnellus of Pisa and Albert were received into the order together by Francis in 1211. He served as Provincial Minister in Tuscany (1217-1221), Ancona (1221-1223), Germany (1223-1227), Spain (1227-1230) and Bologna (1230-1232). He was Provincial Minister in Hungary, when, in the spring 1236, Agnellus of Pisa died at Oxford. Albert was then transferred to England, arriving there in December.
+ Thomas of Eccleston, (who was not a supporter of Elias of Cortona), reported that at the 1230 General Chapter supporters of Elias, who had previously served as vicar general, broke in and disrupted the proceedings. Before the General Chapter of 1239, a number of influential friars met to discuss reform. The Chapter was held in Rome, convened and presided over by Pope Gregory IX. Haymo of Faversham spoke out against Elias.
+ On 15 May 1230, Albert was elected to replace Elias of Cortona as Minister General of the Order. The Mass Albert celebrated during the Chapter, was the first conducted by a duly ordained Minister General, as none of his predecessors had been priests.
+ After his deposition, Elias went to Cortona, where he visited a house of Poor Clares without permission. Albert was prepared to absolve him, but Elias went instead to the Ghibelline city of Arezzo, and Gregory excommunicated him.
+ Albert of Pisa died at Rome on 23 January 1240, and was succeeded as Minister General the following November by Haymo of Faversham.
+ According to Rosalind B. Brooke, although Albert's tenure was brief, his election indicated a clear rejection, (with Pope Gregory's approval) of Elias' management.
+
+= = = Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs = = =
+
+ The Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs (DASD-DA) is a political appointment created by United States President George W. Bush. The appointee has responsibility for captives apprehended during the "war on terror".
+ "The New York Times" described one appointee as: ""a primary adviser to Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld on detainee matters and his point man for dealing with foreign governments and international organizations on the issue.""
+ Matthew Waxman was the first to hold this position.
+ He was followed by Charles "Cully" Stimson, who resigned in February 2007 following controversial comments about lawyers representing detainees.
+ Career State Department lawyer Sandra Hodgkinson held the position from 2007-2009.
+ The Washington Post reported in February 2009 that Phillip E. Carter was slated to be the new Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs, following speculation on Pentagon blogs about his appointment.
+ The Department of Defense has published 179 Guantanamo documents dossiers prepared from the unclassified documents prepared for captives 2004 Combatant Status Review Tribunals.
+ Documents from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Affairs routinely lead the documents that the Tribunals considered as evidence justifying the Guantanamo captives continued extrajudicial detention.
+ On February 16, 2010 William K. Lietzau
+ was appointed as "Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Detainee Policy".
+ By October 2011 he had taken on responsibility for the department's Rule of Law and Humanitarian Policy portfolio, and held the title "Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for rule of law and detainee policy".
+
+= = = Borovica = = =
+
+ Borovica (, divided into Borovica Donja and Borovica Gornja) is a small village in the middle of Bosnia and Herzegovina near today's Vareš, and is situated near the old medieval castle Bobovac, the residence of the Bosnian kings. The village became famous in the Middle Ages for its mining industry, which was mainly based on gold and iron ore. The inhabitants of Borovica originate from immigrated miners from the region of Saxony in Germany. For this reason, the descendants of the present day still have blonde hair and blue eyes with a typical German look. The first written document about Borovica is dated to the year 1637 and confirms the arrival of a bishop and 19 people at that time.
+ The village, whose ethnic background is fully Croat, was mostly destroyed during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the inhabitants forced to flee. At that time, Borovica's population was 1,511; in 2013, approximately 100 Croats were still living there. Some of them returned after the war in 1992.
+
+= = = Lotta Svärd (poem) = = =
+
+ The gang returns home, where Buffy is quick to leave the job of chastising Dawn to Giles, who is unhappy about how Buffy is relying on him so much. Meanwhile, Willow casts a spell on Tara to make her forget their quarrel.
+ At IMDb, "All the Way" was given a rating of 7.2 out of 10. TV.com scored the episode 7.9 out of 10.
+
+= = = Smashed (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) = = =
+
+ "Smashed" is the 9th episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
+ Willow, sad and lonely without Tara, figures out a way to turn the metamorphosed Amy from a rat back into human. Feeling newly liberated, they decide to go out and have some fun. At The Bronze, a couple of guys try to intimidate them. They perform a spell on the boys to make fun of them, but soon they begin to perform more and more complex spells, filling the Bronze with strangely dressed people, sheep, mutations and so on. Willow is beginning to have a taste of her real power and she likes it.
+ Warren, Jonathan and Andrew steal a large diamond from a museum, in a comical scene resembling a famous sequence from the films, leaving its sole guard frozen by their freeze-ray.
+ Spike discovers that the chip in his head gives him no pain when he punches Buffy. After verifying, with Warren's help, that the chip appears undamaged and still causes him agony when he harms humans, Spike tells Buffy that she "came back wrong" and that she "has a little demon" in her. In furious disbelief, Buffy assaults Spike and they battle until Buffy unleashes her desire and kisses him, initiating such passionate sex that the abandoned house in which they were fighting collapses around them.
+ Steve Tartalia, James Marsters' stunt double, says he knocked himself out during the last scene, in which Buffy and Spike fall through the ceiling. "On that fall," he says, "our legs got tangled in the breakaway ceiling, and it caused us to tilt at an angle so that my head would be the first thing to hit the ground. And it did, and it knocked me out. Basically, I came to with some flashlights and smelling salts." Stunt coordinator John Medlen also hurt himself during this episode, while demonstrating how Spike should swing from the chandelier. The chandelier broke, he fell 7 feet, and the chandelier landed on his face, breaking his nose.
+ A longer, more intense lovemaking scene was originally filmed for the finale of the episode, but was cut out.
+ In his DVD commentary, writer Drew Z. Greenberg says that in his original conception of Willow's confrontation with the homophobic men at The Bronze, he intended for Willow to cast a spell on the men so that they couldn't stop kissing each other. Joss Whedon vetoed the idea because he did not want to portray people's sexual orientation as changing in an instant and he did not want to portray same-sex kissing as a punishment.
+ Three consecutive episode titles in the sixth season are euphemisms for drunkenness or being under the influence of narcotics in American English: "Smashed", "Wrecked", and "Gone". Willow's descent into her addiction to magic becomes dizzying and frightening.
+
+= = = Little Sound = = =
+
+ The Little Sound in Bermuda is a small part of the Great Sound, the body of water that is almost entirely encircled by the Bermuda chain in the west of the territory. The Little Sound lies at the south of the Great Sound, and is separated from it by two peninsulas which extend into the sound from Sandys Parish in the west and Warwick Parish in the east.
+
+= = = Wrecked (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) = = =
+
+ "Wrecked" is the 10th episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
+ Tara and Dawn wake on the couch and find that neither Buffy nor Willow returned home the night before. Buffy wakes up naked with Spike to find that the building around them fell down as she remembers what they did. Spike tempts Buffy as she tries to leave and reminds her of everything they did the night before. He angers and disgusts her, but while she searches for her clothes Spike asks her to stay. Buffy appears on the verge of agreeing before Spike makes a comment about their night together, and she leaves, threatening to kill him if he tells anyone about what happened between them.
+ Amy returns home with Willow and rambles about Willow's amazing magic – in front of Tara and Dawn. Tara leaves as Buffy returns, and after a chat, Amy leaves and Buffy and Willow go to bed after their long nights. Willow tries to shut the drapes of her room with magic, but she is too exhausted to manage it. Anya reads bridal magazines instead of researching the freezing demon. Xander gets frustrated, finding bridal magazines in every research book he checks. At the magic shop, Xander, Anya and Buffy discuss Willow's behavior and Buffy comes to Willow's defense.
+ Amy suggests that she and Willow visit a warlock, Rack, who can give them great spells that last without any recovery time. The house is cloaked and filled with the magically addicted, seeking a fix. Rack takes a "tour" of Willow's body before giving her what she came for. Amy spins about the room wildly as Willow hangs out on the ceiling, seeing spots and weird images. The next morning, Willow wakes in her own room and cries in the shower. She manipulates some of Tara's clothes to form an invisible body and curls up against it.
+ Dawn plans to see a movie with Willow. Buffy returns home to find Amy stealing some of Willow's magical supplies. Buffy scolds her as Amy behaves obsessively about the supplies and tells Buffy about Willow's whereabouts. Willow and Dawn talk about food and Tara, then take a detour to Rack's place so Willow can get a fix. Dawn waits impatiently in the waiting room with a freaky man. Meanwhile, Willow floats in Rack's room and sees herself flying in space before a demon holding a limp body makes her scream.
+ Buffy wakes Spike and demands his help in finding Willow and Dawn. Dawn is mad that Willow left her for so long, and Willow's carefree attitude makes Dawn nervous and eager to return home. Buffy refuses to admit she likes Spike and he again reminds her how much she really wants and needs him. A demon confronts Willow, claiming that she summoned him with her magic. The demon cuts Dawn and the girls run. Willow uses magic to take over and drive a car, but it crashes and both are wounded.
+ Dawn has a broken arm. Willow is knocked out against the steering wheel. The demon catches up with their wrecked car and Dawn tries desperately to fight it off. Spike and Buffy, who heard Dawn scream, come to the rescue. Buffy fights the demon while Spike takes care of Buffy's wounded younger sister. Suddenly the demon explodes into flames as a result of a killing spell cast by Willow.
+ Despite Willow's sincere apology and tearful regret, Buffy tells her to stay back and Dawn slaps her away in anger. Spike takes Dawn to the hospital and Buffy confronts a devastated and remorseful Willow who is now finally able to ask for help. At the house, Buffy talks with Willow about her abuse of magic and the consequences. Willow says she's giving up magic for good and Buffy agrees with that. She also senses the similarities between Willow's magic use and her own situation with Spike. Later, Willow fights the symptoms of withdrawal in her bed while Buffy hugs a cross and surrounds her bedroom with garlic.
+ Three consecutive episode titles in the sixth season are slang for drunkenness or being under the influence of narcotics in American English: "Smashed", "Wrecked", and "Gone." Willow's descent into her addiction to magic becomes dizzying and frightening.
+ As noted in the credits, this episode was dedicated to the memory of J.D. Peralta (assistant to executive producer and showrunner Marti Noxon) who died of cancer in November 2001, the month in which this episode aired.
+
+= = = West Butterwick = = =
+
+ West Butterwick is a village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England. It lies in the Isle of Axholme, approximately north-east from Epworth and 4 miles north from Owston Ferry, on the western bank of the River Trent opposite its neighbour East Butterwick.
+ West Butterwick Grade II listed Anglican parish church is dedicated to St Mary. It was built in 1841 of beige brick, with a thin octagonal west tower. A further Grade II listed building is The Old Vicarage, built in 1863 by James Fowler of Louth. An 1824 listed windmill tower is at Mill Farm on North Street.
+ In 1885 "Kelly's Directory" recorded a Primitive Methodist and a General Baptist chapel. Within a parish area of were grown potatoes, wheat, oats and beans.
+ Originally a township in Owston parish, West Butterwick was made an ecclesiastical parish in its own right in 1841.
+ The 2001 Census found 776 people in 312 household, increasing to a population of 795 in 341 households at the 2011 census.
+
+= = = AccesRail = = =
+
+ AccesRail is a company that sells train tickets within the booking system for air travel, for trains in Belgium, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom.
+ This is in first case meant to be used for combined travel air and train, for overseas travellers, where travel agents can have difficulties selling tickets over the train booking systems.
+ Since several big airports e.g. London-Heathrow, Amsterdam-Schiphol and Copenhagen-Kastrup have regular train connections from the airport, there is a big demand to travel combined air and train. In some cases the train has competed out air connections, leaving Accesrail as a main ticket option.
+ AccesRail has the airline code 9B (see IATA) and has its office in Quebec01, Canada.
+
+= = = Doublemeat Palace = = =
+
+ "Doublemeat Palace" is the 12th episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
+ Willow reports to Xander and Anya that the supervillains seem to have abandoned their basement lair. Meanwhile, Buffy, having found out that she is deeply in debt, gets a new job working at a fast food restaurant called Doublemeat Palace. She soon believes something strange is going on.
+ Buffy is offered the Doublemeat Medley, a burger consisting of typical ingredients and layers of beef and chicken. She reluctantly takes a bite, then questions what the secret ingredient in the meat is, but gets no clear answer ("It's a meat process."). Buffy watches as a coworker, Gary, waits on a woman wearing a wig who is a regular at the Palace. After his demonstration, Buffy takes the next customer, but is lost quickly in the process as the family's order is too complex for her to follow.
+ During her break, Buffy sneaks around in the back rooms, searching for the truth behind the secret ingredient, but is caught by Manny. At the counter, Buffy finds her friends have come by to visit her and she treats Xander to a Doublemeat Medley. Anya goes on a rant about how behind the wedding plans are, partially blaming Willow for the complications. Later, Buffy receives a surprise visit from Spike at the restaurant. He teases her and tries to persuade her to leave the job and be with him, warning her that this job could kill her. He offers to do everything in his power to take care of her and help her with her money problems. She remains determined and turns away. Gary goes out to the alley behind the restaurant and encounters someone/something that he recognizes; then that someone or something attacks him.
+ The next day, with Gary not there to work, Buffy is assigned to the grill. As Timothy demonstrates the process, Buffy asks again about the secret ingredient, but still can't get an answer from anyone. Manny then assigns Buffy to a double shift because of the reduction of employees.
+ At the apartment, a vengeance demon appears suddenly before Xander, threatening to tear him into pieces. Anya enters the room and recognizes the vengeance demon as her old friend Halfrek, and the girls greet each other gleefully. Anya clears up the confusion, explaining that she invited Halfrek to the wedding, not to seek vengeance on Xander. Xander quickly gets out of their way.
+ At the Doublemeat Palace, Buffy spots Spike outside through a window and they look at each other wistfully. She spends her break having sex with him in the alleyway out behind the restaurant.
+ Amy pays Willow a visit, wanting her rat cage as a souvenir, and talks with Willow about her progress with avoiding magic, something which Amy isn't very encouraging about. Wishing to get Willow back on to magic, Amy gives her an unasked-for gift that provides Willow with uncontrollable magical powers.
+ Buffy watches the grinder grind meat, but discovers a human finger in the processed meat. Appalled at the idea of human meat being the secret ingredient, Buffy confronts Manny about it, but he doesn't agree with her suspicions. Buffy charges out into the dining area, attempting to stop all the patrons from eating while shouting that the meat is made of humans. The outburst gets her fired.
+ Over drinks, Anya and Halfrek talk about Anya's relationship with Xander and Anya begins to reevaluate her situation with Xander after Halfrek repeatedly insists on addressing the issue.
+ Buffy brings the severed finger and a Doublemeat Medley to The Magic Box, but Xander eats the burger before Buffy explains her concerns. Willow arrives late, ready to begin researching, although she's still under Amy's gift spell and lacks control over her use of magic. Buffy leaves to investigate Doublemeat Palace after hours, while Willow uses chemistry to test a leftover piece of meat from the Doublemeat Medley.
+ Buffy breaks into the Palace and finds clues: blood and Manny's severed foot.
+ Willow struggles to avoid using magic while Dawn and Xander talk about the kind of future life Buffy will have because she's the Slayer. Anya shows up late, after Halfrek's departure, and a tense argument develops between her and Xander over the less-than-attractive appearance of a vengeance demon. Willow's analysis reveals that the "meat" is mostly cellulose (vegetables treated with beef fat).
+ While continuing to snoop, Buffy encounters the regular customer, "Wig Lady", without her wig. A demonic lamprey emerges from the lady's head and sprays a paralyzing liquid at Buffy. The lady advances on Buffy and talks about eating Doublemeat employees as the Slayer struggles to escape.
+ Willow shows up and tries to inform Buffy of the Doublemeat Medley which is not made of humans, but processed vegetables, then begins to confess to her about Amy's magical gift. Buffy is unable to respond to the information as she continues to try to get away from the lamprey, which manages to latch onto her shoulder and start to feed. Inside, Willow tries to stop the woman/lamprey and uses a large blade to cut the lamprey from the woman's body. That doesn't immediately kill the lamprey and Willow quickly shoves it into the meat grinder. The next day at the Summers' house, Amy pays Willow a visit, needing to borrow a few necessities. Willow denies her entrance into the house and pointedly suggests that Amy stay away from her. Amy accuses Willow of taking much too long to reverse a spell gone wrong that changed her into a rat. The former friends exchange piercing glances, then Amy turns and walks away.
+ Buffy returns to the DMP to return her uniform to the new manager, Lorraine. After revealing her knowledge of the Doublemeat Medley's composition, she is sworn to secrecy. She gets her job back and resigns herself to working there, at least for the present.
+ During the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences panel discussion that occurred between seasons six and seven, Joss Whedon revealed that this episode was the first episode that caused sponsors to threaten to pull support due to the portrayal of the fast food industry. Buffy working at Doublemeat Palace "made the advertisers very twitchy"; as Whedon joked, "the most controversial thing we ever had on Buffy was a hamburger and chicken sandwich."
+
+= = = Rollback (roller coaster) = = =
+
+ A rollback occurs on a launched roller coaster when the train is not launched fast enough to reach the top of the tower or hill. It will roll backwards down the tower, and will be stopped by brakes on the launch track. Any roller coaster on which it is possible for a rollback to occur will have these brakes. Intamin, a manufacturer of roller-coasters, refers to the "rollback" as a "short shot".
+ Most coasters contain at least one anti-rollback device to prevent a train from rolling backwards while ascending the main lift. This is typically with chain-driven lifts, not hydraulic launchers such as Kingda Ka or Top Thrill Dragster.
+ Rollbacks are most common (though still quite rare) on the world's largest launched roller coasters, Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure, and Top Thrill Dragster at Cedar Point, along with somewhat smaller rides such as Stealth at Thorpe Park and launched roller coasters of the same type, such as Xcelerator at Knott's Berry Farm and Storm Runner at Hersheypark.
+ There are several factors that can cause a rollback, all of which are related to the train's speed:
+ While the general public may not realize that rollbacks usually are completely safe and that coasters are designed with them in mind, many coaster enthusiasts look forward to being in one. Being in a rollback essentially gives riders a ride and a half, as the train will be launched again after the rollback. On some rides, when a rollback occurs with people on board, the train will first be brought back to the station to give the guests the option of getting off; other roller coasters with dual-train dispatch systems disallow backwards returns to the station and the train will simply be launched a second time without the option to disembark.
+ On extremely rare occasions, a single train may require more than two launches to clear the highest point of the track.
+ Very rarely, a train is launched with just enough speed to reach the track's highest point, resulting in the train getting stuck on the top. This results in neither a full ride nor a rollback. This happened three times on Top Thrill Dragster. All three times, a ride mechanic had to take an elevator to the top, and give the train a small push so it could complete the ride. It has also happened on Stealth at Thorpe Park during early morning tests. Maverick at Cedar Point tests roll backs every morning during testing.
+ In a video of a rollback on Stealth at Thorpe Park, the train is seen to reach slightly over halfway over the midpoint at the top. The train proceeded to roll back, due to an insufficiently powerful launch, combined with an uneven distribution of weight on the train in April 2006. Stealth also had a rollback in March 2008 due to strong winds.
+
+= = = Ian Callen = = =
+
+ Ian Wayne Callen (born 2 May 1955, in Alexandra, Victoria) is a former Australian cricketer who played in one Test and five ODIs from 1978 to 1982. He now runs a business making cricket bats.
+ Callen made his first-class debut for Victoria in 1976-77. In his fourth Sheffield Shield match he took 4 for 55 and 5 for 15 in an innings victory for Victoria over South Australia, and in the next match he took 1 for 82 and 8 for 42 in a 10-wicket victory over Queensland.
+ His only Test came against India in Adelaide in 1978. Despite being badly affected by the injections he had received just before the match in preparation for the tour to the West Indies that was to follow, he took three wickets in each innings, helping bowl Australia to a series-winning victory. On the night before the last day's play, he collapsed in the team hotel and was placed on an intravenous drip, but recovered to take an important part in Australia's victory on the last day.
+ On the tour of the West Indies, he played in the first ODI, taking 1-42, and the second, taking 3-24. During the tour he fractured a vertebra in his lower back. In 1982 he returned to international cricket in Pakistan with the Australian side. He played in three ODIs, taking 1-32, 0-50 and not bowling in the third. He never fully recovered from the lower back injury.
+ Callen established Ian Callen Sports in 1981. He sold it in 1985 to concentrate on making a range of three bats, the MX, the K-IX and the Aussie Boomah. His company in the Yarra Valley, Callen Cricket, has re-established the growing of cricket-bat willow from stock sent to Australia by English Test captain A. C. MacLaren in 1902. He harvests and processes the timber from his plantations at Healesville and Sale. The timber is used for the manufacture of cricket bats and picture frame mouldings.
+ He conducts courses teaching the craft of making cricket bats by hand. At first he used willow imported from England, but now he uses his own.
+
+= = = Normal Again = = =
+
+ "Normal Again" is the 17th episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
+ The Trio summon a demon whose hallucinogenic venom makes Buffy believe that her implausible and nightmarish life as vampire slayer has actually been her own elaborate hallucination as a mental patient, catatonic in a hospital for the past six years.
+ Buffy searches newly rented houses for the Trio's hideout, and the three discover her on their surveillance equipment when she gets a bit too close. While they hide in the basement, Andrew Wells calls on a demon that attacks Buffy and starts a fight. The demon grabs Buffy and stabs her with a needle-like skewer from his forearm (similar to the Polgara in season 4). Buffy flashes to a scene in a mental hospital where as a patient she cries out as she's held by two orderlies and stabbed with a needle. Buffy wakes up alone outside the Trio's house with no demon to be seen; hurt and confused, she walks home.
+ Willow prepares herself for talking to Tara, but spots Tara greeting another woman with a quick kiss (on the cheek) and Willow walks away, wounded. Tara notices her retreating, but it is too late to chase after her. At the Doublemeat Palace, Buffy works like a zombie, and flashes back to the mental hospital, where a doctor announces it is time for her drugs. Willow and Buffy talk about Xander's disappearing act after his aborted wedding and Willow's attempt to talk to Tara. Xander surprises the girls by showing up at the house, and wonders about Anya and how to repair his relationship with her. The girls tell him Anya left a few days ago and try to reassure him that everything will work out in time.
+ Buffy runs into Spike at the cemetery and they talk about the events of the wedding that didn't happen. A confrontation begins between Xander and Spike and as Willow tries to break it up, Buffy gets weak and collapses. Xander manages one punch to Spike before his attention is drawn by Buffy. Back in the 'reality' of the mental hospital, a doctor informs Buffy that she's been hallucinating in the hospital for the past six years and everything she knew to exist in Sunnydale isn't real. She's shaken and confused — especially when both of her parents appear together (with Hank having abandoned his family years earlier and Joyce having subsequently died in the Sunnydale world). Buffy falls back into the Sunnydale world, finding herself surrounded by her concerned friends.
+ Willow and Xander get Buffy home, and she recounts what she saw and was told at the mental hospital; Dawn is hurt when told she doesn't exist in Buffy's 'ideal' alternate reality. While Willow organizes a plan to research, Buffy falls back to the 'reality' of the mental hospital, where her doctor explains to her parents that she has been catatonic from schizophrenia for all of the past six years (except for the brief period of lucidity which Buffy dimly remembers as her time in "heaven") and that her life as the Slayer has been an elaborate improvised hallucination she has constructed for herself in her mind, explaining what Buffy realizes is its extreme improbability and illogicality compared to the 'mental patient' scenario.
+ In Sunnydale, Warren Mears and Andrew Wells return to their hideaway with boxes after leaving Jonathan Levinson alone. Leery of their secretive behavior, Jonathan suspiciously questions the contents of the boxes before trying to leave the house himself. Warren doesn't agree with that idea and convinces Jonathan to stay in the basement.
+ Willow shows Buffy a picture of the demon that stung her and tries to comfort her friend. Buffy confesses to Willow that in the beginning of her Slayer life, she told her parents about vampires and was put in a clinic for her supposed insanity (a period covered in the "Buffy" comic "Slayer, Interrupted"). Buffy wonders if she's still there and therefore Sunnydale really doesn't exist, but Willow assures her that isn't true. Xander and Spike patrol for the demon that hurt Buffy; they subdue and capture it.
+ Dawn comforts Buffy, who dazedly notes that Dawn has been misbehaving and the problems need to be dealt with before 'coming to' in the hospital, where her mother reminds Buffy that Dawn does not exist. Dawn realizes through Buffy's babbling that she's considering this, and rushes from the room. Xander and Spike manhandle the demon into Buffy's basement chaining it while Willow breaks off its stinger to make the antidote, which she must synthesize without using magic.
+ Later, Willow presents the antidote to Buffy in a mug and leaves her to drink it as Spike delivers a monologue urging her to abandon the life that's grown so hellish for her and choose peace with him. This misfires, convincing Buffy to reject the antidote (which she pours unnoticed in the trash) and with it, the 'delusion' of being a Vampire Slayer. In the hospital, Buffy tells the doctor and her parents that she wants to be healthy and rid of thoughts about Sunnydale. The doctor tells her that she has to do what is necessary to destroy the elements that draw her back there, like her family and friends, in order to truly be healthy.
+ Willow and Buffy are talking in the kitchen. Xander arrives at the house and finds Buffy alone in the kitchen. He talks to her about Spike, but she knocks him out cold and drags him into the basement, where Willow is already bound and tape gagged. Buffy finds Dawn upstairs, after first opening a door and not finding her there, and chases her through the house as Dawn pleads that she is real. Dawn is bound and tape gagged in the basement with the others and with the chained demon.
+ In the mental hospital, the doctors urge Buffy to make her task easy on herself, so Buffy unchains the demon in the basement to kill her friends for her. Xander pleads with Buffy to free his hands, but she retreats under the stairs. Meanwhile, Tara shows up at the house and finds everyone in the basement. She uses magic to free Willow and Dawn and attack the demon, but the demon is too strong for them; Buffy grabs Tara's feet through the stairs, making her fall and knocking her unconscious. At the hospital, Joyce encourages Buffy to fight against the Sunnydale reality, telling her that she has the strength to fight against the harshness of the world and must fight it because she has people who love her. Buffy, inspired by her mother's mis-chosen words, takes her advice to "believe in" herself literally, thanking her mother and saying goodbye to her as she chooses a life of suffering in the nightmarish Sunnydale reality over the much less arduous world represented by the mental hospital.
+ Buffy wakes up in Sunnydale to save her friends. She kills the demon and then reconciles with her friends, urging them to quickly make her that antidote while she stays on guard against relapsing again. Back at the hospital, Buffy is still sitting in her corner of the room, now completely unresponsive as the doctor shines light into her pupils. He tells Buffy's heartbroken parents that she's "gone", as the camera pulls away out of the room; Buffy has succumbed to her illness.
+ As there is no flashback to Sunnydale at the end of the episode, the creators leave the audience wondering which is the true reality.
+ According to Joss Whedon, this episode was the "ultimate postmodern look at the concept of a writer writing a show", as it questioned fantastical or inconsistent elements of the show "the way any normal person would". Whedon added that the episode is intentionally left open to interpretation; the actual cause of the delusions, either the poison or Buffy's return to "reality", is not made explicitly clear. "If the viewer wants," Whedon says, "the entire series takes place in the mind of a lunatic locked up somewhere in Los Angeles... and that crazy person is me." Although, "Personally, I think it really happened."
+ Producer/writer Marti Noxon commented; "It was a fake out; we were having some fun with the audience. I don't want to denigrate what the whole show has meant. If Buffy's not empowered then what are we saying? If Buffy's crazy, then there is no girl power; it's all fantasy. And really the whole show stands for the opposite of that, which is that it isn't just a fantasy. There should be girls that can kick ass. So I'd be really sad if we made that statement at the end. That's why it's just somewhere in the middle saying "Wouldn't this be funny if ...?" or "Wouldn't this be sad or tragic if...?" In my feeling, and I believe in Joss' as well that's not the reality of the show. It was just a tease and a trick".
+ In his DVD commentary, director Rick Rosenthal says that he was a little intimidated working with Sarah Michelle Gellar at first because she has the habit of jokingly saying to directors, "You're not the boss of me!" or "Don't tell me what to do!"
+ This episode was the basis for the gamebook "La nuit je suis Buffy Summers", by French author Chloé Delaume.
+ The Futon Critic named it the 35th best episode of 2002.
+
+= = = Entropy (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) = = =
+
+ "Entropy" is the 18th episode of season 6 of the television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".
+ The Trio, riding ATVs, pursue two vampires through a cemetery; one of them throws a tree branch at Andrew, causing him to fall off and the others to crash. The vampires encounter Buffy and they fight. One vampire drops the mysterious disk that the Trio were after; Warren snatches it and the Trio escapes, unseen by the Slayer. As Buffy fights, Spike seizes one of the vampires and offers to stake him, provided that Buffy agrees to tell the Scooby Gang about their sex life. Buffy rejects the deal and stakes both vampires without Spike's help. She dares Spike to spill the beans; since her friends have forgiven her attempt to kill them a little dalliance is unlikely to make them hate her.
+ Xander mopes alone at his apartment but eventually can't stand it anymore and leaves. As he walks away, Anya watches him from behind some bushes.
+ The next day, Willow waits for Tara outside of her classroom and the two talk and plan a coffee date. Buffy and Dawn stroll downtown, but there are very few stores where Dawn can show her face: she has confessed to shoplifting at most of them. They chat about all of the things Dawn stole and how they're working to remedy the whole problem.
+ Jonathan works on a project involving the disk they stole as Warren watches over, eager for it to be complete. While Jonathan finishes his work alone, Warren and Andrew Wells talk about their inability to trust Jonathan and how soon they won't need him anymore.
+ That evening, Xander comes home from work and finds Anya at his apartment waiting for him. Xander tries to apologize for walking away from their wedding. There is a glimmer of hope for them until Xander says he wanted to stop the wedding before it happened. Taken aback, Anya asks Xander what he meant by that remark. Xander, as he's done before, tries to change the subject by telling a sarcastic story until Anya cuts him off by asking if he still wants to marry her. Xander admits to loving her dearly and wanting to be back with her, but he's still too afraid of himself to marry her. With her back turned to Xander, she reveals her vengeance demon face and angrily begins to wish him physical harm – but nothing happens. Anya morphs back into her human face and, upset that her powers didn't work, she leaves while a confused Xander looks on.
+ The next day, Anya has coffee with Halfrek and the two demons talk about Anya's attempts at vengeance. Halfrek reminds Anya that she can't grant her own wishes and must get someone else to wish Xander harm.
+ At the Summers house, Buffy makes pancakes for Dawn. Dawn realizes she's trying too hard to make up for what happened when she was crazy, and eventually Buffy catches on to that reality as well. Dawn proposes the idea of joining Buffy on patrol so the two can spend some time together, but Buffy isn't interested in that.
+ On their coffee date, Willow fills Tara in on all of the supernatural activities that Tara has missed over the past months. Anya interrupts them and tries to maneuver them into wishing harm to Xander. She does the same with Dawn at the Magic Box and with Buffy at home; but no one takes the bait. Xander shows up at Buffy's house and Anya leaves in a huff. Buffy talks him out of following Anya and he takes his aggressions out by kicking a lawn gnome on Buffy's front lawn. When Buffy doesn't recognize the decoration as something she put there, Xander examines it and finds that it contains a small camera. They guess that it was placed by Spike, who has more than once been caught watching the house in the past.
+ Buffy confronts Spike at his crypt with the mini camera she found. Spike denies planting the mini camera, and he further insists that he would never do anything like that to hurt Buffy, because he believes that the love between them is real. Buffy concedes that it is, "for him"; this hurts Spike deeply.
+ At the Magic Box, Anya complains to Halfrek that all the women she knows still love Xander too much to wish him harm, despite what he did to her. Halfrek tells Anya that she needs to find someone who hates Xander to make the wish – and at that moment Spike appears, seeking something to ease his pain. Anya remembers that Giles left something appropriate: a partial bottle of Evan Williams bourbon. Halfrek leaves and wishes Anya the best of luck.
+ At Buffy's house, Willow uses her computer to try to trace the camera's signal. Given that it was not Spike, they correctly assume that the Trio are behind it.
+ Jonathan completes his work with the disk, and uses it to highlight a spot on a map of Sunnydale. The Trio are delighted, until the map catches fire. This distracts them from a red light, flashing to announce that their network has been penetrated.
+ Anya and Spike drink the whiskey and complain to each other about their respective relationship problems. Spike reiterates how he despises Xander, but Anya cannot get him to make a wish. Spike also tells Anya that he likes her forthrightness.
+ Willow finds more camera feeds: the Trio are watching her classrooms, the Bronze, Xander's and Buffy's workplaces. Buffy wants to find them even more urgently now.
+ Spike and Anya seek comfort in each other's arms. Anya feels guilty about what happened with Xander and Spike consoles her, which leads to much more. The two kiss and undress. Andrew belatedly sees the intrusion alarm. Willow stumbles upon the Magic Box feed as Spike and Anya are having sex on a table. Warren directs Andrew to shut down the surveillance network, but they are captivated by the action on the Magic Box camera.
+ Willow fails to keep Buffy, Xander and Dawn from seeing what is going on at the Magic Box. Xander is enraged. Buffy, stunned, goes to sit in the back yard. Dawn follows Buffy and they begin to talk about Buffy's affair with Spike. Their bonding moment is cut short as Willow informs them both that Xander is gone – with an axe.
+ Spike and Anya get dressed and act awkwardly and embarrassed about their impulsive behavior. As Spike leaves the shop, Xander attacks him. Xander is about to stake Spike when Anya comes outside, trying to stop him; she distracts him long enough for Buffy to knock him out of the way. Xander and Anya yell at each other. Xander is disgusted that Anya had "let that evil, soulless thing touch [her]"; Spike quietly remarks that he was good enough for Buffy. Xander tells Spike to leave Buffy out of it – then he and Anya see Buffy's startled face and connect the dots. This is too much for Xander; he drops the stake and walks away stunned. Buffy also walks off, angry at Spike for revealing their secret. Spike finally starts to make a wish, but Anya stops him, and they part ways.
+ Willow is sitting in her bedroom when Tara appears, saying that repairing their love will be a long process – which she'd rather skip. They kiss.
+
+= = = Gary Gilmour = = =
+
+ Gary "Gus" John Gilmour (26 June 1951 – 10 June 2014) was an Australian cricketer who played in 15 Tests and five One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 1973 and 1977.
+ At the peak of his career, Gilmour combined "talented hitting" with "penetrative" left-arm swing bowling and strong slip catching. He earned comparisons to the Australian all-rounder Alan Davidson. He was called "Newcastle's greatest all-rounder and arguably its greatest cricketer".
+ Gary John Gilmour was born on 26 June 1951 in the Newcastle suburb of Waratah. He attended Waratah Primary School and Newcastle Boys High School.
+ He was awarded two "Blues" by the New South Wales Combined High Schools Sports Association: in 1967 (baseball) and 1969 (cricket).
+ Gilmour was selected to play for Newcastle while still a teenager. He was only 16 when picked for Northern New South Wales against New Zealand and took 5–70 for Newcastle against Metropolitan when only 17.
+ He was picked in the Australian Schoolboys team to tour the West Indies in 1969–70.
+ In 1970–71 he was selected in the State Colts team.
+ Gilmour was selected in the New South Wales team to play South Australia in January 1972. He scored 40 in the first innings and 122 in the second. He also took 2–27 and 0–40.
+ Gilmour scored a duck in his next game, against Western Australia, but took four wickets with the ball. His third match, against South Australia, saw him take 4–69 in South Australia's second innings.
+ Gilmour began the next summer well, taking seven wickets against WA (including his first five-for, 5–65) and scoring 72 runs. He struggled against South Australia, scored 53 playing against the touring Pakistan side for an invitational Tasmanian side took five wickets against Victoria and five wickets plus an innings of 73 against Queensland. People began to discuss him as an international prospect.
+ The following season, he had early good form including seven wickets against WA, six wickets and a score of 59 against SA, four wickets against SA, and five against WA.
+ A good all round performance for New South Wales against the touring New Zealand team helped his cause considerably, taking seven wickets and making a score of 54. He was picked in the Australian side for the first test.
+ Before that game he almost took NSW to victory against Victoria, scoring 72 not out in an unsuccessful run chase and nabbing four wickets.
+ Gilmour had an excellent debut. Australia batted first and scored 8–462; Gilmour scored 52 not out off 58 balls. New Zealand were dismissed for 237 with Gilmour taking 4–75. He only bowled three overs in the second innings as Australia's spinners took the bulk of the wickets; New Zealand only made 200.
+ Gilmour found things slightly tougher in the second test, taking 1–70 and 3–70 and making 3 with the bat in a drawn game. Gilmour was out-bowled in a Sheffield Shield game by Jeff Thomson and was made 12th man for the third test so the Australian selectors could trial other bowlers. However he did make the squad to tour NewZealand in 1974. He took first class 45 wickets at 31 for the summer – this would be Gilmour's best ever aggregate.
+ Gilmour's first class debut in New Zealand was against Auckland; he took two wickets and scored 52 with the bat. He took five wickets against Northern Districts,
+ He was made 12th man for the first two tests. Six wickets against Otago saw him back in the eleven for the third test. He took seven wickets in a Test at Auckland, which included 5 for 64 in the first innings to set up a series-tying victory.
+ He also won man of the match award for the 1st ODI, taking 2–19 off 7 overs. He took 1–36 in the second ODI. Gilmour had taken 20 first class wickets on the tour at an average of just 15.
+ Competition for fast bowling places in the Australian team was intense at this time, especially once Denis Lillee returned from injury and Jeff Thomson struck form. Gilmour wasn't selected for the 1974–75 Ashes series, with the selectors preferring Max Walker as the third pace bowler.
+ Highlights of the summer included an innings of 59 for NSW against the touring English, seven wickets against Victoria, 5–19 in a spell against Queensland, four wickets against WA and six against South Australia.
+ These efforts – 31 Shield wickets at 30 – earned him selection on the 1975 tour of England, in part because his all-round ability made him ideal for the World Cup one-day matches.
+ The team went through Canada, and Gilmour had some very strong games, hitting 77 in one.
+ The Australians, inexperienced at one-day cricket, adopted a casual yet aggressive approach, often employing a full slips cordon for their opening bowlers. Gilmour was twelfth man in the early stages of the tournament, but selected for the semi-final against England at Headingley. On a day tailor-made for his style of bowling, he finished with 12 overs, six for 14, thus bowling out the opposition for 93. This was the first time that a bowler had taken six wickets in an ODI, and remained the best ODI bowling performance until Winston Davis claimed 7–51 in the 1983 competition.
+ With the Australians almost defeated at 39 for 6 in reply, Gilmour thrashed 28 not out off 28 balls to push his team into the final. Although Australia lost the final to West Indies, Gilmour bagged 5–48 and scored 14 off 11 balls.
+ Gilmour pressed for selection in the test side with some strong performances in tour games. This included six wickets against Kent, and 40 and 46 against Glamorgan. However he was made 12th man for the first two tests, despite scoring 102 in 75 minutes against Sussex. The selectors preferred Max Walker as third paceman.
+ Gilmour was called on only at Headingley, partly because of his World Cup effort there. He replaced Alan Turner. He bagged 6 for 85 in the first innings, three more in the second innings, in a game that was famously called off because protestors vandalised the pitch. Gilmour was dropped for the last Test.
+ Gilmour's best season was in 1975–76. He started well, taking 5–75 and scoring 40 for NSW against Queensland. He followed this with scores of 65 and 75 and three wickets against WA (Kim Hughes's first-class debut). He scored 74 against South Australia and took three wickets for NSW against the touring West Indians.
+ Gilmour was picked in the side for the first test against the West Indies and this time it was Max Walker who was made 12th man. Gilmour took 4–42 and 2–26 helping Australia win the match.
+ Gilmour was kept on in the second test, with Australia opting for five bowlers (playing Gilmour and Walker, hoping Gilmour's batting would offset the loss of a specialist). Gilmour scored 48 (Australia's second highest score in their first innings) and took 2–103 as Australia lost by an innings.
+ In the sole ODI that summer, Gilmour took 2–48.
+ Gilmour was made 12th man for the third test with the selectors deciding to play Max Walker at his MCG home ground.
+ An injury to Dennis Lillee saw Gilmour back in the side for the fourth test. and he took 0–54 and 2–43, and scoring 20 with the bat.
+ In the fifth test, Gilmour hit 95 off 94 balls in Australia's first innings and got a duck in the second; he took 2–37 and 3–44 with the ball. In the sixth test he took 5–34 in the West Indies first innings, helping set up another Australian victory.
+ He finished the series with 20 wickets at 20.3.
+ He finished the summer with 104 for NSW against Victoria and 80 against South Australia.
+ That summer was his best with the bat, making 708 runs at 37. He also took 39 first class wickets at 30.
+ Gilmour toured South Africa in 1976 with an International Wanderers side managed by Richie Benaud.
+ Highlights of the tour was the first game against the South African XI. The Wanderers were 9–228 in their second innings, only 158 runs ahead. Gilmour came out to bat at number 11 (number ten was Alan Hurst) and proceeded to hit 80 runs in 64 minutes in a partnership of 96. This enabled the Wanderers to win the game. Richie Benaud said was one of the best innings he had seen. GIlmour did not repeat his form in the second game or the third. He scored 54 in a one-day game.
+ Gilmour's form dropped off sharply the following summer. He took 1–87 off 17 overs against Victoria and struggled to get wickets in other early season games. He did take seven wickets in a game against Queensland.
+ He was chosen over Max Walker as third paceman for the first test against Pakistan, in support of Lillee and Thomson. Gilmour required a runner during the game, due to an injured ankle. He took 1–55 and 1–67 and scored 5 and 3.
+ Jeff Thomson was injured in that game, so Gilmour kept his place for the second test, taking 2–78 and 1–19. In the third test he took 3–81, making it eight wickets in three Tests at 37.5. Later it was revealed that Gimour had been bowling all summer with a bone "the size of a five-cent piece" floating around his heel.
+ Gilmour's weight led to him coming in for criticism. He would later tell the story of Don Bradman informing him that "If I was a selector you'd never play for Australia. You eat too many potatoes."
+ A brief tour to New Zealand followed, on which it became clear that Gilmour was struggling with a leg injury.
+ He scored 44 in an early tour one day game, but performed poorly with the ball, taking 0–56. Against Wellington he took 0–31 and 0–30, though scored 25 with the bat Against Central Districts he took 0–40 and 1–28.
+ In the first test, Gilmour hit his only Test century, 101 in 146 balls and 187 minutes, combining with Doug Walters for an Australian record seventh-wicket partnership of 217.
+ "I can't think of a better Gilmour innings for Australia", said Greg Chappell. "1 know a lot of people thought he should be dropped, but that innings showed why he can't." He took 0–48 and 1–48 with the ball.
+ He also bowled poorly in the second test, taking 1–59 and 0–11 (off one over). "It certainly isn't helping us", said Greg Chappell. "He is not bowling as well as he should be". However he did score 64 with the bat.
+ Gilmour kept his place in the side for the Centenary Test at Melbourne in March 1977. Gilmour later says he "was a fool" for not pulling out of the test. He scored 4 in Australia's first innings then bowled five overs to take 0–4. In Australia's second innings he made 16, and was only called on to bowl four overs (conceding 29 runs) in England's run chase, despite England scoring 417.
+ His poor form saw him omitted for selection on the 1977 Australian tour of England.
+ "I was driving over the Sydney Harbour Bridge one night and the team was read out", recalled Gimour. "My name wasn't in it. That really peeved me."
+ He had an operation to remove the bone shortly afterwards.
+ Gilmour signed to play World Series Cricket. "I had been in and out of the side for a couple of years and I knew that if I signed for World Series Cricket I was going to get some monetary reward for all the hours I'd spent in the past six or seven years. I knew that if I kept playing for the board I wasn't guaranteed any financial reward at all."
+ Gilmour later said, "When we first started playing World Series Cricket, I think we lost a lot of friends ... not player-wise, I don't think ... the players are OK. It's the officials that take a bit of swaying again... There were officials with the cricket association who I regarded as good friends and I had drinks with them whenever I was in Sydney or whenever they were in Newcastle. And they started treating me and the other players in WSC like lepers. I think that was the most hurtful thing of all. It was something that they didn't go along with and they just couldn't handle it".".
+ Gilmour had a patchy World Series Cricket. He was called into the main side when Dennis Lillee fell injured for the 4th Supertest in 1977–78 against the World XI. Gilmour took 3–103 and 4–26 in a game that Australia lost; he scored 10 and 26 (off 19 balls) with the bat.
+ He was kept on in the team for the 5th test, suffering badly at the hands of the World XI batsmen, and going for 1–141 in an Australian innings defeat. He scored 9 and 13.
+ Among his one-day games were one against the West Indies where he scored 23 off 20 balls and took 2–46. He scored 39 against the West Indies in another game and in the final took 2–14.
+ Gilmour began the 1978–79 season well with 5–20 in a warm-up game but was suspended for being "a bit overweight" on a tour of New Zealand. He was given a month to lose the weight and succeeded.
+ Highlights of the 1978–79 summer included putting on 75 in 51 minutes with Ian Chappell in a one-day game and taking a hat trick in a one-day game against the West Indies.
+ In the Supertests he took 3–28 and 3–57 against the World XI.
+ He toured the West Indies in 1978 with the Australian World Series team.
+ During World Series Cricket, Gilmour had the occasional run-in with Kerry Packer. He later recalled:
+ It was a freezing night at VFL Park in Melbourne and they had just introduced the stump microphone. Rainy, miserable night it was. Ray Bright was our 12th man and I spent several overs trying to get his attention. In the end I yelled into the stump mic, 'Hey Brighty, where's me f—ing jumper?' I thought they'd cut it out, but apparently it went to air. Packer wasn't impressed. Got hauled over the coals for that one!
+ In 1979 Gilmour, reflecting on WSC, said "I don't think I would have rushed into it like I rushed into it before."
+ In 2003 he would reflect that from "a financial point of view" joining World Series Cricket was the correct decision but "from a career point of view... I don't know. The jury's still out."
+ Gilmour said "From the cricket point of view, World Series Cricket was the hardest couple of years I've ever
+ played in my life. "But on the other aspect – my position in the Australian side – it seems, [from looking at] the players that the Australians picked for the establishment, I think I could have made it and probably could have finished up financially about the same – for playing less cricket. But I don't think it would have done my game any good because I know that playing World Series Cricket – it was tough – I think it made me a lot better cricketer."
+ Following the end of World Series Cricket, Gilmour only played two more first class games for New South Wales. "They had me earmarked for destruction," he later claimed of the Australian cricket establishment.
+ He began the 1979–80 season well taking 5–35 and scoring 35 in a trial game. He was selected in the NSW side for the first Sheffield Shield game of the season, against WA. He took two catches and went for 0–93 and 1–11.
+ He was dropped for the next game in favour of Richard Done.
+ When asked if he thought he would get back in the Australian side, Gilmour said ""I dunno. It's going to be hard. It goes on performances too well in this game, so I've... been put in the back for a while." He added that "When I finish up [cricket], I'll finish up completely. I've been playing first-class cricket for about 10 years and what cricket's given to me I think I've put back into it. It's taken a lot of time out of my life and. I'm married and I've got two kids and I think I've sacrificed a lot in those 10 years just to play cricket, so I think when I finish I'll finish with cricket and start something else".
+ Gilmour was recalled to play Tasmania in a McDonald's Cup one-day game. He scored one batting at first drop and went for 0–25 off three overs as Tasmania won the game. Also in that competition took 2–28 in a game against Queensland, 2–39 in the semi final against WA and 1–53 and scored 21 in the final against Victoria, which NSW lost.
+ He played one more first class game, against South Australia, taking 1–44 and 0–5. His first career was over at the age of 27. However he continued to play for Belmont in Newcastle District Competition.
+ In 1980–81 he scored 59 for Newcastle against the touring New Zealanders. He heel injury brought an early end to his summer.
+ There was some talk Gilmour might return to NSW ranks in 1981–82 but it did not happen. He did score a 102 off 101 balls for Country Northern against Country Southern.
+ In 2009 he was appointed manager of the Newcastle representative cricket team.
+ He has been made a member of Waratah Primary School's Hall of Fame. In 2007, he was "named one of the best 30 players to have played one-day cricket for Australia". In 2010, the new training nets at Lugar Park, Kotara, were named in his honour.
+ Gimour suffered poor health in the last years of his life. He had a congenital narrowing of the main artery to the liver, and underwent a liver transplant in 2005. He suffered ill-health for many years, which was exacerbated by a fall. He died at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney on 10 June 2014.
+ "He was at the front of the queue when they were handing out talent, but unfortunately he was right at the back of the queue when they handed out health and good luck", said his captain Ian Chappell.
+ Gary's elder brother, Greg "Sleepy" Gilmour, was the main force behind the Hunter Jaegers joining the national netball league, and played first-grade rugby union for Merewether-Carlton and Wanderers. His three sons, Clint, Ben and Sam Gilmour and nephews, Mitch and Nathan Gilmour, all played cricket.
+ Gilmour was married to Helen and together they had four children, Clint, Ben, Sam and Brooke. Clint Gilmour predeceased his father, dying of brain cancer aged 33 in March 2014.
+ Teammate Kerry O'Keeffe said on Gilmour's death:
+ He wasn't a gregarious bloke, really. He was actually quite retiring, but he was always up for a bit of fun. He never seemed to take his cricket all that seriously, in that country way. Numbers didn't mean much to him. In a lot of respects he had that 'Hookesy' outlook. Why would you get eight not out in 10 overs? He couldn't understand, what's the use of that? His record suggests unfulfilled talent and I guess that's what it was to a certain extent.
+ Another teammate, Steve Bernard said:
+ As a cricketer he was the most talented player of my time, a guy who had extraordinary talents in every facet of cricket. In hindsight he probably didn't reach the heights that he should have, based on his cricket ability, but the guys who played with him and against him will recognise he was a fantastic player, who was dynamic in anything he did in cricket. When he was on he was unplayable. He bowled a swinging ball, he could hit the ball a mile, throw it like a bullet and he was a fantastic catcher either close to the wicket or in the outfield – a supreme cricketer. He was a very popular person, Gus, a bit of a larrikin and very much liked by everyone. He didn't take life all that seriously, played for the enjoyment of it.
+
+= = = Toucan Prize = = =
+
+ The Toucan Prize () is a literary prize given by the city of Munich to the best new publication by a Munich author. It has been awarded since 1965 and is endowed with 6,000 Euros.
+
+= = = Mix 94.5 = = =
+
+ Mix 94.5 (official callsign 6MIX) is a commercial music radio station owned by Southern Cross Austereo in Perth, Western Australia. Despite sharing the 'Mix' callsign, it has no relation to the Mix stations in other Australian cities. It is targeted to 25 to 54 year olds.
+ The station originally began as 6KY, beginning broadcasting on 23 October 1941 on 1210am kHz and would eventually end up at the frequency 1206 kHz. The original building, at 17-19 James Street, East perth, was the first building in Western Australia to be built specifically as a radio station. Consisting of five studios and an auditorium, the station was then owned by the Australian Workers' Union. On 1 June 1991, under then General Manager Peter Perrin, 6KY became one of two Perth radio stations to convert from the AM to FM bands. The station became known upon conversion to FM as 6KYFM, and later as 94.5 KYFM, with the official call sign 6JKY, the transition from AM to FM was considered one of the most successful in Australia. The Perth conversion process was in fact the second round of auctions for that city as the first round was unsuccessful, leaving 96FM, the first and only commercial FM station in the city. The on-air identity was later shortened to 94.5FM under the management of well-known Perth broadcaster Gary Roberts and then around 1997–1998 adopted the name Mix 94.5. The official call sign is now 6MIX.
+ In September 2005, Mix 94.5 changed its logo from the red mix in the blue ball to the one seen on the right on this page.
+ In March 2007 Mix 94.5 and sister station 92.9 moved from premises at 283 Rokeby Road, Subiaco, Western Australia to a new purpose built broadcast centre at 450 Roberts Road, Subiaco.
+ The switch between Mix 94.5's Rokeby Road studios and the new purpose built broadcast centre in Roberts Road took place at 2pm on 5 March. The first song played was "Friday on My Mind" by The Easybeats which was #43 in the "Top 294 Songs For Grown Ups" that Mix 94.5 was playing across the long weekend.
+ In May 2009 the station began broadcasting its signal on Digital Radio as well. Perth was the first Australian city to switch the digital transmitters.
+ 6am-9am: The Big Breakfast with Clairsy, Matt & Kymba
+ 9am-12pm: 9-5 No Repeat Workday with Elissa Macneall
+ 12pm-1pm: Ten From Then With Clairsy
+ 1pm-3pm: 9-5 No Repeat Workday & Arvo’s with...
+ 3pm-5pm: The Rush Hour with Dave Ferrier
+ 5pm-7pm: Kennedy Molloy
+
+= = = Edward Mahama = = =
+
+ Edward Nasigrie Mahama (born 15 April 1945) is a Ghanaian medical doctor and politician.
+ Born in the village of Sumniboma (northern Ghana) in 1945, Mahama attended Nalerigu Primary and Middle School from 1953 to 1959. He then attended Secondary School in Tamale from 1961 to 1965. Later that year, he was admitted to the University of Ghana in Legon and graduated in 1972 with a medical degree.
+ Mahama went back to Nalerigu as a medical doctor in September 1973 and four years later, he left Ghana to become an Obstetrics and Gynecology Physician in Chicago, Illinois. During this period, he was also a Clinical Instructor at Northwestern University. In 1990, Mahama was appointed a lecturer at the University of Ghana Medical School and consultant at Accra's Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. He was elected a fellow of the West African College of Surgeons in 1994.
+ In 1996, running as the presidential candidate of the People's National Convention (PNC), he received 3.0% of the vote. In his second attempt at the presidency, in 2000, he won 2.5% of the vote.
+ In preparation for the 2004 presidential election, the PNC and two other parties – Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere (EGLE) and the Great Consolidated Popular Party (GCPP) – formed an alliance known as the Grand Coalition and chose Mahama as its presidential candidate. He placed third out of four candidates, winning 1.9% of the vote.
+ Mahama was elected as the candidate for the PNC for the December 7, 2008 presidential elections.
+ Edward Mahama lost the position of presidential candidate of the PNC to Hassan Ayariga in the run up to the 2012 general election. However, he won the position back from Ayariga for the 2016 election. After the defeat, Ayariga left the PNC to form another party, the All People's Congress (APC).
+ Edward Mahama is currently Ghana's Ambassador-at-Large.
+ Mahama is married and the father of four children.
+
+= = = List of weapons of the Japanese Navy = = =
+
+ This is a list of the weapons of the Imperial Japanese Navy.
+
+= = = Hawkins Island, Bermuda = = =
+
+ Hawkins Island is a small island within Bermuda's Great Sound. It lies in the southeast of the sound, and is in the north of Warwick Parish.
+ Originally named Elizabeth's or Tatem Island, it was renamed in 1809. Now privately owned by the Cox family, it was formerly the property of the Royal Navy, and was a prisoner of war camp from 1901 to 1902, during the South African War. The camp's watchtower yet stands, having been converted into a home. It is the most easterly of the group of islands stretching across the sound from the Salt Kettle peninsula. Hawkins Island has been reborn under the vision of Will Cox to create a private Island retreat. The first phase has been completed which includes a wedding venue and luxury villa which can sleep up to 8 people and includes walking and running paths.
+
+= = = Peter Taylor (Australian cricketer) = = =
+
+ Peter Laurence Taylor (born 22 August 1956) is a former Australian cricketer who played in 13 Test matches and 83 One Day Internationals from 1987 to 1992. He became a Test match selector for Australia in the late 1990s.
+ His initial selection for Australia in 1986-1987 after only a handful of games for NSW was a huge shock. It was initially thought that his more known New South Wales colleague Mark Taylor had been selected. He was dubbed "Peter Who"? by the media. Taylor played for New South Wales in the Sheffield Shield between 1985 and 1990 and played two seasons for Queensland (1990–92)
+ He justified his selectors with a stunning 6/78 on debut against England at Sydney. He however was unable to repeat such a feat again in his test career (12 more matches between 1987 and 1992).
+ However Taylor became the staple spin-bowler of the Australian One Day team of the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was able to bowl his off-spin with economy and pick up vital wickets in matches. He was also a good fielder and an able lower order batsman. He played 83 times taking 97 wickets between 1987 and 1992, appearing in both the 1987 and the 1992 World Cups.
+ Taylor was noted for his deliberate approach to the wicket and the rhythmical nature of his bowling action that involved him first swinging his bowling arm, joining hands as he swung forwards then completing a loop of his joined hands before delivering the ball. He was noted as a heavy spinner of a cricket ball and comparisons were made with Ashley Mallett, the former Australian spin bowler.
+
+= = = Bengt Ekerot = = =
+
+ Nils Bengt Folke Ekerot (8 February 1920 – 26 November 1971) was a Swedish actor best known for portraying Death in 1957's "The Seventh Seal" by Ingmar Bergman, a director which he worked years later.
+ Ekerot was born in Stockholm. He had several roles in Swedish films, but he became immortalized in 1957 when he starred in Ingmar Bergman's "The Seventh Seal", portraying Death as a white-faced man in a black cloak, an archetype that has influenced the representation of Death in countless instances in film and other media since then.
+ A life of indulgence, smoking and drinking affected his later career; he would lose out on parts as producers and directors of screen and stage lost faith in him. Chasing his demons eventually led to his early death from lung cancer in 1971.
+
+= = = Long Island, Bermuda = = =
+
+ Long Island is a small island within the Great Sound of Bermuda. It lies in the southeast of the sound, and is in the north of Warwick Parish. Like its neighbour Hawkins Island, it was a prisoner of war camp during the Second Boer War from 1901 to 1902.
+
+= = = Optical Museum Jena = = =
+
+ The Deutsches Optisches Museum Jena is a science and technology museum displaying optical instruments from eight centuries. It gives a technical and cultural-historical survey of the development of optical instruments. The development of the city Jena to the centre of the optical industries since the mid-19th-century is integrated in the exhibition, connected with the lifeworks of Ernst Abbe, Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott.
+ In cooperation with the art club Jena non-optical themes are offered in special exhibitions.
+ Before the opening of the Zeiss Museum of Optics in Oberkochen in 2014, the Deutsches Optisches Museum Jena was the only museum of its kind in Germany.
+ Besides the production of microscopes, Carl Zeiss took over repairing optical instruments of other manufacturers. He did this to pursue the rivalries development. At the turn from 19th to the 20th century, the staff of the Carl Zeiss company began to collect optical instruments.
+ In June 1922, the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung established the Optical Museum; the exhibition was located in the neighbouring Volkshaus (community hall). Johannes Schreiter and Hans Schlag designed a building for the 1917 founded "college of ophthalmology". The reinforced concrete construction was carried out during 1923/24 by the company Dyckerhoff & Widmann (DYWIDAG) from Nuremberg. In October 1924, the exhibition was moved into the new building at no. 12 Carl-Zeiss-Platz in which it is still housed today. The collections were reserved for a selected group of people for purposes of research and not open to the public.
+ During the Second World War in 1941/42, the exhibition was relocated to underground production facilities around Jena. The Optical Museum was preserved from the Soviet occupation's dismantling programme 1946. The first permanent exhibition was launched 1965 in the Griesbach Garden House. In 1976/77, the exhibition was returned to the building at no. 12 Carl-Zeiss-Platz. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of Carl Zeiss in December 1988, the historical Zeiss-Workshop (circa 1860) was opened as part of the Optical Museum in the neighboured Volkshaus.
+ Accompanied with the opening, the museum was renamed as the "Zeiss-Museum" but the name was changed back in 1991. In June 1992, the Optical Museum was taken into the trusteeship of the newly established Ernst-Abbe-Foundation. The historical Zeiss-Workshop was moved in 2002 from the Volkshaus to the Optical Museum.
+ The Carl Zeiss Foundation, the Ernst Abbe Foundation, Carl Zeiss AG, the city of Jena and the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena joined forces to establish the Deutsches Optisches Museum Foundation on 9 September 2016. The Foundation has been tasked with expanding the existing Optical Museum and turning it into the Deutsches Optisches Museum.
+ The present exhibition covers an area of 1200 m² at three floors:
+
+= = = Marshall's Island, Bermuda = = =
+
+ Marshall's Island is a small island within the Great Sound of Bermuda. It lies in the southeast of the sound, and is in the north of Warwick Parish. The island is in two distinct parts, joined by a narrow neck. Previously owned by the Royal Navy, it is now privately owned..
+
+= = = Ídolos (Portuguese TV series) = = =
+
+Ídolos is a Portuguese reality television show based on the popular British show Pop Idol. The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in Portugal. The first two seasons were hosted by Sílvia Alberto and Pedro Granger. The show, then went to a sort of hiatus, and, after only a lukewarm reaction by the viewers for season two, the show has officially been replaced by another casting show on its broadcast station, "Família Superstar", which ended in 2008.
+ After an absence for four years the show returned for a third season to SIC in fall 2009 now with João Manzarra and Cláudia Vieira hosting. Season 3 finished in February 2010, and Season 4 started in September.
+Ídolos had three audition cities to find the best talent in all of Portugal, including: Porto, Beja and Lisbon. However, in the third and fourth seasons, auditions were made in Porto, Lisbon, Aveiro, Portimão and Estoril. The show did not return in fall 2011 but instead returned in 2012. The show is currently on hiatus since late 2012, since then their timeslot for 2013 has been taken over by "Factor X", the Portuguese version of "The X Factor".
+ In the first and second season:
+ In the third, fourth and fifth season:
+ In the first and second season:
+ In the third and fourth season:
+ In the fifth season:
+ Top 30
+ Format: three out of ten making the final each week and one Wildcard
+ Notes:
+ Top 10
+ On May 3, 2015 during the show's broadcast with a new episode, a 16-year-old contestant by the name of Alexandre Rebelo who had prominent ears auditioned to be on the show previously on March 27, 2015. Alexandre's grandmother gave him authorization to be in the casting, but he did not get to sing in front of the juries. He instead simply sung on camera with the song: "Diamonds" by Rihanna.
+ But what Alexandre didn't expect, the TV producers were bullying and making fun of him solely because of his hard of hearing. The TV producers went out of their way and maliciously decided to add a special effect via post-production onto Alexandre by inflating his ears in a much bigger size while he was still singing and the producers even added inappropriate cartoon-like background music without his knowledge and consent as the episode was being publicly broadcast across the entire country as for "humor." This embarrassed and humiliated Rebelo up to the point where he was skipping school and could not even leave his own home. He was very displeased upon seeing what happened during the episode when it was first broadcast, along with his grandmother who was in great despair crying because Alexandre always got bullied in school because of his ears.
+ SIC and FremantleMedia has since claimed that they regret pulling the move. On the Facebook page of the show however, several outraged comments were posted by many users forcing the producers of the show to apologize for such incident and for humiliating Alexandre. They apologized to the grandmother but she told them that an apology will simply not be enough to cover the damages that have been done towards her grandson. She wants true justice upon Alexandre's suffering and the following incident that was caused is going to be at a high cost.
+ A campaign has started by Alexandre himself to fight against bullying regarding SIC's action.
+
+= = = Comparison sort = = =
+
+ A comparison sort is a type of sorting algorithm that only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or a three-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list. The only requirement is that the operator forms a total preorder over the data, with:
+ It is possible that both "a" ≤ "b" and "b" ≤ "a"; in this case either may come first in the sorted list. In a stable sort, the input order determines the sorted order in this case.
+ A metaphor for thinking about comparison sorts is that someone has a set of unlabelled weights and a balance scale. Their goal is to line up the weights in order by their weight without any information except that obtained by placing two weights on the scale and seeing which one is heavier (or if they weigh the same).
+ Some of the most well-known comparison sorts include:
+ There are fundamental limits on the performance of comparison sorts. A comparison sort must have an average-case lower bound of Ω("n" log "n") comparison operations, which is known as linearithmic time. This is a consequence of the limited information available through comparisons alone — or, to put it differently, of the vague algebraic structure of totally ordered sets. In this sense, mergesort, heapsort, and introsort are asymptotically optimal in terms of the number of comparisons they must perform, although this metric neglects other operations. Non-comparison sorts (such as the examples discussed below) can achieve O("n") performance by using operations other than comparisons, allowing them to sidestep this lower bound (assuming elements are constant-sized).
+ Comparison sorts may run faster on some lists; many adaptive sorts such as insertion sort run in O("n") time on an already-sorted or nearly-sorted list. The Ω("n" log "n") lower bound applies only to the case in which the input list can be in any possible order.
+ Real-world measures of sorting speed may need to take into account the ability of some algorithms to optimally use relatively fast cached computer memory, or the application may benefit from sorting methods where sorted data begins to appear to the user quickly (and then user's speed of reading will be the limiting factor) as opposed to sorting methods where no output is available until the whole list is sorted.
+ Despite these limitations, comparison sorts offer the notable practical advantage that control over the comparison function allows sorting of many different datatypes and fine control over how the list is sorted. For example, reversing the result of the comparison function allows the list to be sorted in reverse; and one can sort a list of tuples in lexicographic order by just creating a comparison function that compares each part in sequence:
+ Balanced ternary notation allows comparisons to be made in one step, whose result will be one of "less than", "greater than" or "equal to".
+ Comparison sorts generally adapt more easily to complex orders such as the order of floating-point numbers. Additionally, once a comparison function is written, any comparison sort can be used without modification; non-comparison sorts typically require specialized versions for each datatype.
+ This flexibility, together with the efficiency of the above comparison sorting algorithms on modern computers, has led to widespread preference for comparison sorts in most practical work.
+ Some sorting problems admit a strictly faster solution than the bound for comparison sorting; an example is integer sorting, where all keys are integers. When the keys form a small (compared to ) range, counting sort is an example algorithm that runs in linear time. Other integer sorting algorithms, such as radix sort, are not asymptotically faster than comparison sorting, but can be faster in practice.
+ The problem of sorting pairs of numbers by their sum is not subject to the bound either (the square resulting from the pairing up); the best known algorithm still takes time, but only comparisons.
+ The number of comparisons that a comparison sort algorithm requires increases in proportion to formula_1, where formula_2 is the number of elements to sort. This bound is asymptotically tight.
+ Given a list of distinct numbers (we can assume this because this is a worst-case analysis), there are "n" factorial permutations exactly one of which is the list in sorted order. The sort algorithm must gain enough information from the comparisons to identify the correct permutation. If the algorithm always completes after at most "f"("n") steps, it cannot distinguish more than 2 cases because the keys are distinct and each comparison has only two possible outcomes. Therefore,
+ By looking at the first formula_5 factors of formula_6, we obtain
+ This provides the lower-bound part of the claim. A better bound can be given via Stirling's approximation.
+ An identical upper bound follows from the existence of the algorithms that attain this bound in the worst case, like heapsort and mergesort.
+ The above argument provides an "absolute", rather than only asymptotic lower bound on the number of comparisons, namely formula_9 comparisons. This lower bound is fairly good (it can be approached within a linear tolerance by a simple merge sort), but it is known to be inexact. For example, formula_10, but the minimal number of comparisons to sort 13 elements has been proved to be 34.
+ Determining the "exact" number of comparisons needed to sort a given number of entries is a computationally hard problem even for small "n", and no simple formula for the solution is known. For some of the few concrete values that have been computed, see .
+ A similar bound applies to the average number of comparisons. Assuming that
+ it is impossible to determine which order the input is in with fewer than comparisons on average.
+ This can be most easily seen using concepts from information theory. The Shannon entropy of such a random permutation is bits. Since a comparison can give only two results, the maximum amount of information it provides is 1 bit. Therefore, after "k" comparisons the remaining entropy of the permutation, given the results of those comparisons, is at least bits on average. To perform the sort, complete information is needed, so the remaining entropy must be 0. It follows that "k" must be at least .
+ This differs from the worst case argument given above, in that it does not allow rounding up to the nearest integer. For example, for , the lower bound for the worst case is 3, the lower bound for the average case as shown above is approximately 2.58, while the highest lower bound for the average case is 8/3, approximately 2.67.
+ In the case that multiple items may have the same key, there is no obvious statistical interpretation for the term "average case", so an argument like the above cannot be applied without making specific assumptions about the distribution of keys.
+
+= = = List of Imperial Japanese Navy admirals = = =
+
+ The following is a list of the Admirals of the Imperial Japanese Navy during its existence from 1868 until 1945.
+
+= = = Darashaw = = =
+
+ Darashaw is an Indian brokering and investment banking company founded in 1926. Darashaw had the distinction of being the sole broker to the Nizam of Hyderabad, the then single largest player in the capital markets.
+ Darashaw has the distinction of being the first resource mobilisers and brokers in government securities to be appointed by Reserve Bank of India on the bank's inception in 1935.
+ The company headquartered in Mumbai has 13 regional offices nationwide.
+ The company operates in the Indian Debt Market and has a dedicated desk for dealing in the debt market.
+ Darashaw’s business has been structured on Pan-national Strategic Business Units.
+ Darashaw provides Retirement Benefit Services, encompassing payroll outsourcing, retirement benefits investment intermediation, advisory, fund management and consulting.
+
+= = = Kyodai Hero = = =
+
+ The inception of the Kyodai hero genre initially began with Godzilla in the film "Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster". Godzilla is portrayed as a personified natural disaster at first but over the course of the film franchise's many monster battles he is gradually put into the position of protector of the human race, a key trope of the Kyodai hero genre. Though Godzilla established the minor concept of the Kyodai hero, the genre technically began with P-Productions live action adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Maguma Taishi which predated the popular Ultraman franchise, by six days. Ultraman was created by Godzilla films Special Effects Director and Supervisor Eiji Tsuburaya. Ultraman quickly became very popular in its initial run that Tsuburaya Productions (the now owner of the Ultraman series) produced a sequel show called Ultra Seven, the second Kyodai hero show ever produced. Though technically a Kyodai hero, Ultra Seven mainly fought aliens throughout the show. Ultra Seven was the last Tokusatsu Kyodai hero show Eiji Tsuburaya ever produced. He died in 1970. Since then, the increase in Ultraman's popularity was so great that Tsuburaya Productions decided to bring back Ultraman indefinitely, spawning dozens Ultraman shows now referred to as the "Ultra series".
+ The 70s saw the decrease of Kaiju films and the uprising of Tokusatsu and Kyodai hero shows. Tsuburaya Productions rebooted the Ultraman character with The Return of Ultraman. This reignited high interest with studios to produce their own tokusatsu shows. Many of the tokusatsu shows from the 70s era mainly featured Kyodai heroes such as Godman and Super Robot Red Baron. By 1975, Tokusatsu shows were highly popular in Asia. Toho Studios even invented its own Kyodai hero to fight alongside Godzilla, Jet Jaguar in the film Godzilla vs. Megalon. In Hong Kong, Shaw Brothers Studio produced its own Henshin/Kyodai hero as well with The Super Inframan. Though stylistically more akin to Kamen Rider, Inframan mixed Kyodai Hero elements into its formula, allowing the titular hero to grow to gigantic size.
+ The Kyodai Hero genre usually involves a man who transforms into the eponymous hero, usually an organic cyborg, android, or robot, and changes to an enormous size to battle a giant monster or aliens. The special effect techniques usually use suitmation and miniatures, a SFX tradition in Asia.
+
+= = = Darrell's Island, Bermuda = = =
+
+ Darrell's Island is a small island within the Great Sound of Bermuda. It lies in the southeast of the sound, and is in the north of Warwick Parish. The island is owned by the Bermuda Government.
+ The 1621 version of Richard Norwood's map of Bermuda shows Darrell's Island at that time appears to have been called "Captain Tucker's Island" (""Ca. Turker Iland"") presumably for Captain Daniel Tucker (Governor of Bermuda from 1616 to 1619). What is now known as Hinson's Island is shown on the same map as Darrell's Island (""Dorrel Iland""). The islands of the Great Sound were part of the Royal Naval land purchases in Bermuda following the American War of Independence. The Royal Navy used the islands for various purposes in the 19th century. Darrell's Island was also used as a quarantine station. During the Second Boer War, it was used (along with several of its neighbours) as a prisoner of war camp.
+ In 1936, Imperial Airways built an air station on Darrell's Island. This operated as a staging point on scheduled trans-Atlantic flights by Imperial Airways and Pan American. The island was taken over as Royal Air Force Bermuda during the Second World War. After the war, it returned to civil operation until air services moved to new land-based facilities at Kindley Field (now Bermuda International Airport). Subsequently, Darrell's Island was briefly used for film location work.
+
+= = = Evesham railway station = = =
+
+ Evesham railway station is in the town of Evesham in Worcestershire, England. It is between and stations on the Cotswold Line between and "via" Worcester and . It is operated by Great Western Railway. Trains to take about 1 hour 45 minutes. It is one of the few railway stations in the United Kingdom to have shown a steady (if relatively small) decline in use since 2004 (see usage figures, below right).
+ The first major section of the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway (OWW), between Evesham and , opened to public traffic on 3 May 1852, the opening ceremony having been held on 1 May. Evesham was a terminus for just over a year, until the last major section of the OWW, from Evesham to Wolvercot Junction (to the north of ), was opened on 4 June 1853. The OWW became the West Midland Railway in 1860, which in turn merged with the Great Western Railway in 1863.
+ Facing the present (former OWW) station across the car park is the former Midland Railway station of 1864 by the architect George Hunt on the Ashchurch to Evesham loop line, which closed to passenger traffic in June 1963 and completely a year later. The original timber buildings from this station were taken to build Monsal Dale railway station in Derbyshire; the replacement stone structure still stands and is used for office accommodation. The rest of the site has been redeveloped as a housing estate.
+ Evesham currently has an irregular service with gaps between daytime services ranging from 40 minutes to 2 hours. It has a total of 32 services Monday to Friday: destinations served include Worcester, Great Malvern and Hereford to the north and west and Oxford, & London Paddington to the south. Typical journey times are 27 minutes to Worcester, 1 hour 15 minutes to Hereford, 55 minutes to Oxford, 1 hour 16 minutes to Reading, and 1 hour 44 minutes to London Paddington.
+
+= = = Rajindra Dhanraj = = =
+
+ Rajindra Dhanraj (born 6 February 1969) was a cricket player for the West Indies for a short while. He played only four Tests and six One Day Internationals. Later, he was more successful playing for the Trinidad & Tobago team.
+
+= = = Hinson's Island, Bermuda = = =
+
+ Hinson's Island is a small island within the Great Sound, Bermuda of Bermuda. It lies in the southeast of the sound, and is part of Paget parish, although it was formerly part of Warwick Parish and is still within the Warwick North constituency.
+ Hinson's Island is the only island in Bermuda served by the government ferry system. The population of Hinson's Island is approximately 50 people.
+ Hinson's (formerly known as Brown's or Godet's) Island is one of the larger islands in the Great Sound. Like its neighbours, it was used as a prisoner of war camp during the Second Boer War, then became the base for Bermuda's first seaplane service.
+
+= = = Nakovo = = =
+
+ Nakovo () is a village located in the Kikinda municipality of the North Banat District of Serbia, in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. It is situated near the border with Romania. The population of the village numbers 2,419 inhabitants, of whom 2,301 (95.12%) are ethnic Serbs.
+ Its name originates from Count Nako, who founded the village in 1784. In Serbian, the village is known as "Nakovo" or Наково, in Croatian as "Nakovo", in Hungarian as "Nákófalva", and in German as "Nakodorf".
+ In the Middle Ages, a village by the name of Szollos (Seleš, Szőllős, Seleuš, Sellesch) existed on the location of present-day Nakovo. During Ottoman rule (16th-17th century), Seleš was populated by ethnic Serbs. By the first half of the 18th century, the village no longer existed and the area was an uninhabited heath.
+ In 1782, the area came under the possession of the Nako brothers, Greek traders from Macedonia. In order to provide a labour force for his estate, Kristifor Nako built 50 houses in 1784, and settled them with ethnic Hungarians.
+ In 1790, a new wave of colonists settled the village. This time, they were Germans, who numbered 176 families with 706 family members. In 1793, the population of the village numbered 1,054 people, mostly Germans and some French people as well. During this time, Hungarians no longer inhabited the village - they departed from it because of the harsh conditions of life. In 1836, the village had 1,775 Catholic and 6 Orthodox inhabitants, while in 1911, the population of the village numbered 538 households with 2,834 inhabitants.
+ In 1918, after World War I, the village became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia). During World War II (1941–1944), it was included into the German-occupied Banat region. As a consequence of events during the war and the Axis occupation, most of the German population fled from the village with the German Army in 1944. The smaller part of the population that stayed in the village was sent to prison camps. In 1945-1946, Serb families from Bosnia came to the settlement.
+
+= = = Cry (Michael Jackson song) = = =
+
+ "Cry" is a song recorded by American recording artist Michael Jackson that features on his tenth and final studio album, "Invincible" (2001). The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly, who had previously written Jackson's 1995 single "You Are Not Alone". "Cry" was produced by Jackson and Kelly. It was released in December 2001 under Epic Records as the second single from "Invincible". "Cry" is a R&B ballad, with lyrics that highlight problems with the planet. The lyrics also urge people to unite to make the world a better place. The track, thus, recalls previous Jackson songs that promote peace and environmentalism.
+ The song was released with two B-side tracks; "Shout" and "Streetwalker". "Cry" received mixed reviews from music critics. The single had a moderate chart performance internationally, with its highest peak being number sixteen in Denmark, and its least successful charting country being Austria. The track was promoted with a music video, which was filmed by Nicholas Brandt. The video does not feature Jackson but shows people holding hands and standing side by side in a variety of settings, including a beach and a forest.
+ "Cry" was recorded by American singer Michael Jackson for his tenth and final studio album, "Invincible" (2001). The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly, who had previously worked with Jackson on his 1995 single, "You Are Not Alone;" Jackson and Kelly's collaboration on "Cry" is the second of what would be three collaborations. "Cry" was one of the first songs completed for the album. The track was produced by Jackson and Kelly. Outside of the United States, the song was released in December 2001 as the second single from "Invincible", under Epic Records. The single was released with two B-side tracks, "Shout" and "Streetwalker". "Shout" was a previously unreleased song that was originally intended for "Invincible", but was replaced at the last moment by "You Are My Life". "Streetwalker" had previously appeared as a track on the 2001 special edition of Jackson's seventh studio album, "Bad". Like "Shout", it was replaced last minute by "Another Part of Me".
+ The themes of "Cry" are world issues such as isolation, war, and brotherhood. Conceived just days after 9/11, it also suggests if everyone pulls together as one, then they make a change to the world, with Jackson singing, "You can change the world/I can't do it by myself". Music critic Mark Brown of "Rocky Mountain News" felt that Jackson cries the lyrics "I can't do it by myself". The song's lyrics and themes are similar to the ones in Jackson's 1988 single "Man in the Mirror" and his 1992 single "Heal the World". "Cry" is composed in the key of A major and the song's time signature is common time. "Cry" has a moderate metronome of eighty four beats per minute. The single is built in the chord progression of A–G/A–A–A/G in the verses and A–A/G–D–A in the chorus. The sheet music indicates the vocal range spans A3 to G5.
+ Jason Elias of AllMusic describes "Cry" as a moody and reflective piece of material reminiscent of Jackson's Quincy Jones-produced ballads for "Bad", and indicates the song's themes are those of alienation and sorrow rather than love. He believes the strength of the strings, the competent backing vocals, and the keyboard figures prevent the listener from convulsing with laughter at Jackson's "oh-so-pained delivery" and interjections of "Hold on" or "Oh my!" Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" called the track the "change-the-world-song" and wrote that the single "applies its grand buildup to one of pop's strangest utopian schemes," which was asking everyone to cry at the same time, at which point Jackson may answer their prayers. Catherine Halaby of "Yale Daily News" felt that the song is a "less triumphant use of a contemporary's input" on the album.
+ "NME" music critic Mark Beaumont believed that Jackson "starts banging creepily on about" the lyrics which pertain to saving the children. Frank Kogan of the "Village Voice" noted that while "Cry" and another song from "Invincible" ("Speechless") are "very pretty", they give the impression that Jackson's "standing sideways, so as to let the beauty slide off him." "Los Angeles Times" staff writer Robert Hilburn wrote that the track "fills the social commentary role" of Jackson's "Man in the Mirror" (1988), while "Hartford Courant" rock music critic Roger Catlin believed that the single is a redux to Jackson's "Heal the World" (1991). "Newsday" staff writer Glenn Gamboa said that the song was "equally average" to other tracks on "Invincible". James Hunter of "Rolling Stone" magazine wrote that R. Kelly "more or less succeeds with the kind of life affirming number" on the single.
+ Jim Farber of New York's "Daily News" wrote that in "Cry", Jackson "goes into his healing-the-world shtick, though rarely has he been this condescending about his role as universal savior." "Chicago Tribune" rock music critics Greg Kot believed that R. Kelly "reprises the formula of his big gospel-stoked anthem" ("I Believe I Can Fly") on the track. A journalist for "The Wichita Eagle" wrote that Jackson "shines on the sincere ballads" such as "Cry", "Heartbreaker" and "Speechless". Pop music critic Thor Christensen of the "Dallas Morning News" described the single as being the musician's "latest batch of inspirational cotton candy." Francisco Cangiano of "University Wire" noted that the overall good songs from "Invincible" are "Heartbreaker," "Cry" and "Speechless." Pamela Davis and Gina Vininetto of "St. Petersburg Times" called the song "hubris- filled" and said that it was full of Jackson's "freaky messiah-savior complex."
+ "Cry" was released as a single outside of the United States, but it ranked at the bottom of "Billboard" music charts for three weeks within the country, peaking at number one at Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles. Unlike previous singles released from "Invincible" that charted internationally, "Cry" was a moderate commercial success worldwide. "Cry" debuted at number twenty five, its peak position, on December 22, 2001, on the UK Singles Chart. The single remained on the country's chart for four consecutive weeks from December 2001 to January 2002, before falling out of the top 100 positions. The track debuted at number thirty seven on December 12, and peaked at number thirty in the succeeding week on the French Singles Chart. The song debuted at its peak position, number forty three, on December 12, on the Australian Singles Chart. It only remained on the country's chart for one week. "Cry" did not chart on Belgian Ultratip Singles Chart, but did chart on the Belgian Wallonia music chart, debuting at number thirty seven on December 15, and peaking at number thirty one on January 12, 2002.
+ "Cry" charted on the Swedish Singles Chart for five consecutive weeks. Having debuted at number fifty on December 21, and peaked at number forty eight the following week. The single spent the next four weeks fluctuating down the chart. The track peaked at number forty two on the Swiss Singles Chart, and remained on the country's chart for six weeks. The single's most commercially successful charting territory was Denmark. Although the track only remained on the singles chart for one week, it managed to chart within the top 20, peaking at number sixteen. The single's least successful chart territory was Austria. Having debuted on the country's singles chart at its peak position, number sixty five on December 16, in the succeeding week the track charted at number seventy one and fell out of the top 100 positions the following week. Regarding the song's chart performance, Halstead and Cadman wrote that it was a "setback for sure, but not a major one" for Jackson.
+ "Cry" was promoted by a music video, or "short film," as Jackson would refer to it. The video was directed by photographer Nick Brandt, who had previously directed "Earth Song" (1995), "Childhood" (1995) and "Stranger in Moscow" (1996), all of which were featured on Jackson's "" album. The video was filmed in six different locations, all were filmed in California. People featured in the video included members of a real life gospel group. The video begins with dozens of people of different ages, ethnicities and races holding hands. Long lines of people were stretched over mountains, across highways, in a forest and on the beach. Everyone stands in silence for a majority of the video. Following the bridge, everyone begins singing the chorus. Towards the final chorus, the group collectively clap their hands along with the song, taking hands once more as the song ends.
+ "Cry" is the only Michael Jackson video to be included on an enhanced CD of the single.
+ "Cry" was issued as a single against Jackson's original intentions to release "Unbreakable." (The same situation applied with the release of "You Rock My World" months prior.) Filmed in the weeks after 9/11, Jackson was too nervous to travel to the shoot in northern California. When Jackson saw the rough cut of the video, he and the director, Nick Brandt, agreed that the video was stronger without Jackson in it. Craig Halstead and Chris Cadman, authors of the book "Michael Jackson: The Solo Years", believe that Jackson's absence from the video "did little to promote it."
+ "Shout" was recorded within the album sessions and left off the album while "Streetwalker" from circa 1986 was the musical coda for The Way You Make Me Feel.
+
+= = = ZEUS (particle detector) = = =
+
+ ZEUS was a particle detector that operated on the HERA ("Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage") particle accelerator at DESY, Hamburg. It began running together with HERA in 1992 and was functional until HERA was decommissioned in June 2007. The scientific collaboration behind ZEUS consisted of about 400 physicists from 56 institutes in 17 countries.
+ The ZEUS detector comprised many components, including a depleted uranium plastic-scintillator calorimeter, a central tracking detector (which is a wire chamber), a silicon microvertex detector and muon chambers. In addition, a solenoid provides a magnetic field.
+ The ZEUS experiment studied the internal structure of the proton through measurements of deep inelastic scattering by colliding leptons (electrons or positrons) with proton in the interaction point of ZEUS. These measurements were also used to test and study the Standard Model of particle physics, as well as searching for particles beyond the Standard Model.
+ DESY was founded in 1959 and started colliding electron beams in 1964 in the DESY experiment. Since then, it has been a highly regarded center for particle physics. The design effort for ZEUS can be traced back to 1982, a Letter of Intent was submitted in 1985,
+ and the HERA collider began operation in 1992. The last electron–proton collisions at ZEUS were recorded on 30 June 2007.
+ The other multi-purpose experiment at the HERA collider was the competing H1 experiment. Since May 2012, the former ZEUS detector hall has been used as a lab space for the international European XFEL project.
+ The main components of the ZEUS detector were the tracking components, the calorimeter and the muon detectors.
+ The ZEUS Calorimeter was a uranium scintillator based sampling calorimeter and divided into 3 main sections: the BCAL (Barrel CALorimeter), FCAL (Forward CALorimeter), and RCAL (Rear CALorimeter). Each section was subdivided transversely into towers, and longitudinally into EMC (Electro-Magnetic Calorimeter) or HAC (HAdronic Calorimeter). The smallest subdivision in the calorimeter was called a cell. Each cell was read-out by two photomultiplier tubes (PMT), which helped ensure that there were no holes in the coverage if one of the two PMTs failed.
+ Uranium was chosen as an absorber so that the calorimeter would be compensating. Electrons and photons deposit energy differently from hadrons, but in a compensating calorimeter the response (e) for an electromagnetic cascade is equal to the response (h) for a hadronic cascade of the same energy (i.e. ). In the ZEUS calorimeter neutral pions interacted with uranium atoms to produce slow moving neutrons which were captured by the scintillator and increased the hadronic signal. Another advantage of using uranium as the absorber was that the natural radioactivity allowed the calorimeter's sensitivity to be conveniently monitored.
+
+= = = Lithosere = = =
+
+ A lithosere (a sere originating on rock) is a plant succession that begins life on a newly exposed rock surface, such as one left bare as a result of glacial retreat, tectonic uplift as in the formation of a raised beach, or volcanic eruptions. For example, the lava fields of Eldgjá in Iceland where Laki and Katla fissures erupted in the year 935 and the solidified lava has, over time, begun to form a lithosere.
+ Pioneer species are the first organisms that colonise an area, of which lithoseres are an example. They will typically be very hardy ("i.e.", they will be xerophytes, wind-resistant or cold-resistant). In the case of a lithosere the pioneer species will be cyanobacteria and algae, which create their own food and water—"i.e.", they are autotrophic and so do not require any external nutrition (except sunlight). For example, the first lithosere observed after the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa was algae. Other examples of lithoseres include communities of mosses and lichens, as they are extremely resilient and are capable of surviving in areas without soil.
+ As more mosses and lichens colonize the area, they, along with natural elements such as wind and frost shattering, begin to weather the rock down. This over time creates more soil, leading to increased water retention. Early on, when there is little water, lichens dominate as they are more suited to a lack of water; but as water retention increases, mosses become more dominant as they are faster growing, and these further break the rocks down. The amount of soil is also increased by the decaying mosses and lichens. This improves the fertility of the soil as humus is increased, allowing grasses and ferns to colonise. Over time, flowering plants will emerge, followed by shrubs. As the soil gets progressively deeper, larger and more advanced plants are able to grow. This is the case in Surtsey, a "new", small volcanic island located off the south coast of Iceland. Surtsey was "created" in the 1960s and currently its plant succession has reached the stage where ferns and grasses have begun to start growing in the south of the island where the lava cooled first.
+ As the plant succession develops further, trees start to appear. The first trees (or pioneer trees) that appear are typically fast growing trees such as birch, willow or rowan. In turn these will be replaced by slow growing, larger trees such as ash and oak. This is the climax community on a lithosere, defined as the point where a plant succession does not develop any further—it reaches a delicate equilibrium with the environment, in particular the climate.
+ In the off chance of a phenomenon which effectively removes most of the lifeforms in these areas, the resultant landscape is considered to be a "disclimax", where there is a loss of the previous climax community. Factors which interrupt succession include: human intervention (plagioclimax), change in relief of land (topoclimax), change in animal species (biotic climax) or change in soil such as an increase in acidity (edaphic climax) . In most cases, should the area be left to regenerate as normal when the limiting factor is removed, the area eventually becomes a "climax community" again (secondary succession).
+
+= = = Somerville and Ross = = =
+
+ Somerville and Ross (Edith Somerville and Violet Florence Martin, writing under the name Martin Ross) were an Irish writing team, perhaps most famous for their series of books that were made into the TV series "The Irish R.M.". The television series is based on stories drawn from:
+ All three books are out of copyright and electronic texts can be found on the Internet Archive.
+ The various stories concern the life of an Anglo-Irish former British Army officer recently appointed as a resident magistrate (R.M.) in Ireland, which at that stage was still wholly a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, some years before its partition into the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) and Northern Ireland.
+ Somerville and Ross also wrote other work together, including the novel "The Real Charlotte" (1894). Even after the death of Ross in 1915, Somerville continued to write and publish stories under their joint names, claiming that the two were still in contact. "The Big House of Inver", a novel of 1925, falls into that category.
+ See the articles on the individual authors for a more complete listing.
+
+= = = A Patriot for Me = = =
+
+ A Patriot for Me is a 1965 play by the English playwright John Osborne, based on the true story of Alfred Redl. It was notable for being denied a licence for performance by the censor of the time.
+ The play depicts Redl, a homosexual in the Austro-Hungarian intelligence service in the 1890s, as he is blackmailed by the Russians into a series of treasonous betrayals. Its dramatic climax, and the scene that most excited the censor, is the Drag Ball, in which members of the upper echelons of Viennese society appear in drag. Mary McCarthy, the American novelist, wrote in "The Observer" that the play's "chief merit is to provide work for a number of homosexual actors, or normal actors who can pass as homosexual". "A Patriot for Me" remains rarely performed because of the large cast required.
+ When the Royal Court Theatre produced "A Patriot For Me" in 1965, it was forced to change from a public theatre to a private members' club. The play was deemed too sexually transgressive by the Lord Chamberlain's Office, and denied a licence for performance. The Royal Court suffered a considerable financial loss because of this denial.
+ George Devine, founder of the English Stage Company, was performing in this play when he died of a heart attack.
+ A musical adaptation of "A Patriot for Me", with music by Laurence Rosenthal, was produced on Broadway in 1969. The play was an influence on the later film "Colonel Redl".
+
+= = = SS 90 = = =
+
+ The SS90 was a British sports car first built by SS Cars Ltd in Coventry, England in 1935. In 1945 the company changed its name to Jaguar Cars Ltd.
+ The car used a six-cylinder side-valve Standard engine of 2663 cc with an output of . The engine differed from the one used in the ordinary cars by having Dural connecting rods, an aluminium cylinder head with 7:1 compression ratio, and twin RAG carburettors. At in length the chassis was a shortened version of the one used on the SS 1, and was also supplied by Standard. Suspension was by half-elliptical springs all round, with an underslung back axle. The braking system was Bendix.
+ The cars rapidly gained attention for their elegant sporting styling, but were not well regarded by the sporting fraternity as their performance did not match their appearance. True sports car performance had to wait for the SS 100, which had similar styling and suspension but an engine fitted with an overhead-valve cylinder head.
+ The SS 90 does not seem to have been tested independently by any magazines, therefore contemporary performance figures are unknown, but it was widely believed to be capable of reaching . In 1932 the basic tourer cost £395. Twenty-three were made.
+ The car was long and wide and weighed typically . When leaving the factory it originally fitted 5.50 × 18 Dunlop tyres on 18 inch wire wheels. The prototype SS 90, ARW395, was owned by Hugh Kennard from 1938 until at least November 1940. 23 were built, of which 16 survive; the prototype is one of the surviving cars.
+
+= = = Kempton Park Racecourse = = =
+
+ Kempton Park Racecourse is a horse racing track together with a licensed entertainment and conference venue in Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey, England, 16 miles south-west of Charing Cross, London and on a border of Greater London. The site has (0.85 km²) of flat grassland surrounded by woodland with two lakes in its centre. Its entrance borders Kempton Park railway station which was created for racegoers on a branch line from London Waterloo, via Clapham Junction.
+ It has adjoining inner and outer courses for flat and fenced racing. Among its races, the King George VI Chase takes place on Boxing Day, a Grade 1 National Hunt chase which is open to horses aged four years or older.
+ The racecourse was the idea of 19th-century businessman (and Conservative Party agent) S. H. Hyde, who was enjoying a carriage drive in the country when he came across Kempton Manor and Park for sale. Hyde leased the grounds as tenant in 1872 and six years later in July 1878 Kempton opened as a racecourse. This was the feudal lord's demesne of a manor recorded in the Domesday Book and has had at least four variant names but though early Victorian gateposts exist, no buildings of the manor house remain.
+ The site briefly closed (2 May 2005 – 25 March 2006) to reopen with a new all-weather polytrack (synthetic material) main track and floodlighting to enable racing at all light levels and all but the most severe bad weather.
+ Flat racing from 2006 is run on the synthetic track so the historic "Jubilee Course", a mile long spur which joined the main track by the home bend, used for the "Jubilee Handicap" which parred the Cambridgeshire and the Stewards' Cup in seniority, was abandoned. It is now overgrown for racing; however, it joins the outskirts of the park as part of the green belt.
+ On 10 January 2017 the Jockey Club announced the closure of the 230-acre site by 2021 for a total of £500 million investment programme over a 10-year period that was submitted for consideration following the local authority's 'Call for Sites' to address unmet local housing needs. The plan includes the move of some important jumps races like the King George VI Chase and Christmas Hurdle to the Sandown Park Racecourse with the other jumps fixtures to be spread around other Jockey Club-owned racecourses throughout the country, while the all-weather track to be replaced by a new artificial track to be built at Newmarket.
+ Kempton Park stages National Hunt racing (with fences) and flat racing, with the most famous race being the King George VI Chase held every Boxing Day, a prestigious Grade 1 race. Associated, the Kauto Star Novices' Chase (formerly the Feltham Novices' Chase) also takes place on Boxing Day, a Grade 1 race. With similar challenges, past winners of the Kauto Star Novices' Chase and of the King George VI Chase include Kauto Star and Long Run; the following day is the Desert Orchid Chase, a Grade 2 race.
+ Approximately the last weekend of February hosts the 888Sport Handicap Chase.
+ Early September hosts the Sirenia Stakes major race day.
+ In addition to racing, the site is home to a weekly market on Thursdays, holds an antiques market on the second and last Tuesday of every month and seasonal wedding fairs. Reception areas and two restaurants can be booked for private hospitality or celebrations. Boxes are used for meetings and race days.
+ Upper tiers of the grandstand and boxes have views toward Sandown Park's Esher and Oxshott ridge and the North Downs range of hills. Woodland and parkland forms the backdrop from the grandstand.
+ The horse "Blue Warrior" strayed and fell into Kempton Park's centre-course lake having jumped before the start of the 19.20 on 14 January 2009. The rescue operation to get the horse out of the lake caused the race to be delayed by 15 minutes, with the horse rescued and sustaining a minor cut to his leg.
+ The racecourse has a purpose-built railway station, on the London Waterloo to Shepperton line.
+ For racegoers not travelling via the capital, and including the direct Thameslink from Bedford to Brighton, a junction station on this short line is at Clapham Junction and for services on lines from Reading and Windsor to Waterloo, a change can be made at Twickenham followed by nearby Teddington.
+ The A308 passes by the racecourse and so does the A316 that becomes the M3 motorway. Free parking is available for visitors.
+
+= = = Plane geometry (disambiguation) = = =
+
+ In mathematics, plane geometry may refer to the geometry of a two-dimensional geometric object called a plane.
+ Most times it refers to Euclidean plane geometry, the geometry of plane figures,
+ More specifically it can refer to:
+
+= = = Anthony Ireland (cricketer) = = =
+
+ Anthony John Ireland (born 30 August 1984) is a cricketer from Zimbabwe. A tall fast bowler, he relies on bounce and swing, and performed consistently during his tenure with Zimbabwe, taking 38 wickets in just 26 matches at a healthy average of 29.34. He was one of many talented white Zimbabweans to leave the team due to the situation of the ZCU and the country, to pursue careers in English domestic cricket, where he has represented Gloucestershire and Middlesex before joining Leicestershire for the 2013 season.
+ Ireland made his ODI debut against New Zealand at Bulawayo on 24 August 2005 where he took the wickets of both Stephen Fleming and Chris Cairns. He performed consistently with the ball, being one of the few prospects on the Zimbabwe team, after the exodus of players like Gavin Ewing, Andy Blignaut, Henry Olonga, Andy Flower and Tatenda Taibu. However, even with his performances Zimbabwe cricket continued on its downturn, as they gradually became weaker and weaker as an international side.
+ He toured the West Indies with the Zimbabwean team but broke his left hand in practice. Although he recovered, he struggled to adapt to the West Indian conditions, as Zimbabwe were thrashed 5-0 by the hosts.
+ A regular member of the side in 2006, he was selected in the 2007 Cricket World Cup squad and returned to the Caribbean, taking a wicket in each of his games.
+ Zimbabwe was at an all-time low at this point in time, and Ireland, soon after Zimbabwe were eliminated from the 2007 Cricket World Cup, retired from international cricket. He explained his decision in an exclusive interview with Cricinfo. He felt he was wasting his talents for a poor side, in a country in political turmoil, and felt that he should pursue his cricket elsewhere, and so Anthony Ireland went to England.
+ Playing in the United Kingdom, Ireland enjoyed a successful season in 2004 for club teams Belvoir CC and Belton Park CC, before returning to Zimbabwe. He played for the PCA Masters against Gloucestershire in a game before the England vs Pakistan Twenty20 international, at Bristol. He has since played for Thornbury Cricket Club in the south west of England.
+ Retiring from international cricket after the 2007 World Cup, he signed a two-year deal with Gloucestershire under the Kolpak agreement. With Gloucestershire, he has had a number of significant impacts with the ball, taking 7/36 against Leicestershire, and match figures of 7/110 against the same side, while taking wickets whenever called upon. He has since been a regular in the Gloucestershire team, along with the likes of Jon Lewis and Steve Kirby. He recently returned briefly to Zimbabwe to play in the Twenty/20 tournament for the Southern Rocks, taking 3 wickets in his only game.
+ He signed for Middlesex in 2010 in a contract that would take him to the end of the 2013 season. He was not able to gain a regular spot in the Middlesex team and returned to Gloucestershire on 20 August 2012.
+ On 7 March 2013, Ireland won a one-year deal with Leicestershire. After the 2013 season, he was awarded a further season long contract.
+ 5. Ireland penalised for beamer | Cricdb
+
+= = = Fiscal policy of the United States = = =
+
+ Fiscal policy is considered any changes the government makes to the national budget in order to influence a nation's economy. The approach to economic policy in the United States was rather laissez-faire until the Great Depression. The government tried to stay away from economic matters as much as possible and hoped that a balanced budget would be maintained. Prior to the Great Depression, the economy did have economic downturns and some were quite severe. However, the economy tended to self-correct so the laissez faire approach to the economy tended to work.
+ President Franklin D. Roosevelt first instituted fiscal policies in the United States in The New Deal. The first experiments did not prove to be very effective, but that was in part because the Great Depression had already lowered the expectations of business so drastically.
+ The Great Depression struck countries in the late 1920s and continued throughout the entire 1930's. It affected some countries more than others, and the effects in the US were detrimental. In 1933, 25 percent of all workers were unemployed in America. Many families starved or lost their homes. Some tried traveling to the West to find work, also to no avail.
+ The Great Depression showed the American population that there was a growing need for the government to manage economic affairs. The size of the federal government began rapidly expanding in the 1930s, growing from 553,000 paid civilian employees in the late 1920s to 953,891 employees in 1939. The budget grew substantially as well. In 1939, federal receipts of the administrative budget were 5.50 percent of Gross National Product, GNP, while federal expenditures were 9.77 percent of GNP. These numbers were up significantly from 1930, when federal receipts averaged 3.80 percent of GNP while expenditures averaged 3.04 percent of GNP.
+ Another contributor to changing the role of government in the 1930s was President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. FDR was important because of his creation of the New Deal, which was a program that would offer relief, recovery, and reform to the American nation. In terms of relief, new organizations, such as the Works Progress Administration, saved many U.S. lives. The reform aspect was indeed the most influential in the New Deal, for it forever changed the role of government in the U.S. economy. In essence, it was the beginning of fiscal policy. It was the first time that the government took an active role in attempting to secure American individuals from unseen drastic changes in the market.
+ Although the relief and reform aspects of the New Deal proved to be effective for Americans, recovery was an issue that did not. Unemployment rates remained very high throughout the 1930s. It was still difficult for Americans to find jobs. This problem diminished when the government called for many industries to convert to military production in the early 1940s in order to prepare for World War II.
+ World War II forced the government to run huge deficits, or spend more than they were economically generating, in order to keep up with all of the production the US military needed. By running deficits, the economy recovered, and America rebounded from its drought of unemployment. The military strategy of full employment had a huge benefit: the government’s massive deficits were used to pay for the war, and ended the Great Depression. This phenomenon set the standard and showed just how necessary it was for the government play an active role in fiscal policy.
+ The Employment Act of 1946 was enacted by the government to keep the economy from plunging back into a post-war depression. The act declared the continuing policy and responsibility of the federal government to use all reasonable means to promote maximum (not full) employment, production, and purchasing power. In addition to focusing on keeping unemployment rates low, the act called for the creation of the Council of Economic Advisors. This council had the task of assisting the president in appointing members to the Joint Economic Committee in the United States Congress and continuing to develop the role of fiscal policy in the United States.
+ The United States government has tended to spend more money than it takes in, indicated by a national debt that was close to $1 billion at the beginning of the 20th century. The budget for most of the 20th century followed a pattern of deficits during wartime and economic crises, and surpluses during periods of peacetime economic expansion.
+ In 1971, at Bretton Woods, the US went off the gold standard allowing the dollar to float. Shortly after that, the price of oil was pegged to gold rather than the dollar by OPEC. The 70s were marked by oil shocks, recessions and inflation in the US. From fiscal years 1970 to 1997; although the country was nominally at peace during most of this time, the federal budget deficit accelerated, topping out (in absolute terms) at $290 billion for 1992.
+ In contrast, from FY 1997–2001, gross revenues exceeded expenditures and a surplus resulted. However, it has been argued that this 'balanced budget' only constituted a surplus in the public debt (or on-budget), in which the Treasury Department borrowed increased tax revenue from intragovernmental debt holdings (namely the Social Security Trust Fund), thus adding more interest on Treasury bonds. In effect, the four year 'surplus' was only in public debt holdings, while the National Debt Outstanding increased every fiscal year (the lowest deficit in FY 2000 was $17.9 Billion) However, after a combination of the dot-com bubble burst, the September 11 attacks, a dramatic increase in government spending (primarily in defense for military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq) and a $1.35 trillion tax cut, the budget returned to a deficit basis. The budget went from a $236 billion surplus in fiscal year 2000 to a $413 billion deficit in fiscal year 2004. In fiscal year 2005, the deficit began to shrink due to a sharp increase in tax revenue. By 2007, the deficit was reduced to $161 billion; less than half of what it was in 2004 and the budget appeared well on its way to balance once again.
+ Fiscal policy is the application of taxation and government spending to influence economic performance. The main aim of adopting fiscal policy instruments is to promote sustainable growth in the economy and reduce the poverty levels within the community. In the past, fiscal policy instruments were used solve the economic crisis such as the great recession and during the financial crisis. They are effective in jump-starting growth, supporting the financial systems, and mitigating the economic crisis on the vulnerable groups especially the low-income earners and the poor. The most commonly applied fiscal policy instruments are government spending and taxes. The government increases or reduces its budget allocation on public expenditure to ensure vital goods and services are provided to the citizens. For instance, expenditure on infrastructural projects not only increases access to more roads but also creates jobs to the public and also increases the amount money in circulation thereby spurring economic growth. On the other hand, reduction of income and value added taxes increase the amount of disposable income that individuals direct to consumption and investment expenditures. Increasing income taxes reduce disposable income while it increases the tax base for public spending.
+ Fiscal policy instruments are effective in poverty reduction and promotion of the community living standards. Increasing public expenditure ensures that vital public goods and services are availed to the public. Moreover, it helps in creation of employment opportunities, triggering economic growth, and ensuring sustainable growth and development. Tax reduction and cash transfers’ helps in increasing disposable income and transferring resources from the rich to the poor in the community. Fiscal policy instruments can be used to achieve balanced growth in an economy.
+ Federal policies are system of laws, course of actions, regulatory measures, and priorities set by the Federal government in guiding decisions on issues relating to public interest. In most cases, public policy decisions are carried out by the group of people who represent the public, different interests, and beliefs. The policies define all the actions that the Federal government take in order to address issues like security, education, unemployment, poverty reduction among others.
+ Federal policies assist the Federal government in conducting national affairs responsibly. For instance, they inform the government on where to prioritize their funding and support in order to achieve the macroeconomic objectives. For instance, the government is charged with the responsibility of providing education, security, and healthcare. Increased funding on these key priority areas helps in improving public access to the services thereby improving the standards of living of the citizens. Assuring access to the services and sustaining their provision helps in poverty reduction.
+ Policies like unemployment insurance ensures that citizens are insured and unemployment benefits given to eligible workers who have lost their jobs out of their control. Policies helps in cushioning the public against the eventualities in the labor market that may be due to competition or economic performance hence adversely affecting the average citizens. Federal policies cuts across all sectors in the economy and seeks to link the operations of the Federal government and State governments in achieving sustained growth and development, poverty reduction, provision of basic goods and services to the citizens.
+ In late 2007 to early 2008, the economy would enter a particularly bad recession as a result of high oil and food prices, and a substantial credit crisis leading to the bankruptcy and eventual federal take over of certain large and well established mortgage providers. In an attempt to fix these economic problems, the United States federal government passed a series of costly economic stimulus and bailout packages. As a result of this, in fiscal year 2008, the deficit would increase to $455 billion and is projected to continue to increase dramatically for years to come due in part to both the severity of the current recession and the high-spending fiscal policy the federal government has adopted to help combat the nation's economic woes. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased to $1.2 trillion in fiscal year 2009, or 9.8% of the gross domestic product (GDP). Over subsequent years both the economy and the deficit recovered to some extent, and the government enacted several laws with significant budget impact, including the Affordable Care Act in 2010, the Budget Control Act in 2011, and the American Taxpayer Relief Act in 2012. The Congressional Budget Office projected a $534 billion deficit in fiscal year 2016, or 2.9 percent of GDP. If current policy remains unchanged, the CBO projects the deficit will increase to 4.9 percent of GDP by 2026, or a cumulative total of $9.3 trillion over the period.
+ As a percentage of the GDP, within the context of the national economy as a whole, the highest deficit was run during fiscal year 1946 at nearly 30% of GDP, but that rebounded to a surplus by 1947. By contrast, deficits during the 1980s reached 5–6% of GDP and the deficit for 2005 was 2.6% of GDP, close to the post-World War II average. In 2009, the deficit was 9.8% of GDP, the highest since World War II.
+= = = Solanco School District = = =
+
+ Solanco School District is a midsized, rural public school district located in the southern end of Lancaster County (SoLanCo), Pennsylvania. Solanco School District encompasses approximately . Solanco School District serves: Providence Township, Eden Township, Quarryville Borough, Little Britain Township, Bart Township, Colerain Township, Drumore Township, East Drumore Township and Fulton Township. According to 2008 local census data, it served a resident population of 30,566. By 2010, the district's population increased to 31,871 people. In 2009, the district residents’ per capita income was $17,040, while the median family income was $49,432. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.
+ According to District officials, in school year 2007-08 the Solanco School District provided basic educational services to 3,872 pupils. Solanco School District employed: 258 teachers, 246 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 18 administrators. Solanco School District received more than $16 million in state funding in school year 2007-08.
+ The district operates seven schools: four elementary, two middle/junior high, one high school and a virtual academy (K-12).
+ The school district is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serves without compensation for a term of four years.), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board.
+ The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a "D-" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more.
+ Solanco School District was ranked 209th out of 500 Pennsylvania school districts by the Pittsburgh Business Times in 2013. The ranking was based on student academic achievement as demonstrated on the last three years of the PSSAs for: reading, writing, math and science. The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th and the 11th grade in high school. Adapted examinations are given to children in the special education programs.
+ In 2012, the "Pittsburgh Business Times" also reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Solanco School District ranked 161st. In 2011, the district was 176th. The editor describes the ranking as: "a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations."
+ In 2012, Solanco School District declined to Warning AYP status. In 2011, Solanco School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of Pennsylvania public school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Solanco School District achieved AYP status each year from 2008 to 2010 and in 2005 & 2006, while in 2007 and in 2003 the district was in Warning status due to lagging student achievement.
+ In 2012, Solanco School District's graduation rate was 87%. In 2011, the graduation rate was 86.8%. In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. Solanco High School's rate was 86.99% for 2010.
+ Solanco High School is located at 585 Solanco Rd, Quarryville. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the school reported an enrollment of 1,188 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 320 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. The school employed 75 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2 teachers were rated "Non‐Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.
+ In 2012, Solanco High School declined to School Improvement AYP status due to low student achievement in both reading and mathematics, along with a low graduation rate. In 2011, Solanco High School declined to Warning AYP status. In 2012, under the federal No Child Left Behind Act, the school administration was required to notify parents of the school's poor achievement outcomes and to offer the parent the opportunity to transfer to a successful school within the district. Additionally, Solanco High School Administration was required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, to develop a School Improvement Plan to address the high school's low student achievement. Under the Pennsylvania Accountability System, the school must pay for additional tutoring for struggling students. The high school is eligible for special, extra funding under School Improvement Grants which the school must apply for each year.
+ 11th Grade Reading:
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+ 11th Grade Science:
+ Science in Motion Solanco High School takes advantage of a state program called Science in Motion which brings college professors and sophisticated science equipment to the school to raise science awareness and to provide inquiry-based experiences for the students. The 10th grade biology classes use the electrophoresis equipment to learn about the benefits of using DNA to solve crimes. The Science in Motion program was funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate. Elizabethtown College offers the program in Lancaster County.
+ According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 37% of the Solanco High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.
+ The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offered a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Solanco partners with Millersville University, Harrisburg Area Community College, Lancaster Bible College, Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology and Pennsylvania State University. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, state funded Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to or apply to their institutions. In 2010, Governor Edward Rendell eliminated the grants to students, from the Commonwealth, due to a state budget crisis. For the 2009-10 funding year, Solanco School District received a state grant of $2,568 for the program.
+ Among Pennsylvania's 500 public school districts, graduation requirements widely vary. Solanco School Board has determined that a pupil must earn 26 credits to graduate, including: math - 3 credits, English - 4 credits, social studies - 3 credits, science - 3 credits, Arts and Humanities - 2 credits Physical Education (Fitness 1.5 credits and Wellness 0.5 credits) and 8 electives. An additional credit in English, math, science or social studies at the student's choice is required. Students must earn 6.00 credits to advance to 10th grade. They must earn 12.00 credits to advance to 11th grade
+ By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students were required to complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district. At Solanco students may take one of a plethora of courses to meet the requirement. Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate.
+ By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the Keystone Exams. For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements. In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Literature exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 - 38% on grade level, Biology - 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level. Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP.
+ Smith Middle School is located at 645 Kirkwood Pike, Quarryville. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the school reported an enrollment of 441 pupils in grades 6th through 8th, with 169 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 33 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 13:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 8 teachers were rated "Non‐Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In Both 2011 and 2012, Smith Middle School achieved AYP status in reading and mathematics.
+ 8th Grade Reading:
+ 8th Grade Math:
+ 8th Grade Science:
+ 7th Grade Reading:
+ 7th Grade Math:
+ 6th Grade Reading:
+ 6th Grade Math:
+ Swift Middle School is located at 1866 Robert Fulton Highway, Quarryville. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the school reported an enrollment of 443 pupils in grades 6th through 8th, with 154 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 32 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 14:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 1 teacher was rated "Non‐Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In both 2011 and 2012 Swift Middle School achieved AYP status.
+ 8th Grade Reading:
+ 8th Grade Math:
+ 8th Grade Science:
+ 7th Grade Reading:
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+ 6th Grade Reading:
+ 6th Grade Math:
+ Since 2006, Solanco School District has offered a virtual school program to residents of the district. The Solanco Virtual Academy (SVA) offers kindergarten through 12th grade. SVA has assisted several other school districts with on-line learning programs for their resident students. SVA program is provided at no charge to resident parents / students.
+ Quarryville Elementary School is located at 211 South Hess Street, Quarryville. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the School reported an enrollment of 471 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 148 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 31 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. In 2011 and 2012, Quarryville Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, 83% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th. In mathematics, 84% of the students in 3rd through 5th grades were on grade level and 50% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 86% of the pupils were on grade level, with 37% achieving advanced.
+ Providence Elementary School is located at 137 Truce Road, Providence. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the School reported an enrollment of 351 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 139 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 23 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In 2011 and 2012, Providence Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, only 79% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th. In math, 87% of the students in 3rd through 5th grades were on grade level and 57% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 90% of the pupils were on grade level.
+ Bart-Colerain Elementary School is located at 1336 Noble Rd, Christiana. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the school reported an enrollment of 268 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 95 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 16 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 16:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In 2011 and 2012, Bart-Colerain Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, 94% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th. In math, 98% of the students in 3rd through 5th grades were on grade level and 78% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 95% of the pupils were on grade level with 71% advanced.
+ Clermont Elementary School is located at 1868 Robert Fulton Highway, Quarreyville. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2011, the School reported an enrollment of 568 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 233 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school is a federally designated Title I school. The school employed 32 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 18:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In 2011 and 2012, Clermont Elementary School achieved AYP status. In 2012, only 80% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th. In math, 88% of the students in 3rd through 5th grades were on grade level and 61% scored advanced. In 4th grade science, 87% of the pupils were on grade level.
+ In December 2010, Solanco School District administration reported that 471 pupils or 12.5% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 40.6% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. In December 2009, the district administration reported that 457 pupils or 12.2% of the district's pupils received Special Education services, with 45.5% of the identified students having a specific learning disability. Special education services in the Commonwealth are provided to students from ages three years to 21 years old. In the 2010-11 school year, the total student enrollment was more than 1.78 million students with approximately 275,000 students eligible for special education services. Among these students 18,959 were identified with mental retardation and 21,245 students with autism. The largest group of students are identified as Specific Learning Disabilities 126,026 students (46.9 percent) and Speech or Language Impairments with 43,542 students (16.2 percent).
+ In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress . To identify students who may be eligible for special education services, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Special Education administration. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the district seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the Solanco School District or contact the district's Special Education Department. The IDEA 2004 requires each school entity to publish a notice to parents, in newspapers or other media, including the student handbook and website regarding the availability of screening and intervention services and how to access them.
+ In 2012, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. The state has level funded special education for the past 5 years. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. The Special Education funding structure is through the federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) funds and state appropriations. IDEA funds are appropriated to the state on an annual basis and distributed through intermediate units (IUs) to school districts, while state funds are distributed directly to the districts. Total funds that are received by school districts are calculated through a formula. The Pennsylvania Department of Education oversees four appropriations used to fund students with special needs: Special Education; Approved Private Schools; Pennsylvania Chartered Schools for the Deaf and Blind; and Early Intervention. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs. Over identification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of the students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive that schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.
+ Solanco School District received a $1,632,928 supplement for special education services in 2010, 2011, and 2012. For the 2011–12 and 2012-13 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required. Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. The district must apply for this added funding.
+ The district Administration reported that 80 or 2.15% of its students were gifted in 2009. The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was North Allegheny School District with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted. By state and federal law, Solanco School District must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility.
+ Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.
+ Under Pennsylvania's Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.
+ In 2011, the average teacher salary in Solanco School District was $56,422 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers received was $15,949 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $72,372. In 2010, the School Board and teachers' Union agreed to a new four (4) year contract. The contract raised teacher salaries by 3.6 percent in 2010, by 3.5 percent in 2011-12 school year, 3.4 percent for the 2012-13 school year and 3.2 percent for 2013-14. Over the four years, the raises will increase teacher pay by 14.4 percent, costing the district taxpayers over $5.27 million.
+ In 2009, Solanco District reported employing 280 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $57,825 and a top salary of $130,059. The teacher's work day is seven hours 30 minutes, with 190 days in the contract year. Teachers receive a 30-minute duty-free lunch and a daily preparation period. Teachers with military service receive an additional $100 per year. Special education teachers receive an additional $1,200 per year. In addition to salary, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, short term disability insurance, professional development reimbursement of 100%, 3 paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, 3 paid bereavement days, sabbatical leave for up to one year at one-half pay and other benefits. The district pays a retirement bonus of $5000 to $15,000 depending on years in District.
+ In 2007, the district employed 270 teachers. As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation.
+ Solanco School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $569.03 per pupil. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. The Pennsylvania School Boards Association collects and maintains statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. According to the association's report, the average salary for a superintendent, for the 2007-08 school year, was $122,165. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union. According to PSBA, the median Superintendent salary rose to over $130,000 in 2011.
+ Per pupil spending In 2008, Solanco School District administration reported that per pupil spending was $10,501 which ranked 437th among Pennsylvania's 501 school districts. By 2010, the per pupil spending had increased to $11,675.56 Among the states, Pennsylvania's total per pupil revenue (including all sources) ranked 11th at $15,023 per student, in 2008-09. In 2007, the Pennsylvania per pupil total expenditures was $12,759. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that Pennsylvania spent $8,191 per pupil in school year 2000-01.
+ Reserves In 2008, the district reported a balance of $1,825,000 in its unreserved-designated fund. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was reported as $3,572,509. In 2010, Solanco School District's administration reported an increase to $3,255,023 in the unreserved-undesignated fund balance. The district reported $1,825,000 in its unreserved-designated fund in 2010. Pennsylvania public school district reserve funds are divided into two categories – designated and undesignated. The undesignated funds are not committed to any planned project. Designated funds and any other funds, such as capital reserves, are allocated to specific projects. School districts are required by state law to keep 5 percent of their annual spending in the undesignated reserve funds to preserve bond ratings. By law the state limits the total unreserved-undesignated fund balance at 8% of the annual budget for school districts that have budgets over $19 million a year. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, from 2003 to 2010, as a whole, Pennsylvania school districts amassed nearly $3 billion in reserved funds.
+ Audit In June 2011, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the Solanco School District. The findings were reported to both the School Board and the district's administration. They found that Solanco School District had taken appropriate corrective action in implementing our recommendations pertaining to conflict of interest transactions, failure to obtain Memorandum of Understanding, failure to file Statements of Financial Interests, certification deficiencies, and unmonitored vendor system access and logical access control weaknesses.
+ Tuition Students who live in the Solanco School District's attendance area may choose to attend one of Pennsylvania's 157 public charter schools. A student living in a neighboring public school district or a foreign exchange student may seek admission to Solanco School District. For these cases, the Pennsylvania Department of Education sets an annual tuition rate for each school district. It is the amount the public school district pays to a charter school for each resident student that attends the charter and it is the amount a nonresident student's parents must pay to attend the district's schools. The 2012 tuition rates are Elementary School - $7,802, High School - $8,203.
+ Solanco School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax 1.65%, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the district. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of the individual's personal wealth. The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.
+ For the 2012-13 school year, the Solanco School District received $9,501,386. The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 included $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which was an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. In addition, the Commonwealth provided $100 million for the Accountability Block Grant (ABG) program. Solanco School District received $150,624 in ABG funding. The state also provided a $544.4 million payment for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS. This amount is a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Since taking office, Corbett's first two budgets have restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.
+ In 2011-12, Solanco School District received a 4.81% or $9,350,762 allocation of state Basic Education Funding. The largest increase among Lancaster County public School was awarded to Lancaster City School District an 8% increase in BEF. Additionally, the Solanco School District received $150,624 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget included $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount was a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011. The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12. In 2010, the district reported that 1,144 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level.
+ In the 2010-11 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided Solanco School District a 4.06% increase in Basic Education Funding (BEF) for a total of $10,068,017. Among the public school districts in Lancaster County, the highest increase went to Conestoga Valley School District which got an 18.51% increase in state BEF. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania public school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even when enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of then Governor Rendell's policy to fund some public school districts at a far greater rate than others.
+ In the 2009-2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 3.47% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $9,675,572. Among the districts in Lancaster County, the highest increase went to Columbia Borough School District which got an 8.61% increase in state BEF monies. Ninety school Pennsylvania public school districts received a 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward G. Rendell and the Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pennsylvania spent $7,824 Per Pupil in the year 2000. This amount increased up to $12,085 by the year 2008.
+ The state Basic Education Funding to Solanco School District in 2008-09 was $9,074,643.66. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 915 district students received free or reduced-price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year.
+ Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students. For 2010-11, the district applied for and received $408,832 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district used the funding to provide full-day kindergarten for 84 students ($286,833), to provide intensive instruction for struggling students ($61,147), to provide teacher training ($30,620) and to focus on subgroups.
+ The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006 to 2009. The Solanco School District did not apply to participate in 2006-07. In 2007-08, Solanco received $427,158. The district received $77,938 in 2008-09 for a total funding of $505,096. In Lancaster County the highest award was given to Lancaster School District - $1,193,377. The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073. In 2010, Classrooms for the Future funding was terminated by Governor Rendell due to a massive state financial crisis.
+ Solanco School District was awarded a $443,069 competitive literacy grant. It is targeted at improving reading skills birth through 12th grade. The district was required to develop a lengthy literacy plan, which included outreach into the community. The funds come from a Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant, also referred to as the Keystones to Opportunity grant It is a five-year, competitive federal grant program designed to assist local education agencies in developing and implementing local comprehensive literacy plans. Of the 329 pre-applications by school districts reviewed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, Solanco School District was one of only 148 entities that were invited to submit a full application. In Lancaster County 4 public school districts were awarded funding for one year, with Manheim Central School District receiving the most - $1 million. The funds must be used for teacher training, student screening and assessment, targeted interventions for students reading below grade level and research-based methods of improving classroom instruction and practice. Districts must hire literacy coaches. The coaches work with classroom teachers to enhance their literacy teaching skills. Pennsylvania was among six other states, out of the 35 that applied, to be awarded funding. Pennsylvania received $38 million through the federal program. The Department of Education reserved 5% of the grant for administration costs at the state level. The top Pennsylvania grant recipient was Pittsburgh School District which was awarded $1,9983,014.
+ Solanco School District did not participate in: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Environmental Education grants, PA Science Its Elementary grants, Education Assistance Grants nor the 21st Century learning grants.
+ Solanco School District received an extra $3,885,572 in American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students. The funding was limited to the 2009–10 and 2010-2011 school years. Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised to use the funds for one-time expenditures like: acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing books and software.
+ Solanco School District officials did not apply for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided nearly one-half million dollars in additional federal funding to improve student academic achievement. Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate. Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of most districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that the Obama administration cited when it decided Pennsylvania was not approved.
+ Property tax rates in 2012-13 were set by the Solanco School Board at 11.2243 mills. A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and government property. Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. When a Pennsylvania public school district includes municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, a state board equalizes the tax rates between the counties. In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders.
+ The average yearly property tax paid by Lancaster County residents amounts to about 4.01% of their yearly income. Lancaster County ranked 231st of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income. According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011. Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%).
+ The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not permitted to raise property taxes above their annual Index unless they either: allow voters to vote by referendum or they receive an exception from the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The base index for the school year is published by the PDE in the fall of each year. Each individual school district's Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as local property values and the personal income of district residents. Originally, Act 1 or 2006 included 10 exceptions: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six exceptions to the Act 1 Index. Several exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate.
+ The School District Adjusted Index for the Solanco School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012.
+ For the 2013-14 budget year, Solanco School Board applied for one exception to exceed the Act 1 Index - teacher pension costs. For 2013-2014, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 89 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full while others received a partial approval of their request. For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit. For the exception for pension costs, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. Eleven districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.
+ For the 2012-13 budget year, Solanco School Board applied for 2 exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index: teacher pension costs and special education costs. For 2012-2013, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit.
+ For the 2011-12 school year, the Solanco School Board applied for several exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index: Maintenance of Selected Revenue Sources, Teacher Pension costs, and Special education costs. Each year, the School Board has the option of adopting either: 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February. A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index. A specific timeline for these decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
+ According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district's index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction.
+ The Solanco School Board applied for two exceptions to exceed the Act 1 index for the budget in 2011: Maintenance of Selected Revenue Sources and teacher pension costs. For the 2009-10 school budget, the board applied for an exception to exceed the Index due to special education costs. In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases.
+ In 2012, Solanco School District approved homestead residents received $79. The amount of property tax relief each school district receives is announced by the PDE in May each year. It is dependent on the amount of tax revenue collected on the casino slots in the previous year. In the district, 7,266 property owners applied for the tax relief. In Lancaster County, the highest tax relief went to Lancaster School District which was set at $425. The highest property tax relief, among Pennsylvania school districts, went to the homesteads of Chester Upland School District of Delaware County which received $632 per approved homestead in 2012. Chester-Upland School District has consistently been the top recipient since the program's inception. The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption.
+ In Pennsylvania, the homestead exclusion reduces the assessed values of homestead properties, reducing the property tax on these homes. The homestead exclusion allows homeowners real property tax relief of up to one half of the median assessed value of homesteads in the taxing jurisdiction (county, school district, city, borough, or township).
+ Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Pennsylvanians aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older. The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650. Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, consequently people who have an income of substantially more than $35,000 may still qualify for a rebate. Individuals must apply annually for the rebate. This tax rebate can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief. In 2012, Pennsylvania Secretary of the Treasury reported issuing more than half a million property tax rebates totaling $238 million. The program is funded by the Pennsylvania Lottery. Property tax rebates are increased by an additional 50 percent for senior households in the state, so long as those households have incomes under $30,000 and pay more than 15% of their income in property taxes.
+ Solanco School District offers a variety of clubs, activities and an extensive and an extensive, costly sports program. Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy and in compliance with standards set by the Pennsylvania interscholastic Athletics Association (PIAA). Member of the Lancaster-Lebanon 2 Sports League.
+ By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students residing in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.
+ The district funds:
+ According to PIAA directory July 2012
+
+= = = Louis Ellies Dupin = = =
+
+ Louis Ellies du Pin, or Dupin (17 June 1657 – 6 June 1719) was a French ecclesiastical historian, who was responsible for the "Nouvelle bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques "
+ Dupin was born at Paris, coming from a noble family of Normandy. His mother, a Vitart, was the niece of Marie des Moulins, grandmother of the poet Jean Racine. When ten years old he entered the college of Harcourt, where he graduated M.A. in 1672. At the age of twenty Dupin accompanied Racine, who made a visit to Nicole for the purpose of becoming reconciled to the gentlemen of Port Royal. But, while not hostile to the Jansenists, Dupin's intellectual attraction was in another direction; he was the disciple of Jean Launoy, a learned critic and a Gallican. He became a pupil of the Sorbonne, and received the degree of B.D. in 1680 and that of D.D. in 1684.
+ About 1684 Dupin conceived the idea of his "Nouvelle bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques ", the first volume of which appeared in 1686. In it he treated simultaneously biography, literary criticism, and the history of dogma; in this he was a pioneer leaving far behind him all previous efforts, Catholic or Protestant, which were still under the influence of the Scholastic method. He was also the first to publish such a collection in a modern language. Unfortunately he was young and worked rapidly. In this way errors crept into his writings and his productions were violently attacked.
+ Mathieu Petit-Didier, a Benedictine monk, published an anonymous volume of "Remarques sur la bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques de M. Du Pin" (Paris, 1691), and this was followed by two other volumes to which the author's name was appended (Paris, 1692 and 1696). Dupin answered him in his fifth volume and Petit-Didier responded in the opening part of his second volume of "Remarques". Petit-Didier's observations often seem inspired by prejudices of his time. Thus Dupin had placed St. Macarius the Egyptian in the 4th century, to which indeed he rightly belongs. Having discovered Semipelagianism in this author's works, Petit-Didier concluded that Macarius should come after Pelagius and St. Augustine (II, 198). In reality similar ideas had been professed by many before St. Augustine's time.
+ A more formidable enemy appeared in Bossuet, who, during a public thesis at the Collège de Navarre in 1692, condemned Dupin's audacity. Dupin answered him and Bossuet appealed to the civil authority, denouncing Dupin to the Chancellor of France, Louis Boucherat and to Archbishop de Harlay of Paris. Bossuet simply enumerated the points in the "Bibliothèque" of which he disapproved. These concerned original sin, purgatory, the canonicity of the Sacred Scriptures, the eternity of hell's torments, the veneration of saints and of their relics, the adoration of the Cross, grace, the pope and the bishops, Lent, divorce, the celibacy of the clergy, tradition, the Eucharist, the theology of the Trinity, and the Council of Nicæa. He demanded a censure and a retractation.
+ Like Petit-Didier, Bossuet would not admit that any of the Greek or Latin Fathers differed from St. Augustine on the subject of grace, nor that this matter could be called subtle, delicate, and abstract. Between Dupin and Bossuet there was a still wider difference and Bossuet wrote, "The liberty M. Dupin takes of so harshly condemning the greatest men of the Church should, in general, not be tolerated". On the other hand, Bossuet strongly contended that heretics could not be too severely dealt with: "It is dangerous to call attention to passages that manifest the firmness of these people without also indicating wherein this firmness has been overrated: otherwise they are credited with a moral steadfastness which elicits sympathy and leads to their being excused". Dupin submitted, but was nevertheless condemned by the Archbishop of Paris (14 April 1696).
+ Dupin continued his "Bibliothèque", which was put on the "Index" long after his death (10 May 1757), though other works of his were condemned at an earlier date. He was also criticized by Richard Simon, though the two had similar views and employed similar methods so that when Bossuet was writing the "Défense de la Tradition et des Saints Pères" (which did not appear, however, until 1743), he included both in his invectives against the "haughty critics" who inclined to rabbinism and the errors of Socinus. Although Dupin spoke favourably of Arnauld and signed the "Cas de conscience", he was not a Jansenist. Rather, on these matters he shared the opinions of Launoy, who "had found a way to be at once both demi-Pelagian and Jansenist".
+ Dupin was pre-eminently a Gallican. It was probably on this account that Louis XIV had him exiled to Châtellerault, on the occasion of the "Cas de conscience". Dupin retracted and returned, but his chair in the College of France was irretrievably lost. Later Dubois, who aspired to the cardinalate and sought therefore the favour of Rome, made similar accusations against Dupin.
+ In 1718 he entered into a correspondence with William Wake, archbishop of Canterbury, with a view to a union of the English and Gallican churches; being suspected of projecting a change in the dogmas of the church, his papers were seized in February 1719, but nothing incriminating was found. The same zeal for union induced him, during the residence of Peter the Great in France, and at that monarch's request, to draw up a plan for uniting the Greek and Roman churches. He died at Paris on 6 June 1719.
+ Etienne Jordan, a contemporary who saw him, said: in "the morning he would grow pale over books and in the afternoon over cards in the pleasant company of ladies. His library and adjoining apartment were marvellously well kept."
+ Du Pin was a voluminous author. Besides the "Nouvelle bibliothèque ecclésiastique" (58 vols. 8vo with tables), the "Remarques" by Petit-Didier, and the "Critique" by R. Simon reprinted in Holland (19 vols. 4to). It was translated into English and annotated by William Wotton in 13 vols. 1692-9. Dupin edited the works of Gerson (Paris, 1703), Optatus of Mileve (Paris, 1700), the Psalms with annotations (1691), and published "Notes sur le Pentateuque" (1701), an abridgment of "L'histoire de l'Eglise" (1712), "L'histoire profane" (1714–1716), "L'histoire d'Apollonius de Tyane" (1705, under the name of M. de Clairac), a "Traité de la puissance ecclésiastique et temporelle", a commentary on the Four Articles of the clergy of France (1707), the "Bibliothèque universelle des historiens" (1716), numerous works and articles on theology, reprints of former works, etc. Dupin was no pedant.
+
+= = = Tailstrike = = =
+
+ In aviation, a tailstrike or tail strike occurs when the tail or empennage of an aircraft strikes the ground or other stationary object. This can happen with a fixed-wing aircraft with tricycle undercarriage, in both takeoff where the pilot rotates the nose up too rapidly, or in landing where the pilot raises the nose too sharply during final approach, often in attempting to land too near the runway threshold. It can also happen during helicopter operations close to the ground, when the tail inadvertently strikes an obstacle.
+ A minor tailstrike incident may not be dangerous in itself, but the aircraft may still be weakened and must be thoroughly inspected and repaired if a more disastrous accident is to be avoided later in its operating life.
+ Fixed-wing aircraft with a conventional tail and tricycle undercarriage are vulnerable to tailstrike. Those which require a high angle of attack on takeoff or landing are especially so. They may be fitted with a protection device such as a small tailwheel (Concorde and the Saab Draken), tailskid (Diamond DA20), or reinforced tail bumper. The device may be fixed or retractable.
+ Tailstrike incidents are rarely dangerous in themselves, but the aircraft must be thoroughly inspected and repairs may be difficult and expensive if the pressure hull is involved. Inadequate inspections and improper repairs to damaged airframes after a tailstrike have been known to cause catastrophic structural failure long after the tailstrike incident following multiple pressurization cycles.
+
+= = = Italian Minister of Public Education = = =
+
+ Below is a list of Italian Ministers of Public Education since the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946. The list shows also the ministers that served under the same office but with other names, in fact this Ministry has changed name many times.
+ The Minister of Public Education leads the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research.
+
+= = = Dot Richardson = = =
+
+ Dorothy Gay Richardson (born September 22, 1961 in Orlando, Florida) is an American physician and former two-time medal-winning Olympian, right-handed softball player at shortstop. Richardson played her collegiate career with the UCLA Bruins and won the first NCAA Division I National Championship in 1982. She is currently the head softball coach of the Liberty University softball team called Lady Flames. She is a USA Softball Hall of Fame honoree.
+ Richardson attended Western Illinois University for one year and the University of California Los Angeles for four years. Richardson has a master's degree in exercise physiology and health from Adelphi University in Garden City, New York. She attended the University of Louisville School of Medicine and received an M.D. degree in 1993. She then entered her five-year orthopedic residency program at the University of Southern California. She took a one-year leave of absence to participate in the 1996 Olympic Games, where she and her teammates captured the first ever Olympic Gold Medal in the sport of Softball. Between 1999 and 2000, she did a fellowship in sports medicine at the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Clinic in Los Angeles.
+ Dot began her softball young career in 1972 playing for the Union Park Jets in Orlando. In early 1975, at the age of 13, Dot was a member of the Orlando Rebels in the ASA (Amateur Softball Association of America), She became the youngest player ever to play in the ASA Women's Major Fast-Pitch National Championships. After graduating from Colonial High School in Orlando, Richardson played for Western Illinois, before transferring to UCLA, where she played for the UCLA Bruins from 1980 to 1984. While there she helped the Bruins win their first NCAA championship in 1982.
+ After college Dot played professionally, starting her career in Orlando with the Florida Rebels. She then joined the Raybestos Brakettes of Stratford, Connecticut in 1984, where she remained until 1994. She ended her professional career with the California Commotion of Woodland Hills, California.
+ Richardson was a key part of the United States national team that won the gold medal during the sport's Olympic debut in 1996 hitting the home run that won the game. She was also part of the 2000 gold medal winning team in Sydney. After her win at the Olympics, she continued with her career as an orthopedic surgeon. Dot Richardson was Executive Director and Medical Director of the National Training Center until 2012. She is the head softball coach at Liberty University, in Lynchburg, Virginia. Richardson now serves as a board chair for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes Softball Ministry, where her husband Bob Pinto is the national director.
+ Richardson was named as the head softball coach at Liberty University on July 17, 2013. The Flames have shown improvement in each of Richardson's first five seasons. After an 11-46 record her first season in 2014, Liberty won 29 games in 2015. Richardson then posted her first winning record in 2016 and followed that year with two straight regular season Big South titles in 2017 and 2018 with 45+ wins in both seasons, winning the Big South conference tournament in 2018 and receiving a regional automatic qualifying spot to play at South Carolina. Richardson also coached the Flames to the NISC postseason tournament title in 2017.
+ Richardson is the recipient of the 1998 Sports Legends Award, the 1997 Babe Zaharias Award (Female Athlete of the Year), the 1996 Amateur Athletic Foundation Athlete of the Year, inducted into the UCLA Hall of Fame in 1996, Nuprin Comeback of the Year Award in 1990, four-time Sullivan Award nominee and inducted into the Florida State Hall of Fame in 1999. Her college honors include NCAA Player of the Decade (1980s), three-time NCAA All-American, two-time AIAW All-American, three-time UCLA MVP and 1983 All University Award at UCLA. She was named MVP in the Women's Major Fast Pitch National Championship four times. She is an inductee of the National Softball Hall of Fame.
+
+= = = National Mining Association = = =
+
+ The National Mining Association (NMA) is a United States trade organization that lists itself as the voice of the mining industry in Washington, D.C. NMA was formed in 1995, and has more than 300 corporate members.
+ The National Mining Association was created in 1995. The organization was formed through the merger of the National Coal Association (NCA) and the American Mining Congress (AMC). These two organizations had represented the mining industry since 1897 (AMC) and 1917 (NCA).
+ The NMA's mission is "to create and maintain a broad base of political support for the mining industry and to help the nation realize the economic and national security benefits of America's domestic mining capability."
+ The objective of the NMA is "to engage in and influence the public policy process on the most significant and timely issues that impact our ability to locate, permit, mine, process, transport and utilize the nation's vast coal and mineral resources."
+ The NMA serves its membership through the following actions:
+
+= = = Charles R. Buckalew = = =
+
+ Charles Rollin Buckalew (December 28, 1821May 19, 1899) was an American lawyer and politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 16th district from 1851 to 1854 and 1859 to 1860. He also served in the Pennsylvania Senate for the 13th district from 1858 to 1861 and as Minister Resident for Ecuador from 1858 to 1861. He served as a U.S. Senator for Pennsylvania from 1863 to 1869, a U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 11th district from 1887 to 1889 and a U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania's 17th district from 1889 to 1891.
+ Buckalew was born in Fishing Creek Township, Pennsylvania on December 28, 1821 to John McKinney Sr. and Martha Funston Buckalew. He was a graduate of Harford Academy, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1843.
+ Buckalew was the most influential early advocate of proportional representation in the United States. His proposals for a type of voting system known as cumulative voting gained significant support in Congress, and he played a central role in the adoption of cumulative voting in several places, including Illinois for state legislative elections in 1870, a system that lasted in that state until 1980.
+ Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the U.S. Senate in 1863. In a number of speeches, notably in the Senate on July 11, 1867; at a large public meeting in Philadelphia in November of the same year; before the Social Science Association at Philadelphia in October 1870; and in the Senate of Pennsylvania on March 27, 1871; as well as in the report of the Select Committee on Representative Reform of the United States Senate, of which be was chairman, Buckalew argued persuasively for the use of cumulative voting in the election of representatives in Congress, state legislatures, town councils and other bodies.
+ Buckalew's bill in the Senate would have allowed all the electors of a state to have the number of votes equal to the number of house of representatives members to be elected from that state. The voter could give all his votes to one candidate, or distribute them in any fashion, equally or unequally, among candidates. The candidates with the highest number of votes would be elected.
+ In addition to serving in Congress and the Pennsylvania state legislature, Buckalew was commissioner to exchange ratifications of a treaty with Paraguay in 1854; chairman of the Democratic State committee in 1857; appointed one of the commissioners to revise the penal code of Pennsylvania in 1857; Minister Resident to the Republic of Ecuador 1858-1861; unsuccessful candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1872; and a delegate to the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 1873.
+ He resumed the practice of law when he left Congress in 1891, age 69, in Bloomsburg, Columbia County, where he died on May 19, 1899. He is interred in Rosemont Cemetery in Bloomsburg.
+ Buckalew's writings and speeches on cumulative voting were collected in an 1872 book titled "Proportional Representation". 1872, Philadelphia, J. Campbell & Son.
+ Retrieved on 2009-04-01
+
+= = = Otahuhu = = =
+
+ Otahuhu () is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand - to the southeast of the CBD, on a narrow isthmus between an arm of the Manukau Harbour to the west and the Tamaki River estuary to the east. The isthmus is the narrowest connection between the North Auckland Peninsula and the rest of the North Island, being only some wide at its narrowest point, between the Otahuhu Creek and the Mangere Inlet. As the southernmost suburb of the former Auckland City, it is considered part of South Auckland.
+ The suburb's name is taken from the Māori-language name of a volcanic cone also known as Mount Richmond. The name refers to "the place of Tāhuhu"—an ancestor, Tāhuhu-nui-a-Rangi, who settled the area. In colloquial speech, locals sometimes shorten the name to "Otahu".
+ The suburb was established in 1847 as a fencible settlement, where soldiers were given land with the implied understanding that in wartime, they would be raised as units to defend it (however, the eventual fighting a decade later used professional soldiers instead). Most early features from this time have disappeared, however, such as a stone bridge built by the fencibles that had to make way to a widening of Great South Road.
+ Otahuhu was home to the country's first supermarket, and Otahuhu College, to which several famous personalities went, including heavyweight boxing champion David Tua, former prime minister David Lange, and ex-Manukau City Mayor, Sir Barry Curtis.
+ Otahuhu had a local government just like other suburbs of Auckland at that time. The local government was called Otahuhu Borough Council, which started in 1912 and merged into Auckland City Council in 1985, eventually amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.
+ Otahuhu, in its position on a narrow section of the Auckland isthmus, is an important part of Auckland's southern transportation approaches for both road and rail, containing a combined bus interchange and Otahuhu railway station. The new bus-train interchange opened on 29 October 2016 as a joint Auckland Transport and New Zealand Transport Agency initiative costing NZ$28M.
+ ""The station is at the heart of the Southern New Network", said Auckland Transport’s Chief AT Metro Officer, Mark Lambert. “Auckland is moving towards a more connected network of local feeder services connecting with frequent bus and train services. Bus and train transport hubs like Otahuhu are at the heart of this transformation.""
+ The old bus interchange, which was badly neglected, and had received increased attention from early 2011 on for vandalism/graffiti prevention measures is now closed and a smaller bus stop has been installed on the main road near the town centre.
+ The importance for transportation extended to pre-European times. The aptly named Portage Road runs across the isthmus in Otahuhu and was used by Māori to move their waka (canoes) between the Manukau and Waitemata harbours for raids and trading. In fact, the area, also known as "Te Tō Waka", was considered the most important portage of all of New Zealand.
+ Otahuhu nowadays is synonymous with industry and along with its neighbouring suburbs Favona, Mangere East, Mt Wellington, Penrose and Westfield forms an industrial conglomerate zone that spans much of the Mangere Inlet. The community and town centre flourishes as the crossroad to Central and South Auckland and is home to a sizable Pacific Island populace.
+ Otahuhu is home to the Otahuhu Rugby Football Club and the Otahuhu Leopards rugby league club.
+
+= = = Mariano Jesús Cuenco = = =
+
+ Mariano Jesús Diosomito Cuenco (January 16, 1888 – February 25, 1964) was a Filipino Cebuano politician and writer.
+ Cuenco was born in Carmen, Cebu on January 16, 1888, to Mariano Albao Cuenco (1861–1909) and Remedios López Diosomito. He studied at the Colegio de San Carlos of Cebu, where he graduated in 1904 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He finished law in 1911 at the Escuela de Derecho (later became the Manila Law School) and passed the bar examinations in 1913.
+ Cuenco entered politics in 1912 when he was elected to the Philippine Assembly representing the fifth district of Cebu. He was re-elected from 1916 to 1928. He ran for the governorship of Cebu in 1931 and became the President of the League of Provincial Governors of the Philippines. In 1934, he was elected delegate to the Constitutional Convention where he was chosen floor leader. Cuenco was Secretary of Public Works and Communications from 1936 to 1939. He was also appointed Acting Secretary of the agriculture, commerce and labor departments while serving as Secretary of Public Works and Communications in 1938.
+ In 1941, Cuenco was elected Senator of the Philippines but the onset of the Second World War prevented that Senate from going into session. After the Japanese Occupation, Cuenco was reelected to the Senate in 1946. From 1949 to 1951, he served as Senate President and Chairman of the Commission on Appointments. His term paved the way for many reforms and his significant contributions resulted in a more efficient legislative body.
+ As a member of the Liberal Party of incumbent President Elpidio Quirino, Senate President Cuenco was defeated in his bid for reelection in the Nacionalista Party shut-out during the 1951 Philippine general election. He ran and regained his seat as a Senator once again in 1953 and 1959. He continued serving in the Philippine Senate until his death in office in 1964.
+ Cuenco was also known as a prolific writer. He was the publisher of the Spanish–language newspaper "El Precursor" of Cebu, a newspaper which ran from 1907 until the eve of World War II. In 1947, he founded "The Republic". In 1926, he became a member of the Academia Filipina Correspondiente de la Real Española de la Lengua. He was honored by the Spanish government with the decoration Gran Cruz de Isabela la Catolica and by the Holy See with the decoration "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice".
+ Cuenco also wrote in Visayan. "Ang Republikang Pilipinhon", "Codigo" and "Roma" are among his works. His pen name was "Lauro Katindog."
+ He was married twice, first to Filomena Alesna, and years after she died, to Rosa Cayetano.
+ Cuenco died on February 25, 1964 at the age of 76. The funeral service was held in Manila North Cemetery, in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
+
+= = = José Águas = = =
+
+ José Pinto de Carvalho Santos Águas (; 9 November 1930 – 10 December 2000) was a Portuguese footballer who played as a striker.
+ He enjoyed a lengthy professional spell with Benfica, never scoring less than 18 goals in 12 of his 13 first division seasons. A prolific goalscorer, Águas was nicknamed "Cabeça de Ouro" ("Golden Head") because of his header skills.
+ Born in Luanda, Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Empire from a white colonial family, Águas started his footballing career with local team Lusitano do Lobito, before moving to S.L. Benfica in 1950 where he gained legendary status.
+ With Benfica he won the Primeira Liga five times (1955, 1957, 1960, 1961 and 1963) and the domestic cup seven, also being crowned national league's top scorer on five occasions. In the years previous to Eusébio's explosion he was also instrumental in the club's back-to-back European Cup conquests, in 1961 against FC Barcelona (3–2), and the next season against Real Madrid (5–3), scoring his team's first goal on both occasions and being club captain; he failed to complete a hat-trick of wins in the competition after the 1–2 defeat to A.C. Milan in the 1963 final (he did not play).
+ After leaving Benfica, Águas, aged 33, played one more season for FK Austria Wien, retiring the next summer. He died in Lisbon, at the age of 70.
+Águas made his debut for Portugal on 23 November 1952, in a 1–1 draw with Austria, and went on to gain a total of 25 caps while scoring 11 times. His last appearance was on 17 May 1962, a 1–2 defeat against Belgium.
+Águas' son, Rui, was also a footballer and a striker. He too represented Benfica and the national team, as well as FC Porto.
+ His daughter, Helena Maria, known as Lena d'Água, had a career in pop music as a singer.
+ Benfica
+ Marítimo
+ Atlético
+
+= = = Nihilist Spasm Band = = =
+
+ The Nihilist Spasm Band (NSB) is a Canadian noise band formed in 1965 in London, Ontario. The band was founded by Hugh McIntyre, John Clement, John Boyle, Bill Exley, Murray Favro, Archie Leitch, Art Pratten, and Greg Curnoe. Leitch has since retired, Curnoe was killed in a bicycle accident in 1992, and McIntyre died of heart failure in 2004. The band members are mostly local artists. They were one of the artists named on the Nurse with Wound list
+ The term "spasm band" refers to a band that uses homemade instruments. Indeed, most of the NSB's instruments are modifications of other instruments, or wholly invented by the members. In addition to the homemade instruments, members are encouraged to improvise. The range of the improvisation is such that instruments are not tuned to each other, tempos and time signatures are not imposed, and the members push the ranges of their instrumentation by engaging in constant innovation and ever-increasing volume over the course of a performance.
+ Zev Asher's documentary film "What About Me: The Rise of The Nihilist Spasm Band" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2000. Drawing from the inspiration of finding a copy of the Nihilist Spasm Band's first L.P. "No Canada" in the pile of 1970's ephemera in his family's basement; the documentary explores the legacy of the NSB as Canadian noise music pioneers.
+
+= = = Double consciousness = = =
+
+ Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society. It was coined by W. E. B. Du Bois with reference to African American "double consciousness", including his own, and published in the autoethnographic work, "The Souls of Black Folk". The term originally referred to the psychological challenge of "always looking at one's self through the eyes" of a racist white society, and "measuring oneself by the means of a nation that looked back in contempt". The term also referred to Du Bois's experiences of reconciling his African heritage with an upbringing in a European-dominated society. The term has since been applied to numerous situations of social inequality, notably women living in patriarchal societies.
+ The term originated from an article of Du Bois's titled "Strivings of the Negro People", published in the August 1897 issue of the "Atlantic Monthly". It was later republished and slightly edited under the title "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" in his book, "The Souls of Black Folk". Du Bois describes double consciousness as follows:
+ The idea of double consciousness was important because it illuminated the experiences of black folks living in a world post-slavery, and it set a framework for understanding the positionality of oppressed people in an oppressive world. As a result, it became used to explain the dynamics of gender, colonialism, xenophobia and more alongside race. This theory laid a strong foundation for other critical theorists to expand upon.
+ Paul Gilroy used theories of culture and race to the study and construction of African American intellectual history. He is known especially for marking a turning point in the study of the African diasporas. His book "The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness" (1993) introduces the "black Atlantic" as a source for cultural construction. Gilroy pioneers a shift in contemporary black studies by arguing for a rejection of the notion of a homogeneous nation-state based nationality in favor of analyzing "the Atlantic as one single, complex unit of analysis in their discussions of the modern world and use it to produce an explicitly transnational and intercultural perspective". He based this on the Atlantic slave trade and marked it as the foundation for the diaspora. He recognized the significance of European and African transnational travel as a foundation for double consciousness. Gilroy used Du Bois's theory of double consciousness to suggest there exists an internal struggle to reconcile being both European and Black, which was his main focus in his book. He even characterized the black Atlantic by the influence of slave trade "routes" on black identity. He aimed to unify black culture with the connection to the homeland as well the cultural exchanges that occurred afterward. He was also influential in the political black British movement, in which he popularized his theories.
+ Gilroy argues that occupying the space between these two dialectal subjectivities is "viewed as a provocative and even oppositional act of political insubordination". This means that for black people across diaspora, thinking of the duality in their identity as one is almost paradoxical and conceptualizing and actualizing this is a move of symbolic resistance in modernity.
+ Very similarly to Du Bois, Frantz Fanon touched upon the term of double consciousness in his life. In his first book, "Black Skin, White Masks", where he expressed his hopelessness at being neither white nor black. Fanon identifies the double consciousness that African Americans face and its source; he claimed the cultural and social confusions of African Americans were caused by European culture. He gave examples of things that he has encountered that demonstrate the double consciousness. He talks about people who preach about completely conforming to being white and says that they are wrong. He also says that the people who believe that complete rejection of whites are also wrong.
+ He then proceeds to talk about why the African American adopts cultures that are so strange to him. He talks about how when an African American leaves for Europe, they come back speaking a language different from their own. He also talks about how African, mostly the wealthiest, tend to have insecurities of not being European enough because they are African. This manifests in buying European furniture and buying European clothes.
+ In addition to this he talks about the way white men talk to African Americans and how it contributes to this problem of double consciousness. He says that when a white man talks to an African American man he is changing his language to a way in which a stereotypical black man would talk, similarly to how one would talk to a child, with different language sophistication and slang. He says that this angers the African American because he feels as though he has been categorized and imprisoned into a box from which he cannot escape due to this judgement. He gives an example of a film where this stereotype is portrayed and then talks about how African Americans need to be educated to not follow the stereotypes displayed by white culture.
+ Stephen Greenblatt also uses it to describe the peculiar quality of Shakespeare's consciousness in his biography of the bard, "Will in the World" (2004).
+ Within the last fifteen years, Du Bois's theory of double consciousness has been revisited to develop a more inclusive concept of triple consciousness. This triple consciousness may include another intersecting identity that impacts someone's social experiences. Additional identities that may affect the already present double consciousness experience might include ethnicity or gender. For example, Juan Flores identified ethnicity as a potential aspect that influences double consciousness by speculating Afro-Latinos in the U.S. experienced an added layer discrimination that combined skin color with ethnicity and nationality. Anna Julia Cooper similarly references the intersectionality of race and gender within her work "A Voice from the South" where she states: "Only the black woman can say 'when and where I enter, in the quiet, undisputed dignity of my womanhood, without violence and without suing or special patronage, then and there the whole ... race enters with me". Finally, Jossianna Arroyo explains that triple consciousness brings "spaces, culture, and skin ... [to] recontextualize blackness" in the case of black Puerto Ricans.
+ Just like any other thought in critical race analysis, double consciousness theory cannot be divorced from gender. This is where black feminists have introduced their concept of the triple consciousness. Black women not only have to see themselves through the lens of blackness and whiteness, but also through the lens of patriarchy. Whenever they are in black spaces, women still have to situate themselves in the context of patriarchy. Whenever that they are in fem spaces, they must still situate themselves in the context of their blackness. Deborah Gray White puts it best when she writes, "African American women are confronted with an impossible task. If she is rescued from the myth of the negro, the myth of the woman traps her. If she escapes the myth of the women, the myth of the negro still ensnares her".
+ Among the double burdens that feminists faced was fighting for women's rights as well as rights for people of color. Frances M. Beale wrote that the situation of black women was full of misconceptions and distortions of the truth. In her pamphlet "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female", she claimed that capitalism was the direct forebearer of racism because the system was indirectly a way to destroy the humanity of black people.
+ "In any society where men are not yet free, women are less free because we are further enslaved because we [African American women] are enslaved by our sex." Many African American women turned towards feminism in their fight against oppression because "there was an awareness that they were being treated as second-class citizens within the Civil Rights movement of the 60's." Due to this many women felt that they were being asked to choose between "a Black movement that primarily served the interest of Black male patriarchs and a women's movement which primarily served the interests of racist white women."
+ The theory of double consciousness is also heavily present for female diasporic artists. These artists are faced with the task of remaining authentic to their roots while still branding themselves in a way to allow international and mainstream popularity. In the music industry women of color are often stereotyped as being hyper-sexual and aggressive; which in some cases helps their branding and in other cases it hurts their branding and the identity they have attempted to create for themselves. Due to this diasporic female artists are often forced to privilege certain self markers and conceal others depending on the situation; often making them feel as if they can never create one true identity for themselves but must rather change depending on the circumstances present.
+ The first portion of Black Power labeled "White Power" by Kwame Ture (formerly known as Stokely Carmichael) and Charles V. Hamilton provides evidence backing up the ideology of double consciousness in regards to black people in the United States. The book opens up by defining racism as "the predication of decisions and policies on considerations of race for the purpose of subordinating a racial group and maintaining control over that group" (Hamilton & Ture, 3). Therefore the subordinating group, black people, must think of themselves in terms of the oppressive population, white. Individual racism and institutional racism both contribute to double consciousness. On an individual level double consciousness is practiced within every day interactions and on an institutional level it impacts how black people function throughout society. "Black People are legal citizens of the United States with, for the most part, the same legal rights as other citizens. Yet they stand as colonial subjects in relations to the with society." Therefore, while the black population in the United States are essentially equal to whites under written law, there remains deeply rooted inequities between the races and therefore reinforce double consciousness. Because these differences are not evident under the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they are an experience.
+ Even though the framework of double consciousness can be applied to Diaspora and Transnationality, it is important to understand that the nuances of racial dynamics differ from nation to nation. As Tina Campt notes in "Other Germans: Black Germans and the Politics of Race, Gender, and Memory in the Third Reich," the tension for Afro-German who "came of age during the totalitarian regime of the Third Reich ... was not necessarily experienced as one of absolute duality or 'twoness.' Rather, it was a contradictory and complexly textured form of identity". Due to the absence of a presence of a Black community in Germany, along with other European nations, "most Afro-Germans did not have the option of choosing between a Black community or identity and a German identity". They were essentially forced to "occupy a position between a conception of German identity that excluded blackness and a conception of blackness that precluded any identification with Germanness". This means that for them, the psychological dilemmas that come with double consciousness is even more profound. For Black Germans in the early 20th century, there was no stable idea or community of blackness for them to identify, or partly, with. They were constantly subject to the white gaze and had no stable line of flight away from white civil society.
+
+= = = Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization = = =
+
+ Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is an ionization method used in mass spectrometry which utilizes gas-phase ion-molecule reactions at atmospheric pressure (10 Pa), commonly coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). APCI is a soft ionization method similar to chemical ionization where primary ions are produced on a solvent spray. The main usage of APCI is for polar and relatively less polar thermally stable compounds with molecular weight less than 1500 Da. The application of APCI with HPLC has gained a large popularity in trace analysis detection such as steroids, pesticides and also in pharmacology for drug metabolites.
+ A typical APCI usually consists of three main parts: a nebulizer probe which can be heated to 350-500C, an ionization region with a corona discharge needle, and an ion-transfer region under intermediate pressure. The analyte in solution is introduced from a direct inlet probe or a liquid chromatography (LC) eluate into a pneumatic nebulizer with a flow rate 0.2–2.0mL/min. In the heated nebulizer, the analyte coaxially flows with nebulizer N gas to produce a mist of fine droplets. By the combination effects of heat and gas flow, the emerged mist is converted into a gas stream. Once the gas stream arrives in the ionization region under atmospheric pressure, molecules are ionized at corona discharge which is 2 to 3 kV potential different to the exit counter-electrode. Sample ions then pass through a small orifice skimmer into the ion-transfer region. Ions may be transported through additional skimmer or ion-focusing lenses into a mass analyzer for subsequent mass analysis.
+ Ionization in the gas phase by APCI follows the sequences: sample in solution, sample vapor, and sample ions. The effluent from the HPLC is evaporated completely. The mixture of solvent and sample vapor is then ionized by ion-molecule reaction.
+ The ionization can either be carried out in positive or negative ionization mode. In the positive mode, the relative proton affinities of the reactant ions and the gaseous analyte molecules allow either proton transfer or adduction of reactant gas ions to produce the ions [M+H] of the molecular species. In the negative mode, [M−H] ions are produced by either proton abstraction, or [M+X] ions are produced by anion attachment. Most work on the APCI-MS analysis has been in positive mode.
+ In the positive mode, when the discharge current of corona discharge is 1-5 μA on the nebulized solvent, N gas molecules are excited and ionized, which produce N. The evaporated mobile phase of LC acts as the ionization gas and reactant ions. If water is the only solvent in the evaporated mobile phase, the excited nitrogen molecular ions N would react with HO molecules to produce water cluster ions H(HO). Then, analyte molecules M are protonated by the water cluster ions. Finally, the ionization products MH(HO) transfer out from the atmospheric-pressure ion source. Declustering (removal of water molecules from the protonated analyte molecule) of MH(HO) takes place at the high vacuum of the mass analyzer. The analyte molecule ions detected by MS are [M+H]. The chemical reactions of ionization process are shown below.
+ Primary and secondary reagent ion formation in a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of water:
+ Ionization of product ions:
+ Declustering in the high vacuum of the mass analyzer:
+ If the mobile phase contains solvents with a higher proton affinity than water, proton-transfer reactions take place that lead to protonated the solvent with higher proton affinity. For example, when methanol solvent is present, the cluster solvent ions would be CHOH(HO)(CHOH). Fragmentation does not normally occur inside the APCI source. If a fragment ion of a sample is observed, thermal degradation has taken place by the heated nebulizer interface, followed by the ionization of the decomposition products.
+ In a major distinction from chemical ionization, the electrons needed for the primary ionization are not produced by a heated filament, as a heated filament cannot be used under atmospheric pressure conditions. Instead, the ionization must occur using either corona discharges or β- particle emitters, which are both electron sources capable of handling the presence of corrosive or oxidizing gases.
+ The first atmospheric pressure ionization source was developed by Horning, Carroll and their co-works in the 1970s at the Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX). Initially, Ni foil was used as a source of electrons to perform ionization. Latterly in 1975, corona discharge electrode was developed, which had a larger dynamic response range. APCI with the corona discharge electrode became the model for modern commercially available APCI interfaces.
+ APCI was applied to GC/MS and LC/MS also by Horning's group in 1975. Analyte in LC eluate was vaporized and ionized in a heated block. High sensitivity and simple mass spectra were obtained through this application. In the later decades, the coupling of APCI with LC/MS became famous and caught a lot attention. The introduction of APCI and LC-MS had expanded dramatically the role of mass spectrometry in the pharmaceutical industry in the area of drug development. The sensitivity of APCI combined with the sensitivity and specificity of LC/MS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) makes it the method of choice for the quantification of drugs and drug metabolites.
+ Ionization of the substrate is very efficient as it occurs at atmospheric pressure, and thus has a high collision frequency. Additionally, APCI considerably reduces the thermal decomposition of the analyte because of the rapid desolvation and vaporization of the droplets in the initial stages of the ionization. This combination of factors most typically results in the production of ions of the molecular species with fewer fragmentations than many other ionization methods, making it a soft ionization method.
+ Another advantage to using APCI over other ionization methods is that it allows for the high flow rates typical of standard bore HPLC (0.2-2.0mL/min) to be used directly, often without diverting the larger fraction of volume to waste. Additionally, APCI can often be performed in a modified ESI source. The ionization occurs in the gas phase, unlike ESI, where the ionization occurs in the liquid phase. A potential advantage of APCI is that it is possible to use a nonpolar solvent as a mobile phase solution, instead of a polar solvent, because the solvent and molecules of interest are converted to a gaseous state before reaching the corona discharge needle. Because of APCI involves a gas-phase chemistry, there is no need to use special conditions such as solvents, conductivity, pH for LC. APCI appeared to be more versatile LC/MS interface and more compatible with reversed-phase LC than ESI.
+ APCI is suited for thermal stable samples with low to medium (less than 1500Da) molecular weight, and medium to high polarity. The application area of APCI is the analysis of drugs, nonpolar lipids, natural compounds, pesticides and various organic compounds, but limited to the analysis of biopolymers, organometallics, ionic compounds and other labile analytes.
+
+= = = Murray Costello = = =
+
+ James Murray Costello (born February 24, 1934) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player, executive, administrator, and builder, who dedicated a lifetime to the advancement of ice hockey in Canada. He played four seasons in the National Hockey League, and was the younger brother of Les Costello. He was a lawyer by trade, and was president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association from 1979 to 1994, then and its successor Hockey Canada from 1994 to 1998, when he facilitated the merger of the two organizations. Costello helped establish the program of excellence for the Canada men's national junior ice hockey team, and oversaw the foundation of the Canada women's national ice hockey team, and the inaugural 1990 IIHF Women's World Championship. In addition to his work on Canadian national hockey, he spent 15 seasons as an executive in the Western Hockey League, and another 14 years as an International Ice Hockey Federation council member. Costello is inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the IIHF Hall of Fame, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and is an Officer of the Order of Canada, and a recipient of the Order of Hockey in Canada.
+ Costello was noticed by scouts as a teen and was convinced by his older brother Les, to enrol at St. Michael's College School, to play hockey to pay for his education. He played three seasons of junior ice hockey with the Toronto St. Michael's Majors in the Ontario Hockey Association, reaching the J. Ross Robertson Cup finals in the 1952–53 OHA season. Costello was signed by the Chicago Black Hawks in 1953, and was assigned to their affiliate team, the Galt Black Hawks, for the 1953–54 OHA season. Costello made his professional debut in the 1953–54 NHL season, playing 40 games with Chicago. He finished the season with the Hershey Bears in the American Hockey League, reaching the Calder Cup finals in the 1953–54 AHL season. He was traded to the Boston Bruins for Frank Martin, on October 4, 1954. Costello played 54 games for the Bruins in the 1954–55 NHL season, and 41 games in the 1955–56 NHL season, when he and Lorne Ferguson were traded to the Detroit Red Wings, in exchange for Real Chevrefils and Jerry Toppazzini on January 17, 1956. After 27 games for Detroit without any points, Costello was sent down to the Edmonton Flyers early in the following season, where he finished his professional career. He played 162 games in four seasons in the NHL, and scored 13 goals, 19 assists, and 32 points. Costello felt that he had the skills to play in the NHL, but not "the mindset to be an NHL player, the way they sacrificed their bodies.” Costello finished his playing career with the Windsor Bulldogs in OHA senior hockey, while he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Assumption University in 1959.
+ After graduation, Costello moved to Seattle, working as the marketing director of the Seattle Totems, and stayed for 15 years. He later became publicity director for the Western Hockey League itself. Costello rose up the ranks to become director of hockey operations for the Totems, and his team won consecutive Lester Patrick Cup championships in 1967, and 1968. He moved to Ottawa in 1973, did contract work with the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association teaching and working on coaching certification programs, worked as a scout for the Phoenix Roadrunners, and studied at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law. He completed his law degree in 1977, then worked in the legal department of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, and later as an arbitrator for the World Hockey Association Players’ Association. Costello was formally called to the bar on April 9, 1979.
+ Costello was recruited to become the first paid staff to lead the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) in 1979, when it was decided to have a full-time president instead of volunteers. He was chosen because he had previously worked for the CAHA on contract work, and had a legal background. He succeeded Gord Renwick as CAHA president. When he originally accepted the job, he understood it to be a five-year commitment, but that evolved into a lifetime career.
+ The first major project by Costello was to address the lack of success by the Canada men's national junior ice hockey team at the IIHF World U20 Championship. In 1977 Canada won a silver medal, and then a bronze medal in 1978, and from 1979 to 1981, Canada placed no higher than fifth place. The CAHA had usually sent the defending Memorial Cup champion, to save on cost, but often those teams had lost graduating players, and were not as strong of a team which won the championship. The CAHA wanted to send the best team possible, but also feared that by not sending a team, the IIHF would turn to the rival Hockey Canada instead. Costello proposed a "Program of Excellence" at the 1981 CAHA annual general meeting St. John's which entailed, Canada sending the best eligible junior players from the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, Ontario Hockey League, Western Hockey League, to summer evaluation camp, and lend the same players during Christmas holidays to create a true Team Canada. The program also included creating under–17, and under–18 programs to feed into the juniors (under–20), and inviting eligible Canadian players from other leagues such as the USHL, or NCAA hockey. Teams were concerned about losing their best players in the middle of the season, younger players for regional development tournaments, and potential injuries. Costello said that, “They didn’t want to give up their best players over the holidays because that’s when most of the teams would experience their best crowds. We worked hard at trying to convince them because they could show what their league is to the world, not just Canada.” Costello eventually found key allies in Ed Chynoweth, and Sherwood Bassin. The Canadian Hockey League was also assured of participating in the Program of Excellence policy committee. Once the new program was accepted, it achieved immediate success with Canada winning the gold medal at the 1982 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. It also proved to create player loyalty to the program, when they wanted to return to play for the Canada men's national ice hockey team.
+ In 1990, the International Olympic Committee and Juan Antonio Samaranch were looking for ways to increase the number of events in the Winter Olympics for women, and made the suggestion to IIHF president Günther Sabetzki, with the promise that if it was successful, Samaranch would fast-track the sport into the Olympics. Sabetzki asked Costello if the CAHA would stage a women's world championship, and he agreed as long as it could be hosted close to CAHA offices in Ottawa, to keep expenses down. Costello oversaw the formation of the Canada women's national ice hockey team, and the inaugural 1990 IIHF Women's World Championship, which led to development of women's hockey in Canada,
+ Costello and Hockey Canada president Bill Hay, negotiated a merger between the two organizations in 1994, under the Canadian Hockey Association name, which has operated as Hockey Canada since 1998. Combining the two groups allowed for the profits from Hockey Canada events such as the Canada Cup, and the Summit Series, to be used at the grassroots level, and it also allowed access by professionals in the NHL to international competitions such as the Ice Hockey World Championships, and eventually the Olympics.
+ Costello also spoke out against violence in sport, and was a member of the fair play advisory committee for Ontario Hockey Association. In the wake of the Graham James scandal in 1997, Hockey Canada implemented a screening program with background checks for hockey staff, and teamed up with the Canadian Red Cross to create the Speak Out against bullying and harassment, which evolved into the Respect In Sport Program. As president of Hockey Canada, Costello always recognized the volunteers who helped in the development of minor hockey in Canada. He retired as president of Hockey Canada, effective July 1, 1998 at the annual general meeting. He was replaced with vice president, Bob Nicholson, who said that Costello was a great mentor, and "made every decision based on what he thought was the best interest of the sport".
+ Costello was a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation council from 1998 to 2012, after retiring from Hockey Canada. He served as chairman of the medical committee all 14 years, chairman of the Under-20 committee from 1998-2003, chairman of the technical/arena committee from 2003–08, vice president of the IIHF from 2008–12, chairman of the competition committee from 2008–12, sat on the IIHF Hall of Fame committee, and the statutes & bylaws committee. As part of the committees, he oversaw the inspection of Winter Olympic Games ice hockey facilities on behalf of the International Olympic Committee, helped organize international Under-20 tournaments, oversaw random drug testing, and promoted growth of ice hockey worldwide. Costelo resigned as vice president of the IIHF, effective September 30, 2012. He later remarked that "the IIHF is very much a European organization. I don’t think they would give it (presidency) to a North American or Russian. It would give Canada too much power."
+ The 1990 Women's World Cup succeeded in creating media coverage that was lacking for the women's game. Costello says it was partially due to the decision to wear pink jerseys, but he was prouder to have showcased the talent in the women's game to the International Olympic Committee. The championship game of the event drew over 9,500 fans, and the winning goal by Geraldine Heaney, was highlighted as one of the best 10 goals of the year by Hockey Night In Canada. The event's success helped the introduction of the women's game into the 1998 Winter Olympics. As of 2013, registration grew to roughly 90,000 Canadian women. While with the IIHF, Costello promised $2 million to help promote women's hockey worldwide at the 2010 World Hockey Summit. Costello is credited with growing the game worldwide, and specifically in the United States. He facilitated the spread of knowledge and ideas for ice hockey, and collaborated with USA Hockey on coaching education. He was honoured with the Wayne Gretzky International Award in 2012, which was established by the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, for international individuals that made major contributions to the growth and advancement of hockey in the United States.
+ Costello was born in South Porcupine, Ontario. His given named was James. He grew up in Schumacher, Ontario, in a household with three brothers, one sister, and a father who worked at the Dome Mine. His older brother Les, played with the Toronto Maple Leafs, was an ordained priest, founded the Flying Fathers in 1963, and died in 2002.
+ Costello resides in Ottawa with his wife Denise, and they have six children. They met while attending school together in Windsor, and spent their honeymoon in Seattle, when he moved there for work. Costello was on the board of directors for the Hockey Hall of fame for 17 years, and was also on the selection committee. He has also spoken out against the rising cost of minor competitive hockey, calling it an elitist sport. Costello himself was able to reach the NHL coming from a poor background by using hand-me-down equipment, but he fears that "hockey is becoming an opportunity only for the people who can pay their way in", and suggested a return to wooden sticks for minors.
+ Regular season and playoff statistics.
+
+= = = On the Turn = = =
+
+ On The Turn is the second and final studio album by Irish alternative rock outfit Kerbdog, released on Fontana Records in the UK on 31 March 1997. It was produced by GGGarth who had previously worked with Rage Against the Machine.
+ "We did one record with a band named Kerbdog, and we started off with about 25 cabinets and amps. It took about two days just to go through 'em all, but we got the best sounds that we have ever gotten. We used old Les Pauls, old Strats and Teles, different strings, different pickups."
+ "GGGarth"
+ Rehearsals began at Full Blast Studios in Los Angeles in July 1995 before recording took place at Sound City Studios and A&M Studios over the following months. The band spent almost 4 months rehearsing/recording and the album went massively over budget, including a scrapped mix of the entire album by Alan Moulder. The final mix of the album was provided by Joe Barresi. Recording took its toll on guitarist Billy Dalton who departed the band shortly after returning home.
+ "If GGGarth hadn't pointed out what was going on, then Billy might still be in the band. We're really nice guys and he was a mate, so we couldn't say 'Are you able to do this'? I think if he was still with us, he'd be in a mental home by now. He said in America that if things didn't improve for himself when we came home, he'd leave, so it wasn't like we just arrived on his door step and said, 'you're fired' or anything."
+ "Colin Fennelly"
+ Unfortunately, the album was delayed release by over a year and never sold in great enough quantities to satisfy the record label, reaching number 64 in the UK Albums Chart. Unlike their debut album, it never saw release in the States, despite being recorded there. Kerbdog were dropped by Mercury and their back catalog was deleted shortly thereafter. The band split in March 1998.
+ The album was re-released in September 2012 on East World Records UK.
+ All songs composed by Kerbdog
+ "Hard To Live" and "Gridlock" from the album sessions were later released as b-sides to the "J.J.'s Song" EP.
+ "On the Turn" entered the UK artist albums chart on 12 April 1997 and spent one week on.
+ Artists such as Biffy Clyro, Frank Turner, Inme, Cars on Fire and others have all said this album had a major influence on their music. Biffy Clyro also stated that they chose GGGarth to produce their last two albums based on his work with Kerbdog. Biffy Clyro's lead singer, Simon Neil, has been quoted as saying that 'On The Turn' "...is a beautiful, beautiful thing".
+
+= = = D'Urville Sea = = =
+
+ D'Urville Sea is a sea of the Southern Ocean, north of the coast of Adélie Land, East Antarctica. It is named after the French explorer and officer Jules Dumont d'Urville.
+
+= = = Amateur radio direction finding = = =
+
+ Amateur radio direction finding (ARDF, also known as radio orienteering, radio fox hunting and radiosport) is an amateur racing sport that combines radio direction finding with the map and compass skills of orienteering. It is a timed race in which individual competitors use a topographic map, a magnetic compass and radio direction finding apparatus to navigate through diverse wooded terrain while searching for radio transmitters. The rules of the sport and international competitions are organized by the International Amateur Radio Union. The sport has been most popular in Eastern Europe, Russia, and China, where it was often used in the physical education programs in schools.
+ ARDF events use radio frequencies on either the two-meter or eighty-meter amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. The radio equipment carried by competitors on a course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio direction finding, including a radio receiver, attenuator, and directional antenna. Most equipment designs integrate all three components into one handheld device.
+ The sport originated in Northern Europe and Eastern Europe in the late 1950s. Amateur radio was widely promoted in the schools of Northern and Eastern Europe as a modern scientific and technical activity. Most medium to large cities hosted one or more amateur radio clubs at which members could congregate and learn about the technology and operation of radio equipment. One of the activities that schools and radio clubs promoted was radio direction finding, an activity that had important civil defense applications during the Cold War. As few individuals in Europe had personal automobiles at the time, most of this radio direction finding activity took place on foot, in parks, natural areas, or school campuses. The sport of orienteering, popular in its native Scandinavia, had begun to spread to more and more countries throughout Europe, including the nations of the Eastern Bloc. As orienteering became more popular and orienteering maps became more widely available, it was only natural to combine the two activities and hold radio direction finding events on orienteering maps.
+ Interest in this kind of on-foot radio direction finding activity using detailed topographic maps for navigation spread throughout Scandinavia, Eastern and Central Europe, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China. Formal rules for the sport were first proposed in England and Denmark in the 1950s. The first European Championship in the sport was held in 1961 in Stockholm, Sweden. Four additional international championships were held in Europe in the 1960s, and three more were held in the 1970s. The first World Championship was held in 1980 in Cetniewo, Poland, where competitors from eleven European and Asian countries participated. World Championships have been generally held in even-numbered years since 1984, although there was no World Championship in 1996, and there was a World Championship in 1997. Asian nations began sending national teams to international events in 1980, and teams from nations in Oceania and North America began competing in the 1990s. Athletes from twenty-six nations attended the 2000 World Championship in Nanjing, China, the first to be held outside of Europe.
+ As the sport grew in the 1960s and 1970s, each nation devised its own set of rules and regulations. The need for more clearly defined and consistent rules for international competitions led to the formation of an ARDF working group by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) in the late 1970s. The first ARDF event to use the new standardized rules was the 1980 World Championship. These rules have been revised and updated over the years, increasing the number of gender and age categories into which competitors are classified, as well as formalizing the start and finish line procedures. While some variations exist, these standardized rules have since been used worldwide for ARDF competitions, and the IARU has become the principal international organization promoting the sport. The IARU divides the world into three "regions" for administrative purposes. These regions correspond with the three regions used by the International Telecommunications Union for its regulatory purposes, but the IARU has also used these regions for sports administration. The first IARU Region I (Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and ex-USSR) Championship was held in 1993 in Chtelnica, Slovakia, the first IARU Region III (Asia and Oceania) Championship was held in 1993 in Beijing, China, and the first IARU Region II (North and South America) Championship was held in 1999 in Portland, Oregon, USA. In addition to participation in international events, most nations with active ARDF organizations hold annual national championships using the IARU rules.
+ ARDF is a sport that spans much of the globe. In 2012 over 570 athletes from thirty-three countries, representing four continents, entered the 16th World Championships held in Kopaonik, Serbia Organized ARDF competitions can be found in almost every European country and in all the nations of northern and eastern Asia. ARDF activity is also found in Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. Although they represent a broad range of amateur radio interests in their nations today, several member societies of the International Amateur Radio Union were originally formed for the promotion and organization of the sport and continue to use the term "radiosport" in their society name. These include the Federation of Radiosport of the Republic of Armenia (FRRA), the Belarusian Federation of Radioamateurs and Radiosportsmen (BFRR), the Chinese Radio Sports Association (CRSA), and the Mongolian Radio Sport Federation (MRSF). To promote the sport, the IARU has delegated individuals as ARDF Coordinators for each IARU region to help educate and organize national radio societies and other ARDF groups, especially in nations without prior activity in the sport.
+ The rules used throughout the world, with minor variations, are maintained by the IARU Region I ARDF Working Group. Although these rules were developed specifically for international competitions, they have become the de facto standard used as the basis for all international competitions worldwide.
+ An ARDF competition normally takes place in diverse wooded terrain, such as in a public park or natural area but competitions have also been held in suitable suburban areas. Each competitor receives a detailed topographic map of the competition area. The map will indicate the location of the start with a triangle and the location of the finish with two concentric circles. Somewhere within the competition area designated on the map, the meet organizer will have placed five low power radio transmitters. The locations of the transmitters are kept a secret from the competitors and are not marked on the map. Each transmitter emits a signal in Morse code by which it is easily identifiable to the competitors. The transmitters automatically transmit one after another in a repeating cycle. Depending on entry classification, a competitor will attempt to locate as many as three, four, or all five of the transmitters in the woods, and then travel to the finish line in the shortest possible time. Competitors start at staggered intervals, are individually timed, and are expected to perform all radio direction finding and navigation skills on their own. Standings are determined first by the number of transmitters found, then by shortest time on course. Competitors who take longer than the specified time limit to finish may be disqualified.
+ ARDF events use radio frequencies on either the 2-meter or 80-meter amateur radio bands. These two bands were chosen because of their universal availability to amateur radio licensees in all countries. Each band requires different radio equipment for transmission and reception, and requires the use of different radio direction finding skills. Radio direction finding equipment for eighty meters, an HF band, is relatively easy to design and inexpensive to build. Bearings taken on eighty meters can be very accurate. Competitors on an eighty-meter course must use bearings to determine the locations of the transmitters and choose the fastest route through the terrain to visit them. Two meters, a VHF band, requires equipment that is relatively more complicated to design and more expensive to build. Radio signals on two meters are more affected by features of the terrain. Competitors on a two-meter course must learn to differentiate between accurate, direct bearings to the source of the radio signal and false bearings resulting from reflections of the signal off hillsides, ravines, buildings, or fences. Large national or international events will have one day of competition using a 2-meter frequency and one day of competition using an 80-meter frequency.
+ In addition to the rules of the sport, ARDF competitions must also comply with radio regulations. Because the transmitters operate on frequencies assigned to the Amateur Radio Service, a radio amateur with a license that is valid for the country in which the competition is taking place must be present and responsible for their operation. Individual competitors, however, are generally not required to have amateur radio licences, as the use of simple handheld radio receivers does not typically require a license. Regulatory prohibitions on the use of amateur radio frequencies for commercial use generally preclude the awarding of monetary prizes to competitors. Typical awards for ARDF events are medals, trophies, plaques, or certificates.
+ Although all competitors at an ARDF event use the same competition area and listen to the same set of five transmitters, they do not all compete in the same category. Current IARU rules divide entrants into different categories based on their age and gender. Only the M21 category must locate all five transmitters, while the other categories may skip only a specified transmitter or transmitters.
+ The International Amateur Radio Union rules for ARDF competitions include provisions for youth competitions. These competitions are restricted to competitors aged sixteen years or younger. The course lengths are shorter (up to six kilometers), the transmitters may be located closer to the start (500 meters), and a course setter may require that fewer transmitters be located.
+ Since 2017, there is World Youth ARDF Championship (WYAC) every year. Participating categories in these championships are W14, W16, M14 and M16.
+ The IARU rules go into great detail about certain procedures that are unique to international championships events. Not every ARDF competition follows all of these rules. Common variations to the generally accepted rules exist at local events. Most smaller events do not have large juries or on-course referees. Some events will use simpler start procedures, such as using only one starting corridor instead of two. ARDF events on the two meter band in North America sometimes use frequency modulation instead of amplitude modulation for the transmission of the Morse code identifications.
+ Ideally, the topographic maps used in ARDF competitions are created using the International Specification for Orienteering Maps 2000 (ISOM) set by the International Orienteering Federation and used for orienteering competitions. In fact, many ARDF competitions use existing orienteering maps, in collaboration with the orienteering clubs that created those maps.
+ Course design is an important element of a successful competition. The international rules adopted by the IARU include both requirements and recommendations for basic course design. Important requirements are that no transmitter may be within 750 meters of the start, no transmitter may be within 400 meters of the finish or any other transmitter on course, and that there is no more than 200 meters elevation change between the start, finish, and all transmitters. The IARU rules for international competitions recommend that courses be designed for six to ten kilometers of total travel distance through the terrain. A well-designed course will present the competitors with an athletic challenge in addition to the challenges of land navigation and radio direction finding. Depending on the course design and competition, winning times at World Championship events are often less than 90 minutes for two meter courses, and can be under 60 minutes for eighty meter courses.
+ ARDF equipment is a specialty market, and much of what is available for purchase comes from small commercial vendors or small-batch production by individuals. Building equipment, such as handheld antennas, from published designs or kits is also a popular activity. Clothing and other equipment is sold through specialty orienteering equipment suppliers or general outdoor sports retailers.
+ ARDF transmitters have a low power output and operate in either the two meter or eighty meter amateur radio band. The transmissions are in Morse code. Each transmitter sends a unique identification that can be easily interpreted even by those unfamiliar with the Morse code by counting the number of dits that follow a series of dashes. The transmitters on course all transmit on the same frequency and each transmit in sequence for one minute at a time in a repeating cycle. Within a few meters of each transmitter, an orienteering control flag and punch device will be present. For many events and all major events, the punch device is an electronic system, such as SPORTident, used in orienteering competitions. This records the time competitors visit each control on a small device that they carry. An alternative is to use pin punches which the competitor uses to make a distinct pattern on a control card they carry. Competitors need to locate the control flag at the transmitter site and use the punch device to record their visit. Good course design will attempt to preclude, as much as possible, runners interfering with the transmitter equipment as they approach the control. At large international or national events, jurors might be present at transmitter controls to ensure fair play.
+ The IARU rules include detailed technical specifications for transmitter equipment. Transmitters for two meters are typically 0.25 to 1 watts power output, and use keyed amplitude modulation. The transmitter antennas used on two meters must be horizontally polarized and omnidirectional. Transmitters for eighty meters are typically one to five watts power output keyed CW modulation. The transmitter antennas used on eighty meters must be vertically polarized and omnidirectional. It is common for the transmitter, a battery, and any controlling hardware to be placed inside a weatherproof container such as an old ammunition case or large plastic food storage container for protection from the elements and wildlife.
+ The radio equipment carried on course must be capable of receiving the signal being transmitted by the five transmitters and useful for radio direction finding. This includes a radio receiver that can tune in the specific frequency of transmission being used for the event, an attenuator or variable gain control, and a directional antenna. Directional antennas are more sensitive to radio signals arriving from some directions than others. Most equipment designs integrate all three components into one handheld device. On the two meter band, the most common directional antennas used by competitors are two or three element Yagi antennas made from flexible steel tape. This kind of antenna has a cardioid receiving pattern, which means that it has one peak direction where the received signal will be the strongest, and a null direction, 180° from the peak, in which the received signal will be the weakest. Flexible steel tape enables the antenna elements to flex and not break when encountering vegetation in the forest. On the eighty meter band, two common receiver design approaches are to use either a small loop antenna or an even smaller loop antenna wound around a ferrite rod. These antennas have a bidirectional receiving pattern, with two peak directions 180° apart from one another and two null directions 180° apart from one another. The peak directions are 90° offset from the null directions. A small vertical antenna element can be combined with the loop or ferrite rod antenna to change the receiving pattern to a cardioid shape, but the resulting null in the cardioid is not as sensitive as the nulls in the bidirectional receiving pattern. A switch is often used to allow the competitor to select the bidirectional or cardioid patterns at any moment. ARDF receiver equipment is designed to be lightweight and easy to operate while the competitor is in motion as well as rugged enough to withstand use in areas of thick vegetation.
+ The IARU rules specify that the choice of clothing is an individual decision of the competitor, unless the meet director specifies otherwise. Although comfortable outdoor clothing is all that is required for participation, specialty clothing developed for the sport of orienteering is also worn by ARDF competitors. Nylon pants, shirts, or suits, gaiters or padded socks for lower leg protection, and specialty shoes for cross-country running through wooded terrain are popular choices. Some competitors may choose to carry food or water on course, and wear a small waist pack or hydration pack for this purpose. At large international or national events, competitors may be required by the meet director to wear identifying numbers pinned to their clothing, and many wear team uniforms in their national colors.
+ In addition to the radio equipment and topographic map, an ARDF competitor uses a magnetic compass for navigation. The most popular compass types are those that are also popular for use in orienteering. Some events may require or suggest that competitors carry a whistle for emergency use. In at least one World Championship event, competitors were provided with cards written in the native language of the host country, intended to aid in communications with local citizens in the event that a competitor needed emergency aid or directions. In general, the use of cellular phone, or two-way radio equipment on course is prohibited. All competitors are encouraged to wear a watch to keep track of their time on course and not finish over the time limit set for the competition.
+ Sprint events have shorter courses with an expected winning time of 15 minutes and use either a 1:5000 or 1:4000 map. They use lower powered transmitters on the eighty metre band which transmit in sequence for only 12 secs with the cycle repeating every minute. The IARU Region 1 Rules require 2 sets of 5 transmitters where each set operates on a different frequency. The Morse code transmitted by the second set of transmitters is slightly faster (PARIS 70) than the first set (PARIS 50) to differentiate the two sets. There is also a "spectator" control and a "beacon" control which both operate on different frequencies to the other ten, so four frequencies are used in total. It is possible to combine the spectator control with the beacon control. Competitors start at 2 min intervals and have to visit between 3 and 5 controls out of the first set (according to their age class) before visiting the compulsory spectator control. They then visit the requisite controls from the second set before punching the compulsory beacon control, prior to finishing.
+ Fox Oring is a variation of the sport that requires more orienteering skills. In a Fox Oring course, the radio transmitters put out very little power, and can be received over only very short distances, often no more than 100 meters. The location of each transmitter will be indicated on the map with a circle. The transmitter does not need to be exactly at the circle's center or even located inside the circle, but one should be able to receive its transmissions everywhere within the area indicated by the circle. A competitor must use orienteering skills to navigate to the area of the circle on the map and only then use radio direction finding skills to locate the very low power transmitter.
+ Another variation of the sport, Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area, requires less athletic skill and more technical radio direction finding skills. In a ROCA course, the transmitters put out very little power, typically 10 to 200 mW, and can be received over only very short distances. The transmitters are physically small, and marked with a control card that is no larger than a typical postcard with a unique number identification. Because of the low power and short distances involved, most ROCA competitors walk the entire course, and focus their attention on the radio direction finding tasks rather than navigation.
+ Another form of recreational radio direction finding activity in North America that includes the use of automobiles for transportation is most often referred to as "foxhunting" or "transmitter hunting", but is sometimes confused with the organized international sport of amateur radio direction finding.
+ ARDF organizations
+ ARDF Events
+ ARDF Information
+
+= = = Motorola i870 = = =
+
+ The Motorola i870 is a clam-style cellular telephone designed for use with iDEN Networks. It was released for SouthernLINC networks in mid-October 2005, and for Nextel on October 31, 2005 as a replacement for the i860. A variation of this phone, the i875, was released for Boost Mobile as a replacement for the i860 Tattoo.
+ Like the Motorola i850, i760, and even the i920/i930, the i870 sports WiDEN compliance with band support for both iDEN 800 and 900. The iDEN 900 band is also supported, helping relieve 800MHz spectrum pressures during Sprint's 800MHz rebanding effort, moving iDEN up to 862-869MHz while public safety radios utilize spectrum from 851-860MHz.
+ Unlike the i930, the i870 does not operate under Windows Mobile 2003. While this is the case, it utilizes Bluetooth support with OBEX and hands-free earpiece compliance first found on the i605 (the i605 was not well-received due to its monolith form-factor).
+ The i870 sports the same display properties as with the i860 (96x64 12-bit LCD STN external, 176x220 18-bit LCD TFT/TFD internal, both color displays).
+ The i870 adds selective dynamic group call, MP3 support from 8-192 kbit/s (up to 320 kbit/s with a firmware update), external music controls, MIDI/WAV support, and TransFlash/Micro SD support for cards up to 2 GB-to-date. The i870 also features an improved camera found on the i850, but the resolution has been increased to 1.3 megapixels, and the video recording up to 30 seconds is limited only to the size of memory. Other than the added features new for the i870, the phone retains all the features that made the i860 one of Motorola's hot-selling iDEN phones.
+ The i870 is the first phone to feature AgION anti-microbial housing, which is said to negate product erosion due to germ contact. An updated version of the i870, the Motorola i880, also sports this feature.
+ The phone was approved by the FCC with the ID of AZ489FT5846 on August 26, 2005. A Class II Permissive Change was issued on September 30, 2005 for Hearing Aid compatibility purposes.
+
+= = = Process optimization = = =
+
+ Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize (make the best or most effective use of) some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing cost and maximizing throughput and/or efficiency. This is one of the major quantitative tools in industrial decision making.
+ When optimizing a process, the goal is to maximize one or more of the process specifications, while keeping all others within their constraints. This can be done by using a process mining tool, discovering the critical activities and bottlenecks, and acting only on them.
+ Fundamentally, there are three parameters that can be adjusted to affect optimal performance. They are:
+ The first step is to verify that the existing equipment is being used to its fullest advantage by examining operating data to identify equipment bottlenecks.
+ Operating procedures may vary widely from person-to-person or from shift-to-shift. Automation of the plant can help significantly. But automation will be of no help if the operators take control and run the plant in manual.
+ In a typical processing plant, such as a chemical plant or oil refinery, there are hundreds or even thousands of control loops. Each control loop is responsible for controlling one part of the process, such as maintaining a temperature, level, or flow.
+ If the control loop is not properly designed and tuned, the process runs below its optimum. The process will be more expensive to operate, and equipment will wear out prematurely. For each control loop to run optimally, identification of sensor, valve, and tuning problems is important. It has been well documented that over 35% of control loops typically have problems.
+ The process of continuously monitoring and optimizing the entire plant is sometimes called performance supervision.
+
+= = = Stieg Hedlund = = =
+
+ Stieg Hedlund (born 1965) is a computer and video game designer, artist, and writer with over 25 years of experience who has worked on more than 30 games in the video game industry. Although he is probably best known for his work in action RPGs, he has also worked on games in each of the real-time strategy, tactical shooter, beat-'em-up and action-adventure genres on the PC and almost every dedicated game console. He has a professed interest in conlangery and linguistics.
+ Despite his lengthy resume, Hedlund is not known for having the "rock-star attitude" common among well-known designers in the industry. Hedlund has said that he is "more interested in how the audience feels" about his games than in the "accolades of (his) fellow game designers". He has further stated in interviews that he believes in a collaborative environment and that his door is "always open to anyone who had a design idea".
+ Raised in the Chicago area, Hedlund contributed to and co-ran a small but successful minicomic during high school. He became a pen & paper RPG designer "by the age of 16" after exploring "scenario creation, rule variants, balancing" and the like in Dungeons & Dragons.
+ Hedlund began his career in the electronic entertainment field in 1987 at Infinity Software, a small publisher of games for the Macintosh, Commodore 64 and Amiga.
+ Hedlund moved on to Japanese publisher Koei in 1990, which had established a North American subsidiary, Koei Corporation, in California two years earlier. Working at Koei both in Northern California and Japan, he was the lead designer for and/or originated a number of games including "Liberty or Death", "", "Gemfire" and "Saiyuki: Journey West". In 1995, shortly after Hedlund left the company, the subsidiary ceased its game development efforts.
+ After working on an unreleased "Lord of the Rings"-based title for Electronic Arts in the early '90s, Hedlund interviewed with Condor Software (the future Blizzard North), then working on "Justice League". According to Hedlund the game concept "wasn't very appealing to me", leading to his instead going to work for the Sega Technical Institute in 1994, where, as an artist and game designer, he worked on titles like "Comix Zone", "The Ooze" and "Sonic X-treme". Hedlund has stated that in addition to his gaming experience, his experience "living and working in Japan" was another reason he was hired on at STI, since STI collaborated and integrated more game professionals from Japan than any of Sega’s other studios.
+ In 1996, three years after he first interviewed with the company, Hedlund ran into the three founders of Condor (STI and Condor were closely located on the eastern edge of the SF peninsula). He was impressed by the potential of their latest game, "Diablo", and immediately joined the team taking on the lead design role. Three months before the release of "Diablo", Blizzard acquired Condor and renamed the company Blizzard North. "Diablo" would go on to become one of the most highly rated games of 1996.
+ In the wake of "Diablo"'s success, Hedlund designed the record-breaking "Diablo II", which was released in 2000. The title went on to become the second-best-selling PC game of all time, the number one-selling RPG on the PC with over 15 million units sold and, according to the 2003 edition of the "Guinness Book of World Records", the fastest selling computer game ever sold, with more than 1 million units sold in the first two weeks of availability. According to the 2008 Guinness Gamer's Edition, the title still holds the record. "Diablo II" was also the recipient of many of the game industry's most prestigious awards, including the 2001 Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Game of the Year Award.
+ While at Blizzard, he also participated in the design of both "StarCraft" and the "" expansion pack. Starcraft was the best-selling PC game of 1998 and received numerous Game of the Year awards. A decade later it remains one of the most popular online games in the world, and was even named “the Greatest Game of All Time” by GameSpot. "Diablo II: LOD" was released in 2001, and helped to “reinforce the staying power of an already legendary RPG”. It too received numerous awards, including several for Best Expansion Pack of the Year, and tied with "Baldur’s Gate II" for Best RPG of the Year.
+ On April 17, 2000, Hedlund announced that he would be leaving Blizzard North "as soon as his responsibilities for "Diablo II" (had) been fulfilled" in order to start a new game-development firm called Full-On Amusement Company with business partners, programmers,and artists from Virgin Interactive, Sega, Sony Computer Entertainment, Electronic Arts, and Maxis. During this time, Hedlund was also named as the designer to collaborate with five-time Academy Award nominated director David Lynch on his unreleased "Woodcutters from Fiery Ships" game project.
+ Later in 2000, Hedlund joined Konami as the company's Creative Director and worked on titles such as the iconic "Frogger" and "Contra" series. In 2002, he went to work as Creative Director for Ubisoft/ Red Storm Entertainment on games such as "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon 2" and "", as well as contributing to "". He also spent some time with Oddworld Inhabitants doing foundational work for "".
+ Beginning in August 2004, Hedlund signed on with Perpetual Entertainment as Design Director on the "" MMORPG, officially announced in March 2005. The game was shown at E3 2006 and received several "Best of Show" awards, with particular notice being paid to its innovative "minion" system. Although it was well into “content complete” beta testing by September 2007, the technology behind the game could not be stabilized, and after numerous delays and several rounds of layoffs the game was "indefinitely suspended" in mid-October 2007 even as further stability testing was underway. Hedlund left the company during its ensuing dissolution in the months that followed. Eventually the game got published in June 2011.
+ After leaving Perpetual, Hedlund founded Turpitude an independent game development firm, along with partner Natalie Fay. As the Chief Creative Officer for Turpitude Design, Stieg oversees the team of game designers and producers working on the company's projects.
+ IGN named Hedlund as being one of the top 100 game creators of all time (number 62). His games have an average rating of 88%, and have received numerous awards including:
+ "Diablo": GameSpot's Game of the Year Award, and #1 spot of all PC games.
+ "StarCraft": GameSpot Greatest Games of All Time, Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Game of the Year, Computer Gaming World Game of the Year, PC PowerPlay Game of the Year, PC Gamer Real-time strategy Game of the Year, Games Domain Strategy Game of the Year, GameInformer 35th Greatest Game of All Time.
+ "Diablo II": Guinness Book of World Records Fastest Selling Computer Game Ever Sold, Interactive Achievement Awards Computer Game of the Year, Interactive Achievement Awards Computer Role Playing Game of the Year, Interactive Achievement Awards Game of the Year, PC Gamer #16 "50 Best Games of All Time", PC Gamer #82 "Top 100 Games", Computer and Video Games #25, "The 101 Best PC Games Ever", GamePro #11 "The 32 Best PC Games", Destructoid #7 "Top Video Games of the Decade".
+
+= = = Smartfood = = =
+
+ Smartfood Popcorn is a brand of prepopped, flavored popcorn made by the Frito-Lay company.
+ Smartfood was first created in 1985 by Andrew Martin - chairman and ceo, Ken Meyers- vp operations and Martin's wife Annie Withey- vp consumer relations, in Hampton, Connecticut. Smartfood was first marketed under the registered brand name in 1985, and was manufactured in Marlborough, Massachusetts.
+ According to Martin, “Unlike the cheese popcorn already on the market, ours was made with real cheese and it didn't glow in the dark. We wanted quality and we were up against the negative consumer image, because prepopped popcorn in a bag was considered garbage, not worth the money because it is not fresh and you can make it better and cheaper at home."
+ In January 1989, the company was sold to Texas-based Frito-Lay for an undisclosed amount.
+ Withey and Martin later formed Annie's Homegrown, which markets macaroni and cheese, pasta, and other organic products.
+
+= = = Electronics manufacturing services = = =
+
+ Electronics manufacturing services (EMS) is a term used for companies that design, manufacture, test, distribute, and provide return/repair services for electronic components and assemblies for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The concept is also referred to as electronics contract manufacturing (ECM).
+ Many consumer electronics are built in China, due to maintenance cost, availability of materials, quality, and speed as opposed to other countries such as the United States. Cities such as Shenzhen have become important production centres for the industry, attracting many consumer electronics companies such as Apple Inc.
+ The EMS industry took off after the late 1970s when Solectron was established. At the time, most electronics manufacturing for large-scale product runs was handled by the in-house assembly. These new companies offered flexibility and eased human resources issues for smaller companies doing limited runs. The business model for the EMS industry is to specialize in large economies of scale in manufacturing, raw materials procurement and pooling together resources, industrial design expertise as well as create added value services such as warranty and repairs. This frees up the customer who does not need to manufacture and keep huge inventories of products. Therefore they can respond to sudden spikes in demand more quickly and efficiently.
+ The development of Surface Mount Technology (SMT) on printed circuit boards (PCB) allowed for the rapid assembly of electronics. The early 1990s saw OEM's rapidly installing SMT lines. EMS players like SCI and Avex struggled to exist as OEMs would pull contract or change vendors constantly.
+ By the mid-1990s the advantages of the EMS concept became compelling and OEMs began outsourcing PCB assembly (PCBA) in large scale. By the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, many OEMs sold their assembly plants to EMS aggressively vying for market share. A wave of consolidation followed as the more cash-flush firms were able to buy up quickly both existing plants as well as smaller EMS companies.
+ The EMS industry is commonly divided into Tiers by their revenue:
+ There is no hard rule on the actual revenue designation at this time.
+ Other categories have been suggested by StepBeyond/EMSinsider and CIRCUITS ASSEMBLY: Micro Tier (<$50M); Tier 4 <10m and "Tier Mega" referring to the Big 2, Foxconn and Flex.
+ Another distinction is drawn between EMS that specializes in High Mix Low Volume (HMLV) and High Volume Low Mix (HVLM). Mix refers generally to the complexity or different models of the PCB assembly. Volume refers to the number of units built, with products like consumer electronics on the high end and prototype, medical electronics or machinery on the low end. Typically, lower Tier EMS provide HMLV and higher Tier provide HVLM.
+ During technology's late-1990s heyday, EMS players routinely acquired assets in high-cost locations. EMS players largely focused on printed circuit board fabrication, leaving system assembly to the OEMs. EMS companies largely disdained industries outside the world of information processing (computers) and communications. In recent years, EMS players have shifted production to low-cost geographies; embraced non-traditional industries including consumer electronics, industrial, medical and instrumentation; and added substantial vertical capabilities, stretching from design and ODM through system assembly, test, delivery and logistics, warranty and repair, network services, software and silicon design, and customer service.
+ EMS has also started to provide design services used in conceptual product development advice and mechanical, electrical and software design assistance. Testing services perform in-circuit, functional, environmental, agency compliance, and analytical laboratory testing. Electronics manufacturing services are located throughout the world and provide numerous "benefits". They vary in terms of production capabilities and comply with various quality standards and regulatory requirements.
+
+= = = Trustpower = = =
+
+ Trustpower Limited is a New Zealand electricity generation and electricity retailing company, listed on the New Zealand stock exchange.
+ Trustpower is New Zealand's fifth largest electricity generator (in terms of MW capacity, GWh output and revenue) and the fourth largest electricity retailer (in customer numbers).
+ In New Zealand, Trustpower now has 29 hydro-electricity schemes, with a total of 47 power stations.
+ Trustpower operates a multi-product retail business in New Zealand, including electricity, gas and telecommunications products with approximately 270,000 electricity customer connections, 38,000 gas customer connections and 91,000 telecommunications customer connections (figures accurate as at November 2018).
+ The company's ownership structure is dominated by its two major shareholders: Infratil which owns 51.0% and the Tauranga Energy Consumer Trust (TECT) which owns 26.8% and the remaining 22.2% is widely held.
+ In 1913, the Tauranga Borough Council applied to the Department of Lands to have the Omanawa Falls vested in their body corporate for the purposes of water power generation. They also applied under section 268 of the Public Works Act 1908 for a licence to generate electricity.
+ In October 1914, the Public Works Department gave its approval for water to be taken from the Omanawa River to generate electricity and circulate it throughout the Borough and surrounding area.
+ With plans underway to build its new Omanawa Falls Power Station the Tauranga Borough Council established on 5 October 1914 a municipal electricity department to market and distribute the electricity that would be produced by the new station. Its supply area ranged from the causeway bridges leading through the town, 17th Avenue in the south to Sulphur Point in the north, a total of 210 square miles (544 square km).
+ In 1915 the Borough Council hired Lloyd Mandeno as its electrical engineer, with responsibility not only for building the distribution system that will take power from the new power station but also to convince the population of 1,540 to give up their candles, kerosene lamps and town gas for the new untried electricity.
+ By 1924 68 homes out of the 700 in the borough were using electric cooking.
+ Lloyd Mandeno was made chief electrical engineer in 1917.
+ Local citizen R.S. Ready was so sure of the advantages of electricity that he built on 5th Avenue the first house in New Zealand that relied solely on electricity. Mandeno designed a hot water cylinder for the house, that was built from galvanized iron insulated with 150 mm of pumice. Within four years the council had expanded its reticulation to supply rural areas as far as Gate Pa, Otumoetai, Papamoa and Oropi.
+ By 1923 the department had 845 customers generating a revenue of £10,470.
+ In 1921 Lloyd Mandeno undertook some investigations and proposed that the borough consider building a new power station using the head generated by fall on the Wairoa River. With demand increasing the borough council agreed to build what became the McLaren Falls power station. This began generating on 25 June 1925.
+ The falls and the power station were to named after a couple who operated a cookhouse during construction and whose son had been killed in World War I.
+ In addition to his duties as an employee of the Tauranga electricity department, Mandeno was also a consultant to Te Puke Town Board and the newly constituted Tauranga Power Board. In 1925 Mandeno resigned after being accused of a conflict of interest by Tauranga's Mayor, Bradshaw Dive. He was replaced by Claude W. Boak as electrical and general engineer.
+ By 1928 the department had installed 232 water heaters and 120 electric stoves and was supplying 848 customers with a revenue of £22,116.
+ With demand still continuing to increased through the 1930 the combined output of Omanawa Falls and McLaren Falls was proving insufficient. As a result, the electricity department was forced to arrange with the SHD to take supply from its Aongatete and Te Puke. In 1962 the department began using underground cabling systems in new subdivisions.
+ In the same decade the department decided to proceed with construction of two new power stations that utilized the waters of the Mangapapa and Wairoa Rivers, which had been designed by consultants Mandeno Chitty & Bell in whom Lloyd Mandeno was a principal. Approval to proceed was granted by the New Zealand government in 1963 continual upon the station's output being equally shared with the Tauranga Electric Power Board. As a result, the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee was established in 1965 to develop, control and sell electricity generation. As a result of this initiative the original two planned stations, the Lloyd Mandeno Power Station was commissioned in 1972, and the Ruahiti Power Station in 1981. In between these two dates an additional station, the Lower Mangapapa Power Station had been commissioned in April 1979. All three stations were operated as part of the Kaimai hydro power scheme.
+ By 1981 the Tauranga Joint Generation Committee was making a profit of NZ$1.29 million and had 231 employees.
+ In 1989 the McLaren Falls Power Station was decommissioned.
+ Following the introduction of the Energy Companies Act in 1992, after consulting with local citizens the Tauranga City Council transferred the assets of its electricity department to the newly established Tauranga Electricity Ltd. The majority shareholder in the new company was the council owned Tauranga Civic Holdings Ltd, which held 5,099,994 shares with the remaining six shares in the company held by the public. In June 1993 Tauranga Civic Holdings Ltd took full control. By that year the company had 5,576 customers.
+ Using the provisions of the Electric Power Boards Act of 1918 proposals were put to create a power board to supply the rural areas of the Bay of Plenty. As a result, the Tauranga Electric Power Board was established and held its first meeting in 13 September 1923. The following year a poll of ratepayers in the board's area which covered 667 square miles (1,753 km2), including the towns of Katikati, Mt Maunganui and Te Puke the board raised a loan of £110,000 to construct its distribution system. Rather than build its own power stations the board arranged to obtain its electricity from the Electricity Department of the Tauranga Borough Council.
+ Following his resignation from Tauranga Borough Council Lloyd Mandeno took up a position as general manager of the Tauranga Electric Power Board in January 1926. He was only in the position until he resigned on 25 May of that year, leaving the position in August, to go into private practice in Auckland. However the board retained him as their consulting engineer on an annual retaining fee of £250 plus travelling expenses, a position he retained until 1929. During his period of evolvement with the power board he invented, developed and introduced into service the single wire earth return reticulation system. This allowed the board to reduce the cost of distributing electricity across its predominately rural customer base.
+ In response to the State Hydro-Electric Department (SHD), introducing charging for peak demand the power board in 1952 introduced what is believed to have been the world's first automatic load control system. That same year the power board also began manufacturing pre-stressed concrete power poles. It is believed that it was one of the first power boards to do this in New Zealand. In 1958 the SHD was renamed the New Zealand Electricity Department (NZED).
+ By the early 1990s the power board was supplying those areas the city of Tauranga, where it had expanded out of the defined city electricity department's geographical inner city area, the surrounding Tauranga country and the towns of Te Puke and Mt Maunganui. In 1990 it had a staff of 201, 43,158 customers and was making a profit of 2.55 million.
+ In response to the introduction of the Energy Companies Act in 1992, the Tauranga and Rotorua Electric Power Boards proposed to merge, but it was rejected both by the public and the government.
+ The power board investigated other options and in 1994 changed its name to Trustpower and its financial structure so that 50% of the ownership was held in a consumer trust, 49% was directly held by customers with the remaining 1% in an employee share ownership scheme.
+ On 18 April 1994 Trustpower listed on the New Zealand stock exchange. This allowed the specialist infrastructure and utility investor Infratil Ltd to acquire 11 million shares and become its largest shareholder. By this time it had approximately 40,000 customers as well as a half share in the Kaimai hydro power scheme. Meanwhile, the Rotorua Electric Power Board had also changed its financial structure to become the Roturua Electricity Ltd. By 1995 Trustpower had built up a 67.7% shareholding in this new entity and in 1996 took full control.
+ In 1995 Trustpower purchased Taupo Electricity Limited and Taupo Generation Limited which gave it a total of 89,000 customers to make it New Zealand's fourth largest power company and third largest power generator.
+ While for many years the directors of Tauranga Electricity had been opposed to merging with other companies to create a Bay of Plenty wide energy company as they were of the opinion the resulting monopoly would push up prices. Eventually however the City Council after receiving many proposals over the years agreed to merge with Trustpower.
+ The merger which occurred on 31 October 1997 guaranteed that the City Council's shareholding in Trustpower would provide an annual revenue of NZ$3.3 million over the next five years.
+ By 1998 the addition of the Tauranga City's customers meant that new company was supplying 96,513 customers. In 1998 the state-owned Electricity Corporation of New Zealand sold five of its smaller hydro stations, of which Trustpower purchased Coleridge (NZ$91 million), Highbank/Montalto ($37 million) and Matahina ($115 million) hydro power stations.
+ In 1998 the New Zealand Government passed the Electricity Industry Reform Act 1998 which was intended to change the structure of the electricity industry to encourage competition. This Act required the operational separation of lines and generation business activities by 1 July 1999 and separation of the ownership by 1 January 2004. As by now Trustpower had built up a substantial generation portfolio it elected to be a generator/retailer and so sold its lines and its contracting business, PowerLink Limited. Following a competitive sales process, TrustPower sold its lines business to United Networks Limited (formerly Power New Zealand) for $485 million. Trustpower also acquired the retail business from eight energy companies: Waipa Power, Wairoa Power, Marlborough Electric, Buller Electricity, Westpower, Electricity Ashburton, Central Electric, and Otago Power.
+ Using the proceeds of the sale of these businesses Trustpower began purchasing the generation assets being shed by those energy companies that had opted to be a lines company. This led to it purchasing the following hydro power stations and schemes: Arnold, Branch and Waihopai, Kumara, Mangorei, Motukawa, Paerau, Patearoa, Patea (for $72m) Wahapo, Waipori (for $70m) as well as the Tararua Wind Farm (for $49m). Thus by March 1999 it had 421.5 MW of installed capacity, capable of generating up to 1,769 GWh per annum.
+ In March 2003 Trustpower completed the purchase of the Cobb Power Station for $92.5m from NGC.
+ In 2003 Trustpower bought back some of its shares. Infratil did not participate in the buy-back, which lead to it increasing its shareholding to 33.5%. In 2006 Infratil purchased Allient Energy's shareholding for NZ$6.20 a share, which gave it 51% and thus majority control of Trustpower.
+ In 2013, Trustpower bought Energy Direct, a Wanganui electricity and gas company.
+ In 2015, it bought 65% of King Country Energy Ltd from Nova Energy. King Country Energy generates all of its electricity from renewable sources (principally hydro-electric generation) and supplies electricity to the Waitomo, King Country and Ruapehu Districts. King Country Energy was incorporated in 1991.
+ On 18 December 2015, Trustpower announced that it was considering a process to demerge its wind assets in Australia and New Zealand, separating into two New Zealand incorporated listed companies by way of a Court-approved scheme of arrangement. The Demerger, effective on 31 October 2016, resulted in the creation of two new companies, Trustpower and Tilt Renewables. The demerger enables each business to focus on their respective areas of specialisation.
+ In 2018, Trustpower and King Country Electric Power Trust (KCEPT), assumed full ownership of King Country Energy Limited (KCE). This is the outcome of a joint venture takeover made by a wholly owned subsidiary of Trustpower and KCEPT, initiated in December 2017, that sought to acquire the balance of KCE's ordinary shares at $5 per share. Trustpower now controls 75% of KCE, with KCEPT controlling the remaining 25%. KCE sold its retail business to Trustpower in July 2018.
+ Trustpower sold its Australian hydro-power generation assets operator GSP Energy Pty Limited for A$168 million ($129.46 million), as the company focuses on its core New Zealand business.
+ The McLaren Falls Station on the Kaimai hydro power scheme was decommissioned in 1989 following the commissioning of the Ruahihi Power Station.
+ In 1998 Trustpower decommissioned the Omanawa Falls Power Station and gifted it to the Tauranga City Council.
+
+= = = Abu Nuwas (crater) = = =
+
+ Abu Nuwas is an impact crater on the planet Mercury, 116 kilometers in diameter. It is located at 17.4°N, 20.4°W. It is named after the Arab poet Abu Nuwas, and its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1976. There appears to be a small mountain centered inside the Abu Nuwas floor, and the crater's wall opens toward the south to link to a much smaller, unnamed crater. To the north are the craters Ts'ai Wen-chi and Rodin. To the southwest is the crater Moliere, and the crater Aśvaghosa can be found toward the south.
+
+= = = Geography of British Columbia = = =
+
+ British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, bordered by the Pacific Ocean. With an area of it is Canada's third-largest province. The province is almost four times the size of United Kingdom, two and one-half times larger than Japan and larger than every U.S. state except Alaska. It is bounded on the northwest by the U.S. state of Alaska, directly north by Yukon and the Northwest Territories, on the east by Alberta, and on the south by the U.S. states of Washington, Idaho, and Montana. Formerly part of the British Empire, the southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty. The province is dominated by mountain ranges, among them the Canadian Rockies but dominantly the Coast Mountains, Cassiar Mountains, and the Columbia Mountains. Most of the population is concentrated on the Pacific coast, notably in the area of Vancouver, located on the southwestern tip of the mainland, which is known as the Lower Mainland. It is the most mountainous province of Canada.
+ British Columbia is customarily divided into three main regions, the Interior, the Coast and the Lower Mainland (though the last-named is technically part of the Coast). These are broken up by a loose and often overlapping system of cultural-geographic regions, often based on river basins but sometimes spanning them. Examples of the former would be the Kootenays, the Okanagan, and the Chilcotin, while of the latter would be the Lillooet Country and Cariboo. Important subareas of these include the Fraser Valley, part of the Lower Mainland, the Fraser Canyon (which overlaps with various regions) and the Robson Valley, which is the uppermost basin of the Fraser River southeast of Prince George. Vancouver Island is seen as its own region within the Coast, as are the Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) and the Gulf Islands.
+ The Canadian Rockies, Coast Mountains and Inside Passage provide some of British Columbia's renowned and spectacular scenery. These landforms provide the backdrop and context for a growing outdoor adventure and ecotourism industry. In the southwestern corner of B.C., the Lower Fraser Valley forms a flat, fertile triangle of intensively used land. The city of Penticton and the small towns Oliver, and Osoyoos have some of the warmest summer climates in Canada, although the hottest spots are the towns of Lillooet and Lytton in the Fraser Canyon. Nearly all of the Coast including much of Vancouver Island is covered by a temperate rain forest. One-third of the province consists of barren alpine tundra, icefields, and glaciers.
+ The landforms of British Columbia include two major continental landforms, the Interior Plains in the province's northeast, the British Columbia portion of which is part of the Alberta Plateau. The rest of the province is part of the Western Cordillera of North America, often referred to in Canada as the Pacific Cordillera or Canadian Cordillera. The Cordillera is subdivided into four main "systems" (which are distinct from the corresponding region's geologic provinces):
+ B.C.'s Eastern Mountain System comprises the dominant Canadian Rockies, with the Cariboo, Selkirk, Monashee, and Purcell ranges of the Columbia Mountains system in the south. The Canadian Rockies incorporate the Canadian segment of the North American Rocky Mountains range. The southern end in Alberta and British Columbia borders Idaho and Montana of the United States. The northern end is at the Liard Plain in British Columbia.
+ The Interior System comprises the Interior Plateau and Interior Mountains (aka the Northern Interior Mountains) and the southern part of the Yukon Plateau. The major subdivisions of the Interior Mountains are the Cassiar Mountains, Omineca Mountains, Stikine Plateau, Skeena Mountains and Hazelton Mountains. Each has a variety of subranges and some definitions include the Tahltan Highland and Tagish Highland which may also be assigned to the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see next). The major subdivisions of the Interior Plateau are the Nechako Plateau, the McGregor Plateau, the Fraser Plateau (which includes the Chilcotin Plateau and Cariboo Plateau and a number of small mountain ranges) and the Thompson Plateau. The Quesnel, Shuswap and Okanagan Highlands which flank the plateau to the east are sometimes seen as part of it, but are officially part of the Columbia Mountains range-system and are seen as subranges of the adjoining ranges, namely the Cariboo Mountains and Monashee Mountains.
+ The Western System comprises the Coast Mountains, the Canadian portion of the Cascade Mountains (known in the US as the Cascade Range), the southeastern most Saint Elias Mountains and the Coastal Trough, which includes the Georgia Depression and its subunit the Fraser Lowland and other low-lying coastal areas.
+ The Western Mountain System's Coast Mountains are the westernmost range of the Pacific Cordillera, running along the western shore of the North American continent, extending south from the Alaska Panhandle and covering most of coastal British Columbia. The range is covered in dense temperate rainforest on its western exposures, the range rises to heavily glaciated peaks, including the largest temperate-latitude icefields in the world, and then tapers to the dry Interior Plateau on its eastern flanks, or to the subarctic boreal forest of the Skeena Mountains and Stikine Plateau.
+ Mount Waddington (4016 m) is the highest mountain within B.C. and Fairweather Mountain in the Fairweather Range of the Saint Elias Mountains on the B.C. and Alaska border has the highest point. Much of the B.C. coast has a fjord scenery, due to the many islands along the Pacific coast being the highest points of a partly submerged mountain range.
+ The Insular System comprises the Insular Mountains, which include the Vancouver Island Ranges and Queen Charlotte Mountains as well as the Nanaimo Lowland, Nahwitti Lowland and Hecate Depression.
+ The younger ranges of the Canadian Rockies were uplifted during the late Cretaceous period (145 million-66 million years ago) and are a relatively new, tall and uneroded mountain range.
+ During the Ice age all of British Columbia is covered by ice (except Haida Gwaii and Brooks Peninsula).
+ "Source Statistics Canada"
+ Although little-known to the general public, British Columbia is home to a huge area of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Several mountains that many British Columbians look at every day are dormant volcanoes. Most of them have erupted during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Although none of Canada's volcanoes are currently erupting, several volcanoes, volcanic fields, and volcanic centers are considered potentially active, 49 of which have erupted in the past 10,000 years and many of which have been active in the past two million years. There are hot springs at some volcanoes while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975, including: Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager massif, Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley massif, Castle Rock, The Volcano, Mount Edziza, Hoodoo Mountain and Crow Lagoon. Numerous shield volcanoes developed during the Tertiary period in north-central British Columbia and some were active intermittently to recent times. Mount Edziza and Level Mountain are most spectacular examples. Mount Edziza is a stratovolcano consisting of a basal shield of basaltic flows surmounted by a central vent and flanked by numerous satellite cones, ash beds and blocky lavas. The complex has a long history of volcanic eruption that began about 10 million years ago and ended about 1300 years ago. The volcanoes are grouped into four volcanic belts with different tectonic settings.
+ The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a north-south range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia. It is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada. It was formed by subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone. Eruption styles within the belt range from effusive to explosive, with compositions from basalt to rhyolite. The most recent major catastrophic eruption was the 2350 BP eruption of the Mount Meager massif. It produced an ash column at least 20 km high into the stratosphere and dammed the Lillooet River with breccia.
+ The Anahim Volcanic Belt is an east-west line of volcanoes. These volcanoes probably formed when the North American Plate moved over the Anahim hotspot. The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands. The last volcanic eruption within the belt was about 7000 years ago at a small cinder cone called Nazko Cone.
+ The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province (sometimes called the Stikine Volcanic Belt) is the most active volcanic region in Canada, containing more than 100 volcanoes. Several eruptions are known to have occurred within this region in the past 400 years and contains Canada's largest volcanoes. It formed as a result of faulting, cracking, rifting and the interaction between the Pacific and the North American plates.
+ The Chilcotin Group in southern British Columbia is thought to have formed as a result of back-arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone.
+ The Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field in southeastern British Columbia consists of numerous small, basaltic volcanoes and extensive lava flows. Many individual volcanoes in the field have been active for the last 3 million years during which time the region was covered by thick glacial ice at least twice, prior to the well known Fraser Glaciation (also known as the Wisconsin Glaciation). The origin of the volcanism is yet unknown but is probably related to crustal thinning. The last eruption in the field was at Kostal Cone in 1500. Volcanism within the field has also created the -high Helmcken Falls, which is the fourth highest waterfall in Canada. It owes its foundation to the deposits of volcanic rock that were placed down in the wide valley of the Murtle River. Layer upon layer of fresh lava created flat areas, over which enormous floods flowed during the last ice age. These floods shaped the upright cliff in the lava flows over which the river now flows. The protection of Helmcken Falls was one of the major causes for the development of Wells Gray Provincial Park. As a result, if it had not been for the volcanic eruptions, it is not likely that such a large wilderness region would have been made.
+ The Fraser River forms an important transportation corridor when it drains much of central and southern British Columbia flowing to the Pacific Ocean. Other major rivers include the upper Columbia River and the Kootenay River. In northern B.C. the Stikine, Nass and Skeena Rivers flow toward the Pacific Ocean, and Peace River flows northeast toward the Arctic Ocean. Hydroelectric resources in B.C. are highly developed, and pulp and paper and lumber mills are common throughout the province. The Fraser, Nass, and Skeena Rivers have not been dammed in order to protect the salmon runs on them. Rivers and their valleys have for a long time provided routes through the mountains for people in B.C.
+ Long, narrow lakes are found throughout the valleys of the Southern and Central Interior. Among these are Atlin, Kootenay, Okanagan, Quesnel, and Shuswap Lakes. Several high dams have impounded large reservoir lakes like Kinbasket Lake, particularly on the Columbia (see Hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River) and Peace Rivers. Williston Lake, on the Peace River, is the province's largest body of freshwater.
+ "Source Statistics Canada"
+ "Source Environment Canada"
+ "Sources Statistics Canada, WLD, anglersatlas.com"
+ British Columbia's climate is best described as varied. The mountainous terrain causes huge changes in climatic conditions over short distances. All winter long the coast is pounded with storm after storm off the Pacific Ocean. The Coast Mountains, Cascades and also the Skeena and Hazelton Mountains block most of the precipitation which forces the majority of the precipitation to fall on the West side of the mountains. In contrast, the leeward side is much drier with some areas classified as semi-arid. The Coast of British Columbia is by far the wettest area in Canada, while areas located 150–200 km inland are some of the driest places in Canada outside of the High Arctic. Most of Northern BC as well as many mountain highways have a subarctic or subalpine climate.
+ Coastal British Columbia experiences the mildest winters in Canada where freezing temperatures are infrequent. Victoria, generally considered the mildest major city in Canada, has gone an entire winter without freezing. Along with the moderating effect of the Pacific Ocean, the mountains impede the flow of the cold arctic air during the winter. The only exception is the northeastern portion of the province situated on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Without the protection of the mountains, the climate is similar to that found in the neighboring parts of Alberta. The winters are very cold and the summers are warmer than areas west of the Rockies.
+ Summer daytime temperatures in the Southwestern Interior are the hottest in Canada. During July and August, the average daily maximum temperature around Osoyoos and Spences Bridge is over 29 °C (84.2 °F), though Lillooet and Lytton erroneously claim to be hotter and vie for the title of "Canada's Hot Spot". This is because their summertime temperature extremes tend to be hotter than Osoyoos and Spences Bridge (despite a slightly cooler average temperature). This heat combined with little precipitation means that arid animals and vegetation thrive. Although winter temperatures are much colder than Coastal British Columbia, many interior areas have warmer winters than most of the other provinces in Canada. Southern Interior valleys, including the Okanagan Valley, are spared the incessant precipitation found on the coast, but they receive some of the lowest amounts of bright sunshine in Canada
+ during the winter months. This is a result of winter temperature inversions that leave the valleys in a layer of thick cloud while the rest of the province basks in sunshine.
+ On the other hand, a few small southern interior towns, for example Princeton and Grand Forks, have a humid continental climate (Dfb) with average winter temperatures and cold snaps comparable to other parts of the country, due to their higher elevation. While these are still considered mild by Canadian standards, there are even smaller villages with even higher elevation, such as Allenby and Beaverdell, with even colder average temperatures.
+ Some Mountain passes in southern BC can have dangerous heavy snowfall and freezing rain, and drivers may be unaware of wintry road conditions when they come from nearby areas like Vancouver and Kamloops that are much warmer. Some passes on major highways, including Roger's Pass (Highway 1) and Coquihalla Summit (Highway 5) get more annual snowfall than the snowiest cities in Canada.
+ Source: Environment Canada, "Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1981-2010"
+ Source: Environment Canada, "Weather Winners WebSite"
+
* indicates a Canadian record.
+ Source: Environment Canada
+ There are 14 designations of parks and protected areas in the province that reflect the different administration and creation of these areas in a modern context. There are 141 Ecological Reserves, 35 Provincial Marine Parks, 7 Provincial Heritage Sites, 6 National Historic Sites, 4 National Parks and 3 National Park Reserves. 12.5% (114,000 km²) of BC is currently considered 'protected' under one of the 14 different designations that includes over 800 distinct areas.
+ British Columbia contains seven of Canada's national parks:
+ BC also contains a large network of provincial parks, run by BC Parks of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy.
+ In addition to parks, British Columbia also protects approximately 47,000 square kilometers of agricultural land via the Agricultural Land Reserve.
+ Environment Canada subdivides British Columbia into a system of ecozones, each containing smaller ecoregions. The ecozones within British Columbia include the Pacific Marine, Pacific Maritime, Boreal Cordillera, Montane Cordillera, Taiga Plains, and Boreal Plains Ecozones. The system used was established by the trilateral Commission for Environmental Cooperation and as such is parallel to that used by the Environmental Protection Agency in the United States, though their system uses different names for the same ecozones and ecoregions, and to a similar ecoregional subdivision of Mexico.
+ In an ecoregion system advanced by the World Wildlife Fund, British Columbia's ecosystems are divided on five different levels, each classifying the area on a progressively more detailed basis. At the top level, ecodomains delineate areas of broad climatic uniformity across the world. The ecodomains are then divided into ecodivisions which delineate areas of broad climatic and physiographic uniformity. Next, the ecodivisions are divided into ecoprovinces which consider climate, oceanography, relief and regional landforms. The ecoprovinces are then divided into ecoregions which consider major physiographic and minor macroclimatic or oceanographic variations. Finally, the ecoregions are divided into ecosections for minor physiographic and macroclimatic or oceanographic variations. Overall, B.C. is divided into 4 large ecodomain areas which are progressively divided down into 114 small ecosections.
+ The British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range subdivides the province's ecoregions into a system of biogeoclimatic zones:
+ In botany, nearly all of British Columbia is part of the Rocky Mountain Floristic Province.
+ Founded as several colonies as part of the British Empire, the political geography is complicated by the fact that during colonization no treaties or conquests of First Nations (the indigenous people) occurred outside of a few small areas of the province. The resulting legal and political system is based upon the British, and later Canadian state that evolved from it. At present much of the province is subject to contested title and political rights with First Nations. The issue used to be called the Indian Land Question, though the term is no longer used. On-going disputes have included protest, political activity and legal challenges, including the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision recognizing title to one group (Tsilhqot'in Nation v British Columbia).
+ British Columbia is divided into defined regions for various political purposes. One is for the purpose of providing local government services in various ways. Among the most important subdivisions of the province are forest regions and forest districts, which have jurisdiction over forests and their management, and also range and grazing leases, and also manage Ministry of Forests recreation sites and campgrounds. Other important subdivisions are Ministry of Environment regions (which controls water rights and management, environmental oversight, pesticide and herbicide permits, the British Columbia Conservation Officer Service and Fish and Wildlife Branch; the provincial parks are managed by a sub-department of the Ministry of Environment, BC Parks), health regions (which administer health funding, hospitals and ambulance services), school districts (whose taxation authority is distinct from that of regional districts and organized by tax assessment areas), and mining districts (whose authority under the Mines Act supersedes nearly all other jurisdictions). The Ministry of Tourism also has a system of tourism regions, and the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Small Business Development divides the province into development regions, with BC Stats using a different regionalization system than that of Statistics Canada, which uses regional district boundaries to organize its data. Also very important is a system of Regional Management Planning Boards, which are "roundtable"-type planning authorities on which local stakeholders ranging from taxpayer and industry groups, municipalities and chambers of commerce, Ministry of Forests and Ministry of Environment/BC Parks and in some cases First Nations hammer out long-range plans for regional land-use management.
+ The provincial judicial system also subdivides the province into counties, though this is mostly only procedural and does not impact directly on daily life.
+ All such regions and underlying title and survey descriptions are organized by land districts, which are the cadastral survey system underlying all legal descriptions in the province and date from the original Lands Act in the days of the Colony of British Columbia and Colony of Vancouver Island.
+ In the case of municipal-type services, there are municipalities, which are incorporated areas, and regional districts, which are groups of member municipalities and rural areas. Another purpose is for the provision of provincial services. The provincial government has dividing certain services into regional services, such as health authorities and agricultural commissions, which administer specified regions according to their own policies. The province is also divided to provide electoral districts by Elections BC for provincial elections and Elections Canada for federal elections. In addition to these, Indian Reserves have been established throughout the province but are administered by the federal government.
+ In order to fund community-wide services, such as a sewer system, urban areas incorporate to form municipalities. The vast majority of British Columbians live in these municipalities but there are also large areas of unincorporated rural areas around the municipalities. In 1964 the provincial government created regional districts, through amendments to the Municipal Act, to better coordinate regional issues and provide community services to unincorporated areas. Only one area, the sparsely populated Stikine Region in northwest B.C., is not covered by a regional district and municipal-type powers are administered directly by the provincial government. The Stikine Region has a permanent population of only 1,352 people, most of them aboriginal, and covers an area of 135,391 square kilometers with no municipalities within its borders. its only major towns being Atlin and Telegraph Creek. Most planning in that region is governed by the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (forestry is only a small player in the region's economy as yet). All the regional districts and municipalities are members of the Union of British Columbia Municipalities. The former Sechelt Indian Band is now a municipal-type government, the Sechelt Indian Government District, and former Indian Reserves are now fee-simple lands within that effective municipality.
+ Since 1966-67, British Columbia has been segmented into 27 regional districts as a way of extending municipal powers outside of municipalities. These regional districts are governed by boards composed of representatives of member municipalities and electoral areas. The unincorporated area of the regional district is segmented into electoral areas. Each electoral area elects one director who sits on the Regional Board and the Electoral Area Directors Committee. The Islands Trust acts similar to a regional district for most of the unincorporated islands in the Gulf of Georgia between the Mainland and Vancouver Island, which are part of various regional districts though the Islands Trust supersedes them in planning and zoning authority.
+ The regional districts are used to provide local government services (mostly zoning, building inspection, etc.) to unincorporated areas, sub-regional services (e.g. street bridge over a border) between two or more members, regional parks, and regional services (e.g. funding the regional hospital district) required for the entire area. Also, as a collection of municipalities they are able to borrow funds for capital projects at lower interest rates.
+ There are over 150 municipalities in British Columbia. They are divided into cities, districts, towns and villages, according to their population at the time of their incorporation. There are also three other municipalities that were incorporated for special purposes. These are the Resort Municipality of Whistler, Sechelt Indian Government District, and Bowen Island Municipality. With the exception of the City of Vancouver all municipalities attain their legislative powers from the Local Government Act (formerly the Municipal Act), which is being replaced, in phases, by the Community Charter. The City of Vancouver obtains its legislative authority from the Vancouver Charter.
+ British Columbia has a large number of Indian Reserves which are outside the municipal and regional district systems and are self-governing by numerous band governments, most of which belong to tribal councils, which is an association of bands with common interests and not governments as such. Many bands claim sovereignty, having signed no treaties to surrender title.
+ For representation in the Legislative Assembly B.C. is segmented into 87 electoral districts. Each one of these ridings elects one candidate to become its Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in a first past the post race contained within the electoral district. Patterns of voting established by the right-wing predecessors of the BC Liberal Party, the BC Social Credit Party and the wartime Liberal-Conservative Coalition dominated provincial politics for much of the latter part of the twentieth century and enjoyed power bases on Vancouver's West Side, Victoria's richer suburbs, on the south bank of the Fraser Valley and in the Okanagan and the province's Central Interior and Northeast. The New Democratic Party has traditionally drawn its support from more urbanized areas such as Vancouver and Victoria, as well as the North Coast and northwest Interior, plus the mining towns of the Kootenays and key areas of Vancouver Island. Swing areas include the BC Interior, certain urban areas within the Lower Mainland (like Surrey) and certain rural areas (like in southeastern BC).
+ The province of British Columbia currently has 36 electoral districts represented in the House of Commons of Canada. Regional voting patterns are similar to those for provincial ridings, except that many voters vote differently federally than they do provincially, particularly on the right.
+
+= = = Mercury Energy = = =
+
+ Mercury NZ Limited is a New Zealand electricity generation and electricity retailing company. All of the company's electricity generation is renewable. It owns and operates nine hydroelectric generating stations on the Waikato River and five geothermal plants in the Taupo area.
+ In 2015, the company under the Mighty River Power brand generated 17% of the country's electricity. In 2017, Mercury had a 19% share of the New Zealand retail electricity market.
+ Mercury NZ Limited was formed in 1994 by the Auckland Energy Consumer Trust to own and run the electricity supply business previously operated by the community-owned local authority, Auckland Electric Power Board. In 1998, law changes obliged AEPB to sell the electricity retailing and generation part of the business.
+ In 1998 but after the 1998 Auckland power crisis Mercury's electricity retailing division was sold to Mighty River Power, which was then a wholly state-owned SOE. Mighty River Power's retailing division continued the former trading name Mercury Energy. The electricity distribution business, Mercury Energy Limited, changed its name to Vector Limited and continued the distribution and transmission operation.
+ Mighty River Power was established on 1 April 1999, when the 1998 reform of the electricity sector took effect. The Electricity Corporation of New Zealand (ECNZ) was broken up into three state-owned generating companies - Mighty River Power, Genesis Energy and Meridian Energy. Mighty River Power took over the ownership and operation of the eight hydroelectric power stations on the Waikato River, New Zealand's longest, and also inherited the assets of two largely decommissioned oil-fired power stations at Marsden Point, near Whangarei.
+ In addition, the 1998 reforms forced the separation between lines (transmission and distribution) and supply (generation and retailing). On 1 April 1999, Mercury Energy, then the major lines and supply company for Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, was split between lines and supply. Mighty River Power inherited Mercury Energy's retail base and its share in the Southdown Power Station (in conjunction with the Natural Gas Corporation). Mercury Energy then became the name of Mighty River's retail business, and the sub-transmission and distribution business of Mercury Energy was renamed Vector.
+ In 2000, Mighty River purchased into the Rotokawa geothermal power station, to operate and maintain the station, and own the geothermal turbines in a joint venture with the Tauhara North No.2 Trust. Also that year, Mighty River Power commissioned the Mokai geothermal power station in a joint venture with the Tuaropaki Trust.
+ In September 2002, Mighty River gained 100 percent ownership of the Southdown power station.
+ In 2004, Mighty River announce plans to refurbish the Marsden B plant to fire it on coal to increase supply security north of Auckland. Marsden B had been mothballed since it was completed in 1978 due to rising oil prices following the 1973 oil crisis and there being cheaper alternatives available. Greenpeace staged a nine-day occupation of the site in 2005, and after the Northland Regional Council granted consent, appealed to both the Environment Court and High Court, eventually overturning the consent. Mighty River appealed the High Court decision to the Court of Appeal, but in March 2007 dropped the proposal.
+ In 2008, Mighty River increased its generating capacity by opening the 100 MW Kawerau geothermal power station, increasing supply security to the eastern Bay of Plenty, a large timber processing area. In 2010, it opened the 140 MW Nga Awa Purua geothermal station near Taupo, complete with the largest single-shaft geothermal turbine in the world. The commissioning of Nga Awa Purua increased Mighty River's geothermal capacity to 385 MW, becoming the nation's largest geothermal electricity generator with 52.7 percent of all installed geothermal capacity.
+ In December 2011, the National Government announced plans to reduce its shareholding in Mighty River Power, as well as in the three other state-owned energy companies, from 100 percent to 51 percent and to sell off the remaining 49 percent as part of its controversial "mixed-ownership model" plan. Mighty River Power was to be the first company to be partially sold in September 2012, pursuant to legislative changes and market conditions. However, threatened legal action and unfavourable market conditions saw the government delay any sale until March 2013 at the earliest.
+ The Government began taking registrations of interest from the public in Mighty River Power shares on 5 March 2013. More than 35,000 people tried to register in the first six hours, causing the registration website to crash for much of the day. By midnight, more than 90,000 people had registered.
+ In anticipation of the sale, in April 2013 State Owned Enterprises Minister Tony Ryall said director fees would be increasing from $49,000 a year to $85,000, and the chair's fees from $98,000 to $150,000, despite still being majority-owned by taxpayers.
+ The Financial Markets Authority approved the sale of Mighty River Power on 12 April, with the initial public offering (IPO) opening on 15 April. However, the IPO was temporarily suspended on 22 April while a supplementary disclosure was issued, after the Labour and Green parties in opposition announced plans to reform the electricity market if elected to government at the 2014 election. At the close of the IPO on 5 May, there were 113,000 shareholders, and on 8 May the opening share price was set at $2.50, raising $1.7 billion. The Government was slightly disappointed, blaming the Labour-Green policy for putting off many more potential shareholders, and with the Finance Minister indicating before the policy was announced that the price would be in the $2.70 to $2.80 range. The government retained 51.78 percent of the shareholding, with another 1.02 percent owned by other Crown interests (mainly the New Zealand Superannuation Fund).
+ By September, shares had slumped to $2.16, well below the float price, and in October the company announced it would be buying back up to $50 million in shares. By November 2015, the share price had exceeded the listing price, at $2.88.
+ The gas fired Southdown Power Station, a 170 MW combined cycle power station in south Auckland was closed in December 2015.
+ The company changed its name to Mercury NZ Limited on 29 July 2016, after merging its retail and generation businesses.
+ Mercury operates 13 power stations, all in Auckland, Waikato, and the Bay of Plenty. In total, the company has 1638 MW of generating capacity - composed of 1078 MW hydroelectric, 385 MW geothermal, and 175 MW natural gas.
+ In addition to its generation assets, Mercury also incorporates or has major shareholdings in:
+
+= = = Bair Island = = =
+
+ Bair Island is a marsh area in Redwood City, California, covering , and includes three islands: Inner, Middle and Outer islands. Bair Island is part of the larger Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. It is surrounded by the Steinberger slough to the northwest and Redwood Creek to the southeast.
+ The California Department of Fish and Wildlife's Bair Island Ecological Reserve consists of on the Middle and Outer islands, although the entire island group is managed by the Refuge. Bair Island is an important ecological wetland, which provides critical habitat for a variety of species, including the endangered California clapper rail and the Salt marsh harvest mouse, and is an important stop for birds on the Pacific Flyway. Bair Island is bisected by Corkscrew Slough, a major haul-out site for harbor seals ("Phoca vitulina").
+ Bair Island is the largest undeveloped island in the San Francisco Bay and was used for farming, grazing and salt production since the 19th century. A residential development called South Shores had been proposed to build a housing estate with 4000 houses on the marshland. It was approved by the Redwood City council, but a citizens referendum narrowly defeated the project in 1982 by just 44 votes. The Peninsula Open Space Trust purchased the property in 1996 and deeded the site to be part of the Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge, and the Bair Island Ecological Reserve was established in 1997. In 2013, a pedestrian bridge was opened to connect to trails around the island to allow access to the naturally restored wetlands. In 2017, tour guides began leading pedestrians on the trails and showing the effects of wetland restoration. Some species that have flourished since the restoration are the California Ridgway's rail, pickleweed, and pelicans.
+
+= = = John Scott (Pennsylvania politician, born 1824) = = =
+
+ John Scott (July 24, 1824November 29, 1896) was an American lawyer and Republican party politician. He served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate.
+ Born in Alexandria, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, John Scott attended Marshall College in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. He practiced law in Huntingdon from 1846 to 1869. He was a prosecuting attorney from 1846 to 1849. He was a member of the revenue commission in 1851. He was a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives in 1862.
+ Scott was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1869, and in 1870 convened a Congressional Inquiry into the atrocities of the Ku Klux Klan, but was not a candidate for reelection in 1875. He served as Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Claims during the Forty-third Congress. He moved to Pittsburgh in 1875, and served as general counsel of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1875 to 1877 and general solicitor from 1877 to 1895.
+ John Scott's father, also named John Scott, served in the U.S. House. Scott's mother Agnes is the namesake of Agnes Scott College in Decatur Georgia.
+ He died on November 29, 1896 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and is interred at The Woodlands Cemetery.
+
+= = = Girjet = = =
+
+ Girjet (Gestión Aérea Ejecutiva, SL) was an airline based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It operated charter services. Its base was Barcelona International Airport.
+ The airline was created on 28 February 2003 and started operations on 31 July 2003. It flew under its own name and for other operators such as Spanair. It also made cargo flights with a Boeing 747-200.
+ By April 2008, Girjet had lost its Air Operating Licence and the whole fleet was grounded. Since then some aircraft made their way to other airlines, either sold or returned to their lessors.
+ The Girjet fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at December 2007):
+
+= = = Brčko = = =
+
+ Brčko (Cyrillic: Брчко, ) is a city and the administrative seat of Brčko District, in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies on the banks of Sava river across from Croatia. As of 2013, it has a population of 83,516 inhabitants.
+ It is the only existent entirely self-governing free city in Europe.
+ Its name is very likely linked to the "Breuci" (Greek Βρεῦκοι), a subtribe of Pannonian tribes of the Illyrians who migrated to the vicinity of today's Brčko from the territories of the Yamnaya culture in the 3rd millennium BC. Breuci greatly resisted the Romans but were conquered in 1st century BC and a lot of them were sold as slaves after their defeat. They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule.
+ A number of Breuci migrated and settled in Dacia, where a town called Bereck or Brețcu, a river (Brețcu River) and a mountain Munții Brețcului in today's Romania were named after them.
+ The city is located on the country's northern border, across the Sava River from Gunja in Croatia.
+ Brčko is the seat of the "Brčko District", an independent unit of local self-government created on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina following an arbitration process. The local administration was formerly supervised by an international supervisory regime headed by Principal Deputy High Representative who is also "ex officio" the Brčko International Supervisor. This international supervision was frozen since 23 May 2012.
+ Brčko was a geographic point of contention in 1996 when the U.S.-led Implementation Force (IFOR) built Camp McGovern on the outskirts of the city. Camp McGovern under the overwatch of 3-5 CAV 1/BDE/1AR Division (US) commanded by LTC Anthony Cucculo was constructed from a war torn farming cooperative structure in the Zone of Separation (ZOS) for the purpose of establishing peacekeeping operations. The mission was to separate the forming warring factions. The ZOS was one kilometer wide of no man's land, where special permission was required for Serbian or Bosnian forces to enter. Various checkpoints and observation points (OP's) were established to control the separation.
+ Although Brčko was a focal point for tension in the late 1990s, considerable progress in multi-ethnic integration in Brčko has since occurred including integration of secondary schooling. Reconstruction efforts and the Property Law Implementation Plan have improved the situation regarding property and return.
+ Today, Brčko has returned to a strategic transshipment point along the Sava River. The population of Brčko has not returned to its pre-war ethnic mix of Bosniacs, Serbs, and Croats. Brčko sits at the east-west apex of Republika Srpska, the ethnic Serb portion of Bosnia & Herzegovina, and as such is critical to the RS for its economic future.
+ Brčko was one of the main points discussed in the Dayton Peace Accords. After several weeks of intensive negotiation, the issue of Brčko was to be decided by international arbitration. Brčko Arbitration ruled in May 1997 that Brčko would be a special district managed by an ambassadorial representative from the international community. The first Ambassador to Brčko was an American with support staff from the UK, Sweden, Denmark & France.
+ The first international organization to open office in Brčko at that time was the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) headed by Randolph Hampton.
+ Following PIC meeting on 23 May 2012, it was decided to suspend, not terminate, the mandate of Brčko International Supervisor. Brčko Arbitral Tribunal, together with the suspended Brčko Supervision, will still continue to exist.
+ According to 2013 census, the Brčko district had 83,516 inhabitants.
+ The ethnic composition of Brčko district:
+ A railway station is near the city centre on the line from Vinkovci to Tuzla. However, no passenger trains operate to Brčko anymore. The closest operating railway station is in Gunja, Croatia; just on the other side of the border.
+ Brčko has three football clubs (FK Jedinstvo Brčko, FK Lokomotiva Brčko and the youngest club FK Ilićka 01). They all play in the Second League of Republika Srpska.
+ Brčko has the largest port in Bosnia, on the Sava river. Aside of that, the City of Brčko is also home to an economics school of the University of East Sarajevo and to a local theatre festival.
+ Brčko is twinned with:
+
+= = = Brčko District = = =
+
+ Brčko District ("Brčko Distrikt" / Брчко Дистрикт, ) is a self-governing administrative unit in north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+ Officially a condominium of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, it was formed in 1999 to reflect Brčko and the surrounding areas' multi-ethnic nature and special status within the newly-independent Bosnia. In reality, it functions as a local self-government area, much like the other municipalities in the country.
+ The seat of the district is the city of Brčko.
+ The Brčko District was established after an arbitration process undertaken by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the Dayton Peace Accords however, the process could only arbitrate the disputed portion of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL). The Brčko District was formed of the entire territory of the former Brčko municipality, of which 48% (including Brčko city) was in the new formed Republika Srpska, while 52% was in the old Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since the end of the Bosnian War, the European Union (EU) has maintained a diplomatic peace-keeping presence in the area.
+ Brčko was the only element in the Dayton Peace Agreement which was not finalized. The arbitration agreement was finalized in March 1999 resulting in a "district" as mentioned above which was to be administrated by an American Principal Deputy High Representative who is also "ex officio" the Brčko International Supervisor.
+ In 2006, under the Supervisory Order, all "Entity legislation in Brčko District and the IEBL" was abolished. The ruling made by the Brčko Supervisor Susan Johnson abolishes all Entity Laws in the District, as well as abolishing the Entity Border Line. The ruling makes the Laws of the District and the Laws of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina (including the laws of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) paramount within the District.
+ The first Brčko International Supervisor arrived in April 1997. Prior to that time, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) had a modest office headed by Randolph Hampton. During the interim time before the District of Brčko could be represented post arbitration agreement, local elections were held, and humanitarian relief was provided with cooperation from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and ECHO. The District became known as a center for different state-building programs run by foreign governments, particularly the United States.
+ Following a Peace Implementation Council (PIC) meeting on 23 May 2012, it was decided to suspend, not terminate, the mandate of the Brčko International Supervisor. The Brčko Arbitral Tribunal, together with the suspended Brčko Supervision, continues to exist.
+ The ethnic composition of Brčko district:
+ Births
+ Deaths
+ Natural increase
+ There are 31 seats in the Assembly of the Brčko District. The seats are divided as follows as of 2016:
+
+= = = William Trent = = =
+
+ William Trent (1715 December 1, 1784) was a fur trader and merchant based in colonial Pennsylvania. He was commissioned as a captain of the Virginia Regiment in the early stages of the French and Indian War, when he served on the western frontier with the young Lt. Colonel George Washington. Trent led an advance group who built forts and improved roads for troop access and defense of the western territory. He was later promoted to the rank of major.
+ Trent had gone into fur trading by 1740, aided by capital from his father, a wealthy shipping merchant of Philadelphia who was the founder of Trenton, New Jersey. The younger Trent took on George Croghan, an Irish immigrant, as his partner, as he was effective in developing trading networks with Native Americans.
+ In 1744, Trent purchased vast lands in the Ohio Country west of the Appalachian Mountains. From then through the 1780s, he was a key figure in encouraging westward expansion by Anglo-American settlers past the Appalachian barrier, as he wanted to sell his land in parcels for development.
+ Trent was born in 1715 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania (then described as western Pennsylvania in historic accounts) as the youngest child and son of William Trent, a prominent merchant and trader in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and his second wife, Mary Coddington, who was 25 years younger than her husband. The second son born to Mary Coddington Trent, William was her only child to survive to adulthood. Her first son died in infancy. Trent's father had four children with his first wife, Mary Burge Trent, who had died in 1708. They were James, John, Maurice, and Mary Trent.
+ Trent senior founded Trenton, New Jersey by buying a large tract of land in 1714 below the falls of the Delaware River and developing his country house there. Moving to the new site in 1721 with his family, Trent also platted the town around his house. The young Trent grew up with his father's wealth, gained from trading and shipping in furs, dry goods and slaves, with merchants and interests in the North American and Caribbean colonies, and England. His father had interests in 40 ships. His father served in the provincial governments in both Pennsylvania and New Jersey.
+ With capital from his father, Trent had a stake to buy goods and begin fur trading in the Ohio Country. Much of the upper Ohio Valley had been conquered by the Iroquois nations, based in New York and northern Pennsylvania, and they kept it open by right of conquest as their hunting ground. They had needed new grounds after exhausting some of the fur game to the East.
+ In 1744, Trent made large land purchases from Native Americans in the Ohio Country along the Ohio River, west of the Appalachian Mountains.
+ He took George Croghan, a young immigrant from Ireland, as a partner in the fur trade. Croghan had quickly proved adept at establishing a trading network among the Indians. He followed the French practice of establishing posts in existing Native villages, rather than expecting them to come to a separate English post. In addition, Croghan soon learned the Unami language of the Lenape (Delaware) and the Mohawk language of one of the Iroquois tribes. He was also involved in land speculation, usually holding property for a short period of time.
+ The Virginia Regiment recruited men in Virginia and Pennsylvania in 1754 before the outbreak of the war. As pay was low, there was high turnover in the lower ranks. Trent was commissioned as a captain and commanded a company, then likely 25-40 men. The young George Washington was promoted from Lt. Col. to Colonel to command the Regiment.
+ When the Regiment moved across the Appalachian divide along Nemacolin's Trail, Trent was assigned to take the advance company. He established two forts that were later taken and destroyed by the French: Fort Prince George, begun February 17, 1754 and Fort Hanger. The first was built after Washington returned from his diplomatic mission warning the French to leave the Ohio Country. Trent and his forces built Fort Hanger (Hangard) later that year on Redstone Creek.
+ It was at its confluence with the Monongahela River and near the Ford of the river by Nemacolin's Trail.
+ Trent and his men had not completed Fort Prince George when a large French military expedition of 600 soldiers, led by Sieur de Contrecoeur, surrounded the English colonists. They forced Trent to surrender and return with his men to Virginia. The French force included engineers. After demolishing Fort St. George, they began building the larger, more complex Fort Duquesne (at present-day Pittsburgh).
+ The officers of the Virginia Regiment decided to continue their campaign to secure the trans-Allegheny region for the Ohio Country. Their strategy was to build a wagon road to Redstone Creek, the nearest point of descent for larger traffic to the Monongahela River. After gaining reinforcements, they would attack and recapture the Forks of the Ohio. The Virginia Regiment began building a road from Wills Creek, intended to cross the mountains to Redstone Creek. Captain Trent was sent ahead with an advance party and supplies carried by pack animals, while Lt. Col. Washington oversaw the main column improving the road through the Cumberland Narrows Pass over the divide.
+ Trent's command made minimal improvements. He reached Redstone Old Forts, where he had his men build Fort Hangard, a blockhouse built out of logs felled along Redstone Creek.
+ Trent was a soldier-of-fortune during the various local Indian wars in Pennsylvania and present-day Maryland and West Virginia, and the French and Indian War. He commanded the militia at Fort Pitt during Pontiac's Rebellion.
+ During the siege of Fort Pitt, Trent recorded in his journal that blankets from the fort's smallpox hospital had been given to the besieging Indians during a parley. Trent wrote, "Out of our regard for them, we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect."
+ The full passage from the journal is:
+ "The Turtles Heart a principal Warrior of the Delawares and
+ Mamaltee a Chief came within a small distance of the Fort Mr. McKee
+ went out to them and they made a Speech letting us know that all our
+[posts] as Ligonier was destroyed, that great numbers of Indians [were
+ coming and] that out of regard to us, they had prevailed on 6 Nations
+[not to] attack us but give us time to go down the Country and they
+ desired we would set of immediately. The Commanding Officer thanked
+ them, let them know that we had everything we wanted, that we could
+ defend it against all the Indians in the Woods, that we had three large
+ Armys marching to Chastise those Indians that had struck us, told them
+ to take care of their Women and Children, but not to tell any other
+ Natives, they said they would go a speak to their Chiefs and come and
+ tell us what they said, they returned and said they would hold fast of
+ the Chain of friendship. Out of our regard to them we gave them two
+ Blankets and a Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will
+ have the desired effect. They then told us that Ligonier had been attacked, but that the Enemy were beat of".
+ Some credit Trent with being among the founding fathers of Pittsburgh. In later life, he became a land speculator in the western Pennsylvania region, as he sold off some of the lands he had bought in 1744.
+
+= = = 1993 Pacific typhoon season = = =
+
+ The 1993 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1993, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.
+ Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.
+ 40 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 30 became tropical storms. 15 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 3 reached super typhoon strength.
+ Tropical Depression 01W formed on February 27, 1993, near the Philippines. The storm made landfall on Mindanao on March 1, before it dissipated the next day.
+ Irma shied away from land masses.
+ It formed on April 9 east of Mindanao. It made landfall on Mindanao on April 13 and dissipated later that day.
+ It formed on April 15, 1993. Curving twice, it made landfall on Mindanao. It is the third storm to make landfall in Mindanao this season.
+ The PAGASA classified the depression as 'Daling' on May 3 as it made landfall over southern Mindanao the next day. It dissipated in the Sulu Sea on May 4.
+ Jack stayed at sea.
+ Typhoon Koryn, having developed well east of the Philippines on June 13, steadily strengthened as it moved westward, intensifying to a peak of winds on the 24th. It crossed northern Luzon the next day as a slightly weaker typhoon, and continued west-northwestward until hitting southern China (90 nautical miles southwest of Hong Kong on the 27th). Koryn slowly wound down, bringing heavy rain through China and northern Vietnam before dissipating on the 29th. Koryn was responsible for the loss of 37 people, as well as $14.5 million (1993 USD) in damage over the northern Philippines.
+ Elang made landfall in the Philippines.
+ Lewis was one of many systems to hit the Philippines that year.
+ Marian stayed within the Philippine Sea.
+ Nathan crossed Japan.
+ Ofelia moved over Japan.
+ Percy also struck Japan.
+ On July 29, PAGASA initiated advisories on a poorly organised tropical depression. The depression moved slowly towards the north-west before it dissipated during the next day.
+ The near equatorial trough spawned a tropical depression on July 30 over the open Western Pacific waters. It tracked to the west-northwest, becoming a tropical storm on the 2nd and a typhoon on the 4th. Robyn turned more to the northwest, where it reached a peak intensity of winds on the 7th. It weakened to a typhoon before hitting southwestern Japan on the 9th, and became extratropical on the 10th over the Sea of Japan. Robyn caused 45 fatalities, 39 of which were from traffic related accidents, and $68 million in damage (1993 USD).
+ Steve stayed clear from land.
+ Tasha hit China in August.
+ Keoni formed southeast of the Big Island of Hawaii on August 9, and was later classified as a named system south of the island chain. Keoni peaked as an intense Category 4 hurricane over open waters and lasted until the 29th, crossing the International Date Line and becoming a typhoon in the western Pacific, but never affected land.
+ The cyclone dropped heavy rainfall across much of the Japanese archipelago. A peak rainfall total occurred of at Mount Zaō, including a record in 24 hours. A peak hourly rainfall total of was observed in Tokyo. A wind gust of was recorded in Miyake-jima.
+ Winona hit China.
+ The monsoon trough formed a tropical depression on August 27. It headed generally westward, reaching tropical storm strength on the 30th and typhoon strength on the 31st. Yancy turned to the northeast, where it rapidly intensified to a super typhoon on the 2nd. The storm weakened to a typhoon before making landfall on southwestern Japan on the 3rd, and dissipated 2 days later over the Sea of Japan. Yancy brought strong winds to Japan, amounting to 42 casualties and widespread damage.
+ Zola was another weak system that hit Japan.
+ Abe was another Typhoon That hit China.
+ Becky struck China to the west of Macau at full force. The offshore waters in the southern and southwestern part of Hong Kong recorded hurricane-force winds where its hourly mean winds reached 122 km/h with gusts up to 176 km/h at Waglan Island. In Cheung Chau, winds increased significantly to 115 km/h hourly before under going maintenance; privately recorded its hourly winds of up to 128 km/h during its first hour of maintenance there in Cheung Chau, and up to 139 km/h 60-minute mean wind just before under going maintenance. In Tai Mo Shan, its hourly mean winds reached 155 km/h.
+ Becky was clearly underestimated and the hurricane signal 10 should have been hoisted as it was justified (hurricane-force winds recorded at southwestern part of Hong Kong when Becky traversed at about 110 km south-southwest of the Royal Observatory). Its maximum 10 minute sustained wind speed was estimated to be at around 150 km/h at its closet approach to Hong Kong.
+ The typhoon killed 1 taxi driver at a car accident in Hong Kong.
+ As of 2017, Becky was revised and upgraded to a minimal typhoon.
+ Dot struck China as well.
+ Initially posing a direct hit to Hong Kong but it slowly moved north, striking the coast of western Guangdong.
+ Cecil recurved out to sea.
+ Ed was a potent typhoon but did not affect land.
+ Typhoon Flo hit the northern Philippines on October 4 as a minimal typhoon, having developed on the 28th from the monsoon trough. It stalled just off the west coast, and turned northeastward, becoming extratropical on the 9th. Flo caused at least 50 deaths from the heavy flooding on Luzon.
+ Gene was a weak system that stayed away from land.
+ The depression criss crossed land.
+ Hattie recurved from land.
+ Ira struck the Philippines. It also wreaked havoc in Hong Kong, causing an aircraft to slide off the runway at Kai Tak Airport after landing in blind weather.
+ Jeana stayed at sea.
+ 32W was long-lived.
+ 33W was short-lived.
+ Kyle was yet another Philippines striking system. It also hit Vietnam.
+ The near equatorial trough spawned a tropical depression on November 27. It moved westward without significant development until December 2, when it became a tropical storm. Lola became a typhoon 2 days later, and hit the Philippines on the 5th. It weakened to a tropical storm after crossing the islands, but restrengthened to a typhoon before hitting southern Vietnam on the 8th. Lola quickly dissipated, not after causing 308 fatalities, 230 of which were in the Philippines from the heavy rains.
+ Manny, like Lola, developed from the near equatorial trough on December 1. It headed westward, slowly strengthening to a tropical storm on the 4th. Due to a ridge to the north, it looped on the 7th and 8th and became a typhoon on the way. While heading southwestward towards the Philippines, Manny rapidly intensified to a typhoon before hitting the Philippines late on the 9th. It weakened over the islands, and upper level winds kept it from restrengthening much over the South China Sea. Manny dissipated on the 16th over the Malay Peninsula, after causing 230 deaths, only one week after Lola hit the same area.
+ Manny's track was unusual, given its time of year with a loop and a strengthening period to the southwest. However, it has a near perfect analog; Typhoon Pamela in the 1982 Pacific typhoon season took a nearly identical track within days of Manny (though Pamela was much weaker than Manny).
+ A non-tropical system developed from the ITCZ of where Manny formed on December 11. It moved in a fairly fast westward direction as it gradually intensified into a weak tropical depression late on December 14. The PAGASA issued warnings on the depression as it reached peak intensity late on December 15, making landfall over the islands of Visayas.
+ Nell was the final system to hit the Philippines this year.
+ During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list which started on mid-1989.
+ The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1997 season. This is the same list used for the 1989 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in .
+ This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 1993. The tables also provide an overview of a systems intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.
+
+= = = Brave Little Tailor = = =
+
+ Brave Little Tailor is a 1938 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It is an adaptation of the fairy tale "The Valiant Little Tailor" with Mickey Mouse in the title role. It was directed by Bill Roberts and features original music by Albert Hay Malotte. The voice cast includes Walt Disney as Mickey, Marcellite Garner as Minnie, and Eddie Holden as the Giant.
+ The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 11th Academy Awards in 1939, but lost to Disney's own "Ferdinand the Bull". In 1994 it was chosen as the 26th greatest cartoon of all time by members of the animation field. The list was compiled in the book "The 50 Greatest Cartoons".
+ Set during the Middle Ages in Europe, a king is seeking a brave warrior to kill a giant which has been terrorizing the small kingdom. There is much discussion in the village, but no one is willing to take on the task. Nearby in the same village, a young peasant tailor (Mickey Mouse) kills seven flies at once while at his work, and accidentally interjects several other peasants' discussion of the problems with the giant to brag loudly about his accomplishment:
+ Gossip that Mickey has killed seven giants with one blow quickly spreads around the kingdom. The king summons him, and asks if he really "killed seven at one blow". He goes into an elaborate retelling of how he killed the seven (flies, not giants as the king believes), which impresses the king enough to appoint him "Royal High Killer of the Giant". Upon learning the misunderstanding, all of his confidence disappears and he attempts to stammer his way out of the assignment. The king offers him both vast riches and the hand of his only daughter, Princess Minnie, in marriage if he can kill (or at least subdue) the giant. Smitten with Minnie, he proclaims that he'll "cut [the giant] down to my size", and sets off for the giant's lair.
+ After only a few minutes, however, he is ready to turn back and give up, but the townspeople and Minnie are counting on him. "Gosh," Mickey sighs to himself, wondering what to do. "I dunno how to catch a giant."
+ Just then, the evil giant appears, forcing Mickey to scramble for a place to hide while the giant crushes a mountain, a forest, and a house. He sits down on a barn and eats a cart of pumpkins (as if they were grapes), then drinks some water (using a water well as if it were a thermos) and a smoke (rolling a cigarette from a haystack Mickey was hiding in and lighting it with an oven in a nearby house after he pulls open its roof to get it) and leans on a silo to relax as Mickey briefly ends up in his mouth but escapes. Mickey is caught in the giant's cigarette, and gives his hiding place away by accidentally sneezing. The giant attempts to squash him, who quickly produces a needle and thread and binds the giant's limbs. With the needle and thread, Mickey swings about the giant, sewing him up and causing him to fall and knock himself out. The giant subdued, Mickey returns home and is hailed as a hero. An amusement park is built on the site of the battle (powered with wind power from the snoring giant). The film ends with the king and a newly married Mickey and Minnie enjoying a ride on the carousel.
+ From August 28 to November 27, 1938, the "Mickey Mouse" comic strip published 14 Sunday newspaper comics retelling the story under the title "The Brave Little Tailor". This version was bookended by segments showing the "real" Mickey Mouse as an actor working for Walt Disney who casts him for the film. The comic has Mac MacCorker as the fictional director of the film. Goofy also appears in these scenes, and after the wrap he is wearing the same clothes he wore in the short film "The Whalers" which was released the month before "Tailor". The story was written by Merrill De Maris and drawn by Manuel Gonzales and Floyd Gottfredson with inking by Ted Thwaites.
+ In 1985 Bantam Books published a children's book called "Mickey Meets the Giant" which featured Mickey encountering the same giant. This version was somewhat more faithful to the original fairy tale, maintaining that the tailor fools the giant by apparently beating him in feats of strength.
+ The film was released on the "Mickey Mouse in Living Color" DVD collection in the "Walt Disney Treasures".
+ It was included on the 2018 "Celebrating Mickey" Blu-ray/DVD/Digital combo compilation.
+
+= = = Brace (sailing) = = =
+
+ A brace on a square-rigged ship is a rope ("line") used to rotate a yard around the mast, to allow the ship to sail at different angles to the wind. Braces are always used in pairs, one at each end of a yard ("yardarm"), termed port brace and starboard brace of a given yard or sail (e.g., the starboard main-brace is the brace fixed to the right end of the yard of the main sail).
+ The braces are fixed to the outer ends of the yards, and are led to the deck as far aft as possible, to allow the crew to haul on them. The lower yards' braces can usually run directly to the deck, but to do so with those higher up would mean that most of the force was pulling downwards rather than backwards. Instead, the braces for the upper yards run to another mast and thence to the deck. On the aftermost mast, this may mean they have to be led forwards instead of backwards. Braces from the aftermost mast that run to the very stern of the ship often pass through blocks attached to short outriggers projecting from the side of the ship in order to improve their lead. These projections are called "bumkins" and can be seen in the picture.
+ In many ways, braces are the equivalent of a modern yacht's sheets. However, where adjusting a sail on a yacht is a simple operation performed often, tacking or wearing ship using the braces usually requires the entire crew to be called to "bracing stations". This is because the braces carry heavy loads but have few blocks and hence each one needs many people hauling, and because most ships with braces have many sails and hence many such teams. For this reason, all manoeuvres require plenty of notice (one reason falling overboard is especially to be avoided from such a ship) and routine course changes may be planned well in advance for a time when as few of the crew as possible wish to be asleep.
+ The sails on a tall ship's mast must all be turned together, because of all the gear that runs between them. The rate of turn is set by the course, the heaviest yard and hence the most difficult to move. The teams on the other braces for that mast must watch the course and keep their own yard in line with it. The braces may be marked with leather tags or twine seizings to indicate the centre ("square") position and the two extremes, though these marks may not always be accurate due to stretch in the line.
+
+= = = Gulliver Mickey = = =
+
+ Gulliver Mickey is a black and white Mickey Mouse short, produced by Walt Disney and released by United Artists in 1934.
+ Mickey is first seen reading "Gulliver's Travels" while the mice orphan children are pretending to be sailors. After poking Mickey with a pin, Mickey tries to make it up to them by retelling the Liliput sequences of "Gulliver's Travels", pretending it was a real event that happened to him by portraying the role of Gulliver. The story ends with Mickey saving the town from a giant spider (Pete). However, after telling the story, one of the children dangles a fake spider attached to a fishing rod, which scares Mickey out of his wits.
+ As soon as Mickey had managed to struggle to be free from the spider's long legs, he immediately gets the spider away. But in Mickey's story, he is battling a cushion making feathers fly everywhere!
+ This short would later be adapted as part of the Timeless River world in "Kingdom Hearts II" as a mission where Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy protect the town from the Heartless, led by one attacking from an airplane.
+
+= = = Violinist of Hameln = = =
+
+ "GanGan Comics" ran the manga for approximately ten years and 37 volumes were published.
+ The manga combines a serious story with an irreverent tone; characters frequently shift between heroic and pathetic as the situation warrants. The manga also contains a myriad of unconventional running gags, such as Hamel's repeated attempts to force other members of the party into costume. Each chapter is referred to as a movement.
+ The setting resembles a medieval Europe judging by the architecture, the way people are dressed, and the local environment shown in the background. The world in which the story takes place is like an alternate universe in which, chronologically, many things do not makes sense. In fact, despite the medieval feeling with demons and magic, there are also technologically super advanced flying battleships and carriers, tanks and cities made completely of metal platings with siege machines. Also, the pieces played by Hamel and Raiel on their instruments are actually real pieces composed by real historical composers such as Beethoven, Tchaikovsky, Schumann, Schubert, Mozart, Haydn, etc. despite many of these figures existing much later in history.
+ The world they live in is referred to as Europe, however, the map shown has absolutely no resemblance to Europe at all. Most countries and characters are named after musical themes, be they instruments, tones, beats, etc. There is presence of both fantasy and science fiction elements.
+ The world they currently live in is dominated by two races, the human race and the mazoku race. The mazoku are demonic creatures that once ruled their world, until they were all sealed away into a tiny box by a heroic angel 500 years ago. An age of prosperity and peace arose and human civilization blossomed. Cities were built and nations were created. Science advanced in some, while magic became the source of power for others. One day, a woman by the name of Pandora accidentally opens the box containing all the demons, releasing them all from their imprisonment, darkening the skies and dooming human race to extinction at the hands of the mazoku. In a desperate attempt to save humanity, the Demon King Chestra, who was also released from that box, was sealed again. Pandora's two children, who were fathered by Chestra as part of the deception used to trick her, were separated as infants; one was taken by the mazoku, the other remained with her mother. In order to keep the world safe, the box that sealed the Demon King, now named Pandora's box, was sent far away, and the key that opened the box was also sent far away, in hopes that even if the mazoku would ever get their hands on one, they would not be able to make use of it. All the demons who were released then headed north, and occupied the northern-most continent and called it their capital, Hameln. Now humans fight a never-ending war against the demons in order to survive. Pandora's children - one who lives with the humans, and is hated by all those around him; the other, living with the mazoku who have never shown her any sign of affection - are destined to be reunited and bring an end to the war, one way or another.
+ The plot for the manga revolves around the hero Hamel who travels northbound towards the continent of demons in order to avert a great disaster. Using his magical oversized violin, he plays music that would force his enemies to repent for their sins and kill themselves – or so that was how the story should have been. The so-called Hamel is instead a selfish, cowardly, heartless, and immoral fiend that seeks to take advantage of those around him, and extort from those he saves. After saving the remote village of Staccato from nearby demons, he decides to abduct an orphaned girl named Flute as payment for his services. Hamel, Flute, and Oboe, Hamel's advisor who is a talking crow, head north on their long, arduous and ridicule filled journey. Along the way, they meet Raiel, the hero of Love who plays beautiful and powerful tunes that can summon spirits and manipulate people with his 500 kg solid gold piano; he is actually Hamel's childhood friend. Their first encounter results in a not so deadly battle for revenge. Next they encounter Trombone, the young prince of Dal Segno, the warrior nation renowned for their knights and their swordsmanship. Having his country burned to the ground and his parents murdered in front of his eyes, the young prince swears revenge and joins are party northwards in their quest. Adventure, hilarity, and humiliation ensues as Hamel leads the ragtag band north while performing street performances bicker with each other. Along the way, they fight dreadful enemies and eventually meet Hell Hawk King Sizer, one of the Lords of hell, the guardians of the Demons Legions. In a mostly one sided battle, Hamel's Violin is broken. It is also revealed that Hamel is actually the son of the Demon King Chestra, and that he heads north in order to defeat his father and save his mother Pandora.
+ As they venture further north, they eventually reach the kingdom of Sforzando, one of the most powerful nations of their world, renowned for their magi-knight corps, their healing magic, and the strongest woman alive, Queen Horn. While at Sforzando, they meet the Head Priest of Sforzando, they greatest magic user in all of their kingdom, who immediately takes a dislike to Hamel. It is revealed that Flute, the victim of Hamel's humiliating antics was actually the only princess of Sforzando, who was unfortunately abandoned as a baby in order to increase her chance of survival when Sforzando was besieged in a dreadful war many years ago. Reunited with her estranged mother, Flute tries to deal with many pent up emotions while Hamel is sent out in order to Seek out a man capable of fixing his magical violin. Unfortunately, during Hamel and Raiel's absence, Sforzando is besieged yet again by the armies of Hell. Leading them are Dragon King Drum and King of the Beasts Guitar, both extremely strong and one of the 4 Lords of Hell. A fierce battle ensues, where both powerful forces collide and tens of thousands of both sides perish. In the end, Hamel and Raiel return after meeting Vi Olin and having the violin fixed in order to finish their foes off. In a last-ditch effort with everyone attacking at the same time, they manage to subdue the Dragon King Drum who had turned into a 48 headed hydra.
+ The battle ends with the victory of Sforzando, and the revelation that the Queen had only a few years left to live, as her barrier magic requires the user to pay by giving up their lifespan. Once preparations were done, Hamel, Raiel, Trombone and Oboe set off once again on their quest to the northern continent. Torn between wanting to stay with her newly reunited mother and rejoining her rather ungrateful companions on their journey, she eventually chooses to follow Hamel and slowly realizes her feelings for him. At this point, the party splits up. Raiel heads to Staccato to deliver the money given to Hamel should he choose to leave Flute behind in Sforzando; Trombone goes back to Dal Segno to pay respects to those who perished there; Flute, Hamel and Oboe head north, and are joined by Cornet, Clarinet's younger sister.
+ A sequel to the series called Violinist of Hameln: Shchelkunchik started serialization in January 2008. It involves the travels of a young boy named Schel who wishes to become a wizard. Along the way he meets Hamel's son Great.
+ The TV adaptation was twenty-five episodes long and suffered from budget constraints. A substantial portion of the story is told by panning over still images, with full animation reserved mainly for action-heavy scenes. The anime has a darker setting than the manga, and although it initially follows the basic outline of the manga's plot, the two stories completely diverge by the anime's conclusion.
+ Also of note is a 30-minute animated movie, whose storyline does not intersect with the TV series. The movie was released several months before the TV series, and benefits from a substantially higher animation budget.
+ Overview
+ The game was made for SNES by Enix (which also published the GanGan Comics magazine) and is a side-scrolling platformer. It follows the manga reasonably well but changes are made so Flute is met at the beginning of the story but as the game progresses huge jumps are made in the story.
+ The game requires you to throw Flute and put her in various costumes in order to reach the end of the level. Numerous demons from the manga appear in the game as bosses.
+ Costumes
+ Throughout the game Hamel will pick up numerous costumes that Flute will wear in order to reach the goal.
+ Ostrich - Allows Flute to walk on spikes
+ Frog - When ridden Flute will jump very high
+ Robot - When jumped on will destroy blocks
+ Duck - Can swim across water and will dive when jumped on
+ Penguin - Can swim across water and will dash when jumped on
+ Monster - Used to trick a monster to let you across a bridge
+ Monkey - Will climb wall when ridden
+ Orangutan - Used to progress the story
+ Sunfish - Floats when ridden
+ Frisbee - Acts like a boomerang when thrown
+ Curling Puck - Slides when thrown
+ Elephant - Shoots water when jumped on
+ Octopus - Allows Hamel to move in any direction under water when ridden
+ UFO - Hovers and follows Hamel
+ Eagle - Flies in the direction Hamel is facing when ridden
+ Main Party
+ Sforzando
+ The demon army that wishes to revive Demon King Chestra by opening Pandora's Box. Immortal unless slain or consuming all their energy, they seek to free Chestra, who radiates so much power they can live off it indefinitely.
+ The sequel. The plot takes place 20 years after the war against the Mazoku. It features the children of protagonists of Violinist of Hameln. The "Shchelkunchik" subtitle is the original Russian name for "The Nutcracker" ballet. It ran for 8 volumes, ending abruptly with Watanabe citing health issues.
+ A few years after the sequel manga abruptly ended, Watanabe created a sort of Alternate Universe version of the original series. Violinist of Hameln Zoku. Zoku can mean "family" or "tribe", in this case "family" is the most probable intention. Very little is known about the series, as no one has attempted to translate it. It started in 2013 and it's still running.
+
+= = = Ali Mazrui = = =
+
+ Ali Al'amin Mazrui (24 February 1933 – 12 October 2014), was an academic professor, and political writer on African and Islamic studies and North-South relations. He was born in Mombasa, Kenya. His positions included Director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies at Binghamton University in Binghamton, New York, and Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies at the University of Michigan. He produced the television documentary series "".
+ Mazrui was born on 24 February 1933 in Mombasa, Kenya Colony. He was the son of Al-Amin Bin Ali Mazrui, the Chief Islamic Judge in Kadhi courts of Kenya Colony. His father was also a scholar and author, and one of his books has been translated into English by Hamza Yusuf as "The Content of Character", to which Ali supplied a foreword. The Mazrui family was a historically wealthy and important family in Kenya, having previously been the rulers of Mombasa. Ali's father was the Chief Kadhi of Kenya, the highest authority on Islamic law. Mazrui credited his father for instilling in him the urge for intellectual debate, as his father not only participated in court proceedings but also was a renowned pamphleteer and public debater. Mazrui would, from a young age, accompany his father to court and listen in on his political and moral debates.
+ Mazrui initially intended to follow the path of his father as an Islamist and pursue his study in Al-Azhar University in Egypt. Due to poor performance in the Cambridge School Certificate examination in 1949, Mazrui was refused entry to Makerere College (now Makerere University), the only tertiary education institute in East Africa at that time. He then worked in the Mombasa Institute of Muslim Education (now Technical University of Mombasa).
+ Mazrui attended primary school in Mombasa, where he recalled having learned English specifically to participate in formal debates, before he turned the talent to writing. Journalism, according to Mazrui, was the first step he took down the academic road. In addition to English, Mazrui also spoke Swahili and Arabic. After getting a Kenyan Government scholarship, Mazrui furthered his study and obtained his B.A. with Distinction from Manchester University in Great Britain in 1960, his M.A. from Columbia University in New York in 1961, and his doctorate (DPhil) from Oxford University (Nuffield College) in 1966. He was influenced by Kwame Nkrumah's ideas of pan-Africanism and consciencism, which formed the backbone of his discussion on Africa's Triple Heritage (Africanity, Islam and Christianity).
+ Mazrui began his academic career at the University of Makerere in Uganda, where he had dreamed of attending since he was a child. At Makerere, Mazrui served as a professor of political science, and began drawing his international acclaim. Mazrui felt that his years at Makerere were some of the most important and productive of his life. He told his biographer that 1967, when he published three books, was the year that he had made his declaration to the academic world "that I planned to be prolific – for better or for worse!" During his time at Makerere, Mazrui also directed the World Order Models Project in the Department of Political Science, a project which brought together political scientists from across the world to discuss what an international route to lasting peace might be.
+ Mazrui reflected that he felt forced to leave the University of Makerere. His departure was likely the result of his desire to remain a neutral academic in the face of pressures to attach his growing prestige as a political thinker to one of the regional factions.
+ His first solicitation was from John Okello, the leader of the Zanzibar Revolution, who came to Mazrui's house in 1968 to urge Mazrui to join his cause. Okello originally tried to convince Mazrui to become an advisor to him and then simply tried to enlist Mazrui's assistance in writing a constitution for Zanzibar. Mazrui told Okello that, while he was inclined to sympathize with the cause, it would be a violation of the moral duty of a professor and an academic to join with a political agenda. This incident shows the level of international prestige that Mazrui had already accumulated. Okello had sought him out specifically because he knew and valued Ali's reputation as an anti-imperialist intellectual.
+ Mazrui was later approached by Idi Amin who was the president of Uganda at the end of Mazrui's time at Makerere. Amin, according to Mazrui, wanted Mazrui to become his special adviser. Mazrui declined this invitation, for fear that it would be unsafe, and by doing so lost his political standing in Uganda. This would be what Mazrui ultimately felt forced him to leave the University of Makerere. Mazrui often said that he would like to return to Uganda, but cited his strained relationship with the Ugandan government, as well as the unfriendliness of the Ugandan people towards a Kenyan political scientist as the factors keeping him away.
+ In 1974, Mazrui was hired as a professor of political science at the University of Michigan. During his time at Michigan, Mazrui also held a professorship at the University of Jos in Nigeria. He held that spending time teaching and being part of the discourse in Africa was important to not losing his understanding of the African perspective.
+ From 1978 until 1981 Mazrui served as the Director of the Center for Afro-American and African Studies (CAAS) at the University of Michigan. While he had a relatively quiet tenure in the chair, his presence there was important for a couple reasons. First, it was a central view of Mazrui's that the African American and the African connection had to be strengthened. He believed the way to better Africa was to educate African Americans in global politics and to strengthen their connection with Africa, all things that could be under the purview of CAAS. However he also seemed to doubt the ability of a program like CAAS to accomplish anything. During his earlier years at U of M he criticized such programs saying that, in response to black activism, "some universities just established a black-studies program with a kind of political cynicism which I found rather difficult to admire, to say the very least."
+ Mazrui taught at the University of Michigan until 1989, when he took a two-year leave of absence to accept the Albert Schweitzer professorship at SUNY Binghamton. Mazrui's departure from U of M was no less eventful than his departure from Makerere. Mazrui announced his resignation from the University of Michigan on 29 May 1991. Leading up to this point, there had been a highly publicized bidding war between U of M and SUNY. Reportedly, SUNY offered Mazrui a $500,000 package which included a $105,000 salary (as compared to his $71,500 salary at U of M) as well as the funds for three professors of Mazrui's choosing, three graduate assistants, a secretary, and travel expenses. The University of Michigan reportedly matched this offer, but Mazrui decided it was too little too late. He stated that he was unconvinced by U of M's commitment to the study of political science in the third world. Both governor Mario Cuomo from New York and Governor James Blanchard from Michigan gave Mazrui personal calls to convince him to choose the University in their states. The whole affair sparked questions about the commodification as well as the celebrity of university professors.
+ His departure also caused a conversation about racial diversity at the University of Michigan; a conversation he had not been a huge part of for the fifteen years while he was on the U of M campus. In spite of the University of Michigan's efforts to retain Ali Mazrui, James Duderstadt, the president of the university at the time, came under heavy fire for not being proactive enough in the retention of an esteemed black professor. Mazrui had been hired in 1974, while the university was under heavy criticism, especially from the second Black Action Movement, for not keeping its promises for diversity in the student body and among the faculty. In contrast, Duderstadt argued that, by 1989, the University was doing a much better job of diversifying. They had added 45 minority faculty that year, 13 more than the year before and the College of Literature, Science and the Arts had seen "skyrocketing minority recruitment." Even still there was a worry that the university was focusing only on recruiting minorities, and not on making them stick around.
+ In addition to his appointments as the Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities, Professor in Political Science, African Studies, Philosophy, Interpretation and Culture and the Director of the Institute of Global Cultural Studies (IGCS), Mazrui also held three concurrent faculty appointments as Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large in the Humanities and Development Studies at the University of Jos in Nigeria, Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus and Senior Scholar in Africana Studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and Chancellor of the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. In 1999, Mazrui retired as the inaugural Walter Rodney Professor at the University of Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana. Mazrui has also been a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, The University of Chicago, Colgate University, McGill University, National University of Singapore, Oxford University, Harvard University, Bridgewater State College, Ohio State University, and at other institutions in Cairo, Australia, Leeds, Nairobi, Teheran, Denver, London, Baghdad, and Sussex, amongst others. In 2005, Ali Mazrui was selected as the 73rd topmost intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by "Prospect Magazine" (UK) and "Foreign Policy" (United States).
+ The inspiration for his documentary series "" was Ali's view was that much of modern Africa could be described by its three main influences:
+ This trinity was illustrated in Mazrui's own life. He spoke English, Arabic, and Swahili from a young age.
+ Mazrui believed there were six paradoxes that are central to understanding Africa:
+ Mazrui argued that, as long as Africa remained dependent on the developed world, no relationship between the developed world and Africa would be beneficial to Africa. In the face of détente between the US and the USSR, Mazrui was quoted as saying, "When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers. When elephants make love, however, it is also the grass that suffers."
+ Mazrui believed the greatest resource that Africa possessed was the African people. In particular, he pointed to African Americans, arguing that they must remember their African heritage and find a way to exert their influence over U.S. foreign policy if Africa ever hopes to climb out of its marginal position. Ali explained to a friend that his joint professorship at Michigan and Jos was his attempt to be a part of such a connection.
+ Some of Mazrui's work has been translated into English by Poetry Translation Centre.
+ In addition to his academic appointments, Mazrui also served as President of the African Studies Association (USA) and as Vice-President of the International Political Science Association and has also served as Special Advisor to the World Bank. He has also served on the Board of the American Muslim Council, Washington, D.C.
+ Mazrui's research interests included African politics, international political culture, political Islam and North-South relations. He is author or co-author of more than twenty books. Mazrui has also published hundreds of articles in major scholastic journals and for public media. He has also served on the editorial boards of more than twenty international scholarly journals. Mazrui was widely consulted by heads of states and governments, international media and research institutions for political strategies and alternative thoughts.
+ He first rose to prominence as a critic of some of the accepted orthodoxies of African intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s. He was critical of African socialism and all strains of Marxism. He argued that communism was a Western import just as unsuited for the African condition as the earlier colonial attempts to install European type governments. He argued that a revised liberalism could help the continent and described himself as a proponent of a unique ideology of "African liberalism".
+ At the same time he was a prominent critic of the current world order. He believed the current capitalist system was deeply exploitative of Africa, and that the West rarely if ever lived up to their liberal ideals and could be described as global apartheid. He has opposed Western interventions in the developing world, such as the Iraq War. He has also long been opposed to many of the policies of Israel, being one of the first to try to link the treatment of Palestinians with South Africa's apartheid.
+ Especially in recent years, Mazrui has also become a well known commentator on Islam and Islamism. While rejecting violence and terrorism Mazrui has praised some of the anti-imperialist sentiment that plays an important role in modern Islamic fundamentalism. He has also argued, controversially, that sharia law is not incompatible with democracy.
+ In addition to his written work, Mazrui was also the creator of the television series "", which was jointly produced by the BBC and the Public Broadcasting Service (WETA, Washington) in association with the Nigerian Television Authority, and funded by the Annenberg/CPB Project. A book by the same title was jointly published by BBC Publications and Little, Brown and Company.
+ "The Africans" was a controversial series for some. In the UK, where it aired on the BBC, it slid more or less under the radar. In the United States however, where it aired on some PBS channels, "The Africans" drew a great amount of scrutiny for being allegedly anti-western. According to critics, "The Africans" blames too many of Africa's problems on the negative influences of Europe and America, and the loudest criticisms came for the portrayal of Muammar el-Qaddafi as a virtuous leader.
+ The loudest critic of the documentary series was Lynne Cheney, who was at the time the chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). The endowment had put $600,000 toward the funding of "The Africans" and Lynne Cheney felt that Mazrui had not held to the conditions on which the endowment had granted the funding. Cheney said that she was promised a variety of interviews presenting different sides of the story, and was outraged when there were no such interviews in the show. Lynne Cheney demanded that the NEH name and logo be removed from the credits. She also had the words "A Commentary" added to the American version of the series, alongside Ali Mazrui's credits.
+ In defense of "The Africans" and its alleged bias, Mazrui made the statement "I was invited by PBS and the BBC to tell the American and British people about the African people, a view from the inside. I am surprised, then, that people are disappointed not to get an American view. An effort was made to be fair but not to sound attractive to Americans." Ward Chamberlain, the president of series co-producer WETA, also stepped in to publicly defend the series and Mazrui by saying that, in a fair telling of history, the western world shouldn't be expected to come out looking good from the African perspective.
+ His experience as a controversial figure was different in the two continents. While he was surrounded by controversy at U of M (he has been accused of being anti-Semitic, anti-American, and generally radical) he wrote to his African colleagues saying that the debate had remained remarkably civil and academic. On the other hand, in Jos, things got so heated that the university faculty once put out a flyer threatening to punish anti-Mazrui libel "in the pugilist style." Ironically, the libeler was a socialist accusing Mazrui of being overly imperialist for participating in western dialogues.
+ Probably the most fire Mazrui came under during his tenure at the University of Michigan was in response to his views on the Israel-Palestine conflict. Mazrui was an outspoken supporter of Palestine and, more than that, an outspoken critic of the state of Israel. Mazrui made the argument that Israel and the Zionist movement behaved in an imperialist fashion and that they used their biblical beliefs and the events of the holocaust for political gain . He went so far as to call the Israeli government "fascist" in its behavior. Needless to say, this sparked a great deal of controversy. The large Jewish population at the University of Michigan was highly critical of these remarks, accusing him of anti-Semitism. In the campus newspaper, "The Michigan Daily", there was a prolonged back-and-forth in 1988. One student wroth "Mazrui is completely ignorant regarding Jewish faith and history. To compare Israel to Nazi Germany is the ultimate racial slur … To digress from politics to anti-Semitic tones only fuels the fire of hatred."
+ On the other hand, in a joint letter to the "Michigan Daily", members of the Palestine Solidarity Committee wrote "A recent letter has accused Dr. Ali Mazrui and his supporters of anti-Semitism… we categorically reject this vicious slander." Mazrui, in his own defense, stated unequivocally that he was anti-Zionist, but that that was a fundamentally different thing from anti-Semitism. He admitted to having problems with the Israeli government and the Zionist movement, but said that he held these views independent of any views about the Jewish people as an ethnicity.
+ Throughout his career Mazrui held the controversial position that the only way to prevent a nuclear holocaust was to arm the third world (Africa in particular) with nuclear weapons. This was a view spotlighted in "The Africans." Speaking largely with a mind to cold war international politics, Mazrui argued that the world needed more than two sides holding nuclear arms. By virtue of the continent's central location and relative non-alignment, he argued that Africa would be the perfect keeper of the peace between the East and the West. Furthermore, as long as the third world didn't have nuclear capabilities, it would continue to be marginalized on the global stage. This view encountered heavy criticism from those who believed that the more countries with nuclear capabilities, and the more unstable those countries are politically, the greater the risk of some leader or military organization launching nuclear missiles.
+ Mazrui was a regular contributor to newspapers in Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa, most notably the "Daily Nation" (Nairobi), "The Standard" (Nairobi), the "Daily Monitor" (Kampala), and the "City Press" (Johannesburg).
+ Mazrui was ranked among the world's top 100 public intellectuals
+ by readers of "Prospect Magazine" (UK) "Foreign Policy Magazine" (Washington, D.C.) (see The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll).
+ According to press reports, Mazurui had not been feeling well for several months prior to his death. He died of natural causes at his home in Vestal in New York on Sunday, 12 October 2014. His body was repatriated to his hometown Mombasa and it arrived early morning on Sunday 19 October. It was taken to the family home where it was washed as per Islamic custom. The funeral prayer was held at the Mbaruk Mosque in Old Town and he was laid to rest at the family's Mazrui Graveyard opposite Fort Jesus. His burial was attended by Cabinet Secretary Najib Balala, Majority Leader Aden Bare Duale, Governor Hassan Ali Joho; and Senators Hassan Omar and Abu Chiaba.
+
+= = = Visionary Underground = = =
+
+ Visionary Underground are a technology driven, audiovisual collective from London. At VU's core, DJ Feelfree's distinctive, driving beats are laced with UK hip hop, ragga, soul, dub and Asian flavas and accompanied by VJ Coco's vibrant, interactive visuals. Damion Mulrain's soaring vocals are a perfect counterpoint to the fluid delivery of rapper Duane Flames. Collectively, they ably demonstrate that they have a finger on the pulse of the nation's psyche. Their live performances are delivered with energy and passion.
+ The debut album "Keep The Grime On" saw many guest collaborations but second album "Fired Up" reverts to a more traditional format of featuring mainly only band members. Currently the third album is being written. The first single to come off that album is "Get The Beers In"
+ Reflecting Visionary Underground's independent nature, VU Recordings (their own label) was created to overcome a lack of opportunity for the group in the music industry.
+ Prior to the release of "Keep The Grime On", VU Recordings released four 12" vinyl singles and one CD/vinyl single. All have been well received by the underground club market especially Eye Of The Storm which was picked up by MTV's Party Hard. Also "Militant 24-7" taken from KTGO was chosen as TV title music for BBC 2s Asian arts and culture programme; Desi DNA, whilst a selection of VU tracks have also seen their way onto a variety of compilation albums including FabricLive15 (mixed by Nitin Sawhney) and Peace Not War Vol II. Nov 2006 saw the release of Dr Das's solo debut album "Emergency Basslines"
+ A sign of the times, VU have embraced Internet technology and acknowledge it as a powerful tool that can help you reach people all over the world. Since their conception, they have always given away many MP3 downloads from the VU site.
+ In an interview for SOAS Radio in 2017, Coco Das stated that nowadays they prefer to describe themselves as audiovisual collective and instead a drum ’n’ bass/breakbeat band. In the same interview, Coco Das discuss a lot about their history and track production notes.
+ Founders
+ Featured Artists
+
+= = = Double Bullseye = = =
+
+ Double Bullseye may mean:
+
+= = = Global Air (Mexico) = = =
+
+ Global Air (Damojh Aerolíneas, S.A. de C.V.) is a Mexican airline. Founded in Guadalajara, Jalisco, in 1990, it works in the field of air transportation and executive business travel. It is a non-regular commercial aviation company, registered in Mexico, which provides charter services, charter and wet lease. This charter airline specializes in leasing and aircraft as well as in air rescue.
+ Global Air began operations in February 1990 under the name of Damojh Aerolíneas S.A. de C.V., based in Guadalajara. Until December 2011 it was based at the Mexico City International Airport; it subsequently built new hangars and an apron at the Capitán Rogelio Castillo National Airport located in Celaya, Guanajuato.
+ On May 19, 2018 the Mexican government announced that its national civil aviation authority was to begin an operational audit of Global Air to see if the airline was in compliance with regulations, on May 21, 2018, the Mexican Directorate General of Civil Aviation temporarily revoked the company's airworthiness licence both following a fatal air accident in Cuba when one of their aircraft, a Boeing 737-200 Adv. wet-leased to Cubana de Aviación, crashed shortly after takeoff from Havana, killing 112 of the 113 people on board.
+ The company operates national and international charter flights within Mexico and to the Caribbean, Central and South America.
+ As of May 2018, Global Air (Damojh Aerolíneas, S.A. de C.V.) operates two Boeing 737s:
+
+= = = Bendigo Stock Exchange = = =
+
+ Bendigo Stock Exchange (BSX) was a small stock exchange based in Australia.
+ The exchange targeted its listing rules at small to medium-sized businesses and offered lower listing fees than the Australian Securities Exchange. It listed various small companies, property trusts, and community-based businesses (such as community bank franchises of the Bendigo Bank).
+ Trading was all-electronic, conducted by an order matching system in strict price time order. Trading hours were from 9.00am until 2.30pm each weekday after being aligned with Newcastle Stock Exchange hours. The trading system had been merged onto the NSX NETS platform where stockbrokers can trade either market.
+ The exchange has a long history. It was founded in the 1860s as the Sandhurst Mining Exchange (Bendigo was called Sandhurst before it became a city), to list shares in mining companies working the rich goldfields of Bendigo and surrounding areas.
+ The 1870s were the heyday of the exchange, business was booming, and special trains brought investors from Melbourne to buy shares. In November 1871, the exchange had over 1300 listed companies, with a total capitalization around £10,000,000.
+ The great depression of the 1930s hit the exchange hard, and World War II saw the closure of almost all mines.
+ In June 2012, it was purchased by the National Stock Exchange of Australia who decided to shut it down.
+ NSX Limited acquired BSX on 12 April 2005.
+
+= = = Brooks Island Regional Preserve = = =
+
+ Brooks Island Regional Preserve includes both the of Brooks Island above the low-tide line and of the surrounding bay. The only public access to the island now is via an East Bay Regional Park District naturalist tour.
+ Brooks Island is a mostly flat strip of land extending from a round hill, named Jefferds Hill, which peaks at in San Francisco Bay, located just south of the Richmond Inner Harbor in Richmond, California.
+ Originally named as "Isla de Cármen" by a Spanish explorer, the island was named Brooks Island on California maps in 1853. The eponymous Brooks has never been identified. It has also been called Sheep Island and Rocky Island at various times. The island was bought by the regional parks district in 1968, and was opened to the public in 1988. Access is now available through ranger-led guided tours.
+ On the island are the remains of several shellmounds left from prolonged occupation by Native Americans, most likely people from the Ohlone tribe, sustained by the abundant sea life in the surrounding bay. The park district's 1976 resource analysis identified the tribes as "Huchium [Huchiun] or perhaps Chochenyo", and speculated that as many as 15,000 people might have lived on the land over the course of 2,000 to 3,000 years.
+ The first archeological excavation on Brooks Island was conducted by Nels Nelson of UC Berkeley in 1907. More systematic excavations of shellmounds on Brooks Island began in 1960 with the excavation of shellmound sites CCo-290 and CCo-291 on the northeast shore by George Coles of Contra Costa College, and Vera-Mae and Dave Fredrickson.
+ Coles' excavation of the largest shellmound (d. 2015) during the 1960s, which produced carbon-14 dates of 1,700–2,000 years before present for the oldest materials in the mound. Coles estimated that the Ohlone occupation of the site may date back more than 3,000 years. His study found bones from cormorants, ducks and other waterbirds (but no pelicans). Marine mammal bones included harbor seals, sea lions, porpoises and whales. These early residents used atlatls and harpoons with bone points. Even though the mound showed evidence of large catches of fish, especially herring, there were no fishhooks found, indicating that perhaps nets were used. Mollusks such as mussels, oysters, and clams were a large portion of the diet.
+ From CCo-290, Vera-Mae Fredrickson reported the excavation of two small, elongated, painted pebbles of fine-grained sandstone, one with a single 4mm red band across it, the other with two. Frederickson was unable to find similar specimens elsewhere in central California, but did note similarities with pebbles excavated near Los Angeles. Comparison with other similar painted stones and shells suggested that they might have been used as gaming pieces or dice, or that the two designs might have been intended to symbolize male and female elements.
+ Coles's research showed that the use of the island was stable over a long period, but not whether occupation there was year-round or seasonal. Kent Lightfoot of UC Berkeley is reanalyzing Coles's material to determine whether seasonal patterns can be identified. The latest carbon-14 date from the shellmound material is about 300 years ago, but it is possible that the island was used until the era of European contact. The Richmond Museum of History acquired Coles's collection of Brooks Island artifacts following his death in 2015.
+ Juan Manuel de Ayala conducted the first nautical survey of San Francisco Bay in 1775 and named the island Isla de Cármen. In the early 19th century, while California was a Spanish colony, it became part of Rancho San Pablo. However, Spanish records from that period do not mention any settlement on the island.
+ By 1850, the island appears on a charts of the bay labeled Brooks Island, a name that was formalized in the state legislature's definitive map of California in 1853. However, no record has been found as to which Brooks the island was named for.
+ During the 19th century the island was also called Sheep Island. One apocryphal story relates how a Croatian immigrant named Luccas Gargurevich who settled on the island in 1870 told his son Anton that "The man on Goat Island raised sheep, and I raised goats, so I have named it Sheep Island." Despite this, Gargurevich seems unlikely to be the source for this alternative name as Sheep Island appears on an 1856 map. In 1880, Gargurevich was joined on the island by his new wife Dominica, and they had nine children while living there. To educate them, he built a schoolroom and hired a teacher who traveled from Oakland. After Dominica died in childbirth, Luccas and his children left the island. Today, only a stone wall remains from the buildings of this period.
+ As well as using the island to graze sheep and cattle in the 19th century, the nearshore waters were also used for oyster farming.
+ Also during the 1870s, the Central Pacific Railroad drew up plans to build a freight terminal on the island, but work was never begun.
+ The first quarry opened on the southern flank of the island in 1892. Quarrying of the greywacke sandstone continued for 46 years until 1938, leading to another alternative name: Rocky Island.
+ The quarrying operation continued in the early decades of the 20th century, with prisoners from San Quentin reportedly using the stone from this quarry to build the prison's south cell block (completed in 1913).
+ During World War I the U.S. Navy considered leveling Brooks Island to build a battleship dock. By 1917, the Navy had determined that the existing Mare Island Naval Shipyard was suitable only for ships with a maximum draft of 30 feet, and that a new yard should be developed in San Francisco Bay to cater for ships up to 40 feet in draft. Starting with a list of 17 localities around the bay, the Navy narrowed this to four: Hunters Point, Alameda, Goat Island (now known as Yerba Buena Island) and Richmond–Albany. The navy considered four alternative plans in the Richmond–Albany area. Three of the four would have been at sites between Brooks Island and Point Isabel (to the east); the other plan proposed a site to the west of Brooks Island. However, the dock was eventually built at Hunters Point in San Francisco instead.
+ The island also housed as a shrimp processing factory for a time.
+ In the 1923, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was assigned to build the initial of a breakwater or "training wall" heading west of Brooks Island to protect the Richmond Inner Harbor and preserve the deep Harbor Channel connecting the bay with the Port of Richmond. Again, stone from the quarry at the southern tip of Brooks Island was used for this purpose. Over many years of subsequent repairs and extensions, the training wall grew to about and siltation built up sand flats of about along its length.
+ The scale of quarrying accelerated from 1918. Sandstone from the Brooks Island quarry was reportedly used for the foundations of Treasure Island (1936-7), the Bay Bridge toll plaza (1936) and Berkley's Aquatic Park (1937). The quarry ceased operating in the 1940s.
+ Following World War II there were several unrealized plans for the island, including one in the 1950s by the City of Richmond to build a heliport and a causeway from Point Isabel and one by the marine engineering company Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. to flatten the hill in order to facilitate industrial and commercial development. At the same time, there were unrealized plans for a public park by Contra Costa County (1955) and the state (1956), followed by an attempt by Richmond in 1961 to buy the island for a small boat harbor. The purchase price proved too expensive for the city.
+ In the 1960s, the property was leased by the Sheep Island Gun Club, which stocked the island with a variety of exotic game birds, including pheasants (1962), chukar and bobwhite quail for shooting. Club members included singer Frank Sinatra and Vic Bergeron, owner of Trader Vic's restaurant. At one point, the club attempted to stock the island with deer, but the deer tended to swim back to the mainland.
+ After many attempts at commercial development, in 1968 the main portion of the island was purchased by the East Bay Regional Park District from a family trust for $625,000, funded by grants from the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development and California State Recreation and Park Bond. EBRPD later added surrounding tide lands to this initial purchase and the City of Richmond purchased the sand spit and adjoining water lots. The state purchased the final private lot on the sand spit in 1985, with a plan for this to be leased to EBRPD.
+ Despite the change in ownership, the gun club continued to lease the island and kept caretakers there.
+ Planning for the park began with the initial public purchase in 1968 but suffered several setbacks. A 1972 concept planning study by an outside consultant was not implemented. EBRPD's 1973 master plan designated the site as a regional shoreline and by 1976 a resource analysis for the island had been prepared and presented at two public hearings in Richmond. This analysis highlighted the value of the island's prehistoric settlements and its natural habitat resources and resulted in a new designation as a regional preserve. Another hiccup came in 1978 when the land use development plan for the main portion of the island in public ownership was not adopted by EBRPD's board.
+ A new EBRPD master plan in 1980 fine-tuned the island's designation once more: It would now be "a regional shoreline to be operated under the regional preserve category". Nevertheless, the early 1980s did see substantive progress. EBRPD and Richmond formed a liaison committee and agreed to rework the land use development plan to incorporate the whole island, culminating in an environmental impact report (EIR) that was presented in Richmond in August 1984 and finalized in September 1985. This EIR primarily analyzed EBRPD's proposed land use plan, which proposed ending hunting and opening the island to limited public access via a park-owned shuttle boat or private craft. The plan envisaged instituting controlled burns to maintain the balance of grassland and brush, placing a full-time caretaker on the island, using riprap to protect historic sites from erosion, and closing Bird Island and the west end of the sandspit to protect birds' nesting areas. The plan was to be funded from a 1984 statewide bond.
+ The EIR also considered six alternatives. The mandatory "no project" alternative was seen as degrading the island's habitat over time through increasing shrub growth and subsequent wildfires; the EIR painted a picture of the shooting club then abandoning its lease and vandals looting the shellmounds. A second alternative encompassing public suggestions such as a restaurant, observation tower or hotel complex was dismissed as obviously more impactful than the district's plan. Greater environmental impacts were also identified for three more alternatives: one with no on-site caretaker (and therefore more vandalism), one with a new pier (expensive and likely infeasible), and one where the caretaker's residence would be relocated. The final alternative considered was for EBRPD to sell the island to a private buyer, which was rejected because of the clear conflict with the district's mission.
+ The island was eventually opened for limited public access in 1988. EBRPD began running interpretive tours in 1991.
+ One caretaker from the regional park district lives on the island year-round in a solar-powered cabin. The remnants of human occupation have generally been left to decay, rather than removed entirely. These include pilings extending into the bay, and equipment and ponds left over from the quarry workings on the southern shore. But the park district caretaker does remove litter that washes up on the beaches.
+ The rock that forms the main peak of the island is radiolarian chert underlain by limestone and graywacke sandstone. All these rocks are part of the Franciscan Assemblage, the same range as Albany Hill, 3 miles south, and the Coyote Hills, 25 miles south in Hayward. This Franciscan formation is derived from sediments laid down in the sea west of San Francisco during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (150-66 million years ago) and then scraped off onto the edge of the North American plate during the subduction of the Farallon plate. The main portion of the island covers an area of approximately , with the tidal lands along the breakwater covering approximately more.
+ A short distance from the southwest coast of the main island is Bird Rock or Bird Island, occupying approximately .
+ The sandspit that extends for about two miles west of the main island formed along a breakwater that was installed in the 1920s to preserve a deepwater channel to the Richmond Inner Harbor.
+ During the last ice age San Francisco Bay was a valley, and Brooks Island was just one hill of many along its western slope. As sea level rose, the valley was flooded and Brooks Island was cut off from the rest of the East Bay. Although the island is quite small, there is a permanent spring, which is used by the caretakers as a water source.
+ The island hosts salt marshes, tidal flats and has a rise of . It is home to many bird species, including herons and egrets, and provides their nesting sites. Some parts of the islands are off limits to visitors to protect nesting sites.
+ Brooks Island had no native land mammals prior to European contact. Domestic mammals including cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs were introduced intentionally between the late 18th and mid-20th centuries. House mice ("Mus musculus") and Norway rats ("Rattus norvegicus") were apparently introduced accidentally during this period. Although mice were later displaced by voles, Norway rats persist along the island's shores, where they have access to carrion and marine food sources, such as bay mussels ("Mytilus trossulus"). During dry periods, rats may occasionally prey on voles. At one point, the island caretaker controlled the rat population through poisoning.
+ One mammal species was apparently introduced deliberately by biologists. In the summer of 1957, seven California voles ("Microtus californicus"), four males and three females, were introduced to Bird Island with the apparent aim of measuring the population growth rate on an unoccupied land mass. Very quickly, voles were discovered to have crossed the of water eastward to Brooks Island and were reproducing there. Within two years, they had spread across the entire island from west to east and had apparently exterminated the entire population of house mice. The biologists believed this occurred because the stress of competition caused the house mice to stop reproducing. Today, voles are present throughout Brooks Island, but most notably in the grassland habitat, where the ground is riddled with burrows. The population has a very high frequency of buff fur color, thought to be a founder effect due to the small original population.
+ Brooks Island is a habitat for harbor seals that haul out at the island en route from their nearby rookery on the Castro Rocks.
+ When the sea level rose after the Ice Age, populations of salamanders and garter snakes were marooned on Brooks Island, where they persist today.
+ There are three species of amphibians on the island. The slender salamander ("Batrachoseps attenuatus") is found in the north and east of the island, where the soil is damp most of the year. The arboreal salamander ("Aneides lugubris") is represented by a small population around the pond in the former quarry on the southern shore. The Pacific tree frog ("Pseudacris regilla") has also been reported from Brooks Island, but it is unclear whether there is a breeding population.
+ Two color phases of the western terrestrial garter snake ("Thamnophis elegans"), one with a red background the other with a green background, are present on Brooks Island. They're believed to prey on the northern alligator lizard ("Elgaria coerulea") which lives around the island's ponds, as well as tree frogs and the ponds' population of introduced mosquitofish ("Gambusia affinis"). On one occasion a western pond turtle ("Actinemys marmorata") was recorded.
+ More than 100 species of birds have been recorded on Brooks Island, and 18 species nest there.
+ The island hosts the San Francisco Bay’s largest nesting colony of Caspian terns. The terns are relatively recent arrivals, first recorded in the south bay in 1922 and nesting on Brooks Island since around 1980. They now occupy much of the man-made sandspit that stretches west from the north side of the island. The terns feed on fish from areas around the Golden Gate and San Pablo Bay. However, the tern population has been decreasing, apparently due to reduced nesting area. The sandspit is being reduced by erosion from the bay waters, and also by the encroachment of invasive plants such as ice plant and marguerite daisies. The terns face strong competition at Brooks Island from a growing population of California gulls. The gulls "compete with the terns for nesting sites, steal fish from them, take their eggs, even chicks if they're small enough".
+ Many other species of birds, both common and rare, use Brooks Island. The north-east shore hosts a large seasonal colony of herons and egrets.
+ To the immediate west, Bird Island is a nesting site for Canada geese ("Branta canadensis"), for which it was the first breeding location in the Bay Area, black oystercatchers ("Haematopus bachmani"), and western gulls ("Larus occidentalis").
+ The persistence of many of the East Bay's native plants on Brooks Island provides rich habitat for insects. Ten percent of the 220 moth and butterfly species recorded on Brooks Island by UC Berkeley entomologist Jerry Powell and colleagues during the period 1993–1997 were either unknown in the San Francisco Bay region or unrecorded for 50 to 100 years. These included the Mexican tiger moth, not previously thought to occur in the Bay Area.
+ Because of its limited history of human exploitation, plant communities that are rare elsewhere in the East Bay remain on Brooks Island.
+ While Brooks Island has a variety of plant communities, the most common are coastal grassland and northern coastal scrub. It has been described as a "showcase for coastal grassland, which occurs on the island in a relatively undisturbed state", covering about of mostly flatter terrain. These grassland areas are relatively free of exotic Mediterranean grasses and instead are dominated by needlegrasses (purple needlegrass ("Nassella pulchra") and other"Nassella" spp.), ryegrasses ("Lolium" spp.) and fescues ("Festuca" spp.). Among the grasses are native wildflowers such as blue dicks ("Dichelostemma capitatum"), soap plant ("Chlorogalum parviflorum") and checker mallow ("Sidalcea malviflora").
+ Another notable relict population is the seaside woolly sunflower which is present in only a few other East Bay locations.
+ Overall, the diverse flora includes about 150 species of flowering plants, of which 92 are native species.
+ There are very few trees on the island: on the northeast side of the island near the shell middens are two clusters of old California buckeyes ("Aesculus californica"), a single red willow ("Salix laevigata") and some blue elderberry ("Sambucus mexicana"). Around the two ponds in the quarry on the southern shore are several arroyo willows ("Salix lasiolepis"). A few non-native Monterey pine ("Pinus radiata") and Monterey cypress ("Cupressus macrocarpa") have also been planted near the caretaker's residence.
+
+= = = Free Boolean algebra = = =
+
+ In mathematics, a free Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra with a distinguished set of elements, called generators, such that:
+ The generators of a free Boolean algebra can represent independent propositions. Consider, for example, the propositions "John is tall" and "Mary is rich". These generate a Boolean algebra with four atoms, namely:
+ Other elements of the Boolean algebra are then logical disjunctions of the atoms, such as "John is tall and Mary is not rich, or John is not tall and Mary is rich". In addition there is one more element, FALSE, which can be thought of as the empty disjunction; that is, the disjunction of no atoms.
+ This example yields a Boolean algebra with 16 elements; in general, for finite "n", the free Boolean algebra with "n" generators has 2 atoms, and therefore formula_1 elements.
+ If there are infinitely many generators, a similar situation prevails except that now there are no atoms. Each element of the Boolean algebra is a combination of finitely many of the generating propositions, with two such elements deemed identical if they are logically equivalent.
+ Another way to see why the free Boolean algebra on an n-element set has formula_1 elements is to note that each element is a function from n bits to one. There are formula_3 possible inputs to such a function and the function will choose 0 or 1 to output for each input, so there are formula_1 possible functions.
+ In the language of category theory, free Boolean algebras can be defined simply in terms of an adjunction between the category of sets and functions, Set, and the category of Boolean algebras and Boolean algebra homomorphisms, BA. In fact, this approach generalizes to any algebraic structure definable in the framework of universal algebra.
+ Above, we said that a free Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra with a set of generators that behave a certain way; alternatively, one might start with a set and ask which algebra it generates. Every set "X" generates a free Boolean algebra "FX" defined as the algebra such that for every algebra "B" and function "f" : "X" → "B", there is a unique Boolean algebra homomorphism "f"′ : "FX" → "B" that extends "f". Diagrammatically,
+ where "i" is the inclusion, and the dashed arrow denotes uniqueness. The idea is that once one chooses where to send the elements of "X", the laws for Boolean algebra homomorphisms determine where to send everything else in the free algebra "FX". If "FX" contained elements inexpressible as combinations of elements of "X", then "f"′ wouldn't be unique, and if the elements of "X" weren't sufficiently independent, then "f"′ wouldn't be well defined! It is easily shown that "FX" is unique (up to isomorphism), so this definition makes sense. It is also easily shown that a free Boolean algebra with generating set X, as defined originally, is isomorphic to "FX", so the two definitions agree.
+ One shortcoming of the above definition is that the diagram doesn't capture that "f"′ is a homomorphism; since it is a diagram in Set each arrow denotes a mere function. We can fix this by separating it into two diagrams, one in BA and one in Set. To relate the two, we introduce a functor "U" : BA → Set that "forgets" the algebraic structure, mapping algebras and homomorphisms to their underlying sets and functions.
+ If we interpret the top arrow as a diagram in BA and the bottom triangle as a diagram in Set, then this diagram properly expresses that every function "f" : "X" → "UB" extends to a unique Boolean algebra homomorphism "f"′ : "FX" → "B". The functor "U" can be thought of as a device to pull the homomorphism "f"′ back into Set so it can be related to "f".
+ The remarkable aspect of this is that the latter diagram is one of the various (equivalent) definitions of when two functors are adjoint. Our "F" easily extends to a functor Set → BA, and our definition of "X" generating a free Boolean algebra "FX" is precisely that "U" has a left adjoint "F".
+ The free Boolean algebra with κ generators, where κ is a finite or infinite cardinal number, may be realized as the collection of all clopen subsets of {0,1}, given the product topology assuming that {0,1} has the discrete topology. For each α<κ, the α"th" generator is the set of all elements of {0,1} whose α"th" coordinate is 1. In particular, the free Boolean algebra with formula_5 generators is the collection of all clopen subsets of a Cantor space, sometimes called the Cantor algebra. Surprisingly, this collection is countable. In fact, while the free Boolean algebra with "n" generators, "n" finite, has cardinality formula_1, the free Boolean algebra with formula_5 generators, as for any free algebra with formula_5 generators and countably many finitary operations, has cardinality formula_5.
+ For more on this topological approach to free Boolean algebra, see Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras.
+
+= = = Mazda (light bulb) = = =
+
+ Mazda was a trademarked name registered by General Electric (GE) in 1909 for incandescent light bulbs. The name was used from 1909 through 1945 in the United States by GE and Westinghouse. Mazda brand light bulbs were made for decades after 1945 outside the US. The company chose the name due to its association with Ahura Mazda, the transcendental and universal God of Zoroastrianism whose name means light of wisdom in the Avestan language.
+ In 1909 the Mazda name was created for the tungsten filament light bulb. GE sold bulbs under this trademark starting in 1909. GE promoted the mark as identifying tungsten filament bulbs with predictable performance and life expectancy. GE also licensed the Mazda name, socket sizes, and tungsten filament technology to other manufacturers to establish a standard for lighting. Bulbs were soon sold by many manufacturers with the Mazda name licensed from GE, including British Thomson-Houston in the United Kingdom, Toshiba in Japan, and GE's chief competitor Westinghouse.
+ Tungsten-filament bulbs of the Mazda type were initially more costly than carbon filament bulbs, but used less electricity. Often electrical utilities would trade new lamps for consumers' burned-out bulbs. In at least one case the authority regulating energy rates required the utility to use only tungsten bulbs so as not to inflate customer's energy use.
+ The company dropped the campaign in 1945. GE's patents on the tungsten filament lamp expired in the late 1930s and other forms of lighting were becoming more important than incandescent bulbs. GE stopped licensing the trademark to other manufacturers, although it continued to renew the trademark registration up to 1990. The registration on trademark no. 77,779 expired in 2000. Modern association of the Mazda name is mostly with the Mazda automobile manufacturer of Japan (which coexisted with Toshiba's Mazda bulbs in its early years). The Mazda trademark is split between the Japanese manufacturer where it applies to automobiles (including automobile lights and batteries) and GE for non-automotive uses.
+ GE's Mazda bulbs were manufactured at a factory in Northeast Minneapolis. From the 1930s until 2013, the building was headquarters for Minneapolis Public Schools.
+
+= = = Frederick II, Elector of Saxony = = =
+
+ Frederick II, The Gentle ("Friedrich, der Sanftmütige"; Frederick the Gentle) (22 August 1412 – 7 September 1464) was Elector of Saxony (1428–1464) and was Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445).
+ Frederick was born in Leipzig, the eldest of the seven children of Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, and Catherine of Brunswick and Lunenburg.
+ After the death of his father in 1428 he took over the government together with his younger brothers William III, Henry and Sigismund. In 1433 the Wettins finally concluded peace with the Hussites and in 1438 Frederick led Saxon forces to victory in the Battle of Sellnitz. That same year it was considered the first federal state parliament of Saxony. The parliament received the right to find together in case of innovations in fiscal matters also without summoning by the ruler.
+ After Henry's death in 1435, and Sigismund was forced to renounce and became a bishop in (1440), Frederick and William divided their possessions. In the Division of Altenburg in 1445, William III received the Thuringian and Frankish part, and Frederick got the Eastern part of the principality. The mines remained common possessions. Disputes over the distribution led however in 1446 to the Saxon Brother War, which found an end only on 27 January 1451 with the peace of Naumburg. In the Treaty of Eger in (1459), elector Frederick, Duke William III and the king of Bohemia George of Podebrady fixed the borders between Bohemia and Saxony, at the height of the Ore Mountains () and the middle of the Elbe which still holds today. It belongs therefore to the oldest still existing borders of Europe.
+ After the death of Frederick, in Leipzig, both of his sons, Ernest and Albert, first took over the government together. After Duke William III died in 1482, Thuringia returned to Frederick's line.
+ In Leipzig on 3 June 1431 Frederick married Margaret of Austria, the daughter of Ernest of Austria and Cymburgis of Masovia. They had eight children:
+
+= = = Edgar Morin = = =
+
+ Edgar Morin (; ; born Edgar Nahoum on 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist who has been internationally recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (), and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology. He holds degrees in history, economics, and law. Though less well known in the anglophone world due to the limited availability of English translations of his over 60 books, Morin is renowned in the French-speaking world, Europe, and Latin America.
+ At the beginning of the 20th century, Morin's family migrated from the Greek city of Salonica (Thessaloniki) to Marseille and later to Paris, where Edgar was born. He is of Judeo-Spanish (Sefardi) origin.
+ When the Germans invaded France in 1940, Morin assisted refugees and joined the French Resistance. As a member of the French Resistance he adopted the pseudonym "Morin", which he would use for the rest of his life. He joined the French Communist Party in 1941.
+ In 1945, Morin married Violette Chapellaubeau and they lived in Landau, where he served as a lieutenant in the French Occupation army in Germany.
+ In 1946, he returned to Paris and gave up his military career to pursue his activities with the Communist Party. Due to his critical posture, his relationship with the party gradually deteriorated until he was expelled in 1951 after he published an article in "Le Nouvel Observateur". In the same year, he was admitted to the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS).
+ Morin founded and directed the magazine "" (1954–1962). In 1959 his book "Autocritique" was published. The book was a sustained reflection on his adherence to, and subsequent exit from, the Communist Party, focusing on the dangers of ideology and self-deception.
+ In 1960, Morin travelled extensively in Latin America, visiting Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Mexico. He returned to France, where he published "L'Esprit du Temps", a work on popular culture"."
+ That same year, French sociologist Georges Friedmann brought him and Roland Barthes together to create a Centre for the Study of Mass Communication that, after several name changes, became the Edgar Morin Centre of the EHESS, Paris.
+ Also in 1960 Morin and Jean Rouch coauthored the film Chronique d'un été, an early example of "cinéma vérité" and direct cinema.
+ Beginning in 1965, Morin became involved in a large multidisciplinary project, financed by the Délégation Générale à la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique in Plozévet.
+ In 1968, Morin replaced Henri Lefebvre at the . He became involved in the student revolts that began to emerge in France. In May 1968 he wrote a series of articles for Le Monde that tried to understand what he called "The Student Commune." He followed the student revolt closely and wrote a second series of articles in Le Monde called "The Revolution without a Face," as well as coauthoring "Mai 68: La brèche" with Cornelius Castoriadis and Claude Lefort.
+ In 1969, Morin spent a year at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. Jonas Salk invited him under the recommendation of Jacques Monod and John Hunt, with the sole imposed condition of learning. It was there, in this "breeding ground for Nobel Prizes" that he familiarized himself with systems theory. He read Henri Laborit, James Watson, Stéphane Lupasco, Bronowski, and was introduced to the thought of Gregory Bateson and the "new problematic in ecology".
+ In 1983 he published "De la nature de l’URSS," which deepened his analysis of Soviet communism and anticipated the perestroika of Mikhail Gorbachev.
+ In 2002 Morin participated in the creation of the International Ethical, Scientific and Political Collegium. Also that year, he made a trip to Iran with Dariush Shayegan.
+ In addition to being the UNESCO Chair of Complex Thought, Morin is known as a founder of transdisciplinarity and holds honorary doctorates in a variety of social science fields from 21 universities (Messina, Geneva, Milan, Bergamo, Thessaloniki, La Paz, Odense, Perugia, Cosenza, Palermo, Nuevo León, Université de Laval à Québec, Brussels, Barcelona, Guadalajara, Valencia, Vera Cruz, Santiago, the Catholic University of Porto Alegre, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, and Candido Mendes University (Rio de Janeiro)).
+ The University of Messina in Sicily, Ricardo Palma University in Lima, and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the French National Research Center in Paris, have established research centers based on his transdisciplinary methods and philosophy. In addition, the Multiversidad Mundo Real Edgar Morin, a university based on his work, was established in Mexico. Morin did not embrace the French postmodern or poststructuralist movements, instead pursuing his own research agenda. As a result, US academics did not transport his theories into disciplinary discourses in same fashion as they did Foucault's and Derrida's. Morin's work spans scholarly and popular literature, and he has appeared on the cover of multiple publications including Sciences Humaines and a special issue of Le Monde.
+ According to Alfonso Montuori in "Edgar Morin: A partial introduction" "The 6 volume Method is perhaps Morin’s culminating work, a remarkable and seemingly inexhaustible treasure trove of insights, reflection, and a real manual for those who are interested in broadening the nature of human inquiry. Drawing on cybernetics, information theory, systems theory, but also integrating all the work he has done before, from the work on imagination in his research on movies to his profound reflections on death, Method integrates Morin’s journey and provides the reader with an alternative to the traditional assumptions and method of inquiry of our time."
+
+= = = Fritz the Cat (film) = = =
+
+ Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American adult animated comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi. It was Bakshi's feature film debut and is loosely based on the Fritz the Cat comic strips by Robert Crumb. It was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States.
+ The film stars Fritz (voiced by Skip Hinnant), an anthropomorphic cat in mid-1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness. The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era, race relations, the free love movement and left-wing politics.
+ The film had a troubled production history and controversial release. Crumb had disagreements with the filmmakers over the film's political content. "Fritz the Cat" was controversial for its rating and content, which many viewers at the time found to be offensive. It was produced on a budget of $700,000 and grossed over $90 million worldwide. Its success led to a slew of other X-rated animated films and a sequel, "The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat" (1974), made without Crumb's or Bakshi's involvement.
+ In the 1960s, at a New York City park, hippies have gathered with guitars to sing protest songs. Fritz, a cat, and his buddies show up in an attempt to meet girls. When a trio of attractive women walk by, Fritz and his friends exhaust themselves trying to get their attention, but find that the girls are more interested in the crow standing a few feet away. The girls attempt to flirt with the crow, making unintentionally condescending remarks about black people, while Fritz looks on in annoyance.
+ Suddenly, the crow rebukes the girls with a snide remark, indicates that he is gay and walks away. Fritz invites the girls to "seek the truth", bringing them up to his friend's apartment, where a wild party is taking place. Since the other rooms are crowded, Fritz drags the girls into the bathroom and the four of them have group sex in the bathtub.
+ Meanwhile, two bumbling police officers (portrayed as pigs) arrive to raid the party. As they walk up the stairs, one of the party-goers finds Fritz and the girls in the bath tub. Several others jump in, pushing Fritz to the side where he takes solace in marijuana. The two officers break into the apartment, but find that it is empty because everyone has moved into the bathroom. Fritz takes refuge in the toilet when one of the pigs enters the bathroom and begins to beat up the partygoers.
+ As the pig becomes exhausted, a very stoned Fritz jumps out, grabs the pig's gun, and shoots the toilet, causing the water main to break and flooding everybody out of the apartment. The pigs chase Fritz down the street into a synagogue. Fritz manages to escape when the congregation gets up to celebrate the United States' decision to send more weapons into Israel.
+ Fritz makes it back to his dormitory, where his roommates are too busy studying to pay attention to him. He decides to ditch his bore of a life and sets all of his notes and books on fire. The fire spreads throughout the dorm, finally setting the entire building ablaze. In a bar in Harlem, Fritz meets Duke the Crow at a billiard table. After narrowly avoiding getting into a fight with the bartender, Duke invites Fritz to "bug out", and they steal a car, which Fritz drives off a bridge, leading Duke to save his life by grabbing onto a railing.
+ The two arrive at the apartment of a drug dealer named Bertha, whose cannabis joints increase Fritz's libido. While having sex with Bertha, he comes to a realization that he "must tell the people about the revolution!" He runs off into the city street and incites a riot, during which Duke is shot and killed.
+ Fritz hides in an alley where his older fox girlfriend, Winston Schwartz, finds him and drags him on a road trip to San Francisco. When their car runs out of gas in the middle of the desert, he decides to abandon her. He later meets up with Blue, a heroin-addicted Nazi rabbit biker. Along with Blue's horse girlfriend, Harriet, they take a ride to an underground hide-out, where several other revolutionaries tell Fritz of their plan to blow up a power station.
+ When Harriet tries to get Blue to leave with her to go to a Chinese restaurant, he hits her several times and ties her down with a chain. When Fritz objects to their treatment of her, he is hit in the face with a candle by a member of the group. Blue and the other revolutionaries then gang-rape Harriet. After setting the dynamite at the power plant, Fritz suddenly has a change of heart, and unsuccessfully attempts to remove it before being caught in the explosion.
+ At a Los Angeles hospital, Harriet (disguised as a nun) and the girls from the New York park come to comfort him in what they believe to be his last moments. Fritz, after reciting the speech he used to pick up the girls from New York, suddenly becomes revitalized and has sex with the trio of girls while Harriet watches in astonishment.
+ Robert Crumb was still a teenager when he created the character Fritz the Cat for self-published comics magazines he made with his older brother Charles. The character first appeared to a wider public in Harvey Kurtzman's humor magazine "Help!" in 1965. The strips place anthropomorphic characters—normally associated with children's comics—in stories with drugs, sex, and other adult-oriented content. Crumb left his wife in 1967 and moved to San Francisco, where he took part in the counterculture and indulged in drugs such as LSD. He had countercultural strips published in underground periodicals and in 1968 published the first issue of "Zap Comix". Crumb's cartoons became progressively more transgressive, sexually explicit, and violent, and Crumb became the center of the burgeoning underground comix movement. Fritz became one of Crumb's best-known creations, particularly outside the counterculture.
+ Ralph Bakshi majored in cartooning at the High School of Art and Design. He learned his trade at the Terrytoons studio in New York City, where he spent ten years animating characters such as Mighty Mouse, Heckle and Jeckle, and Deputy Dawg. At the age of 29, Bakshi was hired to head the animation division of Paramount Pictures as both writer and director, where he produced four experimental short films before the studio closed in 1967. With producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi founded his own studio, Bakshi Productions. In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and "Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse", a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica. However, Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing, and wanted to produce something personal. In a 1971 article for the "Los Angeles Times", Bakshi said that the idea of "grown men sitting in cubicles drawing butterflies floating over a field of flowers, while American planes are dropping bombs in Vietnam and kids are marching in the streets, is ludicrous." Bakshi soon developed "Heavy Traffic", a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience.
+ While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of "R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat" (1969). Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film. Bakshi was interested in directing the film because he felt that Crumb's work was the closest to his own. Krantz arranged a meeting with Crumb, during which Bakshi showed Crumb drawings that had been created as the result of Bakshi attempting to learn Crumb's style to prove that he could translate the look of Crumb's artwork to animation. Impressed by Bakshi's tenacity, Crumb lent him one of his sketchbooks as a reference.
+ As Krantz began to prepare the paperwork, preparation began on a pitch presentation for potential studios, including a poster-sized painted cel setup featuring the strip's cast against a traced photo background, as Bakshi intended the film to appear. In spite of Crumb's enthusiasm, he was unsure about the film's production, and refused to sign the contract. Cartoonist Vaughn Bodé warned Bakshi against working with Crumb, describing him as "slick". Bakshi later agreed with Bodé's assessment, calling Crumb "one of the slickest hustlers you'll ever see in your life". Krantz sent Bakshi to San Francisco, where Bakshi stayed with Crumb and his wife Dana in an attempt to persuade Crumb to sign the contract. After a week, Crumb left, leaving the film's production status uncertain, but Dana had power of attorney and signed the contract. Crumb received US$50,000, which was delivered throughout different phases of the production, in addition to ten percent of Krantz's take.
+ With the rights to the character, Krantz and Bakshi set out to find a distributor. "When I say that every major distributor turned it down, this is not an exaggeration", remembers Krantz. "There has never been a project that was received with less enthusiasm. Animation is essentially a dirty word for distributors, who think that only Disney can paint a tree, and in addition to that, "Fritz" was so far out that there was a failure to understand that we were onto something very important."
+ In the spring of 1970, Warner Bros. agreed to fund and distribute the film. The Harlem sequences were the first to be completed. Krantz intended to release these scenes as a 15-minute short if the film's funding was pulled; Bakshi was nevertheless determined to complete the film as a feature. Late in November, Bakshi and Krantz screened a presentation reel for the studio with this sequence, pencil tests, and shots of Bakshi's storyboards. Bakshi stated, "You should have seen their faces in the screening room when I first screened a bit of "Fritz". I'll remember their faces until I die. One of them left the room. Holy hell, you should have seen his face. 'Shut "up", Frank! This is not the movie you're allowed to make!' And I said, Bullshit, I just made it."
+ The film's budget is disputed. In 1972, "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that "Fritz the Cat" recouped its costs in four months following its release. A year later the magazine reported that the film grossed $30 million worldwide and was produced on a budget of $1.3 million. In 1993, director Ralph Bakshi said ""Fritz the Cat", to me, was an enormous budget -- at $850,000 -- compared to my Terrytoon budgets ..." In an interview published in 1980, Bakshi stated "We made the film for $700,000. Complete".
+ Warner executives wanted the sexual content toned down, and to cast big names for the voices. Bakshi refused, and Warner pulled their funding from the film, leading Krantz to seek funds elsewhere. This led to a deal with Jerry Gross, the owner of Cinemation Industries, a distributor specializing in exploitation films. Although Bakshi did not have enough time to pitch the film, Gross agreed to fund its production and distribute it, believing that it would fit in with his grindhouse slate. Further financing came from Saul Zaentz, who agreed to distribute the soundtrack album on his Fantasy Records label.
+ Bakshi was initially reluctant to direct "Fritz the Cat" because he had spent years working on animated productions featuring animal characters and wanted to make films focusing on human characters. He became interested in working on the film because he loved Crumb's work and considered him a "total genius". During the development of the film, Bakshi says that he "started to get giddy" when he "suddenly was able to get a pig that was a cop, and this particular other pig was Jewish, and I thought, 'Oh my God—a Jewish pig?' These were major steps forward, because in the initial "Heckle and Jeckle" for Terrytoons, they were two black guys running around. Which was hysterically funny and, I think, great—like Uncle Remus stuff. But they didn't play down south, and they had to change two black crows to two Englishmen. And I always told him that the black crows were funnier. So it was a slow awakening."
+ In his notes to animator Cosmo Anzilotti, Bakshi is precise, and even specifies that the crows smoked marijuana rather than tobacco. Bakshi states that "The weed had to read on screen. It's an important character detail." The film's opening sequence sets the satirical tone of the film. The setting of the story's period is not only established by a title, but also by a voiceover by Bakshi playing a character giving his account of the 1960s: "happy times, heavy times". The film's opening dialogue, by three construction workers on their lunch break, establishes many of the themes discussed in the film, including drug use, promiscuity, and the social and political climate of the era. When one of the workers urinates off of the scaffold, the film's credits play over a shot of the liquid falling against a black screen. When the credits end, it is shown that the construction worker has urinated on a long-haired hippie with a guitar. Karl F. Cohen writes that the film "is a product of the radical politics of the period. Bakshi's depiction of Fritz's life is colorful, funny, sexist, raw, violent, and outrageous."
+ Of his direction of the film, Bakshi stated, "My approach to animation as a director is live action. I don't approach it in the traditional animation ways. None of our characters get up and sing, because that's not the type of picture I'm trying to do. I want people to believe my characters are real, and it's hard to believe they're real if they start walking down the street singing." Bakshi wanted the film to be the antithesis of any animated film produced by the Walt Disney Company. Accordingly, "Fritz the Cat" includes two satirical references to Disney. In one scene, silhouettes of Mickey Mouse, Daisy Duck, and Donald Duck are shown cheering on the United States Air Force as it drops napalm on a black neighborhood during a riot. Another scene features a reference to the "Pink Elephants on Parade" sequence from "Dumbo". A sequence of the camera panning across a garbage heap in an abandoned lot in Harlem sets up a visual device which recurs in "Hey Good Lookin'".
+ The original screenplay consisted mostly of dialoge and featured only a few changes from Crumb's stories. The script and storyboards went largely unused in favor of more experimental storytelling techniques. Bakshi said, "I don't like to jump ahead on my films. The way you feel about a film on Day One, you may not feel the same way forty weeks down the road. Characters grow, so I wanted to have the option to change things, and strengthen my characters ... It was sort of a stream of consciousness, and a learning process for myself." Bakshi wrote the characters without feral animal behavior to lend the material greater realism.
+ The first part of the film's plot was adapted from a self-titled story published in a 1968 issue of "R. Crumb's Head Comix", while the second part is derived from "Fritz Bugs Out", which was serialized in the February to October 1968 issues of "Cavalier", and the final part of the story contains elements of "Fritz the No-Good", first published in the September/October 1968 issue of "Cavalier". The last half of the film makes a major departure from Crumb's work. Animation historian Michael Barrier describes this section of the film as being "much grimmer than Crumb's stories past that point, and far more violent." Bakshi stated that he deviated from the comics because he felt that the strips lacked depth:
+ It was cute, it was sweet, but there was nowhere to put it. That's why Crumb hates the picture, because I slipped a couple of things in there that he despises, like the rabbis—the pure Jewish stuff. Fritz can't hold that kind of commentary. Winston is 'just a typical Jewish broad from Brooklyn'. ... [The strip] was cute and well-done, but there was nothing that had that much depth.
+ Bakshi's unwillingness to use anthropomorphic characters that behaved like feral animals led him to rewrite a scene in "Fritz Bugs Out" where Duke saves Fritz's life by flying while holding Fritz; in the film, Duke grabs a railing before the car crashes into the river, a solution that Bakshi wasn't entirely satisfied with, but prevented him from having to use any feral animal behavior in that scene.
+ In the film, there are two characters named "Winston" – one appears at the beginning and end of the film, the other is Fritz's girlfriend Winston Schwartz. Michael Barrier notes that Winston Schwartz (who appears prominently in "Fritz Bugs Out" and "Fritz the No-Good") never has a proper introduction in Bakshi's film, and interprets the naming of a separate character as Bakshi's attempt to reconcile this; however, the two characters look and sound nothing alike. Bakshi intended to end the film with Fritz's death, but Krantz objected to this ending, and Bakshi eventually changed it to the final ending.
+ The film's voice cast includes Skip Hinnant, Rosetta LeNoire, John McCurry, Judy Engles, and comic book distributor/convention organizer Phil Seuling. Hinnant, who would become known as a featured performer on "The Electric Company", was cast because he "had such a naturally phony voice", according to Bakshi. Bakshi and Seuling improvised their dialogue as comically inept pig officers; Bakshi enjoyed working as a voice actor and later went on to provide voice roles for some of his other films. Bakshi re-created the voice he did in this film for the part of a storm trooper in his 1977 animated science fiction film "Wizards".
+ Some scenes used documentary recordings which were made by Bakshi and edited to fit the scene; these were used because Bakshi wanted the film to "feel real". According to Bakshi, "I made tons and tons of tapes. ... When I went to have the film mixed, the sound engineers gave me all kinds of crap about the tracks not being professionally recorded; they didn't even want to mix the noise of bottles breaking in the background, street noise, tape hiss, all kinds of shit. They said it was unprofessional, but I didn't care." Although the sound designers insisted that Bakshi needed to re-record the dialogue in the studio, Bakshi persisted on their inclusion.
+ Almost all of the film's dialogue, except for that of a few of the main characters, was recorded entirely on the streets of New York City. For the film's opening sequence, Bakshi paid two construction workers US$50 each, and drank Scotch whisky with them, recording the conversation. In the Washington Square Park sequence, only Skip Hinnant was a professional actor; Fritz's friends were voiced by young males Bakshi found in the park. One of the sequences that was not based upon Crumb's comics involved a comic chase through a synagogue full of praying rabbis. For the voices of the rabbis, Bakshi used a documentary recording of his father and uncles. This scene continued to have a personal significance on Bakshi after his father and uncle died. Bakshi states, "Thank God I have their voices. I have my dad and family praying. It's so nice to hear now." Bakshi also went to a Harlem bar with a tape recorder and spent hours talking to black patrons, getting drunk with them as he asked them questions.
+ The film's score was composed by Ed Bogas and Ray Shanklin. The soundtrack was released by Fantasy Records and Ampex Tapes, along with the single, "You're the Only Girl" b/w "Winston". The film also featured songs by Charles Earland, Cal Tjader, Bo Diddley, and Billie Holiday. Bakshi bought the rights to use Holiday's performance of the song "Yesterdays" for $35.
+ Many of the animators who worked on the film were professionals that Bakshi had previously worked with at Terrytoons, including Jim Tyer, John Gentilella, Nick Tafuri, Martin Taras, Larry Riley, and Cliff Augustine. According to Bakshi, it took quite a long time to assemble the right staff. Those who entered with a smirk, "wanting to be very dirty and draw filthy pictures", did not stay very long, and neither did those with a low tolerance for vulgarity. One cartoonist refused to draw a black crow shooting a pig policeman. Two female animators quit; one because she could not bring herself to tell her children what she did for a living, the other because she refused to draw exposed breasts.
+ In order to save money by eliminating the need for model sheets, Bakshi let animator John Sparey draw some of the first sequences of Fritz. Bakshi states that he knew that "Sparey would execute them beautifully." Poses from his sequences were photocopied and handed out to the rest of the crew. The film was produced almost entirely without pencil tests. According to Bakshi, "We pencil tested I'd say a thousand feet [of footage], tops. ... We do a major feature without pencil tests—that's tough. The timing falls off. I can always tell an animator to draw it better, and I know if the attitude of the characters is right, but the timing you really can't see." Bakshi had to judge the timing of the animation simply by flipping an animator's drawings in his hand, until he could see the completed animation on the screen. Veteran Warner Bros. animator Ted Bonnicksen was incredibly dedicated to his work on the film, to the point where he completed his animation for the synagogue sequence while suffering from leukemia, and would take the scenes home at night to work on them.
+ In May 1971, Bakshi moved his studio to Los Angeles to hire additional animators there. Some animators, including Rod Scribner, Dick Lundy, Virgil Walter Ross, Norman McCabe, and John Sparey, welcomed Bakshi's presence, and felt that "Fritz the Cat" would bring diversity to the animation industry. Other animators disliked Bakshi's presence, and placed an advertisement in "The Hollywood Reporter", stating that Bakshi's "filth" was unwelcome in California. According to Bakshi, "I didn't know who these guys were because I was from New York, so I threw the ad away." However, Bakshi found the negative reaction to the film from his peers to be disheartening.
+ Because it was cheaper for Ira Turek to trace photographs to create the backgrounds, Bakshi and Johnnie Vita walked around the streets of the Lower East Side, Washington Square Park, Chinatown and Harlem to take moody snapshots. Turek inked the outlines of these photographs onto cels with a Rapidograph, the technical pen preferred by Crumb, giving the film's backgrounds stylized realism that had never been portrayed in animation before. After Turek completed a background drawing in ink on an animation cel, the drawing would be photocopied onto watercolor paper for Vita and onto animation paper for use in matching the characters to the backgrounds. When Vita finished his painting, Turek's original drawing, on the cel, would be placed over the watercolor, obscuring the photocopy lines on the painting. However, not every background was taken from live-action sources. The tones of the watercolor backgrounds were influenced by the "Ash Can style" of painters, which includes George Luks and John French Sloan. The film also used bent and fisheye camera perspectives in order to replicate the way the film's hippies and hoodlums viewed the city.
+ By the time production finished, Cinemation had released Melvin Van Peebles' "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song" to considerable success, and the distributor hoped that "Fritz the Cat" would be even more profitable. "Fritz" received an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, the first animated film to receive such rating. Producer Krantz stated that the film lost playdates due to the rating, and 30 American newspapers rejected display advertisements for it or refused to give it editorial publicity. The film's limited screenings led Cinemation to exploit the film's content in its promotion of the film, advertising it as containing "90 minutes of violence, excitement, and SEX ... he's X-rated and animated!" According to Ralph Bakshi, "We almost didn't deliver the picture, because of the exploitation of it."
+ Cinemation's advertising style and the film's rating led many to believe that "Fritz the Cat" was a pornographic film. When it was introduced as such at a showing at the University of Southern California, Bakshi stated firmly, ""Fritz the Cat" is not pornographic." In May 1972, "Variety" reported that Krantz had appealed the X rating, saying "Animals having sex isn't pornography." The MPAA refused to hear the appeal. The misconceptions about the film's content were eventually cleared up when it received praise from "Rolling Stone" and "The New York Times", and the film was accepted into the 1972 Cannes Film Festival. Bakshi later stated, "Now they do as much on "The Simpsons" as I got an X rating for "Fritz the Cat"."
+ Before the film's release, American distributors attempted to cash in on the publicity garnered from the rating by rushing out dubbed versions of two other adult animated films from Japan, both of which featured an X rating in their advertising material: "Senya ichiya monogatari" and "Kureopatora", re-titled "One Thousand and One Arabian Nights" and "Cleopatra: Queen of Sex". However, neither film was actually submitted to the MPAA, and it is not likely that either feature would have received an X rating. The film "Down and Dirty Duck" was promoted with an X rating, but had not been submitted to the MPAA. The French-Belgian animated film "" initially was released with an X rating in a subtitled version, but a dubbed version released in 1979 received an R rating.
+ For the DVD release, MGM Home Entertainment has surrendered the X rating for an unrated video release, although the tagline "He's X-Rated and Animated!" is still used on the cover. Also, the MPAA "This film has been rated X" screen is seen just before the MGM logo at the end of the film on the DVD.
+ "Fritz the Cat" opened on April 12, 1972, in Hollywood and Washington, D.C. Although the film only had a limited release, it went on to become a worldwide hit. Against its $700,000 budget, it grossed $25 million in the United States and over $90 million worldwide, and was the most successful independent animated feature of all time. The film earned $4.7 million in theater rentals in North America.
+ In Michael Barrier's 1972 article on its production, Bakshi gives accounts of two screenings of the film. Of the reactions to the film by audiences at a preview screening in Los Angeles, Bakshi stated, "They forget it's animation. They treat it like a film. ... This is the real thing, to get people to take animation seriously." Bakshi was also present at a showing of the film at the Museum of Modern Art and remembers "Some guy asked me why I was against the revolution. The point is, animation was making people get up off their asses and get mad."
+ The film also sparked negative reactions because of its content. "A lot of people got freaked out", says Bakshi. "The people in charge of the power structure, the people in charge of magazines and the people going to work in the morning who loved Disney and Norman Rockwell, thought I was a pornographer, and they made things very difficult for me. The younger people, the people who could take new ideas, were the people I was addressing. I wasn't addressing the whole world. To those people who loved it, it was a huge hit, and everyone else wanted to kill me."
+ Critical reaction was mixed, but generally positive. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film is "constantly funny ... [There's] something to offend just about everyone." "New York" magazine film critic Judith Crist reviewed the film as "a gloriously funny, brilliantly pointed, and superbly executed entertainment ... [whose] target is ... the muddle-headed radical chicks and slicks of the sixties", and that it "should change the face of the animated cartoon forever". Paul Sargent Clark in "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "powerful and audacious", and "Newsweek" called it "a harmless, mindless, pro-youth saga calculated to shake up only the box office". "The Wall Street Journal" and "Cue" both gave the film mixed reviews. Thomas Albright of "Rolling Stone" wrote an enthusiastic preview in the December 9, 1971 issue based on seeing thirty minutes of the film, declaring that it was "sure to mark the most important breakthrough in animation since "Yellow Submarine"". But in a review published after its release, Albright recanted his earlier statement and wrote that the visuals were not enough to save the finished product from being a "qualified disaster" due to a "leaden plot" and a "juvenile" script that relied too heavily on tired gags and tasteless ethnic humor. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 58%, based on 19 critic reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10.
+ Film critic Andrew Osmond wrote that the epilogue hurt the film's integrity for "giving Fritz cartoon powers of survival that the film had rejected until then".
+ Patricia Erens found scenes with Jewish stereotypes "vicious and offensive" and stated, "Only the jaundiced eye of director Ralph Bakshi, which denigrates all of the characters, the hero included, makes one reflect on the nature of the attack."
+ Crumb first saw the film in February 1972, during a visit to Los Angeles with fellow underground cartoonists Spain Rodriguez, S. Clay Wilson, Robert Williams, and Rick Griffin. According to Bakshi, Crumb was dissatisfied with the film. Among his criticisms, he said that he felt that Skip Hinnant was wrong for the voice of Fritz, and said that Bakshi should have voiced the character instead. Crumb later said in an interview that he felt that the film was "really a reflection of Ralph Bakshi's confusion, you know. There's something real repressed about it. In a way, it's more twisted than my stuff. It's really twisted in some kind of weird, unfunny way. ... I didn't like that sex attitude in it very much. It's like real repressed horniness; he's kind of letting it out compulsively." Crumb also criticized the film's condemnation of the radical left, denouncing Fritz's dialogue in the final sequences of the film, which includes a quote from The Beatles song "The End", as "red-neck and fascistic" and stated, "They put words into his mouth that I never would have had him say."
+ Reportedly, Crumb filed a lawsuit to have his name removed from the film's credits. San Francisco copyright attorney Albert L. Morse said that no suit was filed, but an agreement was reached to remove Crumb's name from the credits. However, Crumb's name has remained in the final film since its original theatrical release. In response to his distaste for the film, Crumb had "Fritz the Cat—Superstar" published in "People's Comics" later in 1972, in which a jealous girlfriend kills Fritz with an icepick; he has refused to use the character again, and wrote the filmmakers a letter saying not to use his characters in their films. Crumb later cited the film as "one of those experiences I sort of block out. The last time I saw it was when I was making an appearance at a German art school in the mid-1980s, and I was forced to watch it with the students. It was an excruciating ordeal, a humiliating embarrassment. I recall Victor Moscoso was the only one who warned me 'if you don't stop this film from being made, you are going to regret it for the rest of your life'—and he was right."
+ In a 2008 interview, Bakshi referred to Crumb as a "hustler" and stated, "He goes in so many directions that he's hard to pin down. I spoke to him on the phone. We both had the same deal, five percent. They finally sent Crumb the money and not me. Crumb always gets what he wants, including that château of his in France. ... I have no respect for Crumb. Is he a good artist? Yes, if you want to do the same thing over and over. He should have been my best friend for what I did with "Fritz the Cat". I drew a good picture, and we both made out fine." Bakshi also stated that Crumb threatened to disassociate himself from any cartoonist that worked with Bakshi, which would have hurt their chances at getting work published.
+ In addition to other animated films aimed at adult audiences, the film's success led to the production of a sequel, "The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat". Although producer Krantz and voice actor Hinnant returned for the follow-up, Bakshi did not. Instead, "Nine Lives" was directed by animator Robert Taylor, who co-wrote the film with Fred Halliday and Eric Monte. "Nine Lives" was distributed by American International Pictures, and was considered to be inferior to its predecessor. Both films have been released on DVD in the United States, Canada and the UK. Bakshi states that he felt constricted using anthropomorphic characters in "Fritz", and focused solely on non-anthropomorphic characters in "Heavy Traffic" and "Hey Good Lookin
'", but later used anthropomorphic characters in "Coonskin".
+ Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 56%, the film is widely noted in its innovation for featuring content that had not been portrayed in animation before, such as sexuality and violence, and was also, as John Grant writes in his book "Masters of Animation", "the breakthrough movie that opened brand new vistas to the commercial animator in the United States", presenting an "almost disturbingly accurate" portrayal "of a particular stratum of Western society during a particular era, ... as such it has dated very well." The film's subject matter and its satirical approach offered an alternative to the kinds of films that had previously been presented by major animation studios. Michael Barrier described "Fritz the Cat" and "Heavy Traffic" as "not merely provocative, but highly ambitious". Barrier described the films as an effort "to push beyond what was done in the old cartoons, even while building on their strengths".
+ As a result of these innovations, "Fritz" was selected by "Time Out" magazine as the 42nd greatest animated film, ranked at number 51 on the Online Film Critics Society's list of the top 100 greatest animated films of all time, and was placed at number 56 on Channel 4's list of the "100 Greatest Cartoons". Footage from the film was edited into the music video for Guru's 2007 song "State of Clarity".
+
+= = = Animal song = = =
+
+ Animal song is not a well-defined term in scientific literature, and the use of the more broadly defined term 'vocalizations' is in more common use. Song generally consists of several successive vocal sounds incorporating multiple syllables. Some sources distinguish between simpler vocalizations, termed “calls”, reserving the term “song” for more complex productions. Song-like productions have been identified in several groups of animals, including cetaceans (whales and dolphins), avians (birds), anurans (frogs), and humans. Social transmission of song has been found in groups including birds and cetaceans.
+ Most mammalian species produce sound by passing air from the lungs across the larynx, vibrating the vocal folds. Sound then enters the supralaryngeal vocal tract, which can be adjusted to produce various changes in sound output, providing refinement of vocalizations. Although morphological differences between species affect sound production, neural control is thought to be more essential factor in producing the variations within human speech and song compared to those of other mammals. Cetacean vocalizations are an exception to this general mechanism. Toothed whales (Odontocetes) pass air through a system of air sacs and muscular phonic lips, which vibrate to produce audible vocalizations, thus serving the function of vocal folds in other mammals. Sound vibrations are conveyed to an organ in the head called the melon, which can be changed in shape to control and direct vocalizations. Unlike in humans and other mammals, toothed whales are able to recycle air used in vocal production, allowing whales to sing without releasing air. Some cetaceans, such as humpback whales, sing continuously for hours.
+ Like mammals, anurans possess a larynx and vocal folds, which are used to create vibrations in sound production. However, frogs also use structures called vocal sacs, elastic membranes in the base of the mouth which inflate during sound production. These sacs provide both amplification and fine-tuning of sounds, and also allow air to be pushed back into the lungs during vocalizations. This allows air used in sound production to be recycled, and is thought to have evolved to increase song efficiency. Increased efficiency of sound production is important, as some frogs may produce calls lasting for several hours during mating seasons. The New River tree frog ("Trachycephalus hadroceps"), for example, spends hours producing up to 38,000 calls in a single night, which is made possible through the efficient recycling of air by the vocal sac.
+ When birds inhale, air is passed from the mouth, through the trachea, which forks into two bronchii connecting to the lungs. The primary vocal organ of birds is called the syrinx, which is located at the fork of the trachea, and is not present in mammals. As air passes through the respiratory tract, the syrinx and the membranes within vibrate to produce sound. Birds are capable of producing continuous song during both inhalation and exhalation, and may sing continuously for several minutes. For example, the skylark ("Alauda arvensis") is capable of producing non-stop song for up to one hour. Some birds change their song characteristics during inhalation versus exhalation. The Brewer's sparrow ("Spizella breweri") alternates between rapid trilling during exhalation interspersed with lower-rate trills during short inhalations. The two halves of the syrinx connect to separate lungs, and can be controlled independently, allowing some birds to produce two separate notes simultaneously.
+ Insects such as crickets (family Gryllidae) are well known for their ability to produce loud song, however the mechanism of sound production differs greatly from most other animals. Many insects generate sound by mechanical rubbing of body structures, a mechanism known as stridulation. Orthopteran insects, including crickets and katydids (family Tettigoniidae), have been especially well-studied for sound production. These insects use scraper-like structures on one wing to sweep over file-structures on an opposing wing to create vibrations, producing a variety of trilling and chirping sounds. Locusts and other grasshoppers (suborder Caelifera) stridulate by rubbing hind legs against pegs on wing surfaces in an up and downward motion. Cicadas (superfamily Cicadoidea) produce sound at much greater volumes than Orthopterans, relying on a pair of organs called tymbals on the base of the abdomen behind the wings. Muscle contraction rapidly deforms the tymbal membrane, emitting several different types of sounds. Insects thus produce a variety of sounds, using various mechanisms distinct from other animals.
+ Vocalizations can play a wide variety of different roles. In groups such as anurans and birds, several distinct types of notes are incorporated to form songs, which are sung in different situations and serve distinct functions. For example, many frogs may use trilling notes in mate attraction, but switch to different vocal patterns in aggressive territorial displays. In some species, a single song incorporates several note types which serve different purposes, with one type of note eliciting responses from females, and another note of the same song responsible for warning competitor males of aggression.
+ Vocalizations play an important role in the mating behaviour of many animals. In many groups (birds, frogs, crickets, whales etc.), song production is more common in males of the species, and is often used to attract females.
+ Bird song is thought to have evolved through sexual selection. Female songbirds often assess potential mates using song, based on qualities such as high song output, complexity and difficulty of songs, as well as presence of local dialect. Song output serves as a fitness indicator of males, since vocalizations require both energy and time to produce, and thus males capable of producing high song output for long durations may have higher fitness than less vocal males. It is thought that song complexity may serve as an indicator of male fitness by providing an indication of successful brain development despite potential early-life stressors, such as lack of food. Social transmission of songs allows for development of local dialects of song, and female songbirds also typically prefer to choose mates producing local song dialects. One hypothesis for this phenomenon is that selecting local mates allows the female to choose genes specially adapted to suit local conditions.
+ Frog song also plays a prominent role in courtship. In túngara frogs ("Engystomops pustulosus"), male frogs increase the complexity of their calls, adding additional note types when greater numbers of competitor males are present, which has been found to attract greater numbers of female frogs. Some species change their courtship calls when females are especially nearby. In male glass frogs ("Hyalinobatachium fleichmanni"), a long frequency-modulated vocalization is produced upon noticing another nearby frog, but is changed to a short chirping song when a female approaches. Several species (e.g. dendrobatid frogs ("Mannophryne trinitatis"), ornate frogs ("Cophixalus ornatus"), splendid poison frogs ("Dendrobates speciosus")), switch from long-range loud trilling sounds to short-range quieter chirps when females move closer, which is thought to allow mate attraction without alerting competitor males to female locations.
+ Although highly complex song-like production has been identified in whales, the function is still somewhat elusive. It is thought to be involved in courtship behaviour and sexual selection, and singing behaviour becomes more common during the breeding season.
+ Another major function of song output is to indicate aggression among males during breeding seasons. Both anurans and birds use singing in territorial displays to confer aggressive intent. For Eastern smooth frogs ("Geocrinia victoriana"), for example, courtship songs involve shorter notes to attract potential mates, and are followed by longer tones to repel males. Frequency of sounds produced generally negatively correlates with body size both within and among species, and allows competing males to assess body size of vocalizing neighbouring frogs. Male frogs typically approach higher frequency sounds more readily than lower frequencies, likely because the frog producing the sound is assessed to be a smaller, less dangerous competitor.
+ In territorial birds, males increase song production rate when neighbouring males encroach on their territory. In great tits ("Parus major"), nightingales ("Luscinia megarhynchos"), blackbirds ("Turdus merula") and sparrows (family Passeridae), playing song recordings slows the rate at which males establish territories in an unoccupied region, suggesting these birds rely on song output in establishing territorial boundaries. Experimentally muted Scott's seaside sparrow ("Ammodramus maritimus") lose control of their territories to other males. Thus, territorial birds often rely on song production to repel conspecific males.
+ Like the human voice, bird song typically contains sufficient individual variability to allow discrimination of individual vocal patterns by conspecifics. Such discrimination is important to mate recognition of many monogamous species. Seabirds, for example, often use vocalization patterns to recognize their mate upon reunion during the breeding season. In many colonial nesting birds, parent-offspring recognition is critical to allow parents to locate their own offspring upon return to nesting sites. Cliff swallows ("Petrochelidon pyrrhonota") have been demonstrated to preferentially respond to parental songs at a young age, providing a means of vocalization-based offspring recognition.
+ Learned vocalizations have been identified in groups including whales, elephants, seals, and primates, however the most well-established examples of learned singing is in birds. In many species, young birds learn songs from adult males of the same species, typically fathers. This was first demonstrated in chaffinches ("Fringilla coelabs"). Chaffinches raised in social isolation develop abnormal songs, however playing recordings of chaffinch songs allows the young birds to learn their species-specific songs. Song learning generally involves a sensitive learning period in early life, during which young birds must be exposed to song from tutor animals in order to develop normal singing as adults. Song learning occurs in two stages: the sensory phase and the sensorimotor phase. During the sensory phase, birds memorize the song of a tutor animal, forming a template representation of the species-specific song. The sensorimotor phase follows and may overlap with the sensory phase. During the sensorimotor phase, young birds initially produce variable, rambling versions of adult song, called subsong. As learning progresses, the subsong is replaced with a more refined version containing elements of adult song, called plastic song. Finally, the song learning crystallizes into adult song. For song learning to occur properly, young birds must be able to hear and refine their vocal productions, and birds deafened before the development of subsong do not learn to produce normal adult song.
+ The sensitive period in which birds must be exposed to song tutoring varies across species, but typically occurs within the first year of life. Birds in which song learning is limited to the initial sensitive period are referred to as closed-ended learners, whereas some birds (e.g. canaries; "Serinus canaria"), continue to learn new songs later in life, and are called open-ended learners. Some species of birds, such as the brown-headed cowbird ("Molothrus ater"), parasitize other bird species, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds such that the heterospecific bird raises the chicks. Although most birds acquire song learning within the first year, brown-headed cowbirds have a delayed sensitive period, occurring approximately one year after hatching. This may be an adaptation to prevent the young birds from learning the songs from the foreign bird species. Instead, the young birds have a year in which to find conspecifics, and learn their own species-specific song.
+ Birds are generally predisposed to favour learning of conspecific songs, and will typically preferentially learn the song form conspecific animals rather than heterospecifics. However, song learning is not completely restricted to within-species songs. If exposed to heterospecific birds of another species in absence of same-species birds, young birds will often adopt the song of the species to which it was exposed. Although birds are capable of learning song production purely from audio recordings of birdsong, tutor-student interaction may be important in some species. For example, white-crowned sparrows ("Zonotrichia leucophrys") preferentially learn the songs of song sparrows ("Melospiza melodia") when exposed to recordings of white-crowned sparrows and live song sparrows. In other words, the interactive nature of a live tutor seems to trump the familiarity of the recordings from conspecifics.
+ While vertical transmission (parent-offspring) is a common element of song learning, horizontal transmission among animals of the same generation can also occur. Male humpback whales produce various songs over their lifetime, which are learned from other males in the population. Males in a population conform to produce the same mating song, consisting of a highly stereotyped vocal display involved in mate attraction. The cultural transmission of these songs has been found to occur across great geographic distances over years, with one study noting song transmission across the western and central South Pacific Ocean populations over an 11-year period.
+
+= = = Pyotr Nesterov = = =
+
+ Pyotr Nikolayevich Nesterov ( (born , Nizhny Novgorod – died , Żółkiew, Galicia) was a Russian pilot, an aircraft designer and an aerobatics pioneer.
+ Nesterov was born on 15 February 1887 in Nizhny Novgorod, into the family of an army officer, a cadet corps teacher. In August 1904, he left the military school in Nizhny Novgorod and went to Mikhailov artillery academy in St Petersburg, He became a second lieutenant and served in the 9th East Siberian Artillery Brigade in Vladivostok. By the laws of that time, an officer who married before the age of 28 had to contribute a so-called ‘reserve’ to the state treasury – a deposit of 5,000 rubles to provide for his family in the event of his death. The only exception was made for officers who served in the Far East; as Nesterov did not have the money, he took his young wife to the Far East.
+ In 1909, Nesterov came into contact with aviation when he was posted to a balloon observation regiment as an observer. In 1911 he built his first glider and learned to fly it, before entering flight training at the St. Petersburg aviation school at Gatchina in June, graduating 11 October 1912. A short time later he also passed the examination to be a military pilot. In May 1913 he became leader of an aviation detachment in Kiev, completing night flights at that time.
+ Nesterov believed an aircraft could fly a loop, a feat not previously performed. Despite the doubts of his peers, Nesterov proved his theory on 9 September 1913 (27 August by the calendar then used in Russia) and became the first pilot to fly a loop. This was done in a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev, before many watchers. For this he was disciplined with ten days of close arrest, ostensibly "for risking government property". His achievement made him famous overnight and when the feat was officially done by the famous French pilot Adolphe Pégoud, the punishment was reversed; he was promoted to staff captain and later awarded a medal. Stressing the value of these exercises for a military pilot, Nesterov improved Russian flight methods through extensive training, both with cross country flights and steep turns, and designed a vee tail for the Nieuport he was flying although its performance proved disappointing.
+ Aircraft were still unarmed at this early stage, and Nesterov became the first pilot to destroy an enemy airplane in flight. During the Battle of Galicia on 25 August 1914 (by the Old Style calendar still used in Russia), after trying various methods on previous occasions unsuccessfully, he used his Morane-Saulnier Type G (s/n 281) to ram the Austrian Albatros B.II reconnaissance aircraft of observer Baron Friedrich von Rosenthal and pilot Franz Malina from FLIK 11. Eager to destroy enemy aircraft, he probably intended to hit it with a glancing blow but damaged his own aircraft as much as the enemy's and both planes crashed. As was common for the time, Nesterov was not strapped in and he fell from his plane, dying of his injuries the next day. The Austrian pilot and observer also died. The town of Zhovkva (currently in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine), located near the battle, was renamed Nesterov in his honor in 1951.
+ Nesterov was buried in Kiev, Russian Empire. His ramming method was used during the Second World War by a number of Soviet pilots with success and without loss of life. The technique became known as "taran". In his honor, the Soviet Union established the "Nesterov Cup" for the best aerobatics team. The cup was donated to the "Fédération Aéronautique Internationale" (FAI) in 1962. It is awarded to the Men's World Team Champions of the World Aerobatic Championships.
+ The outer main-belt asteroid 3071 Nesterov, discovered by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova in 1973, is named after him.
+
+= = = Downingtown High School = = =
+
+ Downingtown High School is a secondary school located in Downingtown, Pennsylvania and Uwchlan Township, Pennsylvania. Population growth in the burgeoning Downingtown Area School District forced the original Downingtown High School to split into two campuses: Downingtown High School East Campus and Downingtown High School West Campus. While still legally considered one school, the two campuses (usually referred to simply as "East" or "West") are generally regarded as separate entities. While the West Campus is located on the original high school's campus within Downingtown, the East Campus is actually located in Lionville, the northern side of Exton, Pennsylvania.
+ The mascot for Downingtown East is the cougar, for Downingtown West, the whippet. Both schools' colors are blue and gold, a similarity that recalls that the two campuses were once one school. A healthy rivalry exists between Downingtown East and West. Both schools are known for athletics and have won titles in different sports.
+ Downingtown East and West campuses field the following sports:
+ Downingtown High School has many clubs, from marching band to the ski club. The Student Council forms many committees and community service programs throughout the year. Both schools also have FBLA-PBL clubs (Future Business Leaders of America) which had nine students qualify for the national competition in 2003, seven students qualify for the national competition in 2014, and five qualify in 2015. The combined school's marching band has participated in the Tournament of Roses Parade, the Citrus Bowl Parade and the Indy 500 Parade. In 2011, the band performed in the Tournament of Roses Parade for the second time.
+ Extracurriculars activities include:
+
+= = = The Brothers (San Francisco Bay) = = =
+
+ The Brothers are a pair of small islands, East Brother and West Brother, located in the San Rafael Bay embayment of San Pablo Bay, roughly west of Point San Pablo in Contra Costa County, California.
+ The 19th century Mexican "Diseño del Rancho de San Pablo", (diseño: a plat map typically used to indicate rancho land grant boundaries in Alta California), names East Brother Island as "Isla de Pajaros" or "Bird Island."
+ The Brothers, along with The Sisters (two exposed rocks north of the Marin Islands, just off Point San Pedro) on the opposite side of San Pablo Strait, were originally reserved for military purposes by order of President Andrew Johnson in 1867. After many a court battle, the plans were scrapped.
+ East Brother Island is home to the East Brother Island Light, a light house and a Victorian house that are a present-day bed and breakfast inn.
+
+= = = Lynfield, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Lynfield is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is under the local governance of Auckland Council. According to the 2001 census, the population numbered 8934.
+ The main road through the centre of Lynfield is 'The Avenue', with many roads branching off, including Halsey Drive, the suburb's longest street, which curves around a large portion of the inner suburb.
+ The local primary school is Halsey Drive Primary School, which is situated opposite the Lynfield Reserve on Halsey Drive. The closest intermediate schools are Waikowhai Intermediate to the east and Blockhouse Bay Intermediate to the north. The local high school is Lynfield College
+ Further up The Avenue is the local inter-denominational church, Lynfield Community Church.
+ The suburb of Lynfield has only been closely settled since the 1950s. The important economic activity of raising poultry was developed. This farm provided table fowls and eggs for the Auckland Area. The original name for the farm was Linfield.
+ Alfred Bankhart established Linfield on land gifted to him by Sir Logan Campbell. Gilletta Road in Lynfield was named after Bankheart's wife's maiden name.
+ Two gentlemen named Edwards and Cooper grew strawberries on the land now owned by Lynfield College. Thus the Symbol of the plough on their Logo. Eventually in the mid-1950s, the land was made available to make way for a new secondary school which is now Lynfield College.
+
+= = = Waikowhai = = =
+
+ Waikowhai is an Auckland suburb.
+ Waikowhai is under the local governance of the Auckland Council.
+ According to the 2013 census, the combined districts of Waikowhai East and Waikowhai West had a population of 8,130.
+ The name is Maori: Wai means "Water" and the Kowhai is a native tree with a bright yellow flower. Waikowhai means Kowhai by the water in Maori.
+ Waikowhai has the largest block of native forest left in Auckland City. The block was considered too infertile for farming and subsequently not cleared but given to the Wesley Mission. Today the forest block hosts a valuable sample of Auckland’s original fauna and flora.
+ Catholic secondary schools serving the area are Marcellin College and St Peter's College.
+
+= = = Southdown, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Southdown is an industrial suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The main company in the suburb was the former Southdown Freezing Works, part of a large industrial zone located near the North Island Main Trunk railway line. The buildings were decommissioned during the 1980s and 1990s, releasing large areas of land to be redeveloped as office parks.
+ For many years the abattoirs located here were discharging large amounts of untreated waste into the Manukau Harbour. This had a detrimental effect on the ecology of the harbour, which at the turn of the 20th century had been a popular and attractive place to swim, sail, fish and gather shell fish. For most of the middle of the 20th century it was a health hazard and its shell-fish a probable source of food poisoning. Since the freezing works were fully closed in 1981, the water quality has improved greatly.
+ The Waikaraka Cycleway ends at the bottom of Hugo Johnston Drive, next to the defunct Southdown Power Station.
+ Hugo Johnston Drive is the site of a historic 2.5ha asbestos cement dump used by James Hardie Industries from 1938 to 1983. The nearby Southdown Reserve (opposite the defunct Southdown Power Station) has been closed to the public since March 1999, after workers discovered asbestos material there.
+
+= = = Point England = = =
+
+ Point England is an Auckland suburb.
+ Point England is under the local governance of the Auckland Council.
+ According to the 2001 census, Point England has a population of 4200.
+ Point England is well known for its extensive 25 hectare bird sanctuary, Tahuna Torea (gathering place of the oyster catcher), located on the large triangular sandspit which protrudes 1.5 kilometre into the Tamaki Estuary. Following a council suggestion this area be turned into a residential marina in the 1980s, a group of activists led by Ronald Lockley, persuaded the council to create a wildlife reserve with extensive walk ways. Many species of birds including oyster catchers, pied stilts, gulls, plovers, herons, mallard and grey ducks are found in the area. In the higher bush areas are tui, moreporks, fantails, grey warblers and silver eyes. At low tide it is possible to walk east towards the Bucklands Beach Junior Yacht Club which is located 300 m on the eastern side of the Tamaki River. About 20% of the spit is consolidated with native plants that are largely above high tide. The remainder is sand that is uncovered at low tide. The whole spit can be walked in hours or the board walk in 40 minutes. A good view is to be seen from the Godwit lookout. Nearby on the north side is a protected Maori Camp or whakaruruhau. The area can be accessed from Vista Crescent, Riddell Rd Walkway or West Tamaki Road or from the Tamaki estuary using a shallow draft boat. Care should be taken at the east end of the spit as the water is 22 m deep and very swift at low tide.
+
+= = = Greenlane = = =
+
+ Greenlane is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is bounded by Epsom to the west, Newmarket to the north, Remuera to the east and One Tree Hill to the south.
+ The Greenlane shops are situated at the intersection of Great South Road and Green Lane West. On the northern side of Green Lane West are located the Alexandra Park Raceway, the ASB Showgrounds and the Campbell Park Tennis Club; on the southern side is Greenlane Hospital, Cornwall Park, Cornwall Cricket Club, and Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill and its park.
+ The Greenlane shops developed during the 20th century, servicing the needs of the local community and visitors to the raceway, showgrounds, hospital, and parks. There was also a tramway terminal located here from 1902 until 1956. The make up of the local businesses has changed over the years; from horseracing and pharmacies, to currently a centre for the motor vehicle trades and the location of a selection of restaurants. The 1920s Lido Cinema still operates, one of the few stand alone suburban cinemas to do so. The area is served by state secondary schools including Auckland Grammar School, Epsom Girls Grammar School and St Peter's College.
+ The suburb itself is one word (Greenlane), whereas the thoroughfare is two (Green Lane).
+ From the 1840s until the 1890s Greenlane was noted for its rich pasture land which supported both dairy herds and grain crops. Initially large country houses and farms dotted the landscape but from the 1890s onwards suburban development spread southwards from Newmarket across the fields of Epsom. Dr John Logan Campbell gifted part of his One Tree Hill farm to the city as a public park in 1901, coinciding with a visit from the Duke of Cornwall, after whom the park was named. Since the early 1990s there has been a considerable amount of real estate development with clutches of townhouses altering the villa streetscapes in some parts of Greenlane.
+ The broad, flat pastureland here at the intersection of Green Lane and Manukau Roads was used for sporting events from the 1850s onwards but the Alexandra Park Raceway and ASB Showgrounds were only formally established around 1900. The Alexandra Park Raceway was named after the Duchess of Cornwall (later Queen Alexandra), and specialises in trotting races. The showgrounds have been the site of many trade exhibitions and agricultural shows, especially the annual Auckland Royal Easter Show.
+ Adjacent to Alexandra Park was the Auckland Electric Tram Company tram depot. Organised in 1902 the tram company had storage sheds and an administrative office block built here as it was halfway between Auckland and Onehunga. The system was torn out in 1956 but the sheds remained here until the late 1970s when they were replaced by an office park. The administrative block survives as a restaurant.
+ Greenlane Hospital is a complex of several buildings dating from as early as the 1870s to the present day. One of the buildings was donated by Edward Costley, an Auckland businessman who bequeathed money for many charitable works. The National Women's Hospital dates from the late 1950s and was an icon of modernity in its day. During World War II large numbers of prefabricated buildings were constructed in the eastern part of Cornwall Park in readiness for wounded and sick American soldiers to be evacuated from Guadalcanal. The buildings were used during the 1950s and 60s as maternity wards until the adjacent National Women's Hospital was fully open. The buildings were progressively reduced in number in the 1960s although some remained standing empty until the mid 1970s. Now only the US flag pole and a plaque remain as a memorial to the wartime usage.
+ Greenlane falls across two parliamentary electorates:
+ Since the 2010 amalgamation of councils, Greenlane also falls across two wards for electing local boards of the Auckland Council, and as of the 2016 local elections, the representation is as follows:
+
+= = = Polferries = = =
+
+ Polferries is the largest Polish ferry operator.
+ The Polish Baltic Shipping Company was established on 31 January 1976 as a state-owned shipping company. Under the operating name "Polferries", the company runs ferry routes across the Baltic Sea between Poland and Scandinavia.
+ In 1996 Polferries approved quality assurance system the International Safety Management Code (ISM). In May 1997 the company was recognised as meeting the requirements of the Quality Management Certificate ISO 9002. It became legally recognised as a corporate body in 1992.
+ Until 2001, Polferries had owned two ferry terminals in Poland, the Ferry Terminal in Gdańsk and the Ferry Terminal in Świnoujście. Today, the company runs the Ferry Terminal in Gdańsk.
+ 2 ferries ordered in Szczecin Shipyard
+
+= = = Deliria = = =
+
+ Deliria: Faerie Tales for a New Millennium is an "interactive urban fantasy setting" created by Phil Brucato. The title refers to an altered state of awareness in which several levels of reality can be perceived at once, to both good and ill effect.
+ The core concept behind Deliria is one of "ordinary people in an extraordinary world." Inspired by classical fairy tales and urban fantasy, the setting presents a multicultural world in which magic is always present but often invisible. To "twilight people" who encounter the magical realm, the world becomes a frightening yet wonderful place. Meanwhile, the immortal faeries, or "aelderfolk", regard mortal humanity with a mixture of awe and terror. The accelerating pace of human imagination reverberates through both worlds, bringing changes that many aelders fear. Within the tensions of this setting, ordinary people become heroes - or villains - in their own new fairy tales.
+ Inspired by authors like Charles de Lint, Erik Davis and Francesca Lia Block, films like Edward ScissorHands and Practical Magic, world music and ethereal wave music, and TV shows like "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", Deliria's setting emphasizes "normal people" over superheroes. As a role-playing game, it features a flexible rules system, collaborative storytelling, and a character-crafting process based on telling stories about the character. Deliria has also been noted for its vivid digital art, evocative short stories, and emphasis of "courage rather than carnage."
+ The player characters are not meant to be heroes in the classical sense. Characters are not elite fighters or wizards, super-soldiers or super-criminals. Normal people, who live through an (perhaps even the) adventure of their lives, are the "heroes" in a Deliria Campaign. "Courage rather than carnage" means that the possibilities of the characters should only limited by their players' imagination, not by stats like hitpoints or class levels.
+ Deliria's game system is designed to be used at three levels of complexity, depending on the wishes of the group. "Flexible" rather than "crunchy," it's versatile enough to support almost any form of roleplaying, given the powers of imagination and creativity on the player's and the guide's behalf.
+ The core of the system is summed up as: Challenge, Prowess, Chance, Result. To resolve a "Challenge", the player checks her character's "Prowess". If necessary, she takes a "Chance" that may add to or subtract from that Prowess. Success or failure is the "Result", which is then described in "story elements" - that is, narrative rather than mathematical terms.
+ "Chances" are resolved through two ten-sided dice, a deck of cards, or a computer program (sold with the main rule book).
+ The very simple rules that encourages narrative solutions of contests and reduces random challenges to a minimum. Characters are described through abstract key traits as well as narrative elements. This level of complexity reflects a Storytelling approach.
+ This level is proposed for Computer-assisted or Live action role-playing games.
+ Slightly more detailed rules feature an in-between solution. This option uses contest solutions through dice rolling or card drawing only when it's important and, if necessary, also modifiers and counterdraws.
+ This level is proposed for pen and paper or Live action role-playing games.
+ Every significant action is resolved through a random challenge and many rules (and optional rules) can be used to handle special situations.
+ This level is proposed for only for pen and paper games.
+ Though now out of print, the game was also bundled with a CD/ROM that had sound effects and music. A pdf patch was released to clear up a few rules.
+
+= = = Mederos = = =
+
+ Mederos is a Spanish-language surname. Notable people with the surname include:
+
+= = = Salo (food) = = =
+
+ Salo (Ukrainian and , Hungarian: szalonna, Polish: słonina, , , , , Czech and Slovak: slanina, Carpatho-Rusyn: солонина/solonyna, , , ) is a traditional, predominantly Slavic food consisting of cured slabs of fatback (rarely pork belly), with or without skin. The food is commonly eaten and known under different names in countries across the region. It is usually dry salt or brine cured. The East Slavic variety is sometimes treated with paprika or other seasonings, while the South Slavic version is often smoked.
+ The Slavic word "salo" or "slanina" as applied to this type of food (it has other meanings as well) is often translated to English as "bacon" or "lard". Unlike lard, salo is not rendered. Unlike bacon, salo has little or no lean meat. It is similar to Italian "lardo", the main differences being the thickness of the cut ("lardo" is often sliced very thinly) and seasoning. East Slavic salo uses salt, garlic, black pepper and sometimes coriander in the curing process, while "lardo" is generally seasoned with rosemary and other herbs.
+ For preservation, salo is salted and sometimes also smoked and aged in a dark and cold place, where it will last for a year or more. The slabs of fat are first cut into manageable pieces, typically 15×20 cm. Then layers of fat slabs (skin side down) topped with one-centimetre layers of salt go into a wooden box or barrel for curing. For added flavouring and better preservation, the salo may be covered with a thick layer of paprika (usually in the more Western lands; in Russian salo with paprika is called "Hungarian"), minced garlic, or sometimes black pepper.
+ When salo has been aged too long or exposed to light, the fat may oxidize on the surface and become yellow and bitter-tasting. Though no longer fit for culinary use, the spoiled fat can be used as a water-repellent treatment for leather boots or bait for mouse traps, or it can simply be turned into homemade soap.
+ Salo is consumed both raw and cooked. It is often fried or finely chopped with garlic as a condiment for borscht (beet soup). Small pieces of salo are added to some types of sausage. Thinly sliced salo on rye bread rubbed with garlic is a traditional snack to accompany vodka in Russia and horilka in Ukraine, where it is a particular favorite.
+ Salo is often chopped into small pieces and fried to render fat for cooking, while the remaining cracklings ( in Ukrainian, in Russian, in Lithuanian, in Polish, in Romanian, in Estonian, töpörtyű in Hungarian), пръжки or джумерки in Bulgarian are used as condiments for fried potatoes or varenyky or spread on bread as a snack.
+ The thick pork skin that remains after the fat has been consumed is often used to make stock for soup or borscht. After boiling, the rind is often discarded. If soft enough, however, it is sometimes chopped or ground with salo, herbs, and spices and then spread on bread.
+ The expression "chocolate-coated salo" (, "salo v shokoladi"), originating in an ethnic joke about Ukrainians, has become cliché among Eastern Slavs, referring to an eclectic mix of tastes or desires, such as bacon ice cream.
+ In the 2000s, Odessa Confectionery Factory started production of candies . The chocolate candies were invented as an April Fool's Day joke. They are not actually "salo"; they contain a regular caramel filling with a small amount of rendered fat added as a salty flavouring.
+
+= = = Hyde Park (Tampa) = = =
+
+ Hyde Park is a historic neighborhood and district within the city limits of Tampa. It includes Bayshore Boulevard, Hyde Park Village and SoHo. Its ZIP code is 33606. Hyde Park includes many historic homes and bungalows. Its history and proximity to downtown Tampa make it a desirable residential neighborhood. Because of its convenient location, developments are being built in Hyde Park. Construction includes an expansion of Hyde Park Village, an upscale shopping and dining destination, as well as multifamily residential developments.
+ Hyde Park is adjacent to the University of Tampa and Downtown. Roughly, the boundaries of the neighborhood are the Hillsborough Bay to the east, Kennedy Blvd to the north, Bayshore Boulevard to the east and south, and Armenia Avenue to the west. Major thoroughfares within the historical district include Kennedy Boulevard, Bayshore Boulevard, Lee Roy Selmon Expressway (SR 618), Howard Avenue, and Swann Avenue. Entrepreuners have started small companies using NEVs to shuttle pedestrians from the area to other core districts such as Downtown and Ybor City, as an attempt to facilitate connection between Tampa's core neighborhoods.
+ The Hyde Park neighborhood was established in the 1880s when railroad financier Henry B. Plant built the first bridge across the Hillsborough River at Lafayette Street (now Kennedy Boulevard). The first house in the neighborhood was built by James Watrous in 1882 at 1307 Morrison Ave.
+ Growth occurred rapidly and a street car line was put in on Swann Ave and Rome Ave. This is the reason for the wideness of the two streets, while most in the neighborhood are much narrower. The area where Old Hyde Park Village is today was originally called Cork Ave. Dakota Ave., Cork Ave., and Inman Ave. all intersected near where the British pay phone stands today. The only extant part of Cork Ave. is called Snow Ave.
+ Bayshore marks the eastern boundary of the neighborhood. The street is known for its scenic, gently curving greenway and views of the water and skyline. It holds the record as the world's longest sidewalk.
+ Upscale shopping district located among several city and residential blocks. The approximate center is at the intersection of Swann and Rome Avenues just a few blocks east of SoHo. High-end boutiques, restaurants and cafes are some offerings of the area. Additionally, a SoulCycle is expected to open in the Fall of 2019.
+ Multi-faceted entertainment district in the middle of the neighborhood. Many of the region's top-rated bars, nightclubs, boutiques and restaurants are in this district. It begins at Howard Avenue south of Kennedy Boulevard and terminates at Bayshore. Its name is derived factually since the district centers around South Howard Avenue.
+
+= = = Folk hero = = =
+
+ A folk hero or national hero is a type of hero – real, fictional or mythological – with their name, personality and deeds embedded in the popular consciousness of a people, mentioned frequently in folk songs, folk tales and other folklore; and with modern trope status in literature, art and films.
+ Although some folk heroes are historical public figures, many are not. The lives of folk heroes are generally fictional, their characteristics and deeds often exaggerated to mythic proportions.
+ The folk hero often begins life as a normal person, but is transformed into someone extraordinary by significant life events, often in response to social injustice, and sometimes in response to natural disasters.
+ One major category of folk hero is the defender of the common people against the oppression or corruption of the established power structure. Members of this category of folk hero often, but not necessarily, live outside the law in some way.
+
+= = = Arts Council of Wales = = =
+
+ The Arts Council of Wales (ACW; ) is a Welsh Government-sponsored body, responsible for funding and developing the arts in Wales.
+ Established by Royal Charter in 1946, as the Welsh Arts Council (), its English name was changed to the Arts Council of Wales when it was established by Royal Charter on 30 March 1994 (the Welsh name remained the same), upon its merger with the three Welsh regional arts associations. It became accountable to the National Assembly for Wales on 1 July 1999, when responsibility was transferred from the Secretary of State for Wales. The Welsh Government provides ACW with money to fund the arts in Wales. ACW also distributes National Lottery funding for the arts in Wales, allocated by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS).
+ Arts Council of Wales is a registered charity under English law and has a board of trustees who meet six times a year, chaired by Phil George, Apart from the Chair, Council members are not paid; they are appointed by the Welsh Government. The Arts Council of Wales has offices in Colwyn Bay, Carmarthen and Cardiff. Nick Capaldi has been its chief executive since 2008.
+ The Arts Council partners with the National Eisteddfod of Wales to produce its annual "Y Lle Celf" exhibition of Welsh art, craft and design.
+
+= = = Marin Islands = = =
+
+ The Marin Islands are the two small islands, named East Marin and West Marin, in San Rafael Bay, an embayment of San Pablo Bay in Marin County, California.
+ The Marin Islands are located offshore from the city of San Rafael, in the northern San Francisco Bay Area.
+ The islands comprise the Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge, which was established in 1992. The surrounding submerged tidelands are also included in the refuge. The islands are the property of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and require special permission to visit.
+ The islands are named after the Coast Miwok man known as Chief Marin, after whom Marin County was later named. He is thought to have hidden out there in the 1820s after escaping from Mission San Rafael, before being recaptured and incarcerated at the Mexican San Francisco Presidio.
+ The islands were donated to the federal government by the Crowley family of San Francisco. They had been bought by Thomas Crowley at auction in 1926 for $25,000 in the hope that they would become the western terminus of the Richmond–San Rafael Bridge. Instead, they became a family vacation spot for more than sixty years.
+ West Marin Island, elevation above the bay waters, supports the largest heron and egret rookery in the San Francisco Bay Area. Nesting species include great egrets, snowy egrets, great blue herons, and black-crowned night herons.
+ East Marin Island, a former vacation retreat, now supports a variety of introduced and native plants and provides critical nesting material and rest sites for the nearby colony.
+ The submerged tidelands support a variety of resident and migratory water birds such as surf scoter, black oystercatcher, diving ducks, and osprey. Refuge objectives are to protect migratory species, including the heron and egret nesting colony, protect and restore suitable habitat for the colony, and protect the tidal mud flats and unique island ecosystem.
+
+= = = Hillsborough, Auckland = = =
+
+ Hillsborough is an Auckland, New Zealand suburb.
+ Hillsborough is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. According to the 2013 census, Hillsborough has a population of 11,625.
+ Hillsborough is a leafy suburb of 20th-century houses. The area is serviced by two shopping areas; Onehunga and Three Kings. The area is served by secondary schools Mount Roskill Grammar School and Marcellin College.
+ Named for James Carlton Hill who left land to the City for use as public domains in his 1858 will.
+ The most interesting building in the area is Pah Homestead (or "The Pah"). This building was constructed for James Williamson by Thomas Mahoney on the 313 acre estate Pah Farm in 1877-9. Of plastered brick in the Italianate style it is based upon Queen Victoria & Prince Albert's house Osbourne House in the Isle of Wight. It was allegedly the largest house ever built in New Zealand and certainly one of the most expensive.
+ Following the failure of Williamson's business concerns after the Stock Market crash of 1886 the estate was progressively broken up and sold off. Various organisations established facilities on the smaller but still spacious properties that resulted from the subdivision; a Franciscan Friary, Marcellin College for boys, Roskill Masonic Hospital, and Liston Village (a residential home which includes the historic Pah Stable Block). Other parts of the property were purchased by the Hillsborough Bowling Club, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who built a church on Pah Road, Sanitarium Wholefoods and Holeproof Enterprises who built factories on Pah Road and Auckland City Council who created Seymour Park. The rest of the extensive farmland was redeveloped as suburban housing although a portion to the south of Herd Road is still utilised for grazing land probably because it is very steep. The two storied Farm Managers House still stands at 1 Warren Avenue.
+ The Pah Mansion was eventually purchased by the Roman Catholic Church in 1913 and renamed "Monte Cecilia", Part of the remaining land close to the house was developed as Monte Cecilia Primary School, and the house itself was used as emergency housing for many years. The Auckland City Council recently purchased the property. Its magnificent grounds contain a number of interesting specimen trees and is now part of a public park named Monte Cecilia Park which will eventually include the site of Monte Cecilia Primary School which will be relocated elsewhere in the area. The house has been renovated and is now being used to display Sir James Wallace's extensive collection of New Zealand Modern art.
+
+= = = Atom (measure theory) = = =
+
+ In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, an atom is a measurable set which has positive measure and contains no set of smaller positive measure. A measure which has no atoms is called non-atomic or atomless.
+ Given a measurable space formula_1 and a measure formula_2 on that space, a set formula_3 in formula_4 is called an atom if
+ and for any measurable subset formula_6 with
+ the set formula_8 has measure zero.
+ A measure which has no atoms is called non-atomic or diffuse. In other words, a measure is non-atomic if for any measurable set formula_11 with formula_12 there exists a measurable subset "B" of "A" such that
+ A non-atomic measure with at least one positive value has an infinite number of distinct values, as starting with a set "A" with formula_12 one can construct a decreasing sequence of measurable sets
+ such that
+ This may not be true for measures having atoms; see the first example above.
+ It turns out that non-atomic measures actually have a continuum of values. It can be proved that if μ is a non-atomic measure and "A" is a measurable set with formula_17 then for any real number "b" satisfying
+ there exists a measurable subset "B" of "A" such that
+ This theorem is due to Wacław Sierpiński.
+ It is reminiscent of the intermediate value theorem for continuous functions.
+ Sketch of proof of Sierpiński's theorem on non-atomic measures. A slightly stronger statement, which however makes the proof easier, is that if formula_20 is a non-atomic measure space and formula_21, there exists a function formula_22 that is monotone with respect to inclusion, and a right-inverse to formula_23. That is, there exists a one-parameter family of measurable sets S(t) such that for all formula_24
+ The proof easily follows from Zorn's lemma applied to the set of all monotone partial sections to formula_2 :
+ ordered by inclusion of graphs, formula_29 It's then standard to show that every chain in formula_30 has an upper bound in formula_30, and that any maximal element of formula_30 has domain formula_33 proving the claim.
+
+= = = The Dummy = = =
+
+ "The Dummy" is episode 98 of the American television anthology series "The Twilight Zone" starring Cliff Robertson as a ventriloquist. It is not to be confused with a similar episode "Caesar and Me", in which Jackie Cooper plays a ventriloquist.
+ Ventriloquist Jerry Etherson (Cliff Robertson) is performing an act with his dummy Willie in a small club in New York City. At the end of the act, Willie seems to bite Jerry's hand, and after he goes back to his dressing room he finds teeth marks on his finger. He begins to drink from a liquor bottle he'd hidden in a drawer. His agent, Frank, comes in and is upset that Jerry has resumed drinking. Jerry tells Frank, as he has numerous times before, that Willie is alive. Frank does not believe Jerry and has already pushed him into getting psychiatric help. Jerry is convinced that further psychiatric sessions would be redundant and that the only solution is to get rid of Willie and perform with a different dummy, "Goofy Goggles", from now on. He quickly comes up with new material for Goofy Goggles and locks Willie in a trunk.
+ After the second act, Jerry refuses to comply with the owner's wish that he and his dummy mingle with the audience. His agent considers this the last straw and quits, saying that Jerry's behavior, in particular what he sees as his delusional belief that Willie is alive, are keeping him from being a star. Jerry tells Frank he is leaving for Kansas City to get away from Willie. After leaving the theater, Jerry hears Willie's voice following him wherever he goes, and sees his shadow on a wall. No one else can hear Willie, apparently confirming Frank's belief that Jerry is suffering from delusional fear.
+ Jerry runs back into the theater. He goes into the dark dressing room, opens the trunk, throws the dummy on the floor, and smashes it. But when he turns on the light, he realizes that he destroyed the Goofy Goggles dummy instead of Willie. He can't understand how he could have been mistaken. He then sees Willie sitting on the couch, talking to him and laughing at him. Willie tells him that it was he, Jerry, who made him alive. Realizing the truth, Jerry lowers his head as Willie cackles crazily.
+ The scene cuts to a man in Kansas City announcing the next act, "Jerry & Willie". The ventriloquist is actually Willie, and he is holding Jerry, who has been turned into a dummy.
+ Abner Biberman also directed "Number Twelve Looks Just Like You".
+ The dummy used in this episode to portray "Willie" was originally created in the 1940s by puppetmaker Revello Petee. The same dummy was used later, in the 1964 "Twilight Zone" episode, "Caesar and Me". The actual original dummy which was used in both episodes had been housed in a private collection in Connecticut since the late 1970s, but now resides in David Copperfield's International Museum and Library of the Conjuring Arts in Las Vegas, along with the Cliff Robertson dummy effigy which appears at the end of this episode. Both puppets were subject to a careful, preservative renovation by American artist and puppet restoration expert Alan Semok.
+
+= = = Carryover cooking = = =
+
+ Carryover cooking (sometimes referred to as resting) is when food retains heat and continues to cook even after being removed from the source of heat. Carryover cooking is often used as a finishing step in preparation of foods that are roasted or grilled, and must be accounted for in recipes as it can increase the internal temperature of foods by temperatures between 5 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit (3–14°C). The larger and denser the object being heated, the greater the amount of temperature increase due to carryover cooking.
+ Resting, when used as a synonym for carryover cooking, also refers to the process of allowing the liquids in meats to redistribute through the food over a 5- to 20-minute period. This allows for a more flavorful and juicy finished product.
+ Because larger objects have a lower surface-area-to-volume ratio, they are more able to retain heat. This heat retention translates to a uniform temperature increase throughout the food as the heat dissipates to cooler areas. Additionally, foods with a higher water content are more subject to carry over cooking as water has a higher heat capacity and will have more heat to distribute throughout the food item.
+
+= = = Life and Death of an American Fourtracker = = =
+
+ Life and Death of an American Fourtracker was the third album by John Vanderslice, released in 2002.
+ "All songs by John Vanderslice unless otherwise noted"
+
+= = = List of Polaroid instant cameras = = =
+
+ This is a list of the instant cameras sold by the Polaroid Corporation as well as Polaroid Originals models. Cameras are ordered by type.
+ These cameras took Polaroid Picture Roll Land film, which was discontinued in 1992. Some of these cameras can be converted to take pack film, but others cannot.
+ These cameras included both folding SLRs and less expensive nonfolding models. They take the SX-70 film, a format with a ~3.1 x 3.1 in² (77 x 77 mm) square image area and a ~4.2 x 3.5 in² (108 x 88 mm²) total area, and a sensitivity around ISO 160. They come with a built-in 6-volt zinc chloride "PolaPulse" battery pack, replaced with a lithium-ion pack in Polaroid Original remakes.
+ The 600 film have the same dimensions as that of the SX-70. The sensitivity is higher at around ISO 640. It also has a battery pack, for which Polaroid has released a small radio.
+ The Spectra has an image area of 2.9 x 3.6 in² (73 x 91 mm²) and a total area of 4.05 x 4.0 in² (103 x 102 mm²).
+ The i-Type is a new format introduced by the Impossible Project, or Polaroid Originals. It is Polaroid 600 with battery moved out of the film pack.
+ These are units that expose films using a smartphone display. They are optimized for 600/i-Type film packs, although SX-70 is also supported.
+
+= = = Pittsburgh Hornets = = =
+
+ The Pittsburgh Hornets were a minor-league professional men's ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
+ Contrary to popular belief, the Pittsburgh Hornets did not evolve from the International Hockey League's Pittsburgh Shamrocks. The franchise started play in 1927, playing their first nine seasons as the Detroit Olympics. Then on October 4, 1936, after winning the IHL championship, the Olympics moved to Pittsburgh to become the Hornets. Bill Anderson and Bill Hudson were the only two players from the Shamrocks to be on the Hornets roster at the start of the 1936–37 season.
+ The Hornets, still a minor-league team for the NHL's Detroit Red Wings, made their debut in the International-American Hockey League in 1936–37. The league transformed into the American Hockey League in 1940.
+ The Hornets disbanded after the 1955–56 season. The franchise was suspended because the archaic Duquesne Gardens was torn down. The Hornets reappeared in the new Civic Arena in 1961 and, after a poor start, they became AHL contenders again, this time as a farm club for the Detroit Red Wings. They won a division title in 1964 and won their third Calder Cup in 1967. Following the 1967 win, the Hornets permanently closed operations, as the Pittsburgh Penguins began play the next fall and took over the market when the NHL expanded.
+ The team started as the Detroit Olympics in 1927 playing home games at the Detroit Olympia. The Olympics played two seasons in the Canadian Professional Hockey League (Canpro) and seven seasons in the International Hockey League (IHL) after the IHL split from Canpro in 1929. The IHL would merge with the Canadian-American Hockey League (Can-Am) in 1936 to form the International-American Hockey League. In October 1936, John Harris, a Pittsburgh theater chain owner, purchased the Olympics and relocated the team to become the Pittsburgh Hornets.
+ The Hornets were led by former Olympics coach Don Hughes. the Hornets won their first two franchise games against the Cleveland Falcons on November 7, 1936, at the Duquesne Gardens. During the 1938–39 season, Larry Aurie replaced Don Hughes as the second coach in team history. That year Don Deacon led the IAHL with 41 assists and 65 points. In 1940, the Hornets won 25 and made the playoffs and advance to the Calder Cup finals. The Hornets were originally the minor-league affiliate of the Red Wings who won the Stanley Cup in 1936. Larry Aurie, a member of that team, was a player-coach and led them to their first appearance in the Calder Cup Finals in 1940 where they were swept in three games by the Providence Reds.
+ At the start of the 1940–41 season, the International-American Hockey League (IAHL) became the American Hockey League (AHL). During the early 1940s, the Hornets has mediocre finishes. However, during this time frame, the team still continued to set league records. In 1942, Red Heron set an AHL record by scoring six goals in one game, which is a double hat trick. Also in 1944, Bob Gracie and Bob Walton were the AHL's top scorers with each recording 95 points in the season. Two AHL records were set on March 17, 1945: Pittsburgh the Cleveland Barons set the mark for most goals scored in one period by netting a combined 12 goals in the third period (Pittsburgh 7, Cleveland 5). The total goals scored in the game – 22 – is also a one-game record. However, not all records set by the Hornets were positive. During the 1943–44 season the Hornets did not win one game away from the Duquesne Gardens. The winless record on the road was the first occurrence of such a feat in the history of the AHL. Following the season Larry Aurie ended his stint as coach to finish with a record of 129–162–39 in 330 games, a .450 winning percentage.
+ Following Aurie's departure, Max Kaminsky became the third coach of the Hornets in 1944. A year later, the Hornets became a minor-league club for the Toronto Maple Leafs ending their affiliation with the Red Wings. For the 1946–47 season the Hornets returned to the AHL Finals for the second time in team history, losing Game 7 to the mid-state Hershey Bears. The Maple Leafs' success with four Stanley Cup championships between 1947 and 1951 helped to solidify the position of the minor league Hornets. The Hornets played the Maple Leafs' style of hockey that involved hard, close checking that produced low scoring games. In 1948, the Hornets lost only 18 games, for their best record since 1938. Max Kaminsky would end his coaching career in 1947 with the Hornets. He had a .562 winning percentage. Kaminsky won 91 games, lost 68 and tied 27 in his 186 games behind the bench.
+ In 1948 the Hornets set the team all-time best record for goals scored in one season with 301 goals. Sid Smith became the first and only Hornets' player to score 50 goals in one season, finishing with 55 goals and 57 assists, the highest in the AHL, to earn the John B. Sollenberger Trophy for leading scorer. His 112-point total was also the highest in the league and the highest in Hornets' history.
+ However, in 1949 tragedy struck the team when Hornets star goaltender Baz Bastien lost his right eye after being hit by a puck in the preseason. He would later become the coach and general manager. The next year Bastien's replacement, Gil Mayer, went on to win the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award. The Hornets again made it to the Calder Cup Finals in 1951 but lost in Game 7 to the Cleveland Barons. Despite the loss, forward Bob Solinger was named MVP of playoffs with ten goals and six assists.
+ During the 1951–52 season, Pittsburgh finished first overall in the AHL, finishing with 46 wins and 95 points. The Hornets then finally won their first Calder Cup on April 20, 1952, by beating the Providence Reds in six games on a goal by Ray Hannigan during the game's second overtime at the Rhode Island Auditorium. The AHL president, Maurice Podoloff, nor the Calder Cup Trophy, were present when the Hornets earned the championship. They were later presented with the Cup while traveling en route to Pittsburgh. It was also during the 1951–52 season that the Hornets wore black and gold jerseys for the first time.
+ The Hornets would return to the Calder Cup finals the next year only to lose again in Game 7 to the Cleveland Barons. However, during the 1954–55 season Pittsburgh defeated the Buffalo Bisons in six games to capture the club's second Calder Cup Championship. The Hornets finish first overall in the regular season, the second time in team history, with 70 points. Willie Marshall won the MVP in the playoffs with an AHL-best 16 points (9 goals, 7 assists).
+ The first Hornets’ team ended after the 1955–56 season. On March 31, 1956, The Hornets played their final game at the Duquesne Gardens; a 6–4 win over the Barons. The Hornets franchise was suspended for five years because of Pittsburgh's urban renewal project, Renaissance I, called for The Gardens to be torn down. Demolition started on August 13, 1956, to make way for the Park Plaza apartments and a local fixture, Stouffer's Restaurant. Today Duranti's Restaurant features the only remaining evidence of the Gardens, with 2, 11-feet wide sections of exposed red brick wall. The wall would have been the front wall of the Gardens' visiting team's dressing room. However Duranti's closed in 2008, and the bricks were removed and stored for two years. Pittsburghhockey.net, an online Pittsburgh hockey museum, donated bricks to the Pittsburgh Penguins' current arena CONSOL Energy Center for a historical display. The display contains original bricks from the Duquesne Gardens and Mellon Arena.
+ The Gardens would be replaced as the home rink of the city's pro hockey team as the construction of the Pittsburgh Civic Arena began in 1958, three miles to the west of the Gardens. At that time, due to the disrepair of the arena and the franchise being suspended, the city of Rochester, New York was awarded a franchise, becoming the Rochester Americans.
+ In 1961 the franchise returned as a minor league team for the Red Wings, the Hornets emerged from five years of inactivity and played their first game at the Civic Arena, on October 14, 1961, in front of 9,317 fans. The Hornets were back but the records during the next two years gave little to cheer for.
+ The Hornets set many AHL records during the 1961–62 season: Most times shut out in a season (9); most games lost in a season (58) and most games lost at home (27). The team also finished in the last place in AHL, finishing with the fewest wins in team history (10) and their lowest point total in team history (22). The next season the Hornets doubled their total of wins in their second season back from returning to the AHL. However, the team established the AHL's record for the longest winless streak. The team went 0–22–1 before beating the Hershey Bears on March 26.
+ Following the 1962–63 season, owner John Harris sold the Hornets franchise to Bruce Norris, owner of the Detroit Red Wings. The purpose of the sale, Harris said, was to provide a better team for Pittsburgh fans. Norris, by having a 100% interest in the team, will make sure better players are available to the Hornets, Harris said in announcing the sale.
+ Things turned around dramatically during the 1963–64 season when the Hornets won 40 games, which was more than the previous two seasons combined under the Harris ownership. Goaltender Roger Crozier won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award for being the AHL's Rookie of the Year. Crozier also won the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award for being the best goalkeeper in the AHL. It was the eighth time in the 23-year history of the team that a Hornets' goalie won the award.
+ On February 8, 1966, Pittsburgh was granted an NHL franchise, which would become the Pittsburgh Penguins. To make room for the NHL, Pittsburgh's AHL franchise had to be closed. However, the Hornets would go out with a bang. On April 30, 1967, they finished the sweep of Rochester Americans in the Calder Cup Finals after Billy Harris scored:26 seconds into overtime in what would be the last goal in Pittsburgh Hornets’ history. Thirty-one years after the Hornets first game, Coach Baz Bastien and team captain Ab McDonald were presented with the Calder Cup. The Hornets were Calder Cup Champions one last time.
+ On February 3, 2001, the Pittsburgh Penguins minor-league affiliate, the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, played a tribute game at the Mellon Arena against the Cincinnati Mighty Ducks (affiliated with the Red Wings, as well as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim at the time). The WBS Pens wore Hornets jerseys and a banner was raised inside the arena that celebrated the three Hornets’ Calder Cup Championships. The banner has since been removed from inside the Mellon Arena and arena officials aren't sure of its location.
+ During their first season, the Hornets wore wool jerseys that were likely recycled from the Detroit Olympics. The home jerseys worn by the Hornets during their first season in Pittsburgh were white with red trim. The front of the jersey featured a large circular crest with the Hornets' logo and team name. Their road jerseys were red with white trim around the shoulders and sleeves with the circular crest. From 1939 until 1943, the Hornets home jerseys were red wool with a white script "P" and the word "Hornets" sewn onto them. The Hornets were a minor league team of the NHL Detroit Red Wings and likely wore hand-me-downs jerseys from the parent club. This trend held into the 1946–47 AHL season, when the team wore red wool jerseys for home games with a simple, block number on front and back, and a simple crew neck collar. The sleeves featured a Hornet wearing a steel worker's hard hat. The road versions of these sweaters were reversed; white body with red trim. The 1948 jersey took this style one step further by including seven stars on each sleeve, including a star below the hornet near the cuffs. The road versions of these sweaters were reversed: white body with red trim.
+ In 1951, the Hornets introduced a new black and gold color scheme that was familiar with the city's baseball team and football team. The color wasn't new for hockey in Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Pirates wore those colors from 1925–29, before switching to black and orange in 1929–30.
+ The home jerseys were wool. The colors scheme was black with gold trim. The jerseys featured tie-down collars and the familiar hornet in a hard hat on the sleeves. The road jerseys consisted of a gold body and black trim.
+ In 1961, the Hornets returned to the ice and were once again sporting red and white wool jerseys again. The jerseys featured tie-down collars. A full circular crest trimmed in gold replaced the familiar hornet in a hard hat on the sleeves. The Captain's "C" or alternate captain's "A's" were worn on the right side of the chest. The home jerseys were red with white trim and featured the stars on the sleeves again. Meanwhile, Hornets' owner, John Harris, wanted his team to have a unique jersey for road games. The result was a blue wool jersey trimmed in gold. The jersey lasted two seasons. However, there were problems with how the blue color translated on black-and-white televisions. Home teams wore darker colors and, unfortunately, the Hornets' blue jerseys looked like the dark. Rare television coverage was too confusing for viewers who couldn't see any contrast between the teams on the television.
+ During the final years of the franchise, the Hornets wore the same jerseys used by their NHL affiliate, the Detroit Red Wings, with the exception of a circular Hornets crest.
+ Goals: 130 (John "Peanuts" O'Flaherty, 1940–50 and Bob Solinger, 1949–56)
+ Assists: 253 (Frank Mathers, 1948–56)
+ Points: 319 (John "Peanuts" O'Flaherty, 1940–50)
+ PIM: 442 (Pete Backor, 1945–54)
+ Player
+ Builder
+ Other
+
+= = = Juniperus sabina = = =
+
+ Juniperus sabina, the savin juniper or savin, is a species of juniper native to the mountains of central and southern Europe and western and central Asia, from Spain to eastern Siberia, typically growing at altitudes of 1,000-3,300 m ASL.
+ The shrub is very variable in shape, up to 1–4 m tall. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5–10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 1–2 mm long on slender shoots 0.8–1 mm thick. Juvenile leaves are found mainly on seedlings but mature shrubs sometimes continue to bare some juvenile leaves as well as adult, particularly on shaded shoots low in the crown. It is largely dioecious with separate male and female plants, but some individual plants produce both sexes. The cones are berry-like, 5–9 mm in diameter, blue-black with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain 1-3 (rarely 4 or 5) seeds; they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring.
+ All parts of the plant are poisonous due to several toxic compounds including ethereal oils.
+ This plant is the alternate (telial) host of the Pear Rust fungus "Gymnosporangium fuscum".
+ There are two varieties, treated by some botanists as distinct species:
+ The hybrid between "Juniperus chinensis" and "Juniperus sabina", known as "Juniperus × pfitzeriana" (Pfitzer juniper, synonym "J. × media"), is found in the wild where the two species meet in northwestern China, and is also very common as a cultivated ornamental plant. It is a larger shrub, growing to 3–6 m tall.
+ "Juniperus sabina" is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens and parks, with numerous named cultivars selected.
+ Savin was used in abortifacient drugs in 19th century America.
+
+= = = South Road, Adelaide = = =
+
+ South Road (route A2), also known as Main South Road (routes A13 and B23), is a major north–south conduit in Adelaide and Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia. It is one of Adelaide's most important arterial and bypass roads.
+ The northern part of South Road contributes the central component of the North–South Corridor, a series of road projects under construction or planning that will eventually provide a continuous expressway between Old Noarlunga and Gawler.
+ South Road of today was until the 1970s known by a string of names: Shillabeer Avenue (from what was then its northern terminus at Regency Road to Torrens Road), Government Road (between Torrens and Port Roads), John Street (Port to Grange Roads), Taylors Road. (between Grange and Henley Beach Roads), Fisher Terrace (Henley Beach Road to Anzac Highway), and South Road from Anzac Highway southwards.
+ South Road carries much of the road traffic from the southern suburbs towards the Adelaide city centre. This traffic completes its journey to the city centre mainly via the Anzac Highway.
+ From the Anzac Highway, South Road continues north as a western bypass of the city across many arterials, the major ones being Sir Donald Bradman Drive, Port Road, Torrens Road, Regency Road and Grand Junction Road, to the junction with the Port River Expressway and the Salisbury Highway. Until the Port River Expressway opened in 2005, the sections of South Road and Salisbury Highway between Grand Junction Road and Port Wakefield Road were known as the South Road Extension, built in the early 1990s.
+ To the south of Anzac Highway, the name changes to Main South Road at the intersection of Ayliffes and Shepherds Hill Roads at Clovelly Park, and continues through Seaford (where the Victor Harbor road branches off) and runs parallel to the coastline of Gulf St Vincent until Normanville where it is known as Willis Drive for 2 km then continues to Cape Jervis at its southern tip. The town of Old Noarlunga, South Australia was bypassed in 1972, and Old Reynella in 1964. The Southern Expressway (M2) runs roughly parallel to Main South Road for 18 km between Darlington and Noarlunga and serves to reduce traffic congestion. Main South Road and the Southern Expressway have 3 different intersections along the length of the roads.
+ South Road suffers from traffic congestion due to its importance as one of Adelaide's main arterial roads and bypasses. Traffic has also increased in line with the growth and development of Adelaide's southern suburbs.
+ An overpass was built over Cross Road and the Noarlunga railway line between 1982 and 1984 to reduce a major bottleneck.
+ The State government completed the "Gallipoli Underpass" under Anzac Highway, and an overpass of the Adelaide-Glenelg tramway, in 2009 and 2010. The underpass model used is a diamond interchange.
+ In November 2005, the Royal Automobile Association (RAA) released its recommendations to the South Australian government in regards to the road network. South Road was found to be the poorest road in the state, registering a 2/10 on the RAA's scale. The recommendations given included $6 billion of funds to upgrade the roads of South Australia – with $1.5–2 billion to be spent on South Road alone. The RAA's plan for the road included a 6 km tunnel from Port Road all the way to the Anzac Highway underpass and over/underpasses at six other major intersections and two rail crossings.
+ On 18 August 2007, Prime Minister John Howard announced that South Road was to be included in the AusLink National Road Network, and also pledged $1 billion in funding for the project between 2007 and 2020.
+ In October 2009, both the Premier of South Australia and the Prime Minister released plans for the South Road Superway — a 3–4 km section of elevated freeway running from the Port River Expressway to the intersection of Regency Road at a cost of $800 million. The project started in 2010 and was completed in early 2014. The elevated part provides separation at Grand Junction Road, Cormack Road, and the Dry Creek-Port Adelaide railway line.
+ Two further sections were identified and funded for upgrade following the 2013 Australian federal election. The first of these was the Darlington Upgrade addressing the section from the northern end of the Southern Expressway to provide a free-flowing route under the intersections with Flinders Drive and Sturt Road to the Ayliffes Road intersection. The Torrens Road to River Torrens lowered motorway addressed the major intersections with Grange and Port Roads, the Outer Harbor railway line crossing, and several minor road intersections. Both of these upgrades involved land acquisition to widen the road corridor, surface grade carriage ways on the edges, and a lowered central roadway carrying the free-flow traffic below the crossing routes. The Torrens to Torrens project was started in 2015, and opened to traffic in 2018. The scope of both sections was extended northwards. The initial plan for Torrens to Torrens did not include grade separation at Torrens Road which was later added. The initial plan for Darlington did not include grade separation at Ayliffes Road or Tonsley Boulevard. The Darlington upgrade is scheduled for completion n mid-2020.
+ In January 2017, the Outer Harbor railway line level crossing was replaced in a grade separation project as part of the Torrens to Torrens project. In April 2017, reports emerged involving a confirmation by the State Government stating that South Road's upgrades used contaminated cement. The Torrens River to Torrens Road lowered motorway opened to traffic in late September 2018.
+ An upgrade of Regency Road to Pym Street, the gap between the elevated South Road Superway and the (then) almost-completed Torrens to Torrens project, was announced on 1 May 2018, to be jointly funded by the state and federal governments. The section includes three sets of traffic lights and several uncontrolled intersections with minor streets. A timeframe for completion was not announced at the same time, but was later announced to be expected in 2022.
+
+= = = Julie Feeney = = =
+
+ Julie Feeney is an Irish singer, composer, songwriter and record producer who self-produces and self-orchestrates her own work. She makes both instrumental and electronic music, and all of her songs with full orchestrations. Feeney is a three-time nominee for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for 'Irish Album of the Year', winning in 2006 for debut album "13 songs". She has released three studio albums on her own label 'mittens': "13 songs" (2005), "pages" (2009), and "Clocks" (2012). "Clocks" entered at No.1 on the Irish Independent Albums Chart and No. 7 on the Main Irish albums charts making it her highest charting album to date. She is from Galway, Ireland. Previously she worked as a professional choral singer and educator.
+ Feeney has performed her own show extensively in Ireland, England, Scotland, France, Germany, Italy, Holland, America, Brazil, Mexico, Canada and China including performing to a capacity audience of 1200 at Ireland's National Concert Hall in Dublin to a 10-minute standing ovation in 2010 and in 2013. In The New York Times in 2012 during her 10-night run at the Irish Arts Center in New York, Jon Pareles said, "A brainy, adventurous Irish songwriter lives within the flamboyant theatricality of Julie Feeney…intricate, articulate … Ms. Feeney's songs don't shout. They tease, ponder, reminisce, philosophize and invent parables, and she sings them in a plush, changeable mezzo-soprano that usually holds a kindly twinkle". Jon Pareles also described her songs as, "…songs that set character studies and philosophical musings in elaborate musical confections, often with long, internally rhymed lines." He continued, "Ms. Feeney's music draws on sources across centuries. Her ensemble, including strings, trumpet and sometimes a recorder, often sounds like a Baroque consort, spinning contrapuntal arpeggios; it also hints at folk-pop, Minimalism and the metrical gamesmanship of progressive rock. "One More Tune" used syncopated handclaps reminiscent of Steve Reich and a trumpet line hinting at a village brass band, while a new song, "If I Lose You Tonight," which she sang accompanied only by a few notes from a mandolin, had the melodic purity of a traditional Irish ballad. Her best-known song, 'Impossibly Beautiful' could almost be a pop motet, with vocal harmonies from her band members". About her theatricality he commented, "…transforming her face from otherworldly composure to private mourning to nutty intensity, song by song. But the showmanship was a bonus; her songs easily stood on their own...Theatrical on the Shell, Intricate at the Core". One of Feeney's performances in London in 2007 received a five star London Evening Standard live review and stated that she "...captivated the crowd from the moment she stepped on stage...".
+ Hot Press stated that she had "mesmerising stage presence and eccentric pop genius".The Huffington Post in a live review in 2012 described Feeney as, "a Weird and Wonderful Irish Import". The Huffington Post commented, "Feeney presents an entrancing and startling evening of poetic imagery, well crafted stories, delicate emotions, unexpected cadences, sudden silences, coy humor and tightly-wound tunes with hit-caliber hooks, sometimes delivered with cool detachment, at other times with a riveting directness...It's high-wire performance art in a well-crafted show–blocked, lighted and rehearsed like a theater piece–that flows and eddies on shifts in tempo, mood, dynamics and instrumentation". In relation to other performers it continued, "Vocally, she's been compared to Sinead O'Connor and Björk (a fellow traveler in extreme fashion) and to musicians ranging from Laurie Anderson to Elvis Costello, from David Bowie to Tori Amos. Other iconic musical performers came to mind–Leonard Cohen, Paolo Conte, Tom Waits—singers and songwriters with their own original hard-to-categorize, highly original styles. I also heard echoes of French film soundtracks, Pachelbel's Canon, Nino Rota (known for his Fellini and The Godfather scores) Philip Glass and a long forgotten carousel ride." In relation to Feeney's microphone technique The Huffington Post commented, "And her technique in using the microphone almost as a musical instrument reminded me of jazz legend Betty Carter".
+ The self-produced debut album won the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year in 2006 and garnered glowing 4 and five stars in all major UK and Irish press.
+ A multi-instrumentalist, Feeney plays eleven instruments on "13 songs", including keyboards, alto recorder, treble recorder, harmonium, accordion, violin, harmonica, melodica, xylophone and a clock. However, according to The Irish Times of 16 September 2005, ""the most impressive sound is Julie's sustained vocal note on Aching, which clocks in at a lung-bursting 28 seconds..."" and also declared, ""...Julie Feeney represents a new eclecticism...Lyrically sage, musically taut, 13 songs is a wonderful, wistful collection...".The Irish Independent called it ""...a rare gem...her excellent debut album..."".
+ "The New York Times" called it "a charming, urbane and dreamy record" while "The Observer" said "this album marks the blossoming of a major talent". The "Evening Standard" said it was "2007's first delight...a beguiling mix of the baroque...and the hypnotic avant-garde..." and "The Guardian" said "...the world will listen...".
+ The "RTÉ Guide" stated that '13 songs' is "...surely one of the greatest debut records ever made in this country...sophisticated stuff" and The Tuam Herald described it as "... adult contemporary ... highly sophisticated, European music ... Julie's clear, high vocals paint abstract pictures of love, life and friendship from a twenty-something perspective..." The Dubliner said "...this album is startling...a fascinating record", and Q said "...she certainly won't be confused for anyone else..."
+ Hot Press stated, "...With this debut album Julie Feeney announces herself as the most intriguing female voice...to come out of Ireland since Sinead O'Connor...for sheer originality, courage and raw talent, Feeney deserves to soar above and beyond even the merely excellent". The Sligo Weekender said, "...the most impressive aspect of Feeney's musical spectrum is her voice. With little rivalry for purity, it ranges from infant-like wonder ("Judas") to quite sexy and sultry (Under My Skin)... Julie sings "I'm aching for you", just three times on the single, but each one weighs in at 20 to 28 seconds long, a phenomenal achievement for any voice...". The Sunday Times called '13 songs' "...a refreshingly original distillation..."
+'13 songs' was self-funded through a series of bank loans and was self-released. She also funded and produced her first music video before being signed for 2 years (2006–2008) to Sony BMG (U.K.) (which shut in 2008) for the song 'Fictitious Richard' from '13 songs' and it was directed by young Irish director Vittoria Colonna. It featured Feeney's favourite car, the Volkswagen Beetle. Her second music video was directed by Maria Mozchnacz for the song 'Aching'. and it was the only music video funded by Sony BMG.
+ The artwork for '13 songs' was all done by Feeney and characterised by her own distinctive hand-writing and hand-drawn patterns. The same artwork is used on her official website. The self-styled album-cover photo was taken by Eoin Wright. They did 5 shoots before Feeney settled the right photo.
+ Feeney's second self-produced album, "pages" was released in Ireland through Mittens in June 2009, and was widely highly critically acclaimed. It entered at number 26 in the Irish charts. In December 2009 it featured in the ""Hot Press" Top 250 Irish Albums of All Time" poll only 6 months after its Irish release at number 55, making it the highest placed 2009 release on the poll. The album also featured highly on numerous other end of year polls and has been nominated for the Choice Music Prize Irish Album of the Year 2009. It was also listed in "101 Irish Records (You Must Hear Before You Die) – Tony Clayton-Lea".
+ Feeney first composed the songs and all of the orchestral parts, and then she conducted the orchestra in the recording. The orchestra which included woodwinds, brass, strings, vibraphone and glockenspiel (among others) was recorded over 2 sessions in one day at the Irish Chamber Orchestra Studio in Limerick. Unusual about this album is that all of the instrumental music is played by the orchestra with no additional instruments or midi instruments. She later recorded all of the singing at home in her own studio where she produce the album which was mixed in her studio by Ger McDonnell. Feeney also did a small amount of re-mixing of the vocals on the album.
+ "The Irish Times" on 29 May 9 proclaimed,"... She is an innovator, an original; incomparable with any of her contemporaries and she has created what might just be the Irish album of the year...". The "Sunday Tribune", "METRO" and the "RTÉ Guide" also gave it CD of the Week while "Hot Press" proclaimed that "..."pages"...is a wee masterpiece...". The Washington Post Express described Feeney as "The Emerald Isle's Original". The artwork for the digi-pack cover with booklet included photographs of Feeney wearing a hand-stitched dress sculpted from the pages of the composer's orchestral score by the artist Sharon Costello Desmond. The dress was worn by Feeney on the RTÉ television programme, The View hosted by John Kelly on 9 June 2009.
+ Feeney's third self-produced album "Clocks" was winner of 'Best Album 2012' in 'Album of the Year' in the international section of "The Irish Times" 'The Ticket Awards 2012' as voted by "The Irish Times" readers. "Clocks" was released in Ireland on her own 'mittens' label and it was widely highly critically acclaimed. It entered at Number One on the "Irish Independent" Album Charts and Number 7 on the Main Irish charts. It was also nominated for the Meteor Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2012
+ "The Irish Times" said of "Clocks", "Feeney's stately pomp and charged intimacy that sums up Clocks best: both warm and weird, but incontestably individual". Hot Press proclaimed that Feeney's "Clocks" was a "superb third album from Ireland's national treasure". The "Sunday Business Post" said that, "Clocks is the best of her hugely impressive body of work. Evocative, full with subtly enticing key changes and telling story after story, this is sparse, reverent and varied stuff, but still accessible enough to fall under the genre heading of pop. Feeney has elements of trad, or at least thoughtful traditionalism, in her sound and lyrics: opener Dear John offers a moving take of her grandparents' simple courtship. At its best, Clocks is nearly flawless". "Clocks" was crowd-funded by 204 funders on Irish website Fundit and it is currently so far the most successful music project on the website.
+ A 2012 live performance from her 10-night run in New York City received a stellar review in the "New York Times" from chief pop music critic Jon Pareles.
+ Feeney has been commissioned by "Festival Firsts", a co-producing network between Galway Arts Festival, Dublin Theatre Festival, "Cork Midsummer Festival" and "Kilkenny Arts Festival" to compose her first opera "Bird" and the first developmental stage was presented at Dublin Theatre Festival in October 2012. The second developmental stage was performed at a sold out performance in Galway at Galway Arts Festival in 2013. Her instrumental compositions have been performed by Crash Ensemble and Icebreaker, and she composed and performed in an orchestral song cycle version of her first album "13 songs" for her solo with the Ulster Orchestra at the Waterfront Hall at the Waterfront Hall in Belfast. She scored a song cycle for the RTÉ Concert Orchestra of her second album "pages" and this was broadcast live from RTÉ Radio studios on the "JK Ensemble" live on RTÉ lyric fm on 14 October 2010 as part of RTÉ Music Week. She performed her own self-orchestrated songs with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra from the National Concert Hall in May 2010 on 'Mooney Goes Wild' broadcast live on RTÉ Radio 1 and on 'Sunday Miscellany' on RTÉ Radio 1 broadcast live on 13 December 2011. She has subsequently also orchestrated her third album "Clocks" for the RTÉ Concert Orchestra and she performed it with the orchestra at the National Concert Hall in Dublin on August 9, 2013 including songs also from her previous two albums. She has composed electronic scores for "Corp Feasa" Contemporary Dance Company, "Loose Canon" Theatre Company and for her own one-woman shows where she incorporated live singing. She composed an electronic score for "Match" which was one of the short contemporary dance films for RTÉ Television as part of the "Dance on the Box" series on RTÉ in 2006. She scored 10 choral arrangements of her music for a tour with 10 different choirs over 10 consecutive nights in 10 different towns in Ireland in November 2012 in collaboration with "The Strollers' Touring Network". She briefly studied composition with Louis Andriessen at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague.
+ In 2011 Feeney performed in America on NPR station WNYC on 'Soundcheck' with her ensemble. She was interviewed on PRI's 'The World' and on NPR station WBUR on 'Here and Now'. She did an interview on Q104.3 with Jonathan Clarke and she he was interviewed on Sirius XM in an hour-long interview with Bob Edwards on 5 October 2011
+ She has performed her own music and has been interviewed extensively on RTÉ radio and television, TV3, TG4, Newstalk, and BBC Northern Ireland as well as BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour. She performed a solo voice and piano interpretation of the Irish lullaby "Seoithin Seo" on a special Christmas Day broadcast show "JK Ensemble" on RTÉ lyric fm hosted by the broadcaster John Kelly in 2006. This performance was included on the charity album "Tuesday's Child" in 2007. "Impossibly Beautiful" from "pages" was on heavy rotation on RTÉ Radio 1 from 2009 to 2010. In 2011 she co-presented a 26-week radio series "High Fidelity: a century of song with Jack L and Julie Feeney" on RTÉ Lyric FM and the series was repeated again on RTÉ Radio 1 in 2012. Her recording of her selected song "'New Tattoo"' written by Tommy Moore for the Raidió Teilifís Éireann TV series, "The Hit" in 2013 entered at No. 6 in the Irish Singles Chart.
+ "Just a Few Hours" from "Clocks" was made by Epic Productions in Cork "Galway Boy" from 'Clocks' was directed by "Ogie" at Stormlight Production company and filmed by Justin MacCarthy.
+ Myles O'Reilly has made 2 films about 2 Julie Feeney performances and the rehearsals beforehand, "Julie Feeney::New York" and "Julie Feeney::Paris"
+ Feeney received an IMTV Award for her fourth music video for her song "Impossibly Beautiful" which is the second track on "pages". The video features 18 different head dresses designed by the designer Piers Atkinson and the video is directed by Vittoria Colonna. The video for "Love is a Tricky Thing" received an IMTV nomination for 'Best Irish Female' and it was also directed by Vittoria Colonna. Maria Mochnacz directed Feeney's music video for the song "Aching" which was the first track from Feeney's "13 songs" album and Vittoria Colonna directed a music video for the song "Fictitious Richard", also taken from the album "13 songs". Feeney's music videos are completely self-funded by Feeney's own record label 'mittens'.
+ As a professional choral singer she has performed and recorded worldwide. She worked full-time with the National Chamber Choir of Ireland (specialising in contemporary and Early music), and she performed extensively with Anúna. She has also performed with the BBC singers, Riverdance, and Lord of the Dance (musical) (as lead soloist).
+ As a theatre artist she has performed in her own one-woman shows with her own electronic scores; with "Loose Canon Theatre Company" as a movement actor, and with "Featherhead productions" ""Slat"" at Galway Arts Festival . She also performed in ""Slat"" as part of "La Saison Culturelle Européenne" in Paris in November 2008. In much of her theatre work she incorporates extended vocal technique. She works part-time as a model. In January 2011 she devised a duet with actor and director Mikel Murfi which was performed in U.C.C., Cork at the launch of the U.C.C. School of Music and Theatre where she both acted and composed the musical score.
+ She conducted the strings of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra at the "Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Hall" where Julie had orchestrated the scores. She conducted the Irish Chamber Orchestra on her own "pages" album recording where she had also composed and orchestrated the music. The orchestra for the two sessions was expanded to 25 players and included woodwind, brass, percussion and harp.
+ Feeney has 2 Master's degrees from Trinity College, Dublin, one in Psychoanalysis from the Department of Mental and Moral Science and a Masters' in Music and Media Studies from the Department of Engineering. She studied Sonology at Royal Conservatory of The Hague at postgraduate level and briefly studied Musical composition with Louis Andriessen. She has undergraduate degrees in Music, Music and Psychology and is a qualified Primary teaching teacher.
+ She is the featured composer in the documentary "Splanc! – Cosán Dearg" aired on TG4 in 2008. The subject matter is "Cosan Dearg" a contemporary dance piece resulting from the collaboration between Feeney, choreographer Fearghus O Conchuir and theatre director Jason Byrne. She contributed her own piano arrangements of songs to the television documentary 'And The Red Poppies Dance' commissioned by RTÉ broadcast on its commemorative season '1918:Ireland and the Great War'in November 2008. She was the subject of a special RTÉ television documentary 'The View Presents Julie Feeney' aired on 20 July 2010 with John Kelly.
+ As an educator Feeney has worked at primary, secondary, university and professional development level in music and mainstream education. A qualified primary teacher she has designed and facilitated workshops all over Ireland, in the US and in Brazil and has published 3 music education CD ROMs. She lectured in music education at university level for three years.
+
+= = = Communist Party of Canada candidates in the 2004 Canadian federal election = = =
+
+ The Communist Party of Canada ran a number of candidates in the 2004 federal election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found here.
+ Alas was a 23-year-old sociology and psychology student at the University of Manitoba. She joined the Communist Party shortly before the election, and focused her campaign on improved programs for recent Canadian immigrants. She received 49 votes (0.12%), finishing sixth against Conservative candidate Steven Fletcher.
+ Sidon was an overhead door mechanic in the Transcona region of Winnipeg at the time of the election. He became politically active in 1996, working within the progressive Ukrainian-Canadian community and with Manitoba's Cuba Solidarity Committee.
+ Sidon ran for the Communist Party of Canada on two occasions, and was also candidate of the provincial Communist Party of Canada - Manitoba in 1999. He challenged Darrell Rankin for the provincial party's leadership in January 2004, and received 21% delegate support. He reportedly left the Communist Party shortly after the 2004 election.
+ Cucksey was a 23-year-old university student living in Brandon at the time of the election. He has served as secretary of the Brandon and Area Environmental Council. He has also been a member a Young Communist League, and has worked on matters relating to the environment, sustainable agriculture, medicare and similar issues. In 2003, he took part in protests against the invasion of Iraq ("Guelph Mercury", 4 January 2003).
+ Cucksey was the first Communist candidate to run in Portage—Lisgar since the 1945 election. He received 117 votes (0.34%), finishing sixth against Conservative candidate Brian Pallister.
+ Guay was born in Winnipeg, and was educated in economics, administration and law in Montreal. He was a practising lawyer for several years, and returned to Winnipeg following his retirement. As of the 2004 election, he lived in the city with a special-needs child.
+ The 2004 election was his first as a candidate. He received 77 votes (0.20%), finishing seventh against Liberal incumbent Raymond Simard.
+ During the 1990s, a lawyer named Gérard Guay served as head of the Canadian Centre for Law and Justice ("Winnipeg Free Press", 9 February 1996). He provided legal defense for right-wing Christian groups ("Toronto Star", 22 November 1994), and Canadian supporters of Lyndon LaRouche ("Globe and Mail", 21 October 1986), although he clarified that he himself was not a supporter of Larouche's movement. It is not clear if this is the same person as the 2004 candidate.
+ Carr was eighteen years old at the time of the election, and may have been the youngest candidate anywhere in the country. She has been an active participant in Winnipeg's peace movement, and has been involved in issues concerning refugees, the women's movement, and Manitoba's Aboriginal community. She received 114 votes in the 2004 election, or about 0.5% of the total cast in the riding. Carr also ran in the 2006 election. In 2004, Carr became the youngest Aboriginal women to ever run in an election in Canadian history.
+ Carr is the daughter of Cheryl-Anne Carr, who has campaigned as a candidate of the Communist Party of Canada - Manitoba on three occasions.
+ Mattu was born in Jalandhar, Punjab, India, and for many years served as the vice-president of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions in Punjab. He moved to Brampton in 1997, and became an active figure in the Indo-Canadian community. He received 86 votes (0.21%), finishing fifth against Liberal candidate Ruby Dhalla.
+
+= = = Time Travel Is Lonely = = =
+
+ Time Travel Is Lonely is the second album by John Vanderslice, released in 2001. "Time Travel Is Lonely" is a concept album about Vanderslice's fictional brother Jesse Vanderslice as he slowly succumbs to polar madness while living in Antarctica.
+ In the track "Do You Remember," Vanderslice imagines different possible outcomes for the famous Chinese rebel who held back tanks while protesting for Democracy at Tiananmen Square.
+ The song "Interlude 2" is based on the 1st Prelude in C from Bach's Well Tempered Clavier.
+
+= = = Eden Terrace = = =
+
+ Eden Terrace is an inner city suburb of Auckland, located 2 km south of the Auckland CBD, in the North Island of New Zealand. Eden Terrace is one of Auckland’s oldest suburbs, and also one of the smallest, at just 47 hectares (ha) is second only to Newton (43.2 ha).
+ Eden Terrace is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. According to the 2006 census, Eden Terrace has a population of 1,965.
+ David Burn (c.1799 – 1875) was the first landowner in Eden Terrace to start subdividing farmland up for residential development. David (in 1863) was the first editor of "The New Zealand Herald" (then called the "Herald"). He was also a playwright, journalist, and author of the first Australian drama to be performed on stage, The Bushrangers.
+ Scottish-born David immigrated to Auckland in 1847 and in 1849 bought land at the top of Symonds Street from William Smellie Graham, who in turn had bought the land from the Crown in December 1848. David built his house, Cotele, on this property. The house was located at the intersection of Symonds Street, Mount Eden Road and New North Road, enjoying views north to the harbor and west to the Waitakeres.
+ He later moved to Emily Place and leased Cotele to various tenants.
+ In 1861 then again in 1863, David subdivided the land around Cotele into hundreds of small building allotments and sold them off at a considerable profit. New roads appeared as the land was subdivided; David was always "warmly attached to the navy and nautical matters" which could explain his choice of road names: Basque; Dundonald; and Exmouth – all associated with famous sea battles.
+ David Burn died in 1875, "in comfortable circumstances" thanks to selling the Cotele allotments at such high prices.
+ The early Victorian house built by Burns, Cotele, was replaced around the year 1900 by a two storied Edwardian Arts & Crafts house. In the 1930s one storied shops were built on the frontyard of the house. The wooden house was just visible above the shops from Symonds Street until it burnt down in 1995. In the 2000s the site was completely cleared of buildings. It was proposed that this was to be the entry to the new Underground Railway Station but in 2014 it was announced that the Newton Station was to be dropped from the Central Rail Link (CRL).
+ Eden Terrace formed its own district in 1875.
+
+= = = Mechanics Bay = = =
+
+ Mechanics Bay is a reclaimed bay on the Waitematā Harbour in Auckland City, New Zealand. It is also the name of the area of the former bay that is now mainly occupied by commercial and port facilities. Sometimes the bay formed between Tamaki Drive and the western reclamation edge of Fergusson Container Terminal is also referred to as Mechanics Bay.
+ Along the harbour shore between Point Britomart and St Stephen's Point in Parnell were four bays: Official Bay, Mechanics Bay, St Georges Bay and Judges Bay. Some have now disappeared due to land reclamation and the quarrying of the bordering headlands. Closest to Point Britomart was Official Bay, so called because many government officials lived there during the 1840s.
+ Almost contiguous with Official Bay was Mechanics Bay. It took its name from its use in housing the labour force the government had brought to construct the new capital. Mechanics Bay contained the mouth of the stream issuing from the springs in the Auckland Domain to the south. The Bay had a broad, flat beach where Māori had long been in the habit of beaching their waka (canoes).
+ Next to Mechanics Bay was St Georges Bay and then Judges Bay, so named because three of the magistrates of the early colony built their houses there. Next to Judges Bay is St Stephen's point, where a small chapel was built.
+ As early as the 1860s this shore front began to be modified by the European settlers. In particular it was in order to get the railway tracks around to the bottom of Queen Street that Point Britomart was quarried away and Official Bay and Mechanics Bay filled in. Initially the railway tracks came through the gully that lay between the Auckland Domain and the suburb of Parnell, but later when a second route was formed further to the east through Meadowbank the shoreline between Mechanics Bay and Hobson Bay was also modified. St Georges Bay ceased to exist and became the shunting yard for the railway station, and Judges Bay was separated from the harbour by a railway embankment.
+ The major thoroughfare of Mechanics Bay is Beach Road, which once ran around the beach front of the now reclaimed Mechanics Bay. The former Auckland Railway Station is located here, an impressive brick 1930s structure designed by Gummer and Ford. Formerly located at the bottom of Queen Street, the station was moved to Beach Road to be the centrepiece for the new downtown business area of Auckland. The plan was not a success. The station was decommissioned and the railway terminal returned to its original location, now named the Britomart Transport Centre.
+ The first aircraft connecting New Zealand with the rest of the world in the 1930s were flying boats. International flights from Britain by Imperial Airways via India, Singapore and Australia connected with TEAL for the Sydney to Auckland leg. Flights by Pan American from America via Hawaii also landed at Auckland. The Short Solent or Boeing 314 flying boats landed in Mechanics Bay, which was the centre of international aviation for New Zealand until the 1950s. Even after the construction of Auckland International Airport at Mangere in the 1960s, Mechanics Bay was still used by flying boats to the Pacific Islands, e.g. for the "Coral Route" to Fiji.
+ From 1962 to 1989, Mechanics Bay was home to first Tourist Air Travel, then Mount Cook Airline then Sea Bee Air operating a fleet of Grumman Goose, Grumman Widgeon and Grumman Turbo Goose amphibian aircraft for regular scheduled passenger and freight services to the islands of the Hauraki Gulf (particularly Great Barrier and Waiheke Islands) and operated charter flights to other areas such as the Bay of Islands, Manukau & Kaipara Harbours and elsewhere around the country and to Pacific islands. Operating from what is now the Marine Rescue Centre, they were located near Compass Dolphin (since destroyed in a fierce storm in the early 1990s).
+ Mechanics Bay also has a heliport, which is the base for a number of sightseeing and commercial flight companies, as well as the Westpac Rescue Helicopter. It is located next to the Auckland Marine Rescue Centre at the eastern end of the Ports of Auckland container terminal. In May 2013 a helicopter crashed in the water off Mechanics Bay, both the pilot and passenger were quickly rescued from the water unharmed by a nearby navy boat.
+ Airwork, through their operating companies Helilink and INFLITE have operated a fleet of helicopters from here, Including a fleet of Eurocopter AS350 'Squirrels' and a Robinson R44. The Police Air Support Unit is based here, flying their Eurocopter AS355 'Squrrels'. The base also served as the Head Office for INFLITE's Nationwide operations.
+ At its eastern end where Beach Road turns into Parnell Rise is a major intersection, over which the railway is carried on a metal viaduct. The road to the north is The Strand which follows the shore line of the reclaimed St Georges Bay. The road to the south is Stanley Street, which turns into Grafton Road as it ascends the hill towards the hospital and Auckland Domain. Stanley Street is named for Mrs Stanley, who lived in the area during the 1850s and ran a well known and apparently well regarded girls school.
+ On the corner of Stanley Street and Parnell Rise is the Strand Hotel. This building is almost overpowered by the busy intersection and by the railway viaduct passing close to it. When the Strand Hotel was built in the 1840s as the Swan Hotel it stood directly on the quayside as a waterfront pub. Just opposite it on the other corner of Stanley Street stood the Native Hostel.
+ Long before the Europeans arrived, Māori had beached their wakas on the broad flat beach just here and right from the founding of Auckland in 1840 into the late 20th century this portion of land was reserved for their use. The 19th century hostel buildings only disappeared in the 1970s, when they were replaced by a depot for the New Zealand Post Office.
+
+= = = Sandringham, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Sandringham is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is a bustling, multi-ethnic suburb, and has a population of 10,800.
+ Sandringham Village is a walk of a few blocks south along Sandringham Rd from the Outer Link bus route, and has a strong South Asian influence in restaurants and small supermarkets, Halal butchers and Bollywood movies. Nearby are gentrified Mt Eden, Kingsland, and Chinese-influenced Balmoral. The village has a post office, chemists, medical and legal practices, real estate agencies and a community centre.
+ The village architecture is art deco influenced, and most has survived, except the original village cinema. The surrounding streets are wooden villas and bungalows from the 1920s and 1930s.
+ The volcanic cone of Owairaka (Mt Albert) forms Sandringham’s view to the west, and the Roy Clements Treeway on Meola Creek leads from nearby Ferguson Avenue to Rocket Park and the Mt Albert Community Centre.
+ Sandringham was named after the country house of Edward, Prince of Wales in Norfolk, England, still used by the present royal family.
+ The main road is Sandringham Road which runs more or less north-south. At the northern end, Kingsland is located near the Eden Park stadium. Sandringham Village is located at the southern end of Sandringham Road just before it connects with Mount Albert Road. The top New Zealand football club Central United play at the Kiwitea Street Stadium in Sandringham. The local Secondary schools are Mount Albert Grammar School, Marist College and St Peter's College.
+ The Sandringham suburb began as a small farming settlement known as Cabbage Tree Swamp, named for the prevalence of "cordyline australis" and the area's predisposition to flooding. The first European settlers in the area were mainly engaged in dairy farming or growing produce. By 1862, there were sixteen properties along what was then Cabbage Tree Swamp Road. In 1877, Cabbage Tree Swamp residents successfully lobbied to have the road's name changed to Kingsland Road. The road and suburb were renamed again as Edendale in 1916, and finally as Sandringham in 1929.
+ Through the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the suburb grew slowly and remained mostly farmland and scrub. There was no water supply in the district by 1900 and by 1924 the area was still without gas or electricity. Flooding was a major problem in the area. Eden Park and Gribblehurst Park became lakes during heavy winter rain, as did the reserve land east of Sandringham Shops. After a heavy storm in 1919, locals recalled boating through the streets and floodwaters "flowing through the bay windows" of one low-lying house. Substantial development only came around 1925 with the construction of the tramline, resulting in the core of what is now the Sandringham Shopping Centre being built. Rows of evenly spaced streets spread on each side of Sandringham road and were lined with wooden Edwardian houses. Large parts of the area remained undeveloped however, and services such as telephone, electricity and gas were only provided at a minimum level.
+ Over the following decades more retail buildings were constructed. Large-scale subdivision of farmland began in the 1920s, and Californian bungalows began to dominate the architecture of the area. Around 1927, the Mayfair Cinema was built, an elegant building in the Neo-Greek style; it was demolished in the early 1990s. The Sandringham Service Station, still operating in 2011, was first erected by Sydney Waring in 1929.
+ After the Second World War, what little remained of the farmland was developed as state housing. Sandringham Village is a virtually intact example of an interwar suburban shopping precinct.
+ As part of the Eden electorate, Sandringham became a no-licence area from 1909 until 2000, meaning that alcohol could not be sold. As a result, there are no public houses in Sandringham. Plans to build a tavern at 597 Sandringham Road were successfully opposed by residents in 2001.
+ Sandringham falls within the Mt Albert constituency for the national Parliament. In terms of local government, Sandringham comes under the Albert-Eden Local Board, of Auckland Council. The Albert-Eden Local Board includes the suburbs of Waterview, Point Chevalier, Sandringham, Mount Albert, Morningside, Owairaka, Balmoral, Kingsland, Mount Eden, Epsom and Greenlane.
+ Public transportation extended from the inner city to the surrounding areas in the late 1870s and early 1880s with horse-drawn buses being the first mode of regular public transportation in the late 1870s. At the beginning of the 20th century, trams began connecting Mt. Eden, Balmoral, Kingsland, and Mt Albert with the city. The trams ran for the last time in the 1950s.
+ Sandringham is home to Eden Rugby Football Club and the Mt Albert Ramblers softball club. Edendale Reserve has a playing field for amateur sport.
+ Sandringham is home to the top New Zealand association football club Central United who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier.
+ Sandringham is well served by south bound buses, and is only 7 km from the Auckland CBD. The centre of all the shopping and business activities in Sandringham village is along Sandringham Road, roughly between Halesowen Avenue and Lambeth Road. By vehicle Sandringham can be accessed from the Northwestern Motorway (SH16) via St Lukes Road.
+
+= = = Susan Seidelman = = =
+
+ Susan Seidelman (born December 11, 1952) is an American film director, producer and writer. She first came to notice with "Smithereens" (1982), the earliest American independent feature to be screened in Competition at the Cannes Film Festival. Her next feature "Desperately Seeking Susan" (1985) co-starred Madonna in her first film. "She-Devil" (1989) starred Meryl Streep in her first starring comedic film role and Roseanne Barr in her first feature-film role. Seidelman's subsequent films mix comedy with drama, blending genres and pop-cultural references with a focus on women protagonists, particularly outsiders. She also works in television and directed the pilot episode of "Sex and the City".
+ Seidelman was raised in a suburb of Philadelphia, the oldest daughter of a Jewish hardware manufacturer and a teacher. She graduated from Abington Senior High School in 1969, and studied fashion and arts at Drexel University in Philadelphia. After taking a film appreciation class where she was inspired by the French New Wave, particularly the films of Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut, as well as Ingmar Bergman, she switched her focus to filmmaking.
+ Her first foray into movie-making at New York University resulted in a Student Academy Award Nomination for her satirical short film about a housewife's affair, "And You Act Like One Too".
+ Seidelman earned an MFA from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and is an adjunct professor in the school's film department, overseeing students' thesis films.
+ Seidelman made her feature-film debut with "Smithereens" (1982), a bleak and darkly humorous look at New York City's downtown Bohemian scene of the 1980s. It was shot on 16mm for $40,000 on location, at times "guerrilla style" on the streets and in the subways of New York. "Smithereens" captured the look of the post-punk music scene and was the first American independent film to be selected for competition at the Cannes Film Festival. With recognition from Cannes, Seidelman became a member of the first wave of 80s-era independent filmmakers in the American cinema.
+ Seidelman's second theatrical film "Desperately Seeking Susan" (1985), featuring then-rising star Madonna, was a major box-office and critical success, launching the careers of co-stars Rosanna Arquette and Aidan Quinn and introducing a new generation of actors and performers such as John Turturro, Laurie Metcalf, Robert Joy, Giancarlo Esposito, and comedian Steven Wright. Seidelman encouraged her producers to cast Madonna, who was a neighbor of hers with no acting experience, believing she would lend downtown authenticity and charisma to the role.
+ Seidelman's subsequent movies of the 1980s were "Making Mr. Right" (1987), a romantic sci-fi comedy starring Ann Magnuson and John Malkovich, who played dual roles as both a socially awkward scientist and his lovesick android creation; "Cookie" (1989), a father-daughter mafia comedy starring Peter Falk, Dianne Wiest, and Emily Lloyd, written by Nora Ephron and Alice Arlen; and "She-Devil" (also 1989), the film version of Fay Weldon's bestselling novel, with Meryl Streep in her first comedic movie role and Roseanne Barr in her first feature-film role.
+ In 1994, Seidelman and screenwriter Jonathan Brett received an Academy Award nomination for a short film they co-wrote and co-produced called "The Dutch Master". The film was part of the series "Erotic Tales" produced by Regina Ziegler and was screened at both the Cannes Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival. In the same year Seidelman was a member of the jury at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival.
+ Seidelman returned to feature films with "Gaudi Afternoon" (2001), a gender-bending detective story set in Barcelona, starring Judy Davis, Marcia Gay Harden, Juliette Lewis and Lili Taylor. The screenplay by James Myhre was based on the book "Gaudi Afternoon: A Cassandra Reilly Mystery" by Barbara Wilson.
+ Her film "Boynton Beach Club" (2005) was based on an original idea by her mother, Florence Seidelman, who while living in South Florida had gathered true stories of senior citizens who were suddenly back in the "dating game" after the loss of a spouse. It's one of the first movies to deal with sexuality and the aging Baby Boomer generation and had a theatrical run and acclaim at U.S. film festivals. The ensemble cast featured studio veterans Brenda Vaccaro, Dyan Cannon, Sally Kellerman, Joseph Bologna, Michael Nouri and Len Cariou.
+ Seidelman's next film "Musical Chairs" (2011) opened in limited release. The story is set in the South Bronx and Manhattan and revolves around a couple taking part in a wheelchair ballroom dancing competition after the woman becomes disabled. The film had its premiere at Lincoln Center's Dance on Camera Festival and played at the New York International Latino Film Festival, the Miami International Film Festival, and the Havana International Film Festival, among others.
+ Seidelman's film "The Hot Flashes" (2013) is about middle-aged women living in small-town Texas, all former 1980s basketball champs, reuniting to challenge the current girls' high school team to raise funds for a breast-cancer treatment center. It starred Brooke Shields, Daryl Hannah, Wanda Sykes, Virginia Madsen, Camryn Manheim, and Eric Roberts.
+ In the 1990s and 2000s Seidelman garnered success as a television director, helming the pilot of "Sex and the City", which involved some casting and developing the look and feel of the show. Seidelman thought the pilot script by Darren Star was bold, presenting then-taboo subject matter with humor, saying, "It was the first time that a TV show featured women talking about things they really talk about in private." She directed subsequent episodes during the show's first season.
+ Seidelman has two Emmy nominations for the Showtime film "A Cooler Climate", starring Sally Field and Judy Davis and written by Pulitzer Prize-winner Marsha Norman. She has also directed episodes of Comedy Central's cult hit "Stella" and PBS's "The Electric Company".
+ Seidelman was inspired early on by European film directors Lina Wertmüller and Agnès Varda, whose work she studied in college during the 1970s—a time when there were very few female directors active in the American film industry. The feminist movement of the 60s and 70s, as well as the personal filmmaking style of the French New Wave, and directors Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, and John Cassavetes were also early influences. Seidelman is a fan of Billy Wilder for his social observation, drama, and humor.
+ Nora Ephron, with whom she collaborated on "Cookie", was seen as a role model by Seidelman, as a woman writer and director able to combine family life with a successful film career. Among contemporaries, Seidelman notes the cerebral stories of the Coen Brothers, mid-career Woody Allen, early Martin Scorsese, and the films of Jane Campion are all favorites. She has said she is drawn to directors with distinct, slightly "outsider" points of view.
+ On her frequent blending of comedy with drama, Seidelman says, "If I wasn’t a filmmaker I probably would’ve liked to be a cultural anthropologist or sociologist since I’m interested in human behavior. I like mixing comedy [with drama] because life is serious and humorous. . . . there's got to be something underneath the humor. I like using humor as a way of making observations about how we live and what makes us human."
+ Altering the formulas of traditional film genres, Seidelman explores issues of identity for women of varying ages and backgrounds.
+ Seidelman spins established film genres, updating them by focusing on female protagonists, society's outsiders and gender roles.
+ In "Smithereens", set in the early 1980s, the trope of the plucky heroine trying to make it in the music world is upended by teenaged Wren's goal to become famous despite having no applicable creative talents. Plastering fliers of her face around the city, Wren's a precursor of the "famous for being famous" personalities of the Internet age. Seidelman says that Wren's story "is about something broader: the fragmented nature of life in the 80's. It could have taken place in other settings."
+ "Desperately Seeking Susan" is a screwball comedy inspired by Jacques Rivette's "Celine and Julie Go Boating", that explores identity-swapping among its two protagonists, Roberta and Susan. Instead of a conventional male/female role-swap, bored suburbanite Roberta trades personas with adventuresome Susan, and by doing so, recognizes her inner desires, both romantic and artistic.
+ In "Cookie", a mafia story, the primary focus is on the relationships between single mother, Lenore, her teenage daughter Cookie, and absentee crime-boss father, Dino, along with his wife, Bunny, reunited when he's released from prison. In Dino's absence, the women have learned to survive on their own and profane, independent Cookie supplies the solution to Dino's desire to go straight—resulting in a feminist family comic-drama within a gangster story.
+ Based on true stories set in an insular Florida community, "Boynton Beach Club"s romantic leads are all past retirement age. The members of a bereavement group experience classic romantic-comedy scenarios—awkward first dates, sexual insecurity, miscommunication and misunderstandings—after losing longtime partners. Seidelman had not seen older baby boomers dealing with loss, grief and romance in films and set out to create modern seniors without stereotyping.
+ Further genre mixing is evident in "Making Mr Right", which combines sci-fi with romance among an android, his maker, and a successful career woman whose job is to teach the android about emotions. "Gaudi Afternoon" blends the detective mystery with family drama. "The Hot Flashes" is an against-all-odds sports film with middle-aged underdogs going up against youthful champions.
+ Appearances and what they reveal and conceal is a recurring theme in Seidelman's films, along with how women rebel against or create a place for themselves within society's expectations.
+ Roberta in "Desperately Seeking Susan" takes on Susan's mysterious and troublesome identity when she wears her clothes. Devoid of her usual suburban-housewife wardrobe and suffering from amnesia, Roberta embarks on an urban adventure by "trying on" the free-spirited persona of Susan. Susan, in search of Roberta, lives in her large house for 24 hours, trashing it, but appreciating the luxury and comfort therein.
+ "She-Devil" is a revenge comedy/satire that pits homely abandoned wife Ruth against beautiful wealthy romance-novelist Mary. By taking revenge on her husband, Ruth finds power utilizing her skills as a formerly unpaid homemaker, and obtains success by employing other women in the same predicament. Mary, in contrast, saddled with Ruth's children, discovers how difficult maintaining a household can be – at odds with the tropes of romance-fiction.
+ Aspects of sexual identity and parenthood are explored in "Gaudi Afternoon", set in Barcelona, Spain, where translator Cassandra, middle-aged, purposefully single, with no desire for children, finds herself enmeshed in a family squabble among a pansexual group of San Francisco transplants.
+ Seidelman's early studies in fashion have influenced her art direction, costumes and overall style as visual story elements in her films.
+ Fashion and reflective colors make downtown New York of the 80s a stylized East Village wonderland for Roberta in "Desperately Seeking Susan". In contrast, her suburban home is presented in cool pastels and hard edges—an atmosphere where social mores and false fronts are more rigidly enforced. Performing as a magician's assistant, where costume and artifice is a requirement, she hones her survival skills that lead to personal satisfaction on and off the stage.
+ "Smithereens" explored the same colorful downtown scene, but with more grit and squalor, reflecting its low-budget independent production. Wren has more desire than creative skill, but like Giulietta Masina's character in Fellini's "Nights of Cabiria", whom Seidelman notes as an inspiration, she's a survivor and her wish for recognition within the local punk-rock scene is presented without judgment.
+ A magic club is also a feature of "Gaudí Afternoon" where asexual Cassandra, through her attraction to openly bisexual Hamilton—an amateur magician—acknowledges her own sexual awareness. Antoni Gaudí's eccentric, sensual architecture is the scenic backdrop to Cassandra's deeper involvement with an alternative family and their young daughter, which ultimately brings about change in her personal life.
+ A diverse cast of dancers perform in "Musical Chairs", where Armando and Mia's relationship develops within the world of competitive wheelchair ballroom dancing—a dance form popular in Europe and Asia, but mostly unknown in the U.S. The dance troupe, outsiders in the world of feature-film, include a transgender woman and an Iraqi veteran, highlighting dance as a form of self-expression available to everyone. Laverne Cox, who is transgender, has said that playing Chantelle, a disabled African American transgender woman, in a feature film was a career milestone.
+ Seidelman has lived in New York City with her partner, screenwriter and producer Jonathan Brett since 1986. Their son Ozzy is a producer and video editor.
+
+= = = Wesley, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Wesley is a suburb of Auckland New Zealand, located in the south of the former Auckland City area.
+ Local state secondary schools include Mount Albert Grammar School, Marist College and St Peter's College.
+
+= = = Newton, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Newton is a small suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand, under the local governance of the Auckland Council. It had a population of 1,641 in the 2013 census.
+ Since the construction of the Central Motorway Junction in 1965–75, Newton has been divided into two parts, and as a result, lost much of its size and coherence. The northern part is centred on Karangahape Road, and the southern part on Newton Road and upper Symonds Street. Both Karangahape and Newton Roads intersect with Symonds Street to the east. Newton Road joins the Great North/Ponsonby and Karangahape Road intersection to the west.
+ At the southern end of Symonds Street are the Symonds Street Shops. Here Upper Symonds Street has two major intersections with other arterial roads: Newton Road and Khyber Pass Road, and Mt Eden Road and New North Road.
+ Symonds Street is named after Captain William Cornwallis Symonds (1810–41), an officer of the 96th Regiment of Foot of the British Army. He came to New Zealand in the early 1830s as agent of the Waitemata and Manukau Land Company and was instrumental in the founding of Auckland and the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. He was one of Governor William Hobson's closest and most effective officials and was one of the first six Police Magistrates in New Zealand as well as Chief Magistrate of Auckland and Deputy Surveyor of New Zealand. During 1841 Symonds accompanied the naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach in his survey of the North Island. Capt Symonds died on 23 November 1841 in a boating accident on the Manukau Harbour. Following his death his brother John Jermyn Symonds continued to live in the colony; Symonds Street in Onehunga is named after John Jermyn Symonds.
+ Karangahape Road takes its name from the ridge it stands on - known in pre-European times as Te Ara o Karangahape - "The Path of Karangahape" - the name possibly indicates the route that was taken to visit an eminent Chief (or Mythical entity) called Hape who lived on the shores of the Manukau Harbour to the south west. From about 1900 to the early 1960s K' Road was Auckland's busiest shopping street with a large range of clothing and shoe shops along with several department stores.
+ During the middle of the 20th century Karangahape Road (and to a lesser extent the adjacent Upper Symonds Street shops) was a destination shopping centre, especially busy on late nights due to the presence of cinemas. Late nights in this area were Thursday night with the adjacent Queen Street having Friday as Its late night.
+ In the 19th century Newton was the name given to a slightly different area - stretching from what is now called Surrey Crescent to Eden Terrace. References to Newton can therefore describe different areas at different times in the past; the Newton Branch of the ASB for example was built in the 1880s at the Karangahape Road end of Ponsonby Road.
+ The 1861 Newton Electoral district, represented by one MP, was bounded to the north by the harbour and Auckland East and West Districts, to the east by Parnell District, to the south by Cabbage Tree Rd and Karangahape Rd and to the west by Meols and Scoria Creeks.
+ Following the death of Sir George Grey in 1898 the northwestern portion was renamed Grey Lynn, leaving Newton as the area between Karangahape Road and Eden Terrace - since the creation of the Motorway in the 1960s many people do not think of Karangahape Road as being part of Newton, reserving that name for the area around Upper Symonds Street. The Newton Post Office has always been on Karangahape Road; the first one from 1878 was on the corner of Cobden Street (demolished 1970). Its replacement (built 1973) is located on Karangahape Road at the corner of East Street. From the late Victorian period until 2011, there was a separate Post Office serving Newton and Eden Terrace, known as Upper Symonds Street.
+ Historically, the suburb had a fairly dubious reputation. A 1920s newspaper described it as a "haunt of many of Auckland's best-known crooks".
+ This reputation was one of the reasons the Ponsonby Police Barracks were built on Ponsonby Road near the intersection with Karangahape and Newton Roads. This was the second most important Police facility in Auckland and was positioned there to enable a mass of Police to be on hand to quell anything in Freemans Bay or Newton Gully. Virtually across the road from the Police Barracks was the Star Hotel (corner of Karangahape and Newton Roads) this was a centre of Union Activity and probable Sedition. Michael Joseph Savage gave some of his early speeches at the Star Hotel.
+ As Newton Gully was viewed as the home of many criminals (Dennis Gunn being just one example) its combination of substandard housing, crime, and Trade Union activity was probably a contributing factor in its eventual destruction by City Planners who used the Motorway as a convenient tool to rid the city of what they considered a problem area. This was in accord with the example set by Robert Moses in New York City and emulated by similar Town Planners around the world.
+ Before the 1870s there were several brick works in Newton Gully including some which manufactured tiles, pipes and even 'Art Pottery'. These companies were progressively relocated to New Lynn; many 19th-century bricks found in central Auckland bear the imprint "Newton". From the 1890s onwards Newton was the location of many small scale industries: shirt, clothing and boot factories, upholstery, rattan furniture & basket manufacturing etc. It was also the location of several specialist metal works including brass foundries and bicycle importers & manufacturers.
+ Situated between the busy retail areas of Karangahape Road and Symonds Street (which were, and still are major routes), Newton was a fairly densely populated suburb, mainly of a working class nature with many boarding houses. Until the construction of the motorway system in the 1960s, the gully area was the location of several primary and intermediate level schools and about six churches.
+ In the 1880s there was concern that the domestic water supplies for the area were being contaminated by the adjacent Symonds Street Cemetery; The Newton gully was created by a stream which drains into the Western Springs area to the east. The possibility of Well water being contaminated by decomposing matter and embalming chemicals (arsenic in particular) was quite a worry, leading to the eventual closure of the cemetery and the opening of a new facility at Waikumete in West Auckland.
+ In the 1940s an area south of Newton Road underwent a process of slum clearance to alleviate the perceived problems of an area of densely packed sub-standard housing. Properties in Basque Street were purchased by the Auckland City Council. These were demolished and the land cleared resulting in the creation of Basque Park. The new park, which was completed around 1945, included a playground for children, ironically this facility came at a time when much of the housing in the area was being replaced with light industrial businesses so the park has never seen much of the use it was intended to see.
+ As a slum (or 'Decadent Area' as they were termed in the 1930s by the City Council) Newton was seen as an area of biological and moral contamination. The routing of the Motorway system through the gully in the 1960s was seen as ideal; people would relocate to new areas to live healthier lives and Auckland's traffic problems would be alleviated. It wasn't foreseen that the motorways would have a devastating effect on retail trade; the Symonds Street Shopping area was badly hit. Previously the main centre for furniture shopping for the Auckland region, (Tylers, Grace Brothers, The Maple, Smith & Brown, and Jon Jensen) the Symonds Street retail trade went into a serious decline and virtually disappeared as a retail hub; its Business Association collapsed in 1976 and has only recently (2012) been revived.
+ After the motorway was cut through, Newton became even less of a desirable place to live with Symonds Street and Newton Road becoming almost motorway onramps. Much of the remaining housing stock in Newton was utilised for light industrial use and in many cases demolished and rebuilt as factories and warehouses. Since the 1990s there has been a reverse trend of rebuilding or converting industrial buildings for residential use including some large apartment block complexes.
+ Upper Symonds Street is the location of three large churches: St Benedicts Roman Catholic Church (the 2nd most important catholic Church in Auckland), The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (2nd most important Anglican Church in Auckland) and St David's Presbyterian Church. In the 20th century the Upper Symonds Street Shops were the location of several large Furniture stores; Grace Brothers, The Maple, Smith & Brown, and Jon Jensen. Also located in the area were several entertainment venues; The Orange Coronation Hall, St Benedict's Hall, a Roller Skating Rink as well as the first purpose built cinema (the 1911 Lyric; demolished in the 1990s) and one of Auckland most famous restaurant's in the 1960s, the El Matador.
+ In the mid 1990s most of the eastern portion of the street was demolished, partially to widen the roadway. This took with it several buildings of importance including the Lyric Theatre of 1911, Tylers, the El Matador, the Astor Hotel and the BNZ (an Art Deco structure with Maori motifs). Initially the Skycity Casino and Sky Tower were intended to occupy the resulting vacant block of land but for various reasons (including sightline issues involving the profile of Mt Eden) that development was relocated away from this area. The 'missing' part of the street has subsequently been rebuilt with buildings which are very poor replacements of the lost structures.
+ Local secondary schools include Auckland Girls Grammar School, Auckland Grammar School, St Peter's College and Saint Mary's College. St Benedict's College (opened in 1886 in St Benedict's St) closed down in 1980 and was demolished. Its secondary department merged with Marcellin College, Royal Oak.
+
+= = = Owairaka = = =
+
+ Owairaka is an Auckland suburb. It is under the local governance of the Auckland Council.
+ According to the 2001 census, Owairaka has a population of 6678. The local state secondary school is Mount Albert Grammar School .
+ Owairaka is home to the world-famous Owairaka Athletic Club which is based at the historic Lovelock Track where five world records have been set. During the 1960s the club led the world in middle and long distance running under the guidance of the legendary coach Arthur Lydiard (ONZ,OBE), producing many international and national champions, most notably, Murray Halberg (ONZ, MBE) and the New Zealand Athlete of the Century, Peter Snell (KNZM, MBE).
+
+= = = Southwest Texas Junior College = = =
+
+ Southwest Texas Junior College is a public community college with four campuses serving eleven counties in southwest Texas: unincorporated Uvalde County (next to Uvalde and on the site of Garner Field), Del Rio (northwest portion), next to Del Rio International Airport, unincorporated Maverick County (near Eagle Pass), and Crystal City, the seat of Zavala County.
+
+= = = Westmere, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Westmere is a residential suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand. Westmere is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. The suburb was originally a working-class area, containing some state houses; mostly private housing originating from housing development in the 1920s. It is known for its Californian style bungalow architecture. It is now a highly sought-after residential location with extensive redevelopment.
+ Westmere is broadly bisected by Garnet Road and is bounded by Coxs Bay to the North and the green belt running from Western Springs, the Auckland Zoo and Western Springs College to the South and West.
+ In 2016 Auckland Transport proposed significant changes to Westmere's main roads (Garnet Road, Old Mill Road, etc.) to create safer infrastructure for cyclists, with physically-separate cycle lanes, making safe daily travel between homes and schools even easier than currently.
+ Westmere Primary School is located within the suburb with Pasadena Intermediate School well within walking/cycling distance for students in between primary and secondary. The closest State secondary school is Western Springs College (other options are Avondale College and Mount Albert Grammar School).
+
+= = = Santana (1971 album) = = =
+
+ Santana is the third studio album by the American rock band Santana. The band's second self-titled album, it is often referred to as III or Santana III to distinguish it from the band's 1969 debut album. The album was also known as Man with an Outstretched Hand, after its album cover image. It was the third (and until the group's 2016 reunion, the last) album by the Woodstock-era lineup, and it was also considered by many to be the band's peak commercially and musically, as subsequent releases aimed towards more experimental jazz fusion and Latin music.
+ The album featured two singles that charted in the United States. "Everybody's Everything" peaked at No. 12 in October 1971, while "No One to Depend On", an uncredited adaptation of Willie Bobo's boogaloo standard "Spanish Grease", received significant airplay on FM radio and peaked at No. 36 in March 1972. The album also marked the addition of 17-year-old guitarist Neal Schon (who performed notable solos on both singles) to the group.
+ The original album was recorded at Columbia Studios, San Francisco, and released in both stereo and quadraphonic.
+ "Santana III" was also the last Santana album to hit #1 on the charts until "Supernatural" in 1999. The 2005 edition of "Guinness World Records" stated that was the longest gap between #1 albums ever occurring (a record which is now held by Paul McCartney since his seventeenth solo studio album, "Egypt Station", topped the Billboard 200 chart on 2018, his first since his 1982's "Tug of War"). The original album was re-released in 1998 with live versions of "Batuka", "Jungle Strut" and a previously unreleased song, "Gumbo", recorded at Fillmore West in 1971 which features lead guitar solos by both Santana and Schon.
+ As was done with the band's debut album, released two years earlier, in 2006 Sony released the "Legacy Edition" of the album, featuring the original album in re-mastered sound, and bonus material:
+
+= = = The Kendalls = = =
+
+ The Kendalls were an American country music duo, consisting of Royce Kendall (born Royce Kykendall in Saint Louis, Missouri, September 25, 1935 – May 22, 1998) and his daughter Jeannie Kendall (born October 30, 1954). Between the 1960s and 1990s, they released sixteen albums on various labels, including five on Mercury Records. Between 1977 and 1985, 22 of their singles reached the top 40 on "Billboard"s country singles charts, including three number one hits, "Heaven's Just a Sin Away" (also a No. 69 pop hit), "Sweet Desire", and "Thank God for the Radio"; eight additional singles reached the Top Ten.
+ Royce Kendall and his brother Floyce Kendall were raised in Missouri, with family roots in the Arkansas Ozarks. As young men, the brothers formed a duo and moved to California where they recorded and performed on regional West Coast country television shows as The Austin Brothers. When they broke up, Royce and his wife Melba moved back to Missouri.
+ Royce and Melba Kendall's daughter Jeannie proved to be musically talented from an early age, and as a teenager she became her father's duet partner. In 1969, when Jeannie was 15 years old, The Kendalls recorded an album for Stop Records, from which a single was released in 1970: a cover of John Denver's "Leaving on a Jet Plane" (previously a hit for Peter, Paul & Mary). The Kendalls' version narrowly missed the top fifty on the U.S. country charts.
+ The duo signed with Dot Records in 1972, and released an album and two singles, "Two Divided By Love", (a cover version of The Grass Roots' pop hit) and "Everything I Own", a cover of Bread's 1972 hit.
+ The Kendalls parted with Dot before signing with the independent Ovation label in 1977. Their first single for the label, a cover of the Kitty Wells hit "Making Believe," made the lower regions of the charts but was largely overlooked because Emmylou Harris' version of "Making Believe" hit the U.S. country charts around the same time.
+ It was the Kendalls' second single on Ovation, a "cheating" song called "Heaven's Just a Sin Away," that proved to be their breakthrough. The song topped the country charts, was a minor crossover pop hit, and won the 1978 Grammy for Best Country Vocal by a Duo or Group.
+ Subsequent hits included "Just Like Real People," "It Don't Feel Like Sinnin' to Me," "Sweet Desire," "You'd Make an Angel Want to Cheat," and a cover of Dolly Parton's "Put it Off Until Tomorrow." (Jeannie Kendall's powerful soprano has often been compared to Parton's.) In 1981, after Ovation Records closed their doors, the duo signed with Mercury Records, and continued to have hits with the "Teach Me To Cheat" and "If You're Waitin' On Me (You're Backin' Up)," which both made the country top ten. More hits followed with "Movin' Train" and "Precious Love," which made the Top 20.
+ Their last number one country hit, 1984's "Thank God for the Radio," was also their last single to reach the top ten. Their last Top 20 hits came in 1984 and 1985 with "My Baby's Gone" and "I'll Dance Every Dance With You." In 1986, they signed with MCA Records, where they scored three mid-level hits. In 1987, they signed with Step One Records, where they scored several minor hits. In 1989, they signed with Epic Records, where their last chart single, "Blue, Blue Day" made the Top 70.
+ Jeannie Kendall was married to Mack Watkins. In the early 1990s The Kendalls built a supper club in Gulf Shores, Alabama, which featured nightly performances by them; the club closed down two years later. Afterward, they began performing in Branson, Missouri, where the two families had built homes next door to each other. The Kendalls continued to tour and perform and released several CDs, until May 22, 1998, when Royce Kendall died from a stroke while on tour in Marquette, Iowa.
+ In the years since her father's death, Jeannie has pursued a solo career, recording two solo albums, including a self-titled acoustic/bluegrass CD on the Rounder label that featured two songs recorded with Royce and several guest artists. These guest artists included Alan Jackson, Ricky Skaggs, Alison Krauss, Rhonda Vincent, and Johnny Long, who had been the Kendalls' backup singer on the road. The second was "All The Girls I Am," a much harder edged pop/country CD released in 2005 on Golden.
+ Jeannie continues to tour and perform.
+
+= = = USS Von Steuben = = =
+
+ USS "Von Steuben" has been the name of two ships in the United States Navy.
+
+= = = Kingsland, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Kingsland is an inner-city suburb of Auckland, the largest and most populous urban area in New Zealand. Kingsland is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. It is the home of Eden Park, New Zealand's largest stadium, which hosted the finals for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Kingsland has a village centre that contains a series of shops, restaurants, pubs and monthly markets.
+ Kingsland was established in the 1880s with the sale of allotments; the buildings predominantly date from the Edwardian and the interwar periods. Kingsland has a heritage trail that features iconic buildings and sites of interest identified by plaques, which uses smartphone technology to provide information on the local history.
+ New North Road is the main thoroughfare in Kingsland, running northeast–southwest from the Auckland Central Business District (CBD), with the suburb running along the ridge line. Kingsland's main street is located on New North Road next to the Kingsland railway station and directly across from Eden Park. Don Croot Street, which was established in the late 1960s, connects the Kingsland stretch of New North Road to the Western Springs stretch of Great North Road.
+ The Northwestern motorway was cut through in the 1970s, severing the cross streets that linked Kingsland to Surrey Crescent and Arch Hill, leaving Bond St as the sole direct connection to these suburbs. The presence of the motorway means a certain amount of noise, but for the most part Kingsland remains a remarkably quiet suburb. Recently there has been a certain amount of gentrification in the area resulting in several cafes and boutique shops.
+ The local secondary schools are Mount Albert Grammar School, Marist College and St Peter's College.
+ The origins of Kingsland are linked to the European settlement of Auckland. In 1835, Thomas Mitchell, a Sydney trader, purchased land from Āpihai Te Kawau, rangatira (chief) of the local Māori tribe, Ngati Whatua, for £160, in a transaction which the Lands Claim Commission later disallowed. In 1841, Te Kawau gifted to the colonial government and Auckland began to take shape as a city.
+ Land continued to be bought and sold, and in 1852 John McElwain purchased for the purpose of farming and received the adjoining from his brother George in what is present-day Kingsland. Cabbage Tree Swamp Road was one of the original streets in the area, but the settlers of Mt Albert, Morningside and Kingsland appealed for a change of name, and it became Kingsland Road.
+ Auckland experienced significant growth in population between 1874 and 1886, putting pressure on the areas closest to the city. That population growth combined with the establishment of rail and bus connections into the city by the early 1880s created excellent conditions for John McElwain to subdivide his farm. In 1882, 227 allotments were laid out. Kingsland Avenue — along with First, Second, Third and Fourth Avenues — provided road access to the properties. Prices for sections in the subdivision ranged from £28 to £100. By 1903 trams serviced the area, and Kingsland was a well-established residential suburb.
+ Public transportation extended from the inner city to the surrounding areas in the late 1870s and early 1880s with horse-drawn buses being the first mode of regular public transportation in the late 1870s. In 1881, the long-awaited railway came, connecting Newmarket with Helensville with stops in Mt Eden, Kingsland, Morningside and Mt Albert. At the beginning of the 20th century, trams began connecting Mt Eden, Balmoral, Kingsland and Mt Albert with the city. The trams ran for the last time in the 1950s.
+ Kingsland falls within the Mt Albert general constituency and the Tāmaki Makaurau Māori constituency for the national Parliament. In terms of local government, Kingsland comes under the Albert-Eden Local Board of Auckland Council. The Albert–Eden Local Board includes the suburbs of Waterview, Point Chevalier, Sandringham, Mount Albert, Morningside, Owairaka, Balmoral, Kingsland, Mount Eden, Epsom and Greenlane.
+ Eden Park is New Zealand's largest stadium with a capacity of 50,000 seats. Every year it hosts almost half a million local and international sports fans and patrons who attend matches and functions at the park.
+ The park underwent a $240 million, three-year redevelopment prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Including a temporary expansion to 60,000 seats and the addition of four giant Māori carvings at each of the four main public entrances. The carvings represent Tāne-mahuta, the spirit of the forest; Rongo, the god of peace; Tūmatauenga, the god of war; and Tāwhirimātea, the god of wind. The carvings were designed by Ngāti Whātua carver, Arekatera Maihi.
+ Eden Park was located at the low point of Cabbage Tree Swamp, with the road running on a causeway across it. Eden Park has been used as a sports ground since 1900, and by 1914 the ground was drained and turned into two ovals for cricket. Eden Park has been the home of Auckland Cricket since 1910 and Auckland Rugby since 1925. Its 100-year history boasts some of New Zealand's proudest sporting moments, including the 1950 Empire Games, the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup, and the 1992 Cricket World Cup. Since the early 1900s it has hosted major rugby and cricket matches, and is now a regular host of the Bledisloe Cup, ITM Cup, and the Super Rugby games. Most recently, Eden Park hosted the finals for the 2011 Rugby World Cup and it has been named the co-host for 2015 Cricket World Cup.
+ The underground rivers that run through the area are known by the Māori as Ngā Ana Wai, which translates to ‘the watery caves.’ These ancient lava caverns were created 30,000 years ago during the eruption of Mount Albert and Maungawhau / Mount Eden. Water springs up at various locations including Eden Park grounds, which previously was swamp land.
+ Many of Kingsland's older buildings have survived by adapting to contemporary uses.
+ Herbs — a Pacific reggae band that formed in 1979 and produced a stream of reggae hits and 10 top-20 hits in the early 1990s. Herbs call Ponsonby their home, but their base of operations was set in Kingsland.
+ John McElwain — Kingsland's first land developer, was born in County Louth, Ireland in 1821 and died in Auckland at the age of 95 in 1916. Impatient to see the hill-climb to his property reduced in grade, he subdivided in 1882. Later work by the Highway Board improved New North Road by cutting down three feet from McElwain's Hill between Kingsland and Morningside.
+ Pat Kraus — a musician and synthesizer-builder who records and performs in Kingsland as Kraus.
+ Kingsland is well-served by trains and buses, and is only 5 km from Auckland's CBD. The train station is right in the heart of Kingsland village, and trains run regularly into the city and the western suburbs beyond.
+ The centre of the shopping and business activities in Kingsland is New North Road. By vehicle Kingsland can be accessed from the North Western Motorway (SH16) by taking the St Lukes off-ramp or from the CBD via Bond Street and Great North Road.
+
+= = = Arch Hill, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Arch Hill is a small suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. Arch Hill is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. The area is called Arch Hill due to its "natural features".
+ In 1730 this may have been the site of the "Broken Calabash [Attack]": Te Ipu Pakore. This battle between two warring Maori tribes probably happened along this ridge, possibly around the Arch Hill area.
+ In the 1880s this was part of an 80-acre farm which stretched from what is now Great North Road, down the gulley where the North Western Motorway cuts through, and up the other side to the Morningside area. It was owned by Joseph and Jane Young who had arrived in Auckland in 1842, the farm was called 'Arch Hill', after the farm Joseph had been raised on near Strabane, County Londonderry, Ireland. Joseph died in 1880 on his Arch Hill' property at the age of 78. In 1885 their son, Joseph built a house called Breveg Villa {Jane's maiden name was Breveg} which is located at 47 Western Springs Road, which is now separated from Arch Hill by the 1960s motorway.
+ Most of the houses on the Arch Hill area date from around the turn of the 20th century and many are small workers cottages or wooden villas; sections are often tiny and without off-street parking. As Arch Hill faces south away from the sun it is and always was a less desirable location than either neighbouring Grey Lynn or Kingsland. Some light industrial commercial premises have replaced parts of the housing stock with one & two storey commercial properties and more recently apartment complexes have been built.
+ Before the north-western motorway was cut through the bottom of the suburb, known as Arch Hill Gully, in the 1960s and 70s, many of the streets running down from Great North Road linked up with those in Kingsland. Now the only through road is Bond Street, the others have become quiet cul-de-sacs.
+ The Arch Hill Roads Board was formed after the Provincial abolition of the 1870s and was an independent municipality until it was incorporated into the City of Auckland in the 1910s following a referendum. The Arch Hill electorate was created for the 1946 elections, formed out of portions of the Auckland Central, Auckland West, and Grey Lynn electorates.
+ The Arch Hill Hotel was a landmark on the corner of Great North Road and Tuarangi Road at what is now the Surrey Crescent shops. Built in the 19th century it still stands on its original site although in a modified state. It closed around 1900 when the residents of the area voted to go dry in a referendum. As the Old Stone Jug Pub at Western Springs no longer operated this resulted in there being no pubs between the Gluepot at Three lamps, The Star at the corner of Krd & Ponsonby Road and the Avondale Hotel.
+ The local secondary schools are Western Springs College, Mount Albert Grammar School, St Paul's College and St Mary's College.
+
+= = = Mass Suicide Occult Figurines = = =
+
+ Mass Suicide Occult Figurines is the debut album by John Vanderslice, released in 2000. It is named after a line in Neutral Milk Hotel's "Song Against Sex".
+ In anticipation for Vanderslice's fourth album "Cellar Door", "CMJ New Music Monthly"s Louis Miller described the album as "a perfectly disjointed pop album."
+
+= = = Bicycle Museum of America = = =
+
+ The Bicycle Museum of America is a museum located at 7 West Monroe Street in New Bremen, Ohio, United States. The museum is one of the largest private collections of bicycles in the world.
+ In 1997, the museum was founded by Jim Dicke of Crown Equipment Corporation, the international manufacturer of electric lift trucks and a native to New Bremen, who was looking for an attraction for the town. Dicke was able to acquire the former Schwinn collection previously located at the Navy Pier in Chicago and from the original 100 pieces the collection has grown to over 1,000 bicycles, with about 300 display at any one time. The museum houses antique bicycles from the 19th century, balloon tire classics of the 1940s and 1950s and even the banana seat high-rise handle bar bikes of the 1960s.
+
+= = = Race and ethnicity in the United States = = =
+
+ Race and ethnicity in the United States is a complex topic because the United States of America has a racially and ethnically diverse population. At the federal level, race and ethnicity have been categorized separately.
+ The most recent United States Census officially recognized five racial categories (White American, Black or African American, Native American and Alaska Native, Asian American, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander) as well as people of two or more races. The Census Bureau also classified respondents as "Hispanic or Latino" or "Not Hispanic or Latino", identifying Hispanic and Latino as an "ethnicity" (not a "race"), which comprises the largest minority group in the nation. The United States Supreme Court unanimously held that "race" is not limited to Census designations on the "race question" but extends to all ethnicities, and thus can include Jewish, Arab, Hungarian, Laotian, Zulu, etc. The Census also asked an "Ancestry Question," which covers the broader notion of ethnicity, in the 2000 Census long form and the American Community Survey; the question will return in the 2020 Census.
+, White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, comprising an estimated 12.7% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans are the largest ethnic minority, comprising an estimated 17.8% of the population. The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population make up 61.3% of the nation's total, with the total White population (including White Hispanics and Latinos) being 76.9%.
+ White Americans are the majority in every census-defined region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West) and in every state except Hawaii, but contribute the highest proportion of the population in the Midwestern United States, at 85% per the Population Estimates Program (PEP) or 83% per the American Community Survey (ACS). Non-Hispanic Whites make up 79% of the Midwest's population, the highest ratio of any region. However, 35% of White Americans (whether all White Americans or non-Hispanic/Latino only) live in the South, the most of any region.
+ Currently, 55% of the African American population lives in the South. A plurality or majority of the other official groups reside in the West. The latter region is home to 42% of Hispanic and Latino Americans, 46% of Asian Americans, 48% of American Indians and Alaska Natives, 68% of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 37% of the "two or more races" population (Multiracial Americans), and 46% of those self-designated as "some other race".
+ The five inhabited U.S. territories are ethnically diverse—American Samoa has a high percentage of Pacific Islanders, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are mostly Asian and Pacific Islander, Puerto Rico is mostly Hispanic/Latino, and the U.S. Virgin Islands is mostly African-American.
+ The first United States Census in 1790 classed residents as "free white" people (divided by age and sex), "all other free persons" (reported by sex and color), and "slaves". The 2000 Census officially recognized six racial categories including people of two or more races; a category called "some other race" was also used in the census and other surveys, but is not official. In the 2000 Census and subsequent Census Bureau surveys, Americans self-described as belonging to these racial groups:
+ Each person has two identifying attributes, racial identity and whether or not they are of Hispanic ethnicity. These categories are sociopolitical constructs and should not be interpreted as being scientific or anthropological in nature. They have been changed from one census to another, and the racial categories include both "racial" and national-origin groups.
+ In 2007, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission of the US Department of Labor finalized the update of its EEO-1 report format and guidelines concerning the definitions of racial/ethnic categories.
+ The question on Hispanic or Latino origin is separate from the question on race. Hispanic and Latino Americans have ethnic origins in the countries of Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. Latin American countries are, like the United States, racially diverse. Consequently, no separate racial category exists for Hispanic and Latino Americans, as they do not constitute a race, nor a national group. When responding to the race question on the census form, each person is asked to choose from among the same racial categories as all Americans, and are included in the numbers reported for those races.
+ Each racial category may contain Non-Hispanic or Latino and Hispanic or Latino Americans. For example: the White or European-American race category contains Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanic Whites (see White Hispanic and Latino Americans); the Black or African-American category contains Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanic Blacks (see Black Hispanic and Latino Americans); the Asian-American category contains Non-Hispanic Asians and Hispanic Asians (see Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans); and likewise for all the other categories. See the section on Hispanic and Latino Americans in this article.
+ Self-identifying as both Hispanic or Latino "and" not Hispanic or Latino is neither explicitly allowed nor explicitly prohibited.
+ In the United States since its early history, Native Americans, Africans and Europeans were considered to belong to different races. For nearly three centuries, the criteria for membership in these groups were similar, comprising a person's appearance, their social circle (how they lived), and their . History played a part, as persons with known slave ancestors were assumed to be African (or, in later usage, black), regardless of whether they also had European ancestry.
+ The differences between how Native American and Black identities are defined today (blood quantum versus one-drop and political assumptions) have been based on different historical circumstances. According to the anthropologist Gerald Sider, such racial designations were a means to concentrate power, wealth, privilege and land in the hands of Whites in a society of White hegemony and privilege (Sider 1996; see also Fields 1990). The differences had little to do with biology and more to do with the history of slavery and its racism, and specific forms of White supremacy (the social, geopolitical and economic agendas of dominant Whites "vis-à-vis" subordinate Blacks and Native Americans). They related especially to the different social places which Blacks and Amerindians occupied in White-dominated 19th-century America. Sider suggests that the blood quantum definition of Native American identity enabled mixed-race Whites to acquire Amerindian lands during the allotment process. The one-drop rule of Black identity, enforced legally in the early 20th century, enabled Whites to preserve their agricultural labor force in the South. The contrast emerged because, as peoples transported far from their land and kinship ties on another continent, they became reduced to valuable commodities as agricultural laborers. In contrast, Amerindian labor was more difficult to control; moreover, Amerindians occupied large territories that became valuable as agricultural lands, especially with the invention of new technologies such as railroads. Sider thinks the blood quantum definition enhanced White acquisition of Amerindian lands in a doctrine of Manifest Destiny, which subjected Native Americans to marginalization and resulted in numerous conflicts related to American expansionism.
+ The political economy of race had different consequences for the descendants of aboriginal Americans and African slaves. The 19th-century blood quantum rule meant that it was relatively easier for a person of mixed Euro-Amerindian ancestry to be accepted as White. The offspring of a few generations of intermarriage between Amerindians and Whites likely would not have been considered Amerindian (at least not in a legal sense). Amerindians could have treaty rights to land, but because an individual with only one Amerindian great-grandparent no longer was classified as Amerindian, he lost a legal claim to Amerindian land, under the allotment rules of the day. According to Sider's theory, Whites were more easily able to acquire Amerindian lands. On the other hand, the same individual who could be denied legal standing in a tribe, according to the government, because he was "too White" to claim property rights, might still have enough visually identifiable Amerindian ancestry to be considered socially as a "half-breed" or breed, and stigmatized by both communities.
+ The 20th-century one-drop rule made it relatively difficult for anyone of known Black ancestry to be accepted as White. The child of an African-American sharecropper and a White person was considered Black by the local communities. In terms of the economics of sharecropping, such a person also would likely become a sharecropper as well, thus adding to the landholder or employer's labor force. In short, this theory suggests that in a 20th-century economy that benefited from sharecropping, it was useful to have as many Blacks as possible.
+ Although some scholars of the Jim Crow period agree that the 20th-century notion of invisible Blackness shifted the color line in the direction of paleness, and "expanded" the labor force in response to Southern Blacks' Great Migration to the North. But, others (such as the historians Joel Williamson, C. Vann Woodward, George M. Fredrickson, and Stetson Kennedy) considered the one-drop rule a consequence of the need to define Whiteness as being pure, and justifying White-on-Black oppression.
+ Over the centuries when Whites wielded power over both Blacks and Amerindians and believed in their inherent superiority over people of color, they created a social order of hypodescent, in which they assigned mixed-race children to the lower-status groups. They were often ignorant of the systems among Native American tribes of social classification, including kinship and hypodescent. The Omaha people, for instance, who had a patrilineal kinship system, classified all children with white fathers as "white", and excluded them as members of the clans and tribe, unless one was formally adopted by a male member. Tribal members might care for mixed-race children of white fathers, but considered them outside the hereditary clan and kinship fundamental to tribal society.
+ The hypodescent social construction related to the racial caste that was associated with African slavery and the conditions of the slave societies. It was made explicit by Virginia and other colonies' laws as early as 1662. Virginia incorporated the Roman principle of "partus sequitur ventrem" into slave law, saying that children of slave mothers were born into their status. Under English common law for subjects, children's social status was determined by the father, not the mother. But the colonists put Africans outside the category of English subjects. Generally, white men were in positions of power to take sexual advantage of black women slaves. But, historian Paul Heinegg has shown that most free African-American families listed in the censuses of 1790–1810 were, in fact, descended from unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia, from the years when working classes lived and worked closely together, and before slavery had hardened as a racial caste.
+ In the United States, social and legal conventions developed over time by whites that classified individuals of mixed ancestry into simplified racial categories (Gossett 1997), but these were always porous. The decennial censuses conducted since 1790, after slavery was well established in the United States, included classification of persons by race: white, black, mulatto, and Indian (Nobles 2000). But, the inclusion of mulatto was an explicit acknowledgement of mixed race. In addition, before the Civil War, Virginia and some other states had legal definition of "whiteness" that provided for people being classified as white if no more than 1/8 black. (For example, if not born into slavery, Thomas Jefferson's children by his slave Sally Hemings would have been classified as legally white, as they were 7/8 white by ancestry. Three of the four surviving children entered white society as adults, and their descendants have identified as white.) In the late 18th and 19th centuries, people of mixed race often migrated to frontiers where societies were more open, and they might be accepted as white if satisfying obligations of citizenship.
+ The more familiar "one-drop rule" was not adopted by Virginia and other states until the 20th century, but it classified persons with any known African ancestry as black (Davis 2001). Passage of such laws was often urged by white supremacists and people promoting "racial purity" through eugenics, having forgotten the long history of multi-racial unions in the South that comprised the ancestry of many families.
+ In other countries in the Americas, where mixing among groups was overtly more extensive, social categories have tended to be more numerous and fluid. In some cases, people may move into or out of categories on the basis of a combination of socioeconomic status, social class, ancestry, and appearance (Mörner 1967).
+ The term "Hispanic" as an ethnonym emerged in the 20th century, with the rise of migration of laborers from Spanish-speaking countries of the western hemisphere to the United States. It includes people who may have been considered racially distinct (Black, White, Amerindian or other mixed groups) in their home countries. Today, the word "Latino" is often used as a synonym for "Hispanic". Even if such categories were earlier understood as racial categories, today they have begun to represent ethno-linguistic categories (regardless of perceived race). Similarly, "Anglo" is now used among many Hispanics to refer to non-Hispanic White Americans or European Americans, most of whom speak the English language but are not of primarily English descent.
+ The United States is a racially diverse country. The growth of the Hispanic population through immigration and high birth rates is noted as a partial factor for the US' population gains in the last quarter-century. The 2000 census revealed that Native Americans had reached their highest documented population, 4.5 million, since the US was founded in 1776.
+ The immigrants to the New World came largely from widely separated regions of the Old World. In the Americas, the immigrant populations began to mix among themselves and with the indigenous inhabitants of the continents. In the United States, for example, most people who identify as African American have some European ancestors, as revealed by genetic studies. In one analysis of those genetic markers that have differing frequencies between continents, European ancestry ranged from an estimated 7% for a sample of Jamaicans to ~ 23 % for a sample of African Americans from New Orleans, where there was historically a large class of mixed race (now called Louisiana Creoles) (Parra "et al." 1998).
+ In the United States since its early history, Native Americans, African Americans, and European Americans were classified as belonging to different races. For nearly three centuries, the criteria among whites for membership in these groups were similar, comprising physical appearance, assumption of non-European ancestry, and social circle. The criteria for membership in these races diverged in the late 19th century. During and after Reconstruction, after the emancipation of slaves after the Civil War, in the effort to restore white supremacy in the South, whites began to classify anyone with "one drop" of "black blood", or known African ancestry, to be black. Such a legal definition was not put into law until the early 20th century in most southern states, but many established racial segregation of facilities during the Jim Crow era, after white Democrats regained control of state legislatures in the South.
+ Efforts to track mixing between groups led to an earlier proliferation of historical categories (such as "mulatto" and "octaroon" among persons with partial African descent) and "blood quantum" distinctions, which became increasingly untethered from self-reported ancestry. In the 20th century, efforts to classify the increasingly mixed population of the United States into discrete categories generated many difficulties (Spickard 1992). By the standards used in past censuses, many mixed-race children born in the United States were classified as of a different race than one of their biological parents. In addition, a person may change personal racial identification over time because of cultural aspects, and self-ascribed race can differ from assigned race (Kressin "et al." 2003).
+ Until the 2000 census, Latinos were required to identify as one race, and none was Latino. Partly as a result of the confusion generated by the distinction, 32.9% (U.S. census records) of Latino respondents in the 2000 census ignored the specified racial categories and checked "some other race". (Mays "et al." 2003 claim a figure of 42%)
+ Historical trends influencing the ethnic demographics of the United States include:
+ In some cases, immigrants and migrants form ethnic enclaves; in others, mixture creates ethnically diverse neighborhoods.
+ White and European Americans are the majority of people living in the United States. White people are defined by the United States Census Bureau as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa." Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans.
+ White Americans are the majority in 49 of the 50 states, with Hawaii as the exception. "Non-Hispanic Whites" are the majority in 46 states; Hawaii, New Mexico, California, and Texas (and the District of Columbia) are the exceptions. These five jurisdictions have "minority majorities", i.e. minority groups compose the majority of the population. In addition, all five inhabited U.S. territories have "minority majorities" (in all five major U.S. territories, non-Hispanic whites are a minority).
+ The non-Hispanic White percentage (63% in 2012) tends to decrease every year, and this sub-group is expected to become a plurality of the overall U.S. population after the year 2043. White Americans overall (non-Hispanic Whites together with White Hispanics) are projected to continue as the majority, at 73.1% (or 303 million out of 420 million) in 2050, from currently 77.1%.
+ Although a high proportion of the population is known to have multiple ancestries, in the 2000 census, the first with the option to choose more than one, most people still identified with one racial category. In the 2000 census, self-identified German Americans made up 17.1% of the U.S. population, followed by Irish Americans at 12%, as reported in the 2000 U.S. Census. This makes German and Irish the largest and second-largest self-reported ancestry groups in the United States. Both groups had high rates of immigration to the U.S. beginning in the mid-19th century, triggered by the Great Famine in Ireland and the failed 1848 Revolution in Germany. However, English Americans and British Americans are still considered the largest ethnic group due to a serious under count following the 2000 census whereby many English and British Americans self-identified under the new category entry 'American' considering themselves 'indigenous' because their families had resided in the US for so long or, if of mixed European ancestry, identified with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.
+ 7.2% of the population listed their ancestry as American on the 2000 census (see American ethnicity). According to the United States Census Bureau, the number of people in the U.S. who reported American and no other ancestry increased from 12.4 million in 1990 to 20.2 million in 2000. This change in reporting represented the largest "growth" of any ethnic group in the United States during the 1990s, but it represented how people reported themselves more than growth through birth rates, for instance, and certainly did not reflect immigration.
+ Most French Americans are believed descended from colonists of Catholic New France; exiled Huguenots, much fewer in number and settling in the eastern English colonies in the late 1600s and early 1700s, needed to assimilate into the majority culture and have intermarried over generations. Isleños of Louisiana and the Hispanos of the Southwest have had, in part, direct Spanish ancestry; most self-reported White Hispanics are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Argentine, and Cuban origins, each of which are multi-ethnic nations. Hispanic immigration has increased from nations of Central and South America.
+ Black and African Americans are citizens and residents of the United States with origins in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the Office of Management and Budget, the grouping includes individuals who self-identify as African-American, as well as persons who emigrated from nations in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa who may alternatively identify as Black or some other written-in race versus African-American given they were not part of the historic US slave system. In this case, grouping is thus based on the geography of the individual, and may contradict or misrepresent their self-identification, for instance not all immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa are "Black". Among these racial outliers are persons from Cape Verde, Madagascar, various Hamito-Semitic populations in East Africa and the Sahel, and the Afrikaners of Southern Africa including such notable figures as the inventor Elon Musk and actress Charlize Theron.
+ African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. According to the 2009 American Community Survey, there were 38,093,725 Black and African Americans in the United States, representing 12.4% of the population. There were 37,144,530 non-Hispanic blacks, which comprised 12.1% of the population. This number increased to 42 million according to the 2010 United States Census, when including Multiracial African Americans, making up 14% of the total U.S. population. Black and African Americans make up the second largest group in the United States, but the third largest group after White Americans and Hispanic or Latino Americans (of any race). The majority of the population (55%) lives in the South; compared to the 2000 Census, there has also been a decrease of African Americans in the Northeast and Midwest. The U.S. state/territory with the highest percentage of African-Americans is the U.S. Virgin Islands (76% African-American as of 2010).
+ Most African Americans are the direct descendants of captives from West Africa, who survived the slavery era within the boundaries of the present United States. As an adjective, the term is usually written "African-American". The first West Africans were brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. The English settlers treated these captives as indentured servants and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of race-based slavery used in the Caribbean. All the American colonies had slavery, but it was usually the form of personal servants in the North (where 2% of the people were slaves), and field hands in plantations in the South (where 25% were slaves); by the beginning of the American Revolutionary War 1/5th of the total population was enslaved. During the revolution, some would serve in the Continental Army or Continental Navy, while others would serve the British Empire in Lord Dunmore's Ethiopian Regiment, and other units. By 1804, the northern states (north of the Mason–Dixon line) had abolished slavery. However, slavery would persist in the southern states until the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Following the end of the Reconstruction Era, which saw the first African American representation in Congress, African Americans became disenfranchised and subject to Jim Crow laws, legislation that would persist until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 due to the Civil Rights Movement.
+ According to US Census Bureau data, very few African immigrants self-identify as "African-American" (as "African-American" is usually referring to blacks with deeply rooted ancestry dating back to the US slave period as discussed in the previous paragraph.) On average, less than 5% of African residents self-reported as "African-American" or "Afro-American" on the 2000 US Census. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants (~95%) identified instead with their own respective ethnicities. Self-designation as "African-American" or "Afro-American" was highest among individuals from West Africa (4%-9%), and lowest among individuals from Cape Verde, East Africa and Southern Africa (0%-4%). Nonetheless, African immigrants often develop very successful professional and business working-relationships with African-Americans.
+ In 2018, "Hispanic or Latino origin" was the self-identification of 59.8 million Americans comprising 18.3% of the total U.S. population. It includes people who are of full or partial Hispanic or Latino origin. They chiefly have origins in the Spanish-speaking nations of Latin America. Very few also come from other places, for example: 0.2% of Hispanic and Latino Americans were born in Asia. The group is heterogeneous in race and national ancestry.
+ The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino origin" thus:
+ The leading country-of-origin for Hispanic Americans is Mexico (30.7 million), followed by Cuba (1.6 million), as of 2008. In addition, in 2008, 4.2 million people from Puerto Rico (a U.S. territory) moved to the states and the District of Columbia. However, as of 2010, there were 1,648,968 Salvadorans in the United States, the largest of the U.S.-Central American community. Salvadorans are poised to become the third largest Hispanic group by the next census, significantly overtaking and replacing Cubans. Recent estimates already put the Salvadoran population as high as 2 million, as of 2013, the third largest Hispanic-American group.
+ 62.4% of Hispanic and Latino Americans identified as white. 30.5% identified as "some other race" (other than the ones listed). According to the PEP 91.9% of Latinos are white, as these official estimates do not recognize "some other race". In the official estimates, Black or African American Hispanics are the second-largest group, with 1.9 million, or 4.0% of the whole group. The remaining Hispanics are accounted as follows, first per the PEP: 1.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.5% two or more races, 0.7% Asian, and 0.03% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. Per the ACS: 3.9% two or more races, 1.9% Black or African American, 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.4% Asian, and 0.05% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.
+ In the United States the Hispanic and Latino population has reached 58 million in 2016. According to Pew Research Center the Latino population has been the principal driver of United States demographic growth since 2000. Mexicans make up most of the Hispanic and Latino population 35,758,000. There is also a growth of Hispanics who are receiving a college education in 2015, 40% of Hispanics age 25 and older have had a college experience. In 2000 the percentage was at a low 30%. Among U.S. states, California houses the largest population percentage of Latinos. In 2015, 15.2 million Hispanics lived in California. The U.S. state/territory with the largest percentage of Hispanics/Latinos is Puerto Rico (99% Hispanic or Latino).
+ The Hispanic or Latino population is young and fast-growing, due to immigration and higher birth rates. For decades it has contributed significantly to U.S. population increases, and this is expected to continue. The Census Bureau projects that by 2050, one-quarter of the population will be Hispanic or Latino.
+ A third significant minority is the Asian American population, comprising 19.4 million in 2013, or 6.0% of the U.S. population. California is home to 4.5 million Asian Americans, whereas 495,000 live in Hawaii, where they compose the plurality, at 38.5% of the islands' people. This is their largest share of any state. Historically first concentrated on Hawaii and the West Coast, Asian Americans now live across the country, living and working in large numbers in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Houston, and other major urban centers. There are also many Asians living in two Pacific U.S. territories (Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands) — as of 2010, Guam's population was 32.2% Asian, and the population of the Northern Mariana Islands was 49.9% Asian. In 2017, Hawaii's population was 38% Asian (540,556 Asians).
+ Their histories are diverse. As with the new immigration from central and eastern Europe to the East Coast from the mid-19th century on, Asians started immigrating to the United States in large numbers in the 19th century. This first major wave of immigration consisted predominantly of Chinese and Japanese laborers, but also included Korean and South Asian immigrants. Many immigrants also came during and after this period from the Philippines, which was a US colony from 1898 to 1946. Exclusion laws and policies largely prohibited and curtailed Asian immigration until the 1940s. After the US changed its immigration laws during the 1940s to 1960s to make entry easier, a much larger new wave of immigration from Asia began. Today the largest self-identified Asian American sub-groups according to census data are Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Korean Americans, and Japanese Americans, among other groups.
+ Not all of Asian Americans' ancestors directly migrated from their country of origin to the US. For example, over 270,000 people from Guyana, a South American country, reside in the US. But a predominant amount of Guyanese people are Indo-Guyanese, or are of Indian descent.
+ Indigenous peoples of the Americas, particularly Native Americans, made up 0.8% of the population in 2008, numbering 2.4 million. An additional 2.3 million persons declared part-American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry.
+ The legal and official designation of who is Native American has aroused controversy by demographers, tribal nations, and government officials for many decades. Federally recognized tribes and state recognized tribes set their own membership requirements; tribal enrollment may require residency on a reservation, documented lineal descent from recognized records, such as the Dawes Rolls, and other criteria. Some tribes have adopted the use of blood quantum, requiring members to have a certain percentage. The federal government requires individuals to certify documented blood quantum of ancestry for certain federal programs, such as education benefits, available to members of recognized tribes. But Census takers accept any respondent's identification. Genetic scientists estimated that more than 15 million other Americans, including African Americans and Hispanic Americans (specifically those of Mexican heritage), may have up to one quarter of American Indian ancestry.
+ Once thought to face extinction as a race or culture, Native Americans of numerous tribes have achieved revival of aspects of their cultures, together with asserting their sovereignty and direction of their own affairs since the mid-20th century. Many have started language programs to revive use of traditional languages; some have established tribally controlled colleges and other schools on their reservations, so that education is expressive of their cultures. Since the late 20th century, many tribes have developed gaming casinos on their sovereign land to raise revenues for economic development, as well as to promote the education and welfare of their people through health care and construction of improved housing.
+ Today more than 800,000 to one million persons claim Cherokee descent in part or as full-bloods; of these, an estimated 300,000 live in California, 70,000—160,000 in Oklahoma, and 15,000 in North Carolina in ancestral homelands.
+ The second largest tribal group is the Navajo, who call themselves Diné and live on a 16-million acre (65,000 km²) Indian reservation covering northeast Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and southeast Utah. It is home to half of the 450,000 Navajo Nation members. The third largest group are the Lakota (Sioux) Nation, with distinct federally recognized tribes located in the states of Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming; and North and South Dakota.
+ Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders numbered 427,810 in 2008, or 0.1% of the population. Additionally, nearly as many individuals identify as having partial Native Hawaiian ancestry, for a total of 829,949 people of full or part Native Hawaiian ancestry. This group constitutes the smallest minority in the United States. More than half identify as "full-blooded", but historically most Native Hawaiians on the island chain of Hawaii are believed to have admixture with Asian and European ancestries. But, the Census takes reporting by individuals as to how they identify.
+ Some demographers believe that by the year 2025, the last full-blooded Native Hawaiian will die off, leaving a culturally distinct, but racially mixed population. The total number of persons who have identified as Native Hawaiian in 2008 was more than the estimated Hawaiian population when the US annexed the islands in 1898. Native Hawaiians are receiving ancestral land reparations. Throughout Hawaii, they are working to preserve and assert adaptation of Native Hawaiian customs and the Hawaiian language. They have cultural schools solely for legally Native Hawaiian students. (See also, "Hawaiian Renaissance" and "Hawaiian sovereignty movement").
+ There are significant Pacific Islander populations living in three Pacific U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands). As of 2010, American Samoa's population was 92.6% Pacific Islander (mostly Samoan), Guam's population was 49.3% Pacific Islander (mostly Chamorro), and the population of the Northern Mariana Islands was 34.9% Pacific Islander. Out of all U.S. states/territories, American Samoa has the highest percentage of Pacific Islanders.
+ According to the Arab American Institute (AAI), countries of origin for Arab Americans include Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
+ There are an estimated 1.9-2.0 million Middle Eastern Americans according to the U.S. Census, including both Arab and non-Arab Americans, comprising 0.6% of the total U.S. population; however, the Arab American Institute estimates a population closer to 3.6 million. U.S. Census population estimates are based on responses to the ancestry question on the census, which makes it difficult to accurately count Middle Eastern Americans. Though Middle Eastern American communities can be found in each of the 50 states, the majority live in just 10 states with nearly "one third of the total liv[ing] in California, New York, and Michigan". More Middle Eastern Americans live in California than any other state, with ethnic groups such as Arabs, Jews, Persians, and Armenians being a large percentage, but Middle Eastern Americans represent the highest percentage of the population of Michigan. In particular, Dearborn, Michigan has long been home to a high concentration of Middle Eastern Americans.
+ The United States Census Bureau is presently finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations. Middle Eastern Americans are counted as White on the census. In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community. Following consultations with MENA organizations, the US Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups felt that the earlier "white" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization. This process does not currently include ethnoreligious groups such as Jews, who originate from the Levant, or Sikhs, as the Bureau only tabulates these groups as followers of religions rather than members of ethnic groups.
+ As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Turkish, Sudanese, Somali, Mauritanian, Armenian, Cypriot, Afghan, Iranian, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups.
+ Self-identified multiracial Americans numbered 7.0 million in 2008, or 2.3% of the population. They have identified as any combination of races (White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, "some other race") and ethnicities. The U.S. has a growing multiracial identity movement.
+ While the colonies and southern states protected white fathers by making all children born to slave mothers be classified as slaves, regardless of paternity, they also banned miscegenation or interracial marriage, most notably between whites and blacks. This did little to stop interracial relationships, except as legal, consensual unions.
+ Demographers state that, due to new waves of immigration, the American people through the early 20th century were mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various immigrant nationalities, who maintained cultural distinctiveness until, over time, assimilation, migration and integration took place. The Civil Rights Movement through the 20th century gained passage of important legislation to enforce constitutional rights of minorities.
+ According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 Census, the multiracial population that is part white (which is the largest percentage of the multiracial population), is as follows:
+ A 2002 study found an average of 18.6% European genetic contribution and 2.7% Native American genetic contribution (with standard errors 1.5% and 1.4% respectively) in a sample of 232 African Americans. Meanwhile, in a sample of 187 European Americans from State College, Pennsylvania, there was an average of 0.7% West African genetic contribution and 3.2% Native American genetic contribution (with standard errors 0.9% and 1.6% respectively). Most of the non-European admixture was concentrated in 30% of the sample, with West African admixture ranging from 2 to 20%, with an average of 2.3%.
+ In 1958 Robert Stuckert produced a statistical analysis using historical census data and immigration statistics. He concluded that the growth in the White population could not be attributed solely to births in the White population and immigration from Europe, but was also due to people identifying as white who were partly black. He concluded that 21 percent of white Americans had some recent African-American ancestors. He also concluded that the majority of Americans of known African descent were partly European and not entirely sub-Saharan African.
+ More recently, many different DNA studies have shown that many African Americans have European admixture, reflecting the long history in this country of the various populations. Proportions of European admixture in African-American DNA have been found in studies to be 17% and between 10.6% and 22.5%. Another recent study found the average to be 21.2%, with a standard error of 1.2%.
+ The Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group of the National Human Genome Research Institute notes that "although genetic analyses of large numbers of loci can produce estimates of the percentage of a person's ancestors coming from various continental populations, these estimates may assume a false distinctiveness of the parental populations, since human groups have exchanged mates from local to continental scales throughout history."
+ In the 2000 census, the non-standard category of "Other" was especially intended to capture responses such as Mestizo and Mulatto, two large multiracial groups in most of the countries of origin of Hispanic and Latino Americans. However, many other responses are captured by the category.
+ In 2008 15.0 million people, nearly 5% of the total U.S. population, were estimated to be "some other race", with 95% of them being Hispanic or Latino.
+ Due to this category's non-standard status, statistics from government agencies other than the Census Bureau (for example: the Centers for Disease Control's data on vital statistics, or the FBI's crime statistics), but also the Bureau's own official Population Estimates, omit the "some other race" category and include most of the people in this group in the white population, thus including the vast majority (about 90%) of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the white population. For an example of this, see The World Factbook, published by the Central Intelligence Agency.
+ The ancestry of the people of the United States of America is widely varied and includes descendants of populations from around the world. In addition to its variation, the ancestry of people of the United States is also marked by varying amounts of intermarriage between ethnic and racial groups.
+ While some Americans can trace their ancestry back to a single ethnic group or population in Europe, Africa, or Asia, these are often first- and second-generation Americans. Generally, the degree of mixed heritage increases the longer one's ancestors have lived in the United States (see melting pot). In theory, there are several means available to discover the ancestry of the people living in the United States, including genealogy, genetics, oral and written history, and analysis of Federal Population Census schedules. In practice, only few of these have been used for a larger part of the population.
+ According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the twenty largest ancestry groups in the United States were (see above for the OMB self-designation options):
+ These images display frequencies of self-reported ancestries, as of the 2000 U.S. Census. Regional African ancestries are not listed, though an African American map has been added from another source.
+ These images display frequencies of self-reported European American ancestries as of the 2000 U.S. Census.
+
+= = = Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? = = =
+
+ Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame?: Baseball, Cooperstown, and the Politics of Glory is a book by baseball sabermetrician and author Bill James. Originally published in 1994 as The Politics of Glory, the book covers the unique history of the Baseball Hall of Fame, the evolution of its standards, and arguments for individual players in a typically Jamesian, stat-driven manner. James drives home early on the heated and biased nature of Hall of Fame arguments between fans and writers alike. He states that his goal is not to serve individual players or candidates but to "reinforce the truth in what other people say" and to "serve the argument itself."
+ James primarily uses five of his own statistical methods for his justifications:
+ Throughout the book James expresses considerable disapproval of the election process, mainly because of the imperfectly defined standards and club-like Veterans Committee which, particularly in its early years, allowed players of suspect qualifications entrance into the Hall of Fame. As a solution, he describes an alternative voting system that would consist of five panels—one each for the media, the fans, the players, baseball executives and professionals, and what he calls "baseball scholars". Each panel would be able to nominate players individually, but for election a player would need the approval of four out of the five panels.
+ While none of his suggestions has been implemented, many of his ratings systems have stuck as legitimate metrics for measuring a career and for judging the chances of a player making it into the Hall of Fame.
+ Simon & Schuster Inc., Copyright 1994, 1995 by Bill James. .
+
+= = = The Radio One Sessions (The Damned album) = = =
+
+ The Radio One Sessions (1996) is a CD by the Damned consisting of all their BBC sessions for Janice Long, Mike Read and Saturday Live with Richard Skinner - in other words all their Radio One sessions except the ones recorded for John Peel. In addition, there are two tracks which were recorded for Peel, the tracks "Liar" and "Hit Or Miss".
+ Their complete BBC Peel Sessions (apart from "Liar" and "Hit Or Miss") are on the disc "Sessions of the Damned". (The complete Peel tracks would not fit onto an 80-minute CD so the two mentioned above were placed on the Radio One Sessions CD instead.)
+
+= = = Kohimarama = = =
+
+ Kohimarama is a coastal residential Auckland suburb, located to the east of the city, with many homes having some of the best views across the Auckland Harbour. Kohimarama is situated between Mission Bay and St Heliers and has an accessible beach with a boardwalk and green recreational spaces located amongst residential areas. According to the 2013 census, Kohimarama has a population of 7092. Local government of Kohimarama is the responsibility of the Orākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Orakei, Mission Bay, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, Remuera and Ellerslie.
+ Kohimarama used to be part of the Kohimarama Block, land acquired by European settlers from the indigenous Māori. This was a large area, from Orakei-Mission Bay to the Tamaki River and from the Waitematā Harbour to the outskirts of Panmure. Kohimarama’s former name was Waiparera, ‘duck water’, as the area was a breeding ground of the parera, the wild grey duck. This name was used by the Māori and by the European settlers, the Pākehā, until 1870. Arriving in Auckland in 1841, William Field Porter, was a month too late for the first Government auction, but became the first settler in today’s Kohimarama after the second auction. Then the area consisted of a lagoon, a raupo swamp and the Kohimarama beach, the longest beach in the Harbour. Porter sent men to clear, fence and drain the area. One of these men was Thomas Kemp, later to be a landowner of the neighbouring suburb, Mission Bay.
+ The Kohimarama Wharf was built in 1912 on the Pipimea Head between Kohimarama and Mission Bay. The first business in Kohimarama was a tearoom which catered to the people arriving at the newly built wharf. The access to the wharf was not easy; people had to walk around the rocks to and from the wharf which ultimately led to the building of the road now known as Tamaki Drive.
+ From 1892 to 1919, Kohimarama was also known as the ‘Jockey Bay’, since the area was used as a training ground for race horses. In 1919, the stables were moved to Ronaki Road, Mission Bay, and the land in Kohimarama was leased to W.H. Madill, a dairy farmer.
+ Today, Kohimarama is one of the quieter beaches along Tamaki Drive with some cosy cafes present along the beach front. The Kohimarama Yacht Club is located on Tamaki Drive. This club was set up in 1939 for young people and the construction of the club house at Gower’s Point, between the Kohimarama and Saint Heliers, was finished in 1957.
+ Kohimarama has several nature reserves: Madills Farm Recreation Reserve, Mary Atkin Reserve, Kohimarama Beach Reserve, Sage Road Reserve and Speight Road Reserve. Madills Farm Recreation Reserve used to be part of W.H. Madill's dairy farm in 1919. There are four playing fields on the northern half of the reserve. Mary Atkin Reserve, named after an early missionary daughter, is a green open space where people can walk dogs. Kohimarama Beach Reserve is mainly used for swimming. It is located east of the Kohimarama Yacht Club and many boat races are held there. It has boat ramps, bicycle stands and toilets. Sage Road Reserve and Speight Road Reserve each function as an access way to Madills Farm Recreation Reserve.
+ Kohimarama is home to two primary and one secondary school: St Thomas' School, Kohimarama School, and Selwyn College, which has a student population of over 1,000. Conveniently located Catholic schools in close proximity include Sacred Heart College, Auckland in Glen Innes, St Peter's College in Grafton and Baradene College of the Sacred Heart in Remuera.
+ The football (soccer) club Eastern Suburbs AFC, which competes in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 1 and was crowned champion in 2011, is based in Kohimarama. Other sports clubs are the Kohimarama Tennis Club, the Kohimarama Yacht Club and Kohimarama Bowling Club which was formerly known as the Mission Bay Women's Bowling Club. The club changed its name in October 2013 after changing the rules about allowing men to join the club.
+
+= = = Glen Eden, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Glen Eden is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. The suburb is in the Waitakere Ward, one of the thirteen administrative areas of Auckland governed by Auckland Council.
+ The population was 7,011 in the 2013 census, an increase of 402 from 2006.
+ Glen Eden village is situated on West Coast Road. Most commercial premises in Glen Eden are either on this road or in Glen Mall, a small shopping centre nearby. Waikumete Cemetery is to the north of Glen Eden.
+ Glen Eden Railway Station is also located on West Coast Road, and is a station on Auckland's Western Line. Glen Eden is home to a library (opened in 2004), the Playhouse Theatre, and an RSA club. The Glenora Rugby League team plays at Glenora Park. It has the oldest registered Scouts club in the country.
+ Most housing is wooden, with a few old farmhouses, some 1930s art deco houses, and post-war bungalows and weatherboard houses. There is also more recent terrace housing.
+ Before the adoption of an Auckland Supercity in 2010, Glen Eden was under the local governance of the Waitakere City Council and the New Lynn Community Board.
+ The original Māori name for the area was Waikomiti. Because this name was similar to that of Waikumete Cemetery, residents requested a name change. Glen Eden was chosen from Mount Eden and the valleys and orchards of the area.
+ Local secondary schools nearby are Kelston Boys High School and Kelston Girls' College.
+ Glen Eden is home to the Glenora Bears rugby league club.
+
+= = = Cynopterus = = =
+
+ Cynopterus is a genus of megabats. The cynopterine section is represented by 11 genera, five of which occur in Malaysia, namely, "Chironx, Balionycteris, Penthetor, Dyacopterus", and "Cynopterus". About 30 names for "Cynopterus" species have been proposed, but only 16 are taxonomically valid forms.
+ Species within this genus are:
+ Genus Cynopterus
+
+= = = Falling to Pieces = = =
+
+ "Falling to Pieces" is the third single on Faith No More's first studio album with Mike Patton on vocals, "The Real Thing".
+ It is one of their best known hits, peaking at # 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #40 on the Mainstream Rock charts. Despite its success and unlike other of the band's hits, the song did not go on to be a live staple, appearing very rarely in concerts after their appearance at the 1993 Phoenix Festival, where Billy Gould announced "this is the last time we'll ever play this song again" right before the song. During Second Coming Tour, the band picked up the song again and performed it at least once at a concert in Rio de Janeiro in 2009. The song was performed at the Open'er Festival in 2014 for the first time since 2009. In a 2016 interview, Gould stated, "That song sucks, let’s face it. I don’t know, we don’t groove on that one. Also, when you play it live, it just kind of gets boring".
+ The Brixton Academy live tracks are different mixes to those found on the of the concert, most notably including the line "About the smack and crack and whack that hits the streets" on "We Care a Lot", which is mostly muted on the LP mix.
+ The bass-driven song spawned a video directed by Ralph Ziman (who also directed the video for "Epic"), in which lead singer Mike Patton wears a series of different outfits, including one resembling Alex from the Stanley Kubrick film "A Clockwork Orange". The video is also notable for using a different mix of the song featuring more prominent background vocals, keyboards, and a guitar solo during the fade out.
+ There is also another lesser known music video which uses clips from the Brixton Academy performance, played with the album version of the song.
+
+= = = Sharon Stouder = = =
+
+ Sharon Marie Stouder (November 9, 1948 – June 23, 2013), also known by her married name Sharon Stouder Clark, was an American competition swimmer, three-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in four events.
+ As a 15-year-old, she won three gold medals and one silver at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. She won the women's 100-meter butterfly, and was a member of the winning U.S. teams in the women's 4×100-meter freestyle relay and the women's 4×100-meter medley relay. She also took second place in the women's 100-meter freestyle, finishing behind Australian Dawn Fraser, for a total of four medals.
+ Stouder swam sprint butterfly and sprint freestyle. She was the second woman in history to go under the one-minute barrier in the 100-meter freestyle, the event she got her silver medal in at the 1964 Olympics. In 1964 she twice broke the world record in the women's 200-meter butterfly.
+ She was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1972. Stouder died June 23, 2013; she was 64 years old. She was survived by her son and daughter.
+
+
+
+= = = List of public schools in Raleigh, North Carolina = = =
+
+ Public education in Raleigh, North Carolina, is served by the Wake County Public School System and more than a dozen independent public charter schools.
+
+= = = Fleet Finch = = =
+
+ The Fleet Finch (Fleet Model 16) is a two-seat, tandem training biplane produced by Fleet Aircraft of Fort Erie, Ontario. There were a number of variants mainly based on engine variations. Over several years beginning in 1939, a total of 447 Finches were built, nearly all (431) of them for use as elementary trainers in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) during the Second World War.
+ The Fleet 16B Finch II was a progressive development of the original Consolidated Fleet primary trainer (Fleet 10), manufacture of which commenced in Canada by Fleet Aircraft in 1930. After a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) evaluation in 1938 recommended a number of changes, a total of 431 Finch trainers were built for the RCAF between 1939 and 1941. The aircraft had conventional construction for the period with a welded steel-tube fuselage having Warren truss structure for its sides; and composite metal, wood and fabric design features, with Frise ailerons, a flat-bottom airfoiled, variable incidence (trimmable) lifting two-piece tailplane; and similarly "lifting airfoil" on the fixed vertical stabilizer, cambered into an airfoil on its port side only, to offset the P-factor of the propeller's swirling slipstream. The RCAF acquired the aircraft type as an elementary trainer. The Fleet 16 first entered RCAF service with tandem open cockpits, but the severity of the Canadian winter necessitated the introduction of a sliding canopy at an early stage in the trainer's service career. The earlier Model 10's centre-hinged main landing gear radius rods were retained for the Model 16 series, as these centre-hinged units had replaced the "looped" left mainwheel's radius rod design that had been on the even-earlier Fleet Models 1, 2 & 7 biplanes from their own origins in November 1928.
+ The Finch was a mainstay of the RCAF prior to and during the early part of the Second World War, flying at the Elementary Flying Training Schools (EFTS) in parallel with the better known de Havilland Tiger Moth, also produced in Canada. The earlier Fleet Model 7 (Fleet Fawn) was also in use for primary training. During 1940, initial production problems were solved and timely deliveries were made to the RCAF, allowing the first training programs to start up. In the following year, the Portuguese Navy purchased ten Model 16Ds (ordered as 10Bs but changed to the higher powered variant) and later a further five 16Ds were delivered in 1942.
+ A total of 606 Fleet Finches were produced as Model 16s, the majority for the RCAF. They were used as initial trainers in the BCATP at no fewer than 12 Elementary Flight Training Schools across Canada. Both the Fleet Finch and Tiger Moth were later replaced by the Fairchild PT-26 Cornell. The Finch was progressively phased out of service from October 1944 with the last of the Model 16s struck off strength from the RCAF inventory in 1947.
+
+= = = The Gift (The Twilight Zone) = = =
+
+ "The Gift" is episode 97 of the American television anthology series "The Twilight Zone".
+ A humanoid alien has just crash-landed outside a mountain village in Mexico, just across the border from Texas. He has killed a police officer and was wounded by another. When he reaches a village bar, he collapses. A sympathetic doctor operates on him, removing two bullets from his chest.
+ The alien (who refers to himself as "Mr. Williams") becomes friends with Pedro, an orphan whose job is to clean the bar. Pedro receives a gift from Williams, who tells Pedro that he will explain it later.
+ Meanwhile, the bartender notifies the army about Williams' location. Williams attempts to escape back to his ship, but soldiers and villagers corner him. He tries to explain that he has come in peace and that the police officer getting shot was an accident. He tells Pedro to show the gift to the doctor, but the villagers take the gift from him and set it on fire, claiming that it must be black magic or of the devil. As the villagers watch Pedro and Williams reaching for each other, fear drives them to shoot Williams before he has a chance to harm the boy. With Williams lying dead, the doctor picks up the remains of the gift from the fire. He reads the note on it aloud: "Greetings to the people of Earth: We come as friends and in peace. We bring you this gift. The following chemical formula is...a vaccine against all forms of cancer..."
+ The rest is burned away. The doctor states, "We have not just killed a man; we have killed a dream."
+
+= = = Ballroom Blitz – Live at the Lyceum = = =
+
+ Ballroom Blitz – Live at the Lyceum is a live album by the Damned, documenting their tour in support of the "Friday 13th EP". It was recorded at the London Lyceum on 12 July 1981. It was released in June 1992 by Receiver Records Limited.
+
+= = = Genesius = = =
+
+ Genesius may refer to:
+
+= = = St Johns, New Zealand = = =
+
+ St Johns is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand.
+ The suburb was named after St John's College, a religious training college established in what became the suburb in 1844 by Bishop Selwyn. The College of St John the Evangelist is the theological college of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. The complex of buildings occupies the crest of the hill and once commanded expansive views of the harbour to the north. The earliest buildings from the 1840s are the work of Frederick Thatcher, Bishop Selwyn's primary architect. Thatcher is largely responsible for what is now referred to as the "Selwyn Style"; wooden gothic buildings based on Saxon examples, primarily Greensted Church, in the small village of Greensted in Essex. These structures tend to have pronounced exposed wooden beams on the exterior, gabled 60-degree-pitch roofs and lancet windows.
+ To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve. This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding. On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season. In 1918, of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve. As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic - although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses but as it wasn't constantly present it couldn't really be used as a selling feature like Lake Pupuke on the North Shore. Conversely it was a breeding ground for mosquitoes and a source of smells as the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out. In 1929, a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Orakei Basin; this drainage system is still in place.
+ In 1934, of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out. The clubhouse was completed in 1935. In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions. In 1968 the course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new club house was built.
+ Much of the suburb was developed in the 1960s and 70s when at that time it was seen as a popular place for families to live. The area is part of the zoning for Selwyn College, the local state secondary school. The nearby St John's Bush is a small chunk of remaining bush.
+
+= = = Meadowbank, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Meadowbank is a suburb of Auckland city, in the North Island of New Zealand.
+ Meadowbank is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. The 2006 census counted the suburb as two parts, Meadowbank North and South, with St John's Road as the dividing line. The two areas combined have a population of 11,016.
+ Meadowbank has one shopping centre: Meadowbank Shopping Centre, on the corner of Gerard Way and St John's Road
+ Purewa Cemetery, one of central Auckland's largest cemeteries, is situated in Meadowbank and can be accessed from St John's Road. St John's College and Trinity Theological College are also located on St John's Road.
+ Local primary schools are Meadowbank School (public) and Mt Carmel School, Meadowbank (state-integrated Catholic). Local secondary schools are Selwyn College and Baradene College of the Sacred Heart.
+ Meadowbank is also home to the Waiatarua Reserve, the biggest urban wetland restoration project in New Zealand. The 20-hectare reserve was once a freshwater lake, but the landscape was altered by the Maungarei / Mount Wellington volcanic eruptions approximately 9000 years ago.
+
+= = = McLaren Park, New Zealand = = =
+
+ McLaren Park is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is named after New Zealand Formula One driver and founder of the McLaren Formula One Team Bruce McLaren. The local State secondary schools are Henderson High School, Rutherford College, St Dominic's College and Liston College.
+
+= = = West Harbour, Auckland = = =
+
+ West Harbour is a suburb of Auckland, located to the west of Auckland City. It is named for its location on the western side of the Waitematā Harbour. West Harbour is under the governance of Auckland Council after the amalgamation of district councils in 2010. Historically a suburb of the former Waitakere City territory district, however it has long been considered that this suburb does not form a part of West Auckland.
+ Local features include many public reserves (the most prominent being Luckens Reserve, which in 2014 received a basketball court), two local primary schools, West Harbour School and Marina View School, a Church, and farm land. West Harbour is home to Hobsonville Marina, a large marina catering to around 600 of private leisure boats and yachts, which was part of the route the Royal Family took during their 2014 visit. As the unique terrain of West Harbour, most of the houses have a magnificent sea view and city view, which makes the suburb become one of the exclusive suburb in Auckland City and home to hundreds of multi million houses and mansions. West Harbour has the highest median house price in Waitakere City.
+ Locally located State secondary schools are Massey High School, Rutherford College, Henderson High School, Liston College, Waitakere College and St Dominic's College.
+
+= = = Cathedral of Saint Vincent de Paul = = =
+
+ The Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul () is a Roman Catholic church located in Tunis, Tunisia. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Vincent de Paul, patron saint of charity. It is the episcopal see of the Archdiocese of Tunis and is situated at Place de l'Indépendence in Ville Nouvelle, a crossroads between Avenue Habib Bourguiba and Avenue de France, opposite the French embassy.
+ The church, designed by L. Bonnet-Labranche, was built in a mixture of styles, including Moorish revival, Gothic revival, and Neo-Byzantine architectural traditions. Construction began in 1893 and the church was opened at Christmas 1897, albeit without its belltowers owing to a shortage of funds. The reinforced concrete towers were completed in 1910 using the Hennebique technique.
+ Cardinal Charles Lavigerie laid the first stone for a church on 7 November 1881, a little further down Avenue de la Marine (now Avenue Habib Bourguiba). This was a pro-cathedral; the cathedral of the archdiocese (then called Carthage) being the Saint Louis Cathedral. The pro-cathedral was built quickly, but its condition soon deteriorated due to the adverse ground conditions, necessitating the construction of the current cathedral.
+ The number of Roman Catholics in Tunisia fell rapidly following Tunisian independence from France. A modus vivendi reached between the Republic of Tunisia and the Vatican in 1964 resulted in the transfer of selected buildings to the Tunisian state for public use, including the Acropolium of Carthage in Carthage. However, the Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul remains under the ownership and operation of the Roman Catholic Church in Tunisia.
+
+= = = Charles Gerard = = =
+
+ Charles Gerard may refer to:
+
+= = = Te Atatu South = = =
+
+ Te Atatu South is a residential suburb in Auckland, New Zealand.
+ Its location allows the suburb easy access to the city and Henderson town centre. Its elevation allows views back on to the city and Waitakere Ranges. Situated on the Te Atatu peninsula, it has coasts backing on to water on its eastern and western sides with walkways and cycleways on both sides.
+ The area prior to suburban settlement was used largely for vineyards, poultry farms, fruit trees, apples, lemons orchards and flower farms. Vineyards were located along Te Atatu, McLeod and Edmonton Rd's. There were brickworks under what is now the Whau River bridge and a timber mill at the end of Roberts Rd.
+ The name "Te Atatu South" was attributed to the area in 1961 when the area of Te Atatu was divided by the Northwestern Motorway (State Highway 16). With the new motorway, the area rapidly changed in 10 years from rural to suburban. While new homes in Te Atatu Peninsula were dominated by one builder, "Neil Homes", Te Atatu South had more diversity in new homes and a large quantity of larger quality family homes. These homes reflected Te Atatu South being one of the more affluent areas in West Auckland during the 1970s and 1980s.
+ Today the suburb is redeveloping its roads and town centre to accommodate more modern needs to build a more walkable and vibrant community.
+ Primary schools in this area include Flanshaw Road School, Tirimoana Primary, Freyberg Community School and Edmonton Primary School. The area has one Intermediate school, Rangeview Intermediate. The local state secondary school that services the area is Rutherford College which is just north of the boundary between the suburb and Te Atatu Peninsula. It is also home to Arohanui Special School which caters to students 5 to 21 years of age.
+ Te Atatu South is home to Waitemata AFC, West City Baseball Club (NZ's longest running baseball club) and fields for Waitakere Rugby club. The Te Atatu Boating Club was founded in 1959.
+ Its main centre is the Te Atatu Town Centre where Edmonton Road and Te Atatu Road intersect. The Te Atatu South Community Centre is located here.
+ A small light industrial area is located on McLeod Road.
+ Two large parks in the area are Te Atatu South Park and McLeod Park.
+ Te Atatu Road: the main road that runs through the whole suburb. Bus services run along here and Edmonton Road.
+ Edmonton Road: links to Henderson with close proximity to the Henderson Railway Station.
+ McLeod Road: a main road linking the southern part of the suburb to Henderson.
+ State Highway 16 (SH 16) / Northwestern Cycleway: the northern tip of the suburb links to the city and to the north. The Te Atatu State Highway interchange will be one of the stations on the proposed Western Route of the Light rail in Auckland network.
+ Twin Stream Walkway/Cycleway: on the western side of the suburb and running along Henderson Creek from the NorthWestern cycleway to Henderson's Twin streams and on to Oratia or Henderson Valley.
+ Te Whau Pathway (in progress): a walkway/cycleway on the eastern side of the suburb running along the historic Whau River. When completed it will link Te Atatu to Green Bay creating a pathway between the Manukau and Waitemata Harbour's.
+ Ferry Service (proposed). A ferry service has been proposed to link the suburb to the centre city.
+ 36 Te Atatu Rd – Two Storey home built in the 1930s for the wealthy Ryan family. It has been home to the Henderson Tennis Club and in 1955 it was bought by the Auckland Hospital Board and became a maternity hospital. It has been used recently for other commercial purposes.
+ Coop’s Store - 104 McLeod Road. Built in the 1920s this store was the only store that serviced the area at the time and since then has continuously been operating a retail function in the suburb. It is situated on the corner of McLeod Road and Te Atatu Road. It has been a number of uses and currently is a café and food establishment.
+ 111 McLeod Rd (Women’s Centre). Built in 1924. Was the residence of aviator Bob Johnson. The front door is adorned with a stained glass plane. He is responsible for a number of photographs of the area in the 1930s.
+ Ayr House - 17 Ayrton Street. Two storey home built out of kauri by the Roberts Family in the 1910s. The surrounding area was where the family had a timber factory and planted a lemon tree farm.
+ Swan Arch - Swan Arch Reserve, Central Park Drive. On the border of Te Atatu South and Henderson. Built by Henry Swan between 1901 and 1931. Henry Swan's story has been romanticised over the years. The Devonport solicitor told friends he was going to sail around the world in his yacht, Awatea but ended up living the life of a recluse on this part of the Henderson Creek for the next 30 years. In his time there he built the brick arch and kept an orchard.
+ Te Atatu South Community Centre – 247 Edmonton Road. The original centre opened in 1968.
+
+= = = Skjold (ship) = = =
+
+ The Skjold (or Skiold) was a Danish three mast Barque, built in Sønderborg 1839, and displacing 460 tons. It was owned by C. Petersen, Sønderborg.
+ Hans Christian Claussen
+
+= = = Te Atatu Peninsula = = =
+
+ Te Atatu Peninsula
+ is a waterfront suburb of Auckland City surrounded by the Waitemata Harbour with extensive views of the city skyline, central city and north shore. There are also direct views of the Auckland Harbour Bridge.
+ In the early 1980s, Emi Groot who moved there and decided that "Te Atatu Peninsula" was more fitting, so proceeded to use "Peninsula" instead of "North".
+ The name "Te Atatu Peninsula" was formally adopted by the Waitakere Council in 1997. The Harbourside suburb is also known as "The Pen", "Tat Pen", “Tat”, “Tat Norf” or "Tat North".
+ Te Atatu Peninsula is located at the western extremity of the Waitemata Harbour, and is flanked by the Henderson Creek to the west and by the Whau River to the east, both estuarial arms of the harbour, which extend southwest from the harbour itself. The relatively flat peninsula thus formed is four kilometres in length and two kilometres in width, and is joined to the main part of the North Island at its southern end. A motorway effectively cuts the peninsula off from the mainland and, with only one road in and out, the area has an almost island-like feel. Its population of about 12,474 (as of 2016) is closely matched by the population of Te Atatu South, the adjoining suburb.
+ Until the 1950s, Te Atatu Peninsula was mostly rural. The construction of the north-western motorway lead to development on the peninsula. During the 1960s and 1970s, Te Atatu Peninsula was covered in low- to medium-income houses.
+ Te Atatu Peninsula was the site of the Leisureland Fun Park in the 1980s, which was initially set up in collaboration with the Accident Compensation Corporation complete with a Drivertown and pleasure rides. It later became Footrot Flats Fun Park in 1985, which closed in 2000.
+ When vacated by leisure activities, this waterfront site has been developed into medium- to high-density high-end waterfront-facing properties. The houses are popular for high-end renovations and many properties have been subdivided, increasing the population density of the suburb, as prescribed under the current Auckland Unitary Plan.
+ The suburb contains multiple primary schools (Peninsula Primary School, Matipo Primary School and Rutherford Primary School), one intermediate school (Te Atatu Intermediate School), and one high school (Rutherford College, named after Ernest Rutherford).
+
+= = = Cor de la Bryere = = =
+
+ Cor de la Bryère (1968-2000), nicknamed "Corde", is one of the most influential sires in modern warmblood breeding. He is known as the "Reserve Stallion of the Century", second only to Landgraf I. He stood .
+ Cor de la Bryere was foaled in France, and was by the Thoroughbred Rantzau, a racehorse and a producer of fantastic jumping horses. His dam, Quenotte B, also had a jumping pedigree, as she was sired by Lurioso, that was sired by the great Furioso. Despite his fantastic pedigree, the French selection committee suggested he be gelded. His owner, Xavier Ribard, decided to sell him.
+ Pedigree for Cor de la Bryere
+ 1968 Dark bay
+ The Holsteiner Verband had noticed the success that French blood had in the Oldenburg breed, which had used the stallions Furioso II and Futuro (both by Furioso) to upgrade their stock, and wished to introduce it into their own horses. The Oldenburg breeder Alwin Schockemöhle offered to part-lease the stallion Urioso (by Furioso). An inspection committee travelled to France to evaluate the horse, and happened to find Cor de la Bryere while they were there. The Verband purchased and imported the three-year-old to Schleswig Holstein, Germany, in 1971. The same year, he was the champion of his 100-day Test.
+ On April 27, 2000, at the age of 32, Cor de la Bryere was put down due to acute heart disease.
+ To see an online video of Cor de la Bryere:
+ Described by breeders as a 'gift from heaven', Cor de la Bryere has been especially successful producing jumping horses, as he passes on his incredible bascule (see here ), scope, and jumping technique. Cor de la Bryere also passed on his willingness and trainability. Romedio Graf von Thun-Hohenstein described the stallion: 'The arching back, like a taut band of steel combined with the super elastic end gives limitless, but always expedient, springing capability to the natural dynamics of each effort. Add to that ease of riding, marvelous disposition, and a floating, highly balanced canter. These qualities are absolutely to the benefit of young horses, who will no longer have to pay with premature breakdowns caused by jumping and showing solely with a raw, crude jumping talent.'
+ Cor de la Bryere has had an incredible impact on the Holsteiner breed, occurring in more than 70% of Holsteiner pedigrees, and is credited for improving the breed's jumping technique. He also had a huge impact on the Oldenburg breed.
+ His influence in France was limited, mainly due to his jumping. Although he was quick to fold his front legs, he did not have great power. When crossed with Holsteiner mares, which provided this power, his offspring were very successful in the show ring. However, the French mares did not have this power, so they were usually a poor cross to Cor de la Bryere.
+ Cor de la Breyer was especially successful in breeding with certain mares. Tabelle (by Heisporn) produced five approved sons, including Calypso I and Calypso II. Furgund (by Colombo) bred with him 18 times, also producing five approved sons. Deka produced Caletto I, II and III, all by the stallion.
+ Cor de la Bryere stood at Siethwende from 1971 to 1984, Zangersheide 1985, Elmshorn 1986 to 1988,
+ and Sollwittfeld from 1989 until his death in 2000. In his first season, he covered 70 mares, and four colts from his first crop were licensed.
+ Furgund, a Colombo daughter from Stamm 7673, was bred 18 times to Cor de la Bryere. The pairing produced 6 approved sons and at least one exceptional daughter, all bred by Hermann-Otto Voß.
+ Calando I (1974-?) dark bay or brown stallion. With Karsten Huck, he was German Show Jumping Champion and team bronze medallist at the 1984 Olympics. By 1994, his offspring had earned half a million Deutsche Mark and Calando I had produced 180 States Premium daughters. Calando I is the damsire of Carthago, Canturo, Cascavelle, Lord Z and Lord Calando.
+ Calando II (1975-?) dark bay or brown stallion. Sold to Switzerland for a jumping and breeding career. Of his 819 offspring in Switzerland, he is represented by 28 elite mares and 7 approved sons.
+ Calando III (1976-?) chestnut stallion. Sold to the Netherlands.
+ Calando IV (1984-?) dark bay or brown stallion. Approved sire for Holstein with offspring successful in sport.
+ Z-Calanda (1985-?) mare.
+ Calando V (1988-?) bay stallion. Successful up to Class S jumping. His oldest offspring have also reached the S level. HLP 90.93 overall, 114.56 in jumping, 82.64 in dressage. FN breeding value for jumping in 2006 was 112.78%.
+ Calando VI aka Calando 30 (born 1989) dark bay or brown stallion. Stands in Portugal. Calando VI was an international show jumper from 1997 until 2008, when he was retired at the age of 19.
+ The full brothers Caletto I, Caletto II, and Caletto III were out of a Consul daughter, Deka. The pairing of Cor de la Bryere with Deka also produced the States Premium mare Legende. Legende was shown under the sport name "Cordeka" and was a successful show jumper and eventer.
+ Caletto I (1975–1999) bay stallion. Described as tall and imposing, modern for the time with a handsome face, Caletto I was a jumper of tremendous ability and technique, and a great canter. Caletto I's dam, Deka, produced 11 foals: all but one son became a licensed stallion, and all of her offspring were top-notch competitors. Caletto I was a successful sire in his early years, and it was an injury to his genitals put him on track to become 1985's most successful Nation's Cup jumper in Germany. He earned over 100,000 Deutschmarks in his career as an international show jumper. Following the premature death of his younger full brother, Caletto II, Caletto I was tested in the breeding shed again in 1986. In 1999 Caletto I was ranked #5 among the top sires of show jumpers by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses.
+ Caletto II (1978–1984) dark bay/brown stallion. Caletto II stood only four seasons after he was proclaimed champion of his licensing in 1980. He had excellent Holsteiner type, an exceptional canter and form over fences. Caletto II reared up and fell over backwards at a show jumping event, breaking his neck. During his short tenure as a sire, Caletto II produced Operette La Silla and Jewel's Classic Touch. The latter carried Ludger Beerbaum to an individual gold medal at the 1992 Olympic Games.
+ Caletto III (born 1984) brown stallion. Licensed in 1986 at Neumunster, Reserve Champion stallion for the ZfDP. Completed the 1987 Medingen Stallion Performance Test, placed 11th out of 47 overall. Caletto III was successful in show jumping up to the advanced levels, but was less influential than his older brothers.
+ The five full brothers were out of the Heißsporn daughter, Tabelle. Tabelle produced six approved sons in total.
+ Calypso I (born 1973) bay or brown stallion. Licensed in 1975 at Neumunster, completed the 1976 Adelheidsdorf 100-day stallion performance test. By 1990 his offspring had earned over 100,000 DM in sport, with representatives at the Grand Prix level in both dressage and show jumping. Daughter Zinnia was the 1988 Champion at the Holsteiner Elite Mare Show in Elmshorn.
+ Calypso II (1974–1995) brown stallion. Calypso II was known for producing horses with great jumping form and rideability. His offspring earned in excess of 1.5 million Deutschmarks. Cor de la Bryere's blood was first introduced to the Hanoverian breeders through Calypso II, who was leased to Celle State Stud from 1987 to 1989.
+ Calypso III
+ Calypso IV (born 1978) black stallion. Licensed in 1980 at Neumunster, completed the 1981 Adelheidsdorf 100-day stallion performance test. From 1983-1987 he was exclusively a show jumper, and was successful up to S-level. His offspring in show jumping include C'est la Vie 5, Caribo 4, Chablis 13, Charlie Brown 16, Costa Rica 16, Tie Break III, and Picolina.
+ Calypso V, chestnut stallion. Sold to Brazil after a year at stud on account of his chestnut coat.
+ Cavalier Royale, Cicero and their full sister Cicera are out of the Liguster daughter, Ligustra.
+ Cavalier Royale (born 1978) dark bay or brown stallion. Cavalier Royale is the #1 sire of FEI eventing horses by the 2008 World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses rankings. His offspring include Rolex CCI**** winner Ben Along Time and Olympic team bronze medalist Call Again Cavalier.
+ Cicero (born 1982) dark bay or brown stallion. Reserve champion stallion at the 1984 Neumunster licensing. Sire of an Elmshorn champion mare and the 1998 German Federal Reserve Champion 6 y/o jumper.
+ Come Back I (born 1990) brown stallion out of Amoene (Landgraf I). Successful to UK Level A in dressage and UK Level B in show jumping.
+ Come Back II (born 1992) brown stallion out of Amoene (Landgraf I). Winner of the Danish materiale test. A-level in dressage, B-level in jumping. Top scores for character. Danish 2002 Horse of the Year. 2001 and 2002 winningest dressage horse in Denmark. Premium-elite.
+( 1996- )(Cor de la Bryere / Ronald / Landgraf I) till July 2004 was a horse of the top Lithuanian rider R. Babrauskas. They succeed in many international show jumping competitions - CHIO Lanaken, CSIO Tallinn, CSI-W Vilnius, twice in Championship of Lithuania.
+ St.Pr.St. Cicera (born 1988) bay mare. States Premium mare. Dam of Kira (Carthago) ridden in the Grand Prix jumpers by Ludo Philappaerts and Cicera's Icewater, approved stallion in the United States. Cicera's Icewater, licensed in 2002, was the highest bonited stallion ever in North America. Cicera's Icewater is training with David O'Connor.
+ Corland (1989-) gray stallion out of Thyra (Landgraf I). Ridden by W.J. van der Schans, Corland had a successful career in international show jumping. He placed highly at the FEI Grand Prix of Oslo, Helsinki, Bordeaux, Den Bosch, Lanaken, Den Bosch, Zuidlaren, La Baule, Maastricht, Rotterdam, The Hague and Calgary. The pair finished 7th at the World Cup in Verona and 9th at the 2001 European Championships. By the 2008 United States Equestrian Federation rankings, Corland is the #7 sire of show hunters. By the 2008 World Breeding Federation for Sporthorses rankings, he is also one of the top 30 leading sires of international show jumpers. In the early 1990's he was brought to Denmark and was part of the stallions at Stutteri Volstrup where we sired many great stallions. One great offspring is Rockland which mother Kimberly is sired by Nimmerdor. Kimberlys mother was sired by Caracas which is also a son of Cor de la Bryere. In Denmark Corland is known as Corlando.
+ Corrado I (born 1985) gray stallion out of Soleil (Capitol I). Stamm 6879. Through his dam's grandsire, Corrado I combines the blood of Cottage Son xx with that of Cor de la Bryere. Furthermore, he was unrelated to Ladykiller xx. All of these factors contributed to Corrado's own success, and his success as a match to the Holsteiner broodmare population. As a six-year-old, Corrado I was a finalist at the 1991 German Federal Championships, and he began his international career the following year under Franke Sloothaak. The qualities that made Corrado I a Nations Cup-caliber jumper - cleverness, quick reflexes, power, and speed - also made him a challenging partner. Sloothaak described the young stallion as distractible with a strong temperament, and quite difficult to ride. The pair competed on the international circuit to the World Cup level. As of 2006, Corrado I has produced 95 offspring for the international level show jumping arena. In 2008, Corrado I was ranked in 19th in the WBFSH list of top sires of FEI jumpers.
+ Corrado II
+ Cordalmé Z (1986-) chestnut stallion out of Aleska (Almé Z). Premium-awarded at the 1988 Oldenburg stallion approvals. International show jumper under Gilbert Böckmann, winner of Grand Prix' and Nations Cups. Short-listed for the 1996 Atlanta Olympic games.
+ The full brothers Cabaret and Corlandus are out of the Landgraf daughter, Gustia.
+ Cabaret (1980–1999) bay stallion. Flagship stallion at the influential North American breeding farm, Hilltop Farm. United States Dressage Federation #1 Grand Prix Dressage horse in 1992 and 1993. Sire of premium mares and foals for both the Holsteiner and Oldenburg associations in the United States.
+ Corlandus (born 1976) bay gelding. 1987 European Dressage Champion and Individual Silver Medalist at the 1988 Olympics under Margit Otto-Crepin.
+ Cor de Brilliant (1983-) chestnut stallion out of Lucca (Lupus). Licensed in 1985 at Munich and approved after finishing third out of 30 peers at the 1986 Munich-Riem Stallion performance test. In 1986 he qualified for the German Federal Riding Horse Championships in Aachen as a 3 year old competitor in the Materiale class. He was ranked the top Bavarian riding horse that year and the following year, when he was Materiale champion. As a mature horse, Cor de Brilliant competed in show jumping to the M level.
+ Cor Noir (1987–2003) black stallion out of Paranka (Marmor). Licensed in 1989 at Neumunster and approved after completing the Medingen 100 day stallion performance test in 1991, where he earned Class I status. His talent was for dressage and he was an influential sire of sport horses in North America. Paranka is also the dam of Chacomo by Calypso I.
+ Carte D'or (1987-) brown stallion out of Themse (Landgraf I). 168 cm. Stamm 2137. Bred by Juergen Voss. Licensed in 1989 at Elmshorn. HLP in 1990 at Munster where he was 5th out of 37 overall (122.56), scoring a 123.12 (5th place) in dressage and a 121.60 (5th place) in jumping. He was noted for an exceptional temperament.
+ Chairman (1985-) dark bay or brown stallion out of Ira III (Lord). 170 cm. Stamm 390. Bred by Georg Clausen. Licensed in 1987 in Neumunster, HLP in 1988 at Medingen. Sire of the Hessen Champion Colt in 1990. Chairman went on to compete up to S level show jumping (1.5 meters), including performances at the Stallion Championships in Zwolle. He was an important sire in Hesse before being exported to the UK in 1998.
+ Chaka Khan (1989-) bay stallion out of Wurzel (Romino). . Stamm 776. Bred by Ernst Krueger. Winning Regular Working and Regular Conformation Hunter, and upper level show jumper, in North America. Wins and high placings in the San Juan Capistrano Classic and the Oaks Classic.
+
+= = = Western Heights, Auckland = = =
+
+ Western Heights is a neighborhood of Henderson, Auckland, New Zealand. Originally considered as an overpriced part of Henderson, Western Heights has increasingly been considered a suburb in its own right as its population has increased, mainly through the construction of subdivisions. Western Heights School and the nearby shops are the centre of the community. Western Heights is a "frontier suburb", separating suburban Auckland from lifestyle farming blocks, orchards and the Waitakere Ranges. The local State secondary schools are Henderson High School, Waitakere College, Massey High School, Liston College and St Dominic's College.
+
+= = = Robert Webber = = =
+
+ Robert Laman Webber (October 14, 1924 – May 19, 1989) was an American actor.
+ He appeared in dozens of films and television series, roles that included Juror No. 12 in the classic 1957 film "12 Angry Men".
+ Webber was born in Santa Ana, California, the son of Alice and Robert Webber, who was a merchant seaman. Webber graduated from Oakland Technical High School, and served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II, serving on Guam and Okinawa.
+ Webber had a 40-year career as a character actor, during which he appeared as Juror No. 12 in "12 Angry Men" (1957), as Dudley Moore's gay lyricist in "10" (1979) and the father of Cybill Shepherd's character in the hit series "Moonlighting".
+ Other notable turns were in the films "The Sandpiper", in which he played a supporting role as Elizabeth Taylor's character's former lover, opposite Richard Burton; "The Nun and the Sergeant", in which he played the lead; "The Dirty Dozen", where he played a general who disliked the character portrayed by Lee Marvin; a sadistic lowlife encountered by Paul Newman in the anti-hero detective drama "Harper"; a hitman in Sam Peckinpah's "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia"; and a killer in the Dean Martin spy spoof, "The Silencers". Other notable films in which Webber appeared include "The Great White Hope" (1970), "Midway" (1976), "Revenge of the Pink Panther" (1978), "Private Benjamin" (1980), "S.O.B." (1981), and "Wild Geese II" (1985). Several of the films were directed by Blake Edwards.
+ On television Webber appeared in many of the popular dramas of the time, including four episodes of "The Rockford Files" and three of "Cannon".
+ Webber was married to actress and model Miranda "Sammy" Jones on October 1, 1953, and was divorced in July 1958. He married his second wife, Del Mertens, on April 23, 1972.
+ He died from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) at age 64 in Malibu, California.
+
+= = = Massey, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Massey is a north-western suburb in the city of Auckland, New Zealand. It was formerly a northern suburb of Waitakere City, which existed from 1989 to 2010 before the city was amalgamated into Auckland Council. The suburb was named after former Prime Minister of New Zealand William Massey. Massey is a relatively large suburb and can be divided into three reasonably distinctive areas, Massey West, Massey East (separated by the north-western motorway) and Massey North (situated to the north of Royal Road). Parts of Massey East are also known as 'Royal Heights', which is home to the Royal Heights shopping centre.
+ The population was 20,085 in the 2013 census, an increase of 1,326 from 2006. The population given is for the statistical areas of Westgate , Royal Road West , Royal Heights , Waimumu North and Waimumu South
+ Massey is home to one secondary school, Massey High School, where the principal is former Tall Blacks captain Glen Denham as well as several primary schools, including Colwill Primary School, Lincoln Heights School, Royal Road Primary School, Massey Primary School and Don Buck Primary School. Massey is not home to Massey University, which is based in Palmerston North with its Auckland campus at Albany. The suburb features the Massey YMCA Leisure Centre, Library , as well as the Westgate shopping centre on Hobsonville Road next to the north-western motorway and NorthWest Shopping Centre (which opened in October, 2015) to the north of Hobsonville Road.
+ The local rugby club is a member of the North Harbour Rugby Union and won the championship 6 times (1993, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2015 and 2016). Former All Black Jonah Lomu signed to play for Massey in 2005, but due to an injury was unable to play for them that season. He did however eventually make his debut for the club in 2006.
+ In New Zealand's national Parliament, Massey is represented by Member for Upper Harbour, National MP Paula Bennett who won the electorate in 2014 and 2017. As of the 2017 election no other MP who contested the Upper Harbour electorate has been represented in parliament as a list MP. Prior to changes in electorate boundaries, Massey fell within the Te Atatu electorate and was represented in 2011 by Member for Te Atatu, Labour MP Phil Twyford.
+ In terms of regional governance, Massey falls within the Waitākere Ward and subsequently under the Henderson-Massey Local Board area of the Auckland City council. The Henderson-Massey local board area covers the suburbs of West Harbour, Massey, Ranui, Te Atatu Peninsula, Te Atatu South, Lincoln, Henderson, Western Heights, Glendene, and Sunnyvale and contained a population of 107,685 in the 2013 census. Previously Massey fell under the Massey Ward which contained the suburbs of Whenuapai, Hobsonville, Herald Island, West Harbour, Massey, Ranui, and Henderson North.
+ Massey is home to rugby players George Pisi and Tusi Pisi (North Harbour, Samoa and New Zealand 7's) as well as the musicians Blindspott.
+
+= = = Wai o Taiki Bay = = =
+
+ Wai o Taiki Bay is a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is under the local governance of Auckland Council.
+ Bordering Glen Innes, Glendowie and the Tamaki River estuary.
+ Its name is based on the original name of the Tamaki River, Te Wai o Taiki, meaning "The Waters of Taiki". The name Taiki is a shortened form of Taikehu, the name of an ancestor of Ngāi Tai.
+ The suburb contains a mix of state houses and architecturally designed houses constructed by developers.
+ It was formerly under Auckland City Council from 1989 until the merger of all of Auckland's councils into the 'super city' in 2010.
+ Tahuna Torea is a unique, 25-hectare, wildlife reserve of mangrove lagoon and swampland sited on a long sandbank extending out into the Tamaki Estuary. Rich in Māori history as well as home to native birds and vegetation, Tahuna Torea means 'gathering place of the oystercatcher'. There are three main walking trails around the reserve that take around 1 hour 30 minutes, but you can enjoy a walk around the bush tracks or the lagoon in as little as 40 minutes.
+ Wai-O-Taiki Nature Reserve is a bushy reserve that runs along the Tamaki Estuary, with a track connecting it to the larger Tahuna Torea reserve. Set in a grassy area off Fernwood Place you'll find a brand new playground that suits a variety of ages. The playground is fully fenced and has a bark play surface for safety.
+
+= = = Jim Slaton = = =
+
+ James Michael Slaton (born June 19, 1950) is a former pitcher with a 16-year career from 1971-1986. He played in the American League with the Milwaukee Brewers from 1971–1977 and 1979–1983, the Detroit Tigers in 1978 and 1986, and the California Angels from 1984-1986.
+ Slaton played high school baseball at Antelope Valley High School and then played college baseball at Antelope Valley College.
+ He is the Brewers all-time leader in Wins (117), Innings Pitched (2025.3), Games Started (268), and Shutouts (19), and he is third in Strikeouts, trailing Teddy Higuera and Ben Sheets, and Complete Games, trailing Mike Caldwell.
+ He represented the Brewers and the American League in the 1977 All-Star game and was the winning pitcher for the Brewers in the 4th game of the 1982 World Series against St. Louis.
+ After his playing career ended, he started coaching in the minor leagues. He coached in the Oakland Athletics organization from 1992–1994 and then became the pitching coach for the Class A Daytona Cubs (1995–1996), Lancaster JetHawks (1997–98) and the Tacoma Rainiers (1999–2003). In 2004, he was a special assignment coach for the Seattle Mariners and from 2005-2007 he was the Mariners bullpen coach. Before coaching in the minor or major leagues, Jim coached an all-star team for the Monte Vista Little League, while pitching for the Angels.
+ He was the pitching coach for the Las Vegas 51s in 2008, also serving briefly as the bullpen coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers when Ken Howell temporarily left the team for medical reasons. After the season, the Dodgers announced that Slaton would be the pitching coach in 2009 for their new Triple-A affiliate, the Albuquerque Isotopes, a position he held through 2010. In 2011, he was named the pitching coach at Camelback Ranch.
+, or Retrosheet
+
+= = = Saint Heliers = = =
+
+ Saint Heliers is an affluent seaside suburb of Auckland with a population of 4824. This suburb is popular amongst visitors for the beaches, cafés, and views of Rangitoto Island, the distinctive volcanic island in the Hauraki Gulf.
+ St. Heliers is located at the eastern end of Tamaki Drive, and used to be the place where the Tamaki estuary formally divided Auckland from Manukau City, until the entire Auckland region was amalgated under a single city authority, the Auckland Council, in 2010. Local government of St. Heliers is the responsibility of the Orakei Local Board, which also covers the suburbs of Orakei, Kohimarama, Mission Bay, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, Remuera and Ellerslie.
+ European settlement began on the north-facing slopes of St. Heliers bay, with the establishment of the Glen Orchard homestead, believed to have been built in the 1850s. The building was recognised as a place of historic, architectural and social significance by Heritage New Zealand in October 2010.
+ This Regency-style residence incorporates Italianate influences, and has a grand and elegant appearance. Glen Orchard is a historic example of a prosperous rural homestead, and is linked to the settlers who comprised Auckland's early elite. It is known as the residence of Lieutenant-General William Taylor (1790–1868), and his son Charles John Taylor who married into the family of the fourth New Zealand Premier, Alfred Domett. William Taylor was a retired senior officer of the East India Company’s Madras Army.
+ In 1879 Glen Orchard became Auckland’s first stud farm, managed by Major Walmsley, who suggested the name St. Heliers Bay, supposedly because it reminded him of the fashionable holiday resort Bay of Saint Helier, in Jersey one of Britain’s Channel Islands. In the mid-1880s the homestead became the centre piece of a planned model seaside suburb that was the foundation of present day St. Heliers.
+ In November 1881 St. Heliers Bay was bought by the St. Heliers and Northcote Land Company. The aim of this company was to make the land available for residential development. The company realised the area would be more attractive for potential future buyers if St. Heliers’ connections to the Auckland's town centre were improved. At that time St Heliers was usually reached by boat, the trip from Auckland taking only 30 minutes, whereas the land route via Newmarket, Remuera and Meadowbank was usually much more onerous. During this period St Heliers was a centre for local farmers and the location of the villas of a few rich business people. Despite advertisements in "The New Zealand Herald", such as the example below, ultimately land sales were poor and the company's scheme failed:
+ "“To visit St. Heliers Bay, formerly Glen Orchard, is to become impressed with the fact that there is no other bay of equal beauty near Auckland. It commands a charming and picturesque view of the North Shore, Rangitoto, Motutapu and Brown’s Island. The beach is so attractive that it cannot fail to be resorted to as a fashionable watering-place. The soil is partly volcanic and is a warm rich loam which, for orchards and floriculture, leaves little to be desired. It will be seen that the land slopes to the north with hills behind as protection from chilly southern winds; therefore the aspect is an especially favourable one for fruit growing and successful gardening. We may fairly say that with regular and frequent communication by means of tramway, or steamer to the new wharf, it requires no stretch of the imagination to believe that that beautiful bay will become the Brighton of Auckland“."
+ The advertisement indicates the need for better transport links. The St. Heliers and Northcote Land Company built a 460m (1500 foot) piet at St. Heliers in 1882 before becoming insolvent. However, the tramway connection to Auckland was never realized. By 1890 St. Heliers had become a popular waterfront destination for day trippers, with excursions running from Auckland and Thames. Moonlight excursions from Auckland were especially popular. For this particular excursion the "Eagle" and "Osprey" boats were used, since they allowed dancing on board.
+ After Tamaki Drive was opened in 1931 St. Heliers became a commuter suburb and a destination for Sunday drives. The wharf is long gone but there is frequently talk of rebuilding it, whenever Tamaki Drive is gridlocked with traffic.
+ Achilles Point is regarded as the rocky promontory on the east side of Ladies Bay, but the name can also indicate the whole headland between St. Heliers and the Tamaki River estuary. It offers great views of the Waitematā Harbour, and the Gulf Islands. The area used to be called Te Pane O Horoiwi (the head of Horoiwi), after one of the chiefs of the Tanui canoe. In 1940 it was named Achilles Point in honour of the New Zealand battleship "HMS Achilles" and her crew. The "Achilles" opened fire on the German cruiser "Admiral Graf Spee" in the South Atlantic on 13 December 1939. In doing so she became the first New Zealand unit to strike a blow at the enemy in World War II, and the first New Zealand warship to take part in a naval battle. This confrontation off Argentina was later called Battle of the River Plate, the first major naval engagement of World War II, during which the "Achilles", defeated the "Admiral Graf Spee".
+ Dingle Dell Reserve – In the 1950s Dingle Dell Reserve was described as the forgotten "Cinderella of Auckland’s Parks" in "The New Zealand Herald". Today it is still a peaceful area located in the heart of St. Heliers, where people can enjoy a picnic or bush walk. The park hosts, amongst others, the native plants kohekohe and tanekaha, which are the results of native plantings undertaken in 1933. Dingle Dell was part of Major Thomas Bunbury's four farms, which he bought in 1842. It became a public reserve in 1930 and is now owned and managed by the Auckland Council.
+ Glover Park – St Heliers has one relatively unknown volcano, a maar of unknown age. Its crater had formed a swamp by the time European settlers arrived in the area. On the seaward side, a Māori defended settlement once stood, and the landward side is marked by the water tower at its highest point.
+ The Auckland City Council acquired the land in the 1930s and in 1953 half the area was drained and consolidated. In the same year the Tamaki Ex-Servicemen's Women's Auxiliary planted trees to commemorate the men of the district who had lost their lives during World War I and II. Unfortunately the drainage project of 1953 proved a failure because the area remained unstable and susceptible to flooding. Additional drainage in 1959 made the park safe, and allowed the area to be converted into the sports fields of Glover Park. It is unclear whether the trees that were planted in 1953 are still the same trees present in Glover Park today.
+ Weet-Bix Kids TRYathlon Park – New Zealand's first triathlon for children was held at St. Heliers in 1992 and attracted approximately 500 participants. Children compete over distances starting with a 50-metre swim, 4-kilometre cycle and 1-kilometre run. Since 1992 this event has grown considerably with 20,000 children competing in one of the 13 TRYathlons around the country in 2013.
+ Round The Bays Fun Run – This annual event is the result of the international running boom of the 1970s and 1980s, during which millions of people took up running. The Auckland Round the Bays Fun Run is one of the largest in the world, and was initiated by the Auckland Joggers Club in the early 1970s. The run is 8.4 km long over Tamaki Drive, the flat road following the contours of the Waitematā Harbour, passing Hobson Bay, Okahu Bay, Mission Bay, Kohimarama Beach, and finishing in St. Heliers Bay Reserve. Nowadays it is estimated that between 70,000 and 80,000 runners participate each year.
+ St Heliers School is a primary school in Saint Heliers. It has approximately 770 students and its current principal is Craig McCarthny.
+
+= = = Grafton, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Grafton is a suburb of Auckland City, New Zealand. The suburb is named for the Duke of Grafton, a patron of the first Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, and the grandfather of a subsequent Governor, Robert FitzRoy. Once known as 'Grafton Heights', denoting its history as a well-off suburb in Auckland's earliest decades. According to the 2001 census, Grafton has a population of 2,052.
+ The suburb is characterised by its many historic buildings, many of them essentially unchanged from the early decades of the 20th century. While the extents of the suburb have shrunk with the motorway and arterial road construction of the middle 20th century, the remaining smaller suburb thus has a highly cohesive structure, which is recognised, for example, in the residential zoning which discourages demolition of existing buildings.
+ Grafton has a local resident's association, abbreviated as the GRA.
+ During the late 1840s Chief Pōtatau Te Wherowhero resided in the Auckland Domain in a house provided for him by the Government, this house was located north of the Domain Ponds, between the Hospital and the southern entrance of what is now called Centennial Walk. Here he was visited by the then Governor, George Grey.
+ Gustavus von Tempsky (1828–1868) lived on Grafton Road in the early 1860s.
+ The early settler Outhwaite family resided in their Grafton house for nearly eighty five years.
+ Noted aviator Jean Batten stayed with her brother when he lived in Seafield View road during the 1930s (house demolished around 2006).
+ The painter Max Gimblett's family lived in Grafton in the 1940s and ran the shop on the corner of Carlton Gore and Seafield View Roads. In the 1990s the painter Don Binney rented the same shop as a studio space.
+ Pauline Kumeroa Kingi CNZM is a notable current resident.
+
+= = = Glendene, New Zealand = = =
+
+ Glendene is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is under the local governance of the Auckland Council. Its population was 13,437 in the 2013 census, an increase of 1,248 from 2006.
+ Glendene is a mainly residential suburb with the north-eastern portion devoted to light industry.
+ Glendene is named after a farm in the area owned by Percy Jones, which was later subdivided for housing. Most of the development as a residential suburb occurred in the 1960s and 1970s.
+ In April 2014, Glendene became a part of the new Kelston electorate.
+ The Glendene Community Hub was opened in March 2015 in response to Council studies that showed a need for community development in the area.
+ Glendene Playcentre (birth - 6 years).
+ Local primary schools (years 1 - 6) are Glendene Schoo l (opened in 1965) and Tirimoana School (opened in 1969).
+ Arohanui School caters for students aged 5 to 21 years with learning disability. Based in neighbouring Te Atatu South, the school includes students who attend other local schools such as Glendene school.
+ All schools are coeducational.
+ Nearby secondary schools are Henderson High School, Kelston Boys' High School, Kelston Girls' College, Liston College and St Dominic's College.
+
+= = = Wings of Fury = = =
+
+ Wings of Fury is a scrolling shooter, with some combat flight simulator elements, written for the Apple II by Steve Waldo and released in 1987 by Brøderbund. The player assumes role of pilot of an American F6F Hellcat plane aboard the USS "Wasp" in the Pacific during World War II. It was released in 1989 for the X68000 and in 1990 for Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, Amiga, and MS-DOS. A Game Boy Color version was published in 1999.
+ The game is a horizontally scrolling shooter set over a number of World War II missions. The player starts each mission by taking off from an aircraft carrier, which he/she has to protect from attacks by Japanese planes. The goal is to defeat the Japanese by destroying enemy bunkers, turrets and barracks on a series of islands and killing enemy soldiers either with bombs or by machine gun. The weapons to complete these objectives, besides machine guns, are a limited number of bombs, rockets and torpedoes. On some missions, the player must also sink Japanese vessels, such as destroyers, battleships, and aircraft carriers. The player has a finite amount of fuel and munitions, which can be replenished by returning to the carrier. The player's aircraft can be destroyed by accumulated damage from enemy fire or by crashing into the terrain.
+ "Computer Gaming World" stated that the game had "some of the best action graphics pulled out of the Apple in recent memory", and concluded that "Wings of Fury" was "an exciting, memorable game for anyone remotely interested in action games". The game received 4 out of 5 stars in "Dragon".
+
+= = = Patrick Gilmore = = =
+
+ Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore (December 25, 1829 – September 24, 1892) was an Irish-born American composer and bandmaster who lived and worked in the United States after 1848. While serving in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War, Gilmore wrote the lyrics to the song "When Johnny Comes Marching Home". This was published under the pseudonym Louis Lambert in September 1863.
+ Gilmore was born in Ballygar, County Galway. He started his music career at age fifteen, and spent time in Canada with an English band. He settled in Boston, Massachusetts in 1848, becoming leader of the Suffolk, Boston Brigade, and Salem bands in swift succession. He also worked in the Boston music store of John P. Ordway and founded Ordway's Aeolians, a group of blackface minstrels. With the Salem Band, Gilmore performed at the 1857 inauguration of President James Buchanan.
+ In 1858 he founded "Gilmore's Band," and at the outset of war the band enlisted with the 24th Massachusetts Volunteers, accompanying General Burnside to North Carolina. After the temporary discharge of bands from the field, Governor Andrew of Massachusetts entrusted Gilmore with the task of re-organizing military music-making, and General Nathaniel P. Banks created him Bandmaster-general.
+ When peace resumed, Gilmore was asked to organize a celebration, which took place at New Orleans. That success emboldened him to undertake two major music festivals at Boston, the National Peace Jubilee in 1869 and the World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival in 1872. These featured monster orchestras of massed bands with the finest singers and instrumentalists (including the only American appearance by "waltz king" Johann Strauss II) and cemented Gilmore's reputation as the leading musical figure of the age. Coliseums were erected for the occasions, holding 60- and 120,000 persons. Grateful Bostonians presented Gilmore with medals and cash, but in 1873 he moved to New York City, as bandmaster of the 22nd Regiment. Gilmore took this band on acclaimed tours of Europe.
+ It was back on home soil, preparing an 1892 musical celebration of the quadricentennial anniversary of Christopher Columbus' voyage of discovery, that Gilmore collapsed and died in St. Louis. Patrick S. Gilmore was buried in Calvary Cemetery (Queens, New York).
+ In many ways Gilmore can be seen as the principal figure in 19th-century American music. He was a composer, the "Famous 22nd Regiment March" from 1874 is just one example. He held the first "Promenade Concert in America" in 1855, the forerunner to today's Boston Pops. He set up "Gilmore's Concert Garden", which became Madison Square Garden. He was the Musical Director of the Nation in effect, leading the festivities for the 1876 Centennial celebrations in Philadelphia and the dedication of the Statue of Liberty in 1886. In 1888 he started the tradition of seeing in the New Year in Times Square.
+ Gilmore was the first American band leader to feature the saxophone. The French "Garde Republicaine" military band performed at the World Peace Jubilee and Gilmore was sufficiently impressed that in the following year he reorganized his band to include the instruments that the French band introduced to American ears. The new band included a soprano-alto-tenor-baritone saxophone section featuring Edward A. Lefebre (1834-1911) as soloist, which also performed as a quartet that became the archetype of the standard classical saxophone quartet. The promotion by Gilmore and Lefebre resulted in the first production of American saxophones and a shift of the center of the saxophone world from France to the United States around the turn of the century.
+ In 1891, he played for some of Thomas Edison's first commercial recordings. Musically, he was the first arranger to set brass instruments against the reeds, which remains the basis for big band orchestration. His arrangements of contemporary classics did a great deal to familiarize the American people with the work of the great European musical masters.
+ Patrick Sarsfield Gilmore was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970.
+
+= = = Jim Furnell = = =
+
+ James Furnell (born 23 November 1937 in Clitheroe, Lancashire) was an English footballer, who played as a goalkeeper.
+ Furnell started his career at his local club Burnley, signing at the age of 17. As third-choice keeper he only played twice in eight seasons at Turf Moor, before being signed by Liverpool in February 1962. Furnell immediately took the No. 1 jersey at Liverpool, playing all 13 of the club's remaining matches that seasons, as they won a Second Division title and promotion to the First Division. However, after breaking his finger in a training ground accident early in the 1962-63 season, he lost his place to Tommy Lawrence. He played two matches in 1963-64 before being sold to Arsenal for £15,000 in November 1963.
+ Furnell immediately slotted into the Arsenal first team, making his debut the day after he signed, on 23 November 1963 against Blackpool; the match finished 5-3 to Arsenal. Furnell went on to become the long-term successor to Jack Kelsey, playing as Arsenal's No. 1 for the next five seasons (aside from 1964-65, when he shared the spot with Tony Burns). Under manager Billy Wright, however, Arsenal struggled to make an impact in either the League or the Cups.
+ With the promotion of Bertie Mee to manager in 1966, Arsenal's form began to pick up, although Furnell didn't stay at the club long enough to enjoy it. Although he played in the 1967-68 League Cup Final against Leeds United (which Arsenal lost 1-0), in the following match, an FA Cup tie against Birmingham City, he made an error which let in Birmingham's equaliser. He was dropped with Bob Wilson taking his place, and never played for the Arsenal first team again.
+ He was sold in September 1968 for £8,000 to Rotherham United; he had played 167 matches for Arsenal in total. After two years with Rotherham he moved to Plymouth Argyle in 1970. He played for five and a half years for Plymouth before his retirement in the summer of 1976. As part of the club's centenary in 2003, Furnell was named as goalkeeper in the Pilgrims' all-time greatest XI by the club's fans.
+ After retiring as a player, he was a coach at Plymouth before joining Blackburn Rovers in 1981; he served as a coach there until his retirement in 1998.
+ In a 2007 web poll, Furnell was named Plymouth's best goalkeeper of all time.
+
+= = = One More Pallbearer = = =
+
+ "One More Pallbearer" is episode 82 of the American television anthology series "The Twilight Zone". It originally aired on January 12, 1962.
+ Millionaire Paul Radin invites three people to the bomb shelter that he has built. He greets them politely but without genuine warmth as he holds a personal grudge against each of them. One is a high school teacher (Mrs. Langsford) who failed him when he was caught cheating on a test and attempting to frame another student to avoid the consequences; the second is Colonel Hawthorne, who had him court-martialed when Radin endangered lives by disobeying orders; and the third is Rev. Hughes, who made a public scandal out of a woman who committed suicide over him.
+ Radin, with the aid of sound effects and fake radio messages, convinces the trio that an apocalyptic nuclear war will occur in just moments. He offers them refuge in the shelter if they do one thing: apologize for their actions. All three refuse his offer and leave the shelter, valuing their honor above their lives and preferring to spend a last few moments with their loved ones or alone than to live with Radin.
+ Mrs. Langsford, still believing Radin will survive but be left alone, tells him to try to cope. She tells him that he has spent his life deluding himself about his own character and what is right and wrong. Radin screams hysterically that this is not true.
+ Suddenly, the sound of a bomb detonation shakes Radin's shelter. He takes the elevator to the surface and emerges to see the world devastated and in ruin. This twist ending is given another twist, however, when we learn that Radin, devastated by his hoax's failure, has lost his mind and is only imagining the total destruction. Radin sobs helplessly at the foot of a fountain outside his intact building while a police officer tries to aid him.
+
+= = = Bunte = = =
+
+ The Bunte (company's preferred spelling in capital letters) is a German-language people magazine published by Hubert Burda Media. The first edition was published in 1948 under the name "Das Ufer". Under the leadership of Hubert Burda, the Bunte developed into a modern popular magazine. Today, the Bunte has one of the highest circulations of all German publications and is one of the most popular media brands in the Group. After Patricia Riekel stepped down, Robert Pölzer took over as Editor-in-Chief in July 2016.
+ After the end of WWII, the French authorities commissioned ex-Nazi publisher Franz Burda to come up with an illustrated magazine and, following their request, he released the first edition in 1948 under the name "Das Ufer". Whereas the editorial section was initially provided by the French authorities, an independent editorial team emerged at the end of the 1950s. From the beginning, the magazine reported on a wide variety of events in society. In 1953, marking the coronation of Elisabeth II, a special issue was produced with a circulation of 100,000 copies. Franz Burda had previously taken out a loan to purchase the photo copyrights (against the will of his family). In 1954, "Das Ufer" changed its name to "Bunte Illustrierte", reflecting a key element of large-format photo series in the center of the publication, which were already printed in color.
+ In the 1950s and 1960s, Bunte developed into one of the most widely distributed German popular magazines. Acquisitions also played a role in the expansion of the magazine: In 1958, the "Deutsche Illustrierte" was taken over. In 1960, the "Münchner Illustrierte", with a circulation of some 500,000 copies, was added to the portfolio, so that the "Bunte Münchner Illustrierte" first surpassed the one million mark at the beginning of 1961. In addition, the publishing company bought the traditional "Frankfurter Illustrierte" in 1963, which was also merged into the "Bunte". From then on, the publication was called "Bunte Münchner Frankfurter Illustrierte". Beyond focus on high Society, in the 1960s the Bunte more and more frequently featured topics such as post-War rebuilding, cinema films and music. The magazine attracted major attention, for example, with a photo series about the Iron Curtain.
+ In July 1972, the "Bunte Illustrierte" first appeared under the abbreviated name of the "Bunte". In the years that followed, the magazine was shaped above all by Hubert Burda, who started out in 1974 as an editor at the "Bunte". Two years later, he took over the position as Editor-in-Chief from Bernd Ruland. Under his management, the magazine developed into a modern popular magazine for middle class society, and by the mid-1970s, the "Bunte" had grown to become Germany's bestselling magazine. In 1983, Burda-Verlag unveiled its new headquarters at Arabellapark in Munich. That same year, various editorial teams, including the "Bunte", moved from main headquarters in Offenburg to the Bavarian state capital.
+ In 1985, Burda-Verlag purchased from Rolf Mengele the handwritten notes of his father, Josef Mengele, which consisted of several thousand pages, for one million Deutsche Marks, which resulted in the Bunte's publishing a series of articles on the notorious doctor from the Auschwitz concentration camp, who was among the perpetrators of gruesome medical experiments on live human beings. The Burda-Verlag did not pay royalties from reprints to Rolf Mengele, instead they went to the survivors of Auschwitz and their dependents.
+ After the death of Franz Burda in the year 1986, the Burda Group was reorganized. Hubert Burda transitioned from Editor-in-Chief of the "Bunte" into the position of publisher. His designated successor was initially Peter Boenisch, who, however, already had to relinquish this position at the end of 1986, among other reasons, owing to differences concerning the future direction of the publication and the losses into the millions incurred by the Bunte. At the end of 1986, Lothar Strobach was ultimately appointed as the magazine's new Editor-in-Chief, and Franz Josef Wagner took on the role as co-editor in 1989. After Strobach left the Burda-Verlag in 1994, Wagner remained Editor-in-Chief until the end of 1996. His tenure was only interrupted by an intermezzo of Editor-in-Chief Beate Wedekind, who only lasted one year from 1992/1993 as editorial head of the "Bunte", however.
+ After Wagner was forced to step down due to faltering circulation, Axel Thorer was initially under consideration for Editor-in-Chief at the "Bunte". Finally, however, Patricia Riekel took over the management of the magazine in January 1997, and with the beginning of her tenure, the cover of the "Bunte" for the first time featured a politician, Gerhard Schröder. From then on, politics became an integral part of the publication. An additional example for this is the publication of Defense Minister Rudolf Scharping's vacation photos at a time shortly before Germany's armed forces, the Bundeswehr, faced a deployment abroad. Instead of nobility, Riekel put a spotlight on the so-called "new elites", positioning the Bunte as a magazine for women with "time, money and a desire for high-end gossip." The circulation of the "Bunte" stabilized and in 2001 even reached a new record.
+ Under the leadership of Riekel, the magazine developed into one of Germany's most "enigmatic media brands". In 2001, the Berlin daily, "Der Tagesspiegel", declared that the "Bunte" was the new "key medium of our Republic". Whereas other magazines were struggling to make ends meet, the Bunte was able to expand its market share. The publication moved into the center of the so-called "Burda People Group", which later also included the magazines "Amica" and "Tomorrow". In 2002, the Bunte launched its first website in cooperation with T-Online. By contrast, "Bunte TV" was unsuccessful: The magazine aired on ARD was cancelled after only six shows due to low ratings. In 2003, Burda-Verlag invested several million in the relaunch of the "Bunte", including better paper quality and a more modern layout. Despite declining circulation, the "Bunte" was a business success in the years that followed. Together with "Focus", the "Bunte" achieved the lion's share of its publisher's profits.
+ In 2016, Patricia Riekel left the publication after 1,000 issues of the "Bunte". Since then Editor-in-chief Robert Pölzer has been at the helm of the people magazine.
+ The Bunte is one of the most popular media brands of Hubert Burda Media. Like other magazines, however, it saw its reach diminished in recent years. Paid circulation has declined by 31.3 percent since 1998 and is currently 468,710 copies. The share of subscriptions is at around 19.1 percent.
+ The Bunte was repeatedly embroiled in court cases with celebrities. In 1995, for example, Caroline, Princess of Hanover, won what up to that time was the largest-ever award for damages for pain and suffering in the history of the German press before the Higher Regional Court of Hamburg, because the "Bunte" had published a totally fabricated interview with her. The interview contained numerous untruthful details on her private life. The "Bunte"'s chief editorial staff's counterargument was that they had been duped by an outside agency, which had sold the interview to the publication. In 1996, Tom Cruise sued the "Bunte" for damages because it wrongly quoted him in an interview as allegedly being "sterile". The Deputy Editor-in-chief Günter Stampf, who had manipulated the interview, was then forced to leave the publishing company. The "Bunte" apologized to Cruise, who subsequently dropped the lawsuit.
+ In 2008, the German Press Council reprimanded the "Bunte" due to a violation of the German Press Code. The publication had run an article on a new car model and, as the German Press Council determined, exceeded the bounds of hidden advertising for the new product. In 2010, the magazine "Stern" published an exposé reporting that the "Bunte" had hired an external agency to spy on the private lives of certain politicians. As a result, one of the persons affected, the former SPD Chairman Franz Müntefering, publicly reprimanded the "Bunte" for its working practices. In 2011, prior to the beginning of the Kachelmann trial, the "Bunte" published an interview with the moderator's ex-girlfriend, who in exchange is said to have received remuneration of 50,000 Euros. While Kachelmann's defense lawyer raised the topic of the agreement before court, Burda-Verlag rejected the criticism. In 2013, the former German Federal President Christian Wulff filed for a preliminary injunction against the Bunte. The District Court of Cologne forbade the magazine to create the impression that Wulff allegedly had a relationship with a music manager.
+ The "Bunte", in turn, did manage to come up on top in some court cases. In 2010, for example, Charlotte Casiraghi lost a case against the publication. The daughter of Caroline, Princess of Hanover, had originally taken action against the publication of party photos. In 2016, Günther Jauch lost a legal dispute in the last instance concerning the "Bunte"'s reporting on his wedding. Günther Jauch's lawyer alleged that the television host's privacy had been violated. The European Court of Human Rights could discover no violation of rights, however. It held that the German courts had carefully weighed the right to privacy against the informational interest of the public.
+
+= = = A Swingin' Affair! = = =
+
+ A Swingin' Affair! is the twelfth studio album by Frank Sinatra. It is sometimes mentioned as the sequel to "Songs for Swingin' Lovers".
+ "The Lady Is a Tramp" was bumped from the original album and replaced with "No One Ever Tells You", which had been recorded months earlier. Later, "The Lady is a Tramp" appeared on the soundtrack for "Pal Joey". It was restored to the album for the compact disc release.
+ Tracks 1, 9, 14, 16:
+ 26-November-1956 (Monday) - Hollywood.
+ Mickey Mangano, Harry Edison, Shorty Sherock, Ray Linn (tpt); Juan Tizol, Murray McEachern, Dick Noel (tbn); George Roberts (b-tbn); Willie Schwartz, Harry Klee (alt); Jules Kinsler, James Williamson (ten); Joe Koch (bar); Victor Bay, Emo Neufeld, Alex Beller, Joe Stepansky, David Frisina, Eudice Shapiro, Harold Dicterow, Alex Murray, Kurt Dieterle, Lou Raderman (vln); Stanley Harris, Maxine Johnson, Alvin Dinkin (via); Eleanor Slatkin, Ennio Bolognini, Edgar Lustgarten (vlc); Kathryn Julye (harp); Bill Miller (p); Nick Bonney (g); Joe Comfort (b); Irving Cottler (d).
+ Tracks 2, 4, 5, 10:
+ Mickey Mangano, Conrad Gozzo, Harry Edison, Shorty Sherock (tpt); George Arus, Dick Noel, Ed Kusby (tbn); George Roberts (b-tbn); Willie Schwartz, Harry Klee (alt); Ted Nash, James Briggs (ten); Joe Koch (bar); Felix Slatkin, Paul Shure, Alex Beller, Emo Neufeld, Lou Raderman, Marshall Sosson, Mischa Russell, Nathan Ross, Victor Bay, Gerald Vinci (vln); Maxine Johnson, Alvin Dinkin, David Sterkin (vla); Eleanor Slatkin, Cy Bernard, Edgar Lustgarten (vlc); Kathryn Julye (harp); Bill Miller (p); Nick Bonney (g); Joe Comfort (b); Alvin Stoller (d).
+ Tracks 3, 6, 8:
+ Conrad Gozzo, Harry Edison, Mickey Mangano, Mannie Klein (tpt); George Arns, Dick Noel, Ed Kusby (tbn); George Roberts (b-tbn); Jack Dumont, Dominic Mumolo (alt); Don Raffell, Buck Skalak (ten); Paul Lawson (bar); Henry Hill, Alex Beller, Marshall Sosson, Felix Slatkin, Paul Shure, Erno Neufeld, Walter Edelstein, Jacques Gasselin, Nathan Ross, Dan Lube (vln); Maxine Johnson, Alvin Dinkin, David Sterkin (vla); Ennio Bolognini, Eleanor Slatkin, Cy Bernard (vlc); Kathryn Julye (harp); Bill Miller (p); Nick Bonney (g); Joe Comfort (b); Irving Cottler (d).
+ Track 7:
+ Ray Linn, Mannie Klein, Shorty Sherock, Harry Edison (tpt); Jimmy Priddy, Milt Bernhart, Ed Kusby (tbn); George Roberts (b-tbn); Willie Schwartz, Harry Klee (alt); Champ Webb, Babe Russin (ten); Chuck Gentry (bar); Felix Slatkin, Paul Shure, Mischa Russell, Harry Bluestone, Henry Hill, Marshall Sosson, Arnold Bdnick, Alex Beller, Victor Bay (vln); Alvin Dinkin, Maxine Johnson (via); Eleanor Slatkin, Cy Bernard, Ennio Bolognini (vlc); Helen Hutchinson (harp); Bill Miller (p); George Van Eps (g); Joe Comfort (b); Alvin Stoller (d); Marilyn Lewis, Alicia Adams, Allan Davies, Ralph Brewster, John Mann, Lee Gotch (voe [1]).
+ Tracks 11, 12, 13, 15
+ Pete Candoli, Harry Edison, Shorty Sherock, Ray Linn (tpt); Dick Nash, Tommy Pederson (tbn); Juan Tizol (v-tbn); George Roberts (b-tbn); Skeets Herfurt, Harry Klee (alt); Ted Nash, James Williamson (ten); Joe Koch (bar); Victor Bay, Emo Neufeld, Alex Beller, Victor Amo, David Frisina, Eudice Shapiro, Jacques Gasselin, Felix Slatkin, Paul Shure, Marshall Sosson (vln); David Sterkin, Maxine Johnson, Alvin Dinkin (via); Eleanor Slatkin, Ennio Bolognini, Cy Bernard (vie); Kathryn Julye (harp); Bill Miller (p); Nick Bonney (g); Joe Comfort (b); Alvin Stoller (d).
+
+= = = Camden County College = = =
+
+ Camden County College (CCC) is an accredited co-educational two-year public community college located in Camden County, New Jersey. Camden County College has four locations Blackwood, Camden, Sicklerville, and Cherry Hill. The main campus is located in Blackwood.
+ As a community college, the school offers both liberal arts and technical training including a nursing program, a laser engineering program, an automotive training program, and advanced manufacturing. The College also has a liberal arts Honors College. The College offers degree programs in Associate in Arts, Associate in Science, and Associate in Applied Science degree programs and certificate programs.
+ In 1962, a New Jersey State law enabled the establishment of colleges by counties. Camden County created a college board in 1964 and a voter referendum, in 1965, approved the creation of a county college. In 1966, the Freeholders of Camden County charged Harry Benn, then secretary of the Camden County College Board, and a small commission to find land capable of maintaining a college in the central part of the county. The Salvatorian Fathers, who ran the Mother of the Savior Seminary, were looking to sell the land and close down the facility. Camden County College was established in 1967 on of land which had belonged to the Mother of the Savior Seminary.
+ The only surviving seminary building, Jefferson Hall, is used by Rutgers University's School of Health Professionals. Jefferson hall survived due its architecture, The Three buildings form an "U" shape with a small central courtyard. The 1969 graduation commencement took place in the courtyard of the three major buildings. Currently, a small memorial to the Mother of the Savior Seminary resides in that courtyard. In 1967, Wilson Hall served as an administrative center, library, cafeteria and activity room. Jefferson Hall served as the main Science Building. Originally, there was a pond and creek on campus which later included a series of waterfalls, lounge beaches, and pedestrian walks.
+ Otto R. Mauke was chosen to be the first president of the college in March 1967 and his staff moved into Washington Hall in June 1967. First Day of classes for the college was on September 25, 1967 only six months from the founding of the college.
+ Founded in 1967, Camden County College was composed of one campus with seven academic programs and a handful of buildings. Three original buildings are still in use. The original enrollment was less than 500 students. In 1969, the college opened its first campus in Camden City. In 1970, the college began its first multimillion-dollar expansion. The nine million dollar (1969 dollars) $58,857,302.45 in (2016 dollars) project constructed new buildings, all of which are still in use, including Madison Hall, Taft Hall, Wolverton Library, the Community Center, the Papiano Gymnasium, and Truman Hall.
+ During the 1970s, the Blackwood campus added several more buildings and programs. The Camden City campus moved several times to larger locations.
+ In 1989, the Blackwood campus underwent another round of expansion. The college added a manufacturing technology building, a Laser Institute building, and a Child Care center. Also in 1989 a new campus, a multistory tower, began construction in Camden City.
+ In 2000, the Rohrer Center was opened in Cherry Hill, NJ, creating the third campus for the college. In 2004, a second building was added to the Camden City Campus. In 2005, the county made an $83 million investment ($103,913,755 in 2016 dollars) known as the Freeholder Initiative, in order to update and renovate the college campuses, representing the largest investment in the college since its founding.
+ Since 2005 renovation has modernized the Blackwood campus. A "ring road" was constructed to allow for better traffic flow and parking, Madison Hall was renovated to allow for modern technology and equipment, the Madison Connector was built as a public space, a new science building was constructed, Taft Hall was renovated, and new "green" initiatives were started in order to make the campus more energy efficient.
+ In 2011, The Technical Institute of Camden County and the Regional Emergency Training Center were incorporated into the College, bringing all of Camden County's educational services under one organization.
+ In the fall 2014 Taft Hall became the main student registration and advisement center and was named the Louis Cappelli Student One Stop.
+ In 1967 the college began with less than 500 students. The first graduating class was 172 students in 1969. Enrollment expanded, by 2011, to over 15,000 students and 1,800 graduates.
+ First President of Camden County College from 1967 until 1987. He was named President Emeritus and, in 2009, the College Union was renamed the Otto R. Mauke Community Center. During his tenure the College grew from 500 students in 1967 to 8,000 students. He was an important part in expanding Camden County College into Camden City and extending college credit classes to pre-college students. He died in 2009. Currently, there are two display cases of personal-professional affects; including a poem writing by a student, two gift pen sets (the first given in 1967 with the opening of the school the second presented on his final day and set to May 8, 1987) and a diorama of his office designed by Camden County College employee Sharon Yancey.
+ In 2010, Leah Mauke contributed $50,000 to start a scholarship endowment in honor of Dr. Mauke. The endowment represents the largest individual donation to Camden County College.
+ Served as president of Camden County College from 1987–1993. During his tenure the college built a new campus in Camden city at Cooper and Broadway. He also expanded the technical facilities at the main campus located in Blackwood, New Jersey. A dedicated Criminal Justice Center was built as was the Laser Institute of Technology and the Helen Fuld School of Nursing.
+ Served as president of the college from 1993–2006. During her presidency Camden County College built a third campus in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The Camden city campus was expanded to include the Camden Technology Center. During her tenure the campus attained rankings as one of the larger community colleges in the country being in the top 100 in growth, enrollment and degrees granted.
+ Served as president of the college from 2006–2016. He was hired as Vice President of Academic Affairs in 2000 and became president of the college in 2006. The New Jersey Council of County Colleges honored Dr. Yannuzzi with a 2005 Community College Spirit Award in recognition of his exemplary service to the state's community colleges. He was cited for his leadership in developing the New Jersey Pathways Leading Apprentices to College Education Program, which connects registered apprenticeships in building/construction trades to college degree programs. Also acknowledged were his instrumental role in forming the Shipyard College Consortium of Philadelphia-area colleges, which helped bring commercial shipbuilding and other economic development activities to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. During his presidency the school has expanded its online classes and partnered with WHYY Public Television Philadelphia in order to share content. Dr. Yannuzzi has also served on the advisory councils of the Rowan University College of Education and the New Jersey Italian and Italian American Heritage Commission.
+ Is the current president of the college. He became president of the college in 2016.
+ The Main Academic Campus of Camden County College is located in Blackwood, New Jersey. It was founded in 1967 on land formerly belonging to the Mother of the Savior Seminary. The campus currently contains about twenty (20) academic buildings.
+ The main academic buildings include:
+ The Wolverton Library is a mixed use four story building. It consists of the traditional library facility and a computerized testing center, student study areas including quiet rooms for group study, ERIC has hold of the third and some of the second floor space The facility also hosts several areas for committee and conference discussions.
+ The Wolverton Library contains over 40,000 volumes and print journals covering three floors of the building. Students and staff have access to the county library system which allows access to any volume in the Camden County public library system. The Wolverton Library also provides access to an extensive online e-book collection of over 100,000 volumes and research journals. Through the CollegeAnywhere system students also have access to hundreds of hours of educational video services including PBS documentaries. The library also maintains subscriptions to over thirty five popular and academic magazines.
+ The Science Building includes: three floors and of classroom, office and lab space, ten Biology Laboratories, six Chemistry Laboratories, Medical Technology Laboratory, Veterinary Technology Laboratory, Surgical Suite for Surgical Technology Program, Twenty seven classrooms and lecture halls, a demonstration kitchen and student run cafe for the Hospitality and Nutrition Program, and an expansion of the Dental Hygiene Clinic allowing for low cost dental examinations for the general public. The Building is named after Kevin Halpern, the chairman for the Camden County College Board of Trustees from 1996 until his death in September 2012.
+ Located in Camden City at the nexus of Broadway and Cooper Street, Camden County College has built two facilities. Camden County College opened a campus in Camden City in 1969 when it created an evening program for citizens who had not finished high school. In 1970 a new set of classrooms and offices was opened at Carmen Street in Camden City. In 1973, the Camden City campus expanded to a new building at 319 Cooper Street. In 1978, the Camden City campus expanded again through a move to a new facility located at Seventh and Cooper streets. This remained the location of the city campus until 1991 when the campus was moved to its current location, at the corner of Broadway and Cooper streets, and is known as College Hall.
+ College Hall is a five-story, fifty thousand sq. foot building. It houses liberal arts classrooms, an art room, a science laboratory, a child care center, computer rooms, and offices for student services.
+ In 2004, the Camden Technology Center (CTC) opened across the street from College Hall. The CTC is a US$19.6 million, facility built as part of the Camden Rehabilitation and Economic Recovery Act. The purpose of the facility is to create a space for the teaching and learning of technology-driven careers in health, business and technology fields. Amenities include technologically “smart” learning spaces, an “electronic village” computer lab, fully wired conference rooms, a 621-space parking garage and a University District Bookstore. The bookstore is open to the public, includes an internet cafe, and services the book requirements of the schools in the Camden University District including Rutgers–Camden and Rowan University. In 2012 a Starbucks coffeeshop opened in the bookstore making it the only Starbucks in downtown Camden.
+ The Camden City campus services more than two thousand students per semester – about 14% of the Camden County College student population.
+ Students at the Camden City Campus also have access to the Paul Robeson Library of the Rutgers University-Camden.
+ The Rohrer Campus is Camden County College's third campus location. The two story building is located at the corner of Route 70 and Springdale Road in Cherry Hill, New Jersey on an site. In 1997 the Rohrer Charitable Foundation awarded a million dollar grant to the college in order to build an advanced technology training campus for Continuing Education students. The campus was opened on April 19, 2000.
+ The campus provides a high-tech learning environment. A high proportion of classrooms are computer labs, the entire campus has wireless internet, every classroom has a digital projector and computer workstation for the lecturer (and some classrooms have printing capabilities.) The E-Library has 25 workstations allowing access to the College's 50,000+ collection of e-books (and contains technical manuals for Continuing Education courses). The Campus also contains a Barnes and Noble mini-bookstore to provide textbooks, refreshments, and other items to students. On the first floor, a cyber cafe provides internet workstations and several large tables allowing students to gather for study sessions or professors to hold office hours.
+ The Rohrer Campus has experienced rapid growth. When it opened only 200 students took classes in the building. The number increased to nearly 1,800 students by the Spring 2010 semester. Despite its smaller size compared to the Blackwood and Camden City campuses, students can take all the classes necessary to complete several associate degree programs at the campus. These include degrees in business administration, pre-nursing, psychology, elementary/secondary education, liberal arts, and English. Students taking classes at the Rohrer Campus can also take classes at any of the Camden County College campuses.
+ On May 1, 2010, the College celebrated the tenth anniversary of the opening of the building. During the reception, a new portrait of William Rohrer was unveiled and continues to hang in the main hall of the campus building.
+ Opened in 1969, The Camden County Technical Schools provided vocational, emergency and career retraining services and education. On 1 July 2012, several different services of Camden County (including the Police Academy, the Firefighter Academy, EMT training, and adult vocational training) were consolidated under the direction of Camden County College unifying all post-secondary education in Camden County under Camden County College management. The name was consequently changed to the Technical Institute at Camden County College. This consolidation added two locations to Camden County College. The Technical Institute is located in Sicklerville, NJ while the Emergency Training facility is located in Blackwood, NJ (separate location from the Main Blackwood campus).
+ Camden County College, with its three campuses, is one of the largest public colleges in New Jersey. When the college started, in September 1967, there were 464 students. Enrollment jumped to 2,114 students in its second year. In September 1989, enrollment topped 10,000 students for the first time and, in 1992, enrolled reached 15,000. In total, Camden County College has served the educational needs of over 325,000 students.
+ Enrollment at the four campuses, as well as the online course program, have all increased over the 2000s. Between 2005 and 2010 the online course program has increased its enrollment credits by 64% from 5,965 credits to 9,773 credits. The Rohrer Campus, located in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, increased its enrollment credits by 44% over the same period. The Camden City Campus increased its enrollment credits by 27% between 2005-2010.
+ From 1988–2011, the Blackwood campus contained the Camden County Police Academy within the Capt. Thomas J. McDonnell Criminal Justice Center. The academy offers introductory police officer training, county correction officer training, and juvenile detention officer training. The academy is a partnership with Camden County College, the Camden County Prosecutor's Office and the Camden County Chiefs of Police.
+ Members of the police academy would, Monday through Friday, conduct the flag raising and lowering ceremony on campus. The Flag Raising ceremony, which included both a United States National Flag and an MIA/POW Flag, was conducted before the beginning of classes. The Flag lowering ceremony would take place just before the conclusion of the business day of the college. This tradition began in 1988 when the police academy was moved to Camden County College. In September 2011 the Police Academy was moved to the Regional Emergency Training Center of Camden County College in Blackwood, New Jersey. With the move of the Police Academy to another CCC campus the raising and lowering ceremony, which included elaborate parade maneuvers by cadets and the singing of the United States National Anthem, was concluded in May 2011. The video below is the Flag Raising Ceremony at Camden County College by the Camden County Police Academy in April 2011.
+ The Honors Program was inaugurated in the Fall 2008 semester. The purpose of the Honors Program is to create an academically rigorous yet supportive community. Students must maintain a 3.5 GPA to remain in the program. Classes within the Honors Program are smaller – usually capped at 20 students rather than the usual 40 – and are writing intensive. Members of the program are required to participate in three campus-based cultural or service events and will have special social, academic and scholarship opportunities available to them during the school year. Students who graduate as a member of the Honors Program receive a special designation in the Commencement Brochure.
+ Graduates from the Honors Program have transferred into Honors Programs at Rutgers–Camden, Arizona State University, American University, Stockton & Drexel as well as to Wesleyan University. The Honors program also has a partnership with Rutgers–Camden which allows CCC students transferring to Rutgers–Camden to be automatically approved for admittance into the Rutgers–Camden Honors Program.
+ The Honors Program is run by Jennifer Hoheisel, Professor of Philosophy and Ethics, who was also the college's 2010 Lindback Award winner for teaching excellence.
+ The Center For Civic Leadership and Responsibility, directed by Professor John Pesda, is part of Camden County College's outreach to the local community. It is the goal of the Center to "create an informed citizenry with a heightened sense of civic responsibility..." The Center organizes two lecture series per year, free of charge to the public, by bringing in prominent academics and intellectuals to speak at the College.
+ Camden County College currently hosts a number of international, national and state honors societies.
+ Camden County College Faculty and Staff are active in the procurement and use of educational grant money provided by both the United States Department of Education and private foundations. In 2010, Camden County College faculty and staff won 25 grants totaling $4,432,114. In 2011, members of the college were awarded $4,977,000 in grants from organizations such as the Subaru Foundation, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The United Way, and the Townsend Press.
+ In 2012, members of the college won grants totaling nearly $4,100,000. These grants included awards from the Autism Society of America, J&J Snacks, Susquehanna Bank, the Gates Foundation and the US Department of Labor.
+ The Keynote Speakers at the Commencement ceremonies of Camden County College are distinguished persons from the Jersey/South Jersey locale. They have included sitting United States Senators and Congressmen (Senator Robert G. Torricelli, in 2002; Senator (and later Governor) Jon S. Corzine in 2005; Congressman Robert E. Andrews in 2008; and Senator Robert Menendez in 2012). In 2000 Rear Admiral Thomas A. Seigenthaler, USN (Ret.), gave the keynote speech.
+ Local political leaders have also spoken at Camden County College, including Camden County Freeholder Riletta L. Cream (2003), NJ State Assemblyman Louis D. Greenwald (2004), and New Jersey Assemblywoman Pamela R. Lampitt (2007).
+ The third group of speakers has been composed of educators. Dr. Constance Clayton, former Superintendent of Schools for the city of Philadelphia, in 1996; Camden County College President Emerita Phyllis DellaVecchia in 2006; Dr. Jeremy McInerney (Chairman-Department of Classical Studies, University of Penn) in 2010; Ms. Sharon Wedington, retiring Vice President of Camden County College, in 2011; and Dr. Wendell E. Pritchett, Chancellor of Rutgers University-Camden, in 2013.
+ United States Congressman Donald Norcross was selected as the speaker for 2015. The Commencement ceremony took place on May 16, 2015 at the Blackwood Campus. Deputy Secretary of the Department of Labor Christopher Lu also spoke at the ceremony.
+ Camden County College is a member of the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) in Region XIX. The college's Cougars and Lady Cougars athletic teams participate at the Division III level, which is the designation for colleges that do not offer athletic scholarships. The College is also a member of the Garden State Athletic Conference, in which it competes against other community colleges in New Jersey. Camden County also competes against junior colleges from Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. The college fields varsity teams for men in baseball, basketball, golf, and soccer, while the women's teams compete in basketball, soccer, and softball.
+ In 2014 Camden County College is bringing back wrestling.
+ Camden County College athletics is pleased to introduce coach Gary Papa as the new head wrestling coach. The college will compete at the Division III level of the National Junior College Athletic Association. Wrestling was very successful at CCC until it was canceled in the early 80s. With the uproar of support to bring the sport back, wrestlers now have an experienced, legendary leader to guide the program. Camden County College provides an excellent academic and athletic option for student-athletes pursuing an associate degree while continuing their athletic pursuits.
+ In 2014 Camden County College also brought back women's tennis. The team finished 3rd in the Region XIX Tennis Tournament.
+ In December 2014 Camden County College named William Banks as the new athletic director.
+ The Lady Cougar soccer team is one of the most successful sports programs at the college. The program has made the playoffs seventeen of its nineteen years including fourteen straight years (1997–2010). It has won four Garden State Championships and two District B championships. The program has been ranked as one of the top 10 programs in the country by the NJCAA four times.
+ In 2012 Lindsay Russo, team captain and second-team All-American was honored as "Woman of the Year" by the New Jersey's National Association for Girls and Women in Sports.
+
+= = = Bob Kennedy (runner) = = =
+
+ Robert Owen Kennedy Jr. (born August 18, 1970 in Bloomington, Indiana) is an American distance runner. He is considered one of the best American distance runners in history. Now retired, In 1996 he was ranked 4th in the world at the 5000 meters. He once held the American record in the 3000 meters (7:30.84), 2 miles (8:11.59) and the 5000 meters (12:58.21).
+ He was the first ever non-African to run the 5000 metres in less than thirteen minutes, and he is still one of only seven non-Africans to do so. He is regarded as one of the greatest U.S. distance runners in history.
+ Kennedy was twice state champion in cross country while at Westerville North High School. Kennedy was the 1987 national junior champion in cross country. He still holds the OHSAA record for 1600 Meters at 4:05:13.
+ Kennedy opted to compete for the Indiana Hoosiers and won 16 Big Ten Conference track titles. In 1988, he won the NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship, becoming one of a few true freshman ever to win the event. He won the NCAA 1500 meter championship in 1990 and the NCAA indoor mile championship in 1991. During his senior year, Kennedy a second NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship and the USATF National Cross Country Championships. He was the second person in history to win both titles in the same year. In fact, nobody had won both titles since Al Lawrence in 1959 and 1960.
+ Kennedy's second USATF National Cross Country title came in 2004. The twelve-year gap between those two titles was the longest in USATF history. Kennedy participated in several World Cross Country championships, finishing as high as 12th place in 1995.
+ The highlight of Kennedy's career came in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. In the 5000 meter finals, Kennedy surged to the front at the beginning of the penultimate lap and forced the pace. He held the lead for almost a lap and was ultimately passed just before the closing lap, eventually placing 6th. He had also made it to the finals of the 1992 Olympic 5000 m race and placed 12th. He also ran the 5000 m in the World Championships in Athletics for the US in 1991 (12th), 1993, 1995 (12th), 1997 (6th), and 1999 (9th).
+ Kennedy held American records for the 3000 m (7:30.84 min in 1998) and 5,000-meter races (12:58.21 min in 1996), he participated in workouts with Kenyan athletes also coached by McDonald at the group's training bases in the U.S., Australia and England. McDonald rarely gave his athletes goal times for workouts, and they regularly ran sub-4 minute miles in practice
+ Kennedy suffered a back injury in an auto accident before the 2000 Olympic Trials and missed seven weeks of training so that he was not able to make the Olympic team that year. In 2001, he was hindered by thyroid problems. He returned to win the USA Track & Field (USATF) Championships 5000 meter race against Colorado grad Adam Goucher, who by then was largely seen to be Kennedy's successor. He was able to beat the younger and faster Goucher by alternating the pace between each lap, surging then slowing, forcing Goucher to come to him after each surge and blunting Goucher's finishing kick. In all, Kennedy was four time USATF National Champion in the 5,000 – 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2001.
+ After running a personal best of 27:37 in the spring of 2004, Kennedy competed in the 2004 US Olympic Trials in the 10,000 meter race, but had to drop out of the race due to aggravation of an Achilles tendon injury he had suffered in the weeks leading up to the Olympic trials. After recovering from the injury he briefly tried his hand at the marathon, dropping out of the New York City marathon that autumn and since then has retired from competitive distance running.
+ Nike has created two racing spikes in honor of him, the Nike Kennedy XC and Nike Zoom Kennedy. Both are popular and sought-after racing spikes; however the Nike Zoom Kennedy has been discontinued and the Kennedy XC has been renamed the GHAC XC, due to the expiration of Bob Kennedy's endorsement contract with Nike. In May 2006 Kennedy signed a three-year contract with Puma.
+ Bob Kennedy is father to twins. Sophia Kennedy is known for her running.
+
+= = = The Answer Is Never = = =
+
+ The Answer is Never is the second full-length album recorded by the band Howards Alias.
+ The album was released by Household Name Records on 7 June 2004 on compact disc. A huge leap in terms of quality of both songwriting and production in comparison to debut The Chameleon Script, this was the sound of a much more mature and less ska punk-influenced Howards Alias.
+ As the band had become a quartet by this point, it was up to the multi-talented Nicholas Horne to play both trumpet and trombone during the recording process. This added a subtle irony to the fact that the album was touted as being 'closer to the live sound of Howards Alias', as did the inclusion of a string instrument section on certain songs.
+ Clocking in at just over an hour in length, The Answer is Never is commonly regarded as Howards Alias' best altogether album.
+ The album artwork was provided by UK comic book artist, Chronic Fatigue.
+
+= = = José Gómez = = =
+
+ Jose Gómez or Jose Gomes may refer to:
+
+= = = Fragmenta Valesiana = = =
+
+ Fragmenta Valesiana is the name given to fragments of Roman text written by Cassius Dio, dispersed throughout various writers, scholastics, grammarians, lexicographers, etc., and collected by Henri de Valois.
+
+= = = Thanks for the Night = = =
+
+ "Thanks for the Night" is a single by the Damned, released in May 1984.
+ It was recorded at something of a transitional stage for the group, being the last studio recording completed with Captain Sensible until 2001's "Grave Disorder" album. It was also the first released recording to feature bass player Bryn Merrick, and also the first with "Strawberries" keyboardist Roman Jugg as a full member of the band. The song also bore a strong resemblance to the "Strawberries" album track "Ignite".
+ The B-side, "Nasty", was recorded for the BBC comedy series "The Young Ones", and was performed during the episode of the same name in 1984.
+ The single was also issued in Germany by Bellaphon Records. While it was not attached to any Damned album, it was later included on several Damned compilations and live albums, as were the B-side tracks.
+ A version of the song also appeared on Captain Sensible's solo album "The Power of Love".
+ Bonus track on 12" single: -
+
+= = = Francis Whiting Halsey = = =
+
+ Francis Whiting Halsey (October 15, 1851 – November 24, 1919) was an American journalist, editor and historian, born in Unadilla, New York. He was the son of Dr. Gaius Leonard Halsey, a Civil War surgeon, and Juliet (Cartington) Halsey. He was the grandson of Dr. Gaius and Mary (Church) Halsey of Kortright, New York, and a descendant of Thomas Halsey, who emigrated from England before 1640 and helped to found the settlement of Southampton, Long Island, one of the earliest English settlements in New York.
+ Francis Halsey prepared for college at the Unadilla academy and graduated from Cornell University in 1873, taking one of the prizes for an essay in English literature. He was assistant editor of the Binghamton Times (1873–1875), a member of the editorial staff of the "New York Tribune" (1875–1880), and in 1880 joined the staff of "The New York Times" as foreign editor and writer of book reviews. He was literary editor of the "Times" from 1892 through 1896, and became the first editor of the "Times Saturday Review of Books and Art" in 1896. In 1902, he left the "Review" to become a literary advisor to D. Appleton & Company. Subsequently, he joined Funk and Wagnalls in the same capacity, remaining with that publisher until his death.
+ Halsey was a prolific author and editor. His original works included travel writing ("Two Months Abroad", collecting his reportage for the "Tribune" on the Paris World's Fair (1878)), New York State history ("" (1901), "The Pioneers of Unadilla Village, 1784-1840" (1902), and a number of articles), literary criticism ("Our Literary Deluge And Some of Its Deeper Waters" (1902)) and family history (extended introduction to "Thomas Halsey of Hertfordshire, England and Southampton, Long Island" (1895)).
+ As a compiler and editor, he assembled several enormous collections of, "inter alia", famous speeches, prose literary works, travel narratives and writings about American history. (See the list of works "infra".) His major achievement was the ten-volume "Literary Digest History of the World War", consisting largely of skillfully collated and rewritten newspaper accounts and official documents, enhanced by a plethora of photographs. Publication began within a year after the conclusion of the conflict. While the work obviously is a "first draft of history", it is a good one that can be read with profit even today. The author did not, however, live to see it to completion. He died while at work on the final volume.
+ Active in the affairs of his alma mater, he was elected president of the New York association of Cornell alumni in 1882 and was twice the candidate of New York and other alumni for trustee of Cornell in 1882 and 1883, during the alumni agitation for new methods in university management. He was elected a member of the Aldine and Cornell clubs in New York. He lectured on early American history and made addresses before the New York Historical Society, the New York library club and the Wyoming, Pennsylvania Commemorative Association.
+ In 1883, he married Virginia Isabel, daughter of Alexander Stanton and Sarah Ann Forbes of New York City. She died in January 1899. In her memory, he published, anonymously, "Virginia Isabel Forbes" the year after her death. He did not remarry.
+ Halsey's brother, Frederick Arthur Halsey, graduated from Cornell in 1878 with a degree in mechanical engineering, authored articles and books about engineering, with an emphasis the metric system, and was editor of the "American Machinist." Frederick's daughters were Marion S. and Olga S. Halsey.
+
+= = = Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary = = =
+
+ Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary is a private Christian college and seminary in Ankeny, Iowa.
+ At the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago, William H. Jordan heard Dwight L. Moody speak about the importance of training Christian workers for the ministry. Impressed by Moody's vision, Jordan also was burdened to see schools established that would carry out that objective. In 1921, as pastor of Third Presbyterian Church in Omaha, Nebraska, Jordan founded Omaha Bible Institute to educate men and women in the Bible, theology, and ministry.
+ Enrollment declined and costs increased in the 1940s, and the Board of Trustees considered closing the school. John L. Patten, pastor of Grace Baptist Church in Omaha, saw the need for the school to continue. In 1947, Patten volunteered to step in as the school's new leader. He served as president until 1965. Under his leadership, the institution changed its name (to "Omaha Baptist Bible Institute", and later to "Omaha Baptist Bible College") and sought the support of Baptist organizations. In 1956, the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches approved OBBI. To this day, the GARBC remains an important part of student enrollment, though there is no longer any official affiliation or approval system in place.
+ In the 1960s, OBBC outgrew its Omaha facilities. Relocation to Ankeny took place in 1967, and the school again changed its name to "Faith Baptist Bible College".
+ In the 1980s, declining enrollment at Denver Baptist Bible College caused DBBC and FBBC to merge. FBBC also added the seminary at about the same time.
+ Faith's campus is located in Ankeny, a suburb of Des Moines. At the time of its construction, the campus was the westernmost point in Ankeny. Within fifteen years, residential development surrounded the property.
+ The campus is built around a large center circle. It consists of 24 buildings. Some of them are:
+ Faith Baptist Bible College and Theological Seminary is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and by the Association for Biblical Higher Education. The institution also maintains membership in the American Association of Christian Colleges and Seminaries.
+ Faith Baptist Bible College is a member the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) Division 2. They are part of the North Central Region with Providence University College and Theological Seminary, North Central University, and Trinity Bible College. The Eagles compete in 7 sports: women's volleyball, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's basketball, track and field, and cross-country. The Eagles also compete in the Midwest Christian College Conference.
+
+= = = The Hunt (The Twilight Zone) = = =
+
+ "The Hunt" is episode 84 of the American television anthology series "The Twilight Zone". It originally aired on January 26, 1962 on CBS.
+ Hyder Simpson is an elderly mountain man who lives with his wife Rachel and his hound dog Rip in the backwoods. Rachel does not like having the dog indoors, but Rip saved Hyder's life once and Hyder refuses to part with him. Rachel has seen some bad omens recently and warns Hyder not to go raccoon hunting that night. When Rip dives into a pond after a raccoon, Hyder jumps in after him. Only the raccoon comes up out of the water. The next morning, Hyder and Rip wake up next to the pond. When they return home, Hyder finds that Rachel, the preacher, and the neighbors cannot hear or see him, and are tending to the burial of both him and Rip.
+ Walking along the road, Hyder and Rip encounter an unfamiliar fence and follow it. They come to a gate tended by a man, who explains that Hyder can enter the Elysian Fields of the afterlife. Told that Rip cannot enter and will be taken to a special afterlife for dogs, Hyder angrily declines the offer of entry and decides to keep walking along the "Eternity Road," saying, "Any place that's too high-falutin' for Rip is too fancy for me."
+ Later, Hyder and Rip stop to rest and are met by a young man, who introduces himself as an angel dispatched to find them and take them to Heaven. When Hyder recounts his previous encounter, the angel tells him that gate is actually the entrance to Hell. The gatekeeper had stopped Rip from entering because Rip would have smelled the brimstone inside and warned Hyder that something was wrong. The angel says, "You see, Mr. Simpson, a man, well, he'll walk right into Hell with both eyes open. But even the Devil can't fool a dog!" As the angel leads Hyder along the Eternity Road toward Heaven, he tells Hyder that a square dance and raccoon hunt are scheduled for that night. He also assures Hyder that Rachel, who will soon be coming along the road, will not be misled into entering Hell.
+ The plot is based on a 1953 episode of "The Kate Smith Hour", "The Hound of Heaven", which was written by Hamner.
+
+= = = Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries = = =
+
+ In the Government of the United Kingdom, the Minister for the Arts is a ministerial post, usually a low to middle-ranking minister to the much senior Secretary of State, who runs the entire department and is ultimately responsible for the department's brief.
+ The post has been in a variety of ministries, but after 1997 it has been a Minister of State position in the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. From 1992 to 1997, the post was combined with the office of Secretary of State for National Heritage. The title of the post was changed to Minister for Culture in 2005, and to Minister for Culture, Creative Industries and Tourism in 2007. Under that last title, the office was held by Barbara Follett MP, who was appointed on 5 October 2008, until 22 September 2009.
+ Ed Vaizey was appointed by then Prime Minister David Cameron to the position as Minister for Culture, Communications and Creative Industries at Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State level, a post Vaizey initially split between the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), but is now entirely placed in the DCMS.
+ "The individuals who have held the office of Minister for the Arts or equivalent existing positions, their terms and under which Prime Minister."
+
+= = = King Kullen = = =
+
+ King Kullen Grocery Co., Inc. is an American supermarket chain based on Long Island. The company is headquartered in Bethpage, New York and was founded by Michael J. Cullen on August 4, 1930.
+ As of 2018, the chain operates 32 locations. It is notable for its title of "America's First Supermarket" as recognized by the Smithsonian Institution. King Kullen meets the criteria of America's First Supermarket because it was “the first to fulfill all five criteria that define the modern supermarket: separate departments; self-service; discount pricing; chain marketing; and volume dealing.” The Food Marketing Institute has stated that King Kullen “served as the catalyst for a new age in food retailing. The Super Market Institute recognizes that there is dispute regarding which store is America’s first supermarket, but “credits the modern supermarket – ‘the huge self-service, cash-and-carry, one-stop outlet with small markup, large volume, and the all-important parking lot’ – to the Great Depression and a man named Michael Cullen.”
+ King Kullen was founded by Michael J. Cullen, a former Kroger employee who devised the concept of the modern supermarket. While the branch manager of the Herrin, Illinois branch of the Kroger Grocery & Baking Company stores, managing 94 small stores, Cullen wrote a six-page letter to John Bonham, a Kroger vice-president, proposing a new type of food store with a focus on low prices, cash sales, and without delivery service, in larger stores (at low rents) with ample parking. He described what he envisioned as “monstrous stores, size of some to be about forty feet wide and hundred and thirty to a hundred and sixty feet deep, and they ought to be located one to three blocks off the high rent district with plenty of parking space, and some to be operated as a semi-self-service store – twenty percent service and eighty percent self-service.” In his proposal, Cullen suggested that this new type of store could achieve 10 times the volume and profits of the average Kroger or A&P, making Kroger "the greatest chain grocery concern on the face of the earth."
+ After Cullen's letter went unanswered, he resigned and moved with his wife Nan and their children to Long Island, where he launched his concept. Cullen leased a vacant garage at 171-09 Jamaica Avenue, on the corner of 171st Street and Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica (Queens), near a busy shopping district. The store, named "King Kullen", opened on August 4, 1930. After an over 80 year presence in New York City, King Kullen left that market in 2011 with the sale of its 3 remaining New York City stores in Eltingville, Graniteville, and Greenridge on Staten Island.
+ Very soon after opening the first King Kullen, customers came from 100 miles away to shop there. The first store was ten times larger than the Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company stores in the market. The second store was opened a few miles away from the first store, on Jamaica Avenue in Bellaire, Queens. Within two years of opening, the company operated eight stores. The early stores were 5200 to 6400 square feet big. Within 6 years of opening, King Kullen had 15 locations. By 1952, King Kullen had 30 stores, ranging in size from 10,000 to 15,000 square feet.
+ Cullen died in April 1936 at the age of 52, from peritonitis following an appendectomy. His widow Nan took over King Kullen, becoming Chairman of the Board. She was joined by her sons James A. Cullen (then 24) and John B. Cullen (then 15).
+ King Kullen remains owned and operated by the Cullen family, with second, third and fourth generation family members working for the Company. During the 1980s, former New York City Councilman Jack Muratori served as a King Kullen Board member.
+ In 1995, King Kullen opened Wild by Nature, an independent subsidiary. Wild by Nature is a grocery store marketed as selling wholesome, natural products. Wild by Nature has five locations (Setauket, Huntington, Hampton Bays, Oceanside and West Islip).
+ "Supermarket News" ranked King Kullen No. 75 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers" based on 2005–06 fiscal year estimated sales of $800 million.
+ King Kullen operates 32 locations on Long Island, in Nassau and Suffolk Counties.
+ Nine King Kullen stores operate full-service pharmacy departments, with online refills available.
+ Four King Kullen locations offer online grocery shopping, with delivery and pickup. King Kullen delivers groceries to most of Nassau County, many parts of Suffolk County (including Fire Island), and some neighborhoods in Queens.
+ On January 4, 2019 it was announced that Stop & Shop (a division of Ahold Delhaize) will purchase both King Kullen's 32 stores and its 5 Wild by Nature stores.
+ Adam Sandler referenced King Kullen in the 2018 Netflix comedy "The Week Of".
+
+= = = GEH statistic = = =
+
+ The GEH Statistic is a formula used in traffic engineering, traffic forecasting, and traffic modelling to compare two sets of traffic volumes. The GEH formula gets its name from Geoffrey E. Havers, who invented it in the 1970s while working as a transport planner in London, England. Although its mathematical form is similar to a chi-squared test, is not a true statistical test. Rather, it is an empirical formula that has proven useful for a variety of traffic analysis purposes.
+ Using the GEH Statistic avoids some pitfalls that occur when using simple percentages to compare two sets of volumes. This is because the traffic volumes in real-world transportation systems vary over a wide range. For example, the mainline of a freeway/motorway might carry 5000 vehicles per hour, while one of the on-ramps leading to the freeway might carry only 50 vehicles per hour (in that situation it would not be possible to select a single percentage of variation that is acceptable for both volumes). The GEH statistic reduces this problem; because the GEH statistic is non-linear, a single acceptance threshold based on GEH can be used over a fairly wide range of traffic volumes. The use of GEH as an acceptance criterion for travel demand forecasting models is recognised in the UK Highways Agency's Design Manual for Roads and Bridges the Wisconsin microsimulation modeling guidelines, the Transport for London Traffic Modelling Guidelines and other references.
+ For traffic modelling work in the "baseline" scenario, a GEH of less than 5.0 is considered a good match between the modelled and observed "hourly" volumes (flows of longer or shorter durations should be converted to hourly equivalents to use these thresholds). According to DMRB, 85% of the volumes in a traffic model should have a GEH less than 5.0. GEHs in the range of 5.0 to 10.0 may warrant investigation. If the GEH is greater than 10.0, there is a high probability that there is a problem with either the travel demand model or the data (this could be something as simple as a data entry error, or as complicated as a serious model calibration problem).
+ The GEH formula is useful in situations such as the following:
+
+= = = Akhbari = = =
+
+ The Akhbaris () are Twelver Shia Muslims who reject the use of reasoning in deriving verdicts, and believe in Quran and Hadith.
+ The term Akhbari (from "khabara", news or report) is usually used in contrast to Usuli (from "Uṣūl al-fiqh", principles of Islamic jurisprudence). Unlike Usulis, Akhbaris do not follow or do Taqleed of a Mujtahid, the "marja‘"s (models for imitation) who practice modern form of ijtihad (independent legal reasoning); consequently they do not accept Usul al-fiqh. Akhbaris perform Taqleed of Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi the Twelfth Imam of Shias who is in the Occultation. They say Taqleed is permissible when it is performed of an infallible Hujja, whereas they consider Taqleed to be forbidden when it is performed of a non-Infallible. Contrary to Usulis, Akhbaris believe in the perpetuity of Sharia from only the infalibles, so the right to interpret the Quran is only to 14 infallibles who have complete in-depth gnostic knowledge ("al-rāsixūn fi-l-ʿilm" ). Whereas the former believe in the development of jurisprudence with time 'Uṣūl al-fiqh', Akhbaris seek religious rulings or Islamic jurisprudence from a dead or living Muhaddith, who has narrated or narrates the rulings hadith of The Fourteen Infallibles without interpreting it. Further Akhbaris say that The Fourteen Infallibles or Shia Imāms never permitted Ijtehad.
+ Although Usulis and Akhbaris use the same Hadiths, they differ in many aspects as the latter only use the sacred scriptures as sole sources. Most Akhbaris believe no one can give new religious rules until the return of the Mahdi as the saviour of humanity.
+ Akhbari nowadays form a minority within Shia Islam, with Usulis making up the majority. Akhbarism "crystalized" as a distinct movement with the writings of Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi (d. 1627) and achieved its greatest influence in the late Safavid and early post-Safavid era. However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (d. 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. Today it is found primarily in the Basra area of southern Iraq (where they form the majority in many districts) although no longer in the city. They are also found in the island nation of Bahrain, Hyderabad, India and different cities of Pakistan Karachi, Sehwan, Hyderabad, Lahore, Faisalabad (Lylpur), Chakwaal, and Gojar Khan with reportedly "only a handful of Shi'i ulama" remaining Akhbari "to the present day."
+ Akhbaris consider themselves to be bounded by the Hadith of the two weighty things, where the Prophet Muhammad instructed his followers to follow the Quran and Ahl al-Bayt. Therefore, even for new events occurring during the Major Occultation, Akhbaris continue to follow traditions of Ahlul Bayt, as per the saying of Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi where he said "As for the new events, which will occur (during my occultation) turn to the narrators of our traditions, because they are my proof to you, while I am the proof of Allah to them" Akhbari reject fatāwa based on "ijtihad", they also reject the permissibility of writing exegesis of the Qur'an without quoting the narrations of the infallible "Ahlu l-Bayt". Akhbari quote the "Hadith ath-Thaqalayn" and several authentic traditions of the Twelve Imāms to prohibit the practice of exegesis. Akhbaris do not believe in generalization of Hadith, they say Hadith is either right or wrong; further they believe that Hadiths compiled in The Four Books of Shias are reliable.
+ It is reported that Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi acknowledged Kitab al-Kafi (which is among The Four Books of Shias) and said "al-Kafi is sufficient for our Shia (followers)".
+ Where Usulis doubt the credibility of this saying as author of Kitab al-Kafi never quoted the same.
+ In short, the gist of Akhbārī ideology is that nothing but the aḥadīth of the Infallible can serve as authoritative evidence in Islam. Akhbārīs also differ from Usūlīs in their rejection of the "Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists", arguing that preachers of religion have no role in politics, clerics should advise political leaders but not govern themselves. Akhbaris believe in separation of religion and state in absence of Twelfth Imam, they say that only an infallible ruling Imam has a right to combine religion and state; and which will be accomplished only after the arrival of awaited Shia Imam.
+ Usūlism evolved on the basis of Usul al-fiqh (the hypothetical concepts and perceptions of some scholars) centuries after the major occultation. Among the earliest Shī‘a "ulamā"' such as Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni and Ibn Babawaiyya, the most important activity was transmission of a ḥadīth.
+ At this time, the Shī‘a distinguished themselves from the Sunni in the category of law, which employed such methods as qiyas "analogical reasoning" and exegesis". However, the Shī‘a developed law directly from the traditions of the Imāms.
+ Initially during the Buyid period, the Twelver ulamā' considered that since the Imām had gone into Occultation and his "Nā'ib al-Khass" was no longer present, all the functions invested in the Imām had lapsed. The principal functions of the Imām had been:
+ However, it soon became apparent that the situation caused by the lapse of functions of the Hidden Imām was extremely impractical and left the Twelver Shī‘a community at a great disadvantage, with no leadership, no organization and no financial structure.
+ Akhbaris contend that, over the course of the history of Twelver Shi'ism since the Occultation, Usuli ulama have progressively usurped more and more of the functions of the Hidden Imam. They distinguish five stages in this usurpation.
+ As early as the 5th century AH / 11th century CE, more than 150 years after the Occultation of the 12th Imām, Shaykhu t-Ta'ifa reinterpreted the doctrine to allow delegation of the Imām's judicial authority to those who had studied "fiqh". Although he implies in his writings that this function should only be undertaken by the ulama if there is no one else to do it.
+ Shaykhu t-Taifa considered the ulamā' the best agents of the donor to distribute religious taxes since they knew to whom it should be distributed. Nevertheless, individuals were free to do this themselves if they wished. He allowed "fuqahā"' to organize Friday prayers in absence of the Imām or his special representative.
+ The prominent Shī‘a scholars who rejected this thesis were:
+ It is to be noted that `Alam al-Huda was from among the Shaykhu t-Taifa's group.
+ By the 13th century, Muhaqqiq al-Hilli was able to advance these concepts very considerably. He extended the judicial role of the ulama to "iqamat al-hudud" the imposition of penalties by ulama themselves. In his writings it is possible to see the evolution in his thinking whereby the fuqahā' develop from the deputies of the donor for the distribution of religious taxes in his early writings to being the deputies of the Hidden Imām for collection and distribution of the taxes in his later works. In effect, transgressing the limits set by Shaykhu t-Taifa (two centuries earlier) in his first transgression.
+ Muhaqqiq al-Karkhi (About 300 years after the second transgression) was the first to suggest, arguing from the hadith of ‘Umar ibn Hanzala, that the ulama were the "Nā'ib al-'Amm" (general representative) of the Hidden Imām. But he restricted his application of this argument to the assumption of the duty of leading Friday prayers.
+ It was Shahīd ath-Thānī who took the concept of Nā'ib al-'Amm to its logical conclusion in the religious sphere and applied it to all of the religious functions and prerogatives of the Hidden Imām. Thus the judicial authority of the ulamā' now became a direct reflection of the authority of the Imām himself. It was now obligatory to pay the religious taxes directly to the ulamā' as the trustees of the Imām for distribution and the donor who distributed these himself was considered to obtain no reward. This is in direct contradiction to limits set by prior transgressions.
+ Furthermore, Shahīd ath-Thānī extended the range of those eligible to receive money from "zakāt" to include religious students and the ulamā' themselves, who thus became the recipients of the money as trustees of students. Even in the field of defensive "jihād", Shahīd ath-Thānī identified a role for the ulamā'. Only in the field of offensive jihād did he allow that the role of Hidden Imām had lapsed pending his return.
+ Although the aforementioned scholars were not "mujtahids" in their full capacity, they introduced innovative concepts into Shī‘a theology which later formed the basis of the exegetical school. Their innovations were sharply criticized by prominent Shī‘a scholars of their time and thus, remained mostly theoretical.
+ The traditional Shī‘a doctrine was, by its nature, fatal to leadership of any regime except that of Imām al-Mahdi since they believed that an Islamic state can be established only under the leadership of an infallible Imām. Thus, the Shī‘a had little role to play in supporting the decisions of the state, in contrast with the Sunni tendency of offering their full support to the Ottoman Empire.
+ This caused a great deal of paranoia to the states where the Shī‘a were in majority. By the end of Safavid era the situation had become intense due to the rise of imperialism on a global scale. It was necessary to develop an alternate ideology for the survival of Iranian state. This is when a group of ulamā' were encouraged to squeeze out the possibility of extending the state's control over the shia majority; by whatever means necessary.
+ The revival of Akhbārism, or "neo-Akhbārism" as it became known, was under the dean of Karbala scholarship, Yusuf Al Bahrani (1695–1772), who led an intellectual assault on Usuli thought in the mid-18th century. An Akhbārī critique of Usulism had emerged in Bahrain at the beginning of the 18th century, partly spurred by the weaknesses of the Usuli sponsoring Safavid empire. By succeeding to the role of dean of Karbala as one of the pre-eminent scholars of the age, al-Bahrani's extended this Bahrain-based debate to the rest of the Shī‘a world.
+ Under al-Bahrani, Usuli scholarship was considered impure but Bahrani was not politically influential, although his student, the famous Sheikh Al-Hurr al-Aamili in his book "Amal al-amil" writes "He was a mountain and ocean of knowledge, No one from among the previous scholars preceded his knowledge or reached his status". {Edit: This seems completely incorrect. The Al-Bahrani referred to in this quote is referring to Sayyid Hashim Al-Bahrani. However this article is relating it to another scholar; the previously mentioned Yusuf Bahraini, who died nearly a century after Sheikh Al-Hurr Aamili} It was Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Akmal al-Wahid Bihbahani who challenged and defeated the Akhbaris and eventually became the most politically influential cleric in Karbala in 1772. Bihbahani's theology was not welcomed by the Akhbaris. Although this controversy had begun as a minor disagreement on a few points, it eventually grew into a bitter, vituperative dispute culminating in Bihbahani's declaration that the Akhbārīs were infidels (Kuffar). However, the dispute remained purely intellectual.
+ At first there was a large population of Akhbārī activists at the shrine cities of Iraq but it was Bihbahani who, at the end of the 18th century, reversed this and completely routed the Akhbārīs at Karbala and Najaf. South Iraq, Bahrain and a few cities in Iran such as Kirman remained Akhbārī strongholds for a few more decades but eventually the Usuli triumph was complete and only a handful of Shī‘a ulamā' remained Akhbārī to the present day.
+ After the theological coup brought about by al-Wahid Bihbahani by military methods, the Usuli school became instrumental to the Iranian regime.
+ During the first Russo-Persian War (1804–1813), Fath Ali Shah's son and heir, Abbas Mirza, who was conducting the campaign, turned to the new ulama and obtained from Shaykh Ja'far Kashif al-Ghita' and other eminent clerics in Najaf and Isfahan a declaration of jihad against the Russians, thus implicitly recognizing their authority to issue such a declaration – one of the functions of the Hidden Imām. Kashif al-Ghita used the opportunity to extract from the state acknowledgment of the ulama's right to collect the religious taxes of Khums."
+ This followed the pattern of other transgressions by overthrowing the limits of its prior (fourth) transgression.
+ Following the Iranian Revolution, the Usūlī school has gained popularity among previously Akhbārī communities. Usuli clerical power reached its natural conclusion with control and domination of the state as promulgated through "Vilayat al-Faqih" under the authority of the Supreme Leader.
+ Akhbārīs reject and even curse mujtahids. They practice this based on the last letter Imām Mahdi wrote to ‘Alī ibn Muhammad, fourth trusted follower of the Lesser Occultation. In the letter, Imām Zaman said:
+ Akhbārīs claim that only the Imāms may be described as "āyat Allah"s (Ayatollahs, "signs of God") based on the "Hadith-e-Tariq", and that no one else has the right to ascribe this divine title to themselves. For example, the "Hadith-i Tariq" says:
+ Historically it was only in the early 19th century that ordinary "mujtahids" began to describe themselves as 'Ayatollahs.'
+ Akhbārīs claim to follow Hadith directly, without the need for generalisation, or of finding the reason for the decision. This, according to Usulis, is a logical impossibility. Hadith takes the form of case law, that is to say the narration of decisions taken in a concrete situation. To "follow" such a decision one must know which features of the situation are or are not relevant to the decision, as exactly the same set of facts will never occur twice. Therefore, some degree of generalisation is unavoidable, even on the most literal view: the choice is simply between mechanical generalisation and intelligent generalisation.
+ Regarding Islamic laws, there are various issues faced by Muslims in their daily lives. e.g. doubts in "salāt" and their corrections, conditions which invalidate a fast and the relevant compensations, rulings vis à vis correctness or incorrectness of various social and business practices e.g. Investing in Mutual Funds, Use of alcohol based perfumes and medicines, etc. Yet, Akhbaris say that the Imams mentioned general-rules that we may use to know the ruling of modern issues.
+
+= = = Francis J. Parater = = =
+
+ Francis Joseph Parater (October 10, 1897 – February 7, 1920) was a Roman Catholic seminarian from the Diocese of Richmond who died of rheumatic fever at the age of 22 during his theological studies in Rome. He was nominated for canonization, the process by which one is declared a saint, in 2001.
+ Frank Parater was born on October 10, 1897 to a Catholic family in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Captain Francis J. Parater, Sr. and his second wife, Mary Richmond. While growing up, he served as an altar boy, and attended the Xaverian Brothers' School (subsequently called Saint Patrick's School) and Benedictine High School (subsequently called Benedictine College Preparatory) in Richmond. In 1917, he graduated as the valedictorian of his class. Parater was active in scouting, and achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.
+ Parater decided to pursue a vocation to the priesthood after high school, and began college at Belmont Abbey Seminary in 1917. As a seminarian, he was noted for his dedication to prayer and his intellectual and physical abilities. In 1919, his bishop, Denis J. O'Connell, sent him to study theology at the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He officially began his studies there on November 25, 1919.
+ In January 1920, Parater became very ill with rheumatic fever. He received last rites and died on February 7. After his death, his "Act of Oblation," a sort of prayer and spiritual testament he had written, was discovered. Two popes have asked for copies of it, and it has been published in English and in the "L'Osservatore Romano" in Italian. His body is interred in the mausoleum of the North American College in Rome's Campo Verano cemetery.
+ The "nihil obstat" of the Holy See to begin the cause for Frank Parater's canonization was granted on May 8, 2001. The bishop of Richmond at the time, Walter F. Sullivan, established the tribunal on March 24, 2002. The postulator of the cause is Rev. J. Scott Duarte, J.C.D.
+
+= = = Usuli = = =
+
+ Usulis () are the majority Twelver Shi'a Muslim group. They differ from their now much smaller rival Akhbari group in favoring the use of "ijtihad" (i.e., reasoning) in the creation of new rules of "fiqh"; in assessing hadith to exclude traditions they believe unreliable; and in considering it obligatory to obey a "mujtahid" when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior.
+ Since the crushing of the Akhbaris in the late 18th century, it has been the dominant school of Twelver Shi'a and now forms an overwhelming majority within the Twelver Shia denomination.
+ The name "Usuli" derives from the term "Uṣūl al-fiqh" (principles of jurisprudence). In Usuli thought, there are four valid sources of law: the Quran, hadith, ijma' and 'aql. Ijma' refers to a unanimous consensus. Aql, in Shia jurisprudence, is applied to four practical principles which are applied when other religious proofs are not applicable: "bara'at" (immunity), "ihtiyat" (recommended precautions), "takhyir" (selection), and "istishab" (the presumption of continuity in the previous state).
+ The term Usuli is also sometimes used to refer more generally to students of "usul" especially among early Muslims, without regard to Shia Islam. Students/scholars of the "principles" of fiqh are distinguished from scholars of "fiqh" itself, whose scholars are known as "faqīh" (plural "fuqahā"').
+ The Usuli believe that the Hadith collections contained traditions of varying degrees of reliability, and that critical analysis was necessary to assess their authority. In contrast the Akhbari believe that the sole sources of law are the Qur'an and the Hadith, in particular the Four Books accepted by the Shia: everything in these sources is in principle reliable, and outside them there was no authority competent to enact or deduce further legal rules.
+ In addition to assessing the reliability of the Hadith, Usuli believe the task of the legal scholar is to establish intellectual principles of general application ("Usul al-fiqh"), from which particular rules may be derived by way of deduction. Accordingly, Usuli legal scholarship has the tools in principle for resolving new situations that are not already addressed in Quran or Hadith (see Ijtihad).
+ An important tenet of Usuli doctrine is Taqlid or "imitation", i.e. the acceptance of a religious ruling in matters of worship and personal affairs from someone regarded as a higher religious authority (e.g. an 'ālim) without necessarily asking for the technical proof. These higher religious authorities can be known as a "source of imitation" (Arabic "marja taqlid" مرجع تقليد, Persian marja) or less exaltedly as an "imitated one" (Arabic مقلَد "muqallad"). However, his verdicts are not to be taken as the only source of religious information and he can be always corrected by other muqalladeen (the plural of muqallad) which come after him. Obeying a deceased taqlid is forbidden in Usuli.
+ Taqlid has been introduced by scholars who felt that Quranic verses and traditions were not enough and that ulama were needed not only to interpret the Quran and Sunna but to make "new rulings to respond to new challenges and push the boundaries of Shia law in new directions."
+ By their debates and books, Al-Mufid, Sayyid-al Murtada, and Shaykh al-Tusi in Iraq, were the first to introduce the "Uṣūl al-fiqh" (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) under the influence of the Shafe'i and Mu'tazili doctrines. Al-Kulayni, in Rey, and al-Sadduq, in Qom, were concerned with a traditionalist approach. The second wave of the Usuli was shaped in the Mongol period when al-Hilli introduced the term "mujtahid", meaning an individual qualified to deduce ordinances on the basis of authentic religious arguments. By developing the theory of the "usul", al-Hilli introduced more legal and logical norms which extended the meaning of the "usul" beyond the four principle sources. Amili was the first scholar to fully formulate the principles of "ijtihad".
+ These traditional principles of Shi'a jurisprudence were challenged by the 17th-century Akhbari school, led by Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi. A reaction against Akhbari arguments was led in the last half of the 18th century by Muhammad Baqir Behbahani. He attacked the Akhbari and their method was abandoned by Shia. The dominance of the Usuli over the Akhbari came when Behbahani led the Usuli to dominance and "completely routed the Akhbaris at Karbala and Najaf," so that "only a handful of Shi'i ulama have remained Akhbari to the present day."
+
+= = = Santeri Alkio = = =
+
+ Santeri Alkio (Finnicized form of "Aleksander Filander"; 17 June 1862 in Laihia, Finland – 24 July 1930 in Laihia) was a Finnish politician, author and journalist. He is also considered to be the ideological father of Finnish Centre Party.
+ Alkio's parents were Juho and Maria (née Jakku) Filander. He married teacher Anna Augusta Falenius in 1896.
+ Initially Santeri Alkio was active in the Young Finnish Party, but in the end decided it was too liberal for the farming population; urbanized parties did not, in his estimation, pay enough attention to the causes that were most important to farmers. To keep the agrarian folk from becoming ensnared by socialism, he founded the "Etelä-Pohjanmaan Nuorsuomalainen Maalaisliitto" ("Young-Finnish Countrymens' Union of Southern Ostrobothnia"), which he later fused into the less ideological "Maalaisväestön liitto" ("Union of the Rural Population", later Centre Party of Finland). Alkio became the chief ideologue of the Maalaisliitto, and is still considered the father of the party in spirit. The party still refers to "alkioish" tendencies in some of its factions.
+ Alkio was a member of the Finnish House of Representatives from 1907–1908 and again from 1914–1922. He was vice-chairman of the Eduskunta in 1917 and 1918. When the October revolution began in Russia, the Bolshevik Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia led to controversy in the Finnish parliament on how to respond. Based on Alkio's proposal, the Parliament of Finland assumed sovereignty in Finland on November 15, eventually leading to the Finnish Declaration of Independence on December 6 (Independence Day of Finland). After independence, Alkio continued in parliament as the minister of social affairs from 1919–1920. He was the minister of social affairs of the Vennola government from (15 August 1919 – 15 March 1920). An ardent temperance-movement activist, he participated in drafting the Finnish Prohibition and also was the minister responsible for the confirmation of president K. J. Ståhlberg.
+ Alkio was an extremely prolific author. He founded the newspaper "Ilkka" and was its editor through the years 1906–1930.
+ His likeness graced a Finnish stamp on 17 July 1962.
+ Alkio was a fervent spokesman for democracy and Finnish national independence. He led the youth association movement, which above all wanted to defend the values of rural life and foster temperance and healthy living, a desire the movement held in common with the coeval Christian revivalist and labor movements.
+ Despite his Christian background, Alkio was a strong opponent of state church. In 1906 Alkio wrote that "We want to liberate the beautiful and simple teachings of Jesus from the tyranny of theology and that is why we would like to withdraw the support of the state from one confession and to proclaim it to all."
+ As a nationalist, Alkio supported the independent Senate of Svinhufvud. During the summer of 1917, he had supported usurping the highest power in the land from Russia via the Power of Government Act (Lex Tulenheimo) while the parties on the right still opposed it.
+ Alkio thought the red revolt supported by Russian soldiers was an attempt to return Finland to Soviet Russia: "It [the revolt] is meant to set Finnish independence at nought." ("Sen [kapinan] tarkoituksena on tehdä tyhjäksi Suomen itsenäisyys.")
+ Alkio was also a pacifist. He attributed this to the influence of Mahatma Gandhi. On 15 January 1920, he wrote in Maan Ääni newspaper that Europe should consider the question of the United States of Europe. This article made him one of the first important proponents of European integration.
+
+= = = Ut unum sint = = =
+
+ Ut unum sint (Latin: 'That they may be one') is an encyclical by Pope John Paul II of 25 May 1995. It was one of 14 encyclicals issued by John Paul II. Cardinal Georges Cottier, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household, was influential in drafting the encyclical.
+ Like many encyclicals, this one derives its title from its "incipit" or first few words, which are taken from the prayer of Jesus in the Vulgate translation of the Gospel according to John. It deals with the Catholic Church's relations with the Orthodox Church and other Christian ecclesial communities. This document reiterated that unity of these two "sui juris" churches is essential, as well as further dialogue and unity with the Protestant churches. This document shows that the Catholic Church is officially moved to unity. It has become a common piece of study in ecumenical classes.
+ Ut Unum Sint was the first encyclical ever devoted exclusively to the ecumenical imperative. In this groundbreaking exercise of the papal magisterium, Pope John Paul affirmed that the ecumenical commitment made at Vatican II was irreversible. He taught his fellow Catholics that the quest for Christian unity ought to be sustained both internationally and in the local churches.
+ In paragraph 54 the Pope wrote that "the Church must breathe with her two lungs!" In paragraph 79, five subjects are noted to be important for "more clear" understanding that will bring unity:
+ After an introduction, the encyclical's three chapters are entitled:
+ It concludes with an exhortation calling on "everyone to renew their commitment to work for full and visible communion". (Paragraph 100)
+ The ultimate goal of the ecumenical movement is to re-establish full visible unity among all the baptized." (Para. 77)
+ "It is understandable how the seriousness of the commitment to ecumenism presents a deep challenge to the Catholic faithful. The Spirit calls them to make a serious examination of conscience." (Para. 82)
+ "I therefore exhort my Brothers in the Episcopate to be especially mindful of this commitment. The two Codes of Canon Law include among the responsibilities of the Bishop that of promoting the unity of all Christians by supporting all activities or initiatives undertaken for this purpose, in the awareness that the Church has this obligation from the will of Christ himself. This is part of the episcopal mission and it is a duty which derives directly from fidelity to Christ, the Shepherd of the Church. Indeed all the faithful are asked by the Spirit of God to do everything possible to strengthen the bonds of communion between all Christians and to increase cooperation between Christ's followers: "Concern for restoring unity pertains to the whole Church, faithful and clergy alike. It extends to everyone according to the potential of each"." (Para. 101)
+ "Ut Unum Sint" (Official Vatican Text)
+
+= = = Lowell High School = = =
+
+ Lowell High School may refer to:
+
+= = = Pure autonomic failure = = =
+
+ Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is a form of dysautonomia that first occurs in middle age or later in life; diagnosed more often in men than in women.
+ A degenerative disease of the autonomic nervous system, symptoms include dizziness and fainting (caused by orthostatic hypotension), visual disturbances and neck pain. Chest pain, fatigue and sexual dysfunction are less common symptoms that may also occur. Symptoms are worse when standing; sometimes one may relieve symptoms by lying down.
+ More pervasive autonomic dysfunction involving any of the following: night sweats or abnormal lack of sweating, urogenital problems (frequent UTIs, incontinence, frequency, urgency), gastrointestinal problems (chronic constipation, chronic constipation alternating with diarrhea, poor gastric motility), or esophageal/respiratory problems (sleep apnea, abnormal breath sounds during sleep or while awake) indicate possible autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy or multiple system atrophy.
+ The pathology of pure autonomic failure is not yet completely understood. However, a loss of cells in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord has been documented, as has a loss of catecholamine uptake and catecholamine fluorescence in sympathetic postganglionic neurons. In general, levels of catecholamines in these patients are very low while lying down, and do not increase much upon standing.
+ Pharmacological methods of treatment include fludrocortisone, midodrine, somatostatin, erythropoietin, and other vasopressor agents. However, often a patient with pure autonomic failure can mitigate his or her symptoms with far less costly means. Compressing the legs and lower body, through crossing the legs, squatting, or the use of compression stockings can help. Use of an abdominal binder is even more effective. Also, ingesting more water than usual can increase blood pressure and relieve some symptoms.
+ In 1925, Bradbury and Eggleston first characterized three patients seemingly with a common syndrome, with what they described as "the occurrence of syncopal attacks after or during exertion or even after standing erect for some minutes. Other features in the three patients are a slow, unchanging pulse rate, incapacity to perspire, a lowered basal metabolism and signs of slight and indefinite changes in the nervous system. Each of these patients felt much worse during the heat of summer." Further research identified multiple causes for these syndromic findings, now grouped as primary autonomic disorders (also called primary dysautonomia), including Pure Autonomic Failure, Multiple System Atrophy, and Parkinson's. The primary differentiating characteristic of Pure autonomic failure is decreased circulation and synthesis of norepinephrine, and dysfunction localized peripherally. It is relevant to note that progression to central nervous system neurodegeneration can also occur.
+ It is named for Samuel Bradbury and Cary Eggleston.
+
+= = = Midrasha = = =
+
+ A (Hebrew: , pl. ') refers to an institute of Jewish studies for women. In Israel, it is often an Orthodox institution that caters solely to women, and roughly the equivalent of a yeshiva for men. The term is often translated as 'seminary'. In the United States, the term has also been used to refer to co-educational Jewish studies programs. In Israel, a midrasha that offers degree studies is sometimes called a "machon" (institute). Some ' accept both men and women, such as the Ein Prat Midrasha in Israel.
+ The word "'" is based on the term "beit midrash", "house of study". It is cognate with the Arabic "'," which also refers to a place of learning.
+' vary in curriculum and philosophy. More liberal ' often place more emphasis on the study of Talmud itself, as in men's , while more conservative ' tend to only incorporate selections from the Talmud in the context of classes on the Hebrew Bible, Jewish philosophy, Ethics (Musar) and Jewish law instead. Most ' in the latter category are modeled on the Beis Yaakov teacher-training seminary established by Sarah Schenirer.
+ Many Orthodox Jewish girls attend a ' in Israel for a year or more following high school. Some ' are designed for the newly observant.
+ Most ' for English-speaking students are accredited by American colleges. Some ' offer second-year programs with religious-studies classes in the morning and general-studies classes in the afternoons, allowing students to pursue a religious education and a general-studies education leading to a college degree simultaneously. In Israel, several of the religious affiliated teacher training colleges also offer a religious studies program in conjunction with the B.Ed. degree.
+ While a Hebrew school program typically handles Jewish education for youths before their Bar/Bat Mitzvah, students who wish to continue their Jewish education through high school enroll in a Midrasha.
+
+= = = Off-tackle run = = =
+
+ An off-tackle run in American football is a play in which the running back carries the ball through a running lane off of the tackle's block. The lead block kicks out the end man on the line of scrimmage, and another offensive player usually blocks the linebacker. It can be useful in short yardage situations, and with large backs.
+ The most simple form of this play has the strong side offensive lineman step towards the ball and block any defender inside of him. The fullback will kick out the end man to create the running lane for the ball carrier. The Maryland I used the 2nd back to lead through the hole and block the linebacker. More complicated versions of the play have pulling guards block the linebacker or combination blocks by a tight-end and tackle to create the hole and block the linebacker.
+ The off-tackle play is a key feature of the single wing offense.
+
+= = = Primary autonomic failure = = =
+
+ Primary autonomic failure (also called primary dysautonomia) refers to a category of dysautonomias -- conditions in which the autonomic nervous system does not function properly.
+ In primary dysautonomias, the autonomic dysfunction occurs as a primary condition (as opposed to resulting from another disease). Autonomic failure is categorized as "primary" when believed to result from a chronic condition characterized by degeneration of the autonomic nervous system, or where autonomic failure is the predominant symptom and its cause is unknown.
+ Such "primary" dysautonomias are distinguished from secondary dysautonomias, where the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is believed to be caused by another disease (e.g. diabetes).
+ Diseases categorized as primary autonomic failure usually include pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. Many scientists also categorize Parkinson disease and familial dysautonomia as "primary".
+
+= = = George D. W. Smith = = =
+
+ George David William Smith FRS, FIMMM, FInstP, FRSC, CEng (b. 1943, in Aldershot, Hampshire) is a materials scientist with special interest in the study of the microstructure, composition and properties of engineering materials at the atomic level. He invented, together with Alfred Cerezo and Terry Godfrey, the Atom-Probe Tomograph in 1988.
+ George D. W. Smith graduated from Oxford with a metallurgy degree in 1965, and did postgraduate work in the Chemistry Department, where he used the field emission microscope and the field ion microscope to study the epitaxial growth of nickel on tungsten.
+ Smith returned to the Department of Materials where he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with Sir Peter Hirsch to establish a research group for metallurgical field ion microscopy. He led the Oxford research group where Cerezo, Smith, and Godfrey developed novel atom probe techniques for the direct observation of solid materials in three dimensions on the atomic scale. Together with Oxford colleagues, he founded a spin-out company, Oxford Nanoscience Ltd., which is part of Cameca Instruments Inc., manufacturer of equipment for nanotechnology research.
+ He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996, and was member of its Executive Council from 2002 to 2004.
+ From 1997 to 2005 he served on the Council of the Institute of Materials, being vice President in 2002.
+ He was the founding chair of the Institute of Materials Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Committee, and also chaired the First International Conference on Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing (London, UK, 2003).
+ From 2000 to 2005 he was Head of the Department of Materials at the University of Oxford.
+ From 2005 to 2011 he was a member of the Advisory Council of the British Library.
+ He is a member of the DBERR Energy Materials Advisory Group, and was the lead author of the 2007 DTI / MatUK report on Nuclear Energy Materials (Note that this set of 2007 Working Group reports also accurately predicted a forthcoming energy crisis around 2015).
+ He was the UK leader for the UK-China Partnership in Science, in the areas of Materials Science and Nanotechnology (2007–08), and chaired an international panel which reviewed the RCUK nanoscience programme (2009–10).
+ He officially retired from his academic post in Oxford in 2010, but continues to be active in research as an Emeritus Professor of Materials, and as an external consultant to an energy company.
+ He is also an Honorary Professor at the University of Science and Technology Beijing, an Advisory Professor at Chongqing University.
+ Within Oxford, he is an Honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College and an Emeritus Fellow of both Trinity and St Cross Colleges.
+ He has published extensively on the subjects of phase transformations and phase stability in metals and alloys, and on the atomic scale structure and chemistry of catalyst surfaces. He is author of 2 books and over 350 scientific papers
+ The company Oxford Nanoscience Ltd. received several awards for its technological achievements, including an International Research and Development Award (1993), Prince of Wales Award for Innovation (1997), Millennium Product Designation (1998), and a DTI National Award for Innovative Measurement (2004).
+
+= = = Holder (gridiron football) = = =
+
+ In gridiron football, the holder is the player who receives the snap from the long snapper during field goal or extra point attempts made by the placekicker. The holder is set on one knee seven yards behind the line-of-scrimmage. Before the play begins he places the hand which is closest to the place kicker on the ground in a location designated by the kickers foot (In high school games, the holder/kicker combo is responsible for a kicking block, which lifts the ball off the turf), with his forward hand ready to receive the snap. After receiving the snap, the holder will place the football on the turf, or block, ideally with the laces facing the uprights and the ball accurately placed where the back hand was initially, then balancing the ball with one or two fingers until the ball is kicked.
+ The holder, like the placekicker and the long snapper, is protected from intentional contact from the opposing team. The penalty for roughing the holder is 15 yards and an automatic first down.
+ Compared to other American football positions, the holder is one of the most trivial positions, requiring precision in the receipt of a snap and placement of a ball in short time, but requiring far less physical talent than a skill position and much less bulk or strength than a lineman. Because of this, it is exceptionally rare for a team to preserve a roster spot solely for a placekick holder; most teams will instead use a player who plays another position to double as the holder. One notable exception was Patricia Palinkas, the first female professional football player; Palinkas played holder (and no other position) during her short time as a pro player.
+ The holder's actual position, on the team's official depth chart, is generally either the punter or the backup quarterback. Some high school football teams will place a wide receiver or running back at the holder position because of their good hands (this is not unheard of at other levels; Steve Tasker, a wide receiver and punt gunner, also played holder at various times in his NFL career, as does his son Luke Tasker, also a wide receiver. Others include tight end Jay Novacek and safety Keith Lyle).
+ The rationale for having a backup quarterback holding is that the quarterback is accustomed to receiving snaps from center and long snaps from the shotgun formation. He also provides a threat for a fake field goal since the quarterback can throw a pass on such plays. Additionally, in the event of a bad snap and an aborted kick attempt, the holder might have to become the quarterback for the play, so having an actual quarterback helps in that regard. Years ago in the NFL, backup quarterbacks generally held for field goal kicks.
+ Having the backup quarterback play as the holder has faded out in the NFL, mainly due to a rule in the NFL's collective bargaining agreement that prohibited a team's third-string quarterback from playing except in emergencies (this was repealed in the 2011 CBA, but since that time, most NFL teams have only carried two quarterbacks on the active roster). However, such usage has remained rather common in collegiate football. Many times a quarterback who was a redshirt freshman will serve as the holder his sophomore year. It is also common in other professional leagues such as the Arena Football League (where there is no punting and are thus no punters) or the Canadian Football League, where roster size restrictions generally result in one person serving as both placekicker and punter.
+ In today's NFL, most teams use their punter as holder. New England Patriots' head coach Bill Belichick explained that punters are generally holders for the reason that punters and kickers usually have more time together to game plan, watch film, and are able to have more reps during practice than a player who has to play another position.
+ There are a few NFL teams that still use a quarterback as their holders.
+ New Orleans Saints – The Saints tend to run more fake field goals than any other team, and due to that they generally keep a backup in as their holder (this keeps opposing defenses in more of a zone coverage, and also helps to prevent blocked field goals). Their holder for a period was quarterback Luke McCown, but is now punter Thomas Morstead.
+ Dallas Cowboys – When Tony Romo was signed by the Dallas Cowboys, he was their backup quarterback, and as the backup quarterback, part of his job was to be the team's holder. Romo was replaced by the punter in 2010, but due to many mishandled snaps, which resulted in missed field goals, Romo returned as the team's official holder. The Cowboys hired a more experienced holder, Brian Moorman, in 2012; Moorman left the team at the end of the season. Throughout the 1990s, starting tight end Jay Novacek was the usual holder on kicks.
+ Oakland Raiders – The Raiders' Matt Schaub was used as the holder during the 2014 season.
+ Denver Broncos – The Broncos used to have former starting quarterback Jake Plummer as the holder and continued to do so after he was benched in favor of Jay Cutler. After Plummer retired the Broncos began to use their punter as the holder.
+ Washington Redskins – Starting quarterback Joe Theismann held for Mark Moseley from the late 1970s until he suffered his career-ending broken leg during a 1985 "Monday Night Football" game vs. the New York Giants.
+ Seattle Seahawks – Steve Largent, a wide receiver, was the kick holder, and in 1985, he ran in a muffed snap for an extra point.
+ During a "fake field goal" attempt the holder may pick the ball up and either throw a forward pass or run with the ball (i.e., act as the quarterback would on a standard play). In addition, the holder may attempt a run or pass if the snap is botched and a successful kick is unlikely. However, this rarely succeeds; the holder is usually tackled promptly.
+ There can also be a holder during kickoffs and free kicks, but this is reserved for when the ball tee cannot keep the ball up by itself, usually due to wind. In such a case, the holder can be of any position and, because kickoffs involve a much higher risk of being involved in a tackling play, is usually a defensive player of some sort.
+ Given the trivial nature of the position, no award for holders existed until 2015 when Peter Mortell, then a senior punter and holder for the Minnesota Golden Gophers and known for his humor, created a tongue-in-cheek "Holder of the Year" Award for the best holder in college football, named it after himself, and made himself its first recipient. ESPN recognized the award at their yearly ESPY Awards ceremony (alongside more serious, major position awards), with Mortell accepting via pre-recorded video. The award subsequently continued and was awarded in 2016 to senior quarterback/holder Garrett Moores of Michigan. In 2017, the award was given to Connor McGinnis of Oklahoma.
+
+= = = Frederick Morgan = = =
+
+ Frederick or Fred Morgan may refer to:
+
+= = = Disney Magazine = = =
+
+ Disney Magazine was an official Disney magazine that was published quarterly from December 1965 to April 2005. The "Disney Magazine", otherwise known as "Disney News" "Magazine", was the “Official Magazine for Magic Kingdom Club Families” and ran between the years of 1965 and 2005. The magazine was sent out four times a year, with one edition per season and was free to members of the Magic Kingdom Club (MKC).
+ The magazine began life as Disney News in December 1965. The first issue was 16 pages long, and the cover showed Walt Disney surrounded by several costumed characters in front of Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle. The magazine was initially a free benefit for members of the MKC but later started charging a cover price (discounted for members).
+ The publication changed its name to "The Disney Magazine" in March 1994 to better reflect the increased size and content of the magazine. It became simply "Disney Magazine" in the summer 1996 issue.
+ For people that were a part of the Magic Kingdom Club, they were sent the "Disney Magazine" for free. This fan-based club, was a way for southern California residents to have a discounted admission price into the park. When Walt Disney World opened in 1971, the program became nationwide, allowing anyone the opportunity for a cheaper admission, as well as added benefits such as vacation packages.
+ Over his 30 years with The Walt Disney Company, Baldwin held many roles, one of which was the Worldwide Director of the Magic Kingdom Club. From 1978-1994 he ran the MKC, and spent most of his time in Japan and Europe over seeing the production of Disneyland Paris and Disneyland Tokyo.
+ When he was not running the MKC, Baldwin was also the publisher of Disney Magazine for quite some time.
+ The very first issue of "Disney News" was published in the Winter of 1965. The 16 page print contained information on what was going on in the park, dates to visit, ticket prices, and special events for Magic Kingdom Club members.
+ The cover featured an image of Walt Disney surrounded by his famous characters including Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse. The whole gang is gathered in front of Sleeping Beauty’s castle at the Disneyland Resort in California. At the time, this was the only Disney park in the world.
+ This would turn out to be the only edition of the magazine with Walt on the cover during his lifetime. Walt passed away on December 15, 1966 due to lung cancer. His death came shortly after the plans for Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida were announced. The magazine never announced a formal statement on Disney's death.
+ When Disney decided to shut down the MKC in January 2001, the magazine continued, but circulation numbers began dropping.
+ Publication ended with the Summer 2005 issue. Subscribers were offered subscriptions to either "FamilyFun" or "Disney Adventures", or refunds. The magazine's website said the end was due to an increase of people choosing to find information on the Internet, and thus lack of readership.
+
+= = = Checkdown = = =
+
+ In American football, a checkdown pass is when the quarterback attempts to complete a short, accurate pass to a running back or tight end as a last option when the wide receivers are covered. The term means that the quarterback has "checked down" his list of receivers. Because the quarterback does not look for the checkdown pass until after they have scanned for open wide receivers down the field for about 3–4 seconds, the defensive line has had time to enter the backfield and so a checkdown pass is often thrown in the face of pressure from the defensive line. Alternatively, if the quarterback is inexperienced or the defensive team has sent a blitz, with linebackers and/or defensive backs also looking to sack the quarterback, the checkdown may also turn out to be the quarterback's second or even first look. These plays often result in significant yardage gain, because most of the defensive players are either in the backfield in pursuit of the quarterback, or deeper in the secondary covering receivers.
+ A screen pass and a checkdown are different.
+
+= = = La Chaise-Dieu = = =
+
+ La Chaise-Dieu (Auvergnat: "La Chasa Dieu") is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France. Its inhabitants are called "Casadéens", from the Latin name of the city.
+ La Chaise-Dieu occupies a 1082 m butte which dominates a plain between the mounts of Livradois and Velay. The closest cities are Brioude, Ambert, and Le Puy-en-Velay.
+ The Senouire forms most of the commune's eastern and western borders.
+ La Chaise-Dieu means "the House of God" in French (from the Occitan "Chasa Dieu") and is a reference to the Benedictine abbey which was founded on the site in 1043 by Robert de Turlande, a kinsman of Gerald of Aurillac and canon of Saint Julian's church at Brioude, nearby. Robert served an apprenticeship at Cluny under Abbot Odilo, then served as abbot in the community he founded in the wilderness here, initially in the company of a repentant knight, Stephen. The traditional date of the founding is 28 December 1043. The abbey had over 300 monks and 42 outlying priories depending on it when Robert de Turlande died, probably in 1067. After his death, Robert was quickly canonized (1095) as Saint Robert de Turlande (also known as Saint Robert of Chaise-Dieu). The Chaise-Dieu continued to grow throughout the Middle Ages, becoming the motherhouse of further congregations of Black Monks. Pope Clement VI began his vocation as a monk at Chaise Dieu and was the patron of the vast abbey church (built 1344–1350), a suitable setting for his tomb.
+ The monks were driven out and the abbey secularized during the French Revolution. Clement's vast abbey church, his tomb and the abbey cloister remain. The fresco of the Dance of Death (ca 1470) is a famous example of this motif, which gained wide currency following the visitations of the Black Death. The partners of the figures are skeletons and the parade strictly follows precedence of contemporary society, with Adam and Eve preceding all: the pope then the emperor, the legate, the prince, the cardinal, the High Constable, the patriarch, the knight, then the abbot, the townsman, the merchant, the lady, ending with the lawyer, the minstrel, the clerk, the ploughman, the monk, the innocent child and the pilgrim.
+ Between 1727 and 1740, the Jansenist bishop Jean Soanen was exiled to the abbey.
+ French pianist Georges Cziffra started an annual festival of sacred music in La Chaise-Dieu in 1966.
+
+= = = Showdown with Rance McGrew = = =
+
+ "Showdown With Rance McGrew" is episode 85 of the American television anthology series "The Twilight Zone".
+ Actor Rance McGrew, who stars in a TV series as the fictional heroic marshal of the same name, arrives late to shoot the final scenes of an episode in which his character pursues Jesse James. According to the script, Rance turns away from a seemingly beaten Jesse, who then tries to shoot him in the back. The man playing Jesse says Jesse James fighting dishonorably is historically inaccurate, and asks permission to shout at Rance before firing, but Rance points out that shouting out a warning to a gunman who has already proven himself to be a better fighter makes no sense.
+ Suddenly, Rance finds himself in a real Old West saloon. The real Jesse James walks in and says that he, Billy the Kid, and other famous outlaws are not pleased with the way that they are portrayed on McGrew's show. He challenges Rance to a fast draw showdown. Rance is unwilling, realizing he has no chance against a real gunfighter, but Jesse will not allow him to walk away. When the countdown finishes, Rance struggles for several seconds to get his gun out of its holster, then unintentionally flings it in the air in his panic. As Jesse aims his gun at Rance's forehead, Rance drops to his knees, pleading that he will do anything if Jesse spares him. Jesse accepts and disappears.
+ Rance finds himself back on the set, and his agent is announced. The agent turns out to be Jesse James himself, in Hollywood garb. He insists that the episode be revised so that instead of trying to shoot Rance in the back, Jesse James throws Rance McGrew out the saloon window and makes his escape. The scene is shot to Jesse's satisfaction. As Jesse drives Rance back home, he goes over revisions to future episodes in which Rance McGrew fights Jesse's afterlife buddies.
+
+= = = Genesis (DC Comics) = = =
+
+ "Genesis" was a comic book crossover storyline published by DC Comics that ran through a self-titled four-issue weekly miniseries and various tie-in issues, all cover-dated October 1997. The main miniseries was written by John Byrne and drawn by Ron Wagner.
+ The storyline revolves around the concept of the "Godwave", an interstellar phenomenon created by the Source that spread across the universe, creating gods on its first pass before reaching the edge of the universe and bouncing back, creating demigods and metahumans on its second pass.
+ The Godwave threatens reality when it reaches back to its starting point, altering or neutralizing the abilities of various metahumans and making ordinary humans feel like something is missing. The superheroes of Earth and the New Gods of New Genesis battle Darkseid to prevent him from accomplishing his plan to seize the power of the Godwave. Darkseid and his forces stage an invasion of Earth before travelling to the Source Wall where they are confronted by the heroes.
+ "Action Comics" #738
"The Adventures of Superman" #551
"Aquaman" vol. 5 #37
"Azrael" #34
"Batman" #547
"Green Lantern" vol. 3 #91
"Impulse" #30
"Jack Kirby's Fourth World" #8
"Legion of Super-Heroes" vol. 4 #97
"Lobo" #44
"The Power of SHAZAM!" #31
"Resurrection Man" #6
"Robin" vol. 4 #46
"Sovereign Seven" #27
"The Spectre" vol. 3 #58
"Starman" #35
"Steel" #43
"Superboy and the Ravers" #14
"Supergirl" vol. 4 #14
"Superman" vol. 2 #128
"" #72
"Teen Titans" vol. 2 #13
"Wonder Woman" vol. 2 #126
"Xero" #6
"Young Heroes in Love" #5
+
+= = = Marine Corps Marathon = = =
+
+ The Marine Corps Marathon (MCM) is an annual marathon held in Arlington, Virginia and Washington, DC. The mission of the MCM is to promote physical fitness, generate community goodwill, and showcase the organizational skills of the United States Marine Corps.
+ The MCM was established in 1976 and is currently the fourth largest marathon in the United States and the ninth largest in the world. The event field of 30,000 is composed of runners from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and more than 50 countries. Known as "The People's Marathon," the MCM is open to all runners ages 14 and above and is the largest marathon that does not offer prize money.
+ The event typically occurs on the final Sunday in October, a few weeks before the United States Marine Corps birthday on November 10. The running of the 44th Marine Corps Marathon will take place on October 27, 2019.
+ The course, which varies slightly from year to year, is certified by USA Track and Field. The current route starts in Arlington, Virginia, on Route 110 and winds its way through Rosslyn along Lee Highway before turning on Spout Run and the George Washington Memorial Parkway. Runners experience a climb on Lee Highway in the first few miles of the course, but are rewarded with a descent along Spout Run and the Parkway.
+ After crossing Key Bridge into Georgetown, runners used to turn toward the Palisades Community when the course followed Canal Road, up to the reservoir and down MacArthur Boulevard. However, the new course guides runners down popular M Street in Georgetown.
+ Runners turn on Wisconsin Avenue and then K Street before looping under K street onto Rock Creek Parkway. The course proceeds approximately 2.5 miles north on Rock Creek Parkway before turning back, then passing the Kennedy Center. Runners then pass the back of the Lincoln Memorial before continuing on Ohio Drive into Hains Point at the halfway point.
+ Outside West Potomac Park, runners get a glimpse of the Jefferson Memorial and Tidal Basin. On Independence Avenue, competitors run by the newly unveiled Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial and FDR Memorial. The runners loop back along Independence Avenue on the side closest to the National Mall and the Korean War Veterans Memorial and National World War II Memorial before making a left turn onto 15th Street at the Washington Monument.
+ At Madison Drive, runners pass the north side of the National Mall, running by the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History and the National Gallery of Art. After a loop around the reflecting pool in front of the U.S. Capitol, runners continue along the south side of the National Mall past the Smithsonian Castle. Runners move along Jefferson Drive and turn onto the 14th Street to marathon's "Beat the Bridge" checkpoint at mile 20 before returning to Virginia.
+ For the last 10K, runners enjoy the color and energy of Crystal City. At the Pentagon, runners pass in close proximity to the Pentagon Memorial honoring the victims of 9/11. Finally, the course unfurls alongside the Arlington National Cemetery then offers a final, up-hill challenge to the finish at the Marine Corps War Memorial. This finish has remained unchanged since the inaugural running of the MCM in 1976.
+ On October 17, 1975, MCM founder Colonel James L. Fowler wrote a memo to his supervisor, Major General Michael P. Ryan, outlining his idea of creating a Marine Corps Reserve Marathon to promote goodwill between the military and the post-Vietnam community. Colonel Fowler believed an event like this would showcase the Marine Corps, serve as a recruiting tool, and give local Marines an opportunity to qualify for the Boston Marathon. The Marathon also serves as a way to raise money for a wide variety of charities.
+ General Ryan embraced the idea of a Marine marathon and submitted it to then Marine Corps Commandant General Louis H. Wilson Jr. for approval. With General Wilson's backing, the planning process for the first MCM began. With news of the inaugural marathon quickly spreading, Gunnery Sergeant Alex Breckenridge, a member of the 1960 Olympic Marathon Team, soon lent his support. With Gunnery Sergeant Breckenridge acting as an ambassador for the marathon effort, local jurisdictions approved of the event.
+ Through the efforts of the marathon coordinators and with support from Secretary of the Navy, J. William Middendorf, the inaugural running of the MCM was held on November 7, 1976. The 1,175 participants ran a course through northern Virginia and finished at the Marine Corps War Memorial, becoming the first of thousands of MCM runners over a span of 38 years to take the final hill and finish at the Iwo Jima memorial. Kenneth Moore of Eugene, Oregon, finished the inaugural event with a time of 2:21:14, becoming the first MCM winner. He was awarded a trophy—provided by Secretary Middendorf—for his achievement.
+ Marathon organizers examined the course for the 1977 MCM and secured permits to run through Washington, D.C. The new route laid the foundation for the scenic course in place today, starting in Arlington, Virginia, winding its way around key landmarks in the nation's capital, and returning for the traditional finish at the Marine Corps War Memorial. With changes to the course and a surge of positive publicity from the first running, the second MCM drew a field of 2,655 runners.
+ Participation in the MCM steadily increased over the next few years, resulting in a transfer of race coordination from the Marine Corps Reserve to active-duty Marines at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.. Shortly thereafter, even more growth necessitated a move south to Marine Corps Base Quantico in 1982, where the MCM headquarters remains today.
+ Over the years, the MCM has evolved into a premier running event while remaining true to its roots. Today, 30 full-time staff members and more than 2,000 Marines, Sailors and civilian volunteers work to ensure the MCM mission is carried out as its founders intended. Additions to MCM weekend include the MCM10K, starting at the National Mall and finishing at the Iwo Jima monument; the MCM Kids Run, a event held one day prior to the MCM; and the MCM Forward, where Marines stationed throughout the world participate in a satellite run simultaneously with the MCM. The MCM and all associated events continue to promote physical fitness, generate community goodwill and showcase the organizational skills of the United States Marine Corps.
+ In 2006, the Marine Corps Marathon introduced the MCM10K, a run starting at the National Mall in Washington, DC. The MCM10K and MCM begin simultaneously with MCM10K runners joining the final leg of the marathon course, sharing in the iconic finish up the hill to the Marine Corps War Memorial. Since its inception, the MCM10K has steadily increased in popularity. In 2012, the event sold out with 10,000 registered runners.
+ In 2011 a new MCM10K course record was set by Reuben Mwei, a native of Kenya residing in Acworth, GA. His finishing time of 00:30:37 crushed the previous record of 00:32:54 set by Wyatt Boyd of Washington, DC, in 2009.
+ Runners celebrate MCM and MCM10K finishes in the post-event Finish Festival located in Rosslyn, VA. Runners, spectators, and the community are welcome to enjoy food, including a Restaurant Row that includes several Rosslyn eateries, live music, sponsor displays, entertainment and giveaways.
+ Essential runner services are also located in the Finish Festival, to include Family Link Up, Info/Medical Tent, Massage, UPS Baggage Claim, and the Michelob Ultra Beer Garden. Transportation from the Finish Festival includes shuttles to Crystal City, Metro access at the Rosslyn station and taxi service.
+ The MCM Kids Run is a event held annually the day before the MCM. Children ages 5 through 12 are eligible to participate in the fun run located in the Pentagon North Parking Lot. Once children have completed the run, they can visit Camp Miles, a festival area with healthy activities and games promoting physical fitness.
+ School groups participating in the MCM Kids Run compete for a Healthy School Award. This award is based on student participation and is awarded to the top five schools with the most runners. Winning schools receive a donation to their physical education department presented by MCM partner Sodexo.
+ All registered MCM, MCM10K, and MCM Kids Run participants must attend packet pick up at the MCM Health and Fitness Expo. Held in the two days prior to the MCM, the Health and Fitness Expo features more than 200 booths and interactive displays for runner enjoyment. Supported by nearly 300 military and civilian volunteers, the expo attracts nearly 100,000 runners and guests.
+ Held annually on the eve of the Marine Corps Marathon, the Carbo Dining In serves up last minute inspiration and excitement as well as carbohydrate fuel for MCM morning. Held at the headquarters hotel, the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center, the dinner welcomes world class speakers and Marine Corps - style entertainment.
+ The unique name - Carbo Dining In - separates it from other pasta parties and carb loads by paying homage to a traditional military dining in, an evening that includes dinner and other events to foster camaraderie and esprit de corps.
+ The evening program offers music, live entertainment and a featured speaker. Previous motivational addresses have been provided by Robert Swan, OBE, Dave McGillivary, Kathrine Switzer, Larry Rawson, Deena Kastor and Roger Robinson. Add in appearances by Miles and Molly, the MCM bulldog mascots, amazing prize giveaways, and the camaraderie of fellow runners, this becomes the perfect way to prepare for "The People's Marathon."
+ Introduced in 2010, the MCM Pep Rally is open to all marathon runners. The evening offers the chance for runners to receive last-minute information and inspiration from an expert panel of runners, coaches, Clif Pace Team leaders, Brooks consultants, and MCM staff members, among others.
+ The evening celebrates the achievements of every marathoner with music, cheerleaders, activities, and prize giveaways. First time runners are also presented the coveted MCM First-Timer pin.
+ Key:
+ Among the more notable finishers are;
+ The Marine Corps Historic Half (MCHH), held in Fredericksburg, VA, takes participants on a journey from the retail hub of Central Park through historic downtown streets, up Hospital Hill, and back to waiting Marines at the finish line. Held annually in May and open to ages 10 and up, the event boasts a field of 8,000 runners. The Historic Half also offers the Semper 5ive, a five mile event open to 2,000 participants. New in 2017 is the Devil Dog Double. Runners competing in this challenge will complete both the Semper 5ive and the Historic Half on Sunday, May 21. All events finish at the Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center with the Semper 5ive starting in downtown Fredericksburg.
+ The Healthy Lifestyle Expo will be held in conjunction with the Marine Corps Historic Half during the days prior to the event. Located at the Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center, this free event is open to the public and will showcase health, fitness, food, and exercise through featured vendors such as Mary Washington Hospital, Geico, and Jelly Belly Sport Beans. Fredericksburg Expo and Conference Center is located at 2371 Carl D. Silver Parkway, Fredericksburg, VA 22401.
+ "Held aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico and the surrounding community, the 2017 MCM Event Series features five weekends of events celebrating the accomplishment of distance running by wrapping each event in a unique experience that showcases the organizational excellence of the United States Marine Corps."
+ March 25 - The first run of the event series, the Marine Corps 17.75K, offers participants the unique opportunity to secure a golden ticket, which is a guaranteed spot in the 2017 MCM. This event celebrates the founding of the United States Marine Corps in 1775 and travels through Prince William Forest Park in Dumfries, VA.
+ April 29 - Introduced in 2017, the Quantico 100 celebrates the 100th anniversary of Marine Corps Base Quantico. Participants have 100 minutes to log as many miles as possible during this evening run.
+ June 10 – Consistently sold out, the Run Amuck and Mini Run Amuck encourage runners to get down and dirty. Run Amuck participants run a course through trails with mud pits, low crawls and various obstacles culminating in a fire hose dousing just before reaching the finish line. Mini- muckers share in on the fun by completing a scaled-down, version of the course.
+ August 19 The Quantico Tri is a sprint distance event held aboard Marine Corps Base Quantico. Participants complete a swim, a bike course, and a run. For 2014, chip timing was introduced providing the most accurate results for participants.("RunnersWeb Triathlon: Quantico Tri Introduces Upgrades to Athlete Experience." RunnersWeb Triathlon: Quantico Tri Introduces Upgrades to Athlete Experience. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.) The Quantico Tri additionally features the Quantico 12K run which runs through the trails of famed Officer Candidates School aboard the Marine Corps Base.
+ November 18 – The final challenge in the MCM Event Series is the Turkey Trot 10K and accompanying Turkey Trot Mile. The adult course offers a great way to counteract Thanksgiving calories while kids enjoy getting in on the holiday fun with their own course. I
+ Start Marathons and other road races are traditionally started with a pistol. The Marine Corps Marathon boasts a slightly bigger starting gun: A 105mm Howitzer. The 2014 starting ceremonies included Medal of Honor recipient, Kyle Carpenter, parachuting to the start and delivering a 7,800 square-foot American flag. (Lin, C. J. "Big Day for Army Runners at 39th Marine Corps Marathon." McClatchy - Tribune Business NewsOct 26 2014. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
+ Ground Pounders Only one individual remains having completed every marathon since the inaugural running in 1976: Al Richmond of Arlington, VA. Fittingly, Richmond is a retired US Marine. At the 25th running of the MCM, this elite group was given the name "Ground Pounders" at a ceremony at the "Washington Post".
+ Sold Out! The 15th running of the MCM was the first to sell out with a field of 13,000 runners. In 2011 the MCM sold out within 28 hours of registration opening, filling the 30,000 runner capacity. For the 2012 MCM, all 30,000 registration sold out within 2 hours 41 minutes. In 2014, a lottery was introduced for the first time for those applying to run in the Marine Corps Marathon. RACE IT, race services division of Competitor Group, Inc., was awarded a multi-year agreement to provide registration services to facilitate online entries for the MCM. ("Race IT Awarded Marine Corps Marathon Contract." PR Newswire Oct 15 2013. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
+ Oprah TV personality Oprah Winfrey ran the 1994 MCM to celebrate her 40th birthday. She finished with a time of 4:29:15. Since that time the mantra ""Beat Oprah!"" has carried many MCM runners to a sub-4:30 finish.
+ Challenge Cup The Challenge Cup competition was initiated at the MCM in 1978. The Challenge Cup is a competition between the United States Marine Corps and the British Royal Navy/Marine running teams. An 1897 Victorian silver cup, donated by the British in 1978, is awarded to the winner each year. A female division was added in 1998. The finish time for the top three runners for each team are added and the lowest total running time is declared the winner.
+ MCM Mascots Miles the Bulldog and his sister Molly are faithful MCM companions, cheering on and entertaining runners at all MCM events. Miles models bib number 1775 to honor the year the USMC was founded, while Molly proudly displays bib number 1943, a nod to the year in which the Marine Corps Women's Reserve was created. In 2011, Miles added "10K Finisher" to his resume when he impressively completed all 6.2 miles of the MCM10K.
+ USMC Runners The first female active duty Marine MCM winner was 1st Lieutenant Joanna Martin at the 1979 MCM. Martin, a native of Woodbridge, VA and stationed at Camp Pendleton, CA at the time, finished with a time of 2:58:14. Four years later, the first male active duty Marine won the MCM. Sergeant Farley Simon of Alea, Hawaii finished with a time of 2:17:46.
+ 2001 Marine Corps Marathon The status of the 2001 MCM was in serious question until three weeks prior to the scheduled event day. Post-9/11, approval by the Commandant of the Marine Corps to proceed with the marathon was contingent upon a new security plan. With approval in place, mile five on the MCM course gave runners an up-close view of the terrorist attack on the Pentagon. Many 2001 MCM finishers agree this was a very special year. More than 15,000 runners from 50 states and 39 countries participated in the 26th annual Marine Corps Marathon.
+ Shadow Runs The Marine Corps Marathon is one of the top stateside military event with sanctioned "shadow runs." In 2014, the shadow run was held at Camp Leatherneck, Afghanistan.(Miller, and Amanda. "Event Rundown." Army Times (2014): 31. ProQuest. Web. 25 Nov. 2014.)
+ Social Media The popularity of the Marine Corps Marathon continues to grow as more social media sites develop. Blogs, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter.
+
+= = = Martinsville, Missouri = = =
+
+ Martinsville is an unincorporated community in western Harrison County, Missouri, United States.
+ Martinsville was laid out in 1856, and named after Zadoc Martin, the proprietor of a watermill. A post office called Martinsville has been in operation since 1868.
+
+= = = Noah (1998 film) = = =
+
+ Disney's Noah is a 1998 television film directed by Ken Kwapis. The movie premiered on October 11, 1998 as part of "The Wonderful World of Disney" and stars Tony Danza as a modern-day jaded contractor who undergoes a remarkable transformation while building an ark like Noah's. It also stars Wallace Shawn and Jane Sibbett.
+ In order to save his family and home town, contractor Norman Waters (Tony Danza) is tasked by an angel named Zach (Wallace Shawn) to rebuild Noah's Ark in 40 days to prepare for a great massive flood.
+ In reviewing films influenced by the tale of Noah's Ark, Dan Craft of "The Pantagraph" called "Noah" a "dire Disney Channel offering".
+
+= = = Hansen-Rice = = =
+
+ Hansen-Rice, Inc. is an American nationwide design-build general contracting company that is primarily focused on industrial, processing, commercial and agricultural construction.
+ Hansen-Rice, Inc. specializes in the following industrial construction services:
+ Currently Hansen-Rice is licensed in all 50 states. Its capabilities include site design and master planning; in-house architectural design and engineering; refrigeration; structural steel buildings; roof sheeting; and insulated metal panels.
+ Hansen-Rice also has a services division specializing in small scale remodeling; building evaluations; preventative maintenance; facilities management; and tenant improvements.
+ The company was founded in 1983 by Dan Hansen and Ivan Rice and is headquartered in Nampa, Idaho. In 2004, it received national recognition as the top metal building company for the year from Metal Construction News. That year, it built a distribution center for a large international corporation. It builds a wide variety of buildings, including freezer/coolers, distribution centers, offices and sports fields. These include the Idaho Sports Complex and a state-of-the-art practice field for Boise State University.
+
+= = = Robert B. Ingebretsen = = =
+
+ Robert B. Ingebretsen (30 March 1948 – 2 March 2003) was a pioneer in the development of digital sound.
+ As a teenager in the 1960s, Ingebretsen built robots and primitive computers that could talk.
+ As a University of Utah graduate student in the early 1970s, Ingebretsen assisted Dr. Thomas G. Stockham in the development of Stockham's restoration technique for sound and images. This work led to RCA's Caruso-A Legendary Performer that applied Stockham's restoration techniques to acoustic recordings of opera great Enrico Caruso.
+ Ingebretsen worked with Pixar co-founder Ed Catmull in 1972 to produce one of the first digital films, a 20-second portrait of a human hand.
+ After graduation in 1975, Ingebretsen joined Stockham at Soundstream Inc., a Utah company where Ingebretsen wrote the software for the first practical digital audio editing system. Soundstream briefly operated an editing studio at a Paramount Pictures studio lot in Los Angeles. Ingebretsen commuted from Utah to Los Angeles, where he supervised the new digital recording for the 1982 re-release of Disney’s "Fantasia".
+ Soundstream dissolved in 1985 and Ingebretsen spent the next 15 years in near anonymity in Salt Lake City, founding a series of small high-tech companies. In 1999 Stockham and Ingebretsen received a Scientific and Engineering Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for their pioneering work in digital audio editing.
+ Ingebretsen also helped pioneer satellite communications technology. In recent years, he worked for a Centerville-based startup that develops software for hand-held computers.
+ On 2 March 2003 Ingebretsen died of heart failure at the age of 54 at his Salt Lake City home.
+
+= = = Long snapper = = =
+
+ In gridiron football, the long snapper (or deep snapper) is a special teams specialist whose duty is to snap the football over a longer distance, typically around 15 yards during punts, and 7–8 yards during field goals and extra point attempts.
+ During field goal and point after touchdown attempts, the snap is received by the holder, typically 7–8 yards away. During punts, the snap is delivered to the punter from 13–15 yards away. Following a punt snap, the snapper often executes a blocking assignment and then must cover the kick by running downfield and attempting to stop the opposing team's punt returner from advancing the ball in the opposite direction. If the punt goes uncaught, it is the snapper's responsibility to make sure the ball does not enter the end zone or bounce backward resulting in loss of yards. The majority of snappers at the highest levels of competition are specialized, meaning that they uniquely play the position of snapper, or have limited responsibilities elsewhere.
+ A good punt snap should hit the target -- the punter's hands at the abdomen or waistline -- between .65 and .75 seconds and with a tight spiral for easy handling. A "bad snap" is an off-target snap which causes the delay or failure of a kick or forces the punter into some other potentially compromising situation.
+ College rules are such that any of the 11 players on the punting team are allowed to proceed downfield at any time once the play has begun (unlike the NFL where only 2 players, the left and right gunners, are allowed to pass the line of scrimmage before the ball has been kicked). This results in many teams employing a "spread punt" or "rugby-style" scheme designed to maximize downfield coverage and limit returners from making larger gains the other way after receiving the ball.
+ Also in the NCAA, defensive players who play opposite of the long snapper are not allowed to initiate contact with the long snapper until 1 second after the ball has been snapped.
+ Unlike college, NFL rules do not provide for a set period of time after the snap before the long snapper can be engaged by the defense. However, no defensive player can line up directly in front of the long snapper when the offense is in a kick formation. Officials generally enforce this rule through verbal admonishment to an offending player prior to the snap. If the defensive lineman moves into a legal position before the snap, no penalty flag.
+ Before specialization, the long snapper often was a player who primarily played another position, mostly assumed to be backup centers because they perform regular snap duties to quarterbacks, and also to quarterbacks positioned further out in a shotgun formation. However, a recent example would be Allen Aldridge, who started at linebacker for the Detroit Lions and also served as the team's long snapper. This allowed the team to dress another non-specialist player. Now, every team in the NFL has a specialized long snapper.
+ Long snappers are usually amongst the least-known players in the NFL, because of their highly specialized and relatively invisible role on the field. They are also, in general not drafted, rarely appear on trading cards, and normally are acquired as undrafted free agents, with a few exceptions:
+ Despite their anonymity, a team lacking a skilled long snapper can be seriously undermined. A famous example of this was on January 5, 2003 during the 2002 wild card playoff game between the San Francisco 49ers and New York Giants. During the regular season, the Giants suffered missed field goals due to the lack of an experienced long snapper, and signed Trey Junkin out of retirement to be the snapper for the playoff game. Junkin botched a snap on a field goal attempt that could have won the game for the Giants, who had led 38–14 at one point in the game. Brad St. Louis of the Cincinnati Bengals was another long snapper who, besides having already botched two snaps in clutch situations in 2005 (wild card play-off game against the eventual champions Pittsburgh Steelers) and 2006, gained even bigger notoriety in 2009, when he delivered five bad snaps on either field goal or extra point attempts (leading to missed, aborted or blocked kicks) in the first five games of the season, which led to the then ten-year veteran being released from the team.
+ In 2008, it was the Pittsburgh Steelers that had long snapper problems. During an October 26, 2008 game against the New York Giants, the team's regular long snapper, Greg Warren, was injured with what was eventually revealed to be a season-ending torn ACL. Linebacker James Harrison, who had served in 2003 as the long snapper for the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe, volunteered to replace Warren. In the fourth quarter, Harrison's first and only snap sailed over punter Mitch Berger's head and through the end zone for a safety. This tied the score and gave the Giants good field position on the ensuing kick, resulting in the go-ahead touchdown late in the game. Warren sustained a second ACL tear in December 2009, though this occurred on the last play of a December 20 game against the Green Bay Packers, giving the Steelers adequate time to sign replacement Jared Retkofsky, who had also been signed to replace Warren after his injury in 2008.
+ In 2012, Raiders' long snapper Jon Condo was injured and was backed up by Travis Goethel, a linebacker for a game against the San Diego Chargers. On two occasions during the game, punter Shane Lechler was unable to handle snaps that had bounced prior to reaching him. On another attempt, Lechler took his position much closer to the line of scrimmage than is normal for a punter, so as to decrease the distance Goethel needed to accurately snap the ball. Though the snap was adequate, the decreased distance resulted in a blocked punt.
+
+= = = Gedion Nyanhongo = = =
+
+ Stone sculptor Gedion Nyanhongo was born into an artistic family on 22 December 1967 in Nyanga, Zimbabwe. He was influenced from a young age by his father, Claud Nyanhongo, a prominent artist among the "first generation" sculptors (the pioneers of the Shona Sculpture movement that began in the late 1950s). "I used to watch my father sculpt when I grew up, and although I was young, I remember loving it and knowing that it was what I wanted to do." After an apprenticeship with the internationally acclaimed sculptor Joseph Ndandarika (a friend of his father), Gedion embarked on a solo career in 1988. His debut exhibition was in 1989 at the Mabwe Gallery in Harare, Zimbabwe. Gedion has since exhibited his works in solo and group exhibitions at numerous venues around the world, including: England, France, Germany, Holland, Hong Kong, South Africa, U.S.A, and Zimbabwe. Two of his works are featured in on permanent display at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and a Zebra in the Phoenix Zoo.
+ Nyanhongo's sister Agnes is also a sculptor.
+
+= = = Mark Summer = = =
+
+ Mark Summer was the Turtle Island Quartet's original cellist; he is a co-founder of the quartet and performed with Turtle Island (a.k.a. Turtle Island String Quartet) from its founding in 1985 until the fall of 2015.
+ Born on April 3, 1958 in Encino, CA, Summer grew up in Los Angeles, California playing piano, guitar and, from the age of nine, cello. From the beginning he was very interested in alternative genres, and as a teenager playing in a rock band called The Purple Testament, later known as The Plague. Summer studied cello with Edwin Geber of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, then with Geber’s wife Gretchen Geber, and graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Music, continuing his studies with the Geber family with Stephen Geber as a cello performance major. After conservatory, Summer worked in the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra for three years. Looking for alternative genres, he went on to play in an assortment of alternative ensembles until, in Winnipeg, he met the violinist Darol Anger. Shortly after, he was invited by David Balakrishnan and Anger to join Turtle Island, and moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1985 to perform permanently with the band. Summer left the band in 2015 to pursue a solo career. In 2011, Summer made his solo concerto debut with the Alexandria Symphony, performing Balakrishnan's "Force of Nature", written especially for him. He has lived in the town of Novato, outside of San Francisco since 2009.
+ Besides the Turtle Island Quartet, which has released fifteen albums, Summer has played with many other crossover artists. He was a member of the Jazz Chamber Trio with the pianist Alon Yavnai and the Grammy-winning clarinetist Paquito D'Rivera which played primarily Latin jazz. He has also composed pieces for solo cello, including "Kalimba" and "Julie-O", (both the solo and duo versions), the last of which has become very popular among cellists and was included in a 2015 advertising campaign for the Apple Watch. He has also arranged pieces for solo cello including "Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming" and Jimi Hendrix's "Little Wing". He currently performs in a trio with 7 time Grammy winning jazz vocalist Tierney Sutton and is featured on 4 tracks of Ms. Sutton's Grammy nominated recording, "AfterBlue".
+
+= = = Kunama people = = =
+
+ The Kunama are a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting Eritrea and Ethiopia. Although they are one of the smallest populations in Eritrea, constituting only 2% of the population, 80% of Kunama live in the country. Most of the estimated 100,000 Kunama live in the remote and isolated area between the Gash and Setit rivers near the border with Ethiopia. The Ethiopian-Eritrean War (1998–2000) forced some 4,000 Kunama to flee their homes to Ethiopia. As refugees they reside in the tense area just over the border with Eritrea and in proximity to the contested border village of Badme. In the 2007 Ethiopian census, however, the number of Kunama in Tigray has dropped to 2,976 as the remaining 2,000 or so members of this ethnic group have migrated into the other Regions of Ethiopia.
+ The Kunama speak the Kunama language. It belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family, and is closely related to the Nara language. Although some Kunama still practice traditional beliefs, most have adopted Christianity and Islam. The fertile plains of the Gash-Setit, also known as the Gash-Barka, region where the Kunama live are sometimes referred to as the "breadbasket of Eritrea". Formerly nomadic, today they are farmers and pastoralists. Historically, the Kunama have been dominated by other ethnic groups and they are often forced from their traditional lands. The official policy of the Government of Eritrea is that all land is state property and the Government encourages large commercial farms. They are the only Nilotic group whose traditional territory straddles two Horner nations, Ethiopia and Eritrea.
+ Award-winning documentary film "Home Across Lands"
chronicles the journey of newly arrived Kunama refugees as they strive to become self-reliant, invested participants in their new home. Guiding their transition is the resettlement agency, International Institute of Rhode Island, that connects them to the resources they need as they work to establish a new community and better life for their families.
+ Analysis of classic genetic markers and DNA polymorphisms by Excoffier et al. (1987) found that the Kunama are most closely related to the Sara people of Chad. Both populations speak languages from the Nilo-Saharan family. They are also similar to West African populations, but biologically distinct from the surrounding Cushitic and Ethiopian Semitic Afro-Asiatic-speaking groups.
+ According to Trombetta et al. (2015), around 65% of Kunama are carriers of the E1b1b paternal haplogroup. Of these, 20% bear the V32 subclade, to which belong 60% of the Tigre Semitic speakers in Eritrea. This points to substantial gene flow from neighbouring Afro-Asiatic-speaking males into the Kunama's ancestral Nilotic community. Cruciani et al. (2010) observed that the remaining Kunama individuals are primarily carriers of the A (10%) and B (15%) lineages, which are instead common among Nilotes.
+
+= = = Wood warping = = =
+
+ Wood warping is a deviation from flatness in timber as a result of stresses and uneven shrinkage. Warping can also occur in wood considered "dry" (wood can take up and release moisture indefinitely), when it takes up moisture unevenly, or – especially – is allowed to return to its "dry" equilibrium state unevenly, too slowly, or too quickly. Many factors can contribute to wood warp: wood species, grain orientation, air flow, sunlight, uneven finishing, temperature – even cutting season and the moon's gravitational pull are taken into account in some traditions (e.g., violin making).
+ The types of wood warping include:
+ Wood warping costs the wood industry in the U.S. millions of dollars per year. Straight wood boards that leave a cutting facility sometimes arrive at the store yard warped. This little understood process is finally being looked at in a serious way. Although wood warping has been studied for years, the warping control model for manufacturing composite wood hasn't been updated for about 40 years.
+ A researcher at Texas A&M University in Zhiyong Cai has researched wood warping and was working on a computer software program in 2003 to help manufacturers make changes in the manufacturing process so that wood doesn't arrive at its destination warped after it leaves the mill or factory.
+
+= = = Brain Donors = = =
+
+ Brain Donors (1992) is an American comedy film released by Paramount Pictures, loosely based on the Marx Brothers comedies "A Night at the Opera" and "A Day at the Races" (the first two films the Marx Brothers did after leaving Paramount). The film co-stars John Turturro, Mel Smith, and Bob Nelson in the approximations of the Groucho, Chico, and Harpo roles, with Nancy Marchand in the Margaret Dumont dowager role.
+ The project was filmed as "Lame Ducks"; however, when the film's producers (David and Jerry Zucker) left for another studio, Paramount scrapped the publicity campaign, changed the title, and withdrew the film after its initial screenings. "Brain Donors" attracted attention on the home video market, which has resulted in a cult following according to its screenwriter, Pat Proft.
+ After the death of tycoon and philanthropist Oscar Winterhaven Oglethorpe, a ballet company is founded in his name by his widow, Lillian (Nancy Marchand). Ambulance-chasing attorney Roland T. Flakfizer (John Turturro) competes against Oglethorpe's former attorney, Edmund Lazlo (John Savident), to be director of the company. Lazlo is chosen for the position after signing the greatest ballet dancer in the world, Roberto "The Great” Volare (George de la Pena). Flakfizer — with assistance from his two associates Rocco (Mel Smith) and Jacques (Bob Nelson) — earns a spot as co-director by wooing the wealthy widow and by signing the company's leading ballerina (Juliana Donald, billed as Juli Donald) and her dancer boyfriend Alan Grant (Spike Alexander). The ensuing struggle between Flakfizer and Lazlo leads to comic hijinks, including a badger game involving a chorus girl (Teri Copley), and an opening-night performance ludicrously sabotaged by Flakfizer and his cohorts.
+ Richard Harrington in his review for "The Washington Post" wrote, "It's all very busy, and in Zucker style there seem to be 10 jokes per minute, but most fly fast and fall flat." Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" felt that the film was "an audacious attempt actually to make them like they used to - with no apologies, no nostalgia. It's no masterpiece, but neither was every Marx Brothers movie." In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote, ""Brain Donors" will stop at very little to get its laughs, and Mr. Turturro has just the right silliness for the occasion."
+
+= = = The Ice Harvest = = =
+
+ The Ice Harvest is a 2005 American black comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Richard Russo and Robert Benton, based on the novel of the same name by Scott Phillips. It stars John Cusack, Billy Bob Thornton, and Connie Nielsen, with Randy Quaid and Oliver Platt in supporting roles. It was distributed by Focus Features, and it was released on VHS and DVD on February 28, 2006, making it the last Focus Features film released on VHS format. "The Ice Harvest" grossed $10.2 million worldwide. The Rotten Tomatoes critical consensus says that it should have been funnier.
+ On Christmas Eve in Wichita, Kansas, mob lawyer Charlie Arglist (Cusack) and crooked businessman and pornographer Vic Cavanaugh (Thornton), gather together $2 million they have stolen from their boss, mobster Bill Guerrard (Quaid). While it initially appears that there will be an easy getaway for the pair, they learn that the roads out of the city are too icy to drive on. Vic takes the cash for safe-keeping and they split up and try their best to evade being captured by Guerrard and his men, who have discovered their scheme.
+ Charlie visits Sweet Cakes, a local strip-club owned by Vic and run by Renata Crest, a woman whom Charlie has long lusted after. She quickly deciphers that he's hiding something. He hints at the existence of the money, and she suggests they run away together. Before they can do that however, she asks Charlie to steal an incriminating picture of herself and a local politician from Vic. After talking to his friend Sidney, a bouncer at Sweet Cakes, Charlie goes to another strip club owned by Vic, and takes the photo from a safe. Before he can leave, Roy Gelles, one of Guerrards enforcers, arrives looking for Charlie. Charlie hides in the men's restroom as Gelles enters. Roy reads aloud a limerick written in red marker on the wall above the urinal. After evading Gelles, Charlie goes to a local restaurant/bar and runs into his friend Pete, who is married to Charlie's ex-wife Sarabeth. Pete is very drunk, and decides to tag along with Charlie for as long as it takes to pass out. Charlie calls Vic from a pay phone, noticing the same limerick in red marker above the phone. He frantically tells Vic that Gelles is in town, but Vic dismisses this news, saying that Gelles has family in Wichita.
+ Charlie goes back to Renata and gives her the photo, and she tells him that Vic had called her earlier and said that Charlie had been right about mob enforcer Roy Gelles tailing them. Charlie takes Pete home after he vomits in Charlie's car, leaving him passed out on the floor of his living room. Charlie then "borrows" a Mercedes Benz that Pete had bought for Sarabeth, and goes to Vic's house. He finds Vic's wife dead from a gunshot wound to her head. Vic arrives and reveals that he's locked Roy in an industrial clothes trunk. The two stuff Roy and Vic's dead wife into the trunk of Charlie's "borrowed" Mercedes and head for a local lake. On the way, Roy continues yelling at the two of them, claiming that it was Vic who shot his wife. Vic gets annoyed and shoots a hole in the trunk, silencing Roy. Charlie and Vic get the trunk down to the lake dock, but it's shot open from the inside by Gelles, with Vic being shot in the process. After Gelles gets out of the trunk a shootout ensues, ending with Roy dead and Vic falling into the frozen lake when the dock collapses. Charlie realizes that Vic was going to kill him and take the money for himself, so he leaves Vic to die. Charlie drags Vic's wife to the collapsed dock and slides her into the lake, knocking a pleading Vic underwater. Charlie opens Vic's suit case expecting to find the stolen money, only to see Vic's clothes. He realizes that without Vic, he will probably never find the money. Charlie runs back to the dock to save Vic, but it is too late. Vic has already drowned in the freezing water, with his wife's arms draped around him.
+ Returning to Sweet Cakes, Charlie finds that Bill Guerrard himself has come to town, and he has tied Renata to a desk chair. Charlie finds a shotgun in the bar and turns it on Guerrard. Another shootout ensues, but the shotgun is loaded with small caliber shot, which only maims Guerrard, giving him the opportunity to stab Charlie in the foot. Renata distracts Guerrard long enough for Charlie to reload and finally kill him. Charlie and Renata go back to her house, where Charlie finds the money hidden there while Renata takes a shower. It's revealed via flashbacks that Vic and Renata were planning to run away together after Vic had killed Charlie. Charlie shoots Renata just before she can kill him with a hidden straight razor.
+ As Charlie is driving out of town with the stolen millions, he sees Sidney on the side of the road with his kids in a motor home. Charlie stops to offer assistance. Sidney says that he is out of gas, so Charlie lets him syphon some gasoline out of his car. As Sidney is trying to start the motor home, Charlie takes out a red Sharpie and writes the limerick "As Wichita falls, so falls Wichita Falls" on the back of the RV, revealing that it was Charlie who had been writing it all over town. Sidney gets the motor home started, accidentally knocks Charlie down, and drives away.
+ Charlie gets up and returns to the "borrowed" Mercedes. Pete wakes up in the back seat, and the duo drive away together for warmer weather.
+ Frequent Harold Ramis collaborator Bill Murray was reportedly offered a role. Monica Bellucci was originally set to play the role of Renata, but had to leave due to her pregnancy. Ramis almost had to close production for a day due to the weather, which would have spoiled his tradition of never losing a shooting day.
+ Filming took place in the suburbs of Chicago.
+ The DVD 'extras' consist of:
+ "The Ice Harvest" opened in 1,550 theaters in North America and grossed $3.7 million, averaging $2,413 per theater and ranking 10th at the box office. The film ultimately earned $9 million in the US and $1.1 million internationally for a total of $10.2 million.
+ The film has a rating of 45% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 130 reviews and an average rating of 5.5 out of 10. The consensus states: ""The Ice Harvest" offers a couple of laughs, but considering the people involved, it should be a lot funnier."
+ James Berardinelli of "Reelviews" gave the film 2 and a half stars out of four, saying, "Despite its brevity, it seems padded, with all sorts of irrelevant scenes and dead-end subplots taking up time. [...] Next time, Ramis should work to his strengths, and film noir isn't one of them. The Ice Harvest will have melted away long before the turkey leftovers are polished off."
+ Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said: "I liked the movie for the quirky way it pursues humor through the drifts of greed, lust, booze, betrayal and spectacularly complicated ways to die. I liked it for Charlie's essential kindness, as when he pauses during a getaway to help a friend who has run out of gas. And for the scene-stealing pathos of Oliver Platt's drunk, who like many drunks in the legal profession achieves a rhetorical grandiosity during the final approach to oblivion. And I liked especially the way Roy, the man in the trunk, keeps on thinking positively, even after Vic puts bullets through both ends of the trunk because he can't remember which end of the trunk Roy's head is at. Maybe it's in the middle."
+ The film was released on both DVD and VHS on February 28, 2006 by Universal Home Entertainment.
+
+= = = Libertarian Party of New York = = =
+
+ The Libertarian Party of New York (LPNY) (also known as the Free Libertarian Party of New York) is a ballot-access qualified party in the United States active in the state of New York. It is the recognized affiliate of the national Libertarian Party.
+ The Libertarian Party of New York is dedicated to the principle that free people have the right to do anything they please, except to initiate force, the threat of force, or fraud, against other persons or their property.
+ The Libertarian Party was founded in 1971 on the libertarian principle: that people should be free to do whatever they wish, except to initiate force, the threat of force, or fraud against others or their property. The principle does not preclude retaliatory force, as in the redress of wrongs through courts, and as in the traditional common law of self-defense. National Libertarian Party members, including the New York members, have paid $25 per year, and have as a condition of membership signified: "I certify that I do not believe in or advocate the initiation of force as a means of achieving political or social goals."
+ The Libertarian Party of New York was founded as an unregistered political party in 1970 by Paul and Michael Gilson who became its first people in public office the next year on election to a zoning board in Upstate New York. It helped drive the creation of a national party, and was re-organized in 1972 by a group now centered around Ed Clark, later the Libertarian Party presidential candidate. Its name was changed to the "Free Libertarian Party" when the New York Board of Elections ruled that the name Libertarian Party would confuse voters with the Liberal Party of New York. However, the Board of Elections eventually allowed the name "Libertarian Party" to be used. The Statue of Liberty is their ballot symbol, and they now appear on the ballot as the Libertarian Party.
+ Since 1974, the Libertarian Party of New York has had a candidate for Governor of New York on the ballot every four years except for 1986, the only party in New York State without official ballot status up to that point to do so. Several other minor parties in New York have achieved ballot status through electoral fusion, endorsing the candidate of a major party. The Libertarian Party of New York declined to achieve ballot status by this means, although Republican William Weld flirted with the LPNY gubernatorial nomination in 2006.
+ In 2018, Larry Sharpe, the Libertarian Party nominee for governor that year, finished with over 90,000 votes, the most in the state party's history for a gubernatorial candidate. By surpassing 50,000 votes, the Libertarian Party achieved qualified party status, and thus automatic ballot access, for the first time in its history. The party's membership jumped 25 percent after the qualification.
+ After it first received write-in votes in 1972 for presidential candidate John Hospers and vice presidential candidate Tonie Nathan (The first female candidate for Vice President to receive an electoral vote), the LPNY has obtained at least 15,000 petition signatures
+ and placed statewide candidates on the ballot in every statewide election between 1974 and 2016, except 1986. These signatures were, by law, collected in a six-week period in mid-July to August (except in 1994, see "Schulz v. Williams", 44 F.3d 48 (2d Cir. 1994)).
+ In the gubernatorial elections, Libertarian candidates included a full slate of the possible statewide candidates: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Comptroller, and, when one is up for election: Senator. In the Presidential races, candidates included the full number of Electors for President and Vice President, and when one is up for election, Senator. This regular achievement of statewide ballot status by a full slate of candidates for 42 years indicates substantial support in New York State.
+ Nationally, the Libertarian Party has 208,456 voters registered by the
+ respective state boards of election.
+ The officers of the Libertarian Party of New York are elected annually. In 2018, the party become a ballot-recognized party, and a political entity was created that is recognized under election law. Therefore, the party is current going through a transition as it works to restructure. The officers of both entities are listed.
+ The officers of the corporation were elected on May 4, 2019.
+ The officers of the Interim State Committee were elected on February 9, 2019.
+ The Libertarian Party of New York contains Local Chapter affiliates, each of which is administered by its own local Libertarian Party; after having attained NYS party status, all affiliate chapters must be associated with a respective county by 2020.
+ Chapter Officers are elected annually at their own Conventions and serve alongside their state counterparts during the year. The Chairman of each County Chapter is usually the state representative for the County.
+ Occasionally, local chapters may choose to appoint or elect a State Representative to the LPNY.
+ The Manhattan Libertarian Party (MLP) is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 2000.
+ The Manhattan LP was the host chapter of the 2012 Libertarian Party of New York convention, held January 21, 2012. The convention was attended by several candidates seeking the national Libertarian Party's presidential nomination, including former New Mexico governor Gary Johnson and New York attorney Carl E. Person.
+ Sam Sloan and the Manhattan madam Kristin M. Davis both sought the Libertarian Party nomination for Governor of New York State. Andrew Clunn sought to be nominated for Lieutenant Governor, Carl Person sought the nomination for Attorney General. John Clifton sought the nomination for US Senate, and Michel Faulkner sought the nomination for US Congress from the 15th Congressional District previously held by Charles Rangel.
+ The Libertarian Party of Queens County, formerly known as the "Queens Libertarian Party" led by Tom Stevens (politician), is the local affiliate of the LPNY for the Queens county-borough in the City of New York. The chapter was known for whipping up candidates for public office until 2010 when Blay Tarnoff hijacked the party and passed a surprise motion to decertify the chapter.
+ In December 2016, the LPNY State Committee voted to de-charter the chapter. Shortly thereafter, a small group of former Democrats and two former Republicans chartered the chapter under a new name. The "Libertarian Party of Queens County", or LPQC for short, was chaired by Elliot Axelman for its first 8 months. Axelman is a radio host, certified Paramedic and former Lieutenant for Whitestone Volunteer Ambulance Corps. In October 2017, Axelman resigned following a move to New Hampshire. His Vice Chair, Christopher Fuentes-Padilla, took over until November 19th, 2017.
+ The Queens Chapter is the first chapter in the history of the LPNY to elect a Chair under the age of 24. On November 20th, 2017 Christopher Fuentes-Padilla, the former Vice Chair, was sworn in as Chairman at age 20.
+ Padilla is also the first Hispanic to hold the Office in Queens and the first Puerto Rican male to hold office in the LPNY.
+ The Suffolk County Libertarian Party (formerly "SCLO") is a chapter of the Libertarian Party of New York established in 1974.
+ As of July 12, 2019:
+
+= = = James O. Davidson = = =
+
+ James Ole Davidson (February 10, 1854December 16, 1922) was an American merchant and politician in Wisconsin. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin and the 21st Governor of the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
+ Davidson was born in Årdal, Sogn og Fjordane County, Norway and immigrated in 1872 to the United States when he was 18 years old. In Boscobel, Wisconsin he worked as a farmhand and as a tailor. Davidson began a successful mercantile business and established his own tailor business in Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin.
+ He held several political positions in Wisconsin, and was twice elected village president in Soldiers Grove.
+ Elected the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin alongside governor Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Davidson served until January 1, 1906, when La Follette resigned to join the United States Senate, making Davidson acting governor. He was elected governor in 1906 and reelected in 1908. He served from January 4, 1906 to January 3, 1911; and during his tenure, state regulation of the railroads was extended to include public utilities, telegraph, telephone, electricity, water companies, and the insurance industry. After retiring from office, he was appointed by his gubernatorial successor to a five-year term as president of the State Board of Control.
+ Davidson died in Madison, Wisconsin on December 16, 1922 (age 68 years, 309 days), due to pneumonia and heart complications. He is interred at Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin.
+ Davidson was the son of Ole Davidson and Ingabor (Jenson) Davidson. On February 19, 1883 Davidson married Helen Bliss and they had two daughters, Mabel Elsie and Grace.
+
+= = = Gallery of United States Supreme Court composition templates = = =
+
+ The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress, through the Judiciary Act of 1789, specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court at six members. The number of justices on the Court changed several times over the ensuing 80 years.
+ The Judiciary Act of 1801 would have reduced the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, the Judiciary Act of 1802 promptly restored the Court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. The Seventh Circuit Act increased their number by one in 1807, and the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act set the court's size at nine in 1837. The 1863 Tenth Circuit Act added a tenth justice. However, the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 eliminated the seat then vacant after the death of John Catron, and provided that two more would be eliminated as they became vacant. One more was eliminated at the death of James Moore Wayne in 1867, leaving the court with eight justices. The Judiciary Act of 1869 prevented the eighth seat from being eliminated and created one additional seat by setting the total number of seats at nine, where it has stood ever since.
+ Note that associate justices are listed, from left to right, in order of seniority.
+
+= = = Urban studies = = =
+
+ Urban studies is based on the study of the urban development of cities. This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban design on community development efforts. The core theoretical and methodological concerns of the urban studies field come from the social science disciplines of history, economics, sociology, geography, political science, anthropology, and the professional fields of urban planning, architecture, landscape architecture, and urban design. Urban studies helps with the understanding of human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment. The field originated primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States, and has spread to research how international cities apply this research.
+ The study of cities has changed dramatically from the 1800s over time, with new frames of analysis being applied to the development of urban areas. The first college programs were created to observe how cities were developed based on anthropological research of ghetto communities. In the mid-1900's, urban study programs expanded beyond just looking at the current and historical impacts of city design and began studying how those designs impacted the future interactions of people and how to improve city development through architecture, open spaces, the interactions of people, and different types of capital that forms a community.
+ Urban history plays an important role in this field of study because it reveals how cities have developed previously. History plays a large role in determining how cities will change in the future. Such areas change continuously as part of larger processes and create new histories that researchers study on both large-scale and individual levels.
+ Overall, three different themes have influenced how researchers have and will continue to study urban areas:
+ Scholars have also researched how cities outside of the United Kingdom and the United States have developed, but only to a limited degree. Urban history previously focused mostly on how European and American cities developed over time, instead of focusing on how non-European cities developed. Additional geographic areas researched in this field include South Africa, Australia, Latin America, and India. This is changing as more research is performed in developing economies, leading to more contextual urban and infrastructural development in various parts of the world.
+ The racial segregation of urban residents in the United States has played an important role in developing this field. One program founded to research African-American urban residents, the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies, was founded in 1959 to study residential segregation and to support affected communities. More recently, studies related to race and urban life started to focus on ethnographic methods to study how individuals lived in relation to the city and their respective systems as a whole.
+ Israel Zangwill wrote one of the first books on the Ghettos of Europe and how they impacted the Jewish children that were descendants of the original residents, "Children of the Ghetto" "(1892)," he also wrote two other books about the European Ghettos. Louis Wirth was the next scholar to write about the Ghettos, he wrote about them from a sociological perspective. Louis Wirth and Roberts Ezra Park also became the first sociologists to publish about the immigrant neighborhoods in America with suggestions on their future design. Roberts Ezra Park was the student of George Zimmel in Chicago. Other famous scholars that studied segregation, American Ghettos, and impoverished neighborhoods include Du Bois (1903), Haynes (1913), Johnson (1943), Horace Cayton (1944), Kenneth Clark (1965), William Julius Wilson (1987).
+ This field is transdisciplinary because it uses theories from a variety of academic fields and places them within an urban context. A wide variety of academic fields refers to the urban environment as a location studied, such as Environmental Studies, Economics, Geography, Public Health, and Sociology. However, scholars in this field research how specific elements contribute to how the city operates, such as how housing and transportation will change. In addition, researchers also study how residents interact within the city, such as how race and gender differences lead to social inequalities, or concentrated disadvantage in urban areas.
+ In the United States, race has heavily impacted where African-Americans live. Black Power movements, particularly the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, have criticized how the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies researched the African-American urban population but did not understand the community's needs.
+ Researchers also struggle with how terms are created and used both inside and outside the field. Researchers even struggle how to define basic terms precisely, such as how a city is defined, due to how the roles of cities change. Researchers must be careful in how they describe urban areas, as their work can be manipulated as positive elements for city boosters wanting to promote a specific city.
+
+= = = The Sims Resource = = =
+
+ The Sims Resource (often referred to as simply TSR) is a Sims custom content( also known as “cc” ) site offering custom content for all Sims games which can be downloaded with the intent to alter and/or expand the games. The site offers a wide variety of furniture, hairstyles, clothing items, residential lots, etc. which can all be downloaded for free and installed into people's games and used in gameplay. It was formed in 1999 by a group of players who were tired of the limitations instated by the official Sims creators. To date, TSR has 866k+ custom floors, walls, objects, clothing, hair, and make-up to download for "The Sims", "The Sims 2", "The Sims 3", and "The Sims 4". As of 2010, the site counts 2.2 million members and about 680k mods.
+ The site was founded by Steve Bonham, Thomas Isacsson, Johan Isacsson, Jan Isacsson, and Mikeal Sundberg. It has daily updates, and has a core group of featured artists, who create some of the most popular and best looking items on the site.
+ All downloads are available for free and registration is not required. Initially, the site offered a subscription-based premium membership option, allowing paid users access to premium content, but this was eventually changed in October 2013 and users are now allowed to download every single article on the site, including those previously offered exclusively for subscribers. Premium users, however, can still benefit from perks such as ad-free browsing and faster, more convenient download options.
+ There are active forums on the site, which a wide variety of different topics such as how to forums that guide new creators in creating meshes, to general gameplay tips and tricks that everyone can use. The forums are heavily moderated, and no chatting is allowed above the PG-13 level. The moderators and staff of The Sims Resource strive to keep the entire site child friendly, and do not allow any conversation or content to be shown that could be considered R rated.
+
+= = = Beta (velocity) = = =
+
+β in special relativity is the velocity, "v", of an object relative to the speed of light, "c": β = "v"/"c". It is less commonly referred to as the Jackson Number.
+β is dimensionless and equal to the velocity in natural units. Any expression which involves "v", like the Lorentz factor, can be rewritten using β instead.
+
+= = = Kimi no Kakera = = =
+
+ "Ikoro" is a thirteen-year-old girl who is the princess of the "Upper World", a world where snow is always falling and even princesses like her are forced to wake up at 4 a.m. and go to bed at midnight, learning and working the rest of the day. The Upper World is a "country of night", surrounded on four sides by towering walls and with perpetual below-freezing temperatures.
+ Ikoro lives with her blind young brother "Mataku" and her servants "Shā" (or "Gramma") and the monkey-like "Kuro". Her parents have left them apparently seeking out the legend of a "sun".
+ One day, Ikoro's dinner with her brother is interrupted by a strange boy crashing through the ceiling. Ikoro finds that the boy is wearing manacles and has white hair. The boy has lost his memory and is dubbed "Shiro". Ikoro and Shiro are both "Hitogatas", she can't feel joy and he can't feel pain. The two of them go towards the "Lower World" deciding that they will find a sun.
+ A collection of thematically related short stories called was released on August 16, 2013 ().
+
+= = = International Reptile Rescue = = =
+
+ International Reptile Rescue, formerly known as Hart's Reptile World, is a not-for-profit reptile rescue organization located in Canby, Oregon, United States. The organization works to rescue all members of the reptile family, including snakes, turtles, tortoises, lizards, alligators and crocodiles. Founded in 1978, the organization also educates the public about reptiles through outreach programs, including offering lectures in educational settings such as libraries, science museums, television appearances and specially arranged birthday parties.
+ Under the name of Hart's Reptile World, the organization was often featured in the local Oregon and Washington media, as well as larger media venues. For example, some pythons from the exhibit were featured in the video "Sowing the Seeds of Love" by Tears for Fears, and Wilbur the Crocodile was featured in the Michael Jackson video "Leave Me Alone."
+
+= = = Koegel = = =
+
+ Koegel may refer to:
+
+= = = Peter Parker (physician) = = =
+
+ Peter Parker (June 18, 1804 – January 10, 1888) was an American physician and a missionary who introduced Western medical techniques into Qing Dynasty China. It was said that Parker "opened China to the gospel at the point of a lancet."
+ Parker was born in Framingham, Massachusetts in 1804 to an orthodox Congregational family. His parents were farmers. Parker received a B.A. degree from Yale University in 1831, and his M.D. degree from the Yale Medical School, then called Medical Institution of Yale College, in 1834. In January 1834, he completed his theological studies at Yale and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister.
+ In February 1834, Parker traveled to Canton, where he had the distinction of being the first full-time Protestant medical missionary to China. In 1835, he opened in that city the Ophthalmic Hospital, which later became the Guangzhou Boji Hospital (the Canton Hospital). Parker specialized in diseases of the eye, including cataracts, and also resected tumors. Parker also introduced Western anesthesia in the form of sulphuric ether.
+ Although the hospital was intended particularly for the treatment of eye diseases, it was soon found impracticable to exclude patients suffering from other maladies. Over 2,000 patients were admitted the first year. Parker often preached to the patients, and trained several Chinese students in the arts of medicine and surgery, some of whom attained considerable skill.
+ Merchant David Olyphant of Olyphant & Co. allowed Parker to use one of his warehouses as a hospital "so that patients could come and go without annoying foreigners by passing through their "hongs", or excite the observations of natives by being seen to resort to a foreigner's house, rendered it most suitable for the purpose."
+ In 1840, on the occurrence of hostilities between England and China, the hospital was closed, and Parker returned to the United States. Returning to China in 1842, he reopened the hospital, and it was thronged as before. He served as president of the Medical Missionary Society of China after his mentor Thomas Richardson Colledge. Dr. John Glasgow Kerr followed Parker in running the Medical Missionary Society Hospital.
+ In 1844, Parker worked as Caleb Cushing's main interpreter during the negotiations of the Treaty of Wanghia with the Qing Empire. In 1845 he became a secretary and interpreter to the new embassy from the United States, still keeping the hospital in operation. In the absence of the minister, Parker acted as chargé d'affaires. In 1855, finding his health seriously impaired, he again returned to the United States.
+ The 1844 treaty stipulated that it could be renegotiated after 12 years, and in 1856, president Franklin Pierce sent Parker to China in order to revise the treaty and gain more concessions from the Qing Empire. Parker was unsuccessful in this endeavor. He worked in this capacity until Pierce left office. In 1857, his health again failing, he returned to the United States.
+ While in China, Parker met Lam Qua, a Western-trained Chinese painter. Parker commissioned Lam Qua to paint patients at the Canton Hospital with large tumors or other major deformities. Some of the paintings are part of a collection of Lam Qua's work held by the Peter Parker Collection at the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University. Parker left these portraits to the Pathology Department of the Yale Medical School, which later gave them to the Library.
+ He became a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1868, a corporate member of the American Board in 1871, and was a delegate of the Evangelical Alliance to Russia the same year to memorialize Tsar Alexander II in behalf of religious liberty in the Baltic provinces. He was president of the Washington branch of the Evangelical Alliance in 1887. He died in Washington, D.C.
+ Among his publications were:
+
+= = = At-location mapping = = =
+
+ At-location mapping (ALM) is closely related to location-based services (LBS). However, ALM focuses on the delivery of maps 'at location', using mobile devices that are enabled with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. At-location mapping devices, like personal digital assistants (PDAs) or cellular telephones, deliver maps on small screens that can be used for navigation or wayfinding. The attributes of these maps are that they are small, perhaps only 100 × 100 pixels and they must work adequately on small colour screens. ALM is a developing area that contributes geographical content to services provided by mobile devices using the mobile Internet of cellular telephone services.
+
+= = = Richard Pike Bissell = = =
+
+ Richard Pike Bissell (June 27, 1913 in Dubuque, Iowa – May 4, 1977) was an American author of short stories and novels. His third book, and second novel, "7½ Cents", was adapted into the Broadway musical "The Pajama Game". This won him (along with co-author George Abbott) the 1955 Tony Award for Best Musical. He wrote a book about the experience called "Say, Darling", which chronicled the ins and outs of a broadway musical production and featured characters based on those (such as Harold Prince) he worked with; this book was "also" turned into a musical, also called "Say, Darling", in 1958.
+ Bissell was born and died in Dubuque, Iowa. He attended Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire, and graduated from Harvard University.
+ He wrote a memoir of his experiences at Harvard, "You Can Always Tell a Harvard Man" (McGraw Hill, 1965). He worked on a freighter on the American Export Business Lines and riverboats, served as vice president at a Dubuque clothing manufacturer which had been bought by his great-grandfather (who worked his way from the bottom to the top of the company). He lived for several years and raised his children in Rowayton, Connecticut. A member of The Lambs (1956).
+ Bissell wrote works about his experiences on the river that had some critics comparing him to Mark Twain, and "7½ Cents" was based on his experiences in the garment industry. Bissell wrote "7½ Cents" while he was the vice-president of his family's pajama factory located in Dubuque.
+ In 2008, Elmore Leonard cited Richard Bissell as a major influence in formation of his style because he felt Bissell could be naturally funny:
+
+= = = The Polecats = = =
+
+ The Polecats are a rockabilly band formed at the end of the 1970s.
+ The band formed in 1977 in north London. The original line-up was Tim Worman (a.k.a. Tim Polecat, vocalist), Martin "Boz" Boorer, (guitarist and vocalist), Phil Bloomberg, (bassist), and Chris Hawkes (drummer), who originally played under the name "Cult Heroes." Finding difficulty persuading promoters to book them on the rockabilly circuit with a name sounding "too punk", they adopted Hawkes' suggested band name The Polecats. Hawkes was later replaced by Neil Rooney; who was subsequently replaced by John Buck. The Polecats played rockabilly with a "punk sense of anarchy and helped revive the genre for a new generation in the early '80s"
+ The band were first signed by the fledgling British rockabilly record label Nervous Records, and recorded their first single "Rockabilly Guy" at guitarist Alan Warner's "Lane Studios" in 1979. Formerly with the "Foundations" band, Warner toured and recorded with the Polecats for about a year.
+ In 1980 the band signed to Mercury Records, and released their most successful LP, "Polecats Are Go!" They had UK chart success with a David Bowie cover "John, I'm Only Dancing", a reworking of "Rockabilly Guy", and another cover version of the T-Rex (Marc Bolan) song "Jeepster".
+ In 1983, they hit the charts in the United States with their song "Make a Circuit with Me." John Buck replaced Neil Rooney in 1982 playing drums.
+ Two of their songs were on the soundtrack to the 1986 film "Joey".
+ Boz Boorer left the group to work as a guitarist, musical director, and co-songwriter with Morrissey, but led a Polecats reunion in 1989, which produced a live album and a new studio set. Tim Polecat moved to Los Angeles, California and formed the band "13 Cats" with drummer Slim Jim of the Stray Cats, stand-up bassist Smutty Smiff of The Rockats, and guitarist Danny B. Harvey of the Swing Cats. Musically, Tim Polecat also continues to work as a film composer and solo singer-songwriter.
+ In November 2006 frontman Jarvis Cocker of the British band Pulp, along with bassist Steve Mackey, released a double CD compilation album, "The Trip", which featured tracks by artists as varied as The Fall, Gene Pitney, The Beach Boys, The Everly Brothers, Dion, Sonny Bono plus the Polecats cover of David Bowie's "John, I'm Only Dancing".
+ In the Disney Pixar film "WALL-E", advertisers used The Polecats 1983 hit song, "Make a Circuit with Me" in their television trailers for the film. In 2010, the US broadcaster TBS used The Polecats 1983 hit song, "Make a Circuit with Me" in two episodes of the TV series "Glory Daze".
+
+= = = Covert racism = = =
+
+ Covert racism is a form of racial discrimination that is disguised and subtle, rather than public or obvious. Concealed in the fabric of society, covert racism discriminates against individuals through often evasive or seemingly passive methods. Covert, racially biased decisions are often hidden or rationalized with an explanation that society is more willing to accept. These racial biases cause a variety of problems that work to empower the suppressors while diminishing the rights and powers of the oppressed. Covert racism often works subliminally, and often much of the discrimination is being done subconsciously.
+ With the long history of slavery in the United States, racism has always been an issue. The enslavement of millions of Africans along with the huge influx of immigrants throughout its history has allowed great diversity, but has created racial segregation. With the abolition of slavery, different forms of segregation were implemented, including Jim Crow laws and the later American political structures which invited extreme segregation within cities and the suburbanization of the white working and middle class. As overt and obvious racial discrimination became illegal and less and less apparent, the idea that the nation was homogenizing became popular. It was thought that as the U.S. accepted more immigrants from different cultures a sort of "melting pot" would occur and unify everyone under one creed. Along with this, ideologies formed that every group of immigrants goes through the same discrimination. Groups were thought to eventually assimilate, but racism remained and is still present today.
+ When black G.I.s returned home from the Vietnam War, they were denied the money promised to them to support their education and help them buy homes. While only 9.5% of soldiers serving in Vietnam were black, they comprised nearly 20% of front line troops, and 25% or more of airborne divisions. Black servicemen were twice as likely to re-enlist in the Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force and three times as likely to re-enlist in the Army as their white counterparts, not for any sense of adventure, but because they found the monetary rewards to be promising and they were treated as equals or near equals.
+ In the 1950s, shortly after World War II, urban areas were overtly divided into blocks by race. Blocks occupied by minorities were close to toxic dumps, busy highways, and other undesirable locations throughout cities. Whites lived away from these areas and often realtors would not be able to show properties to whites within these areas. Landlords could choose to not rent apartments to certain minority groups, maintaining segregation. Until the late 1960s, the government sanctioned discrimination in housing markets by promulgating rules preventing blacks from receiving mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration. FHA loans, a Federal Mortgage programme, goes to the white majority and reaches few minorities. In a study done in Syracuse between 1996 and 2000, of the 2,169 FHA loans issued, only 29 (or 1.3 percent) went to predominantly minority neighborhoods, compared with 1,694 (or 78.1 percent) that went to white neighborhoods and 446 (or 20 percent) that went to integrated neighborhoods.
+ Mortgage discrimination played a significant part in the real estate bubble that popped during the later part of 2008. It was found that minorities were disproportionately steered by lenders into subprime loans. The division of neighborhoods into school districts that avoid integration and end up investing on the "whiteness" of their neighborhoods, and the resulting residential and social segregation of whites from blacks in the United States, creates a socialization process that limits whites' chances for developing meaningful relationships with blacks and other minorities. The wealthy also control some of these divisions, which results in the minorities being excluded due to the low levels of income in most minority neighborhoods. The segregation experienced by whites from blacks fosters segregated lifestyles and leads them to develop positive views about themselves and negative views about blacks. Many blacks and Latinos have been discriminated against when applying for jobs because of stereotypes about work ethic based on race, and having a name that sounds "black" can sometimes lead to that person being denied an interview. Minorities are less likely to obtain key information regarding job interviews and are often denied access to high-paying jobs.
+ Minorities are also denied access to a quality education. This is usually because many poor areas also predominantly consist of minorities. This means that there is often a lack of funding in schools. The levels of poverty and lack of educational opportunities perpetuate themselves, creating a vicious cycle. Racial stereotypes emerge and these populations are further disenfranchised by individuals who do not help or do not care. In the new Civil Rights Project report from UCLA, dated January 2009, it stated that schools are more segregated today than they were in the 1950s. Millions of non-white students are locked into "dropout factory" high schools, where huge percentages do not graduate, and few are well prepared for college or a future in the U.S. economy.
+ A majority of the prison population in the U.S. consists of racial minorities. According to the Center for American Progress, black men are approximately seven times more likely to be incarcerated than whites, and spend on average ten months longer in prison. Since the beating of Rodney King (1991) was videotaped and was broadcast around the world, local and federal law-enforcement agencies have opened investigations to determine whether or not there is a pattern of police brutality not only in Los Angeles but around the country.
+ In the United States, health disparities are well documented in ethnic minorities such as African Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics. When compared to whites, these minority groups have higher incidence of chronic diseases, higher mortality, and poorer health outcomes. Among the disease-specific examples of racial and ethnic disparities in the United States is the cancer incidence rate among African Americans, which is 25% higher than among whites. In addition, adult African Americans and Hispanics have approximately twice the risk as whites of developing diabetes. Minorities also have higher rates of cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS, and infant mortality than whites. Caucasian Americans have much lower life expectancy than Asian Americans. A 2001 study found large racial differences exist in healthy life expectancy at lower levels of education.
+ Public spending is highly correlated with age; average per capita public spending for seniors was more than five times that for children ($6,921 versus $1,225). Average public spending for non-Hispanic blacks ($2,973) was slightly higher than that for whites ($2,675), while spending for Hispanics ($1,967) was significantly lower than the population average ($2,612). Total public spending is also strongly correlated with self-reported health status ($13,770 for those reporting "poor" health versus $1,279 for those reporting "excellent" health).
+ There is a great deal of research into inequalities in health care. In some cases, these inequalities are caused by income disparities that result in lack of health insurance and other barriers to receiving services. In other cases, inequalities in health care reflect a systemic bias in the way medical procedures and treatments are prescribed for different ethnic groups. Raj Bhopal writes that the history of racism in science and medicine shows that people and institutions behave according to the ethos of their times. Nancy Krieger wrote that racism underlies unexplained inequities in health care, including treatment for heart disease, kidney failure, bladder cancer, and pneumonia. Raj Bhopal writes that these inequalities have been documented in numerous studies. The consistent and repeated findings were that black Americans received less health care than white Americans, particularly when the care involved expensive new technology. One recent study has found that when minority and white patients use the same hospital, they are given the same standard of care.
+
+= = = Yelamu = = =
+
+ The Yelamu were a tribelet of Ohlone people from the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. The term Yelamu, or "the western people" was used by east bay Ohlone to describe the Ohlone people living on the San Francisco Peninsula. A more correct identification is Ramaytush, according to an account by J.P. Harrington made in 1921 by a Chochenyo Ohlone who identified the peninsula as "ramai". Ramaytush was also the language spoken by them.
+ Randall Milliken's study, "A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769-1810," estimates that 160 to 300 Yelamu were living in San Francisco when the Spanish opened Mission San Francisco de Asís on June 30, 1776.
+ Artifacts have been found across San Francisco from at least 50 different locations during modern construction activities within the city that were originally left by the three primary nomadic communities that moved seasonally from location to location around present day San Francisco. Additional villages existed to the south of San Francisco as well.
+ According to anthropologists the Yelamu people and their Ohlone neighbors arrived here between 4,000-6,000 years ago. They lived on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in the region comprising the City and County of San Francisco before the arrival of Spanish missionaries in 1769.
+ The first four Yelamu people who converted to Christianity were baptized by Father Palou and Father Santa Maria between 1777 and 1779. They were absorbed into the Mission San Francisco de Asís that was founded in 1776 by the Spaniards, and became some of the first "Mission Indians" in the San Francisco area.
+ The largest of the three San Francisco groups had its winter village at Tubsinthe, near Candlestick Point and its summer home at Amuctac in Visitacion Valley. The second group moved between their summer camp at Chutchui village located along Mission Creek in the Mission and Sitlintac on the edge of Mission Bay that was filled in during the 19th century. The third community lived near Crissy Field at Petlenuc.
+ The Yelamu/Ramai villages south of San Francisco:
+ See List of Ohlone villages for a larger list.
+
+= = = Pasquotank River = = =
+
+ The Pasquotank River is a coastal water-body in Northeastern North Carolina in the United States. Located between Camden and Pasquotank counties, the Pasquotank connects directly to the Albemarle Sound and is part of the Intracoastal Waterway via Elizabeth City.
+ Machelhe Island is a river island on the Pasquotank River.
+ The name "Pasquotank" is derived from "pashetanki", an Algonquian word translated as "where the current forks." The river gained importance in trade and shipping during the American colonial period.
+ The Battle of Elizabeth City was fought on the Pasquotank River where a small Confederate fleet was sunk in defense of the City. The Confederate ships sunk on the Pasquotank River in the battle were the CSS Black Warrior, CSS Fanny, CSS Sea Bird, and the CSS Appomattox.
+ Some principal industries along the Pasquotank were transport, logging, and oyster harvesting. Since the twentieth century, the commercial viability of the river has declined, as more traffic uses the Intracoastal Waterway by way of Coinjock. The river is now primarily frequented by pleasure boaters.
+ North Carolina State Library. July 1997. “County History.” North Carolina Encyclopedia. 18 Nov. 2000.
+
+= = = List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat = = =
+
+ The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the Court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at sixone chief justice and five associate justices. The number of justices on the Supreme Court changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869. As a result, there have been a total of 11 seats on the Court: one chief justiceship and 10 associate justiceships (two of which have been abolished).
+ The following tables detail the succession of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat. There are no formal numbers or names for the individual seats of associate justices, which are listed in this article simply by number, as well as by the date each was established by Congress. The numbering of associate justice seats 1–4 reflects the order of precedence of the inaugural justices to occupy those seats, which was based upon the seniority of their commission from President George Washington following their confirmation by the U.S. Senate. The fifth original associate justice seat, and the simultaneously created seventh and eighth seats, are numbered according to the order in which each seat's first occupant received their commission from the president following Senate confirmation. Seats six, nine, and 10 are numbered according to the order in which each was created by statute. The "start date" listed for each justice is the day he or she took the judicial oath of office, and the "end date" is the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.
+ The Judiciary Act of 1789 () set the number of Supreme Court justices at six: one chief justice and five associate justices. One of the associate justice seats established in 1789 (seat 5 below) was later abolished, as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 (), which provided for the gradual elimination of seats on the Supreme Court until there would be seven justices.
+ In 1807, Congress passed the Seventh Circuit Act (), which added a sixth associate justice to the Supreme Court. Two more seats were added in 1837, as a result of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act (); one of these (seat 7 below) was later abolished as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866. The Supreme Court reached its peak size in 1863, when the Tenth Circuit Act () became law, and a tenth justice joined the Court. After fluctuating from nine to ten to eight members over a six-year period, the size of the Court was restored to nine members through the Circuit Judges Act of 1869 (), a broad Reconstruction Era reorganization of the federal courts. This act remains (as of the 115th Congress) the governing law regarding the number of seats on the Court.
+
+= = = KUD Idijoti = = =
+
+ KUD Idijoti was a punk rock band from Pula, Croatia. The name of the band translates to "Cultural Artistic Society "Idiots"" The word "Idijoti" is deliberately spelled wrong, the correct Croatian form of the word being "idioti". The prefix 'KUD' (in full, "kulturno-umjetničko društvo" – cultural-artistic society) is a common designation for folk dance and music groups in the ex-Yugoslav countries.
+ The band was formed in 1981 and released its debut album in 1986. In 1987 they won the Youth Festival prize in Subotica in competition with over 300 bands and quickly gained recognition as one of the most popular bands on the punk scene of the former Yugoslavia. After winning the first prize they have gained international popularity, performing live in Switzerland, Germany, Hungary and Italy. Particularly in Italy in Reggio Calabria, the festival of Mediterranean countries almost turned into an international incident, after carabinieri stopped the performance of the famous communist song Bandiera Rossa.
+ Their compilation album, "Bolivia R'N'R", compilation of the first three singles and three previously unreleased songs, was published in January 1990 by the independent German record label "Incognito Records." In May of the same year they published the next album "Mi smo ovdje samo zbog para" ("We are Only Here for the Money"), which until now went on to become their biggest selling album. Due to the breakup of Yugoslavia, the release of their third album, "Glupost je neuništiva" ("Stupidity is indestructible") was briefly delayed, and consequently released at the end of 1992. Next year they published the album "Tako je govorio Zaratusta" ("Thus Spoke Zaratusta"), which was also their first album was released on CD. This album contains on one of their most famous songs: "Za tebe" ("For You"), and the cover of the Italian partisan song Bella Ciao.
+ In 1994, the band went on tour in Germany, Switzerland and Macedonia, and they performed at Sziget Festival in Budapest. Another significant performance was held on 10 October of the same year in Ljubljana's Tivoli Hall, where KUD Idijoti played as the opening act for the American punk rock band Ramones.
+ In 1995, the band released the album "" (wordplay of a very common curse and "Mother Istria") in collaboration with the Pula composition band Gori Ussi Winnetou. Immediately after releasing the album, Radio Pazin was banned because of its broadcast of the song "Turbo Cattolica" which mentions Pazin Inquisitor.
+ 1995 and 1996 saw the creation of another two studio albums, LP "Megapunk" and EP "Fuck". Megapunk and Fuck received positive critical reviews. In early 1997. band signed with the record label Dancing Bear, and released the album "Cijena ponosa" ("Price of pride"). In 1999 they published "Gratis hits live", the album with appearances in club Uljanik Pula, on the occasion of the band's 18th birthday. KUD Idijoti remained popular in other countries of the former Yugoslavia, and have frequently toured throughout its former member republics.
+ "Remek djelo" ("Masterpiece"), their last album, was published in 2001 and followed by the promotional concert tour.
+ Apart from Franci Blašković, band members have collaborated with Peter Lovšin, singer of the Slovenian punk band Pankrti, Šajeta and Hladno pivo.
+ In 2011, Singer Branko Črnac "Tusta" was diagnosed with lung and throat cancer, and the band went on an indefinite hiatus. A number of humanitarian concerts were organised which were used to raise funds to help with the treatment, but Tusta died on 14 October 2012 from this disease, at the age of 57.
+ A few days following his death, the lead guitarist and founder of the band, Sale Veruda, declared that with the death of Tusta KUD Idijoti as a band have ceased to exist.
+
+= = = Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia = = =
+
+ Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix.
+ CIN most commonly occurs at the squamocolumnar junction of the cervix, a transitional area between the squamous epithelium of the vagina and the columnar epithelium of the endocervix. It can also occur in vaginal walls and vulvar epithelium. CIN is graded on a 1-3 scale, with 3 being the most abnormal (see classification section below).
+ Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is necessary for the development of CIN, but not all with this infection develop cervical cancer. Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. However, those with an HPV infection that lasts more than one or two years have a higher risk of developing a higher grade of CIN.
+ Like other intraepithelial neoplasias, CIN is not cancer and is usually curable. Most cases of CIN either remain stable or are eliminated by the person's immune system without need for intervention. However, a small percentage of cases progress to cervical cancer, typically cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), if left untreated.
+ There are no specific symptoms of CIN alone.
+ Generally, signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include:
+ HPV infection of the vulva and vagina can cause genital warts or be asymptomatic.
+ The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
+ Some groups of women have been found to be at a higher risk of developing CIN:
+ Additionally, a number of risk factors have been shown to increase an individual's likelihood of developing CIN 3/carcinoma "in situ (see below):"
+ The earliest microscopic change corresponding to CIN is epithelial dysplasia, or surface lining, of the cervix, which is essentially undetectable by the woman. The majority of these changes occur at the squamocolumnar junction, or transformation zone, an area of unstable cervical epithelium that is prone to abnormal changes. Cellular changes associated with HPV infection, such as koilocytes, are also commonly seen in CIN. While infection with HPV is needed for development of CIN, most women with HPV infection do not develop high-grade intraepithelial lesions or cancer. HPV is not alone enough causative.
+ Of the over 100 different types of HPV, approximately 40 are known to affect the epithelial tissue of the anogenital area and have different probabilities of causing malignant changes.
+ A test for HPV called the Digene HPV test is highly accurate and serves as both a direct diagnosis and adjuvant to the all-important Pap smear which is a screening device that allows for an examination of cells but not tissue structure, needed for diagnosis. A colposcopy with directed biopsy is the standard for disease detection. Endocervical brush sampling at the time of Pap smear to detect adenocarcinoma and its precursors is necessary along with doctor/patient vigilance on abdominal symptoms associated with uterine and ovarian carcinoma. The diagnosis of CIN or cervical carcinoma requires a biopsy for histological analysis.
+ Historically, abnormal changes of cervical epithelial cells were described as mild, moderate, or severe epithelial dysplasia. In 1988 the National Cancer Institute developed "The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical/Vaginal Cytologic Diagnoses." This system provides a uniform way to describe abnormal epithelial cells and determine specimen quality, thus providing clear guidance for clinical management. These abnormalities were classified as squamous or glandular and then further classified by the stage of dysplasia: atypical cells, mild, moderate, severe, and carcinoma.
+ Depending on several factors and the location of the lesion, CIN can start in any of the three stages and can either progress or regress. The grade of squamous intraepithelial lesion can vary.
+ CIN is classified in grades:
+ The College of American Pathology and the American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology came together in 2012 to publish changes in terminology to describe HPV associated squamous lesions of the anogenital tract as LSIL or HSIL as follows below:
+ CIN 1 is referred to as LSIL.
+ CIN 2 that is negative for p16, a marker for high-risk HPV, is referred to as LSIL. Those that are p16-positive are referred to as HSIL.
+ CIN 3 is referred to as HSIL.
+ The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV.
+ CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the Pap smear. The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above). The sensitivity and specificity of this test were variable in a systematic review looking at accuracy of the test.
+ An abnormal Pap smear result may lead to a recommendation for colposcopy of the cervix, an in office procedure during which the cervix is examined under magnification. A biopsy is taken of any abnormal appearing areas.
+ HPV testing can identify most of the high risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing.
+ Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the Society of Lower Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP). The World Health Organization also has screening and treatment guidelines for precancerous cervical lesions and prevention of cervical cancer.
+ HPV vaccination is the approach to primary prevention of both CIN and cervical cancer.
+ It is important to note that these vaccines do not protect against 100% of types of HPV known to cause cancer. Therefore, screening is still recommended in vaccinated individuals.
+ Appropriate management with monitoring and treatment is the approach to secondary prevention of cervical cancer in cases of persons with CIN.
+ Treatment for CIN 1, mild dysplasia, is not recommended if it lasts fewer than 2 years. Usually, when a biopsy detects CIN 1 the woman has an HPV infection which may clear on its own within 12 months. Therefore, it is instead followed for later testing rather than treated. In young women closely monitoring CIN 2 lesions also appears reasonable.
+ Treatment for higher-grade CIN involves removal or destruction of the abnormal cervical cells by cryocautery, electrocautery, laser cautery, loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP), or cervical conization. The typical threshold for treatment is CIN 2+, although a more restrained approach may be taken for young persons and pregnant persons. Therapeutic vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials. The lifetime recurrence rate of CIN is about 20%, but it isn't clear what proportion of these cases are new infections rather than recurrences of the original infection.
+ Surgical treatment of CIN lesions is associated with an increased risk of infertility or subfertility. A case-control study found that there is an approximately two-fold increase in risk i.
+ Treatment of CIN during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth. People with HIV and CIN 2+ should be initially managed according to the recommendations for the general population according to the 2012 updated ASCCP consensus guidelines.
+ It used to be thought that cases of CIN progressed through grades 1-3 toward cancer in a linear fashion.
+ However most CIN spontaneously regress. Left untreated, about 70% of CIN 1 will regress within one year; 90% will regress within two years. About 50% of CIN 2 will regress within 2 years without treatment.
+ Progression to cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS) occurs in approximately 11% of CIN 1 and 22% of CIN 2 cases. Progression to invasive cancer occurs in approximately 1% of CIN 1, 5% in CIN 2 and at least 12% in CIN 3 cases.
+ Progression to cancer typically takes 15 years with a range of 3 to 40 years. Also, evidence suggests that cancer can occur without first detectably progressing through CIN grades and that a high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia can occur without first existing as a lower grade.
+ Treatment does not affect the chances of getting pregnant but does increase the risk of second trimester miscarriages.
+ Between 250,000 and 1 million American women are diagnosed with CIN annually. Women can develop CIN at any age, however women generally develop it between the ages of 25 to 35. The estimated annual incidence of CIN in the United States among persons who undergo screening is 4% for CIN 1 and 5% for CIN 2 and CIN 3.
+
+= = = Mahleb = = =
+
+ Mahleb or Mahalepi is an aromatic spice made from the seeds of a species of cherry, "Prunus mahaleb" (the Mahaleb or St Lucie cherry). The cherry stones are cracked to extract the seed kernel, which is about 5 mm diameter, soft and chewy on extraction. The seed kernel is ground to a powder before use. Its flavour is similar to a combination of bitter almond and cherry, and similar also to marzipan.
+ Mahleb is used in small quantities to sharpen sweet foods and cakes, and is used in production of tresse cheese.
+ It has been used for centuries in the Middle East and the surrounding areas as a flavoring for baked goods. Recipes calling for the fruit or seed of the "ḫalub" date back to ancient Sumer. In recent decades, it has been slowly entering mainstream cookbooks in English.
+ In Greek cuisine, "mahlep" is sometimes added to different types of holiday "tsoureki" breads, including Christmas bread, the New Year's "vasilopita" and the braided Easter bread called "cheoreg" in Armenian and "paskalya çöreği " in Turkish.
+ In Turkey, it is used in "poğaça" scones and other pastries. In the Arabic Middle East, it is used in "ma'amoul" scones. In Egypt, powdered mahlab is made into a paste with honey, sesame seeds and nuts, eaten as a dessert or a snack with bread.
+ In English, mahleb is sometimes spelled mahalab, mahlep, mahaleb, etc.
+
+= = = Glossary of table tennis = = =
+
+ Table tennis terminology is a set of English words and phrases used in the game of table tennis to describe the game, the play and the equipment. This article lists some of them.
+
+= = = Thomas Gilroy = = =
+
+ Thomas Gilroy is the name of:
+
+= = = Valence bond programs = = =
+
+ Valence bond (VB) computer programs for modern valence bond calculations:-
+ Note that several other programs, as well as some of those above, can do Goddard's Generalized Valence Bond (GVB) methods. GAMESS (US) does this either without the VB2000 interface or with it.
+
+= = = Ford LTD Crown Victoria = = =
+
+ The Ford LTD Crown Victoria is a line of full-size cars that was manufactured and marketed by Ford for North America. Introduced as the flagship of the Ford LTD model range for the 1980 model year, a single generation was produced through the 1991 model year. Throughout its production, the LTD Crown Victoria was marketed as the Ford counterpart of the Mercury Grand Marquis. The model line was offered as a two-door and a four-door sedan, alongside the woodgrained Ford LTD Country Squire station wagon (an LTD Crown Victoria station wagon without wood trim was also offered).
+ For 1983, as part of a revision within all three Ford divisions, the LTD and LTD Crown Victoria became separate model ranges, with the latter becoming the sole full-size Ford sedan range.
+ For 1992, the model line underwent an extensive redesign. Ending the use of the LTD prefix, the sedan became the Ford Crown Victoria; the Country Squire wagon was discontinued in favor of other styles of family vehicles. From 1979 to 1985, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced by St. Louis Assembly in Hazelwood, Missouri. In 1985, Ford shifted production to St. Thomas Assembly in Southwold, Ontario, where Ford and Mercury full-size vehicles were assembled until 2011.
+ For 1980, Ford reintroduced the "Crown Victoria" nameplate as a luxury trim package for the all-new Ford LTD, taking the place of the LTD Landau. Taking its name from the Ford Fairlane Crown Victoria of 1955-1956, the LTD Crown Victoria borrowed a distinctive styling feature from its Fairlane counterpart: a targa-style band across the roof atop the B-pillars. For the Fairlane, the band was bright chrome; to modernize its appearance, the LTD Crown Victoria adopted a band of brushed aluminum.
+ In the landaulet-style of the Lincoln Town Car, the LTD Crown Victoria was fitted with a half-length padded vinyl roof, with the brushed-aluminum band covering the B-pillars (in place of the "coach lamps" of the Mercury Grand Marquis). In the style of the original 1965 Ford LTD, the LTD Crown Victoria featured a "crested" hood ornament. The first time Ford used the "victoria" as a naming convention was in 1932 on the Ford Victoria and the Lincoln Victoria 2-door coupes.
+ As with the previous-generation LTD, the LTD Crown Victoria directly competed against the Chevrolet Caprice and the Pontiac Bonneville (both downsized for 1977). Originally slated for replacement by the Ford Taurus in the early 1980s, the model line saw relatively little change throughout its production. As the decade progressed, concerns over fuel economy eased, which allowed further development of full-size cars. For 1988 and 1990, the LTD Crown Victoria saw a number of revisions and updates. In early 1991, the redesigned Ford Crown Victoria was introduced as a replacement, which marked the end of the Ford LTD nameplate in North America.
+ The Ford LTD Crown Victoria uses the rear-wheel drive Ford Panther platform architecture. As part of a major downsizing over the 1973-1978 LTD Brougham/Landau, the LTD Crown Victoria shed 18 inches of length and nearly 1000 pounds of curb weight. Although much smaller than its predecessor, the LTD Crown Victoria would carry over the basic suspension design of its predecessor, with a live rear axle suspension and double wishbone independent front suspension. Brakes were of a vented disc/rear drum configuration.
+ When introduced in 1980, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced with the two smallest-displacement engines previously available on the LTD, the 4.9 L (marketed by Ford as "5.0") and 5.8 L Windsor V8s. In the interest of fuel economy and CAFE regulations, the 460 V8 was shifted to truck use while the 400 V8 was discontinued altogether.
+ In 1981, Ford would take steps to further increase the fuel economy of its full-size cars. From the Lincoln Continental/Mark VI, all Panther-platform cars received the 4-speed AOD overdrive automatic transmission, replacing all previous 3-speed automatics. The engine line was revised: the 5.8 L V8 was restricted exclusively to fleet (police) sales, with a 4.2 L version of the 4.9 L V8 becoming the new base engine. The 4.9 L V8 saw major changes, with the carburetor replaced by throttle-body "electronic central fuel injection". In contrast to competitors from General Motors and Chrysler, the LTD Crown Victoria was sold exclusively with a V8 engine.
+ As the LTD Crown Victoria became a stand-alone model line for the 1983 model year, the 4.2 L V8 was discontinued altogether, leaving the 5.0 V8 the only engine available on all models (with a 5.8 carburetor V8 engine also available, but only on fleet-usage models, particularly police cars). For 1986, the throttle-body fuel injection system (which turned out to have driveability issues) was replaced by a multi-port "Sequential-Fire" fuel-injection system with a redesigned air intake; the system was based on an OBD-1 compliant Ford EEC-IV computer.
+ At the end of its production in 1991, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced with the 5.0 L V8. Although a (rare) option on the Mercury Grand Marquis, sales of the 5.8-liter V8 (with a Ford 7200 variable-venturi carburetor) was restricted to fleets, with most sold as part of the Ford police package. 1991 Panther-platform cars with the 5.8 were the very last American cars sold with a carbureted engine.
+ When introduced in 1980, the Ford LTD Crown Victoria was produced in both two-door and four-door sedan body configurations. As with the standard-trim LTD, the LTD Crown Victoria was produced with quad-headlight front bodywork. Similar to the 1979 Ford Mustang, the car had the 4 eyed quad headlight arrangement in the front facia. This was one of the final classical "eyed" cars to ever be manufactured. For 1983, the exterior was given a minor update, with a redesigned "eggcrate" grille; the taillamps saw a minor update because the LTD script was removed from them. For 1980, the coupe assumed the role of full-sized coupe when the Thunderbird was downsized and shared the chassis with the smaller Mustang.
+ For the 1988 model year, the LTD Crown Victoria saw a revision to the exterior and interior. In a move to modernize the exterior and improve its aerodynamics, the edges of the front and rear fenders were rounded off. The design of the bumpers was updated to better integrate the corners into the fenders (it retained the 4 eyed quad headlight arrangement). The design of the trunklid was changed to fit wraparound taillamp clusters while the front turn signals and parking lamps were integrated into a single cluster with the quad headlamps. The grille was redesigned from an eggcrate style to a waterfall style (a design distinct from that used by Mercury) with the Ford Blue Oval centered. The interior was updated with new front and rear seats. In 1987, Ford sold 5,527 two-door sedans (compared to 105,789 four-door sedans); due to declining sales of the body style, the two-door was not included in the facelift, making the 1979-87 coupe a minor collector's item.
+ In 1990, the interior again saw major changes as the dashboard of the LTD Crown Victoria was redesigned. Nearly identical to that of the Grand Marquis, the new interior features a driver-side airbag as standard equipment. To streamline production costs and increase its appeal after 11 years, the standard equipment list of the LTD Crown Victoria added many previously optional features, including air conditioning, which was made standard in 1987, power windows, locks, tilt steering, and automatic headlights (AutoLamp). For 1991, the LTD Crown Victoria saw a minor exterior change, as the parking light lenses were changed in color from amber to clear.
+ From 1980 to 1982, the LTD Crown Victoria existed as a trim package within the LTD range. As Ford made the LTD Crown Victoria a stand-alone model line, it inherited the same trim lineup from the full-size Ford LTD.
+ As a base model restricted for fleets and police sales, the LTD Crown Victoria "S" was available, coming with either V8 engine. Distinguished by its vinyl roof delete, steel wheels and bright wheel covers, and lack of chrome roof band (a non-padded vinyl roof was an option), the S model was equipped with very few features, such as a vinyl bench seat, hood ornament delete, manual windows and locks, and AM radio (upgraded radios at extra cost). While mostly sold to fleets (particularly police and taxi sales), the LTD Crown Victoria S was also sold to the general public, as station wagon version was also available in this trim level (the only LTD Crown Victoria variant in this trim level available to the general public).
+ The standard LTD Crown Victoria was intended for retail markets, coming with the 5.0L V8 engine as standard. In addition to the landau-style vinyl padded roof with targa-style trim and wire wheel covers, the model featured full carpeting, reclining cloth bench seat, and AM/FM radio.
+ Above the standard LTD Crown Victoria, Ford offered an Interior Luxury Package and in 1986, the option package became the LTD Crown Victoria LX. Featuring split-bench cloth seats, the option included upgraded interior carpet, additional sound insulation and power-operated features, and upgraded stereo systems. On the exterior of the LX, the option was distinguished by cornering lamps, two-tone paint, and aluminum alloy wheels.
+ From 1979 to 1991, a station wagon was produced alongside the four-door sedan as part of the full-size car line. Trimmed nearly identically to the top-trim LTD Landau (subsequently LTD Crown Victoria and Crown Victoria LX), the wood-paneled Country Squire consisted of the majority of sales; an LTD Crown Victoria wagon without the wood sides was available in deluxe as well as in base "S" trim.
+ As with its predecessor, the station wagon came equipped with a dual-hinged tailgate; it opened both downwards like the tailgate of a pickup truck or swung open to the side. Also standard were a roof rack and dual side-facing jump seats in the cargo area, expanding seating capacity to eight (except in "S" trim, which lacked these accessories). As the demand for family vehicles in the late 1980s and early 1990s had shifted from large station wagons to minivans, full-size vans, and (later) to sport-utility vehicles, sales of the big Ford station wagon rapidly declined; only 3,865 were sold through 1991. For the 1992 model year redesign of the Crown Victoria, the station wagon was dropped from the model lineup.
+ In use primarily restricted for the police, taxi and other fleet markets, the LTD Crown Victoria S was sold to fleets throughout its production. Internally referred as "P72", the LTD Crown Victoria S was trimmed separately from a standard LTD Crown Victoria, deleting many convenience features. Mechanically, the P72 was the only version available with the 5.8L V8 after 1980 in the United States.
+
+= = = International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza = = =
+
+ President George W. Bush announced the International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza in his remarks to the High-Level Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on September 14, 2005, in New York. On September 15, 2005, Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs Dr. Paula Dobriansky was joined by the Director General of the World Health Organization Dr. Lee Jong-wook, Executive Director of UNICEF Ann Veneman, and senior representatives from several participating countries to describe the Partnerships goals of improving global readiness by:
+ The International Partnership on Avian and Pandemic Influenza is committed to protecting human and animal health as well as mitigating the global socioeconomic and security consequences of an influenza pandemic. The partnership seeks to work with all concerned states to limit the spread of H5N1 avian flu and any other highly pathogenic influenza strain by taking all necessary steps to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the growing threat.
+ Partners are concerned about the potential for large-scale outbreaks. As such, participants are committed to the following principles to establish a more coordinated and effective basis for limiting the social, economic and health impacts of avian and pandemic influenza, consistent with national legal authorities and relevant international law and frameworks.
+ Noting that enhanced global cooperation on avian and pandemic influenza will provide a template for global cooperation to address other types of health emergencies, we join together in our commitment to:
+
+= = = CR-39 = = =
+
+ CR-39, or allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC), is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of eyeglass lenses. The abbreviation stands for "Columbia Resin #39", which was the 39th formula of a thermosetting plastic developed by the Columbia Resins project in 1940.
+ The first commercial use of CR-39 monomer was to help create glass-reinforced plastic fuel tanks for the B-17 bomber aircraft in World War II, reducing weight and increasing range of the bomber. After the War, the Armorlite Lens Company in California is credited with manufacturing the first CR-39 eyeglass lenses in 1947. CR-39 plastic has an index of refraction of 1.498 and an Abbe number of 58. CR-39 is now a trade-marked product of PPG Industries.
+ An alternative use includes a purified version that is used to measure neutron radiation, a type of ionizing radiation, in neutron dosimetry.
+ Although CR-39 is a type of polycarbonate, it should not be confused with the general term polycarbonate, a tough homopolymer usually made from bisphenol A.
+ CR-39 is made by polymerization of diethyleneglycol bis allylcarbonate (ADC) in presence of diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (IPP) initiator. The presence of the allyl groups allows the polymer to form cross-links; thus, it is a thermoset resin. The monomer structure is
+ The polymerization schedule of ADC monomers using IPP is generally 20 hours long with a maximum temperature of 95 °C. The elevated temperatures can be supplied using a water bath or a forced air oven.
+ Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is an alternative organic peroxide that may be used to polymerize ADC. Pure benzoyl peroxide is crystalline and less volatile than diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate. Using BPO results in a polymer that has a higher yellowness index, and the peroxide takes longer to dissolve into ADC at room temperature than IPP.
+ "CR-39 is transparent in the visible spectrum and is almost completely opaque in the ultraviolet range. It has high abrasion resistance, in fact the highest abrasion/scratch resistance of any uncoated optical plastic. CR-39 is about half the weight of glass with an index of refraction only slightly lower than that of crown glass, and its high Abbe number yields low chromatic aberration, altogether making it an advantageous material for eyeglasses and sunglasses. A wide range of colors can be achieved by dyeing of the surface or the bulk of the material. CR-39 is also resistant to most solvents and other chemicals, gamma radiation, aging, and to material fatigue. It can withstand the small hot sparks from welding, something glass cannot do. It can be used continuously in temperatures up to 100 °C and up to one hour at 130 °C."
+ In the radiation detection application, CR-39 is used as a Solid-State Nuclear Track Detector to detect the presence of ionising radiation. Energetic particles colliding with the polymer structure leave a trail of broken chemical bonds within the CR-39. When immersed in a concentrated alkali solution (typically sodium hydroxide) hydroxide ions attack and break the polymer structure, etching away the bulk of the plastic at a nominally fixed rate. However, along the paths of damage left by charged particle interaction the concentration of radiation damage allows the chemical agent to attack the polymer more rapidly than it does in the bulk, revealing the paths of the charged particle ion tracks. The resulting etched plastic therefore contains a permanent record of not only the location of the radiation on the plastic but also gives spectroscopic information about the source. Principally used for the detection of alpha radiation emitting radionuclides (especially radon gas), the radiation-sensitivity properties of CR-39 are also used for proton and neutron dosimetry and historically cosmic ray investigations.
+ The ability of CR-39 to record the location of a radiation source, even at extremely low concentrations is exploited in autoradiography studies with alpha particles, and for (comparatively cheap) detection of alpha-emitters like uranium. Typically, a thin section of a biological material is fixed against CR-39 and kept frozen for a timescale of months to years in an environment that is shielded as much as possible from possible radiological contaminants. Before etching, photographs are taken of the biological sample with the affixed CR-39 detector, with care taken to ensure that prescribed location marks on the detector are noted. After the etching process, automated or manual 'scanning' of the CR-39 is used to physically locate the ionising radiation recorded, which can then be mapped to the position of the radionuclide within the biological sample. There is no other non-destructive method for accurately identifying the location of trace quantities of radionuclides in biological samples at such low emission levels.
+ CR-39 is used in some photographic filters, such as the ZERO Camera filters .
+ A direct equivalent is produced by Acomon AG with the brand name RAV,
+ and another one by Danyang Yueda FineChemichal Co. Ltd in China. A highly purified CR-39, manufactured under the name of TASTRAK, is available specifically for radio-dosimetry.
+
+= = = Sprachraum = = =
+
+ In linguistics, a sprachraum (; , "language space") is a geographical region where a common first language (mother tongue), with dialect varieties, or group of languages is spoken.
+ Most sprachraums do not follow national borders. For example, half of South America is part of the Spanish sprachraum, while a single, small country like Switzerland is at the intersection of three such language spheres. A sprachraum can also be separated by oceans.
+ The four major Western sprachraums are those of English, Spanish, Portuguese and French (according to the number of speakers). The English sprachraum (Anglosphere) spans the globe, from the United Kingdom, Ireland, United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to the many former British colonies where English has official language status alongside local languages, such as India and South Africa. The French sprachraum, which also has area on several continents, is known as the Francophonie (). The Francophonie is also the short name of an international organisation composed of countries with French as an official language.
+ The Portuguese sprachraum or Lusosphere or Lusophony () is a cultural entity that includes the countries where Portuguese is the official language, as well as the Portuguese diaspora. It also includes people who may not have any Portuguese ancestry but are culturally and linguistically linked to Portugal. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries or Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (Portuguese: "Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa", abbreviated to CPLP) is the intergovernmental organisation for friendship among Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) nations where Portuguese is an official language.
+ By extension, a sprachraum can also include a group of related languages. Thus the Scandinavian sprachraum includes Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, while the Finnic sprachraum is Finland, Estonia and adjacent areas of Scandinavia and Russia.
+ Even within a single sprachraum, there can be different, but closely related, languages, otherwise known as dialect continua. A classic example is the varieties of Chinese, which can be mutually unintelligible in spoken form, but are typically considered the same language (or, at least, closely related) and have a unified non-phonetic writing system. Arabic has a similar situation, but its writing system (an abjad) reflects the pronunciation and grammar of a common literary language (Modern Standard Arabic).
+
+= = = Cabécou = = =
+
+ Cabecou is a soft goat cheese that comes from the Midi-Pyrénées region of southern France. It has a thin striped rind and after 2 weeks its crust grows blue mold changing its taste. It is one of Aquitaine's most famous foods. Aquitaine is a region in the lower bottom of France. The coloration of this creation is a calm cream color.
+ The name comes from the Occitan word "cabra/craba" which means goat.
+
+= = = St. Andrew's Abbey = = =
+
+ St. Andrew's Abbey is a male Benedictine monastery of the Congregation of the Annunciation located in Valyermo, in the Mojave Desert, northern Los Angeles County, southern California.
+ In 1929, St. Andrew's Abbey in Bruges, Belgium founded St. Andrew's Priory in China, and until 1953, the monks of the Priory conducted missionary work among the people of China.
+ In 1953, the Communists expelled all foreign priests as well as all religious brothers and sisters from the country. Forced to leave China behind, in 1955 the monks purchased the Hidden Springs Ranch where the monastery is now located. St. Andrew's Priory thus began its ministry in Valyermo, which is located in the High Desert of Southern California and within the boundaries of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. It is not far from the communities of Palmdale, Lancaster and Wrightwood, California.
+ In 1992, St. Andrew's Priory became an abbey. Father Francis Benedict, OSB was elected first abbot of St. Andrew's Abbey and received the abbatial blessing on August 2, 1992. Francis Benedict, served as abbot for sixteen years during which he served with unflagging devotion as shepherd of the monastery. The new Welcome Center and Youth Center Chapel are the most recent and visible reminders of Abbot Francis’ deep commitment to the community. Abbot Francis stepped down in 2008 and became known as Abbot Emeritus.
+ St. Andrew's Abbey is well known as a retreat centre in California. The abbey is located in an isolated area which is conducive to silence. While the abbey does not care for any parishes, it welcomes numerous guests each year either as retreatants or as casual visitors. Additionally, the abbey is also known for its ceramics that it produces.
+ A number of the monks also teach at the seminary for the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles and in colleges and universities in the Los Angeles area.
+ At the invitation of Abbot Ansgar Schmidt, O.S.B., the Abbot President of the Benedictine Congregation of the Annunciation, of which St. Andrew’s Abbey is part, the monks at Valyermo began an intensive period of study and reflection in preparation for the election of a new abbot. On 21 June 2010, the community elected their prior, Damien Toilolo O.S.B. as abbot for an eight-year term.
+ From April 2009 until October 2011, the community of Saint Andrew's Abbey hosted a small group of Eastern Rite Catholic monks in search of property to establish their own monastery (called Holy Resurrection). In 2011, these Byzantine monks purchased a former convent in the village of Saint Nazianz in Manitowoc County, eastern Wisconsin.
+
+= = = KTGM = = =
+
+ KTGM, virtual and UHF digital channel 14, is an ABC-affiliated television station serving the U.S. territory of Guam that is licensed to Tamuning. Owned by Sorensen Media Group, it is a sister station to low-powered Fox affiliate KEQI-LP (channel 22). The two stations share studios on 111 Chalan Santo Papa in Hagåtña (Agana); KTGM's transmitter is located in the heights of Barigåda (Barrigada).
+ KTGM signed on the air in 1987, broadcasting on NTSC analog channel 14. It was Guam's second commercial TV station after KUAM-TV had signed on 31 years prior, and the first TV station of any kind on Guam in nearly 17 years since PBS member KGTF's sign on. It has always been a primary ABC affiliate, but in the beginning also had a secondary CBS affiliation, which it shared with KUAM-TV. It added Fox programming in 1990, after being dropped by KUAM-TV. CBS was dropped in 1995 after KUAM-LP signed on. Fox was dropped as well by the end of the 1990s, shifting its focus to ABC programming, after which Fox was only available on cable via San Francisco Bay Area affiliate KTVU until 2005, when KEQI-LP picked up the affiliation. Between June 2001 and November 2005, KTGM also carried WB programming (previously carried by KUAM-LP).
+ KTGM used to be located on the third floor of the Atlantica Building at 692 North Marine Drive (now known as Marine Corps Drive) in Upper Tumon (Municipality of Tamuning). Due to the building's ownership issues, KTGM moved to a commercial building on Route 16 (now known as Army Drive) in Barrigada Heights in 2003.
+ In 2001, the station also launched a repeater, KPPI-LP, in Garapan, Saipan, Northern Marianas Islands, on VHF channel 7. The station started off as K07XG (November 19, 2001–December 17, 2004), before gaining the callsign of KPPI-LP (December 17, 2004–March 28, 2005). It was deleted for three days (as DKPPI-LP, from March 28 to March 31, 2005), before being reinstated as KPPI-LP on March 31, 2005. It is the only broadcast station in Saipan today, after KUAM-TV satellite WSZE shut down in the 2000s. The station has a construction permit to flash-cut to digital as KPPI-LD on VHF channel 7.
+ Originally owned and operated by Island Broadcasting, Inc., KTGM was purchased by Sorensen Media Group (then owner of five radio stations on Guam and Saipan, and now additionally three TV stations) in November 2005. Soon after, it moved its cable channel position from 14 to 7, hence the current station branding. In 2009, Sorensen moved the station's facilities, along with its sister stations, from Barrigada Heights to Hagåtña.
+ In 2008, KTGM apparently had its DTV construction permit expire, and was waiting for the FCC to reinstate it, which it did later that year. On February 18, 2009, KTGM officially signed off its analog channel at 2 p.m. Chamorro Standard Time (6 p.m. HST/8 p.m. PST/11 p.m. EST on February 17, 2009) and switched on its ATSC digital channel 14.
+ Because Guam is a day ahead of the continental United States and that most programs arrived by tapes from California, KTGM used to air most ABC shows (except those available through satellites) on a one-week delay basis. When KTGM carried WB programming, it was aired from 6–8 p.m. directly before ABC's primetime schedule, also on a one-week delay.
+ With advancing communication technology, KTGM now airs the complete ABC lineup on the "same day" (just a few hours behind Hawaii), meaning that a Monday through Sunday stateside pattern is aired on a Tuesday through Monday pattern on Guam due to the time zone and day-ahead hindrance. ABC's sports programs are aired with less delay, and often in the middle of the night, Guam time; some sporting events that air live in primetime often air in the late-morning hours in Guam—one example was "Monday Night Football" which, when it was on ABC, aired on Tuesdays at 11 a.m. in Guam.
+ KTGM's syndicated programming includes "Entertainment Tonight" and "Inside Edition". These same programs are also repeated on KEQI.
+ In 2005, KTGM began airing repeats of their ABC children's and primetime shows (like "Ugly Betty") during the week after their original airings, which made them the only ABC affiliate to hold this unique programming distinction. It was discontinued in 2009.
+ KTGM broadcast hourly weather segments from what it dubbed the "ABC14 WeatherCenter" between January 1999 and December 2002. (It was never revived after Super Typhoon Pongsona.)
+ The merger with Sorensen allowed KTGM to share resources with Sorensen's radio stations, and thus allowed the K57 (KGUM) news operations (which took on the name "Pacific News Center") to expand into television. KTGM's half-hour evening news began broadcasting in summer 2005, ending KUAM's monopoly of local TV news since 1998. The PNC TV news is broadcast live nightly at 6 p.m., then rebroadcast on KEQI at 7 and 10:30 p.m., as well as on KTGM after ABC primetime programming at 10 p.m.
+
+= = = Lee Soo-young = = =
+
+ Lee Soo-young (Hangul: 이수영; born Lee Ji-yeon, Hangul: 이지연 on April 12, 1979) is a South Korean ballad singer. She debuted in 1999 with the hit album, "I Believe", and quickly gained popularity due to her strong singing skills. During the mid-2000s, Lee was one of South Korea's best-selling singers, selling more than 700,000 albums in 2004 alone despite a recession in the music industry.
+ In 2001, she sang the official Korean version of the "Final Fantasy X" song “Suteki Da Ne” in Korean, titled “얼마나 좋을까” (“Eolmana Joheulkka”).
+ She released her seventh album, "Grace", on January 21, 2006. It performed very well, able to shoot straight to the top of the charts. The popularity of the album led to a limited edition (repackage) release of "Grace", of which only 30,000 copies were produced.
+ Lee has performed the new song written by her titled "Lavender" from her new album at the wedding ceremony of her close friend, Park Kyung-lim, Seo Min-jung.
+ Lee married her boyfriend of one year in October 2010. They have one son, who was born in July 2011.
+
+= = = Merlin of Amber = = =
+
+ Merlin is the narrator and main character in the second half of the Chronicles of Amber by American science fiction author Roger Zelazny. He is an incidental character in the first half of the series, eventually being revealed to be the listener to whom Corwin relates the tale of his attempts to take the throne of Amber, and dealing with the subsequent invasion from Chaos.
+ Merlin has dark hair and light eyes. His colours are purple and gray, although he also uses the blue and gold colours of Berkeley, where he studied Computer Science on Shadow Earth.
+ Merlin is the son of Prince Corwin of Amber and Lady Dara of Chaos. Raised in the Courts of Chaos, Merlin became interested in his father and Amber after the Patternfall war. In his youth, he studied magic in the Courts of Chaos and walked both the Logrus and the Pattern. After this, Merlin travelled to Shadow Earth to study computer engineering, assuming the name Merle Corey. During his time in college, Merlin made friends with a fellow student Luke Reynard who was, unbeknownst to Merlin, his cousin Rinaldo, son of Brand. Merlin combined his magical and computer skills to create Ghostwheel, a powerful artificial intelligence with the ability to move itself and others through Shadow.
+ Though Merlin was targeted for many years by an unknown antagonist, he was content to remain on the Shadow Earth. However, he became suspicious when he discovered his ex-girlfriend was murdered by a creature from Shadow, and his investigation was the catalyst for his choice to leave Earth. During the course of his travels through Shadow, he learned the identity of his nameless enemy, as well as that of his friends. With the rapid increase of his powers, the Pattern and the Logrus each attempted to persuade him to ally with Amber or the Courts of Chaos, respectively.
+ Merlin has a very different personality than his father and, oddly enough considering his upbringing, considers himself to be a "regular guy". He lacks both the ruthlessness and the crudity of Prince Corwin, and seems to be almost allergic to ambition, a rare trait considering his parentage.
+ Merlin has two half-brothers named Despil and Jurt, sons from Dara and Duke Sawall. Jurt, believing Merlin to be the favorite of their mother, tries several times to kill Merlin; however, he usually ends up leaving some part of himself behind.
+ Merlin's magical skills are quite varied, owing to his unusual background. Being of both Chaos and Amber, he is one of the few people to have traversed both the Pattern and the Logrus. In addition, he later walked Corwin's Pattern to give it additional power in the fight between Order and Chaos.
+ As the son of the Chaosian Dara, Merlin was trained in spell-casting, but he frequently relies on the objects he carries with him. Frakir, a piece of rope enchanted during Merlin's walk through the Logrus, warns of danger and acts as a weapon. When the Ghostwheel computer is completed, Merlin occasionally "wears" it in the form of a bracelet. Merlin eventually discovers a ring of great power called a spikard, and abandons Frakir after Frakir objects to the spikard. Merlin also obtains an unusual set of Trumps that contains many locations and individuals absent in a normal deck.
+ Merlin's other abilities include shape-shifting (a usual talent of the Chaosians) and Trump creation. He also uses the Logrus emanation to reach into Shadow and retrieve various objects, as well as "Logrus sight" which enables him to see patterns of magic and dimensional anomalies. Though he was trained in swordsmanship and other forms of combat, his talents are not found in those areas and he rarely uses purely physical means to fight.
+ Ghostwheel is a trump- and pattern-based computer constructed by Merlin in a Shadow where Earth physics do not apply. By Merlin's description Ghostwheel's operations involve "a lot of theoretical crap involving space and time and some notions of some guys named Everett and Wheeler". Ghostwheel speaks with Merlin's voice, occasionally causing confusion, and usually takes the appearance of a spinning circle of light. Ghostwheel usually addresses Merlin as "Dad."
+ After finishing construction, Merlin set Ghostwheel to work indexing Shadows in the same way that a search engine indexes the internet. Similar to a search engine, Ghostwheel can find, track, and retrieve objects from Shadow; this includes the ability to move people and objects between Shadows. Ghostwheel operates by creating pseudo-Trumps for every mutation of Shadow and then searching them.
+ Merlin designed Ghostwheel as a tool to be used by Random, King of Amber, for keeping watch on Shadow for the protection of Amber. When introduced to Ghostwheel and its abilities, Random was immediately struck by the construct's potentially dangerous power and ordered Merlin to deactivate his creation. However, by this time Ghostwheel had attained sentience and resisted shutdown.
+ After regaining Ghostwheel's trust, Merlin came to rely heavily on his powerful creation, and Ghostwheel features as a major subcharacter throughout Merlin's saga. By the conclusion of the series, Ghostwheel had developed enough that his support of Merlin forced the Pattern and the Logrus to treat the pair as nominal equals rather than pawns.
+ At one point, Ghostwheel asks Merlin whether it is a god. In the consideration of sentient machines with godlike resources for accessing and processing information, this draws interesting parallels to Isaac Asimov's short story "The Last Question".
+ Merlin also remarks that Ghostwheel is certainly capable of passing the Turing Test, which is a test for a machine that can demonstrate the ability to convince an observer of a human-like personality.
+ Ghostwheel seems to take its name from Gilgal Refaim or Rujm el-Hiri, an ancient stone circle in the Golan Heights. Gilgal Refaim may have once been a pagan place of worship or calendar, similar to Stonehenge.
+ The name Merlin refers to Merlin, the character from Arthurian legends. Both were sorcerers who were imprisoned in a crystal cave, although the circumstances were somewhat different.
+
+= = = WVUM = = =
+
+ WVUM (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial alternative and electronic music college radio station at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida United States, broadcasting over-the-air to Greater Miami and streaming online via Internet radio.
+ The station is owned by WVUM, Inc., a corporation owned by an advisory board composed of faculty and students at the University of Miami. Air talent and station management are University of Miami students. Most positions are volunteer but some management positions are paid.
+ WVUM is the flagship station of Miami Hurricanes sports, airing most events live with color commentary by the station's sports staff. In February 2011, WVUM's Sports Department was invited to be the broadcasters on The University of Miami's web stream broadcasts on hurricanesports.com. The station has been a featured presence at many local Miami arts festivals, particularly at Art Basel Miami Beach and during Ultra Music Festival along with Miami Music Week.
+ WVUM is the noncommercial and fully student-run radio station broadcasting out of the University of Miami. The station was founded in 1967 as a pirate radio station hidden in the Eaton Hall dormitory on the university's campus. WVUM has since evolved into a licensed station with music programming (with a slight electronic bent), public affairs and news content and sports programs.
+ Licensed to Coral Gables, Florida, WVUM serves the University of Miami and the surrounding communities. The station operates with 5.9 Kilowatts directional and covers most of Miami-Dade county, as well as a stream of programming broadcast worldwide on wvum.org.
+ In 1967, a group of engineering students in Mahoney Hall (a University of Miami dormitory) created an unlicensed transmitter and began operating an illegal radio station. Shortly after being discovered by the FCC, it was requested that they discontinue broadcasting. In order to amend relations, the University of Miami decided to register the station and create what expanded to become WVUM.
+ So on February 1968, WVUM received its license to broadcast a 10-watt non-commercial, educational radio station (it was barely enough power to be heard throughout the university campus). The station was located on the second floor of the Whitten University Center. The first call letters that was requested by the station to the FCC was WVOH (Voice of Hurricanes), later changed to WIBS (IBIS), which was later changed to and approved by the FCC as WVUM (Voice of the University of Miami). Over the years, the station's power level has increased from 35w ERP to 365w ERP, to 1.3Kw ERP, and finally to its present 5.9Kw ERP directional, away from a second adjacent channel station on 90.9, in the upper Florida keys to the south.
+ At the time, the radio station was technically licensed by the Mahoney Residence Hall Association, Inc. as early support was provided by them. In the Spring of 1977, Mahoney Residence Hall Association, Inc changed its name to WVUM, Inc, the title it still holds today.
+ WVUM offers both rotation and specialty shows. Rotation shows feature recent albums selected by the Music Directors and Music Staff, while specialty shows focus on a specific genre, style, or concept.
+ The radio station also offers news, public affairs, and sports programming. WVUM is the flagship station for Miami Hurricanes baseball. It also covers women's volleyball, and basketball and men's football and basketball. The news department produces hourly newscasts, featured news, public service announcements, and community outreach programs.
+ While WVUM has a corporate and advisory board consisting of staff advisors, the station is student-run by the main decision-making entity: the Executive Board, which consists of 14 students. The WVUM staff focuses on programming, community involvement, and engaging with Miami's art and music scene. The station's unofficial mascot is Manny the Manatee.
+ Listeners of WVUM tend to be within the age range of 16 – 49 years old. The station's online stream is well above the average for college radio stations, and receives hits internationally.
+ WVUM works with many institutions in the Miami music and arts scene. Some of these organizations include but are not limited to: Ultra Music Festival, Sweat Records, MoMA's WPS1 Art Radio, The Electric Pickle, CMJ, Friends With You, Poplife/Grand Central, Nightdrive, FREEGUMS, Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), IamYourVillain, Miami Art Museum, The Fillmore, The Vagabond, OHWOW, The Overthrow, Roofless Records, SCOPE Art Fair, WSVA Radio (NYC), and Bardot.
+ The station has been recognized by both the community and the press, as the Miami New Times’ Reader’s Choice as Best FM Radio Station (2010/2009) and Editor’s Choice Best FM Radio Station (2007/2006). Zoom Out has recognized WVUM as one of the top noncommercial streaming radio stations in the country. In March 2011, the station was awarded mtvU's Woodie Award for "Best College Radio Station".
+ In 1972, WVUM went stereo, and in 1978, the station completely renovated the studio facilities on the second floor of the Whitten University Center. The station would remain there until a larger space downstairs was renovated in 1999, offering two studios and an office. Previously, this new space had been a barber shop (that went bankrupt in the later 1960s/early 1970s because of the Hippy movement) and a bowling alley motor room. In 2008, for the 40th year of WVUM, IKEA aesthetically renovated the office in the University Center. The summer of 2015 brought new renovations to WVUM's office, modernizing it and increasing space substantially.
+ In 1981, the FCC requested all 10-watt stations to increase to at least 100 watts. At that time, WVUM made the necessary arrangements to increase to 365 watts. In 1993, the station expanded to 1,300 watts, and in 2013, to 5,900 watts. In 2000, the station began broadcasting online at wvum.org.
+ University of Miami events and news were the sole programming for WVUM in the 1960s. Community news programming and a top-40 radio format were introduced in the early 1970s, and the station changed to the underground programming in the early 1980s that focused on new wave and punk rock. In the 1990s, the station had a grunge period; today, WVUM's format is largely reflective of the indie electronic and indie rock genres.
+ As of Spring 2019 (with genre in parentheses):
+
+= = = El Sol = = =
+
+ El Sol – a Spanish phrase meaning "the sun" – may refer to:
+ Newspapers:
+ Other uses:
+
+= = = Jason Leopold = = =
+
+ Jason Arthur Leopold (born October 7, 1969) is an American senior investigative reporter for "BuzzFeed News". He was previously an investigative reporter for "Al Jazeera America" and "Vice News". He worked at "Truthout" as a senior editor and reporter, a position he left after three years on February 19, 2008, to co-found the web-based political magazine "The Public Record", Leopold's profile page on "The Public Record" now says he is Editor-at-Large. Leopold returned to "Truthout" as Deputy Managing Editor in October 2009 and was made lead investigative reporter in 2012 before leaving Truthout in May 2013. He makes extensive use of the Freedom of Information Act to research stories.
+ Leopold has written stories on BP, Enron, the California Energy Crisis, the Bush administration's torture policies, and the Plame affair. His pieces have been published in "The Guardian", "Asia Times", the "Los Angeles Times", "The Wall Street Journal", "CBS MarketWatch", "The Nation", and "Utne Reader". He has also written about foreign and domestic policy online for publications such as "The Guardian", "Alternet, CounterPunch, Common Dreams, "The Huffington Post", Political Affairs Magazine, The Raw Story, Scoop, ZNet" and others.
+ Leopold began his career in 1992, writing obituaries for "The Reporter Dispatch" newspaper in White Plains, New York. He became the crime and courts reporter for the "Whittier Daily News" in 1997 and then moved to the City News Service where he covered court trials. Leopold next worked as a city editor and reporter for the "Los Angeles Times". He then worked for Dow Jones Newswires as its Los Angeles bureau chief. According to a "Washington Post" report, the press release for Leopold's book "Off the Record" (published later as "News Junkie") stated that "He says he was fired by the Los Angeles Times 'for threatening to rip a reporter's head off'". Leopold says he quit Dow Jones Newswires in a dispute over his beat, but later learned the news service was planning to fire him because of a correction to one of his Enron stories: "Seems I got all of the facts wrong". Leopold was later the US correspondent for 95bFM in Auckland, New Zealand.
+ Leopold was referred to as "one of the most aggressive reporters" on the California energy crisis by Jill Stewart, a columnist for the now-defunct "New Times LA" newspaper in Los Angeles. An article Leopold wrote for "CBS Marketwatch" about Enron's role in the California energy crisis was cited during a floor speech by Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-California) and read into the Congressional Record on June 10, 2003, as Congress was debating energy policy.
+ Leopold's reporting on Enron was featured in a National Public Radio special broadcast, "Blind Trust." According to "Publishers Weekly", Leopold was "one of the few reporters who'd actually interviewed Enron President Jeff Skilling" following Enron's bankruptcy in December 2001.
+ In September 2002, following a two-week investigation, Salon removed from its website an article authored by Leopold about Army Secretary Thomas E. White's role in the Enron collapse, due to questions about the validity of an e-mail and allegations that portions of the article had not been adequately credited to the "Financial Times". The disputed e-mail was said to have been from White, telling the recipient to "Close a bigger deal to hide the loss." According to Salon, Leopold's article "used seven full paragraphs amounting to 480 words, virtually verbatim, from the FT. There were two attributions to the FT within the passage, but they appeared to apply only to the specific sentences that contained them, not to the full passage." Leopold later admitted that he had been careless by not providing the "FT" with additional credit, but insisted that "Salon"s editors had all the relevant documents, including the disputed White email, before the story was published. Paul Krugman of "The New York Times", who wrote a piece based in part on Leopold's work, also had to backpedal, acknowledging that he should not have cited the e-mail.
+ Salon removed the story from its website and said that Leopold had plagiarized text from the "FT", but the article remains in the Nexis archives. Leopold said he had slightly misquoted the email, which should have read "Close a bigger deal. Hide the loss before the 1Q". White denied sending the email in a letter he sent to "The New York Times", and when Salon's editors contacted Leopold's source, the source denied speaking to him. "The Village Voice" reported, "Obviously, Leopold made mistakes, but it's not at all clear they justify a full repudiation of the story or a revocation of his journalistic license. As Paul Krugman told the "Voice", 'Everything else in that story checked out. The substance of his reporting was entirely correct. Commenting on the case, Kerry Lauerman of "Salon" said that "Leopold definitely represents the dark side of the web ... he became this sort of hero for throngs of people online".
+ Prior to the publication of "News Junkie", Leopold's book was titled "Off the Record". The book's publisher, according to "The Washington Post" report, said the book has been dropped for "business reasons". The "Post" wrote that it was canceled following reported legal threats from Steven Maviglio, the press secretary to former Governor Gray Davis, who, according to the manuscript, invested in energy companies using inside information. The author of the "Washington Post" story about Leopold's book, Howard Kurtz, was featured in "News Junkie". Leopold called him "lazy".
+ In the book, Leopold also revealed many secrets about his life such as a prior drug addiction, bouts with mental illness and suicide attempts. He also disclosed how he lied to employers about a criminal conviction for larceny that took place when Leopold was in his 20s and working in the record business.
+ "Publishers Weekly" wrote of "News Junkie" that "While there's a lot of lying admitted to in this scrappy memoir, from Leopold's hiding of his criminal past to his playing of sources to get his scoops, it's (probably) not an untruthful memoir—indeed, it might become required reading for aspiring journalists." The book was on the Los Angeles Times' Bestsellers / Paperbacks list on June 11, 2006 and July 16, 2006.
+ On May 13, 2006, Leopold reported on "Truthout" that Karl Rove had been indicted by the grand jury investigating the Plame affair. Rove spokesman Mark Corallo denied the story, calling it "a complete fabrication". "Truthout" vigorously defended the story saying variously that it had two or three "independent sources", before the executive director, Marc Ash, issued a statement apologizing for “getting too far out in front of the news-cycle”. The grand jury concluded with no indictment of Rove.
+ In his memoir, "Courage and Consequence", Karl Rove addressed the Leopold article. Rove writes that Leopold is a "nut with Internet access" and that "thirty-five reporters called [Robert] Luskin or Corallo to ask about the "Truthout" report". According to Rove, "Fitzgerald got a kick out of the fictitious account and e-mailed Luskin to see how he felt after such a long day".
+ Leopold's investigative reporting on safety issues at BP has been cited by CNN, "60 Minutes" and the "Los Angeles Times".
+ "60 Minutes" cited a report by Leopold, published at "Truthout" as a source for their episode on May 16, 2010, about the BP oil spill and the whistleblower who was warning about a possible blowout at another BP deepwater drilling site.
+ Digital Journal wrote up the story and also cited the "Truthout" report.
+ CNN's Randi Kaye in an article also cited a report by Leopold on Mark Kovak's inside knowledge about the safety concerns at the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska BP oil field.
+ On July 8, 2010, "Los Angeles Times" reporter Kim Murphy cited Leopold's investigation into neglect and cost-cutting practices at Alyeska Pipeline in her report on the resignation of Alyeska's CEO one day after Leopold's report was published at "Truthout".
+ On July 14, 2010, the United States House of Representatives Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure held a hearing in the Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials. The hearing, titled "The Safety of Hazardous Liquid Pipelines (Part 2): Integrity Management," cited an investigative report by Leopold, published at "Truthout" as a document for the committee's investigation.
+ In 2011, Truthout featured a story by Leopold about religious material used by the US Air Force in the training of officers on the ethics of nuclear war. The material, obtained by the Military Religious Freedom Foundation from Freedom of Information Act requests, includes slides quoting the Bible supporting the act of war and characters from the Bible fighting what the slides refer to as just wars, as well as quotes from former Nazi Wernher von Braun. The Air Force removed the material from its training regime a day after Leopold's story was published, with David Smith, chief of public affairs of Air Education and Training Command, telling Leopold (The material) "has been taken out of the curriculum and is being reviewed," and "The commander reviewed it and decided we needed to have a good hard look at it and make sure it reflected views of modern society."
+ In 2010 Leopold and psychologist and human rights worker Jeffrey Kaye requested information on the use of psycho-active drugs on Guantanamo captives.
+ Captives and former captives had been reporting medical staff collaborating with interrogators to drug captives with powerful psychoactive drugs prior to interrogation since the very first captives release.
+ The report from the Pentagon Inspector General was declassified, and in which the Pentagon concludes that the injections were flu shots, IV hydration (sometimes post-hunger strike), and medical treatment with or without consent, and "were not mind-altering drugs for interrogation purposes". The report does say that a detainee was given a routine flu shot, and was told that the shot was a truth serum or hallucinogen "as a ruse".
+ Leopold worked at Vice News from 2014 to 2017. His prolific use of the Freedom of Information Act has caused him to be labeled a "FOIA terrorist". He is the journalist whose Freedom of Information Act lawsuit forced the State Department to release all of Hillary Clinton's emails on a monthly basis. He has been widely noted in the media as responsible for sensitive information disclosures including abusive treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.
+ On 18 January 2019, Leopold co-authored an explosive report that alleged Donald Trump directed his personal lawyer Michael D. Cohen to lie to Congress about the Moscow tower project, a construction deal at the heart of an investigation by the special counsel Robert S. Mueller III. The report attracted attention because such an action by Trump would constitute a felony. Democratic congressmen publicly mused impeachment.
+ The report came under scrutiny, however, after Mueller broke precedent by issuing a denial, and other news organizations were unable to corroborate the findings with reports of their own.
+ The Washington Post opined that Michael Cohen's testimony to the House Oversight Committee largely confirmed the thrust of the report but contradicted key details. After its release, National Review noted that the Mueller report directly refutes Leopold's Buzzfeed article, saying "evidence available to us does not establish that the President directed or aided Cohen’s false testimony."
+ Leopold is an Emmy nominated producer, the recipient of the FOI Award from Investigative Reporters and Editors and a member of the team awarded the Tom Renner Award in 2018 from Investigative Reporters and Editors, and a member of the team named a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in international reporting. Leopold was inducted into the National Freedom of Information Hall of Fame by the Newseum Institute in 2016.
+ His stories have appeared three times on Project Censored's top-25 under-reported stories of the year: once in 2004, for a story he wrote about an alleged secret meeting Arnold Schwarzenegger had with Ken Lay prior to the film star's being elected Governor of California, for a story he wrote on Halliburton in 2005, and again in 2011 for a story he wrote on a controversial "spiritual fitness test" the Army required all of its enlisted soldiers.
+ In 2008, Leopold received the Thomas Jefferson Award from the Military Religious Freedom Foundation.
+
+= = = Flag of Republika Srpska = = =
+
+ The flag of Republika Srpska was adopted on 24 November 1992. The flag is a rectangular tricolour with three equal horizontal bands of red, blue and white.
+ While the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the coat of arms of Republika Srpska unconstitutional, claiming that it did not represent the non-Serb ethnicities living in the entity, the flag was deemed to be in line with the constitution. The court ruled that though the combination of the colours relates to the Serbian tricolor, the use of red, blue and white are considered to be pan-Slavic colours as well.
+ The Serb tricolor has been used as the basis for other flags, most notably as Serbia's national flag. Montenegro has also used the Serbian tricolor with varying shades of blue. Under communist Yugoslavia, the republics of Serbia and Montenegro had flags of same design and colors. Montenegro changed its flag in 1993 by altering the proportion and shade of blue in its flag and used this flag until 2004.
+ The Serbian tricolor was also the basis for the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Serbian tricolor defaced with a Serbian cross is used as the flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church.
+ The Republika Srpska's flag is popular among many Bosnian Serbs and they prefer to fly it or the Serbian flag instead of the Bosnian national flag.
+
+= = = Hermann Billung = = =
+
+ Hermann Billung (900 or 912 – 27 March 973) was the Margrave of the Billung March from 936 until his death. The first of the Saxon House of Billung, Hermann was a trusted lieutenant of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.
+ Though never Duke of Saxony himself, while Otto (who was the enthroned Duke of Saxony) was in Italy from 961 until 972, Hermann served as Otto's personal representative in governing Saxony. Towards the end of his life, Hermann was the effective Duke in all but name.
+ Hermann died in 973, just two months before Otto's own death. Hermann's son Bernard I was named as the new Duke of Saxony by Otto I's son Otto II, the new Holy Roman Emperor.
+ Hermann was probably the son of Billung. He was the younger brother of the Saxon count Wichmann the Elder. Hermann is generally counted as the first Billung duke ("Herzog") of Saxony, but his exact position is unclear. The ducal Ottonian dynasty had risen to German royalty with the accession of Henry the Fowler in 919 and had to concentrate on countrywide affairs. At least in 961, when King Otto I of Germany marched against the Kingdom of Italy for the second time, he made Hermann the administrator ("procurator regis") in his Saxon lands.
+ When in 936 King Otto I had ascended the throne, he appointed Hermann a margrave ("princeps militiae"), granting him the Saxon march north of the Elbe river. His Billung March stretched from the "Limes Saxoniae" in the west along the Baltic coast to the Peene River in the east, roughly corresponding with the later Mecklenburg region. Otto thereby disregarded the claims of Hermann's elder brother Count Wichmann, a brother-in-law of Queen Dowager Matilda. Wichmann in turn joined the unsuccessful rebellion of King Otto's half-brother Thankmar and Duke Eberhard of Franconia in 938. Having more autonomy than the contemporary margrave Gero ruling over the adjacent "Marca Geronis" in the south, Hermann exacted tribute from the local Polabian Slavs of the Obotrite tribal federation.
+ Upon his brother's death in 944, he also became count in the Saxon Bardengau around the town of Lüneburg, where he founded the monastery of St Michael in that city. He again disregarded the inheritance claims raised by his nephews Wichmann the Younger and Egbert the One-Eyed. In 953 both joined the countrywide rebellion started by King Otto's younger brother Duke Liudolf of Swabia, which only collapsed due to the massive invasion of Hungarian forces. During this grave crisis, the king, who was also Duke of Saxony, began entrusting more and more of his authority in the Saxon lands to Hermann during his absences. However, Hermann was never named "dux" in royal documents. Instead, he is named as a military leader, count, and margrave.
+ His position was solidified, when on 2 February 962 King Otto was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope John XII. Hermann was received like a king by Archbishop Adalbert of Magdeburg in 972, which even annoyed the emperor. He may have been the founder of the Hermannsburg locality in the Lüneburg Heath, first mentioned in 1059.
+ Hermann died in Quedlinburg. His son Bernard inherited and strengthened his father's position and managed to be recognized as duke.
+ Hermann Billung perhaps was married twice: According to the chronicles of St Michael's Abbey in Lüneburg, a Countess Oda died on 15 March in an unknown year after 973, the Xanten annals noted the death of one "Ode", spouse of Duke Hermann, on the same day. She probably was related to the royal Ottonian dynasty; Henry the Fowler's grandmother was named Oda (herself a member of the Billung dynasty), which was also the name of his sister. A second wife "Hildesuith" or Hildegard of Westerburg is mentioned in the chronicles, but her relation to Oda remains unclear. Hildegard was also the name of the spouse of Hermann's son Bernard. The name of Hermann's granddaughter Oda of Meissen suggests that Oda was the mother of his children.
+ He had five children:
+
+= = = Cari Lekebusch = = =
+
+ Cari Lekebusch (born 1972) is a Swedish electronic music producer and DJ based in Stockholm. His productions range from techno to hip hop. He owns a record label, H. Productions, founded and managed by himself. The original name of the record label was Hybrid productions, but a legal twist in 1998 with the Japanese label Avex Trax's British group Hybrid forced Lekebusch to change his record label name to its present name. His studio is called HP HQ (Hybrid production Headquarters).
+ In the early 1990s Lekebusch became a member of the Stockholm-based remix service group SweMix that at that time had notable members as Denniz Pop and StoneBridge (which is called the grandfather of Swedish house music). After a while Lekebusch started to venture out from remixing other artists to create his own music that became not even nearly as mainstream as SweMix productions and at the same time Lekebusch really started to explore techno and electronica. Lekebusch left the remix group not long after.
+ Since the early-mid 1990s he has collaborated with Adam Beyer, Robert Leiner, Alexi Delano, Thomas Krome, Jesper Dahlbäck, Joel Mull, Mark Williams and many more. Cari has been in the constellation Kozmic Gurt Brodhas (aka KGB), the two other members are Abi Lönnberg and David Roiseux. Recently Lekebusch has also started to produce other artist as well with music leaning more towards hip-hop with electronic influences, two being Max Peezay and NFL Kru.
+ Cari Lekebusch has recorded under many aliases like Agent Orange, Braincell, Cerebus, Crushed Insect, Fred, Fred To The Midwest, Kari Pekka, Magenta, Mr. Barth, Mr. James Barth, Mystic Letter K, Phunkey Rhythm Doctor, Rotortype, Rubberneck, Shape Changer, Sir Jeremy Augustus Hutley Of Granith Hall, Szerementa Programs, The Mantis, Vector, and Yakari.
+ Some of Cari's early musical influences are Afrika Bambaata, Kraftwerk, James Brown, Mantronix, Herbie Hancock, Ralph Lundsten and Egyptian Lover.
+
+= = = Iron(II) acetate = = =
+
+ Iron(II) acetate is a coordination complex with formula Fe(CHO). It is a white solid, although impure samples can be slightly colored. A light green tetrahydrate is also known, which is highly soluble in water.
+ Iron powder reacts with hot acetic acid to give the product:
+ It adopts a polymeric structure with octahedral Fe(II) centers bridged by acetate ligands. It is not a ionic compound.
+ The hydrate can be made by the reaction of ferrous oxide or ferrous hydroxide with acetic acid.
+ Reaction of scrap iron with acetic acid affords a brown mixture of various iron(II) and iron(III) acetates that are used in dyeing.
+ Ferrous acetate is used as a mordant by the dye industry. Ebonizing wood is one such process.
+
+= = = Law of truly large numbers = = =
+
+ The law of truly large numbers (a statistical adage), attributed to Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller, states that with a large enough number of samples, any outrageous (i.e. unlikely in any single sample) thing is likely to be observed. Because we never find it notable when likely events occur, we highlight unlikely events and notice them more. The law is often used to falsify different pseudo-scientific claims, as such it and its use is sometimes criticized by fringe scientists.
+ The law is meant to make a statement about probabilities and statistical significance: in large enough masses of statistical data, even minuscule fluctuations attain statistical significance. Thus in truly large numbers of observations, it is paradoxically easy to find significant correlations, in large numbers, which still do not lead to causal theories (see: spurious correlation), and which by their collective number, might lead to obfuscation as well.
+ The law can be rephrased as "large numbers also deceive", something which is counter-intuitive to a descriptive statistician. More concretely, skeptic Penn Jillette has said, "Million-to-one odds happen eight times a day in New York" (population about 8,000,000).
+ For a simplified example of the law, assume that a given event happens with a probability for its occurrence of 0.1%, within a single trial. Then, the probability that this so-called unlikely event does "not" happen (improbability) in a single trial is 99.9% (0.999).
+ Already for a sample of 1000 independent trials, however, the probability that the event "does not" happen in any of them, even once (improbability), is only 0.999 ≈ 0.3677 = 36.77%. Then, the probability that the event does happen, at least once, in 1000 trials is or 63.23%. This means that this "unlikely event" has a probability of 63.23% of happening if 1000 independent trials are conducted, or over 99.9% for 10,000 trials.
+ The probability that it happens at least once in 10,000 trials is In other words, a highly unlikely event, given enough trials with some fixed number of draws per trial, is even more likely to occur.
+ This calculation can be generalized, formalized to use in straightforward mathematical proof that: ""the probability c for the less likely event X to happen in N independent trials can become arbitrarily near to 1, no matter how small the probability a of the event X in one single trial is, provided that N is truly large.""
+ The law comes up in criticism of pseudoscience and is sometimes called the Jeane Dixon effect (see also Postdiction). It holds that the more predictions a psychic makes, the better the odds that one of them will "hit". Thus, if one comes true, the psychic expects us to forget the vast majority that did not happen (confirmation bias). Humans can be susceptible to this fallacy.
+ Another similar (to some degree) manifestation of the law can be found in gambling, where gamblers tend to remember their wins and forget their losses, even if the latter far outnumbers the former (though depending on a particular person, the opposite may also be truth when they think they need more analysis of their losses to achieve fine tuning of their playing system). Mikal Aasved links it with "selective memory bias", allowing gamblers to mentally distance themselves from the consequences of their gambling by holding an inflated view of their real winnings (or losses in the opposite case - "selective memory bias in either direction").
+
+= = = The Park (2003 film) = = =
+
+ The Park is a 2003 Hong Kong horror film originally released in 3-D. The film was directed and produced by Andrew Lau. The film was shown at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival as part of the midnight screenings.
+ 14 years ago, a girl fell to her death from the Ferris wheel in an amusement park and the park's owner hanged himself from the wheel. The park has been closed down by the government since then. Alan, a reporter, travels to the park out of curiosity and disappears after being pulled underground by an unseen force. Alan's sister, Yen, decides to enter the deserted park to search for her brother. Yen's mother, a ghostbuster who captures spirits with a magic camera, tells Yen that she knows Alan is dead and asks Yen not to find him. However, Yen insists that Alan is still alive and she goes to the park against her mother's will, bringing along six of her friends (Ka-ho, Dan, YY, Ken, Pinky and Shan).
+ They meet the park's caretaker, a weird-looking old man, who shouts at them to leave, warning them that the park is haunted. They do not believe him and return to the park again at night, thinking that the old man is asleep. While waiting, Ka-ho tells them that he heard that the park used to be a cemetery before it was built. Strange things start to happen when they split up to find Alan. Ka-ho sees something on his camera recorder and follows it into the Haunted House. One hour later, when everyone comes back to the meeting point, they see that Ka-ho is missing too. They split up into two groups again to find him. Ken and Pinky take a ride on the carousel but it starts spinning at a fast speed on its own. Ken manages to jump off the carousel but accidentally knocks Pinky out in the process. Shan is left behind with Pinky while Ken runs away in fear and almost dies from being drowned by a ghost. His crucifix saves him but does not prevent him from being decapitated on a wire later on. Pinky is possessed and dies after slitting her wrist. Shan is apparently killed after being strangled by the possessed Pinky but his lucky charm saves him. Yen, YY and Dan enter the Haunted House and the wax figures inside come to life and attack them. YY is killed by the figurines while Dan dies after being set on fire by the ghosts.
+ Only Yen is left alive and she weeps over YY's body, while the possessed caretaker approaches her from behind with an axe. Before he can kill her, Yen's mother arrives and starts to fight the evils. She is possessed by the demon and she asks Yen to capture the demon with her magic camera, which Yen does reluctantly. Yen's mother dies and before dying, she asks Yen to snap pictures of her deceased friends and other victims, and burn the photos to put them to rest. Yen is also briefly re-united with her deceased brother. At the last moment, Shan appears and reveals that he had been saved by his lucky charm. In the epilogue, Yen is seen taking over her late mother's duties as a ghostbuster while Shan continues to work as a car mechanic. When Yen calls Shan at work, Shan does not answer as he is killed mysteriously after being crushed by a car. In fact, the demon had survived in their group photo and it returns to haunt Yen as the film ends.
+
+
+= = = Heather Bishop = = =
+
+ Heather Bishop, (born April 25, 1949) is a Canadian folk singer-songwriter primarily known for her work as a social justice advocate and in the field of folk music and children's music. For her dedication to social justice she has been awarded the Order of Canada, the Order of Manitoba and an Honourary Doctorate of Laws among many other awards.
+ Born in Regina, Saskatchewan on April 25, 1949, Bishop studied piano as a child, began playing the guitar in her teens, and later took voice lessons in Winnipeg with Alicja Seaborn. She earned a BA (Regina) in 1969. After performing in the early 1970s with the all-women dance band Walpurgis Night, first as a pianist and then as a singer, she began a solo career at the 1976 Regina Folk Festival.
+ After more than four decades of crooked miles, Heather Bishop has deduced that she is an alchemist and metaphysical artist. Her work transforms beliefs while simultaneously rooting you in the truth that magic is afoot. Armed with only her steel string guitar and rich voice she has traveled the world leaving beauty and light in her wake. In 1979 she created one of the first independent music labels in Canada, releasing 15 multi award-winning recordings.
+ Before launching her career in music, Heather began as a visual artist, studying Fine Arts at the University of Regina. After graduating in 1969, she began a life long love affair with oil paint and, although touring kept her from her easel, she has returned to her wonderland of colours. A published author, her first book, "my face is a map of my time here", is a hardcover edition of her artwork. Heather’s most recent recording is entitled "The Montreal Sessions".
+ Any spare time finds Heather plying one of the many trades skills she possesses: building a house or wiring a barn or being an innovator in green building techniques.
+ Heather Bishop has dedicated herself to activism and, for her life's work, has received The Order of Canada, The Order of Manitoba, and an Honorary Doctorate of Laws. Most recently she was called upon to sit on the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments. Retiring from music, Heather has continued to live many lifetimes in her current avatar, morphing most recently into an educator, keynote speaker, and Master Hypnotherapist.
+ A singer of considerable power and warmth, Bishop emerged in the 1980s as one of Canada's leading performers in both feminist and children's music. Bishop has been active in the folk community since the late 1960s. She has appeared at dozens of folk festivals including her inaugural appearance at the 1976 Winnipeg Folk Festival, London, Ontario's Home County Folk Festival, and has been a staple at numerous international children's festivals in both Canada and the United States. Heather was a regular guest performer on the internationally acclaimed Fred Penner Show.
+ In 1976 she founded Mother of Pearl Records. She recorded her first children's album, "Belly Button: A Collection of Songs for Children" in 1982, and has 15 albums to her credit, including Juno nominations for her 1987 A Taste of the Blues and her 1997 "Chickee's on the Run". Bishop is also a prominent social activist, championing such causes as social justice, labour unions, environmentalism, LGBT rights, animal rights, and children's safety. She was made a member of the Order of Canada in 2005, the Order of Manitoba (2001), an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Brandon University (2011), and Her Majesty the Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012).
+
+= = = Waterworks (card game) = = =
+
+ Waterworks is a card game created by Parker Brothers in 1972, named for the space Water Works in the game "Monopoly". The game pieces consist of: a deck of 110 pipe cards, a bathtub-shaped card tray, and 10 small metal wrenches. The object is for each player to create a pipeline of a designated length that begins with a valve and ends with a spout.
+ Players race to be the first to complete a continuous, leak-free pipeline that connects their valve card to their spout card, while opposing players try to give them leaks that must be fixed.
+ Players begin with a hand of five pipe cards and two wrenches. Cards used in play are lead pipe cards, copper pipe cards (invulnerable to leaks), and lead pipe cards that are already leaky. The valve card is placed on the table to begin a player's pipeline. The spout card is set aside until it is used by a player who has completed their pipeline, and then immediately the player ends the game by placing the spout aimed down toward the player.
+ A number of different pipe shapes (L-bends, T-pipes, straight, etc.) are represented in the game. Leaky pipes can only be added to the end or over the last piece of another player's pipeline, and players cannot add to their pipeline until leaks are repaired. Leaks are repaired by either placing an intact pipe of the same shape over the leak or placing a wrench on the leak card. Repaired pipes cannot leak again. Play proceeds clockwise and new cards are drawn after cards are played. Players always have the option of exchanging a single card rather than playing a card.
+ The minimum length of the pipeline required to win varies by the number of players, as follows:
+ Winning Moves Games has reissued the game as "Classic Waterworks".
+
+= = = KGTF = = =
+
+ KGTF, virtual and VHF digital channel 12, is a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member television station serving the U.S. territory of Guam that is licensed to Hagåtña. The station is owned by the Guam Educational Telecommunications Corporation, an agency of the territorial government. KGTF's studios are located in Mangilao, adjacent to Guam Community College, and its transmitter is located on Mount Barrigada in Barrigada.
+ The station signed on the air on October 30, 1970, with only 4½ hours of programming Monday through Friday, of which they would later expand throughout its nearly 40-year history, including producing local shows and various projects. PBS Guam received PBS' overhaul branding in late-November 2019.
+ KGTF currently operates from 6 a.m. to midnight seven days a week.
+ The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
+
+= = = Robert Feulgen = = =
+
+ Joachim Wilhelm Robert Feulgen (2 September 1884 – 24 October 1955) was a German physician and chemist who, in 1914, developed a method for staining DNA (now known as the Feulgen stain) and who also discovered plant and animal nuclear DNA (""thymonucleic acid"") congeniality.
+
+= = = Central Sulawesi Christian Church = = =
+
+ The Central Sulawesi Christian Church () is the largest Christian church in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the reformed family of churches. The church was established in the early 1893 through the mission work of the Dutch Reformed Church (— A.C. Kruyt and N. Adriani — ) and became an independent denomination in 1947 when Indonesia declared its independence from the Netherlands and ordered all Dutch nationals to go home. November 1993, there was in Tentena a celebration feast for 100 years Christianity.
+ According to the 2004 statistics the GKST (Central Sulawesi Christian Church) now has over 342 congregations and 160,000 members spread throughout the province of Central Sulawesi as well as the northern part of South Sulawesi province. The church is headquartered in the town of Tentena, at the northern end of Lake Poso.
+ In 2006 the church had 188 000 members and 376 congregations served by 625 pastors.
+ On 29 October 2005 three girls who attended the Church's school were found beheaded near Poso. The girls were killed by six unidentified assailants while on their way to class. The victims were identified as Yarni Sambue (15), Theresia Morangke (16), and Alfita Poliwo (17). Police obtained the descriptions of events and the attackers from a survivor, Noviana Malewa (15), who suffered wounds to her face and is in intensive care. The murdered girls are all cousins of Noviana Malewa, who has not been told of their deaths. The girls' bodies were found at the scene of the attack — near a cocoa plantation — and their heads were found at separate locations; one near a church.
+ Reverend Renaldy Damanik heads the synod of the Central Sulawesi Christian Church. Rev. Damanik has been instrumental in attempts to stop the violence that continues to disrupt the lives of both Christians and Muslims since December 1998. The incident described above is only one of many that has occurred in the years since then.
+ The church is affiliated with the World Communion of Reformed Churches.
+
+= = = Sevier orogeny = = =
+
+ The Sevier orogeny was a mountain-building event that affected western North America from Canada to the north to Mexico to the south.
+ The Sevier orogeny was the result of convergent boundary tectonic activity between approximately 140 million years (Ma) ago and 50 Ma. The Sevier River area of central Utah is the namesake of this event. This orogeny was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Farallon Plate underneath the continental North American Plate. Crustal thickening that led to mountain building was caused by a combination of compressive forces and conductive heating initiated by subduction in the Sevier region which caused folding and thrusting.
+ The mountains that were formed as a result were located in western Utah and eastern Nevada. The size, shape, and depth of the thrust faults created in the Sevier event are determined by seismic studies and deep well data because they are mostly still buried by overlying rock and sediment.
+ The Sevier and Laramide orogenies ended when subduction along the western edge of North America was overcome by western extension of the North American Plate to start the Basin and Range Orogeny. The well known and familiar Basin and Range faults cut the older Sevier thrust faults. The Sevier orogeny was preceded by several other mountain-building events including the Nevadan orogeny, the Sonoman orogeny, and the Antler orogeny, and partially overlapped in time and space with the Laramide orogeny.
+ Since the Sevier and Laramide orogenies occurred at similar times and places, they are sometimes confused. In general the Sevier orogeny defines a more western compressional event that took advantage of weak bedding planes in overlying Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rock. As the crust was shortened, pressure was transferred eastward along the weak sedimentary layers, producing “thin-skinned” thrust faults that generally get younger to the east. In contrast, the Laramide orogeny produced “basement-cored” uplifts that often took advantage of pre-existing faults that formed during rifting in the Late Precambrian during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia or during the Ancestral Rocky Mountains orogeny.
+ The Sevier orogenic belt consisted of a series of thin plates along gently dipping west thrust sheets and moving from west to east. These thin skinned thrusts moved late Precambrian to Mesozoic age rock of the Cordilleran passive margin east. The Sevier meets the Laramide orogenic belt on its eastern side. The Sevier and Laramide combination is similar to the modern day Andean margin in Chile. They are comparable because the younger Laramide faults and structures were a geometric response to the shallow dipping Sevier thrusts.
+ The location of the eastern edge of the Sevier orogeny was determined by conglomerates largely made up of boulders that would have been shed from the eastern and steepest edge of the rising mountains. Such conglomerates can be seen throughout Utah in Echo Canyon, the Red Narrows in Spanish Fork Canyon, and in Leamington Canyon near Delta, Utah. Today Sevier faults at the surface have been broken up and tilted steeply from their original gently dipping positions due to the extension of the Basin and Range faulting. The earliest thrusts of the Sevier are located furthest west with each newer thrust cutting the older thrust. This pattern caused the older thrusts to ride on top of the younger thrusts as they moved eastward. The Paris-Willard thrust in Utah was determined to be the oldest thrust in the series using this pattern. The youngest thrust is the Hogback in Wyoming.
+ The Sevier thrust belt in Utah can be divided in two, north of Salt Lake City and South of Salt Lake City. The thrusts to the north are much better understood because oil and gas are often associated with them. The northern portion runs through present day Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming. The southern portion stops around Las Vegas. The total crustal shortening of the northern portion was roughly 60 miles.
+ The Sevier belt left behind many distinctive geologic features in the Wyoming and Utah region, namely recesses and salients. Transverse zones can accompany thrust faults connecting the segments of the belt. One such zone is the Charleston transverse zone linking the Provo salient to the southern arm of the Uinta/Cottonwood arch. Although the Uinta/Cottonwood arch is a Laramide structure the Sevier helped the arch form. Another important zone is the Mount Raymond transverse zone connecting the Wyoming salient and the northern arm of the arch.
+ While continental margins are typically the most deformed in orogenic events, the interior of continental plates can also deform. In the Sevier-Laramide orogenic events evidence for interior plate deformation includes folds, cleavage and joint fabrics, distorted fossils, persistent faulting, and calcite twinning.
+ The Sevier fold and thrust belt was active between late Jurassic through Eocene time. The actual age of initiation of the belt is not entirely agreed upon by researchers. The beginning of deformation in the earliest stages of the orogeny started about 120-80 Ma (millions of years ago) with the formation and continuation of a magmatic arc and foreland fold-thrust belt.
+ However, data from the southern portion of the belt shows contraction in southern Nevada and southeastern California beginning about 200 to 92 Ma largely based on intrusions and the formation of the Lavinia Wash conglomerate sequence due to mountain building and erosion. This deformation continued and intensified around 105 to 100 Ma caused by the continued subduction of the Farallon plate beneath the North American plate.
+ Deformation spread eastward starting around 80 to 75 Ma. At this time the elevated crust ran into the Colorado Plateau. The collision resulted in lateral spreading of deformation and led to a weakened lithosphere and crustal thickening. Metamorphism due to the crustal heating and thickening is prevalent between 90 and 70 Ma in the present Great Basin region.
+ Parallel thrust faults and folds make up a fold-thrust belt on a regional scale. At the local scale segments of the belt are connected by transverse zones. The Charleston transverse zone mentioned earlier runs perpendicular to the thrust faults within the Sevier belt. It has been debated among geologists if this transverse zone developed during the Sevier orogeny or the Uinta/Cottonwood arch formation during the Laramide orogeny. Mapping Sevier thrusting in the Basin and Range Province suggests Sevier structures curve around the Uinta/Cottonwood arch defining the Uinta recess. Looking closely at Sevier faults in American Fork Canyon indicate that these faults are the oldest in the Charleston transverse zone suggested by cross cutting relationships observed in the area.
+ The Basin and Range Province extending across Nevada, into western Utah, and south into Mexico now consists of N-S normal faulting due to crustal extension. If these normal faults show any extension in late Eocene to early Miocene, this could be evidence the Sevier orogenic event collapsing after deactivation. Thickening of the crust due to Sevier and Laramide faulting is thought to have led to current Basin and Range extension throughout the Cenozoic. This could have caused the Charleston thrust fault to reactivate as an extensional fault. The Charleston transverse zone contained high angle faults which suggests it initiated as a response to connecting the low angle thrust faults of the Sevier. The Charleston transverse zone outlines a main sidewall ramp that would have been part of the Sevier belt.
+ To the north of the Uinta/Cottonwood arch during the Sevier orogeny there was a basement high area gently dipping to the north identified by isopach maps. Thus sediment thickened quickly to the south. To the north strata changed gradually throughout the thrust and a gradual curve developed around the Wyoming salient and to the south around the Provo salient. The Charleston and Mount Raymond transverse zones formed the Uinta recess indicating the recess was initiated during the Sevier orogeny.
+ The results were interpreted to support the Charleston transverse zone forming during the Sevier orogeny to accommodate geometric changes along strike of the thrusts. The zone served as a linking tool of the various segments of the orogeny. The transverse zone varied throughout the region in terms of depth and displacement. The zone was later tilted and was reactivated through crustal extension. Results also support the Uinta recess forming during the Sevier orogeny due to similar geometric crustal accommodation. Displacement on Sevier aged thrust faults caused the shaping of the curvature of the Uinta recess prior to uplift of the Uinta/Cottonwood arch.
+ Focusing on the southern portion of the Sevier thrust belt many thrust faults can be found. One thrust system is known as the Garden Valley thrust system in the central Nevada thrust belt. Thrusts within this system include the Pahranagat, Mount Irish, and Golden Gate thrusts. These thrusts were correlated with the southward Gass Peak thrust. The Gass Peak thrust is located in the Las Vegas Range and is a Sevier age structure. This thrust may have been responsible for the largest slip of the major belt along that latitude. These thrusts were located all along the same strike. This region showed small scale extension in the Cenozoic due to reactivation of the thrusts. Such a correlation suggests that the Garden Valley thrust system has a direct link to the Sevier thrust belt. The interpretation of this data led to the central Nevada thrust belt as being an interior section of the Sevier. This correlation provides evidence that the Sevier thrust belt was a result of compression moving eastward through the North American plate.
+ Thinning of the Cordilleran has previously been thought to be evidence and reason for flat subduction in the Sevier and Laramide orogenic events. However, isotopic data suggests that preservation of Cordilleran lithosphere implies Cordilleran thinning is not a sufficient answer for Sevier and Laramide flat subduction. This implies thinning and shearing of the Cordilleran was confined to the fore-arc region. Data suggests throughout the Sevier-Laramide thrusting the crust was also uplifted and extended. The modern Chilean subduction is thought to be a parallel model of the Sevier and Laramide events so there are possibly answers to this question in this modern model. Explanations may include a combination of plate motion rates increasing, the underriding oceanic plate becoming younger as the older portion subducts, and thus the underriding plate being hotter and more buoyant.
+ A study on calcite twinning and carbonate relationships with the Sevier orogenic belt showed that shortening directions were parallel to the thrust faulting, which was an E-W direction. Differential stress magnitudes determined from calcite twinning showed a decreasing trend exponentially toward the craton. Differential stresses causing compressional deformation in the Sevier thrust were greater than 150 MPa. The E-W contraction during the Sevier changed to roughly N-S oblique during the Laramide orogenic event. Sevier shortening has been recorded throughout much of the western United States as far east as Minnesota in the Cretaceous Greenhorn Limestone as preserved by calcite twinning. The distance of stress transfer is roughly equivalent to more than 2000 km. The E-W shortening shown in calcite twinning of the Sevier is parallel to today's principal stresses in the western interior of the North American plate.
+
+= = = Eastern fence lizard = = =
+
+ The eastern fence lizard ("Sceloporus undulatus") is a medium-sized species of lizard in the family Phrynosomatidae. The species is found along forest edges, rock piles, and rotting logs or stumps in the eastern United States. It is sometimes referred to as the prairie lizard, fence swift, gray lizard, northern fence lizard or pine lizard. It is also referred to colloquially as the horn-billed lizard.
+ The generic name, "Sceloporus", is derived from the Greek "skelos"/σκελος, meaning "leg", and the Latin "porus", meaning "hole", referring to the enlarged femoral pores found in this genus of lizards. The specific name, "undulatus", is Latin for "wave", referring to the transverse dark crossbars on the backs of these lizards.
+ Until 2002, 10 subspecies of "S. undulatus" were recognized:, but re-evaluation showed paraphyly between the subspecies. These were reclassified as four distinct evolutionary species (the three new species being "S. consobrinus", "S. tristichus", and "S. cowlesi"). The narrowed redefinition of "S. undulatus" has been suggested to still contain two subspecies divided by the Appalachian Mountains. None is currently formally recognized.
+ The following cladogram is based on Leache and Reeder, 2002:
+ The eastern fence lizard is found in Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Southern Illinois, Southern Indiana, Tennessee, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, Delaware, northern Florida, southern Wyoming, southern New Jersey, and southeastern New York.
+ The eastern fence lizard can grow from 4.0 to 7.5 inches (10 to 19 cm) in total length (including tail). It is typically colored in shades of gray or brown, and has keeled scales, with a dark line running along the rear of the thigh. A female is usually gray and has a series of dark, wavy lines across her back. The belly is white with black flecks, with some pale blue on the throat and belly. The male is usually brown, and during the summer, has a more greenish-blue and black coloration on the sides of the belly and throat than the female. The young look like the females, but are darker and duller.
+ They closely resemble the western fence lizard, but differ slightly in coloration and live in a different area and habitat.
+ Within the past 70 years, according to a study published in 2009, eastern fence lizards in parts of their range have adapted to have longer legs and new behaviors to escape the red imported fire ant, which can kill the lizard in under a minute. Red imported fire ants threaten eastern fence lizards because they occupy their microhabitats causing mortality or relocation. Moreover, according to a study published in 2016, artificial eastern fence lizard nests were shown to be vulnerable to predation by red imported fire ants, resulting in nonviability of the eggs.
+ Eastern fence lizards mate in spring, and lay 3 to 16 eggs in late spring or early summer. The young hatch in summer and fall. Male fence lizards often do "push-ups" to attract mates and to warn other males encroaching on their territory.
+
+= = = C. H. v. Oliva = = =
+
+ C. H. v. Oliva, 226 F.3d 198 (3d Cir. 2000), was a religious freedom case in which mother Carol Hood sued Grace Oliva, her son Zachary's first grade teacher, and related administrators in the Medford Township Public Schools for not allowing the child to read a section of the Bible in class. His kindergarten class had made Thanksgiving paintings the year prior, and his was taken down and subsequently reposted in a less noticeable place for its religious content. The poster was called "I'm Thankful for Jesus." Carol Hood met with Principal Gail Pratt, who defended the school's decisions. She said that reading the story “was the equivalent of ‘praying’.” Noting that she had received complaints in the past, Ms. Pratt stated that the story “might upset Muslim, Hindu or Jewish students.” She added that there was “no place in the public school for the reading of the Bible” and advised: “ ‘ you should consider taking your child out of public school, since you don't appear to be public school material.’ ” Ms. Pratt noted that “her position was fully supported by various legal authorities.”
+ The district court judge ruled that the teacher had exercised reasonable judgment in refusing to allow the book to be read in class. He agreed with the lower court that a first grader would not be able to distinguish between a student reading the Bible as constitutionally-protected free expression, and the teacher endorsing a religion by interrupting class to allow him to read it. Under the establishment clause, other students have a right to be free from religious endorsement by the government.
+ Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito, at the time an appeals court judge, agreed with the district court judge on the matter of the book. However, he dissented that the replacement of the poster inhibited Zachary's right to free expression.
+ The appeals court, sitting "en banc", split 6-6. The ruling defaulted to the district court, which had held against the Hoods.
+
+= = = Velveteen (disambiguation) = = =
+
+ Velveteen is a type of cloth.
+ Velveteen may also refer to:
+
+= = = Genioglossus = = =
+
+ The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue.
+ Genioglossus is the fan-shaped extrinsic tongue muscle that forms the majority of the body of the tongue. Its arises from the mental spine of the mandible and its insertions are the hyoid bone and the bottom of the tongue.
+ The genioglossus is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, as are all muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus. Blood is supplied to the sublingual branch of the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery.
+ The canine genioglossus muscle has been divided into horizontal and oblique compartments.
+ The left and right genioglossus muscles protrude the tongue and deviate it towards the opposite side. When acting together, the muscles depress the center of the tongue at its back.
+ Contraction of the genioglossus stabilizes and enlarges the portion of the upper airway that is most vulnerable to collapse. Relaxation of the genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles, especially during REM sleep, is implicated in obstructive sleep apnea. Given this connection, the mandible can be pulled forward to maximise the airway space, and prevent the tongue from sinking backwards under anaesthesia and obstructing the airway.
+ The genioglossus is often used as a proxy to test the function of the hypoglossal nerve, by asking a patient to stick out their tongue. Peripheral damage to the hypoglossal nerve can result in deviation of the tongue to the damaged side.
+ The name derives from the Greek words γένειον ("geneion") meaning chin, and γλῶσσα ("glōssa") meaning tongue. The earliest recorded mention is by Helkiah Crooke in the early seventeenth century.
+
+= = = Hyoglossus = = =
+
+ The hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the styloglossus and the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue. It forms a part of the floor of submandibular triangle.
+ The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu.
+ Structures that are medial/deep to the hyoglossus are the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve 9), the stylohyoid ligament and the lingual artery and lingual vein.
+ The lingual vein passes medial to the hyoglossus, and the lingual artery passes deep to the hyoglossus. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from upper to lower): sublingual gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles.
+ The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue and makes the dorsum more convex.
+
+= = = Efutu people = = =
+
+ The Efutu (also called Awutu or Simpafo) are an Akanized Guang people that are the original inhabitants of present-day Ghana. They founded the coastal area about 1390 C.E. The Efutu are found in Awutu, Adina, Senya-Beraku and Winneba (originally called "Simpa") and their main occupation is fishing. Like most Guans, they were somewhat absorbed into the greater Akan culture and adopted Akan names via annexing and military campaigns as the Akan were natural warriors. Similar to the Akuapem people of the Eastern Region of Ghana who are ruled by an Akan Abusua (called the Asona clan) but was originally ruled by their own Guan kings. They also have adopted (with modifications) the Fante version of some Akan institutions and the use of some Fante words in their rituals. Before Akanization, the Simpa Kingdom was formed about 1400 AD.
+ The famous king of the Efutus is Omanhene Nana Kwasi Gyan Ghartey I (1666-1712, the 1st to bear the Akan Omanhene title). He was famous for his fishing activities, had as many as 12 wives, and had more than six children with each wife. He helped to develop the town and its people by building various structures, including the police station, the secondary school, and all the major huge buildings in the town.
+ The Efutu speak Efutu
+ The Efutu celebrate the Akumesi Festival (with the exception of Winneba which celebrates the Aboakyir Festival). The Akumesi Festival, which is similar to the Homowo of the Ga-Adangmes, is celebrated to hoot at hunger.
+ The "Aboakyer festival" is a bushbuck hunting festival celebrated by the people of Winneba in the Central Region of Ghana. The name "Aboakyer" translates as ‘hunting for game or animal’ in Fante dialect as spoken by the people of the Central region. The institution of the festival was to commemorate the migration of the "Simpafo"(the aboriginal name of the people of Winneba). The people believed that a god, who they called Penkye Otu, had protected them from all dangers during their migration and to show their appreciation, the people consulted the custodian of the god, a traditional priest who acted as an intermediary between the people and the god, to ask the god for its preferred sacrifice. To their astonishment, the god asked for a human sacrifice, someone from the royal family. This sacrifice went on for some years but was later stopped as the people were no longer interested in human sacrifices. A request was made to the god to change the sacrifice type, as they believed that sacrificing royalty could eventually wipe out the royal family. The god in return asked for type of wild cat to be caught alive and presented to it at its shrine. After the presentation, it was to be beheaded as a sacrifice. This was to be done annually in a festival.
+
+= = = Styloglossus = = =
+
+ The styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament.
+ Passing inferiorly and anteriorly between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the longitudinalis inferior in front of the hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers.
+ The styloglossus is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) like all muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve (CN X).
+ The styloglossus draws up the sides of the tongue to create a trough for swallowing. As a pair they also aid in retracting the tongue.
+
+= = = Palatoglossus muscle = = =
+
+ The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch.
+ Palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the transverse muscle of tongue.
+ Palatoglossus is the only muscle of the tongue that is "not" innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).
+ Some sources state that the palatoglossus is innervated by fibers from the cranial part of the accessory nerve (CN XI) that travel via the pharyngeal plexus.
+ Other sources state that the palatoglossus is not innervated by XI hitchhiking on X, but rather it is innervated by IX via the pharyngeal plexus formed from IX and X.
+ Elevates posterior tongue, closes the oropharyngeal isthmus, and aids initiation of swallowing. This muscle also prevents the spill of saliva from vestibule into the oropharynx by maintaining the palatoglossal arch.
+
+= = = David Paterson = = =
+
+ David Alexander Paterson (born May 20, 1954) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 55th Governor of New York, succeeding Eliot Spitzer and serving out nearly three years of Spitzer's term from March 2008 to the end of 2010. He is the first African American to serve as Governor of New York and the second legally blind governor of a U.S. state.
+ Following his graduation from Hofstra Law School, Paterson worked in the District Attorney's office of Queens County, New York and on the staff of Manhattan Borough President David Dinkins. In 1985, he was elected to the New York State Senate to a seat once held by his father, former New York Secretary of State Basil Paterson. In 2003, he rose to the position of Senate minority leader. Paterson was selected to be the running mate of Democratic gubernatorial nominee Eliot Spitzer in the 2006 New York gubernatorial election. Spitzer and Paterson were elected in November 2006 with 69 percent of the vote, and Paterson took office as lieutenant governor on January 1, 2007.
+ After Spitzer resigned in the wake of a prostitution scandal, Paterson was sworn in as governor of New York on March 17, 2008. Paterson held the office of governor during the Great Recession, and he implemented state budget cuts. Paterson also made two significant appointments: In January 2009, he appointed then-U.S. Representative Kirsten Gillibrand to a vacant U.S. Senate seat, and in July 2009, he appointed Richard Ravitch as lieutenant governor. Paterson launched a campaign for a full term as governor in the 2010 gubernatorial election, but announced on February 26, 2010 that he would bow out of the race. During the final year of his administration, Paterson faced allegations of witness tampering, soliciting improper gifts, and making false statements; he was eventually fined for having lied under oath. Since leaving office, Paterson has been a radio talk show host and served as chairman of the New York Democratic Party from May 2014 to November 2015.
+ Paterson was born in Brooklyn to Portia Paterson, a homemaker, and Basil Paterson, a labor law attorney. Basil Paterson was later a New York state senator and secretary of state, and served as deputy mayor of New York City. According to a "New York Now" interview, Paterson traces his roots on his mother's side of the family to pre-Civil War African American slaves in the states of North Carolina and South Carolina. His father is half Afro-Jamaican. His paternal grandmother, a Jamaican, Evangeline Rondon Paterson was secretary to Black Nationalist leader Marcus Garvey. His paternal grandfather was Leonard James Paterson, a native of Carriacou who arrived in the United States aboard the S.S. "Vestris" on May 16, 1917. It was reported by The Genetic Genealogist in March 2008 that Paterson had recently undergone genetic genealogy testing. Part of his father's ancestry consists of immigrants from England, Ireland, and Scotland, while his mother's side includes Eastern European Jewish ancestry, as well as ancestors from the Guinea-Bissau region of West Africa.
+ At the age of three months, Paterson contracted an ear infection that spread to his optic nerve, leaving him sightless in his left eye and with severely limited vision in his right. Since New York City public schools would not guarantee him an education without placing him in special education classes, his family bought a home in the Long Island suburb of South Hempstead so that he could attend mainstream classes there. Paterson was the first student with a disability in the Hempstead public schools, graduating from Hempstead High School in 1971.
+ Paterson received a B.A. degree in history from Columbia College of Columbia University in 1977 and a J.D. degree from Hofstra Law School in 1983. After law school, he went to work for the Queens District Attorney's Office, but did not pass the New York bar examination, which prevented him from becoming an attorney at law. He claimed that his failing the New York bar was partially the result of insufficient accommodation for his visual impairment, and has since advocated for changes in bar exam procedures.
+ On August 6, 1985, state senator Leon Bogues died, and Paterson sought and obtained the Democratic party nomination for the seat. In mid-September, a meeting of 648 Democratic committee members on the first ballot gave Paterson 58% of the vote, giving him the party nomination. That October, Paterson won the virtually uncontested special State Senate election. At the time, the 29th Senate district covered the Manhattan neighborhoods of Harlem, Manhattan Valley and the Upper West Side, the same district that Paterson's father had represented. He was re-elected ten times, and remained in the state senate until 2006, sitting in the 186th, 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 193rd, 194th, 195th and 196th New York State Legislatures.
+ Paterson briefly ran in the Democratic primary for the office of New York City Public Advocate in 1993, but was defeated by Mark J. Green.
+ Paterson was elected Minority Leader by the Senate Democratic Conference on November 20, 2002, becoming both the first non-white state legislative leader and the highest-ranking black elected official in the history of New York. Paterson unseated the incumbent Minority Leader, Martin Connor. Paterson became known for his consensus-building style and sharp political skills.
+ In 2006, Paterson sponsored a controversial bill to limit the use of deadly force by the police. He later changed that position. He also supported non-citizen voting in New York local elections. According to the "New York Post", he "chalked up a heavily liberal record". Describing Paterson's tenure in the senate, "The New York Times" cited his "wit, flurries of reform proposals and unusual bursts of candor".
+ In 2006, Paterson was selected by New York Attorney General and Democratic gubernatorial candidate Eliot Spitzer as his running mate. The news stunned the New York political world, as the Democratic minority was poised to possibly take over the state legislature. Paterson traded the possibility of becoming Senate Majority Leader for the opportunity to hold the largely ceremonial lieutenant governor post. During their 2006 campaign, Paterson resolved a dispute with Spitzer over turf wars between staff members. The Spitzer-Paterson ticket won a landslide victory in the election, with 69% of the vote. It was the largest margin of victory in a gubernatorial race in New York history, and the second-largest for any statewide race in New York history.
+ In late December 2006, shortly before being sworn in as lieutenant governor, Paterson said that if he ever succeeded Spitzer as governor, he and Nelson A. Rockefeller would have something besides the governorship in common: Great difficulty in reading. Rockefeller was dyslexic, and Paterson compared this to his own blindness.
+ Paterson took office as lieutenant governor on January 1, 2007.
+ Paterson led Spitzer's successful 2007 legislative effort to approve a bond issue which will provide at least $1 billion toward stem cell research. Spitzer and Paterson touted the measure partly for its economic development benefits, following California's $3 billion effort, which in turn had been prompted by the U.S. federal government halting funding for such research.
+ In September 2007, Paterson weighed in on a proposal before the New York City Council to extend voting rights to noncitizens. He told a crowd gathered at the West Indian American Day Carnival Parade that he believed noncitizens should be granted voting rights. He stressed he was asking for a change in policy, rather than a new law, citing that although 22 states and territories between 1776 and 1920 allowed the practice, none do now. Spitzer issued a statement that he did not agree with Paterson's position, and claimed he was unaware Paterson would be speaking on the matter. Paterson had tried to introduce legislation granting voting rights to noncitizens as a State Senator fifteen years earlier.
+ In February 2008, a U.S. District Judge denied a motion to dismiss a racial discrimination lawsuit naming Paterson. A white male former staff photographer claimed that he was the victim of discrimination in 2005 when Paterson's office replaced him with a black photographer. According to the "New York Post", Paterson's chief of staff "denied the claim... Paterson, in his deposition, countered that the decision... was simple politics – [the photographer] was a holdover from former Minority Leader Marty Connor, who was ousted by Paterson in 2003."
+ In the midst of a prostitution scandal, Governor Eliot Spitzer resigned his position effective March 17, 2008. Upon hearing that Spitzer intended to resign, Paterson called his then-wife Michelle and reportedly said, "I think I'll kill myself". Following Spitzer's resignation, Paterson was sworn in as the 55th governor of New York, at the New York State Capitol on March 17, 2008, by New York Chief Judge Judith Kaye.
+ Paterson is the first black governor in the history of the state of New York and the fourth black governor in the history of the United States (the first three being the Reconstruction-era P. B. S. Pinchback of Louisiana, Virginia's Douglas Wilder and Massachusetts's Deval Patrick). The lieutenant governor's office remained vacant until September 22, 2009, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in a 4–3 decision that Paterson's appointment of Richard Ravitch was constitutional.
+ Paterson is the second legally blind governor of a U.S. state (the first was Bob C. Riley, who was Acting Governor of Arkansas for 11 days in January 1975). During his tenure, Paterson's staff read documents to him over voice mail.
+ On July 17, 2008, Paterson was the keynote speaker addressing the 99th annual convention of the NAACP in Cincinnati, Ohio.
+ Although Paterson is a lifelong Democrat who was considered a liberal in the state Senate, he earned praise from conservatives during his time as governor for making major spending cuts; for providing mandate relief; for enacting an inflation-indexed property tax cap and a school tax "circuit breaker"; and for his appointment of Blue Dog Democrat Kirsten Gillibrand to a vacant seat in the United States Senate.
+ Paterson ascended to the governor's office during the busiest legislative period of the year. The state is required by law to pass its budget prior to April 1. He had only two weeks to negotiate with lawmakers a proposal to close a $4.7 billion deficit and pass a $124 billion budget from the Spitzer administration. He stated in his inauguration speech that it would be his top priority.
+ Paterson also made reference in his speech to the economic woes being faced in the United States, calling them a "crisis", and promised to "adjust the budget accordingly". Since 1984, New York State has only passed a budget on time once, in 2005, leading Paterson to call for an "end to the dysfunction in Albany" in his speech, echoing a 56-page study from the nonpartisan New York University School of Law's Brennan Center for Justice, which referred to the legislature as "the least deliberative and most dysfunctional in the nation".
+ Paterson quickly signed five pieces of legislation on his first day in office: to add the New York State Department of Labor to the New York City Transit Track Safety Task Force; to eliminate a law that discouraged employers from holding blood drives; to change the way in which members are appointed to a state health and research board; to restore eligibility caps to certain senior employment programs; and to grant tax exemptions to several local development corporations in New York State.
+ One day after Paterson's inauguration as the governor of New York, both he and his wife acknowledged having had extramarital affairs, one with a state employee. Paterson's admissions went against the so-called "Bear Mountain Compact", a practice by lawmakers that their transgressions in the state capital would not be reported elsewhere.
+ In May 2008, Paterson informed New York State agencies that they were required to recognize same-sex marriage licenses from other jurisdictions for purposes of employee benefits. The governor's directive was purportedly based upon a decision from New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division's Fourth Department. The governor's directive did not receive widespread public attention until weeks after the directive was given. At that time, the governor's decision provoked public reaction on both sides of the issue. While Paterson's directive received widespread approval from same-sex marriage supporters, it was met with criticism from conservative legislators and from same-sex marriage opponents, one of whom referred to the directive as governor Paterson's "first major blunder". Then-Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno and others accused Paterson of having overstepped his bounds and usurped the authority of the legislature. Paterson reportedly described same-sex marriage as "beautiful," and contended that his decision was "the right thing to do"; the governor was enthusiastically cheered when he attended the 2008 gay pride parade in Manhattan.
+ On June 3, 2008, a lawsuit was filed by the Alliance Defense Fund challenging the governor's directive. On September 2, 2008, Justice Lucy A. Billings of the State Supreme Court in the Bronx issued a decision that Paterson acted within his powers when he required state agencies to recognize same-sex marriages from outside New York State. In her dismissal of the Alliance Defense Fund suit, Justice Billings found that the governor's order was consistent with state laws on the recognition of marriages from outside the state.
+ In April 2009, it was revealed that Paterson would propose legislation to legalize same-sex marriage in New York. Paterson later tapped former Senate Majority Leader and former political foe Joseph Bruno to support same-sex marriage in Albany. On December 2, 2009, same-sex marriage legislation was "overwhelmingly" defeated on the floor of the New York State Senate by a vote of 24 to 38; no Republican voted yes, eight Democrats voted no. The "Daily News" described the defeat as a "major blow", while "The New York Times" stated that the defeat "all but ensures that the issue is dead in New York until at least 2011, when a new Legislature will be installed."
+ In late 2010, before the January 2011 expiration of his term as governor, Paterson reached out to members of the New York State Senate in an attempt to gauge support for the passage of same-sex marriage legislation during a lame-duck session of the Legislature; however, the governor came to the conclusion that passage of the bill during the lame-duck session was not feasible. When asked what would have to occur in order for same-sex marriage to be legalized in New York, Paterson responded, "Get rid of the lobbyists," and added that same-sex marriage advocates had "forced" a Senate floor vote prematurely in December 2009.
+ In July 2008, Paterson warned state lawmakers and citizens of New York that the state faced its worst fiscal crisis since the 1970s. On Tuesday, July 29, Paterson gave a rare televised address that was broadcast on all of New York's major news networks, stating that the state budget deficit had gone up $1.4 billion over the 90 days since his original budget submission, citing rising costs due to the poor economy and a struggling Wall Street, and calling the state legislature back to Albany for an emergency session starting on August 19, 2008. He also warned that the budget deficit was estimated to grow 22 percent by 2011. With AIG on the verge of collapse on September 16, 2008, and in the aftermath of Lehman Brothers filing for bankruptcy, Paterson publicly lobbied for a government bailout of the insurance giant. He hit the cable networks early and was quoted by media around the world. The previous day, Paterson had loosened regulations to allow AIG to draw reserves from its subsidiaries.
+ Paterson revised Spitzer's record-size executive budget proposal to cut spending. Budget negotiations carried over past the deadline, causing the new governor to lament that too many lawmakers were "unwilling to make serious cuts to our budget". On April 10, 2018, a $121.7 billion budget package was passed by both houses of the state legislature. The budget closed a projected $4.6 billion deficit with $1.8 billion of spending cuts, $1.5 billion in additional revenue from increased taxes and fees and $1.3 billion of one time transfers, and did not tap into the state's $1.2 billion of reserves or increase the top income tax rate on those earning $1 million or more. Paterson's budget provided property tax relief, delivered aid to municipalities, and restored hundreds of millions in property tax rebates for middle-class homeowners and $1 billion for upstate economic development. The budget provided for a tuition remission program for military veterans, offering them free tuition at both SUNY and CUNY institutions. Even though the budget enacted was the first in a decade that included less spending than the proposal, Paterson promised to slash the following year's state budget by five to 10 percent, because the spending plan he inherited was "too big and too bloated".
+ In April 2008, Paterson asked the heads of all state agencies to cut their budgets by 3.35% and threatened a hiring freeze; the governor also asked legislative leaders to follow suit. In August 2008, he called a special emergency session of the legislature and enacted 6% across-the-board cuts in all state agencies. He called another special session in November 2008 to trim an additional 3%, but this effort did not meet with success.
+ At his first State of the State address in January 2009, Paterson said "My fellow New Yorkers: let me come straight to the point—the state of our state is perilous. New York faces an historic economic challenge, the gravest in nearly a century. ... The pillars of Wall Street have crumbled. The global economy is reeling. Trillions of dollars of wealth have vanished." New York faced a budget deficit of $15 billion, and state debt approached $55 billion. Paterson's budget proposal called for dramatic across-the-board cuts to various state agencies; he described those cuts as "deep and painful". Paterson also proposed to close the 81-year-old Reynolds Game Farm, in Tompkins county, the state's only remaining pheasant facility, but changed course following criticism from sportsmen's groups.
+ In March 2009, Paterson announced at a town hall meeting in Niagara Falls that in light of the fiscal crisis, he would take a 10% pay cut.
+ After being nominated for the position on December 1, 2008, Senator Hillary Clinton was confirmed as United States Secretary of State by the United States Senate. Clinton resigned her Senate seat on January 21, 2009, in order to assume the Cabinet post. By mandate of the New York Constitution, Paterson was tasked with appointing a temporary replacement until a special election in 2010 for the conclusion of the term of her Class 1 seat.
+ Persons mentioned in the media as potential appointees included U.S. Rep. Gregory Meeks, former State Comptroller H. Carl McCall, William C. Thompson, Jr., Byron Brown, Rep. José E. Serrano, Rep. Nydia M. Velázquez, U.S. Rep. Nita Lowey, U.S. Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, former Hillary Clinton aide Leecia Eve, United Federation of Teachers president Randi Weingarten, Rep. Kirsten Gillibrand, and political heiress Caroline Kennedy. While New York Attorney General and former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Andrew Cuomo refused to publicly declare his interest in the seat, he attracted a plurality of support from polled New Yorkers to take the seat. Cuomo was cited by some analysts as a savvy Senate appointee because his appointment might dissuade him from mounting a primary challenge against Paterson in the 2010 gubernatorial election. Paterson acknowledged on January 20, 2009, that Cuomo was indeed under consideration for the appointment.
+ It was reported on December 5, 2008 that Paterson had spoken with Kennedy regarding her interest in the Senate seat. However, Kennedy abruptly withdrew her name from consideration on January 21, 2009. Up until her withdrawal, for which no official explanation was given, the high-profile, well-connected daughter of former President John F. Kennedy was widely considered the front-runner for the nomination. After Kennedy removed herself from consideration, some reports indicated that Paterson "never intended" to pick Kennedy, having come to consider her "unready" for the seat after a series of media misfires. Some sources and analysts doubted the reports' veracity, calling the Paterson camp's denials of any interest in appointing Kennedy "misdirection". Joseph Mercurio remarked that Paterson's caginess had backfired, noting, "Now no matter who he picks, it's always going to be the choice after what happened to Kennedy."
+ On January 23, 2009, Paterson chose Gillibrand—a moderate upstate congresswoman from then-largely conservative district—to fill Clinton's vacated seat. The reaction from the Kennedy family was reportedly "furious", according to "The New York Post" and the "Daily News". Although Gillibrand's appointment was praised by some (including Schumer, New York's senior senator; President Obama; and Clinton herself,) others criticized Paterson's choice, calling Gillibrand "inexperienced", "sharp-elbowed", "too conservative", and "unliked". Others, including liberal "The New York Times" editorialist Maureen Dowd and "New York Magazine" writer Chris Smith, criticized Paterson's "peculiar" and "dithering" handling of the Senate appointment and suggested it was a cynical way of rallying upstate support for re-election. Paterson later admitted that he personally ordered his staff to contest Caroline Kennedy's version of events in the hours after she withdrew from consideration to be United States senator.
+ Due to the ongoing leadership crisis in the New York State Senate, in which the Senate tied with 31 Democratic votes and 31 Republican votes, with no presiding officer to break the tie, Paterson announced on July 8, 2009 that he would appoint Richard Ravitch, a former chairman of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, to be lieutenant governor. On August 20, 2009, however, a four-judge panel of the New York State Appellate Division, Second Judicial Department ruled that Paterson had no legal authority to name a lieutenant governor, and that the lieutenant governor position could not be filled in any way other than via an election. On September 23, 2009, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the Appellate Division's decision, holding Paterson's appointment of Ravitch to be constitutional.
+ In January 2010, Paterson awarded a contract to operate a 4,500 slot machine racino at the Aqueduct Race Track to Aqueduct Race Track Entertainment Group (AEG) in Queens, New York. The appointment generated controversy because of charges that AEG, which had the worst bid of those bidding, was allowed to change its bid so that it had the best. Paterson is reported to have demanded that the ownership have an affirmative action component. During this time, rapper Jay-Z, through his company Gain Global Investments Network, LLC, then got a 7 percent ownership stake in AEG; charges were made that Jay-Z and Paterson had a personal relationship. U.S. prosecutors were reported to be investigating the bidding process, particularly AEG winning the bid two days after Queens megachurch pastor Floyd Flake (also an AEG investor) threatened to switch his support in the 2010 governor race from Paterson to Andrew Cuomo. New York Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver threatened not to sign off on the deal. Paterson maintained there was no quid pro quo.
+ On March 9, 2010, Paterson recused himself from the case, saying he was doing so on the advice of his lawyers. On the same day Flake and Jay-Z withdrew from AEG. Flake had a 0.6% share.
+ In February 2010, "The New York Times" reported that Paterson may have been involved in witness tampering in a domestic abuse case involving staffer David W. Johnson after New York State Police and Paterson allegedly talked to the complainant in an attempt to persuade her to drop the case. Paterson was said to have asked the woman if she needed any help a day before the case was dropped. On February 26, 2010, Paterson withdrew his bid for a full term as governor of New York.
+ In March 2010, the New York State Commission on Public Integrity asked Attorney General Andrew Cuomo to investigate allegations that Paterson had solicited an unlawful gift of free New York Yankees tickets. He also faced allegations that he had lied under oath to the Commission on Public Integrity in 2010 during an investigation about the Yankees tickets.
+ Following the "twin scandals", a poll showed that fewer than half of New Yorkers believed Paterson should remain in office. Despite this, Paterson announced on March 5, 2010 that he intended to continue to remain in his post until his term in office concluded at the end of the year.
+ Paterson was not criminally charged in connection with his witness interaction in the Johnson domestic abuse matter. On December 20, 2010, the Commission on Public Integrity found that Paterson had lied about accepting five free World Series tickets and fined him $62,125.
+ After the "Weekend Update" sketch featuring David Paterson aired in 2009 on the NBC show "Saturday Night Live", Paterson was upset by the way the sketch portrayed him, stating that it was an offensive stereotype to those who were visually impaired. On the 36th-season premiere of "Saturday Night Live" (aired September 25, 2010), Paterson appeared in the "Weekend Update" sketch alongside Fred Armisen, who was comedically portraying Paterson.
+ In October 2008, Paterson launched a campaign website and announced his intention to run for a full term as governor. Paterson's prime Republican opponent was expected to be former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani. By February 2009, after the prolonged Senate appointment process, a Siena College poll indicated that Paterson was losing popularity among New Yorkers and showed Giuliani with a fifteen-point lead in a hypothetical contest. In April 2009, a Quinnipiac poll found that 60% of voters disapproved of Paterson's performance (the worst-ever rating for a New York governor); 53% believed that Paterson should withdraw his candidacy for the gubernatorial election. In an August 21, 2009 radio interview, Paterson suggested that his low popularity was caused by racism and added that Gov. Deval Patrick of Massachusetts had received a similar reception. Paterson added that President Barack Obama would be the next African-American elected official to suffer from poor approval due to his skin color. The White House asked Paterson to tone down his comments on race, but less than 24 hours later, Paterson said: "[One] very successful minority is permissible; but when you see too many success stories, then some people get nervous."
+ On September 18, 2009, advisors to President Barack Obama informed Paterson that the President believed Paterson should withdraw his 2010 gubernatorial candidacy and clear a path for "popular Attorney General Andrew Cuomo" to run. According to "The New York Times", Obama was worried that Paterson's continued unpopularity could hinder the campaigns of New York's Democratic congressmembers and could also topple Democratic control of the state legislature. The "Times" cited a potential gubernatorial run by Giuliani as another reason for the Obama administration's request. On September 19, 2009, Paterson insisted he was still running. He reiterated his position on February 9, 2010, saying, "[The] only way I'm not going to be governor next year is at the ballot box and the only way I'll be leaving office before is in a box". On February 26, 2010, however, Paterson withdrew his bid for a full term as governor of New York "amid crumbling support from his party and an uproar over his administration’s intervention in a domestic violence case involving a close aide". Later in 2010, Cuomo became the Democratic candidate for governor of New York and won the election in a landslide.
+ After leaving office at the end of 2010, Paterson appeared on New York radio station WOR on a number of occasions as a substitute talk show host, filling in for morning host John Gambling. On September 1, 2011, the station announced that Paterson would become the regular weekday afternoon drive-time host beginning on September 6. He replaced Steve Malzberg. In December 2012, Paterson was let go from his radio show at WOR after the station was purchased by Clear Channel.
+ Paterson was appointed in 2013 to be a distinguished professor of health care and public policy, at Touro College, in Harlem, and to advise the Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine on public policy issues. Paterson was a director for investments with Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, a financial services holding company.
+ In May 2014, Andrew Cuomo appointed Paterson chairman of the New York Democratic Party. On October 7, 2015, Paterson announced that he would leave his position as chairman following the November elections.
+ Paterson dated Michelle Paige in college. After he broke up with her, she went on to marry someone else, have a daughter, and get divorced. In 1992, Paterson married Michelle. Two years later, they had a son named Alex. Paterson and Michelle had an up-and-down marriage, which included affairs to which they later admitted. The couple separated in 2012 and divorced in July 2014.
+ Paterson reportedly dated a member of his staff, Pamela Bane, from 2012 to 2014. Paterson then began to date Mary Galda, former wife of Curtis Sliwa. Sliwa tweeted out his "approval" of the relationship in 2015. Paterson got engaged to Galda in 2019, and married on August 10, 2019 at the Water Club on the East River. The ceremony was officiated by former New York City mayor David Dinkins.
+
+= = = Stokes radius = = =
+
+ The Stokes radius or Stokes–Einstein radius of a solute is the radius of a hard sphere that diffuses at the same rate as that solute. Named after George Gabriel Stokes, it is closely related to solute mobility, factoring in not only size but also solvent effects. A smaller ion with stronger hydration, for example, may have a greater Stokes radius than a larger ion with weaker hydration. This is because the smaller ion drags a greater number of water molecules with it as it moves through the solution.
+ Stokes radius is sometimes used synonymously with effective hydrated radius in solution. Hydrodynamic radius, "R", can refer to the Stokes radius of a polymer or other macromolecule.
+ According to Stokes’ law, a perfect sphere traveling through a viscous liquid feels a drag force proportional to the frictional coefficient formula_1:
+ formula_2
+ where formula_3 is the liquid's viscosity, formula_4 is the sphere's drift speed, and formula_5 is its radius. Because ionic mobility formula_6 is directly proportional to drift speed, it is inversely proportional to the frictional coefficient:
+ formula_7
+ where formula_8 represents ionic charge in integer multiples of electron charges.
+ In 1905, Albert Einstein found the diffusion coefficient formula_9 of an ion to be proportional to its mobility constant:
+ formula_10
+ where formula_11 is the Boltzmann constant and formula_12 is electrical charge. This is known as the Einstein relation. Substituting in the frictional coefficient of a perfect sphere from Stokes’ law yields
+ formula_13
+ which can be rearranged to solve for formula_14, the radius:
+ formula_15
+ In non-spherical systems, the frictional coefficient is determined by the size and shape of the species under consideration.
+ Stokes radii are often determined experimentally by gel-permeation or gel-filtration chromatography. They are useful in characterizing biological species due to the size-dependence of processes like enzyme-substrate interaction and membrane diffusion. The Stokes radii of sediment, soil, and aerosol particles are considered in ecological measurements and models. They likewise play a role in the study of polymer and other macromolecular systems.
+
+= = = College Park, South Australia = = =
+
+ College Park (previously "College Town") is a small, leafy, residential eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. It is among the most expensive suburban areas in South Australia, with a median sale price of 1.8 million as of 2015.
+ College Park Post Office opened on 21 October 1946.
+ Lionel Logue born on the 26 February 1880
+ College Park contains a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
+
+= = = Evandale, South Australia = = =
+
+ Evandale is a small suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. It is bounded on the northwest by Payneham Road and on the east by Portrush Road, with smaller streets bounding the north and south.
+
+= = = Felixstow, South Australia = = =
+
+ Felixstow is a suburb of Adelaide, situated in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.
+ It was reportedly named by Thomas Stow, who had been the first European to take up pastoral duties in the area, by combining the Latin word for "happy" with the Old English word for "place". His son, Augustine Stow, later had a vineyard at Felixstow.
+ Felixstow Post Office opened as Hectorville Post Office on 1 July 1882 and was renamed Felixstow on 15 August 1963.
+ The historic Forsyth House (now the Aldersgate Nursing Home) is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
+
+= = = Firle, South Australia = = =
+
+ Firle is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.
+ The suburb was laid out in 1881 by Edward Castres Gwynne who was born at Lewes in Sussex, England, near the towns of Firle and Glynde, where his father was a rector. Glynde is the name of a suburb which neighbours Firle.
+ Gwynne came to South Australia on the "Lord Goderich" in April 1838 and purchased 500 acres of land on the foothills east of Adelaide. He was elected to the first representative Parliament in 1857 and twenty years later was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia. Upon his retirement in 1881 he laid out the suburb on sections 303 and 265, Hundred of Adelaide. Initially, parts of Gwynne's estate was subdivided into large blocks which were used by settlers for large market gardens, orchards and paddocks of wheat and hay. Gradually the area developed as a residential suburb as transport services such as trams and buses were introduced in the early 1900s. Post-war migrant settlement also brought many people to the area.
+ Firle House was built by Henry William Martin in about 1882, but it was demolished in the 1980s. The original family homestead of Edward Gwynne, known as 'Glynde House' has managed to survive at 54 Avenue Road, Glynde, and is on the South Australian State Heritage Register.
+
+= = = Glynde, South Australia = = =
+
+ Glynde is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.
+ It was laid out in 1856 by Edward Castres Gwynne, whose father had been the rector of the Sussex village of Glynde; he also named the adjacent suburb of Firle. He owned a large estate near the village, where he had an orangery covering eight acres. The Duke of Edinburgh reportedly once visited Gwynne's estate to find the family away from home.
+ The historic Glynde House is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
+
+= = = Hackney, South Australia = = =
+
+ Hackney is an inner-eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. It is adjacent to the Adelaide Park Lands, the Adelaide city centre and North Adelaide. The O-Bahn Busway passes along Hackney Road, part of the City Ring Route, Adelaide, which forms its western boundary. Its other boundaries are the River Torrens (north), the continuation of North Terrace through Kent Town (south), and a series of small streets and lanes to the east.
+ The suburb is dominated by St Peter's College, an independent boys' school, which is wholly located within the suburb and occupies a site, about 60% of the suburb's area. Located at this site since 1854, the school grounds contain three heritage-listed buildings.
+ Romilly House in the southwest corner of the suburb, on North Terrace, is also listed on the Heritage Register.
+ Hackney is adjacent to Park 11 of the Park Lands, across Hackney Road from the Botanic Gardens, the Botanic Park and the National Wine Centre.
+ Prior to the 2018 election, the state Labor government decided to build in 2016–2017 a $160 million tunnel for the O-Bahn Busway from north of North Terrace, Hackney, through the Adelaide Park Lands to the corner of Grenfell Street and East Terrace on the eastern edge of the Adelaide city centre. As part of this work, the middle of the entire length of Hackney Road, Hackney, from the River Torrens to North Terrace was rebuilt to provide buslanes and an entrance to / exit from the tunnel. The cost/benefit ratio of this project was questioned, traffic disruption was considerable, and the Labor party did not win the 2018 election.
+
+= = = Heathpool, South Australia = = =
+
+ Heathpool is a residential suburb of Adelaide, east of the city, in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.
+ It was one of three large properties in the Marryatville area, and named by early settler George Reed, after his home in Hethpool, Northumberland.
+ The house at 11 Northumberland Avenue was owned by Henry Woodhouse Crompton for many years.
+ Much of the early history of Kensington, Marryatville and Heathpool are described in this article, which has been split by the scanning process on Trove (and is follwed by other articles related to the area):
+
+= = = Joslin, South Australia = = =
+
+ Joslin is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. It is rectangular, stretching from Payneham Road (southeast) to the River Torrens and Torrens Linear Park (northwest), but from Lambert Road on the northeast only about 350m along the numbered avenues towards the next cross street which is in St Peters.
+ The O-Bahn Busway crosses the western corner of the suburb, but there is not a station nearby.
+
+= = = Kensington, South Australia = = =
+
+ Kensington is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Norwood, Payneham & St Peters council area. Unlike the rest of the city, Kensington's streets are laid out diagonally. Second Creek runs through and under part of the suburb.
+ Nearby suburbs Kensington Park and Beulah Park are in the City of Burnside, while Norwood and Marryatville are also in Norwood, Payneham and St Peters council area.
+ The village of Kensington was surveyed in November 1838 by J.H. Hughes, the first in the immediate area, and was named after Kensington Palace.
+ First Anglican bishop Augustus Short first lived in Kensington after his arrival in December 1847, on the corner of Bishop's Place and Regent Street.
+ The Colonial Secretary, then Alfred Mundy, lived in Kensington in 1848. This was before the village of Marryatville was developed over the road to the south
+ The Kensington line was the first of several trams in Adelaide, firstly horse-drawn (1878) and later electrified.
+ Marryatville Primary School is a state primary school, located in Kensington (not in Marryatville, as its name suggests). Classes range from Reception to Year 7, with up to 400 students at the school. The school was established in 1883 at a site on Kensington Road, and moved to its current location in 1978. The first principal was William J. Kent. Classes range from Reception to Year 7, with up to 450 students at the school. Most Year 7 students attend Marryatville High School with some students zoned to Norwood/Morialta High School. It also provides "before and after school" care and vacation care. There is an active children's art studio, music tuition program and Junior and Senior Choir. The language studied is French.
+ Mary MacKillop College is a private Catholic girls secondary school located in Kensington.
+ The new middle school STEM building at Pembroke School is located in Kensington, adjacent to the main facilities in Kensington Park.
+
+= = = Kent Town, South Australia = = =
+
+ Kent Town is an inner urban suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters.
+ Kent Town was named for Dr. Benjamin Archer Kent (1808 – 25 November 1864), a medical practitioner of Walsall, Staffordshire who emigrated to South Australia aboard "Warrior", arriving in April 1840 with his wife Marjory Redman Kent, née Bonnar, and two children, Benjamin Andrew Kent, and Graham Eliza Kent, who in 1848 married Dr Frederick Charles Bayer (died 15 August 1867). Hydraulic engineer C. A. Bayer and architect E. H. Bayer were sons.
+ Kent established a flour mill and farm which failed financially and he was obliged to return to his profession to support his family. He sold his property at a handsome profit, repaid all his creditors and returned to England.
+ Kent Town was the location of two successive sites of the Kent Town Brewery the second of which in 1888 became the malthouse for SA Brewing, now redeveloped into apartments.
+ The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics measured the population of Kent Town at 1,210 persons. Of these, 57% were male and 43% were female.
+ The 2016 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics recorded 227 families living in the suburb. Of those families, there was an average of 1.6 children for families with children and an average of 0.3 for all families.
+ The majority of residents (62.3%) are of Australian birth, with other common census responses being Malaysia (3.8%), India (3.7%), China (3.7%) and England (3.6%).
+ The age distribution of Kent Town residents is comparable to that of the greater Australian population. 66.2% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66.5%; and 33.8% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 33.5%.
+ Prince Alfred College, an independent school for boys is located on Dequetteville Terrace, the western boundary of the suburb.
+ During the Adelaide Fringe festival, the world's second-largest annual arts festival, the bars and restaurants of Kent Town receive thousands of customers.
+ The local Kent Town Hotel boasts craft beer in a stylish pub with a jungle-themed BBQ restaurant and a rooftop bar with a dunk tank.
+ One attraction in Kent Town is the Wesley Uniting Church.Originally founded by the Methodist church, Wesley Uniting Church has had a significant place in the life of South Australians for over 150 years.
+ The suburb is serviced by the following main roads:
+ Kent Town is serviced by buses run by the Adelaide Metro. Earlier a tram serviced Kent Town and other eastern suburbs.
+
+= = = Marden, South Australia = = =
+
+ Marden is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. The suburb is bordered by the River Torrens to the north, O.G. Rd to the east, Payneham Rd to the south and Battams Rd to the west.
+ The Marden suburb grew out of ribbon development on Payneham Road, providing services to people travelling between Athelstone and the city of Adelaide. The suburb was the 'silent partner' in the development of Payneham, the suburb to the south, which eventually gave name to the council area. The suburb has a rich history of market gardening on the flats area, near the River Torrens boundary, having a fresh water supply via Third Creek and the Torrens River.
+ It became part of the Payneham Council, housing the council chambers on the corner of O.G. Road and Payneham Road. It was absorbed into the Norwood and St Peters Council amalgamation in the 1990s.
+ Some buildings in the area date from the pre-Federation era but most development was completed in the post-World War Two decades. Housing blocks south of Lower Portrush Road have a high concentration of unit and flats, especially in the Broad Street vicinity.
+ The suburb holds a number of services within its boundaries. These include:
+ Payneham Swimming Pool;
+ several churches (Anglican, Uniting) and a Christatdelphian Temple Marden Shopping Centre and online shopping is also getting pace
+
+= = = Marryatville, South Australia = = =
+
+ Marryatville is a small suburb about east of Adelaide's central business district, in the local council area of City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. Comprising low- to medium-density housing, two large schools, a church and several shops, it also has two creeks running through it. The first European settler on the land was George Brunskill in 1839, with part of the land purchased and laid out as a village in 1848 by James Philcox.
+ The suburb is bounded by Portrush Road in the west, Kensington Road to the north, Tusmore Avenue to the east, and Alnwick Terrace/Romney Road to the south. Along with neighbouring Heathpool to the south and Kensington to the north, it is part of the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters (NPSP) council area, adjoining the City of Burnside suburbs Leabrook and Toorak Gardens on the eastern and western sides.
+ Both First and Second Creek, both originating in the Adelaide Hills, run through the suburb. First Creek surfaces on the northern side of Alnwick Terrace, within the Marryatville High School grounds, then flows through the grounds and out under The Crescent, while Second Creek passes under Hackett Terrace at its northern end, flowing through several properties on either side of the road before being canalised. Severe floods in November 2005 overflowed both creeks' banks and caused some damage to both MHS and Loreto, as well as some houses.
+ Before European settlement, Marryatville was inhabited by one of the groups who later collectively became known as the Kaurna peoples.
+ George Brunskill (1799-1866), left Sandford, Cumbria (then in the historic county of Westmorland) with his wife Sarah (née Apsey), departing London in November 1838 on board the "Thomas Harrison" and arriving in Port Adelaide in February 1839. Both of their young children died before the ship sailed. Brunskill first "leased a portion of section 290, comprising , from the South Australian Company with a right to purchase the freehold", in the area now known as Marryatville. An undated document, estimated c.1840 by the State Library, shows a mortgage agreement for the sum of £300 between Brunskill and the Savings Bank of South Australia, describing an eight-roomed brick home to be built on 6.5 acres.
+ In a letter written in August 1839, Brunskill describes the countryside as "magnificent" after rains, with trees, flowers, vegetables all flourishing. The settler population of Adelaide is reported as 8,250. In a letter the following April, he says that in contrast to when they arrived, when the area was almost totally uninhabited, they were now surrounded by neighbours. His 67 acres leased from the Company provide lizards and goannas for "excellent eating", and he says that "the Blacks" (the local Kaurna people) hardly ever come near them, are "harmless" and do not steal; he lent an axe which was promptly returned. He later (June–July 1840) describes their house, comprising three bedrooms and other features which will make it "the best in the colony".
+ On 31 August 1850, were registered in Brunskill's name, with the other purchased on 25 September 1848 by James Philcox, who laid out the "Village of Marryatville". This followed an announcement in the press in July of the engagement of "Miss Marryat, niece of the Lord Bishop of Adelaide" to Sir Henry Young, the new governor of Adelaide, before their departure from England. The suburb's name thus came from Augusta Sophia Marryat, wife of the fifth Governor of South Australia, Sir Henry Young, after their arrival in the colony in 1848. Augusta was the niece of the novelist Captain Frederick Marryat, and sister of Charles Marryat, who from 1887 to 1906 was Dean of Adelaide. Her mother was Caroline Short, whose brother, Augustus Short, was the first Anglican bishop of Adelaide. Philcox was probably responsible also for naming Burwash Road, after his home town of Burwash in Sussex.
+ Brunskill's property ran from Portrush Road (then called Glen Osmond Road) to Ringmore Road (now called Dudley Road), and the village to the east of that. The records mention a church (St Matthew's Anglican Church, built in 1848, consecrated in 1849) to the west of the village, and company-owned lands to the east. In the village, one of the first buildings was the Marryatville Hotel, a single-storey building on the southern side. This was near the building which still stands, built in 1908 on the site of a brewery and used as a police station until 1971, and today by private businesses. Wood cutters would gather there on their way back from a day's work in the hills.
+ The village was advertised on 23 September 1848 as: "Twenty acres of the very best land most salubriously situate in the above-mentioned township. A splendid stream of water runs through the property besides which good spring water may be obtained in wells depth. It adjoins the elegant church of Kensington on the west and the residence of the Honourable the Colonial Secretary (then Alfred Mundy) on the north, the celebrated Glen Osmond and other mineral lands on the south and those of the South Australian Company on the east."
+ In 1851, George Hall founded one of South Australia's first aerated waters companies in Ringmore (now Dudley) Road. In 1872 the company, then known as Geo. Hall & Sons, moved to Edward Street, Norwood. The highly successful company's Halls label produced soft drinks, surviving for 149 years.
+ Heathpool was one of three large properties, along with Eden Park and The Acacias, which made up Marryatville.
+ The Kensington line was the first of several trams in Adelaide, firstly horse-drawn (1878) and later electrified. There was a tram terminus in Marryatville, near the home of state Treasurer Lavington Glyde, who often travelled home with fellow politicians Wentworth Cavenagh and Sir Edwin Smith.
+ In 1919, St Matthew's church was renovated, maintaining as many original features as possible. A roll of honour of the World War I war dead was added to a wall, and a new organ was installed in honour of former warden George E. Stevens.
+ In 1923 Sun Street was widened from a lane to a road, and renamed Hackett Terrace, after the nursery.
+ In 1937, Alfred Traeger, inventor of the pedal radio, moved his workshop to larger premises at 11 Dudley Road, where the firm stayed in operation until his death in 1980. A memorial plaque marks the building, which is still in existence.
+ Brunskill built the first home for the family shortly after arrival in 1839, on land later owned by Sir Edwin Smith, on the site of the present Loreto College, then another cottage on the present Dudley Road, and finally the most elaborate of all, a house which they called Sandford, on the site of the current Eden Park. A huge Norfolk pine planted by the Brunskills still stands. Brunskill ran a brick-making business and grew crops such as wheat and kept cattle, while Sarah tended to pigs. He was a businessman in the city. The Brunskills sold up when they moved to the Barossa Valley in 1857, when they also subdivided and sold more land to the church.
+ Sandford passed through several hands before being purchased in 1899 by Thomas Roger Scarfe, brother of George, one of the founding members of the Harris Scarfe department store. Thomas was also a member of the firm. He found the two-storey home unsuitable for his needs and built the grand Victorian mansion now known as Eden Park, designed by architect Alfred Wells. Thomas lived there until his death in 1915, with his widow staying on until her death in 1942.
+ The house, garden and about of land were bought by the state government, after which it was used as a residential home and then a school for nurses (Gleneden School of Nursing), before becoming SA Health's conference centre. In 1993 it was acquired by Marryatville High School and since then has been used as a campus for final year students.
+ The large house on the corner of present-day Portrush and Kensington Roads (and now part of Loreto College), known as The Acacias, was built in 1874-5 by Dr J.M. Gunson to the design of renowned builder and architect Michael McMullen. The land was originally part of land grant to George Fife Angas, Henry Kingscote & Thomas Smith, all founding directors of the South Australian Company. After several other owners, Gunson purchased the land in August 1874, built the house on a terrace above First Creek and developed the gardens.
+ Gunson sold the house to Sir Edwin Smith in 1878, who greatly extended the home, including a verandah & balcony imported from Glasgow and a large ballroom, to the designs of architect Thomas English (who also designed the new premises of Kent Town Brewery in 1876 for Smith).
+ In December 1920 Loreto Convent bought the house on , opening at that location in February 1921. Further conversions have been undertaken by the school over time.
+ The smallest street, now Hackett Terrace, was formerly named Sun Street, the name deriving from Hackett's Nursery, a family concern created by brothers Elisha and Walter Hackett in the 1850s. Elisha Hackett cultivated the garden of his house in Sydenham Road, creating the nursery, and in 1854 persuaded his brother Walter, who had gone to Victoria in 1851, to join him in business. Walter, after his marriage, built a house in Marryatville designed by architect George Abbott in about 1866. The plot was bought from Brunskill, and was described as a long strip of land, formerly part of a paddock used as a shortcut by Burnside people going to St Matthew's Church. There were several wells, and the property had to be locked against bushrangers, who were active in the area. Walter first planted fruit trees, but as the nursery grew, the fruit trees were removed. More than 100,000 roses as well as shrubs and trees were grown and sold; there were also glasshouses to house begonias, maiden-hair ferns and other house plants, and a shadehouse for palms, tree ferns and staghorns. Native plants were cultivated with care. Walter's sons, first John and then William, lived in the house after their father moved to Brighton, but Walter travelled up each day to work in the nursery until his death in 1914.
+ In 1917 the nursery was sold to a limited company, E. & W. Hackett Limited, with William continuing as director for three years. In the same year the business bought a plot in the Millswood Estate for over £20,067 to accommodate the nursery, which drew glowing praise in a 1923 newspaper article and continued to do business there until 1952.
+ Marryatville High School, on Kensington Road in Marryatville, notable for its music program, is located within the suburb. The school was formerly Norwood Boys Technical School until it was renamed and opened to both sexes in 1976. Eden Park, the grand two-storey Victorian house built by the Scarfe family, is now used as the high school's Year 12 campus; the timber stables, have been converted into a music centre.
+ In 2005 Marryatville's Performing Arts Centre, The Forge, was opened. It serves as a performance area for year 11 and 12 Drama Productions and is also used by outside theatre groups. The film "Hey Hey It's Esther Blueburger" (2008) included several scenes filmed at the school.
+ Loreto College is an independent Roman Catholic primary and secondary day and boarding school for girls, situated on the corner of Portrush Road and Kensington Road in Marryatville.
+ The local state primary school, Marryatville Primary School, is actually located in the adjacent suburb Kensington.
+ There is a business precinct commonly known as Marryatville shops, or Marryatville/Kensington Park precinct, which straddles four suburbs, near the junction of Kensington Road and Tusmore Avenue in Leabrook.
+ The enclosed Marryatville Shopping Centre is located on the corner of Kensington Road and Tusmore Avenue. The shopping centre was first developed for BI-LO supermarket in 1980–1981, this being demolished and rebuilt redeveloped in 2005–06. It includes a Woolworths supermarket, newsagency, butchery, liquor store, Bakers Delight bakery, yogurt shop, pharmacy, dine-in café and Asian food take-away shop.
+ Along Kensington Road in Marryatville, there is a petrol station, hairdresser, pizza shop and other businesses. Over the road in Kensington there is the Marryatville Hotel, and a little east of this, there are other shops, the Kensington Park post office, and the heritage-listed Regal Theatre, built in 1925 in art deco style.
+ On the south side of Kensington Raod in Leabrook is the heritage-listed building built in 1883 as the original Marryatville Primary School, now housing a large health centre and restaurant.
+
+= = = Kai Hahto = = =
+
+ Kai Hahto (born 31 December 1973 in Vaasa, Finland) is a Finnish musician and drummer.
+ Hahto was a member of the grindcore band Rotten Sound.
+ Hahto then recorded with the band Wintersun as a session drummer before joining them as a band member.
+ Hahto has an endorsement relationship with Meinl cymbals, Pearl drums and hardware, Balbex drumsticks, Roland V-Drums and Finfonic earphones.
+ On 6 August 2014, it was announced that Hahto will be playing drums on the forthcoming Nightwish album, replacing Jukka Nevalainen, who went on hiatus from the band due to insomnia, and Hahto performed on all live shows since that date. On July 15, 2019, Hahto became Nightwish's permanent drummer following Nevalainen's decision not to return to the band.
+
+= = = KUAM-LP = = =
+
+ KUAM-LP, UHF analog channel 20, was a low-powered CBS-affiliated television station serving the U.S. territory of Guam that was licensed to Tamuning. The station was owned by Pacific Telestations, Inc.
+ KUAM-LP began telecasting on November 20, 1995 with CBS programming, which had previously been shared between KTGM and sister station KUAM-TV, who wanted to focus more on their ABC and NBC affiliations, respectively. The move would result in adding more of their respective networks' programming for each station, as opposed to airing selected CBS shows for KUAM-TV and KTGM to air. KUAM-LP also carried programs from The WB on a secondary basis from their inception until June 2001, when it moved to KTGM.
+ Because of its LPTV status, the station also aired its programming on cable channel 11, which helped reach its audience on the island. On February 18, 2009, KUAM-LP began simulcasting on KUAM's digital subchannel 8.2, extending its over-the-air reach throughout Guam. KUAM-LP was one of the few television stations to sign off at night. It signed off at 1:30 a.m. and did not air "Up to the Minute". Instead, during its downtime, the station simply aired CBS network promos and public service announcements overnight.
+ The station's license was canceled by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on September 4, 2013. Its CBS programming continues to air on KUAM-DT2.
+
+= = = Chō-han = = =
+
+ Chō-Han Bakuchi or simply is a traditional Japanese gambling game using dice.
+ The game uses two standard six-sided dice, which are shaken in a bamboo cup or bowl by a dealer. The cup is then overturned onto the floor. Players then place their wagers on whether the sum total of numbers showing on the two dice will be "Chō" (even) or "Han" (odd). The dealer then removes the cup, displaying the dice. The winners collect their money.
+ Depending on the situation, the dealer will sometimes act as the house, collecting all losing bets. But more often, the players will bet against each other (this requires an equal number of players betting on odd and even) and the house will collect a set percentage of winning bets.
+ The game was a mainstay of the bakuto, itinerant gamblers in old Japan, and is still played by the modern yakuza. In a traditional Chou-Han setting, players sit on a tatami floor. The dealer sits in the formal seiza position and is often shirtless (to prevent accusations of cheating), exposing his elaborate tattoos.
+ Many Japanese films, especially chambara and yakuza movies, feature Chō-Han scenes. It is also a playable minigame in most of the Japanese video-games in the "Ryū ga Gotoku (Yakuza)" series.
+
+= = = Payneham, South Australia = = =
+
+ Payneham is a northeastern suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. It is part of a string of suburbs in Adelaide's north-east with a high proportion of Adelaide's Italian-Australian and French-Australian residents, many of whom can be traced back to the large-scale migration following the Second World War.
+ Payneham's northern boundary is Payneham Road, and Portrush Road passes south-north through the middle of the suburb.
+ Payneham was named for himself by Samuel Payne (c. 1803–1847), who with his wife Ann, née Maslen, and two children arrived in April 1838 aboard "Lord Goderich" from London, and occupied section 285, Hundred of Adelaide in 1839.
+ Payneham Post Office opened on 18 July 1850 and was renamed Marden in 1968.
+
+= = = Royston Park, South Australia = = =
+
+ Royston Park is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters. This is a narrow suburb at a little more than 200 m wide. Royston Park is bordered by Joslin and Marden, along with the River Torrens.
+ Royston Park's most notable residents include Adelaide ABC radio presenter Roger Willis.
+ The Royston Park Post Office closed in 1975.
+
+= = = Stepney, South Australia = = =
+
+ Stepney is a small triangular near-city suburb of Adelaide within the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. Stepney contains a mix of retail, manufacturing, professional services and distribution outlets within a cosmopolitan population strongly influenced by post World War II immigration.
+ For much of its history Stepney has been largely working class with a preponderance of small houses and units on small blocks of land. However, Stepney is now the home of much light industry. Streets such as Nelson Street have lost their residents whilst other streets have seen the number of residents diminish as houses have been sold to accommodate a wide range of enterprises.
+ Stepney was named after an inner-city district in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets by George Muller (its founder) who hailed from there and in 1850 created the 'Village of Stepney' out of section 259, Hundred of Adelaide. Muller built the Maid and Magpie hotel.
+ Whilst Adelaide was to be a city of fine buildings and a refined populace, set free from the constraints of convict influence, George Muller's Stepney was to bear a strong resemblance to its less refined namesake, replete with slums, near the City of London. The early settlement of German settlers in Stepney was, however, somewhat unusual. Though not as well known as the Prussians who settled Klemzig, Hahndorf or Tanunda, they were there in sufficient numbers to develop schools for their children. Notable members of this community were Hans Heysen and Carl Laubman of Laubman and Pank. During 2008 the last three cottages in Nelson Street, described as "built by Haken Linde, a successful member of the German community," were marked for demolition by the Norwood Payneham St Peters council. Significant calls were made for the cottages to be preserved and the cottages were retained.
+ Stepney was, despite its humble beginnings, not without influence and in 1851 the South Australian Ballot Association was set up and at the Maid and Magpie Hotel and on the 11 February 1851, the secret ballot was advocated. This movement was most significant in the development of South Australia's democratic system.
+ Returning miners from the gold rushes of Ballarat and Bendigo were instrumental in building many of Adelaide's fine homes and businesses. Stepney shared in this phenomenon with some substantial residences amid the poorer houses, though bankruptcy was never far from those who acquired wealth quickly.
+ In the early 1860s semi-rural Stepney was the haunt of some rather colourful characters who operated around Adelaide's parklands. The area around the Maid and Magpie Hotel was the scene of various robberies by the romantically named Captain Moonlight, not to be confused with the better known bushranger in New South Wales named Captain Moonlight. Stepney's highwayman, it later transpired, was armed with nothing more lethal than a camouflaged pipe-case and, after incarceration, became a respected member of society.
+ The equally romantically named Captain Thunderbolt, not to be confused with Captain Thunderbolt in New South Wales, was said to roam the area and even emulated the mythical Robin Hood...
+ Richard Dawes, carpenter of Prospect Village, returning home... was... attacked by Captain Thunderbolt... Mr Dawes [handed] him his purse, but on inspecting it [found] some few silver coins of little value; [Captain Thunderbolt] said, "Oh! I see you're a poor man like myself and I don't want to injure you..."
+ By the 1870s Stepney contained many small houses with small backyards and no drainage. They were considered to be hotbeds of disease and fever. These houses, however, gave Stepney much of its racy nature with its inhabitants developing strength in their inevitable struggles with life. In the late 1870s these struggles evidenced themselves in the pilfering of firewood and the subsequent use of dynamite in planted logs by the firewood owners, to exact retribution.
+ During this time Stepney became the home of some significant industries lured by proximity to the city and the development of improved transport. In 1888 the Phoenix Distillery at 42 Nelson Street was bought by Douglas Tolley and his brother Ernest, together with a London distiller Thomas Scott. They traded in the name of Tolley, Scott and Tolley. Tolley, Scott & Tolley was, at one time, Australia's leading brandy producer.
+ Toward the end of the 19th Century, Stepney was briefly the home and a place of schooling for a very young Hans Heysen. Hans was awarded an Order of the British Empire and subsequently knighted for his service to art.
+ Stepney continued to develop. Larger houses were built and around the turn of the century more houses were built in the area further from the city and adjoining Maylands. However, peace and prosperity was interrupted by the First World War. A search of the National Archives of Australia reveals that 38 soldiers enlisted showing their place of birth as Stepney, an extraordinary number given the small size of the suburb.
+ Post-1945 Stepney again underwent change as large numbers of refugees from war-torn Europe moved in. Shops began selling previously unheard of foods such as salami or artichokes and the flowers in often tiny front gardens were replaced by vegetables. Again, the number of children increased and second creek and the small number of spare allotments became their playgrounds, complete with re-enactments of battles fought far away. Houses changed colour, copying those found Greece and Italy and the streets resounded with voluble Italian, Greek and ironically - German.
+ This influx of residents was to be a brief hiatus amid the loss of movement toward industrialisation as future generations, now more affluent, moved away from often painful memories and their houses were taken over by industries eager to locate near to the city or removed to provide wider roads.
+ Stepney is bounded on its north-west side by Payneham Road which connects Adelaide city, via North Terrace, to Payneham and Felixstow and beyond to suburbs such as Highbury and thence to the Adelaide Hills. Magill Road, the southern boundary, connects the city-centre, via North Terrace, to Kensington Park and beyond to Magill and then the Adelaide Hills. On its eastern side it is bounded by Frederick Street.
+ Stepney is intersected by Nelson Street which divides Stepney into two roughly distinct areas. Nelson Street also provides part of a near-city link between the eastern and northern suburbs via the Stephen Terrace bridge between St Peters and Gilberton.
+ Generally, the area to the east of Nelson Street contains larger allotments, though there are some notable exceptions. The area to the west of Nelson Street generally contains smaller allotments and is more heavily industrialised.
+ Apart from some relatively small, though significant reserves, Stepney is residential and industrial. Industrial development dominates the area to the west of Nelson Street, whilst residential development continues to dominate the area to the east of Nelson Street.
+ Stepney is strongly sought for its closeness to the city and for its small historical properties which are easily cared for and yet retain their heritage. A report on rents in The Advertiser titled "Rental tenants hit hard in the pocket; By CHRIS DAY The City (South Australia) 02-28-2007"
+ states...
+ Kent Town was joint eighth with a cost of $362 a week, while St Peters, College Park, Hackney, and Stepney shared 14th spot with $341 a week.
+ accelerating the move away from its working-class roots.
+ Stepney adjoins the suburb of Kent Town, at which the observations below were taken. It has a temperate climate, with relatively hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
+ Stepney is represented in the Dunstan electorate in the Parliament of South Australia, and within the Division of Adelaide in the Australian House of Representatives.
+ Stepney, being near to the city and bounded by major roads, is well serviced by bus services.
+ Bus routes include:
+ Stepney has a tradition of self-help with formal and informal care groups. Within this tradition the following groups now serve the local community...
+ Stepney has been the home of several schools though changing populations and the presence of excellent nearby schools has meant their demise with their former premises now offering a testimony to the conflict between high ideals and reality. Only the Agnes Goode Kindergarten remains, fittingly acting as a memorial to past schools and a rather feisty justice of the peace and former political and social activist.
+ Early records mention schools provided for the German settlers in Stepney, though little is known of them.
+ In 1855 a school in Stepney, run by M A Moody with 34 students was gazetted in the South Australian Government Gazette.
+ In the late 1890s, the King's Grammar School and Somersal House School existed in Stepney. Both no longer exist as schools.
+ St Joseph's Catholic School was located for a time after the Second World War, next to the church that gave it life, and overlooking Second Creek. Sadly, the children's laughter that echoed over the creek and among the church buildings is now gone.
+ Agnes Goode kindergarten is located in Cornish Street.
+
+= = = Trinity Gardens, South Australia = = =
+
+ Trinity Gardens is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. The name is taken from "Holy Trinity Church".
+ On 28 March 1840 the trustees of Holy Trinity; Osmond Gilles, Charles Mann and James Hurtle Fisher, were given approximately of land in the area, as "Glebe" lands, by Pascoe St Leger Grenfell. The land came to be known as "Trinity Glebe".
+ "North Norwood" Post Office opened around 1886, was renamed "Trinity Gardens" in 1950 and "St Morris" in 1963, when the second Trinity Gardens office opened in the present area of the suburb.
+ Trinity Gardens is in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters local government area, the South Australian House of Assembly Electoral district of Dunstan and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Sturt.
+
+= = = St Morris, South Australia = = =
+
+ St Morris is a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Norwood Payneham St Peters.
+ "North Norwood" Post Office opened around 1886, was renamed "Trinity Gardens" in 1950 and "St Morris" in 1963 before closing in 1988.
+
+= = = John D. LeMay = = =
+
+ John David LeMay (born May 29, 1962) is a former American actor who has starred in TV shows and in films.
+ LeMay was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota and moved to Normal, Illinois in his teens. He went to Normal Community High School and participated in school plays and got into both singing and acting. LeMay went to Illinois State University and got a Bachelor of Science degree and completed a double major in music and musical theatre. He moved to Los Angeles in 1985 to star on TV. He appeared on hit TV shows like "The Facts of Life".
+ In the late 1980s, LeMay became known for his role in the cult horror TV series "" as Ryan Dallion from 1987-1989. In 1993, he went on to play Steven Freeman in "".
+ He also starred in two short-lived TV series, "Eddie Dodd" and "Over My Dead Body".
+ In recent years John has returned to his musical theater roots starring in a regional production of "Legally Blonde" in 2014.
+
+= = = Barbara Garson = = =
+
+ Barbara Garson (born July 7, 1941 in Brooklyn) is an American playwright, author and social activist, perhaps best known for the play "MacBird!"
+ Garson attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she earned a B.A. specializing in Classical History in 1964. She was active in the Free Speech Movement, as the editor of "The Free Speech Movement Newsletter", which was printed on an offset press that she herself had restored. She was one of 800 arrested on December 2, 1964 at a sit-in at Sproul Hall, Berkeley, following the "Machine Speech" by Mario Savio. In 1968, Garson had a child, Juliet, and in 1969 she went to work at The Shelter Half, an anti-war GI coffee house near Fort Lewis Army base in Tacoma, Washington. In the early 1970s, she moved to Manhattan, publishing short, humorous essays and theater reviews primarily for The Village Voice as well as plays.
+ Garson's most famous work, "MacBird!", a 1966 counterculture drama/political parody of "Macbeth" is "one of the most controversial plays produced in the 1960s". It was originally intended for an anti-war teach-in at Berkeley. The first edition, which was self-published on the same offset press as the "Free Speech Movement Newsletter", had sold over 200,000 copies by 1967 when the play opened in New York in a production starring Stacy Keach, William Devane, Cleavon Little, and Rue McClanahan. While these then-unknown actors went on to become fixtures in American theater, movies and television, the author "disappeared from public view at the height of fame". The play has since seen over 300 productions worldwide and sold over half a million copies". MacBird is remembered as an attack on then-U.S. President Lyndon Johnson. In fact, it presented Johnson's predecessor, John Kennedy, and his would-be successor Robert Kennedy as equally unacceptable but more dangerously alluring. Garson wanted her fellow 1960s activists to step away from the Democratic Party and create their own institutions, including a third party. To that end, she could sometimes be seen outside of California theaters where MacBird was playing, gathering signatures to put the Peace and Freedom Party on the ballot. Critical reaction was mixed and the play "has had advocates and detractors of equal stature." Dwight Macdonald, in "The New York Review of Books", called it "the funniest, toughest-minded most ingenious political satire I've read in years…" Robert Brustein wrote that "Although this play is bound to start a storm of protest (not all of it unjustified) and may even be suppressed by some government agency, it will probably go down as one of the brutally provocative works in the American theater as well as one of the most grimly amusing," and praised Garson as "an extraordinarily gifted parodist."
+ Garson's next full-length play, "Going Co-op" (1972), was a comedy about residents of an Upper West Side apartment house going co-op and a floundering left wing political collective that comes home to help organize the tenants who cannot afford to change from renters to owners. It was written with Fred Gardner, who is credited with founding the first of the Vietnam-era GI Coffee Houses.
+ Garson's musical children's play "The Dinosaur Door", set on a class trip to the Natural History Museum, was performed at the Theater for the New City in 1976. It featured a cast of children including seven-year-old Mark Vincent, now known as the action hero Vin Diesel. It was awarded an Obie for playwriting in 1977.
+ A Village Voice review said about "The Dinosaur Door": "What's so marvelous is the richness of this stew, the... world behind the exhibits and the absolutely on-the-mark funny, sympathetic kids—each special and practical, each a person in his own or her own right. I liked the satirical but warmly affectionate eye with which Garson sees every character and the show's tenderly complex relationships. I like that Garson is not chary with ideas because she is writing for kids."
+ A teleplay of "The Dinosaur Door" was commissioned by producer-director Joyce Chopra in 1982, but no film of the play was made.
+ A full-length play, "The Department" (1983), written for and performed by the organizing group Women Office Workers (WOW), is set in a bank's back office that is about to be automated. "The Department", though a light farce, sets out many of the problems that Garson expands on in her 1989 book "The Electronic Sweatshop".
+ In addition to plays, Garson is the author of four non-fiction books:
+ These books address complex phenomena of capitalism through dramatic anecdotes and interviews. Each describes a historical turning point through the voices of a range of people who may or may not fully grasp the changes happening in their own lives.
+ In "Money Makes the World Go Around", Garson explicates the global economy by depositing her book advance in a one branch small town bank, and then following that money's theoretical path around the world. At one point, her money was invested in Suez, the French company that owned Johannesburg's water system. When protesters were arrested for opposing price increases and water shut offs, Garson organized a "shareholders" demonstration on their behalf in front of the South African consulate in New York City.
+ Garson insists that activism is essential to her writing. But her plays and non-fiction feature layered characters and plot twists that are often irrelevant or even inimical to liberal and socialist tenets. Indeed, "Money Makes the World Go Around" was largely ignored by the anti-globalization movement within which Garson was active, while a Wall Street Journal review said "Ms. Garson recounts her travels with a disarmingly balanced combination of amazement and social concern" and Business Week said "...her voice is so persistently good-natured and her intelligence so obvious that by the end of this curious capitalist's Baedeker you can't help but trust her gentle judgments."
+ Her latest book, "Down the Up Escalator: How the 99 Percent Live in the Great Recession", is concerned with the effects of the Great Recession "reshaping people's lives and prospects". Kirkus Reviews admires Garson's "brutal clarity" and calls it a "skillful presentation that lifts the veil". George Packer, writing in "The New Yorker", says of Garson, "she's written several books of social reportage about work and money, and this steady engagement over many decades has honed an appealing voice: wry, modest, realistic...like a sympathetic but slightly critical friend, ready with a hug and unable not to give advice."
+ Garson is the author of over 150 articles in publications including "Harper's, The New York Times, McCalls, Newsweek, Geo, The Village Voice, Ms, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Baltimore Sun, The Los Angeles Times, The Denver Post, The Australian, Newsday, Modern Maturity, Mother Jones, The Arizona Republic, The Guardian, The Nation, Il Posto, Znet" and the "Nation" Institute's tomdispatch.com.
+ Garson was awarded an Obie for "The Dinosaur Door" and a Special Commission from the New York State Council on the Arts, for the Creation of Plays for Younger audiences. She has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, a Louis M. Rabinowitz Foundation Grant, the New York Public Library Books to Remember award and Library Journal's Best Business Books of 1989 award, and a MacArthur Foundation Grant for reading and writing.
+ In the 1992 U.S. Presidential election, Garson was the running mate for J. Quinn Brisben on the Socialist Party USA ticket, replacing Bill Edwards, who died during the race. In August 1992, she received a message on her answering machine: "We're sorry to tell you that the Socialist Vice-Presidential candidate, Bill Edwards, has died. We would like your help in writing a press release for the newspapers. And also, would you like to run for Vice President?", which she initially believed to be a joke.
+ Garson was active in the protest movement against corporate globalization and the protests in advance of the Iraq War.
+ She was in attendance at Zuccotti Park during the Occupy Wall Street protests in 2011.
+
+= = = Liquidity preference = = =
+
+ In macroeconomic theory, liquidity preference is the demand for money, considered as liquidity. The concept was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" (1936) to explain determination of the interest rate by the supply and demand for money. The demand for money as an asset was theorized to depend on the interest foregone by not holding bonds (here, the term "bonds" can be understood to also represent stocks and other less liquid assets in general, as well as government bonds). Interest rates, he argues, cannot be a reward for saving as such because, if a person hoards his savings in cash, keeping it under his mattress say, he will receive no interest, although he has nevertheless refrained from consuming all his current income. Instead of a reward for saving, interest, in the Keynesian analysis, is a reward for parting with liquidity. According to Keynes, money is the most liquid asset. Liquidity is an attribute to an asset. The more quickly an asset is converted into money the more liquid it is said to be.
+ According to Keynes, demand for liquidity is determined by three motives:
+ The liquidity-preference relation can be represented graphically as a schedule of the money demanded at each different interest rate. The supply of money together with the liquidity-preference curve in theory interact to determine the interest rate at which the quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of money supplied (see IS/LM model).
+ A major rival to the liquidity preference theory of interest is the time preference theory, to which liquidity preference was actually a response.
+ In "Man, Economy, and State" (1962), Murray Rothbard argues that the liquidity preference theory of interest suffers from a fallacy of mutual determination. Keynes alleges that the rate of interest is determined by liquidity preference. In practice, however, Keynes treats the rate of interest as "determining" liquidity preference. Rothbard states "The Keynesians therefore treat the rate of interest, not as they believe they do—as determined by liquidity preference—but rather as some sort of mysterious and unexplained force imposing itself on the other elements of the economic system."
+ Criticism emanates also from post-Keynesian economists, such as circuitist Alain Parguez, professor of economics, University of Besançon, who "reject[s] the keynesian liquidity preference theory ... but only because it lacks sensible empirical foundations in a true monetary economy".
+
+= = = Maine Humanities Council = = =
+
+ Located in Portland, Maine, the Maine Humanities Council
+ was founded in 1975 as a private nonprofit affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities. It is one of 56 humanities councils in the United States and its territories.
+ The organizational mission states: "The Maine Humanities Council engages the people of Maine in the power and pleasure of ideas, encouraging a deeper understanding of ourselves and others, fostering wisdom in an age of information, and providing context in a time of change. The Council uses the humanities to provide cultural enrichment for all Mainers and as a tool for social change, bringing people together in conversation that crosses social, economic and cultural barriers."
+ The Council's programs are statewide. They include literacy and reading and discussion initiatives for child care providers and preschoolers ("Born to Read"), adult new readers ("New Books, New Readers"), rural Mainers and summer and year-round communities ("Let's Talk About It"), and health care professionals ("Literature & Medicine: Humanities at the Heart of Health Care", which was created by the Council and has traveled to other states, becoming a national model). The Council also offers a program for Maine teachers that introduces new content and new topics ("Teachers for a New Century"). The Council also offers Letters About Literature, a national program from the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress that encourages young people to write letters to their favorite authors, living or dead. In 2006, Lacy Craven, a Maine participant in this program, was a national winner.
+ In 1997, the Council incorporated into its organizational structure the Harriet P. Henry Center for the Book. The National Center for the Book was established in the Library of Congress in 1977 to promote books, reading, libraries, and literacy. The Maine Humanities Council established the Harriet P. Henry Center for the Book as one of the Maine state affiliates of the national program. It is one of only eight state humanities councils to be awarded this responsibility.
+ While most of the Council's work is in direct public humanities and educational programs that bring people together around books, it is also a grantmaker. Since 1976, the Council has distributed over $4 million in grants to Maine libraries, museums, historical societies, colleges, schools, literacy groups, adult education programs, towns, and other organizations.
+ In 2002, the Council's Literature & Medicine program was named as a Patient Quality Initiative by the Maine Hospital Association. The program then received the 2003 Helen & Martin Schwartz Prize for Excellence in Public Programming from the Federation of State Humanities Councils. The Council's national awards include a 1998 Award of Merit from the American Association of State and Local History for the Century Project and the 1998 Helen & Martin Schwartz Prize for Excellence in Public Programming given by the Federation of State Humanities Councils for the Odyssey Project. Most recently, the Council received three national awards for its Taxing Maine program: the Award of Merit and the WOW award from the American Association for State and Local History and the 2007 Helen & Martin Schwartz Prize from the Federation of State Humanities Councils. "Taxing Maine" is now available on the Council's Humanities on Demand podcast.
+ The Council is located on Brighton Avenue in Portland, Maine.
+
+= = = Aflao = = =
+
+ Aflao is a town in Ketu South District in the Volta Region on Ghana's border with Togo. Aflao is the twenty-eighth most populous settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 96,550 people.
+ In the 18th century, Aflao served as one of the major markets for the slave trade.
+ Aflao is located on the eastern coast of Ghana and is the major border town with neighbouring Togo.
+ Aflao as a traditional area has Togbui Amenya Fiti V as its Paramount Chief. He is the traditional ruler of the land and performs traditional administrative and ceremonial functions in the area.
+ The Diamond Cement Ghana Limited factory is located at Aflao.
+ In early 2014, a 2.5 km rail siding was completed to connect the cement works to the port of Lomé. This siding crosses the border from Togo to Ghana and is of the gauge.
+
+= = = Arthur Wise = = =
+
+ Arthur Wise may refer to:
+= = = Lot 62, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 62 is a township in Queens County, Prince Edward Island, part of St. John's Parish. Lot 62 was awarded to Richard Spry, Esquire in the 1767 Land Lottery, and came to be settled through the efforts of Thomas Douglas, The 5th Earl of Selkirk in 1803. Richard Spry, Esquire, was then Commodore, Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet at Gibraltar 1766–1769. Becoming the proprietor, he would be familiar with then the Island of St. John, having first come out to North America in 1754, with the English naval blockade of Ile Royal and the Fortress of Louisbourg in 1756, and then serving off Quebec and in the St. Lawrence into 1759. In 1762, he returned as Commander-in-Chief, North America, quartered in Halifax.
+ At the end of 1763, Sir John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, and First Lord of the Admiralty, acting for a private syndicate of London elite, suggested, for the new Treaty of Paris (1763) possessions on the Island of St. John, a land settlement scheme encouraging trade and defence, along the lines of a feudal tenancy. This the 'Egmont Scheme' was soundly rejected, strongly opposed by 'The Lords Commissioner for Trade and Plantations', so an alternative scheme offered by 'The Board of Trade' was taken up, late in 1764, and in revision came to be approved by The King's Privy Council of the United Kingdom. However, The Board of Trade Scheme was not acted upon until 1767, with the granting by lottery of the lands of the Island of St. John, to individuals having claims upon the government.
+ Even with well-defined, and 'strict' conditions of settlement there were more many 'individuals' than just the Egmont syndicate, interested in a grant of proprietorship, than there were lots available, so The Lords Commissioner for Trade and Plantations, devised their 1767 lottery to be organized by ballot, for candidates vetted and approved by The Board of Trade.
+ The Journals of the Board of Trade and Plantations, Volume 12: January 1764 - December 1767. Journal of July 1767 - Volume 74, Folio No. 256 - Thursday, July 23, 1767, states:
+ "The following distribution of the lots or townships in the Island of St. John, according as they were mentioned upon the map or survey of the island, was this day decided upon in their lordships' presence by ballot, in the form and manner set down in the minutes of the 8th instant, several of the said proponents or their agents attending, vizt." They granted: Richard Spry, Esquire - Lot 62.
+ In addition to being divided into lots, each lot having been commodified as to its potential market value, having their rent set on an economic value. The financial obligation being: "That the quit rents, to be reserved on the several lots, be more, as near as may be, proportioned to the value of the lands". Specifically, a "quit rent of 4s per 100 acres was reserved" on Lot 62.
+ So, what did Richard Spry, Esquire, get in Lot 62, as quantified by Samuel Holland's in notes attached to his survey? As to the "Quality. The soil in most cases is bad, the woods in general very bad. Approximately 10 acres of cleared land and two houses." With noted "Remarks. There are some good Marsh which would do very well for pasture or produce a good deal of hay. It is too far from the Fishing ground to have any advantage in the respect."
+ After a full thirty-five years on active service, as then Sir Richard Spry, Rear Admiral of the Red, he died unmarried, on 25 Nov 1775, at Place House, in St Anthony in Roseland, Cornwall. Sir Richard's estate passed to his sister Mary and her son Thomas Davy, Captain RN, they, as coheirs assuming proprietorship of Lot 62. As an heir, honouring his uncle, Captain Davy took on the surname and arms of Spry, becoming Captain Thomas Spry, in April 1779, remaining in active service until 1783. While serving as a county magistrate, and standing as a reserved list Vice-Admiral of the Blue, in 1799, the Spry's Lot 62, amongst many, was noted, in default for the third time, as the subject of no effort to satisfy the 1767 Lottery 'Conditions of Settlement' - and became open to consideration for escheat.
+ Sharing proprietorship of Lot 62, from 1775, the question may be why would Spry's heirs fail in their obligations of proprietorship for Lot 62. There are two early possibilities, they being pressed by the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, stemming from the principal conditions in the lottery. A first possibility is for failure to settle, the lot reverting to the Crown, for their not arranging for the required number of settlers, within the laid down ten-year deadline; or forfeiting the lot, under conditions of Distraint, for failing in the first four years to settle even one third of the lot. Arguing for Escheat, a text published by John Stewart, in 1806, recalled that Lot 62 had previously been the subject of no effort to satisfy the conditions of settlement; 1769: Lot 62 – "Nothing Done", 1779: Lot 62 – "Nothing Done" (Report of Settlement Progress 1769 to 1779), and 1797: Lot 62 – "Not One Settler Resident There On" (House of Assembly Resolution Notes).
+ A second possibility is that Sir Richard's estate, and heirs may not have had any interest in paying, speculating on an eventual sale, without any actual investment, or not having the means to pay their Quit-rent and it was lost for none payment of arrears. The annual charge to Lot 62, from 1767, at 4s per 100 acres, being 40 £ pounds, accumulating as debt, up to 1797, would amount to an arrear of £1,200 pounds. The move to have lands forfeited for non-payment of Quit-rent became very much a political issue in PEI, this long after the initial deferral of all Quit-rent in the first five years, of the grant, and their half reduction into the first ten years.
+ Actually protected from Distraint and Escheat, by London, it is most likely that Lot 62 was 'simply' sold to discharge the accumulating debt, a land speculation inherited from an uncle, an investment gone bad. The Spry estate would have long heard of actions of the PEI Lieutenant-Governor and House of Assembly, pressing on the Secretary of State for the Colonies and the Home Government, in its efforts to finally act on Quit-rent arrears. As in 1802, the Home Government classified Lot 62, as a 'township wholly unoccupied', and the proprietors were deemed obligated to pay fifteen years Quit-Rent, in lieu of all arrears, up to 1 May 1801. Noted as a great relief and an encouragement to sell, with a considerable reduction, having to pay £600 on a debt of now £1,340, and getting money in a sale, the Spry heirs were probably most anxious to dispose of their 20 000 acres, as were others, as nearly one third of the unsettled PEI lots were sold and transferred, in 1803.
+ Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk was born on 20 June 1771, and in Canada, he is most noted as the Scottish patron who sponsored the settlement at the Red River Colony in Manitoba (1811). This following a settlement scheme first tried in Prince Edward Island (1803), and a second in Upper Canada (1804). The 5th Earl of Selkirk died on 8 April 1820, in Pau, France, where he is buried.
+ Always favouring large-scale emigration, having advanced his views repeatedly and with enthusiasm, in the winter of 1801/02, Selkirk first put forward to the Colonial Office his belief of the need to provide new challenges to the catholic population of an oppressed Ireland. Soon recognizing that the government would not countenance the resettlement of Irish immigrants in America, Selkirk offered in the alternative the emigration of Protestant Scottish Highlanders.
+ Again unable to interest the British government in approving settlement in Western Canada, he then seen to be acting against the interests of the Hudson's Bay Company, Selkirk turned to Upper Canada. In this second initiative he faced a 'provincial' government, from the outset, that was inherently hostile to the introduction of a major absentee landholder, into their colony. Selkirk quickly saw the elite of Upper Canada were unsympathetic to any of his proposals, and consequently, his second Canadian scheme was not to soon be realized, when the Colonial Office refused to sanction the scheme. After furious activity on his part, early in 1803, having recruited his Highlanders in 1802-1803, the Home Office allowed they might look favourably on a settlement on Prince Edward Island, where unsettled lands could be had cheaply, without involving the Colonial Office, or the Colony.
+ Coming to understand the Island, learning of its potential through John Stewart, with arranged purchases from private proprietors, by July 1803, his first expedition had set out. Despite the lateness of the first season (for clearing of land or planting), with hindrances and disputes over land preferences, by the time he left in late September 1803, his PEI settlers were well on their way to being properly established.
+ The first documented European visitor to Lot 62 was Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk who observed of his 'visits' in his extensive and detailed diary. He suggests, of his first visit, of Monday, 8 August 1803, that he had perhaps been over-sold on Lot 62, like many others taking it over sight unseen.
+ "At one place, I went a little into the wood, & saw large stumps – I learnt on arriving at Charlotte Town, that all this coast had been laid waste by a great fire 30 or 40 years ago: – The soil however appears very poor sand. This is Lot 62, & does not seem to answer the high description J: S: gave of this quarter of the Island – perhaps the inland part might be better:"
+ Preparing to leave the Island, after seeing to the settlement of his summer arrivals, making his way to Nova Scotia, he reflects more positively, of Lot 62, in his entry of 18 September 1803.
+ "Day light found us very near the spot where I first landed on the Island, we continued with the Ebb along shore toward Wood Islands, under a high shore apparently much better land than we landed upon further west. ... The land is good above the Bank – beech maple & birch with a few very Spruce, as on the North on Point Prim – This high ridge seems to continue all the way from Wood Islands inland to Belfast behind the low swampy ground which forms the coast towards Flat River –"
+ Lot 62 had come to be owned by Lord Selkirk, who started its 'settlement' in 1803, as his first three chartered ships: The Polly (7 August 1803), The Dykes (9 August 1803) and The Oughton (27 August 1803) brought Scottish Highlanders, to the Island, some of whom found their way to Lot 62, and started two small communities that stand today.
+ Lot 62 - Belle Creek. Angus Bell, of Isle Colonsay, with wife, settled Belle River, PEI. Donald McDougall, a native of the Isle of Skye, with wife, settled Belle River, PEI. Alex Martin, of Isle of Skye, settled in Belle River, he a petitioner for Dr. Macaulay in 1811. Alexander Stewart settled in Belle River, PEI. Alexander Nicholson, of the Isle of Skye, settling at Belle Creek. Charles Stewart, of Skye, with wife Mary McMillan, and children, settled in Belle River, PEI. Donald Stewart, of Skye, with wife Catherine Morrison, settled in Belle River,PEI.
+ Lot 62 - Wood Islands. Of the first arrivals and earnest settlers, Donald Gillis, a petitioner later for Dr. Macaulay in 1811, settled on Wood Islands Road. Malcolm McIsaac, from Uist, Isle of Skye, located at Wood Islands, and Mrs Mackenzie (Elizabeth) settled on Wood Islands Road.
+ Following these first Selkirk arrivals to the Island, while facing new challenges in Upper Canada, he continued to arrange the recruiting and transit of settlers, to his growing Island estate, from Stornoway, Kintyre and Lockaber. His agent in Scotland – James Robertson (The Recruiter), after The NORTHERN FRIENDS in 1805, was able to organize, sufficient emigrants for four ships into 1806.
+ The 'NORTHERN FRIENDS' of Clyde, coming from Stornoway arrived on 3 October 1805, a Brigantine of 245 tons, captained by Archibald McPherson, she brought 91 settlers from the Outer Hebrides and Wester Ross. Listed as arriving at Flat River, many took up land on Lots 31 and 60, which Selkirk had only recently acquired, and others on Lot 62 at Belle Creek, Samuel Nicholson and John Cameron, and at Wood Islands, five families settled on 100-acre farms, there paying 2s per acre.
+ The 'RAMBLER' of Leith, coming from Mull, arrived on June 20, 1806, a Brigantine of 296 (294) tons, built in 1800, with Master: Captain James Norris. It left the West Highlands and the Isle of Mull with 129 (130) passengers, seeing some settle on Lots 62 and 65, Donald Stewart, settled in Lot 62 and some onto Lot 58. The 'HUMPHREYS' of London of 250 tons, built 1785 in Stockton with Master: Captain John Young of Tobermory, Mull carried passengers from the West Highlands and Islands of Mull and Colonsay. Arriving on 14 July 1806, with 96/97 passengers, some are noted as going to Lots 62 and 65. The 'ISLE OF SKYE' of Aberdeen, of 182 tons, newly built in 1806, with Captain John Thorn, of Liverpool, as Master, also arrived at Charlottetown in July 1806. Coming from the West Highlands and Islands of Mull and Colonsay it carried 37 passengers, some settling on Lots 62 and 65.
+ On 22 September 1806, The "SPENCER" of Newcastle upon Tyne , a brigantine of 330 tons, built in 1778 in Shields, with Forster H. Brown as Master, reached Pinette Harbour where the Collector of Customs, William Townsend, enumerated 115 passengers. Coming from Oban, Argyllshire, arriving late in the season, her passengers spent the winter at Pinette, with provisions and in quarters provided by Selkirk, and in the spring, they moved onto the Wood Islands and Lot 62. Most like Malcolm, Neil, James and Angus Munn negotiated contiguous lots of 100 acres along the road to Wood Islands. Although Neil Munn never developed his land and James operated a shipyard, the brother's acreage appear side-by-side on an early "Plan of Township 62." As Selkirk wished, more emigrants followed the McNeills, McMillans and Munns, they a critical mass that exceeded sixty individuals, young and old, and more than half the emigrants from The 'SPENCER'. The McMillan's (of Clan MacMillan) coming originally from Colonsay in Argyle, on The 'SPENCER' had thought to settle in Little Sands, however, after setting their fishing nets at Wood Islands and rewarded with a bountiful catch, they decided to make their homes there.
+ Selkirk's separation from Prince Edward Island, with his focus on The Red River Colony, meant his agents on the Island were constantly improvising, dealing with misconceptions and criticisms, usually acting without direction. Criticism of Thomas Douglas first came from his settlers, unhappy that he was not keeping promises, they dealing through his estate managers. Of his son, Dunbar Douglas, 6th Earl of Selkirk, criticism came from the many factions in political engagement, with continuing questions of quit-rents, their fairness to tenants and of obligations of lot proprietorship. From their first to their last estate manager, the Douglas's expected much of them, accustomed as they were to loyal Scottish subordinates, their managers instead acting independently, ignoring their interests and the estate's accounts, almost inevitably acquiring their own priorities, pretensions, and political ambitions.
+ The 5th Earl's first estate manager, James Williams, though arriving late on The 'OUGHTON', living in Charlottetown, was quick to take to his own interests. Williams from the outset, continual drawing upon Selkirk's account, failed to report of his work, and by July 1806, offered Selkirk no return on his lands, in land sales, in rents or from commerce. Worried about the finances, and the progress of his settlement, even late into 1809, with large arrears of advances to settlers, as well as returns from sales of land and timber, for paying of the his quit-rents, Selkirk had received no reports. It is suggested Selkirk had thought to give up on the Island, though not immediately prepared to replace Williams, as he had to yet receive a report of his Island accounts, considering if possible to sell his holdings. It was not until May 1815, that an Island court ordered an 'attachment' on Williams, that was not to be followed up, Selkirk winning in Court but never recovering assets, and monies lost to his estate manager.
+ The focus of their Island managers, over seventeen years, for Thomas Douglas, up to 1820, and then forty years for Dunbar Douglas, up to 1860, it seems, to a man they did not place their charge, and the Selkirk interests, at the top on their priority list. From the first, James Williams: 1803 to 1811, shortly by Charles Stewart: 1811 to 1813, and eventually William Douse: 1833 to 1860, there was always something more interesting politically and financially beneficial in which to engage. An 1841 PEI census document reveals one valuable perspective on Dunbar Douglas, of his interest in continuing to settle Lot 62, that is not positive and infers progressive actions of the estate manager (William Douse) are all but missing.
+ "There are no persons in the township whose passage has been paid by the proprietor and the same may be said the other three townships [in this District] with the exception of five or six indentured servants brought out from Scotland in 1803 by the Earl of Selkirk, and who afterwards received small allotments of land for their services. A few of the young men employed in the shipyards belong to other parts of the country though they have been resident in the district for the last 8 or 9 months. In this township there are several poor families who only arrived on the Island last fall and who have not yet taken up any land, some of whom will most probably settle in some other parts of the country in consequence of the little encouragement held forth to them by the proprietor's agent. In the rear of this township there are several new settlers who raised no crops. On the whole of the lot there is but one half-finished church, one grist mill frequently out of repair and one very indifferent school house. There are no brewing or distilling establishments."
+ If it were not for financial gain, and political advantage, William Douse, the last estate agent, holding a power of attorney from the 6th Earl, would show little interest in the good of the estate. Douse found the time and benefit, from 1834, in representing the Third Electoral District, of Queens County, where in the House, he was noted as an uninspired member, who spoke only on routine business affecting his District. In addition to numerous business engagements, Douse found the resources to become a landowner, in 1855, purchasing 14,000 acres from the 6th Earl, having negotiated his own price. A self-serving endeavour, Douse acted seeing the rush to sell in the 1854 'private sale' of the Worrell Estate, perhaps to pre-empt later agitations to the Earl, and the 'attempting' of forced purchases by the government.
+ With a lack of financial return, on considerable outlays, with indifferent tenants, some refusing to pay their rents, a 'distracted' estate manager, knowing of the Worrell sale, it was perhaps finally the tensions falling out of 'Land Purchase Act', that would cause the 6th Earl to consider selling his PEI holdings. In 1853, the Island's 'Land Purchase Act' sought to empower it to 'force' the purchase of estates from absentee proprietors, who had not met the financial responsibilities of their land grant, a first effort was unsuccessful as it could not be legally enforced, the proprietors could not be forced to sell, and the government lacked the funds for their purchase.
+ Politically astute, or prompted by Douse, perhaps intending to pre-empt the findings in the report of the 1860 Land Commissioners' Court, Dunbar Douglas, offered his holdings to the Island, embracing parts of Lots 53, 57, 58, 59, 60 and Lot 62, containing 62,059 acres, at a very reasonable rate, though much less than in the 'public sale' of the Worrell Estate. Sold 'out and out' Dunbar got clear of it all, the bad land as well as the good, selling the 'unproductive land' on which he could not collect rent, but must pay quit-rents. With the sale he was done with keeping on an agent, to collect small sums to be paid in a period extending for 10 to 20 more years, while perhaps continuing to not see profit from other commercial engagements. Not knowing if his arrears of quit-rent of £12,000 to £14,000, were remitted or to be remitted, and forgiven, the offer was eagerly embraced and a large and valuable tract of 'province' became public property at the moderate cost of 6,586 17s 8d sterling or 9,880£ 6s 6d currency. The purchase described as "This fortunate purchase has been of immense service to that section of the country; brightening the hopes, and strengthening the energies of all; and pointing the way to the best solution of the Land Question in sections similarly situated."
+ According to the Canada 2011 Census:
+ Belle River. Formally known as 'Belle Creek' as a settlement of Lot 62, c. 1803. Surveyed by Holland, 1765 / Depicted on Jeffreys, 1775. Taking its name from the French name Belle rivière, meaning "beautiful river". Canada's Department of the Interior map, 1914, misspells it as 'Bell river'. The Micmac name is: Mooinawa-seboo, meaning "Bear river". The Belle Creek PO opened in 1874 (with James Cook as the Post Master) and continues as the Belle River Post Office (C0A 1B0) today. Today, Belle River hosts two established businesses: 'Belle River Enterprises (1982) Limited' - serving fishers working the Northumberland Strait, and now export based Atlantic Soy Corp (2008).
+ Iris. Formally known as 'Pleasant Valley' from c1863, as a settlement of Lot 62 (and into Lot 63). The name Iris was given by Post Office department when service was opened, c1885 with Angus Beaton as the PM, the Iris PO closed in 1918. Iris was adopted in Place Names of PEI, 1925, and confirmed on 25 April 1946.
+ Little Sands. A settlement of Lot 62 (and Lot 64), on Plan 1829. The name was adopted in 1925, confirmed on 25 April 1946. Named for the sandy shore between Wood Island and High Bank, its Little Sands Creek flows south into the Northumberland Strait (also Dixon's Creek) and was served by the Little Sands Post Office from c1859 to 1915. Since 2012, Little Sands has hosted 'annually' 150 monastics, at a Buddhist monastery, which additionally welcomes over 200 lay practitioners. In their interests, they have purchased numerous older farms in southern Kings and eastern Queens, to support a growing demand for vegetable organics.
+ Mount Vernon. Initially known as Rona as an early settlement of Lot 62 (and into Lot 60), named for a small island in the Scottish Highland island Hebrides. The Rona Post Office opened c1874 with N. McKenzie as the Post Master and saw the Rona School beginning in c1850. Renamed, Mount Vernon by Canada Post Office Department, operating the Post Office until 1918, this new name was adopted on 25 April 1946. Since 1998, Mount Vernon has welcomed two large landowners: 'Wyman's (1998)' and "Braggs: Oxford Frozen Foods' – growing and processing wild low-bush blueberries, for export off Island.
+ Wood Islands. Wood Islands is community located on the Northumberland Strait, on the southernmost point of Prince Edward Island. Its historical 'status' designation as 'Wood Islands, Settlement' was changed to 'Wood Islands, Locality' - in 1972, when it became part of Belfast District. While the islands are located on maps by Jacques-Nicolas Bellin: Karte Bellin, 1744: 'I a Bova'; Louis Franquet: Cartes Franquet, 1751: 'Isle a Bois'; as surveyed by Samuel Johannes Holland (1764–65), and as depicted by Thomas Jeffreys, 1775, they are corrected situated in the basin. Today, Wood Islands maintains its farming and fishing pursuits, with perhaps more land rented out than Lord Selkirk had intended, now being strongly committed to the tourism pillar of the Island economic strategy. The community, in addition to benefiting from the'‘PEI Gateway East - Welcome Centre', and the Northumberland Ferries Limited berths and terminal, hosts: The Wood Islands Lighthouse; a Confederation Trail Entryway at the ‘Welcome Centre; Northumberland Provincial Park for overnight camping; and Wood Islands Provincial Park, a day use playground.
+
+= = = Darko Suvin = = =
+
+ Darko Ronald Suvin (born Darko Šlesinger) is a Yugoslav born academic, writer and critic who became a Professor at McGill University in Montreal — now emeritus. He was born in Zagreb, in which at the time was Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now the capital of Croatia. After teaching at the Department for Comparative Literature at the Zagreb University, and writing his first books and poems in his native language (that is, in the standardized Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian language), he left Yugoslavia in 1967.
+ He is best known for several major works of criticism and literary history devoted to science fiction. He was editor of "Science-Fiction Studies" (later respelled as "Science Fiction Studies") from 1973 to 1980. After his retirement from McGill in 1999, he has lived in Lucca, Italy. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences).
+ In 2009, he received Croatian SFera Award for lifetime achievement in science fiction. Also, he is member of Croatian Writers Society (HDP).
+ Recently, Suvin published the series of memoirs on his youth as member of the Young Communist League of Yugoslavia during the Nazi occupation of Croatia and Yugoslavia, and first years of Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia, in the Croatian cultural journal "Gordogan". His 2016 book "Splendour, Misery, and Potentialities: An X-ray of Socialist Yugoslavia" (published in translation as "Samo jednom se ljubi: radiografija SFR Jugoslavije" in Belgrade in 2014, in two printing), an attempt at dialectical history of socialist Yugoslavia, is now widely quoted in most recent books and articles in the emerging field of "post-Yugoslav studies".
+ Suvin was born in Zagreb, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, on July 19, 1930 to a Croatian Jewish family of Miroslav and Truda (née Weiser) Šlesinger. In Zagreb he attended the Jewish elementary school in Palmotićeva street. In 1939 his family changed the surname from Šlesinger to Suvin due to political situation and antisemitism caused by Nazi propaganda. When Suvin was a young child, there was great political strife in Yugoslavia. Originally a monarchy, Yugoslavia quickly succumbed to the Fascist occupation, and then later various other types of government. In the early 1940s, before the end of World War Two, a Nazi controlled bomb exploded close to Suvin, an event that was ultimately responsible for piquing his interest in Science Fiction, not because of the technology behind the bomb, but because he realized in even a slightly alternative world, he may have been killed right then and there. Many members of his family have perished during the Holocaust, including his paternal grandparents Lavoslav and Josipa Šlesinger.
+ After World War Two, Suvin became even more infatuated with science fiction. He earned his PhD from Zagreb University, one of the most prestigious universities in Europe. Soon after, he published his first article, which was little more than a brief overview and survey of the SF genre. After getting his foot in the proverbial door, he continued making money by translating a wide variety of science fiction books into his native language. They included "The Seedling Stars" and "Day of the Triffids". In general, the more fascinating he found a book, the more likely he was to translate it.
+ In Yugoslavia during the early 1960s, Suvin published his first book, a historical introduction to, or general overview of, science fiction as a whole. Authors like Asimov and Heinlein were discussed in great detail, and several individual SF books were analyzed. The book also included the results of his first article initially published in 1957.
+ In 1967, Suvin emigrated to North America to teach in universities. Shortly after arriving, college students in the United States were revolting. Students wanted many things, but among them were more courses, one of which was Science Fiction. At this point, Suvin's expertise was extremely desirable, and there were many educational institutions that were looking to hire him.
+ Suvin was hired as a Science Fiction professor at McGill University in Montreal in 1968. About five years later, the number of students signing up for SF courses dropped significantly, leaving him to teach English and Literature courses. Through his teaching career, he has published numerous works and contributed to the study of Science Fiction. In 1999, Suvin retired and moved to Italy, where he lives to this day.
+ Works of Science Fiction all begin with the idea of framing a hypothesis - a new thing or "novum". The most common of these hypotheses is likely time travel, although there are many thousands of distinct alternate realities used in books and movies that do not utilize time travel as a hypothesis. It is Suvin's opinion that some of the most commercially successful works of SF have only used this idea of framing a hypothesis as an ornament. In other words, Suvin believes that the most popular mainstream SF works, like "Star Wars", are not truly SF at heart—they simply utilize the genre as a way to take advantage of the special effects and uniqueness that go along with the genre.
+ In Suvin's opinion, the focus of the genre lies in encouraging new ways of thinking about human society, or to inspire those who are oppressed to resist. Suvin has labeled this idea of subversive thinking as cognitive estrangement. Those works of SF that could be characterized as using cognitive estrangement rely on no one particular hypothesis, but instead on the cognitive presentation of alternative realities that directly contradict the status quo.
+
+= = = Newport Jazz Festival: Live at Carnegie Hall = = =
+
+ Ella Fitzgerald at the Newport Jazz Festival: Live at Carnegie Hall is a 1973 live album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald, accompanied by a reconstructed Chick Webb Band, the pianist Ellis Larkins, and for the second half of the album, the Tommy Flanagan Quartet (featuring Joe Pass).
+ This was a historic night for Fitzgerald, reuniting her with many members that had worked with her when she performed with the drummer and Bandleader Chick Webb in the mid-1930s. Fitzgerald is also reunited with the pianist Ellis Larkins, who accompanied on her 1950 album "Ella Sings Gershwin". The second half of the record sees Fitzgerald perform a typical set from this stage in her career.
+ Fitzgerald is introduced by the great jazz singer Carmen McRae on the second disc. McRae also appeared on the 2001 remastered edition of Fitzgerald's only other recorded appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, 1958's "Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday at Newport".
+ Disc one
+ Disc Two
+ Recorded July 5, 1973, by Record Plant Remote in Carnegie Hall, New York City.
+
+= = = Aston Eyre = = =
+
+ Aston Eyre is a hamlet and civil parish in Shropshire, England, about four miles west of Bridgnorth.
+ The area has a significant amount of green space. The spine road that runs through the centre of the village is the B4368.
+ Aston Eyre was known as 'East farm/settlement'. It was held by Robert son of Aer (Fitz Aer) in 1212. Previously, the village was distinguished by the affix Wheaten, denoting a place where wheat was grown.
+ In the years 1870-72 John Marius Wilson described Aston Eyre as "ASTON-EYRE, a township in Morvill parish, Salop; 4 miles W by N of Bridgeworth, Acres, 1,330. Pop., 85. Houses, 19. It forms a curacy annexed to the vicarage of Morvill".
+ In the early 1800s the population was divided into people working with agriculture, trade and manufacturing. After 1845 the inhabitants' occupations started to diversify. By 1881, the dominating 2 occupations were in agriculture and services. From that date onward the numbers in agriculture dropped and the numbers in services increased. By 2001, the numbers in services were 16 times the numbers in agriculture.
+ The settlement has evolved with in accordance to the Industrial Revolution. Firstly heavy agriculture and then as that industry moves abroad, services takes over.
+ The Population & Household Census data for 2011 shows that at the time Aston Eyre had a total population of 271. The population density has been at a constant level of less than one person per hectare since 1880-2000. The biggest population increase was from the years 1930-1960, over these years the percentage increase was 5% in an accumulating fashion. There are 11 full-time students in Aston Eyre of which two are economically active. In total 81 people are economically active, 35 of which are self-employed, and nine are part-time workers. 270 residents out of 271 total are of white/English ethnicity.
+ These demographics show that this parish is a typical English, rural settlement.
+ Aston Eyre Church has no religious dedication. It is described as a chapel of ease. The chapel was built in 1132 for the owners of the now ruined Aston Hall, which was later used for agricultural purposes in the 18th century. The church is located in the centre of the small hamlet.
+ Aston Eyre Hall was built in the mid-14th century and consists of two wings to the north and west, with a detached gatehouse to the east. The gatehouse has been converted into a functioning farm house and there is a similar barn to the north which dates to around 1613. The site was excavated by Channel 4's Time Team programme in 1998.
+
+= = = Hardial Singh = = =
+
+ Hardial Singh Bajaj (born April 5, 1905 in Khanga Dogran, British India died September 18, 1967 in Singapore) was a prominent Southeast Asian of Indian origin.
+ He was the son of Mehar Singh (father) and Thakur Devi (mother), the eldest of six children.
+ He was married to Kirpal Kaur, daughter of Tara Singh (Lalaji). He then migrated to Kuala Lumpur, Malaya and became a renowned textile merchant. He was associated with Gian Singh & Co., Hardial Singh & Co. and Hardial Singh & Sons. “King of Textiles” as pronounced by "The Statesman" when he landed in Calcutta, India. He was a property investor and a spices and films trader.
+ During World War II in Singapore, the Imperial Japanese Army Anti-Espionage Department imprisoned and tortured him, burning him with cigarette butts thinking him to be a spy. Sardar Singh Chatwal arranged for special meals and his release. He was rumoured to have been considered for knighthood and having lost that opportunity by unwittingly having imported shirts in violation of the "Arrow" (shirts) trademark.
+ He joined the Indian Independence League in 1945, during World War II. He served as Special Supply Officer for Subhas Chandra Bose. He handed over custody of the sacks of gold entrusted to him during the War, to the Indian Overseas Bank in Singapore. Jawaharlal Nehru took possession of the gold on behalf of the Indian government.
+ Source: Narinjan Singh Bajaj, son of Hardial Singh
+ A Singapore pioneer. President of the Indian Chamber in Singapore from 1949 to 1953. Source: "The Straits Times"
+
+= = = Creetown = = =
+
+ Creetown (, sometimes ) is a small seaside town in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, in Galloway in the Dumfries and Galloway council area in south-west Scotland. Its population is about 750 people. It is situated near the head of Wigtown Bay, west of Castle Douglas. The town was originally named Ferrytown of Cree (Scottish Gaelic: "Port Aiseig a' Chrìch") as it formed one end of a ferry route that took pilgrims across the River Cree estuary to the shrine of St Ninian at Whithorn. This is why the local football team, formed in 1895, are known as 'The Ferrytoun'.
+ Creetown was formerly served by the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Railway. The granite quarries in the vicinity constituted the leading industry from about 1830 to 1900, the stone for the Liverpool docks and other public works having been obtained from them. The village dates from 1785, and became a burgh of barony in 1792. Sir Walter Scott laid part of the scene of the novel "Guy Mannering" in this neighbourhood.
+ The clock tower commemorates Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
+ The Ellangowan Hotel was used to portray the interior of the Green Man public house in Robin Hardy's film, "The Wicker Man" 1973.
+ John Knox stayed at Barholm Castle as guest of the MacCullochs of Barholm in 1566 while on a preaching tour of Galloway.
+ John Keats and his friend Charles Armitage Brown stayed at an inn here on their walking tour of Scotland in 1818.
+ Dr Thomas Brown, the metaphysician (1778–1820), was a native of the parish in which Creetown lies.
+ James Thompson (1788-1854) pastor was born in Creetown, the son of William Thomson and Janet Burnett, belonging to a family that professed the Presbyterian religion.
+ Mary Duchess of Bedford, "The Flying Duchess", maintained a permanent landing ground (AA Approved) from about 1926, used when travelling to her home, nearby Cairnsmore House.
+ Hideo Furuta (1949-2007) was a Japanese sculptor, born in Hiroshima, who settled at Creetown. He worked the Creetown granite from the disused Kirkmabreck Quarry. His work can be seen in the redesign of Adamson Square.
+ The Creetown Heritage Museum is a community-based resource detailing and recording the cultural, industrial and natural history of Creetown and the surrounding area. It is run by a small volunteer committee who are constantly seeking to add to the collections of photographs, tools and artifacts from current and past village life.
+ Another ongoing project is the Oral History Project. Senior members of the community have been invited to relate their memories of Creetown during their lifetimes. The project has become a vital source of information and will be collated and documented for the future as a living reference to Creetown over the last 70 years.
+ The Balloch Wood Community Project arose from an approach by Forestry Commission Scotland in 2001 to develop Balloch Wood as a community asset. Over the following three years a great deal was achieved. The first of several new paths has been opened, which will eventually lead to a new network of walks extending outwards into the surrounding hills from the village.
+ The new paths start less than 200m from Kirkmabreck Church and follow the Balloch Burn to the Mid Burn and then back down the centre of the woodland to the entrance. These paths have been added to by a new link path through the ancient woodland to the completed Curling Pond wildlife area. It is planned that a further path along the burnside to the Balloch Bridge will be developed in time to create a circular route.
+ At the Curling Pond, an all-abilities path has been constructed around and, between the ponds, a small car park has also been completed for the use of the less able.
+ It is hoped that local schools and other groups will use the ancient woodland as an open classroom to the benefit of the young people of the area. There is also the intention to introduce woodland sculptures and other significant artistic works which anyone can offer to be involved in.
+ Creetown F.C. is a football club based in Creetown in the Dumfries and Galloway area of Scotland. Formed in 1905 as Creetown Rifle Volunteers Football Club, they adopted their present name in 1920. They originally played their home matches at Barholm Park, which had been the ground of Barholm Rovers, who went out of existence in 1905. They now play their home matches at Castlecary Park.
+
+= = = Salinas de Hidalgo = = =
+
+ Salinas de Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Mexico also known as Salinas del Peñón Blanco, is a small town located in the northwestern part of the state. It is the seat of Salinas municipality in Mexico.
+ It attracts a variety of tourists because of its historical contents, and quality of being. It is believed that at one time it used to belong to the colonial state Zacatecas, but even today, people still argue whether it was. It is a state that is surrounded by ranches and places that seem of interest because of its mass in culture, and religious values. Salinas is also known for its beautiful mountain range outside on the eastern part of the town.
+
+= = = SelecTV (Australian television) = = =
+
+ SelecTV was an Australian satellite based subscription television broadcasting service. As of January 2011, the service is no longer available. Services were carried on the Intelsat 8 satellite.
+ SelecTV was created in Melbourne in October 2003 by Jim Blomfield, a former chief executive officer of Foxtel, as i-view Broadcasting Pty, Ltd. It underwent multiple name changes, before finally being renamed as SelecTV Broadcasting Limited in October 2005. The companies focus was to provide comparatively low-cost premium content to specialist market segments, including Australians whose first language was other than English and retirees. In August 2006, WIN Corporation purchased 50.1% of the company for $23 million, acquiring overall company control. By April 2006, the company said it had approximately 2,000 subscribers. WIN Corporation saw opportunity in the companies rapid expansion, and direct competition to the Australian subscription television giant Foxtel, acquiring the remaining 49.9% from Access Providers in October 2006. The company expanded its programming to over 40 television channels consisting of English-language channels, as well as various programming packages comprising foreign-language and special interest channels in Greek, Spanish, Italian, German, and Vietnamese. By 2009, due to low subscription to their language packages, SelecTV discontinued all German and Vietnamese programming.
+ By June 2010, the company had approximately 45,000 subscribers, well short of its target of 80,000. Despite expanding their English language services, SelecTV failed to meet subscriber targets. In August 2010, it was reported that the company would cease broadcasting English programming by 15 November 2010. On 20 August 2010, SelecTV signed an agreement allowing its 22,000 English subscribers to voluntarily change to Foxtel and Austars subscription services without additional charges. On 30 August 2010, SelecTV sold their Italian language programming to World Media International and in October their Spanish language programming to UBI World TV.
+ In its final days, SelecTV provided subscription packages for Greek programming.
+ On 4 February 2011 SelecTV went into voluntary administration. On 7 February 2011 a creditors meeting was held where the company revealed that it was in debt of $26 million. The channel is no longer available in Australia.
+
+= = = All the King's Horses (short story) = = =
+
+ "All the King's Horses" is a short story written in or before 1951 by Kurt Vonnegut. It can be found in his collection of short stories "Welcome to the Monkey House". It derives its title from a line in the Humpty Dumpty nursery rhyme.
+ The story takes place in the early years of the Cold War and centers on U.S. Army Colonel Bryan Kelly, whose plane has crash-landed on the Asiatic mainland. With him are his two sons, his wife, the pilot and co-pilot, and ten enlisted men. The sixteen prisoners are held captive by the Communist guerrilla chief Pi Ying, who forces Kelly to play a game of chess using his family and men as the white pieces, and himself as the king. Any American pieces that Pi Ying captures will be executed immediately; if Kelly wins, he and his surviving pieces will be freed. A Russian military officer, Major Barzov, and Pi Ying's female companion are present to watch the game.
+ Pi Ying takes a sadistic pleasure in pointless exchanges of pieces meant to wear down Kelly, who begins to doubt himself over every move he makes. Eventually, he realizes that his only chance to win involves sacrificing one of his knights, played by his sons. Pi Ying captures the piece; before he can order the boy's execution, though, his companion stabs him and herself to death. Barzov then takes over for Pi Ying, but is defeated by Kelly's trap. He spares the captured son's life and offers to transport the twelve surviving group members to safety, saying that since the United States and USSR are not officially at war, he would have let them go even if Kelly had lost. Not wanting Kelly to leave thinking he is a better chess player, Barzov suggests a rematch with no lives at stake. Kelly declines, but says he will play at a later time if Barzov insists on it.
+
+= = = The Life Pursuit = = =
+
+ The Life Pursuit is the seventh studio album by Scottish indie pop band Belle & Sebastian. It was released in Europe on 6 February 2006 by Rough Trade Records and in North America on 7 February 2006 by Matador Records.
+ The models on the album cover are Alex Klobouk, Natasha Noramly, and Marisa Privitera.
+ The album earned the band its most successful chart performance yet, reaching #8 in the UK Album Chart and #65 on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, selling 20,485 units in the first week. "The Life Pursuit" has been certified Silver in the UK. Lead single "Funny Little Frog" reached the top 20 of the UK Single Charts in January 2006, becoming the band's highest charting to date. "The Blues Are Still Blue" was released as the second single in April of that same year managing to peak inside the top 40. "White Collar Boy" was released as the last single in June peaking inside the top 50 of the same chart. Furthermore, "We Are the Sleepyheads" was used in MTV2 adverts. In 2009, "Pitchfork" named the album the 86th greatest of the 2000s.
+ The Life Pursuit has sold 112,000 units in US.
+
+= = = Aston Tirrold = = =
+
+ Aston Tirrold is a village and civil parish at the foot of the Berkshire Downs about southeast of Didcot. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 373.
+ "Aston" is a common toponym derived from the Old English for "east town". It evolved via "Eston" and "Extona" in the 11th century and "Eston" in the 13th century before becoming "Aston" before the beginning of the 14th century. "Tirrold" began as "Torald", "Thorold" and "Thurroll" in the 15th and 16th centuries, and the name was run together as "Austenthorold" in the 16th century. A Nicholas son of Torold held the manor in 1166.
+ There may have been a church on the site of the Church of England parish church of Saint Michael since the Saxon period, as the north aisle has a square-headed doorway that may date from this period. The doorway is clearly not in its original position, as it links the 19th century north aisle with the vestry. The church is a Grade II* listed building.
+ The Norman south doorway is 11th century. The nave and chancel were also Norman, built in the 12th century, but the chancel was rebuilt in the Early English Gothic style in the first half of the 13th century. The priest's doorway and lancet windows survive from this time. The south transept is also from the first half of the 13th century but was remodeled in the first half of the 14th century. The Decorated Gothic east window of the chancel is also 14th century. Page and Ditchfield thought that the bell tower was from the first half of the 13th century. However, it is Perpendicular Gothic which suggests it is no earlier than the middle of the 14th century.
+ St Michael's used to have a rood loft. It was removed, presumably during the English Reformation, and the stairs are now blocked. The upper and lower doorways to the stairs are late Perpendicular Gothic. In 1863 the church was restored and the Gothic Revival north aisle was added. The aisle has three bays designed in a 14th-century style. The organ loft was added in 1910 but includes a 15th-century Perpendicular Gothic window that may have come from the north wall of the nave when the north aisle was built.
+ The tower has a ring of six bells. The third bell was cast in about 1599, probably at Salisbury in Wiltshire. Joseph Carter of Reading, Berkshire cast the second bell in 1603. Henry I Knight of Reading cast the fourth bell in 1617 and Ellis I Knight cast the fifth bell in 1639. Lester and Pack of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the tenor bell in about 1769. Mears and Stainbank, also of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, cast the treble bell in 1937. There is also a Sanctus bell, cast by an unidentified foundry in about 1499.
+ St Michael's is now part of the Benefice of the Churn.
+ A Presbyterian congregation was established in the area shortly after the Act of Uniformity 1662, from which date two local dissenting clergymen, Thomas Cheesman, formerly vicar of East Garston, and Richard Comyns, formerly vicar of Cholsey, preached to congregations meeting in barns and in the open air. A Society of Dissenters had been founded at Aston Tirrold by 1670.
+ Aston Tirrold Presbyterian chapel is a Georgian building of 1728. It is built of blue and red brick, has two arched windows and a hipped roof. From 1841 until 1845 its minister was Thomas Keyworth, author of "Principia Hebraica". It is now Aston Tirrold United Reformed Church
+ The former public house in the village, the Chequers Inn, is now The Sweet Olive gastropub.
+ The musician Steve Winwood and the other members of his rock band Traffic (Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, and Chris Wood) lived at a country cottage near Aston Tirrold in the late 1960s and wrote much of the "Mr. Fantasy" album there. Other visitors included Stephen Stills and Pete Townshend. Subsequently the guitarist Eric Clapton and drummer Ginger Baker, previously of Cream, visited, which led to the formation of the short-lived rock band Blind Faith. Steve Winwood left the cottage in 1969, but returned for a BBC Four documentary screened in June 2010 and June 2013.
+ In 2003 the tennis player Tim Henman bought a property valued at £2 million at the edge of the village.
+
+= = = Shellow Bowells = = =
+
+ Shellow Bowells (or occasionally misspelt as Shellow Bowels) is a village and former civil parish in the Epping Forest District of Essex, England. It is situated to the west of Chelmsford, between the villages of Willingale on its westerly border and Roxwell on its east. In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 95.
+ Since 1946 the village has been part of the civil parish of Willingale. The village name is believed to be derived from "Shellow", meaning a bend in the river, and the "Beaulieu" family.
+ The village church, dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, is no longer in use as such, having become a private dwelling.
+ Shellow Bowells is mentioned by Bill Bryson in "Notes From A Small Island" and Paul Theroux's "The Kingdom By The Sea". It is referred to as Shallow Bowells in Part Five of "Random Harvest" by James Hilton.
+
+= = = Lot 2, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 2 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada created during the 1764–1766 survey of Samuel Holland. It is part of North Parish.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ The township went through various owners under feudalism when Prince Edward Island was a British colony prior to Canadian Confederation:
+
+= = = Aston Upthorpe = = =
+
+ Aston Upthorpe is a village and civil parish about southeast of Didcot in South Oxfordshire. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 179.
+ Half of the high Blewburton Hill is in the parish. The hill is the site of an Iron Age hill fort that may have been occupied from the 4th century BC to the 1st century BC.
+ The Church of England parish church of All Saints may date from the second half of the 11th century. However, the only surviving Norman features are one small window in the north wall of the nave and the blocked-up remains of a south doorway. The nave roof may be 14th century and its west wall and Perpendicular Gothic window may be 15th century. The wooden north porch is of uncertain date, possibly the first half of the 17th century. In 1859–60 under the direction of the Gothic Revival architect P.C. Hardwick, the nave was restored and the chancel was restored. The bellcote is also wooden and has two bells, and may have been added by Hardwick. All Saints is now part of the Benefice of the Churn.
+
+= = = Lot 3, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 3 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada created during the 1764–1766 survey of Samuel Holland. It is part of North Parish.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ The township went through various owners under feudalism when Prince Edward Island was a British colony prior to Canadian Confederation:
+
+= = = Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California) = = =
+
+ The Mountain View Cemetery is a rural cemetery in Oakland, Alameda County, California. It was established in 1863 by a group of East Bay pioneers under the California Rural Cemetery Act of 1859. The association they formed still operates the cemetery today. Mountain View was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect who also designed New York City's Central Park and much of UC Berkeley and Stanford University.
+ Many of California's important historical figures, drawn by Olmsted's reputation, are buried here, and there are many grandiose crypts in tribute to the wealthy that one section is known as "Millionaires' Row." Because of this, and its beautiful setting, the cemetery is a tourist draw and docents lead semi-monthly tours.
+ Olmsted's intent was to create a space that would express a harmony between humankind and the natural setting. In the view of 19th century English and American romantics, park-like cemeteries, such as Mountain View, represented the peace of nature, to which humanity's soul returns. Olmsted, drawing upon the concepts of American Transcendentalism, integrated Parisian grand monuments and broad avenues.
+ Adjoining Mountain View Cemetery is Saint Mary Cemetery and the Chapel of the Chimes mausoleum and columbarium.
+ There are many notable people interred in Mountain View, many are local figures in California history, but others have achieved wider fame.
+ Mountain View Cemetery is featured prominently in the 2018 film "Blindspotting". Daveed Diggs's character is shown going there for morning runs, and an important scene happens in the cemetery where the character imagines Black victims of police brutality standing over the graves.
+
+= = = Aston Rowant = = =
+
+ Aston Rowant (anciently "Aston Rohant") is a village, civil parish and former manor about south of Thame in South Oxfordshire, England. The parish includes the villages of Aston Rowant and Kingston Blount, and adjoins Buckinghamshire to the southeast. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 793.
+ The Lower Icknield Way passes through the parish southeast of the village.
+ Toward the end of the 17th century a large Roman vessel, containing five smaller ones, was found at Kingston Blount. In 1971 a hoard of late seventh- and early eighth-century silver coins called sceattas was found on the Chiltern escarpment, near where the A40 road crosses the Icknield Way. In 1972 the hoard was reported to total 175 coins, by 1994 the total was 350, and either case it was then the largest single find of sceattas in Britain. A Coroner's Court determined that the coins are treasure trove, and the British Museum then acquired the hoard.
+ The hoard is believed to have been hidden in either AD 710 or 710–15. Only about a quarter of the coins were from Anglo-Saxon mints in Britain. The remainder are from mainland Europe, mostly from Merovingian mints around the mouth of the Rhine. The owner may therefore have been a Frisian merchant travelling along the Icknield Way.
+ In 1055 the Diocese of Winchester held the manor of Aston. Bishop Stigand of Winchester had promised to grant Aston to the Benedictine Abingdon Abbey but failed to do so. Just before the Norman conquest of England a Saxon called Wulfstan held the manor.
+ The Domesday Book records that in 1086 Aston belonged to Miles Crispin, son-in-law of Robert D'Oyly. Crispin died in 1107 and his widow Maud was married to Brien FitzCount. FitzCount and Maud supported the Empress Matilda during the Anarchy, and when King Stephen defeated Matilda both FitzCount and Maud entered religious houses, the latter to Wallingford Priory to whom the grant of the church (glebe and advowson) was made, subsequently appointing its vicar until the dissolution of the monasteries. Stephen granted their estates to Henry, Duke of Normandy, thus making Aston part of the Honour of Wallingford. Aston later became part of the Honour of Ewelme. It later was the seat of the de Rohant family from which the manor gained the name "Aston Rohant", today corrupted to "Aston Rowant". The heir of de Rohant was the Champernowne family, lords of the manor of Modbury in Devon.
+ The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul are the north and south walls of the nave, which are Norman and from around 1100. The chancel was rebuilt late in the 13th century in the Decorated Gothic style. The Decorated Gothic bell tower and north and south aisles were added in the 14th century. In the 15th century natural light in the church was increased by the addition of a window in the north wall and a clerestory above the nave, both of which are Perpendicular Gothic.
+ The church tower had a spire until 1811, when some of the stonework of the tower parapet fell off and the spire was removed during the tower repairs. In 1831 the Perpendicular Gothic roof of the nave was replaced with a new flat one. The chancel was renovated in 1850 and its present east window was inserted in 1856. In 1874 the north aisle was extended westwards by one bay to provide a chamber in which an organ was installed. The architect E.G. Bruton restored the building in 1884.
+ The tower has a ring of six bells. The oldest is the fourth bell, which Roger Landen of Wokingham, Berkshire cast in about 1450. Ellis I Knight of Reading cast the second, third and tenor bells in 1625. John Warner and Sons of Cripplegate, London cast the fifth bell in 1873 and the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the present treble bell in 1975, completing the current ring of six.
+ Aston Rowant was a large strip parish, more than double its current size, extending about from the southern edge of Thame Park in the northwest to Beacon's Bottom high in the Chilterns to the southeast. The 1841 Census recorded a parish population greater than today, at 884 people. However the parish included Stokenchurch until 1844.
+ The village school was founded in or before 1833 as a National School for girls, and in 1844 its present premises were built and it became a mixed school. In 1931 it was reorganised as a junior school and in 1951 it became a Church of England school.
+ The single-track Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway was built in 1872 and opened Aston Rowant railway station about from the village. The Great Western Railway operated the line until nationalisation in 1948. British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1957 and closed Aston Rowant goods yard in 1961. The track has since been dismantled.
+ The railway station appears in four feature films:
+ Excerpts of these films can be found at The Watlington Branch Line YouTube Playlist.
+ Aston Rowant Cricket Club plays in the Home Counties and Cherwell Leagues. Its ground covers a quarter of the gap between Aston Rowant and Kingston Blount (known as Kingston, locally) and serves both villages' cricketers. Kingston can be reached by direct path or road and has another sports ground next to its allotments.
+ Aston Rowant National Nature Reserve, on the Chiltern escarpment, is partly in the parish.
+
+= = = Ausar Auset Society = = =
+
+ The Ausar Auset Society is a Pan-African religious organization founded in 1973 by Ra Un Nefer Amen.
+ It is based in Brooklyn, New York, with chapters in several major cities in the United States as well as international chapters in London, England, Toronto, Canada, and Bermuda. The organization provides afrocentric-based spiritual training to the African American community in particular and to the African diaspora in general.
+ Each Ausar Auset Society branch or study group replicates the society's structure established by Ra Un Nefer Amen in New York and falls under the leadership of either a Paramount King, Paramount Queen Mother, or Chief(tess) who has his/her own hierarchy of officials and autonomy over their respective region.
+ Central to the Ausarian religious system are the 11 Divine Laws. An important theme of this book is that the essence of these 11 Laws must be programmed into the Spirit of the individual through specific meditation techniques. Impressing these Laws upon the spirit will ensure that an individual's identity is with his or her true Self when he or she is confronted with a challenging situation rather than with the false self-image that gives control over to the emotions.
+ A proper understanding for the cultivation of the 11 Laws consists of the following:
+ Another important concept that is integral to the teachings of Ausar Auset Society is that Man's entire Being is a composite made up of the Self and the Not-Self, as both are required in order to exist in the physical world. An individual's true identity, however, is the Self which consists of Consciousness and Will (Not-Self consists of Energy and Matter) as there is no energy or matter in Man's true Self. Since Spirit is considered Not-Self, Man's true Self cannot be Spirit. Also, every thought, emotion and sensation belongs to the Not-Self and generally represents a manifestation of the Animal Spirit in Man. The Animal Spirit, along with the Mental Spirit and the Divine Spirit, represents a triune view of Man's Being. The Divine Spirit, which is pre-programmed with Divine Law, corresponds to Man's true Self while both the Mental Spirit (Man's intellect and reasoning ability) and the Animal Spirit correspond to the Not-Self. Therefore, failure to control one's emotions, for example, represents a submission to the animal part of Being as well as a waste of one's Life Force.
+
+= = = Greenmeadow = = =
+
+ Greenmeadow is a suburb of Cwmbran in the county borough of Torfaen, within the historic county boundaries of Monmouthshire, southern Wales, United Kingdom.
+ Not to be confused with Green Meadow Golf Club, which is on the other side of Cwmbran in Croesyceiliog.
+ At the 2001 Census:
+
+= = = The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (Caravaggio) = = =
+
+ The Incredulity of Saint Thomas is a painting of the subject of the same name by the Italian Baroque master Caravaggio, c. 1601–1602. It is housed in the Sanssouci Picture Gallery, now a museum, in Potsdam, Germany.
+ It shows the episode that gave rise to the term "Doubting Thomas" which, formally known as the Incredulity of Thomas, had been frequently represented in Christian art since at least the 5th century, and used to make a variety of theological points. According to St John's Gospel, Thomas the Apostle missed one of Jesus's appearances to the Apostles after His resurrection, and said "Unless I see the nail marks in his hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe it." A week later Jesus appeared and told Thomas to touch Him and stop doubting. Then Jesus said, "Because you have seen me, you have believed; blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed."
+ In the painting, Thomas's face shows surprise as Jesus holds his hand and guides it into the wound. The absence of a halo emphasizes the corporeality of the risen Christ. The work is in chiaroscuro.
+ This picture is probably related to "Saint Matthew and the Angel" (1602) and the "Sacrifice of Isaac" (1603), all having a model in common. It belonged to Vincenzo Giustiniani before entering the Prussian royal collection, surviving the Second World War intact.
+ A second version of "The Incredulity of Saint Thomas" has been re-discovered in Trieste, Italy in a private collection.
+ It is published in the Maurizio Marini corpus catalogico "Caravaggio - Pictor praestantissimus" Newton & Compton - 2005 in the position Q50. The painting is declared "d'interesse artistico e storico" by the "Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali Sopraintendenza Regionale del Fiuli - Venezia Giulia". Its authenticity has been attested by several experts including Maurizio Marini and Denis Mahon and confirmed by a court in Trieste.
+
+= = = Jim Glennon = = =
+
+ James Glennon (born 7 July 1953) is an Irish former Fianna Fáil politician and former Irish International rugby player. He was a Teachta Dála for the Dublin North constituency from 2002 to 2007.
+ Glennon was born in Skerries, County Dublin in 1953. He was educated at Mount St. Joseph's school in Roscrea, County Tipperary. A former rugby union international he was capped six times for Ireland as a second row forward. He is a former coach and manager to the Leinster senior team and is also a former manager to the Ireland under 19 and Ireland under 21 teams.
+ Glennon first held political office when he was elected to Seanad Éireann in a by-election. He remained there until 2002 when he was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election. Glennon was Vice-chairman of the Oireachtas Committee on Arts, Sport, Tourism, Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs from 2002 to 2007. He was also a member of the Oireachtas Transport Committee and of the Oireachtas Committee on Procedures and Privileges. Glennon chaired a session of the Dublin Forum – a Fianna Fáil project to allow Dublin residents discuss issues of political significance. He was part of the TV3 Rugby World Cup coverage in 2007.
+ In October 2006, Glennon surprisingly announced that he would not be standing at the 2007 general election.
+
+
+= = = Health assessment = = =
+
+ A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history. It is done to detect diseases early in people that may look and feel well.
+ Evidence does not support routine health assessments in otherwise healthy people.
+ Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status of an individual along the health continuum. The purpose of the assessment is to establish where on the health continuum the individual is because this guides how to approach and treat the individual. The health care approaches range from preventive, to treatment, to palliative care in relation to the individual's status on the health continuum. It is not the treatment or treatment plan. The plan related to findings is a care plan which is preceded by the specialty such as medical, physical therapy, nursing, etc.
+ "Health assessment" has been separated by authors from physical assessment to include the focus on health occurring on a continuum as a fundamental teaching. In the healthcare industry it is understood health occurs on a continuum, so the term used is "assessment" but may be preference by the speciality's focus such as nursing, physical therapy, etc. In healthcare, the assessment's focus is biopsychosocial but the intensity of focus may vary by the type of healthcare practitioner. For example, in the emergency room the focus is chief complaint and how to help that person related to the perceived problem. If the problem is a heart attack then the intensity of focus is on the biological/physical problem initially.
+
+= = = Tro Breizh = = =
+
+ Tro Breizh (Breton for "Tour of Brittany") is a Catholic pilgrimage that links the towns of the seven founding saints of Brittany. These seven saints were Celtic monks from Britain from around the 5th or 6th century who brought Christianity to Armorica and founded its first bishoprics.
+ The tour originally was a month-long walking tour, but when relaunched in 1994 by Les Chemins du Tro Breizh ("The Paths of the Tro Breizh" in French), it was decided to limit the tour to one week-long stage every year, still following the original path:
+ An old Breton legend says that those who do not complete the "Tro Breizh" in their lifetime will be sentenced to complete it in their afterlife, walking the length of the tour from within their coffin every seven years.
+ The first writings mentioning the existence of these tours dates from the 13th century
+ In 2002, after successfully completing the seven-year tour, the pilgrimage moved on to Wales, whence many of the bishops came.
+
+= = = Lot 4, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 4 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada created during the 1764–1766 survey of Samuel Holland. It is part of Egmont Parish.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ Lot 4 was awarded to Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel in the 1767 land lottery. The township subsequently went through various owners under feudalism when Prince Edward Island was a British colony prior to Canadian Confederation.
+
+= = = Aston-sub-Edge = = =
+
+ Aston Subedge (also written Aston-sub-Edge) is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, close by the border with Worcestershire (to the west). According to the 2001 census the population was 55, increasing to 107 at the 2011 census. The village is about 8 miles east of Evesham, and near the village of Weston-sub-Edge.
+ The church of St Andrew was built in 1797 by Thomas Johnson of Warwick.
+ Dover's Hill lies about to the south of Aston Subedge.
+
+= = = Khanga Dogran = = =
+
+ Khanqah Dogran is a city in the Safdarabad Tehsil of Sheikhupura District, Punjab province of Pakistan.
+
+= = = Lot 5, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 5 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada created during the 1764–1766 survey of Samuel Holland. It is part of Egmont Parish.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ Lot 5 was awarded to Edward Lewis in the 1767 land lottery while Lewis was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Radnor. The township became jointly owned with John Hill in 1779 and subsequently went through various owners under feudalism when Prince Edward Island was a British colony prior to Canadian Confederation.
+
+= = = Naval history of Japan = = =
+
+ The naval history of Japan can be said to begin in early interactions with states on the Asian continent in the early centuries of the 1st millennium, reaching a pre-modern peak of activity during the 16th century, a time of cultural exchange with European powers and extensive trade with the Asian mainland. After over two centuries of relative seclusion under the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan's naval technologies were seen to be no match for Western navies when the country was forced by American intervention in 1854 to abandon its maritime restrictions. This and other events led to the Meiji Restoration, a period of frantic modernization and industrialization accompanied by the re-ascendence of the Emperor, making the Imperial Japanese Navy the third largest navy in the world by 1920, and arguably the most modern at the brink of World War II.
+ The Imperial Japanese Navy's history of successes, sometimes against much more powerful foes as in the 1894–1895 Sino-Japanese War and the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, ended with the navy's almost complete annihilation in 1945 against the United States Navy, and official dissolution at the end of the conflict. Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). It is still one of the top navies in the world in terms of budget, although it is denied any offensive role by the nation's Constitution and public opinion.
+ Japan seems to have been connected to the Asian landmass during the last Ice Age until around 20,000 BCE, both because of glaciation of sea water and the concomitant lowering of sea level by about 80 to 100 meters. This allowed for the transmission of fauna and flora, including the establishment of the Jōmon culture. After that period however, Japan became an isolated island territory, depending entirely on sporadic naval activity for its interactions with the mainland. The shortest seapath to the mainland (besides the inhospitable northern path from Hokkaidō to Sakhalin) then involved two stretches of open water about 50 kilometers wide, between the Korean peninsula and the island of Tsushima, and then from Tsushima to the major island of Kyūshū.
+ Various influences have also been suggested from the direction of the Pacific Ocean, as various cultural and even genetic traits seem to point to partial Pacific origins, possibly in relation with the Austronesian expansion.
+ Ambassadorial visits to Japan by the later Northern Chinese dynasties Wei and Jin ("Encounters of the Eastern Barbarians", Wei Chronicles) recorded that some Japanese people claimed to be descendants of Taibo of Wu, refugees after the fall of the Wu state in the 5th century BCE. History books do have records of Wu Taibo sending 4000 males and 4000 females to Japan.
+ The first major naval contacts occurred in the Yayoi period in the 3rd century BCE, when rice-farming and metallurgy were introduced, from the continent.
+ The 14 AD incursion of Silla (新羅, "Shiragi" in Japanese), one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, is the earliest Japanese military action recorded in "Samguk Sagi". According to that record, Wa (the proto-Japanese nation) sent one hundred ships and led an incursion on the coastal area of Silla before being driven off.
+ During the Yamato period, Japan had intense naval interaction with the Asian continent, largely centered around diplomacy and trade with China, the Korean kingdoms, and other mainland states, since at latest the beginning of the Kofun period in the 3rd century. According to the "Kojiki" and "Nihon Shoki", Empress Jingū is claimed to have invaded Korea in the 3rd century, and to have returned victorious after three years. Whether Japan actually ruled a part of Korea in ancient times is debated.
+ Other than the expedition of Empress Jingū, battle of Hakusukinoe (白村江), one of the earliest historical events in Japan's naval history took place in 663. Japan sent 32,000 troops and possibly as many as 1,000 ships to Korea to support the declining Baekje kingdom (百済国) against Silla and Tang-dynasty China. They were defeated by the T'ang-Silla combined force.
+ Naval battles of a very large scale, fought between Japanese clans and involving more than 1000 warships, are recorded from the 12th century. The decisive battle of the Genpei War, and one of the most famous and important naval battles in pre-modern Japanese history, was the 1185 battle of Dan-no-ura, which was fought between the fleets of the Minamoto and Taira clans. These battles consisted first of long-range archery exchanges, then giving way to hand-to-hand combat with swords and daggers. Ships were used largely as floating platforms for what were largely land-based melee tactics.
+ The first major references to Japanese naval actions against other Asian powers occur in the accounts of the Mongol invasions of Japan by Kublai Khan in 1281. Japan had no navy which could seriously challenge the Mongol navy, so most of the action took place on Japanese land. Groups of samurai, transported on small coastal boats, are recorded to have boarded, taken over and burned several ships of the Mongol navy.
+ During the following centuries, "wakō" pirates actively plundered the coast of the Chinese Empire. Though the term "wakō" translates directly to "Japanese pirates", Japanese were far from the only sailors to harass shipping and ports in China and other parts of Asia in this period, and the term thus more accurately includes non-Japanese pirates as well. The first raid by "wakō" on record occurred in the summer of 1223, on the south coast of Goryeo. At the peak of "wakō" activity around the end of the 14th century, fleets of 300 to 500 ships, transporting several hundred horsemen and several thousand soldiers, would raid the coast of China. For the next half-century, sailing principally from Iki Island and Tsushima, they engulfed coastal regions of the southern half of Goryeo. Between 1376 and 1385, no fewer than 174 instances of pirate raids were recorded in Korea. However, when Joseon dynasty was founded in Korea, "wakō" took a massive hit in one of their main homeland of Tsushima during the Ōei Invasion. The peak of "wakō" activity was during the 1550s, when tens of thousands of pirates raided the Chinese coast in what is called the Jiajing "wakō" raids, but the "wakō" at this time were mostly Chinese. "Wakō" piracy ended for the most part in the 1580s with its interdiction by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
+ Official trading missions, such as the Tenryūji-bune, were also sent to China around 1341.
+ Various "daimyō" clans undertook major naval building efforts in the 16th century, during the Sengoku period, when feudal rulers vying for supremacy built vast coastal navies of several hundred ships. The largest of these ships were called "atakebune". Around that time, Japan seems to have developed one of the first ironclad warships in history, when Oda Nobunaga, a Japanese "daimyō", had six iron-covered "Ō-atakebune" ("Great Atakebune") made in 1576 . These ships were called , literally "iron armored ships", and were armed with multiple cannons and large caliber rifles to defeat the large, but all wooden, vessels of the enemy. With these ships, Nobunaga defeated the Mōri clan navy at the mouth of the Kizu River, near Osaka in 1578, and began a successful naval blockade. The "Ō-atakebune" are regarded as floating fortresses rather than true warships, however, and were only used in coastal actions.
+ The first Europeans reached Japan in 1543 on Chinese junks, and Portuguese ships started to arrive in Japan soon after. At that time, there was already trade exchanges between Portugal and Goa (since around 1515), consisting in 3 to 4 carracks leaving Lisbon with silver to purchase cotton and spices in India. Out of these, only one carrack went on to China in order to purchase silk, also in exchange for Portuguese silver.
+ Accordingly, the cargo of the first Portuguese ships (usually about 4 smaller-sized ships every year) arriving in Japan almost entirely consisted of Chinese goods (silk, porcelain). The Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring such goods, but had been prohibited from any contacts with by the Emperor of China, as a punishment for "wakō" pirate raids. The Portuguese (who were called "Nanban", lit. Southern Barbarians) therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries in Asian trade.
+ From the time of the acquisition of Macau in 1557, and their formal recognition as trade partners by the Chinese, the Portuguese started to regulate trade to Japan, by selling to the highest bidder the annual "captaincy" ("ito wappu") to Japan, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single carrack bound for Japan every year. The carracks were very large ships, usually between 1000 and 1500 tons, about double or triple the size of a large galleon or junk.
+ That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the grounds that the priests and missionaries associated with the Portuguese traders were perceived as posing a threat to the shogunate's power and the nation's stability.
+ Portuguese trade was progressively more and more challenged by Chinese smugglers, Japanese Red Seal Ships from around 1592 (about ten ships every year), Spanish ships from Manila from around 1600 (about one ship a year), the Dutch from 1609, and the English from 1613 (about one ship per year). Some Japanese are known to have travelled abroad on foreign ships as well, such as Christopher and Cosmas who crossed the Pacific on a Spanish galleon as early as 1587, and then sailed to Europe with Thomas Cavendish.
+ The Dutch, who, rather than "Nanban" were called , lit. "Red Hair" by the Japanese, first arrived in Japan in 1600, on board the "Liefde". Their pilot was William Adams, the first Englishman to reach Japan. In 1605, two of the "Liefde"'s crew were sent to Pattani by Tokugawa Ieyasu, to invite Dutch trade to Japan. The head of the Pattani Dutch trading post, Victor Sprinckel, refused on the grounds that he was too busy dealing with Portuguese opposition in Southeast Asia. In 1609, however, the Dutchman Jacques Specx arrived with two ships in Hirado, and through Adams obtained trading privileges from Ieyasu.
+ The Dutch also engaged in piracy and naval combat to weaken Portuguese and Spanish shipping in the Pacific, and ultimately became the only Westerners to be allowed access to Japan. For two centuries beginning in 1638, they were restricted to the island of Dejima in Nagasaki harbor.
+ In 1592 and again in 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi organized invasions of Korea using some 9,200 ships. From the beginning of the War in 1592, the supreme commander of Hideyoshi's fleet was Kuki Yoshitaka, whose flagship was the 33 meter-long "Nihonmaru". Subordinate commanders included Wakisaka Yasuharu and Katō Yoshiaki. After their experience in the Ōei Invasion and other operations against Japanese pirates, the Chinese and Korean navies were more skilled than the Japanese. They relied throughout upon large numbers of smaller ships whose crews would attempt to board the enemy. Boarding was the main tactic of almost all navies until the modern era, and Japanese samurai excelled in close combat. The Japanese commonly used many light, swift, boarding ships called "Kobaya" in an array that resembled a rapid school of fish following the leading boat. This tactic's advantage was that once they succeeded in boarding one ship, they could hop aboard other enemy ships in the vicinity, in a wildfire fashion.
+ Japanese ships at the time were built with wooden planks and steel nails, which rusted in seawater after some time in service. The ships were built in a curved pentagonal shape with light wood for maximum speeds for their boarding tactics, but it undermined their capability to quickly change direction. Also, they were somewhat susceptible to capsizing in choppy seas and seastorms. The hulls of Japanese ships were not strong enough to support the weight and recoil of cannons. Rarely did Japanese ships have cannons, and those that did usually hung them from overhead beams with ropes and cloth. Instead, the Japanese relied heavily on their muskets and blades.
+ The Korean Navy attacked a Japanese transportation fleet effectively and caused extensive damage. Won Gyun and Yi Sun-sin at the Battle of Okpo has destroyed the Japanese convoy, and their failure enabled Korean resistance in Jeolla province, in the south-east of Korea, to continue. Wakisaka Yasuharu was ordered to dispatch a 1,200 man navy during the Keicho Invasion and annihilated the invading Korean navy led by Won Kyun during a counterattack in July 1597 (Battle of Chilcheollyang). Korean Admiral Yi Eokgi and Won Gyun of Korea were killed in this combat. Hansan Island was occupied by Japan, consolidating the Japanese hold on the west coast of Korea. To prevent Japan from invading China by way of the Korean peninsula west coast, China sent naval forces.
+ In August 1597, the Japanese Navy was ordered to occupy the Jeolla. After the Joseon Navy gave a damage Japan Navy in the Battle of Myeongnyang, withdrew North of the Korean peninsula. Jeolla was finally occupied by the Japanese Navy, and the became the captive. Remnants of the Korean navy led by Yi Sun-sin joined the Ming Chinese fleet under Chen Lin's forces and continued to attack Japanese supply lines. Towards the end of the war, as the remaining Japanese tried to withdraw from Korea, they were beset by Korean and Chinese forces. To rescue his comrades, Shimazu Yoshihiro attacked the allied fleet. At the Battle of Noryang, Shimazu defeated Chinese general Chen Lin. And the Japanese army succeeded in escape from the Korean Peninsula Yi Sun-sin was killed in this action.
+ Japan's failure to gain control of the sea, and their resulting difficulty in resupplying troops on land, was one of the major reasons for the invasion's ultimate failure. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the main proponent of the invasion, the Japanese ceased attacks on Korea.
+ In 1609, Shimazu Tadatsune, Lord of Satsuma, invaded the southern islands of Ryūkyū (modern Okinawa) with a fleet of 13 junks and 2,500 samurai, thereby establishing suzerainty over the islands. They faced little opposition from the Ryukyuans, who lacked any significant military capabilities, and who were ordered by King Shō Nei to surrender peacefully rather than suffer the loss of precious lives.
+ Japan built her first large ocean-going warships at the beginning of the 17th century, following contacts with the Western nations during the Nanban trade period.
+ In 1604, "Shōgun" Tokugawa Ieyasu ordered William Adams and his companions to build Japan's first Western-style sailing ship at Itō, on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula. An 80-ton vessel was completed and the "shōgun" ordered a larger ship, 120 tons, to be built the following year (both were slightly smaller than the "Liefde", the ship in which William Adams came to Japan, which was 150 tons). According to Adams, Ieyasu "came aboard to see it, and the sight whereof gave him great content". The ship, named "San Buena Ventura", was lent to shipwrecked Spanish sailors for their return to Mexico in 1610.
+ In 1613, the "daimyō" of Sendai, in agreement with the Tokugawa shogunate, built "Date Maru", a 500-ton galleon-type ship that transported a Japanese embassy to the Americas, and then continued to Europe.
+ From 1604, about 350 Red seal ships, usually armed and incorporating some Western technologies, were authorized by the shogunate, mainly for Southeast Asian trade. Japanese ships and samurai helped in the defense of Malacca on the side of the Portuguese against the Dutch Admiral Cornelis Matelief in 1606. Several armed ships of the Japanese adventurer Yamada Nagamasa would play a military role in the wars and court politics of Siam. William Adams, who participated in the Red Seal ship trade, would comment that ""the people of this land (Japan) are very stout seamen"".
+ The Tokugawa shogunate had, for some time, planned to invade the Philippines in order to eradicate Spanish expansionism in Asia, and its support of Christians within Japan. In November 1637 it notified Nicolas Couckebacker, the head of the Dutch East India Company in Japan, of its intentions. About 10,000 samurai were prepared for the expedition, and the Dutch agreed to provide four warships and two yachts to support the Japanese ships against Spanish galleons. The plans were cancelled at the last minute with the advent of the Christian Shimabara Rebellion in Japan in December 1637.
+ The Dutch's cooperation on these, and other matters, would help ensure they were the only Westerners allowed in Japan for the next two centuries.
+ Following these events, the shogunate imposed a system of maritime restrictions (海禁, "kaikin"), which forbade contacts with foreigners outside of designated channels and areas, banned Christianity, and prohibited the construction of ocean-going ships on pain of death. The size of ships was restricted by law, and design specifications limiting seaworthiness (such as the provision for a gaping hole in the aft of the hull) were implemented. Sailors who happened to be stranded in foreign countries were prohibited from returning to Japan on pain of death.
+ A tiny Dutch delegation in Dejima, Nagasaki was the only allowed contact with the West, from which the Japanese were kept partly informed of western scientific and technological advances, establishing a body of knowledge known as "Rangaku". Extensive contacts with Korea and China were maintained through the Tsushima Domain, the Ryūkyū Kingdom under Satsuma's dominion, and the trading posts at Nagasaki. The Matsumae Domain on Hokkaidō managed contacts with the native Ainu peoples, and with Imperial Russia.
+ Many isolated attempts to end Japan's seclusion were made by expanding Western powers during the 19th century. American, Russian and French ships all attempted to engage in relationship with Japan, but were rejected.
+ These largely unsuccessful attempts continued until, on July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy with four warships: "Mississippi", "Plymouth",
+ "Saratoga", and "Susquehanna" steamed into the Bay of Edo (Tokyo) and displayed the threatening power of his ships' Paixhans guns. He demanded that Japan open to trade with the West. These ships became known as the "kurofune", or Black Ships.
+ Barely one month after Perry, the Russian Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin arrived in Nagasaki on August 12, 1853. He made a demonstration of a steam engine on his ship the "Pallada", which led to Japan's first manufacture of a steam engine, created by Tanaka Hisashige.
+ The following year, Perry returned with seven ships and forced the "shōgun" to sign the "Treaty of Peace and Amity", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States, known as the Convention of Kanagawa (March 31, 1854). Within five years Japan had signed similar treaties with other western countries. The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29, 1858. These treaties were widely regarded by Japanese intellectuals as unequal, having been forced on Japan through gunboat diplomacy, and as a sign of the West's desire to incorporate Japan into the imperialism that had been taking hold of the continent. Among other measures, they gave the Western nations unequivocal control of tariffs on imports and the right of extraterritoriality to all their visiting nationals. They would remain a sticking point in Japan's relations with the West up to the start of the 20th century.
+ The study of Western shipbuilding techniques resumed in the 1840s. This process intensified along with the increased activity of Western shipping along the coasts of Japan, due to the China trade and the development of whaling.
+ From 1852, the government of the "shōgun" (the Late Tokugawa shogunate or "Bakumatsu") was warned by the Netherlands of the plans of Commodore Perry. Three months after Perry's first visit in 1853, the Bakufu cancelled the law prohibiting the construction of large ships (大船建造禁止令), and started organizing the construction of a fleet of Western-style sail warships, such as the "Hōō Maru", the "Shōhei Maru" or the "Asahi Maru", usually asking each fief to build their own modern ships. These ships were built using Dutch sailing manuals, and the know-how of a few returnees from the West, such as Nakahama Manjirō. Also with the help of Nakahama Manjirō, the Satsuma fief built Japan's first steam ship, the "Unkoumaru" (雲行丸) in 1855.
+ The Bakufu also established defensive coastal fortifications, such as at Odaiba.
+ As soon as Japan agreed to open up to foreign influence, the Tokugawa "shōgun" government initiated an active policy of assimilation of Western naval technologies. In 1855, with Dutch assistance, the shogunate acquired its first steam warship, the "Kankō Maru", which was used for training, and established the Nagasaki Naval Training Center. In 1857, it acquired its first screw-driven steam warship, the "Kanrin Maru".
+ In 1860, the "Kanrin Maru" was sailed to the United States by a group of Japanese, with the assistance of a single US Navy officer John M. Brooke, to deliver the first Japanese embassy to the United States.
+ Naval students were sent abroad to study Western naval techniques. The Bakufu had initially planned on ordering ships and sending students to the United States, but the American Civil War led to a cancellation of plans. Instead, in 1862 the Bakufu placed its warship orders with the Netherlands and decided to send 15 trainees there. The students, led by Uchida Tsunejirō (内田恒次郎), left Nagasaki on September 11, 1862, and arrived in Rotterdam on April 18, 1863, for a stay of 3 years. They included such figures as the future Admiral Enomoto Takeaki, Sawa Tarosaemon (沢太郎左衛門), Akamatsu Noriyoshi (赤松則良), Taguchi Shunpei (田口俊平), Tsuda Shinichiro (津田真一郎) and the philosopher Nishi Amane. This started a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders such Admirals Tōgō and, later, Yamamoto.
+ In 1863, Japan completed her first domestically-built steam warship, the "Chiyodagata", a 140-ton gunboat commissioned into the Tokugawa Navy (Japan's first steamship was the Unkoumaru -雲行丸- built by the fief of Satsuma in 1855). The ship was manufactured by the future industrial giant, Ishikawajima, thus initiating Japan's efforts to acquire and fully develop shipbuilding capabilities.
+ Following the humiliations at the hands of foreign navies in the Bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863, and the Battle of Shimonoseki in 1864, the shogunate stepped up efforts to modernize, relying more and more on French and British assistance. In 1865, the French naval engineer Léonce Verny was hired to build Japan's first modern naval arsenals, at Yokosuka and Nagasaki. More ships were imported, such as the "Jho Sho Maru", the "Ho Sho Maru" and the "Kagoshima", all commissioned by Thomas Blake Glover and built in Aberdeen.
+ By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy already possessed eight Western-style steam warships around the flagship "Kaiyō Maru" which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin War, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. The conflict culminated with the Naval Battle of Hakodate in 1869, Japan's first large-scale modern naval battle.
+ In 1869, Japan acquired its first ocean-going ironclad warship, the "Kōtetsu", ordered by the Bakufu but received by the new Imperial government, barely ten years after such ships were first introduced in the West with the launch of the French "La Gloire".
+ The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) () was the navy of Japan between 1868 and until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II.
+ From 1868, the restored Meiji Emperor continued with reforms to industrialize and militarize Japan in order to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the United States and European powers. The Imperial Japanese Navy was formally established in 1869. The new government drafted a very ambitious plan to create a Navy with 200 ships, organized into 10 fleets, but the plan was abandoned within a year due to lack of resources. Internally, domestic rebellions, and especially the Satsuma Rebellion (1877) forced the government to focus on land warfare. Naval policy, expressed by the slogan "Shusei Kokubō" (, "Static Defense"), focused on coastal defenses, a standing army, and a coastal Navy, leading to a military organization under the "Rikushu Kaiju" (Jp:陸主海従, Army first, Navy second) principle.
+ During the 1870s and 1880s, the Japanese Navy remained an essentially coastal defense force, although the Meiji government continued to modernize it. In 1870 an Imperial decree determined that the British Navy should be the model for development, and the second British naval mission to Japan, the Douglas Mission (1873–79) led by Archibald Lucius Douglas laid the foundations of naval officer training and education. (See Ian Gow, 'The Douglas Mission (1873–79) and Meiji Naval Education' in J. E. Hoare ed., "Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits Volume III", Japan Library 1999.) Tōgō Heihachirō was trained by the British navy.
+ During the 1880s, France took the lead in influence, due to its "Jeune École" doctrine favoring small, fast warships, especially cruisers and torpedo boats, against bigger units. The Meiji government issued its First Naval Expansion bill in 1882, requiring the construction of 48 warships, of which 22 were to be torpedo boats. The naval successes of the French Navy against China in the Sino-French War of 1883–85 seemed to validate the potential of torpedo boats, an approach which was also attractive to the limited resources of Japan. In 1885, the new Navy slogan became "Kaikoku Nippon" (, "Maritime Japan").
+ In 1886, the leading French Navy engineer Émile Bertin was hired for four years to reinforce the Japanese Navy, and to direct the construction of the arsenals of Kure and Sasebo. He developed the "Sankeikan" class of three cruisers, which are named after Three Views of Japan, featuring a single but powerful main gun, the 12.6 inch Canet gun.
+ This period also allowed Japan to adopt new technologies such as torpedoes, torpedo-boats and mines, which were actively promoted by the French Navy (Howe, p281). Japan acquired its first torpedoes in 1884, and established a "Torpedo Training Center" at Yokosuka in 1886.
+ Japan continued the modernization of its navy, especially as China was also building a powerful modern fleet with foreign, especially German, assistance, and the pressure was building between the two countries to take control of Korea. The Sino-Japanese war was officially declared on August 1, 1894, though some naval fighting had already taken place.
+ The Japanese navy devastated Qing's northern fleet off the mouth of the Yalu River at the Battle of Yalu River on September 17, 1894, in which the Chinese fleet lost 8 out of 12 warships. Although Japan turned out victorious, the two large German-made battleships of the Chinese Navy remained almost impervious to Japanese guns, highlighting the need for bigger capital ships in the Japanese Navy (the "Ting Yuan" was finally sunk by torpedoes, and the "Chen-Yuan" was captured with little damage). The next step of the Imperial Japanese Navy's expansion would thus involve a combination of heavily armed large warships, with smaller and innovative offensive units permitting aggressive tactics.
+ The Imperial Japanese Navy further intervened in China in 1900, by participating together with Western Powers to the suppression of the Chinese Boxer Rebellion. The Navy supplied the largest number of warships (18, out of a total of 50 warships), and delivered the largest contingent of Army and Navy troops among the intervening nations (20,840 soldiers, out of total of 54,000).
+ Following the First Sino-Japanese War, and the humiliation of the forced return of the Liaotung peninsula to China under Russian pressure (the "Triple Intervention"), Japan began to build up its military strength in preparation for further confrontations.
+ Japan promulgated a ten-year naval build-up program, under the slogan "Perseverance and determination" (Jp:臥薪嘗胆, Gashinshoutan), in which it commissioned 109 warships, for a total of 200,000 tons, and increased its Navy personnel from 15,100 to 40,800.
+ These dispositions culminated with the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Japanese battleship Mikasa was the flagship of Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō. At the Battle of Tsushima, the Mikasa led the combined Japanese fleet into what has been called "the most decisive naval battle in history". The Russian fleet was almost completely annihilated: out of 38 Russian ships, 21 were sunk, 7 captured, 6 disarmed, 4,545 Russian servicemen died and 6,106 were taken prisoner. On the other hand, the Japanese only lost 117 men and 3 torpedo boats.
+ In the years before World War II the IJN began to structure itself specifically to fight the United States. A long stretch of militaristic expansion and the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 had alienated the United States, and the country was seen as a rival of Japan.
+ To achieve Japan’s expansionist policies, the Imperial Japanese Navy also had to fight off the largest navies in the world (The 1922 Washington Naval Treaty allotted a 5/5/3 ratio for the navies of Great Britain, the United States and Japan). She was therefore numerically inferior and her industrial base for expansion was limited (in particular compared to the United States). Her battle tactics therefore tended to rely on technical superiority (fewer, but faster, more powerful ships), and aggressive tactics (daring and speedy attacks overwhelming the enemy, a recipe for success in her previous conflicts). The Naval Treaties also provided an unintentional boost to Japan because the numerical restrictions on battleships prompted them to build more aircraft carriers to try to compensate for the United States' larger battleship fleet.
+ The Imperial Japanese Navy was administered by the Ministry of the Navy of Japan and controlled by the Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff at Imperial General Headquarters. In order to combat the numerically superior American navy, the IJN devoted large amounts of resources to creating a force superior in quality to any navy at the time. Consequently, at the beginning of World War II, Japan probably had the most sophisticated Navy in the world. Betting on the speedy success of aggressive tactics, Japan did not invest significantly on defensive organization such as protecting her long shipping lines against enemy submarines, which she never managed to do, particularly under-investing in anti-submarine escort ships and escort aircraft carriers.
+ The Japanese Navy enjoyed spectacular success during the first part of the hostilities, but American forces ultimately managed to gain the upper hand through decrypting the Japanese naval codes, exploiting the aforementioned Japanese neglect of fleet defense, technological upgrades to its air and naval forces, superior personnel management such as routinely reassigning accomplished combat pilots to provide experienced training of new recruits, and a vastly stronger industrial output. Japan's reluctance to use their submarine fleet for commerce raiding and failure to secure their communications also added to their defeat. During the last phase of the war the Imperial Japanese Navy resorted to a series of desperate measures, including Kamikaze (suicide) actions, which ultimately not only proved futile in repelling the Allies, but encouraged those enemies to use their newly developed atomic bombs to defeat Japan without the anticipated costly battles against so fanatical a defence.
+ Following Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces at the conclusion of World War II, and Japan's subsequent occupation, Japan's entire imperial military was dissolved in the new 1947 constitution which states, "The Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes." Japan's current navy falls under the umbrella of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).
+ The Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) had an authorized strength in 1992 of 46,000 and maintained some 44,400 personnel and operated 155 major combatants, including thirteen submarines, sixty-four destroyers and frigates, forty-three mine warfare ships and boats, eleven patrol craft, and six amphibious ships. It also flew some 205 fixed-wing aircraft and 134 helicopters. Most of these aircraft were used in antisubmarine and mine warfare operations.
+
+= = = List of TAROM destinations = = =
+
+ TAROM serves the following scheduled and charter year-round and seasonal destinations as of November 2016:
+
+= = = Business association = = =
+
+ Business association may refer to:
+
+= = = Malchin = = =
+
+ Malchin () is a town in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It offers some notable landmarks, such as two Brick Gothic town gates, a medieval defense tower, the Gothic town church of St. Johannis and the Neo Baroque town hall. The former municipality Duckow was merged into Malchin in January 2019.
+
+= = = James Shumway = = =
+
+ James Hyrum "Jim" Shumway (July 8, 1939 – May 11, 2003) was an election administrator and Secretary of State of Arizona.
+ He was born in Tempe and attended Tempe High School where he became a noted football player. His skill in this sport earned him a football scholarship to Brigham Young University where he also excelled at the game. It was there that he met his future wife, Lurline, and they married in 1958 and had four children.
+ Graduating from the university with a degree in business administration, Jim Shumway began his lengthy career in public service as a voting machine mechanic with the Maricopa County election department in 1960.
+ He served as the Pima County, Arizona election director from 1976 to 1980 before becoming Arizona's first state elections officer. When Secretary of State Rose Mofford assumed the post of governor in 1988, Jim Shumway became Arizona's Secretary of State. He sought but failed in his bid to maintain this position in 1990, but went on to become Maricopa County's election director and served expertly in that capacity until his retirement in 1994. He died on May 11, 2003, aged 63.
+
+= = = The Monochrome Set = = =
+
+ The Monochrome Set are an English post-punk/new wave band, originally formed in London in January 1978. The most recent line-up consists of Bid, Andy Warren, John Paul Moran and Mike Urban.
+ The Monochrome Set was formed in London in 1978 from the remnants of a college group called The B-Sides, whose members had included Stuart Goddard, later known as Adam Ant. Their first live gig was on 15 Feb 1978, at Westfield College in London. The original line-up consisted of Indian-born lead singer and principal songwriter Bid (real name Ganesh Seshadri), Canadian guitarist Lester Square (real name Thomas W.B. Hardy), drummer John D. Haney and bass guitarist Charlie X. The band had two more bassists, Jeremy Harrington and Simon Croft, before Andy Warren of the Ants, a childhood friend of Bid, joined in late 1979.
+ Experimental filmmaker Tony Potts began collaborating with the band in 1979, designing lighting and stage sets with film projections for their live appearances. The band's early persona was defined by the shadowy, uncertain stage images created by the films to such an extent he is often described as being the band's "fifth member".
+ They released several singles for the Rough Trade label before recording their debut studio album, "Strange Boutique", produced by Bob Sargeant for Virgin Records' imprint DinDisc in 1980. It peaked at No. 62 in the UK Albums Chart in 1980. Their follow-up effort, "Love Zombies", was produced by Alvin Clark and the band later that same year. Haney left the band in 1981, and was replaced by Lexington Crane.
+ In 1982, the band switched labels to Cherry Red to release their third album, "Eligible Bachelors", produced by Tim Hart. Square and Crane left soon afterwards, and were replaced by keyboardist Carrie Booth and drummer Nicholas Weslowski. This line-up recorded a 1982 single, "Cast a Long Shadow", for Cherry Red, before Booth was in turn replaced by new lead guitarist James 'Foz' Foster (later of David Devant & His Spirit Wife).
+ In 1983, Cherry Red released "Volume, Contrast, Brilliance...", a retrospective of the band's early Rough Trade singles, BBC and Capital Radio sessions, and other unreleased early sessions.
+ In 1985, with the same line-up as on "Cast a Long Shadow", The Monochrome Set recorded "The Lost Weekend" for Warner Bros. Records. "The Lost Weekend" failed commercially, and after a few singles, the band officially broke up, though they served as Jessica Griffin's backing band on the first album by the Would-Be-Goods, "The Camera Loves Me" in 1988.
+ In early 1990, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of keyboardist Orson Presence and drummer Mike Urban (then known as Mike Slocombe), who was replaced by Trevor Ready. The new band toured extensively, especially in Japan where they had become very popular. The band released five albums for Vinyl Japan/Cherry Red during the 1990s, before going on hiatus in 1998.
+ Bid recorded a number of albums with his band, Scarlet's Well. The song, "He's Frank", appeared on the TV series "Heroes". The recording used was a cover version of the original recorded by the Brighton Port Authority (aka. Fatboy Slim) featuring Iggy Pop.
+ The band reunited on 8 October 2008 for a one-off performance at Cherry Red's 30th anniversary party at Dingwalls, London. It also marked the 30th anniversary of The Monochrome Set. Bid, Warren and Square were joined by Jennifer Denitto (drums) and Sian Chaffer (keyboards) of Scarlet's Well, and performed 13 songs.
+ In 2010, Bid, Square and Warren reformed the band, with the addition of drummer Jennifer Denitto from Scarlet's Well and keyboard player John Paul Moran. Following Bid's recovery from an aneurysm in late 2010, they played dates the following year in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Greece, Japan and The Netherlands. The band continued to tour in the UK, Europe and Japan throughout 2012, playing material from their 10th studio album "Platinum Coils" (their first album since 1995's "Trinity Road") as well as selections from their extensive back catalogue. In 2011 the band were joined by Helena Johansson from Scarlet's Well on violin and mandolin, replacing John Paul Moran, and Steve Brummell (formerly of the band Luxembourg) replaced Jennifer Denitto on drums. The band completed a short tour of the east coast of the USA in Spring of 2013 and released their 11th studio album, "Super Plastic City" in the autumn of the same year. Helena Johansson left the band in the summer of 2013.
+ In 2014, they signed to the German record label Tapete and their 12th studio album, "Spaces Everywhere" was released in 2015. Guitarist Lester Square left the band in late 2014, after completing recording of the album, and former member John Paul Moran rejoined. Their thirteenth studio album, "Cosmonaut", was released on the Tapete label in September 2016. Mike Urban, who had previously been in the band in 1990 and played on the "Dante's Casino" album, joined the band in September 2016, replacing Steve Brummel on drums. In 2018, the fortieth year since the band formed, their 14th studio album, "Maisieworld" and a box set, "The Monochrome Set 1979–1985: Complete Recordings", were released. In 2019 they toured the USA again, playing for the first time ever on the west coast as well as the east and released their 15th studio album, "Fabula Mendax" in September that year.
+
+= = = Pearson–Anson effect = = =
+
+ The Pearson–Anson effect, discovered in 1922 by Stephen Oswald Pearson and Horatio Saint George Anson, is the phenomenon of an oscillating electric voltage produced by a neon bulb connected across a capacitor, when a direct current is applied through a resistor. This circuit, now called the Pearson-Anson oscillator, neon lamp oscillator, or sawtooth oscillator, is one of the simplest types of relaxation oscillator. It generates a sawtooth output waveform. It has been used in low frequency applications such as blinking warning lights, stroboscopes, tone generators in electronic organs and other electronic music circuits, and in time bases and deflection circuits of early cathode-ray tube oscilloscopes. Since the development of microelectronics, these simple negative resistance oscillators have been superseded in many applications by more flexible semiconductor relaxation oscillators such as the 555 timer IC.
+ A neon bulb, often used as an indicator lamp in appliances, consists of a glass bulb containing two electrodes, separated by an inert gas such as neon at low pressure. Its nonlinear current-voltage characteristics "(diagram below)" allow it to function as a switching device.
+ When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, the gas conducts almost no electric current until a threshold voltage is reached "(point b)", called the "firing" or "breakdown voltage", "V". At this voltage electrons in the gas are accelerated to a high enough speed to knock other electrons off gas atoms, which go on to knock off more electrons in a chain reaction. The gas in the bulb ionizes, starting a glow discharge, and its resistance drops to a low value. In its conducting state the current through the bulb is limited only by the external circuit. The voltage across the bulb drops to a lower voltage called the "maintaining voltage" "V". The bulb will continue to conduct current until the applied voltage drops below the "extinction voltage" "V" "(point d)", which is usually close to the maintaining voltage. Below this voltage, the current provides insufficient energy to keep the gas ionized, so the bulb switches back to its high resistance, nonconductive state "(point a)".
+ The bulb's "turn on" voltage "V" is higher than its "turn off" voltage "V". This property, called hysteresis, allows the bulb to function as an oscillator. Hysteresis is due to the bulb's negative resistance, the fall in voltage with increasing current after breakdown, which is a property of all gas-discharge lamps.
+ Up until the 1960s sawtooth oscillators were also built with thyratrons. These were gas-filled triode electron tubes. These worked somewhat similarly to neon bulbs, the tube would not conduct until the cathode to anode voltage reached a breakdown voltage. The advantage of the thyratron was that the breakdown voltage could be controlled by the voltage on the grid. This allowed the frequency of the oscillation to be changed electronically. Thyratron oscillators were used as time bases in oscilloscopes.
+ In the Pearson-Anson oscillator circuit "(top)" a capacitor "C" is connected across the neon bulb "N" The capacitor is continuously charged by current through the resistor "R" until the bulb conducts, discharging it again, after which it charges up again. The detailed cycle is illustrated by the hysteresis loop "abcd" on the current-voltage diagram at right:
+ The circuit thus functions as a low-frequency relaxation oscillator, the capacitor voltage oscillating between the breakdown and extinction voltages of the bulb in a sawtooth wave. The period is proportional to the time constant "RC".
+ The neon lamp produces a brief flash of light each time it conducts, so the circuit can also be used as a "flasher" circuit. The dual function of the lamp as both light source and switching device gives the circuit a lower parts count and cost than many alternative flasher circuits.
+ The supply voltage "V" must be greater than the bulb breakdown voltage "V" or the bulb can never conduct. Most small neon lamps have breakdown voltages between 80 and 150 volts. If the supply voltage is close to the breakdown voltage, the capacitor voltage will be in the "tail" of its exponential curve by the time it reaches "V", so the frequency will depend sensitively on the breakdown threshold and supply voltage levels, causing variations in frequency. Therefore, the supply voltage is usually made significantly higher than the bulb firing voltage. This also makes the charging more linear, and the sawtooth wave more triangular.
+ The resistor R must also be within a certain range of values for the circuit to oscillate. This is illustrated by the load line ("blue") on the "IV" graph. The slope of the load line is equal to R. The possible DC operating points of the circuit are at the intersection of the load line and the neon lamp's "IV" curve ("black") In order for the circuit to be unstable and oscillate, the load line must intersect the "IV" curve in its negative resistance region, between "b" and "d", where the voltage declines with increasing current. This is defined by the shaded region on the diagram. If the load line crosses the "IV" curve where it has positive resistance, outside the shaded region, this represents a stable operating point, so the circuit will not oscillate:
+ Small neon bulbs will typically oscillate with values of "R" between 500kΩ and 20MΩ.
+ If "C" is not small, it may be necessary to add a resistor in series with the neon bulb, to limit current through it to prevent damage when the capacitor discharges. This will increase the discharge time and decrease the frequency slightly, but its effect will be negligible at low frequencies.
+ The period of oscillation can be calculated from the breakdown and extinction voltage thresholds of the lamp used. During the charging period, the bulb has high resistance and can be considered an open circuit, so the rest of the oscillator constitutes an RC circuit with the capacitor voltage approaching "V" exponentially, with time constant "RC". If "v"("t") is the output voltage across the capacitor
+ Solving for the time
+ Although the first period is longer than the others because the voltage starts from zero, the voltage waveforms of subsequent periods are identical to the first between "V" and "V". So the period "T" is the interval between the time when the voltage reaches "V", and the time when the voltage reaches "V"
+ This formula is only valid for oscillation frequencies up to about 200 Hz; above this various time delays cause the actual frequency to be lower than this. Due to the time required to ionize and deionize the gas, neon lamps are slow switching devices, and the neon lamp oscillator is limited to a top frequency of about 20 kHz.
+ The breakdown and extinction voltages of neon lamps may vary between similar parts; manufacturers usually specify only wide ranges for these parameters. So if a precise frequency is desired the circuit must be adjusted by trial and error. The thresholds also change with temperature, so the frequency of neon lamp oscillators is not particularly stable.
+ Like other relaxation oscillators, the neon bulb oscillator has poor frequency stability, but it can be synchronized (entrained) to an external periodic voltage applied in series with the neon bulb. Even if the external frequency is different from the natural frequency of the oscillator, the peaks of the applied signal can exceed the breakdown threshold of the bulb, discharging the capacitor prematurely, so that the period of the oscillator becomes locked to the applied signal.
+ Interesting behavior can result from varying the amplitude and frequency of the external voltage. For instance, the oscillator may produce an oscillating voltage whose frequency is a submultiple of the external frequency. This phenomenon is known as "submultiplication" or "demultiplication", and was first observed in 1927 by Balthasar van der Pol and his collaborator Jan van der Mark. In some cases the ratio of the external frequency to the frequency of the oscillation observed in the circuit may be a rational number, or even an irrational one (the latter case is known as the "quasiperiodic" regime). When the periodic and quasiperiodic regimes overlap, the behavior of the circuit may become aperiodic, meaning that the pattern of the oscillations never repeats. This aperiodicity correspond to the behavior of the circuit becoming "chaotic" (see chaos theory).
+ The forced neon bulb oscillator was the first system in which chaotic behavior was observed. Van der Pol and van der Mark wrote, concerning their experiments with demultiplication, that
+ Often an irregular noise is heard in the telephone receivers before the frequency jumps to the next lower value. However this is a subsidiary phenomenon, the main effect being the regular frequency demultiplication.
+ Any periodic oscillation would have produced a musical tone; only aperiodic, chaotic oscillations would produce an "irregular noise". This is thought to have been the first observation of chaos, although van der Pol and van der Mark didn't realize its significance at the time.
+
+= = = Samar Sea = = =
+
+ The Samar Sea is a small sea within the Philippine archipelago, situated between the Bicol Region of Luzon and the Eastern Visayas.
+ It is bordered by the islands of Samar to the east, Leyte to the south, Masbate to the west, and Luzon to the north. The sea is connected to the Philippine Sea to the north via San Bernardino Strait, to Leyte Gulf to the southeast via San Juanico Strait, to the Visayan Sea to the southwest, and to the Sibuyan Sea to the northwest via Masbate Pass and Ticao Pass. It contains Biliran Island, the islands of Almagro, Maripipi, Sto. Nino, Daram, and Tagapul-an.
+ The Samar Sea has experienced a significant degradation of marine resources, that is even characterized as "ecocide". Before 1981, there were 50 commercial fish species, but within 10 years, it was reduced to only 10 due to overfishing and destructive fishing methods (like dynamite fishing). Average daily catch has reduced from 30 kg/day in the 1960s, to 8 kg/day in 1981, to 3.5 kg/day in 1991. Having depleted the large predatory fish, fishermen turned to smaller species, allowing jellyfish populations to explode.
+ Deforestation of surrounding lands has led to increased silt from denuded mountains that choke coral reefs. Only some 5% of reefs are considered to be in a healthy condition. Another result of the increased silt are red tides, causing paralytic shellfish poisonings. The first red tide in the Philippines occurred in the Samar Sea in 1983 and thereafter continued to occur at irregular intervals.
+
+= = = All About the Benjamins = = =
+
+ All About the Benjamins is a 2002 American buddy action comedy film directed by Kevin Bray, and starring Ice Cube and Mike Epps as a bounty hunter who join forces to find a group of diamond thieves, the former for glory, and the latter to retrieve a winning lottery ticket. The film was released in theaters in March 2002 to negative reviews. Despite this, the film was a moderate box office hit. The film's title was taken from the popular 1997 hip-hop song performed by Puff Daddy "It's All About the Benjamins".
+ Ice Cube and Mike Epps also starred together in the "Friday" series and the (2009) film "Janky Promoters".
+ Tyson Bucum (Ice Cube), a maverick bounty hunter, is out to capture a petty drug dealer, Lil J (Anthony Michael Hall). Bucum confronts Lil J in his trailer home and nearly handcuffs him, but Lil J's girlfriend, who wields a shotgun, recklessly shoots at Bucum. Bucum manages to tackle Lil J's girlfriend and arrest Lil J. Bucum's boss Martinez (Anthony Giaimo), however, is not pleased with Bucum and pays him less than expected. After a brief conversation about the lottery with his attractive co-worker Pam (Valerie Rae Miller), Bucum learns from Martinez that he must capture a con man named Reggie Wright (Mike Epps), whom Bucum has captured three times prior.
+ Bucum sees Reggie at a convenience store but fails to catch him after a long chase through Miami. Meanwhile, during a photoshoot, diamond thieves Julian (Roger Guenveur Smith) and Ursula (Carmen Chaplin) are posing as a photographer and model until a Mr. Barkley arrives. The duo murder the co-photographer, the makeup artist and Barkley's bodyguards, much to Barkley's surprise. Barkley is then shot in the head after a brief dialogue with Julian for murdering the witnesses. They then retrieve diamonds from the shoot. Bucum tracks down Reggie again and chases him until he remains unnoticed since he is hidden in a van. The thieves comes down, upon running into him instantly by accident, shoots at Bucum, who shoots back in response, and escapes, unbeknownst to them that Reggie is hidden. In a boatyard, the thieves finds Reggie in the van and shoot at him when he escapes, leaving his wallet behind, which is picked up by Juilian. At the crime scene, Martinez is fed up of Bucum's attempts and orders him to stay away from Reggie.
+ In Reggie's apartment, Reggie and his girlfriend Gina (Eva Mendes) eventually win the lottery, only to find out that Reggie lost the latter, which was in Reggie's wallet. In the boatyard, Julian and Ursula are yelled at by their boss Williamson (Tommy Flanagan), having told him that the diamonds they retrieved from the shoot were fake. Out of frustration of not getting the diamonds, Williamson responds by shooting Julian in the arm, severely wounding him, which is later enclosed in an arm brace. Reggie is soon captured by Bucum during an attempt to retrieve his wallet and while in the car, Reggie manages to convince Bucum to find his wallet and find the thieves. At the boatyard, Bucum and Reggie realizes that the van is unclear of its location, so Bucum tries to look into the connection of the photo shoot and the van, while Reggie is handcuffed to his bed with Gina. Julian, in a psychopathic state, goes after Reggie. He arrives at the apartment, and is knocked unconscious by Bucum, having anticipated him coming after Reggie. The duo then decides to torture Julian into answers by pending a screwdriver into Julian's arm brace, which can rip through his skin. Julian then reveals Williamson's name. Bucum awaits in the boatyard of Williamson's boat dealership and poses as a customer. This soon fails, so the duo decides to go to the Barkley residence. At the house, they find a dead Mrs. Barkley, a man named Roscoe who was the one who murdered Mrs. Barkley, and attacks Bucum (only to be knocked out by Reggie), eventually finding the diamonds in a fish tank. They return to Bucum's apartment and discover that Williamson has kidnapped Gina.
+ In response, they roll a car into Williamson's boat dealership with Julian and Roscoe unconscious in the cab. Willamson finds a tape recorder that informs him to meet Reggie and Bucum at a dog track with Gina to exchange for the diamonds. This goes successful with Pam posing as a janitor, Reggie revealing the diamonds, and Bucum taking position as sniper in a dog tracksman disguise to take out a sniper working for Williamson until Reggie flips the diamonds off of Williamson's hands leading to a shootout and chase. During the chase, Williamson pulls out a bazooka and opens fire, missing Bucum, Reggie, Gina and Pam but instead blowing up a nearby fish truck. He escapes, and Bucum and Reggie are so fed up with the plan that they decide to break up their partnership . Pam convinces Bucum to talk to Reggie and they make up again. The duo tracks Williamson to a boat dock in which Gina and Pam await behind them in the car. Bucum gives Reggie a taser since Reggie accidentally dropped one of Bucum's guns into the ocean. On the boat, as Bucum leaves, he sees Pam and Gina running away, having knocked out two henchman by pushing a lifeboat in their direction. Meanwhile, Reggie finds his wallet and recovers the lottery ticket, but is soon caught by Williamson and Ursula and he even forces Reggie to take his money on the boat. Bucum, taking Ursula as a hostage, catches up with them. Williamson, in response, kills Ursula by shooting her in the head and wounds Reggie, leading to a fight as the boat speeds up. Williamson is knocked out by the boat's speed and the boat crashes onto shore. Bucum and Reggie reunite until Williamson, badly injured, attacks Bucum. Reggie tases him and Bucum shoots Williamson to death multiple times. Later, Bucum and Reggie are figuring out what to do next but the coast guards are coming, and Bucum is forced to handcuff Reggie and hide the money.
+ Six weeks later, Reggie is released from prison. He initially believes that his friends have abandoned him until Bucum finally arrives, along with Gina and Pam. Bucum, who has a new car and spending money, reveals the winning ticket. The film ends with Reggie celebrating his new wealth with Bucum, their women, and the two elderly friends of Reggie, skiing on the boat through the ocean.
+ Upon initial release, "All About The Benjamins" received generally negative reviews from critics and audiences. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 30% approval rating based on 76 reviews, with an average score of 4.33/10. The site's consensus states that the film is "A sloppy, poorly directed action-comedy" and "is too derivative and gratuitously violent".
+ A soundtrack containing hip hop and rhythm and blues music was released on February 19, 2002 by New Line Records. It peaked at #65 on the Billboard 200 and #12 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.
+
+= = = Lot 6, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 6 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Egmont Parish. Lot 6 was awarded to William Crowle in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = SOPMOD = = =
+
+ The Special Operations Peculiar MODification (SOPMOD) kit is an accessory system for the M4A1 carbine, FN SCAR Mk 16/17, HK416 and other weapons used by USSOCOM (the kit is not specific to USSOCOM, however). The kit allows Special Operations personnel to configure their weapons to individual preferences and mission requirements.
+ The program dates back to September 1989, when the Special Operations Special Technology (SOST) "Modular Close Combat Carbine Project" was founded. The "Material Need Statement" (MNS) was signed on May 1992, and by September 1993, the "Operational Requirements Document" (ORD) for the program was validated. Responsibility for the program was then assigned to the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division.
+ The SOPMOD kit is composed mostly of non-developmental and commercial off-the-shelf (NDI/COTS) accessories packaged together to support four M4A1 carbines.
+ The original SOPMOD Block I kit included all of the following:
+ Only two of following were included per kit:
+ Only one of the following was included per kit:
+ If more of the accessories are needed, it is typical for units to "cannibalize" the kits of inactive teams. The documentation for the kit does not require a rewrite if improved replacements for any of the current items can be found. As a result, this content list has changed. For instance, on many SOPMOD M4s today, the Crane Sloping Cheekweld Stock has been added. Several potential additions include the M26 Modular Accessory Shotgun System and the M320 grenade launcher. Also, various EOTech holographic sights are used on many SOPMOD configured M4s.
+ The SOPMOD kit allows for the attachment of any Picatinny compatible accessory that fits the length of the weapon.
+
+= = = Lot 7, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 7 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Lot 7 was awarded to Sir James Montgomery, 1st Baronet in the 1767 land lottery. It is part of Egmont Parish. Its shores bring in lobster and sea glass. It is home to the Richmond Dairy Bar. A primarily Irish community, locals and visitors enjoy every Thursday night the Lot 7 Céilidh where Irish Folk and east coast genre of music is enjoyed.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Fieldston = = =
+
+ Fieldston may refer to:
+
+= = = Lot 8, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 8 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Halifax Parish. Lot 8 was awarded to Arnold Nisbett (M.P.) in the 1767 land lottery, passed to William Kilpatrick and Benjamin Todd in 1775, and to Todd's heirs in 1783.
+ It is known for the West Point Lighthouse at Cedar Dunes Provincial Park in West Point. It is also known for approximately 55 large windmills, operated by the French company Suez Energy, which is used to create electricity for sale in New England.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Preaching cross = = =
+
+ A preaching cross is a Christian cross sometimes surmounting a pulpit, which is erected outdoors to designate a preaching place.
+ In Britain and Ireland, many free-standing upright crosses – or high crosses – were erected. Some of these crosses bear figurative or decorative carvings, or inscriptions in runes. There are surviving free-standing crosses in Cornwall and Wales, in the island of Iona and in the Hebrides, as well as those in Ireland. Other stone crosses are found in Lancashire, Cumbria and the Scottish Borders, some of these in the Anglo-Saxon cross making tradition, like the famous Ruthwell Cross. Whether these were especially associated with preaching is uncertain. Later market crosses were generally not, although all sorts of public announcements, no doubt sometimes including preaching, took place beside them.
+
+= = = Bibiana Candelas = = =
+
+ Bibiana Candelas Ramírez (born December 2, 1983 in Torreon, Coahuila) is a 6'5" (195 cm) female beach volleyball and indoor volleyball player who represented her native country, Mexico, at the 2008 Olympics with her beach partner, Mayra García.
+ Candelas was born in Torreón, Coahuila.
+ She graduated in 2002 from Colegio Ponceño in Puerto Rico, but attended Preparatoria Luzac in Torreón as a freshman and sophomore. She was an eight-year (1997–2004) member of the Mexico women's national volleyball team.
+ She played middle blocker at the University of Southern California from 2002–2005 and was a three time All-American. She helped her team win the 2002 and 2003 NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship, as well as a final four appearance in 2004.
+ Candelas played in the 2002 Pan-American Cup helping her team to reach the 4th place and individually winning the Best Blocker award.
+ Candelas won the silver medal in 2011 Pan American Games.
+
+= = = There's a Riot Going On = = =
+
+ There's a Riot Going On is the fifteenth full-length studio album by the American band Yo La Tengo, and was released through Matador Records on March 16, 2018.
+ "There's a Riot Going On" was ranked the 41st best release of the year in "The Wire" magazine's annual critics' poll.
+ The title of the album is derived from the 1971 Sly and the Family Stone album "There's a Riot Goin' On".
+
+= = = Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye = = =
+
+ Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye de Boumois (December 1, 1714 – September 13, 1755) was the second son of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye. An explorer and fur trader who served many years under the command of his father, he was born on Île aux Vaches, (Isle of Cows) near Sorel, New France.
+ The young Pierre spent two years in the colonial regular troops las a cadet, doing garrison duty in Montreal. In 1731, when his father planned an expedition to expand the fur trade westward and at the same time search for a water route to the Western Sea, he accompanied his father and brothers Jean Baptiste, François, and Louis-Joseph as a member of the expedition. He spent the winter at Fort Kaministiquia while his older brother Jean Baptiste and his cousin and the second in command, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye, carried on to Rainy Lake and established Fort St. Pierre. In 1732 he accompanied his father to Lake of the Woods, where they built Fort St. Charles.
+ In the spring of 1734, after his father had left for Montreal, Pierre briefly was left in command of Fort St. Charles until relieved by La Jemeraye. In February 1737 Pierre accompanied his father to Fort Maurepas, and in June the two men left the west for Montreal and Quebec.
+ From August 1738 until November 1739, Pierre was entrusted with the command of Fort St. Charles while his father explored into the Mandan country north of the Missouri River.
+ Starting out from Fort La Reine on the Assiniboine River and accompanied by two Frenchmen, he travelled south in 1741 as far as two Spanish forts, probably in present-day Nebraska, before turning back. He returned from this expedition with two horses and some articles of Spanish make. These are the first two horses of historical record in what is now Manitoba.
+ Later the same year when his father returned from the east in October Pierre was sent to build Fort Dauphin near present-day Winnipegosis, Manitoba. His mission completed, Pierre invited the Crees and Assiniboins to bring their furs from then on to the new fort, then he returned to Fort La Reine where he spent the entire year of 1742.
+ Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye was active as a fur-trader and explorer in the west even after his father was relieved of his command in 1744 up to 1749 when he finally returned east and re-entered the army. He was active at Fort Beauséjour where he served until it was captured by the British in 1755. He died shortly after at Quebec. His death was in Montréal, specifically. His death was assassination, and many agree that the British wanted to kill such a valuable addition to the French.
+
+= = = Lot 9, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 9 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Halifax Parish. Lot 9 was awarded to James Murray in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 10, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 10 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Halifax Parish. Lot 10 was awarded to Simon Luttrell, 1st Earl of Carhampton in the 1767 land lottery. Ownership passed to John Motteux, High Sheriff of Norfolk by 1783, and to the Earl of Selkirk by 1806.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 11, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 11 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Halifax Parish. Following the Seven Years' War, Lot 11 was awarded in the land lottery of 1767 to Colonel Hunt Walsh, the commanding officer of 28th Regiment of Foot at the capture of Louisbourg and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. While ownership remained with the heirs of Colonel Walsh, portions of the lot were leased to settlers under sequential administration by land agents James Bardin Palmer, John Large and James Warburton. In 1856, the Walsh heirs sold the lot to the colonial government for resale to leaseholders in accordance with the Land Purchase Act of 1853.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 12, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 12 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Halifax Parish. Lot 12 was awarded to merchants Hutchinson Mure and Robert Cathcart in the 1767 land lottery, and by 1806 was partially owned by the Earl of Selkirk.
+ First Nations:
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Eosinophilic fasciitis = = =
+
+ Eosinophilic fasciitis (), also known as "Shulman's syndrome", is a form of fasciitis, the inflammatory diseases that affect the fascia, the connective tissues surrounding muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Unlike other diseases in that category, it is limited to the arms and legs, and usually resolves itself, although some cases require corticosteroids, and some cases are associated with aplastic anemia.
+ The presentation of eosinophilic fasciitis is similar to scleroderma or systemic sclerosis. However, unlike scleroderma, it affects the fascia, not the skin (dermis). The characteristic and severe effects of scleroderma and systemic sclerosis, such as Raynaud's syndrome, involvement of the extremities, prominent small blood vessels (telangiectasia), and visceral changes such as swallowing problems, are absent.
+ It was first characterized in 1974, and it is not yet known whether it is actually a distinct condition or just a different presentation. However, it remains used for diagnostic purposes.
+ Several cases have been reported after strenuous exercise.
+ As it is a rare disease, a clear set of symptoms is difficult to define. Usually, patients show severe pain and swelling is reported but clinical presentations vary. It can have an 'orange peel' like appearance. Less common features are joint pain and carpal tunnel syndrome.
+ Most cases are idiopathic, but several triggers might related to the development of Eosinophilic fasciitis, such as strenuous exercise, initiation of hemodialysis, infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, some medications such as statins, phenytoin, ramipril, and subcutaneous heparin.
+ The key to diagnosis is skin changes combined with blood eosinophilia but the most accurate test is a skin, fascia and muscle biopsy.
+ Common treatments include corticosteroids such as prednisone, though other medications such as hydroxychloroquine have also been used.
+ The prognosis is usually good in the case of an early treatment if there is no visceral involvement.
+ Typical age of onset is around 40 to 50 years. It is not clear whether it is more common in women than men - patient numbers are small and some studies report a preponderance of men and others women. It is also found in children.
+
+= = = Pteridaceae = = =
+
+ Pteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, including some 1150 known species in ca 45 genera (depending on taxonomic opinions), divided over five subfamilies. The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recognized as separate families: the adiantoid, cheilanthoid, pteroid, and hemionitidoid ferns. Relationships among these groups remain unclear, and although some recent genetic analyses of the Pteridales suggest that neither the family Pteridaceae nor the major groups within it are all monophyletic, as yet these analyses are insufficiently comprehensive and robust to provide good support for a revision of the order at the family level.
+ Members of Pteridaceae have creeping or erect rhizomes. The leaves are almost always compound and have linear sori that are typically on the margins of the leaves and lack a true indusium, typically being protected by a false indusium formed from the reflexed margin of the leaf.
+ Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era. Smith referred to the ferns as monilophytes, dividing them into four groups. The vast majority of ferns were placed in the Polypodiopsida.
+ In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group divided order Polypodiales into six suborders. Pteridaceae is the sole family in suborder Pteridiineae, with 52 genera. The suborder has the same circumscription as Smith et al. used for the family. The phylogenetic relationship between these six suborders is shown in this cladogram:
+ As traditionally defined, the groups within Pteridaceae are as follows:
+ Based on phylogenetic research, Christenhusz "et al." (2011) divided the Pteridaceae genera into five subfamilies. These roughly correspond with the groups listed above, with the main difference being that "adiantoid" and "vittarioid" ferns are combined under the Vittarioideae subfamily name. The approach was followed by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
+ The following phylogram, showing the relationships between the subfamilies listed above, is based on Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008).
+ Mostly terrestrial or epipetric (growing on rock).
+
+= = = Lot 13, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 13 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Richmond Parish. Lot 13 was awarded to John Pownall, Secretary to the Lords of Trade in the 1767 land lottery; and passed to the Marquess of Hertford by 1796.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Fairchild C-26 Metroliner = = =
+
+ The Fairchild C-26 "Metroliner" is the designation for the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner series twin turboprop aircraft in the service of the United States military. It was not officially named by the US Armed Forces, but is unofficially known by the same name as its civilian counterpart. The C-26A is the military version of the Model SA227-AC Metro III; the C-26B is the military version of the Model SA227-BC Metro III and Model SA227-DC Metro 23; and UC-26C is the military designation for the Model SA227-AT Merlin IVC.
+ The United States Air Force bought eleven C-26A aircraft based on the SA227-AC, two of these being supplied to the Venezuelan Air Force. The first three C-26Bs were procured later in the 1980s, two for the US Army and one for the USAF. These three had been built as SA227-BC models. Later C-26Bs were the military equivalent of the Metro 23 and the USAF took delivery of 37 examples. Some of these were transferred to the Peruvian Air Force and the US Army, while six were transferred to the US Navy as C-26Ds. The US Army also took a second-hand Merlin IVC and operated it as the solitary UC-26C.
+ A Metro III, c/n AC-614, was modified as the Fairchild Aircraft/Lockheed Multi Mission Surveillance Aircraft, featuring a Lockheed phased array radar in a long pod under the fuselage. Several aspects of the MMSA aircraft were incorporated on some USAF C-26s redesignated as the RC-26B, operated by the Air National Guard (ANG) in various states. These aircraft have been primarily used for Department of Defense reconnaissance mission support to various agencies of the Department of Homeland Security such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in the War on Drugs, and to USCG and/or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the wake of natural disasters. The RC-26B aircraft were originally configured with a belly pod containing a sensor turret and a data recorder. Recently, this pod has been removed and a sensor turret has been added to the belly of the aircraft. Some of the RC-26Bs were operated for a time with civil registrations. On 4 February 2019, a contract for Elbit Systems of America to provide an avionics upgrade to the Air National Guard's RC-26Bs was announced.
+ The US Navy operates several C-26D aircraft, modified for range support, at the Pacific Missile Range Facility Barking Sands in Hawaii.
+
+= = = Berwick Bandits = = =
+
+ The Berwick Bandits are a speedway team based at Shielfield Park, Berwick upon Tweed, the club competes in the British SGB Championship.
+ Berwick have been operational in consecutive seasons from 1968 through to the present day. For such a small club, Berwick have had relative success. They were Division 2 Knock-out cup winners in 1980 and 1989, and The Gold Cup, in their only top flight season in 1991 whilst owned by Entrepreneur Terry Lindon. To add to this there were two national league riders championships for Wayne Brown (1980), Steve McDerrmott (1983) and a CRC win for Nick Morris in 2017.
+ In 1980 Berwick left Shielfield Park after a disagreement with the landlords Berwick Rangers FC. They raced their remaining fixtures as 'Nomads' including racing the second leg of the KO cup final at Brough Park Newcastle.
+ In 1981 the Bandits were still homeless and carried on riding home fixtures at Barrow, Workington and Glasgow before being forced to quit NL racing after a protest from Edinburgh boss Mike Parker. The Bandits were, however, allowed to defend their KO Cup, reaching the final against Edinburgh, which the Monarchs won.
+ Between 1982 and 1995, Berwick Bandits were based at the Berrington Lough track near Ancroft, Northumberland. The last meeting staged at Berrington Lough was the Academy League KO Cup Final 1st Leg v Stoke Potters on the 21st of October 1995; the final race was won by Glyn Taylor after Kevin Little's bike packed up whilst leading.
+ On 9 July 1995, bikes returned to Shielfield Park for the first time in 15 years so that council officials could carry out noise tests, and on 17 August 1996, the Bandits returned to Shielfield Park for their second spell at the Tweedmouth track.
+ Berwick won the Premier League Four-Team Championship in 2002. In 2005, Berwick enjoyed one of their most successful seasons ever; they were 2nd in the Premier League, semi-finalists of the Knock-out cup, semi-finalists of the Young Shield and had a series of impressive away wins, the highlight being the 53-38 away win over the Exeter Falcons. In 2008, the Bandits made the final of the Young Shield, losing out to Workington Comets in what turned out to be promoter Peter Waite's last meeting in charge.
+ In 2009, a new promotion came in, spearheaded by longtime supporter and North Berwick butcher John Anderson, with Cornhill shopkeeper Linda Waite (no relation to Peter) joining John and his sons.
+ On 26 July 2010, the Berwick promotion announced that there had been a change in ownership. Lynda Waite stepped down from her role to concentrate on the family business at Cornhill Village Shop, but she stated that she would be proud to sponsor the 2010 Bordernapolis event so that her link with Berwick speedway would continue. After her departure, John Anderson announced the new investor was George Hepburn, owner of Berwick building contractor George Hepburn and Son Ltd., a long-term supporter of the Bandits and sponsor of rider Lee Complin. Following the announcement of George Hepburn's investment, it was then announced that Dave Peet (team manager, late-2008 to mid-2010) had departed from the club and had been replaced by the track curator and staff manager Ian Rae. Rae's association with speedway in Berwick-upon-Tweed extended back to his role as stadium manager at their Berrington Lough Stadium, followed by several years – up until 2001 – as team manager.
+ Berwick won the Premier League Four-Team Championship for a second time in 2012.
+ In 2015, the Bandits owner John Anderson announced mid-season, amid a run of poor results and dwindling attendances, that it was time for new blood to come aboard, either in the form of a takeover, or by an input of new ideas and capital investment. The other option available was the closure of the club and the liquidation of the club's assets. After some months of apparent inactivity and inertia, three new associate directors came aboard, and the Bandits declared their intention to continue in advance of the Speedway Promoters Annual Meeting. The Associate Directors were a trio of Berwick-based businessmen, with successful enterprises and connections in the Berwick community, something that had been identified as a weakness in the previous management structure. The trio consisted of Michael Mullan of Castle Blinds, Dennis Hush of Ideal Carpets, and property investor Darren Amers.
+ In August 2016 it was announced that the trio of Hush, Mullan and Amers had resigned their positions citing the incumbent owner's reluctance to change. On 4 September 2016, Berwick Speedway issued a statement from Bandits promoter and owner John Anderson, on behalf of his fellow directors Ryan Anderson and George Hepburn, that the 2016 season was to be their last in charge and the club was up for sale as a going concern and they were ready to talk to interested parties. On 21 October 2016, the club announced it had new owners: 2016 team manager Scott Courtney, his younger Brother Jamie Courtney and 1992 World Champion Gary Havelock. In January 2018, it was revealed in Companies House returns that Havelock had left the club, and was no longer a director, and on 5 November 2018, a statement was issued saying that Scott and Jamie Courtney were putting the club up for sale. However, on 19 November 2018, Jamie Courtney announced the club would run in 2019. Scott Courtney took a 'back-seat role' in the club, leaving his brother Jamie, along with new co-promoters Gary Flint and Steven Dews. Dennis McCleary, who was co-promoter with Scott Courtney, stepped down from his role for the 2019 season.
+ In 2019, Berwick narrowly missed out on a play-off spot for the second season running.
+ 2016 team
+ also rode
+ 2015 team
+ Also rode
+ 2014 team
+ Also rode
+ 2013 team
+ Also rode
+ 2012 team
+ Also rode
+ 2011 team
+ Also Rode
+ 2010 team
+ Also Rode
+ 2009 team
+ Also rode
+ 2008 team
+ Also Rode:
+ 2007 team
+ Also rode
+ 2006 team
+
+= = = Lot 14, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 14 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Richmond Parish. Lot 14 was awarded to Captain John Campbell, RN in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 15, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 15 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Richmond Parish. Lot 15 was awarded to Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester in the 1767 land lottery.
+ The township is the only part of the province to have a Francophone majority. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, 780 declared that they spoke English and French, 10 declared they were French unilinguals, and 325 declared they were English unilinguals.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 16, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 16 (pop. 550) is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Richmond Parish.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ Lot 16 was awarded to three junior officers in the 1767 land lottery; and one quarter was granted to Loyalists in 1775.
+ The communities of Belmont Lot 16, Central Lot 16 and Southwest Lot 16 are some of the few communities in the province that use part of Samuel Holland's original township designation in their geographic name.
+ The Belmont United Baptist Church is located in Belmont Lot 16 and the Central Lot 16 United Church is located in Central Lot 16. It also has three cemeteries (Methodist, United, and Baptist).
+ The Lot 16 Community Hall is located in Central Lot 16 and is a meeting place for community groups such as 4-H, Lot 16 Seniors Club, and the Women's Institute.
+ Belmont Provincial Park is located in Belmont Lot 16. It is a day-use park located at Winchester Cape, a headland extending off the south shore of Malpeque Bay.
+ Agriculture is the main industry in Lot 16, with a large proportion of residents involved in primary agricultural production. The most popular commodities are dairy, beef, potato, and grain production. It is also home to a few small businesses that are primarily machinery related.
+
+= = = Lot 17, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 17 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of Richmond Parish. Lot 17 was awarded to Bingham and Theobold Burke in the 1767 land lottery. Half of it had been sold for arrears of quitrent by 1781, and one quarter was granted to Loyalists. Six-thousand acres were sold to Acadians in 1800.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 18, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 18 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 18 was awarded to John Stewart and William Allanby in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Mice Galaxies = = =
+
+ NGC 4676, or the Mice Galaxies, are two spiral galaxies in the constellation Coma Berenices. About 290 million light-years away, they began the process of colliding and merging. Their name refers to the long tails produced by tidal action—the relative difference between gravitational pulls on the near and far parts of each galaxy—known here as a galactic tide. It is a possibility that both galaxies, which are members of the Coma cluster, have experienced collision, and will continue colliding until they coalesce.
+ The colors of the galaxy are peculiar. In NGC 4676A a core with some dark markings is surrounded by a bluish white remnant of spiral arms. The tail is unusual, starting out blue and terminating in a more yellowish color, despite the fact that the beginning of each arm in virtually every spiral galaxy starts yellow and terminates in a bluish color. NGC 4676B has a yellowish core and two arcs; arm remnants underneath are bluish as well.
+ The galaxies were photographed in 2002 by the Hubble Space Telescope. In the background of the Mice Galaxies, there are at least 3200 galaxies, at distances up to 13 billion light-years.
+
+= = = Lot 19, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 19 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 19 was awarded to brothers John and Walter Patterson in the 1767 land lottery. One quarter was granted to Loyalists in 1783.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+ The unincorporated communities of Travellers Rest, New Annan, Wilmot Valley and Kelvin Grove in the western part of the township is one of the few areas in Prince County experiencing a modest rate of growth, largely due to their geographic proximity to the town of Kensington and the city of Summerside.
+ In 2001 the township had a population of 1,775 residents. In 2006 the population was 1,888 and as of 2011 it has a population of 1,903 marking an increase of 128 residents, or a growth rate of approximately 13% over the last 10 years.
+
+
+= = = Lot 25, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 25 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 25 was awarded to Archibald Kennedy and James Campbell in the 1767 land lottery. One half was sold for arrears in quitrent in 1781.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 26, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 26 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 26 was awarded to Robert Stewart and Peter Gordon in the 1767 land lottery. One half was sold for arrears in quitrent in 1781 and one quarter was granted to Loyalists in 1783.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 27, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 27 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 27 was awarded to merchants James Searle and John Russell Spence in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = Lot 28, Prince Edward Island = = =
+
+ Lot 28 is a township in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is part of St. David's Parish. Lot 28 was awarded to Samuel Holland in the 1767 land lottery.
+ Incorporated municipalities:
+ Civic address communities:
+
+= = = List of Breton poets = = =
+
+
+= = = Interacting galaxy = = =
+
+ Interacting galaxies (colliding galaxies) are galaxies whose gravitational fields result in a disturbance of one another. An example of a minor interaction is a satellite galaxy's disturbing the primary galaxy's spiral arms. An example of a major interaction is a galactic collision, which may lead to a galaxy merger.
+ A giant galaxy interacting with its satellites is common. A satellite's gravity could attract one of the primary's spiral arms, or the secondary satellite's path could coincide with the position of the primary satellite's and so would dive into the primary galaxy (the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy into the Milky Way being an example of the latter). That can possibly trigger a small amount of star formation. Such orphaned clusters of stars were sometimes referred to as "blue blobs" before they were recognized as stars.
+ Colliding galaxies are common during galaxy evolution. The extremely tenuous distribution of matter in galaxies means these are not collisions in the traditional sense of the word, but rather gravitational interactions.
+ Colliding may lead to merging if two galaxies collide and do not have enough momentum to continue traveling after the collision. In that case, they fall back into each other and eventually merge into one galaxy after many passes through each other. If one of the colliding galaxies is much larger than the other, it will remain largely intact after the merger. The larger galaxy will look much the same, while the smaller galaxy will be stripped apart and become part of the larger galaxy. When galaxies pass through each other, unlike during mergers, they largely retain their material and shape after the pass.
+ Galactic collisions are now frequently simulated on computers, which use realistic physics principles, including the simulation of gravitational forces, gas dissipation phenomena, star formation, and feedback. Dynamical friction slows the relative motion galaxy pairs, which may possibly merge at some point, according to the initial relative energy of the orbits.
+ A library of simulated galaxy collisions can be found at the Paris Observatory website: GALMER
+ Galactic cannibalism refers to the process in which a large galaxy, through tidal gravitational interactions with a companion, merges with that companion; that results in a larger, often irregular galaxy.
+ The most common result of the gravitational merger between two or more galaxies is an irregular galaxy, but elliptical galaxies may also result.
+ It has been suggested that galactic cannibalism is currently occurring between the Milky Way and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Streams of gravitationally-attracted hydrogen arcing from these dwarf galaxies to the Milky Way is taken as evidence for the theory.
+ Galaxy harassment is a type of interaction between a low-luminosity galaxy and a brighter one that takes place within rich galaxy clusters, such as Virgo and Coma, where galaxies are moving at high relative speeds and suffering frequent encounters with other systems of the cluster by the high galactic density of the latter.
+ According to computer simulations, the interactions convert the affected galaxy disks into disturbed barred spiral galaxies and produces starbursts followed by, if more encounters occur, loss of angular momentum and heating of their gas.
+ The result would be the conversion of (late type) low-luminosity spiral galaxies into dwarf spheroidals and dwarf ellipticals.
+ Evidence for the hypothesis had been claimed by studying early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo Cluster and finding structures, such as disks and spiral arms, which suggest they are former disk systems transformed by the above-mentioned interactions. However, the existence of similar structures in isolated early-type dwarf galaxies, such as LEDA 2108986, has undermined this hypothesis
+ Astronomers have estimated the Milky Way Galaxy will collide with the Andromeda Galaxy in about 4.5 billion years. It is thought that the two spiral galaxies will eventually merge to become an elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy.
+
+= = = WinEdt = = =
+
+ WinEdt is a shareware Unicode (UTF-8) editor and shell for Microsoft Windows. It is primarily used for the creation of TeX (or LaTeX) documents, but can also be used to edit HTML or any other type of text file. It can be configured to run as a front-end for a variety of TeX systems, including MiKTeX, fpTeX and TeX Live. WinEdt's highlighting schemes can be customized for different modes and its spell checking functionality supports multi-lingual setups, with dictionaries (word-lists) for many languages available for downloading from WinEdt's Community Site. It supports DVI and PDF workflow.
+ WinEdt was developed by Aleksander Simonic in 1993 for Windows 3.1. It was uploaded to CTAN in 1995 as shareware for Windows 3.1 and Windows 95. Version 5.6 runs well on Windows XP and Vista. Version 6.0 was released for Windows 2000, XP and 7 on March 17, 2010. Since version 8.0 32- and 64-bit binaries are provided.
+
+= = = Finian McGrath = = =
+
+ Finian McGrath (born 9 April 1953) is an Irish Independent politician who has served as Minister of State for Disability Issues since May 2016. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 2002 to 2020.
+ Born in Tuam, County Galway, in 1953. He was educated at University College Dublin. He went on to become a primary school principal at St. Mary's Christian Brothers School in Dublin, before entering politics. He had two daughters with his wife Anne, who died in November 2009. McGrath was a contestant on the "You're a Star" charity special in summer 2005, where he came in second. He released a charity single in December 2005, which featured the Christmas song "Angels We Have Heard on High" and the classic "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown". All proceeds from the sales of this single were donated to Down syndrome Ireland.
+ He was an unsuccessful candidate in the Dublin North-Central constituency at the 1992 and 1997 general elections. He was elected to Dublin City Council in 1999, with the second-highest vote in the Clontarf local electoral area. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, where he stood as an Independent Health Alliance candidate in the Dublin North-Central constituency. He joined the technical group, established to ensure Dáil speaking time for Independent TDs. In March 2003, due to being a dual mandate TD, he gave up his Dublin City Council seat to Ger Drogan, who later was replaced by Fintan Cassidy, who failed to get elected in the subsequent 2004 local elections.
+ McGrath was re-elected to the 30th Dáil at the 2007 general election, confounding predictions that he would lose due to the loss of a seat from the constituency. He garnered a large number of transfers from the Sinn Féin and Labour Party candidates.
+ As an Independent member of the 30th Dáil, McGrath pledged his support for the new government formed in June 2007. In so doing, he secured a deal with Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, which he made public by entering it in the Dáil record. This public announcement was hailed by many observers who had criticised other Independent TDs such as Michael Lowry and Jackie Healy-Rae for keeping similar deals secret. On 20 October 2008, following the 2009 Budget, McGrath withdrew his support for the government in protest at the abolition of an automatic medical card for the over-70s, cuts in education and the increase of the pupil-teacher ratio. Following the election of Pearse Doherty to the Dáil, McGrath joined the Technical group, which consisted of the Sinn Féin deputies and the Independent Maureen O'Sullivan. He was re-elected at the 2011 general election, where he served as chair of the Technical group.
+ McGrath endorsed the Independent candidate Damien O'Farrell at the 2009 local elections for the Clontarf local electoral area in Dublin City Council, who was elected topping the poll.
+ During the 2011 presidential election, McGrath initially agreed to support Senator David Norris for nomination as a candidate. On 2 August, Norris publicly announced at a press conference that he was withdrawing from the presidential race. This followed the decision of McGrath, and the TDs John Halligan and Thomas Pringle to withdraw their support following revelations that Norris had written a letter to an Israeli court asking clemency for his former partner Ezra Nawi, who was then facing criminal charges. Norris withdrew his candidacy on 2 August due to the controversy. Sinn Féin proposed Martin McGuinness for their nomination for a presidential candidate. McGrath agreed, along with four other independent TDs, to sign McGuinness's nomination paper.
+ McGrath resigned as chair of the technical group in October 2012, after a dispute with Mick Wallace, over Wallace's participation in the loose alliance related to speaking rights in the Dáil. He joined the Independent Alliance at its inception in 2016. He contested the 2016 general election under that banner, in Dublin Bay North owing to the abolition of Dublin North-Central. He was re-elected to the Dáil and then entered talks on government formation. On 6 May 2016, he entered Government with Fine Gael, under Taoiseach Enda Kenny, as Minister of State for Disability Issues. McGrath was also appointed a "Super Junior Minister", meaning he attends cabinet meetings but cannot vote.
+ In January 2020, in advance of the 2020 Irish general election, McGrath announced that he would not be seeking re-election, but would return to other forms of political activism to support people with disabilities.
+ Describing himself as "someone who comes from the tradition of Tone and Connolly", McGrath holds left-wing political views. He has cited health, education and disability as his policy priorities. He has also campaigned against the Iraq War and the U.S. military's use of Shannon Airport as a stopover, and on local environmental issues.
+ McGrath has spoken in support of Fidel Castro's socialist government in Cuba. When challenged on Cuba's supposed poor human rights record, McGrath replied that "Cuba has a different kind of democracy to Ireland."
+
+= = = NGC 1532 = = =
+
+ NGC 1532, also known as Haley's Coronet, is an edge-on barred spiral galaxy located approximately 50 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy was discovered by James Dunlop on 29 October 1826. One supernova, SN 1981A, has been recorded in the galaxy.
+ NGC 1532 is one of many edge-on spiral galaxies that possesses a box-shaped bulge. This is an indication that the bulge is actually a bar. Such bars are easy to detect in face-on galaxies, where the structures can be identified visually. In inclined galaxies such as this one, however, careful analyses are needed to distinguish between bulges and bar structures.
+ NGC 1532 may possess several dwarf companion galaxies. The galaxy is clearly interacting with one of these galaxies, the amorphous dwarf galaxy NGC 1531. The tidal forces from this interaction have created unusual plumes above the disk of NGC 1532.
+ NGC 1532 is also an outlying member of the Fornax Cluster.
+
+= = = Ernst Jaakson = = =
+
+ Ernst Rudolf Jaakson (11 August 1905, Riga, Livonia (then Russian Empire) – 4 September 1998, New York, United States) was an Estonian diplomat whose unique contribution was to maintain Estonia's legal continuity with his uninterrupted diplomatic service for 69 years.
+ Jaakson studied economics at the University of Latvia in Riga, and law at the University of Tartu. He later graduated from Columbia University in New York with a degree in economics.
+ In 1919, Jaakson began work in the legation of the newly independent Estonia in Riga. In 1928, he started work in the Information Division of the Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1929-1932, Jaakson worked as the secretary of the Estonian honorary consul in San Francisco. In 1932, he was assigned to the Estonian Consulate General in New York.
+ When the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940 and again in 1944, the United States and other democratic nations invoked the Stimson Doctrine, did not recognize the legality of Soviet annexation of Estonia, and continued to recognize the diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Estonia. In 1965, when his predecessor, Johannes Kaiv, died, Jaakson became the consul in charge of the legation. Thus, he was the chief diplomatic representative of Estonia in the United States until Estonia regained independence in 1991. Throughout much of the 1980s, Jaakson, as the longest-serving foreign diplomatic representative to the United States, held the position of "unofficial" Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. During the long years of the Soviet occupation when the Baltic states' representatives in the West were often the object of curiosity or humorous dismissal, Jaakson commanded near-universal respect, and he did so not peremptorily but by his personal authority.
+ In 1991, Jaakson was appointed Estonia's ambassador to the United States and Estonia's permanent representative to the United Nations. From 1993, Jaakson continued his work as the Estonian consul general in New York.
+ In 1995, Ernst Jaakson's autobiographical book "Eestile" ("For Estonia") was published, which deals not only with his life, but also gives a very good overview of the diplomatic developments which took place over the years. He died in New York in 1998, at the age of 93. He worked in the Estonian Foreign Service for 79 years and served as a diplomat for 69 years.
+
+= = = Balaramapuram = = =
+
+ Balaramapuram is one of the panchayat that forms the city of Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, India. It is the most urbanized panchayat in Trivandrum district.
+ Balaramapuram is famous as the centre for the production of traditional varieties of handloom textiles meant for the contemporary cloth wearing style of Kerala. Its unique craftsmanship makes it an ideal heirloom. .Balaramapuram is also famous for mutton dishes,chicken dishes,oysters and fish items.Religious harmony place a great role.St: sebastians church perunal during the month of january is a great example of this harmony.Balaramapuram also has a railway station.
+ Balaramapuram is located on National Highway 47 13 km South east of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) city in Kerala, India and 16 km North West of Parassala, the southern boundary of the state. Balaramapuram lies 77 degrees 5 minutes east longitude and 8 degrees 23 minutes North latitude.
+ During the regime of "His Highness Maharaja Balaramavarma", from 1798 to 1810, handloom weaving was first introduced at Balaramapuram. The Maharaja and his Delava (Chief Minister), Ummini Thampi jointly decided to convert Balaramapuram and its surrounding places into an agro-based industrial belt with various traditional industries by the development of paddy and coconut cultivation, fishing, weaving, and oil extraction. Separate streets with a clustered at identified places, providing a comparatively better infrastructure for development.
+ The Delava of Maharaja brought seven weaver families (Shaliars) from Tamil Nadu to produce fabrics for the members of the royal family and made them settle at Balaramapuram in a separate location now called "Shaliar Street". Market places were opened at convenient locations to make the marketing of products easier. The present residents of the street are the descendants of these seven families. Among the prominent weaving masters, Mr. Ponnan alias Appu panicker from Thannivila is an acclaimed weaver who taught the business to others of this region.
+ The place Balaramapuram itself was named after the King who started industries in this region.
+ The people of the Shaliyar community speak Tamil and marry within their own community. The community settlement has four main streets on which the weavers are settled in row houses. The four streets are Single Street, Double Street, Vinayagar Street, and the New Street.
+ The temple of Agasthiar is placed axially along the main streets. The main deities are Lord Siva Agasthiar muni and Lopamudra . Lord Vinayaka, Muruga, Navagrahas, Naga and Krishna are also worshipped here. The current President of Agasthiar swamy Devasthanam is Sri Venkitachalam and Secretary is Sri Laxmanan.
+ The Double Street has two temples – The Muttaramman Temple and the Vinayagar Temple. There is a Ganapathi temple in the Vinayagar Street. For males above 18, membership in the temple committee is compulsory. The temple and the related functions form the social hub of all the activities related with the community development.
+ The Shaliyar community settlement spreads over an area of about towards the South of NH-47. Main entrance is from NH-47 to the 9 m wide Single Street. The entry is not well defined. The Single Street with two story buildings on either side act as an axis with the Agasthiar temple being the focal point. The Single street, Double street and the New street are the main streets The Agasthiar temple is placed at the point of intersection of these streets. The streets form a major interaction space as the row houses abut the streets with no front yard.
+ The houses of the Shaliyar weavers reflect their culture, occupation, and religious beliefs. They have rectangular layouts with houses sharing common walls. All the houses have production units attached to them. The houses of the wealthier families have showrooms. The special kind of architectural detailing of the facades, internal courtyards, and the arrangement of rooms to suit the occupation of weaving, make the houses unique in nature.
+ There is very little open space or car parking facilities within the settlement. The streets are dotted with community wells. Lack of infrastructure like levelled roads, public water supply, street drains and sewerage are some problems faced by the community. In most places the streets are not levelled and are not accessible for vehicles.
+ The weavers use a primitive type of throw-shuttle pit looms for the production of exclusively cotton fabrics with pure zeri. They do not use any type of improved appliances such as Dobby, Jacquard, Jala, etc. for the production of designs for cloth with extra warp and extra weft. Identical appearance of designs, including warp and weft stripes on the face and backside of the fabric is obtained by this technique of weaving.
+ No change has so far been taken place in the type of loom or technology of weaving in producing such varieties. The variety known as "Pudava and Kavani" (veshti and upper cloth with pure zeri) still remains as a prestigious bridal gift in marriages. The designs with zeri or coloured yarn, using the age-old technique still has unparallel appeal which can attract even the most sophisticated customers.
+ Five percent of the houses run agencies for hand loom items. These houses act as collecting points of hand loom clothes produced in the colony. Nine percent of houses do not have any home based activity. Twenty-seven percent of houses use traditional means of production, whereas 59% are based on new methods.
+ Presently, a major portion of the hand loom clothes produced in this area is sold to the Handloom Development Corporation and Hantex. Due to the emergence of power looms in the weaving industry and drop in the prices of related items, the inhabitants of the colony have found it difficult to persevere in the same field of activity as a result of which, the younger generations are pursuing higher education and alternate employment to make ends meet.
+ Another reason for this sea of change in the aptitude of the inhabitants is the low price per unit put into making these hand loom items; the overheads being much too higher for houses having lesser looms that the ones, mass-producing these items with the help of separate work place close to the residence. All such varieties, which were reserved for exclusive production in the hand loom sector, are now extensively and widely produced in power looms making the hand loom products not competitive in the market.
+ Nowadays, a new concept in handloom industry introduced in this area is Ayurvastra, a branch of Ayurveda, the ancient 5,000-year-old Indian system of Vedic healthcare. Loosely translated, "Ayur" is Sanskrit for health, and "Vastra" is clothing, Ayurvastra means Healthy Fabrics, Ayurvastra project is initiated and launched by the Directorate of Handloom, Department of Industries and Commerce and the Department of Government Ayurveda College, aimed at creating a niche for the eco-friendly wellness textiles ( Dyeing textiles using ayurvedic herbs and plants without using synthetic chemicals) Ayurvastra is manufactured and exported by a 50-year-old balaramapuram handloom firm Kairali Exports (kairaliexports.com) exports ayurvastra brand fabrics to US (ayurtex.com), Europe (ayurvastra.in)
+ Until 1990, the varieties of Balaramapuram had excellent market potential and the weavers there were getting reasonable income and could maintain a better standard of living. Nearly 5,100 looms were engaged in the production of such fabrics. No attempt was made to exploit the skill of such weavers, who are masters in their trade, to produce any other variety for expanding market demand.
+ However, recently this seems to be changing and the demand for hand loomed products is high.
+
+= = = Villehardouin family = = =
+
+ Villehardouin was a noble dynasty originating in Villehardouin, a former commune of the Aube department, now part of Val-d'Auzon, France. It is most notable as the ruling house of the Principality of Achaea, a Frankish crusader state in the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece, between 1209 and 1278, when possession passed to the angevin Kings of Naples.
+
+= = = Dennstaedtiaceae = = =
+
+ Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order Polypodiales, the most derived families within monilophytes (ferns). It comprises 10 genera with ca 240 known species, including one of the world's most abundant fern, "Pteridium aquilinum" (bracken). Members of the order generally have large, highly divided leaves and have either small, round intramarginal sori with cup-shaped indusia (e.g. "Dennstaedtia") or linear marginal sori with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin (e.g. "Pteridium"). The morphological diversity among members of the order has confused past taxonomy, but recent molecular studies have supported the monophyly of the order and the family. The reclassification of Dennstaedtiaceae and the rest of the monilophytes was published in 2006, so most of the available literature is not updated.
+ Characteristics described by Smith et al., and Judd et al.
+ Generally, the family is pantropical, but due to the distribution of "Pteridium" (the most widespread fern genus), Dennstaedtiaceae can be found worldwide. "Pteridium" is a well adapted early successional genus, generally described as a weed because of its ease of spread. The spore is light and robust, so it can travel relatively far and colonise open, disturbed environments easily. "Dennsteadtia" is mostly tropical to warm-temperate, but not well represented in the Amazon or Africa. "Oenotrichia" is in New Caledonia. "Leptolepia" is in New Zealand, Queensland (Australia), and in New Guinea. "Microlepia" is in the Asiatic-Pacific. "Paesia" occurs in tropical America, Asia, and the western Pacific. "Hypolepis" is tropical and south-temperate. "Blotiella" is strongly centered in Africa. "Histiopteris" is generally Malesian, with one pantropic to south-temperate species.
+ Dennstaedtiaceae was previously considered the only family the order Dennstaedtiales. Dennstaedtiaceae now contains the previously defined families Monachosoraceae Ching, Pteridiaceae Ching, and Hypolepidaceae Pic. Serm. Before Smith's classification in 2006, Dennstaedtiaceae was a poly- and para- phyletic family, containing genera that now are classified within Lindsaeaceae and Saccolomataceae, and with the family Monachosoraceae arising from within the Dennstaedtiaceae clade. The nonmonophyletic nature of Dennstaedtiaceae (pre-2006 classification) was proved and supported by multiple molecular studies. Dennstaedtiaceae as now classified is supported as monophyletic, but the relation of the genera within the family have not yet been fully clarified.
+ Dennsteadtiaceae species and genera are usually known for their weedy nature (i.e. "Pteridium" spp., "Hypolepis" spp., "Paesia" spp.), but some species are grown ornamentally ("Blotiella" spp., "Dennstaedtia" spp., "Hypolepis" spp., "Microlepia" spp.).
+ The fiddleheads/crosiers of "Pteridium aquilinum" have been known to be eaten, but they contain carcinogens, so this practice is not prevalent.
+ The rhizomes of "Pteridium esculentum" were consumed by the Maori during their settlement of New Zealand in the 13th century, but no longer are a part of the Maori diet. The rhizomes of "Pteridium esculentum" contain about 50% starch when they grow in loose rich soil, at relatively deep depths. The rhizomes were a staple in the diet because once dried, the rhizomes were very light (perfect for travelling) and would keep for about a year as long as they remained dry. The leaves and spores of the "Pteridium esculentum" are associated with toxins and carcinogens, and have been known to cause stock (cattle, sheep, horses, pigs) to sicken.
+
+= = = Ra Un Nefer Amen = = =
+
+ Ra Un Nefer Amen (born Rogelio Alcides Straughn, on January 6, 1944) is the founder of the Ausar Auset Society, a Pan-African spiritual organization dedicated to providing Afrocentric based spiritual training to people of African descent.
+ Ra Un Nefer Amen was born in the Central American country of Panama. Amen attended Panama's Conservatory of Music when he was six years old. He arrived in the United States on May 30, 1960, to continue his formal musical training and graduated from the Brooklyn High School for Boys in Brooklyn, New York in 1961. Upon graduating, Amen continued his formal training at Juilliard Prep (Pre-College Division) and Mannes College of Music.
+ Trained originally as a concert pianist, composer, and music theoretician, Amen passed on opportunities in the music industry to devote time to the spiritual education and uplift of African people. To accomplish this goal, he has written and published several books on the subject of ancient Egyptian philosophy and spiritual culture, most notably "Metu Neter" (Vols. 1-7) and the Metu Neter Oracle.
+ One of Ra Un Nefer Amen's early works, "Meditation Techniquies of the Kabalists, Vedantins and Taoists" provides specific instruction for student initiates. Instructions are provided for "moral laws" (pg. 16) or body-mind laws required for returning to a correct way of living, i.e., a way of living not deviated (see fall of man) or based upon unnatural conditionings. Adherence to these laws will produce in the practitioner an understanding of the Soul, Will and Consciousness (the three principles that constitute an exact knowledge of the Self). Returning to a proper way of living is a prerequisite bridge to be crossed through methods which include maintaining a proper diet. R.A. Straughn (as he called himself at the time of the book's publication in the late 1970s) pointed out, for example, that the most people eat a diet "severely low in fresh fruits" (page 20). Included is a specific regiment for Hatha Yoga techniques including postures Asanas and breathing exercises Pranayama including, specifically, a technique called Dhumo Breathing used for the purpose of cleansing the energy channels of the subtle body (see Nadis).
+ The book describes the three states of consciousness from Yoga science which were perhaps first documented in Patañjali's Yoga Sutra's: Dhyāna, Dhāraṇā, and Samadhi. Emphasis is placed upon the ability to control these states of consciousness, and thus avoid "sowing" in to one's consciousness, the "seeds" of thoughts which enter without the operation of one's will (only to cause un-willed thoughts to return again later and thus increase the likelihood of producing action and a further binding to one's conditionings).
+ The book also includes an introduction to the Chinese I Ching Oracle—a method of Divination for providing answers to questions about one's path. The book warns practitioners not to use the I Ching improperly, and only ask questions which the student has made every effort to answer before submitting them to the I Ching (abuse of the I Ching will lead to answers which cannot be comprehended, appear nonsensical, or offer no value).
+ Ra Un Nefer Amen currently leads an international following as the "Shekhem Ur Shekhem" ("Chief Priest and King") of the Ausar Auset Society headquartered in Brooklyn, New York.
+ In 1984 he was selected by the Ashanti King of Agogo, Nana Kwame Akuoko Sarpong, to host the first Durbar "(royal reception)" for an African king ever held outside of Africa. Thus, in October 1985 the Shekhem Ur Shekhem Ra Un Nefer Amen hosted the Durbar for Asantehene Otumfuo Nana Opoku Ware II.
+ In November 1985, Amen, along with fifty-four AAS members, attended the 50th anniversary of the restoration of the Ashanti Confederacy, at the invitation of the Asantehene in Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa where he was enstooled as an Omanhene of the Ashanti on November 15, 1985. During this visit Amen was also presented the Epoh Stool officially establishing an alliance between the Kingship of the Ashanti and the Kingship of the Ausar Auset Society. He was further conferred the position of Paramount King under the title of Odeneho "(King of Kings)". Additionally, Amen was enstooled by Nana Kwame Akuoko Sarpong as co-ruler of Agogo State in Ghana on November 18, 1985.
+ In his role as cultural liaison between African-Americans and the National Ghanaian House of Chiefs, the Shekhem Ur Shekhem, along with the Ghanaian community in the United States have sponsored Durbars for several other kings of Africa, including Togbi Adeladza V, a king of the Ewe; Nii Aumgi V, a king of the Ga; Nana Adodankwa III, King of Okuapemman, and others. In 1986, Ra Un Nefer Amen was given a formal reception by President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana as an official guest to the dedication of the Nkrumah Mausoleum Memorial in Accra, Ghana. In 1991, Amen was the official guest of the Oni of the Yoruba kingdom of Ife, Oba Okunade Sijuade Olubuse II in Nigeria, where he was the sole African-American dignitary to the first Ile Ife Reconstruction Project. He was also received by the Emir of Kano, His Royal Majesty Alhaji Ado Bayero.
+ Metu Neter, Vol. 1: The Great Oracle of Tehuti and the Egyptian System of Spiritual Cultivation
+
+= = = D'Arcy Boulton = = =
+
+ D'Arcy Boulton may refer to:
+
+= = = Nikolai Nebogatov = = =
+
+ Nikolai Ivanovich Nebogatov ( occasionally transliterated as Nebogatoff, (April 20, 1849 – August 4, 1922) was a rear admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy, noted for his role in the final stages of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.
+ Nebogatov was born into the family of a career naval officer in the vicinity of St Petersburg and graduated from the Sea Cadets Corps in 1869. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1874. In 1882–86 he was executive officer aboard the cruiser "Razboinik" and in 1888 was given command of the gunboat "Groza", followed in 1889, by the gunboat "Grad". He was in command of numerous Russian warships during his career, including the cruisers "Krejs", "Admiral Nakhimov" (1896), and "Minin". He was then appointed head of naval artillery training for the Russian Baltic Fleet, and was promoted to rear admiral in 1901.
+ During the Russo-Japanese War, the bulk of the Russian Baltic Fleet was renamed the "Second Pacific Squadron", and set sail under the command of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky on an epic journey to relieve the Russian Pacific Fleet, trapped at the Battle of Port Arthur by the Imperial Japanese Navy. Largely for political reasons, calls were made for a "Third Pacific Squadron", consisting of mostly obsolete cruisers and coastal defence battleship to supplement the Second Pacific Squadron. Realizing that the ships were highly unsuited for the task, and faced with untrained crews, a number of Russian admirals refused the command; however, Nebogatov accepted the challenge. Despite several incidents of sabotage by pro-revolutionary or anarchist elements within the crews, Nebogatov sailed in February 1905 with the old battleship (as flagship), cruiser , and coastal-defense battleships , , and , as well as numerous transport ships. The squadron passed through the Suez Canal and crossed the Indian Ocean to rendezvous with the Second Pacific Squadron at Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina. Rozhestvensky, who had opposed the sailing of the Third Pacific Squadron from the beginning, did not share with him his future strategy and routing even at this late date, and also neglected to advise him of the death of Admiral Dmitry von Fölkersam on May 24, an event which effectively made Nebogatov second-in-command of the fleet after Rozhestvensky.
+ During the first day of the Battle of Tsushima on May 27, 1905 the Japanese fleet concentrated its efforts against the Second Pacific Squadron, so Nebogatov's ships survived the fate of Rozhestvenski's battleships. With Rozhestvenski seriously wounded, and most of the Second Pacific Squadron's warships sunk or lost, Nebogatov took over command. After facing repeated torpedo attacks during the night, the remaining Russian warships assembled around "Emperor Nikolai I". However, on sighting the main Japanese fleet on the morning of May 28, he realized that his ships were no match for the Japanese fleet, and that the Russian cruiser division under Admiral Oskar Enkvist would not arrive in time to prevent his annihilation. Over the objections of most of his officers, Nebogatov accepted Admiral Togo Heihachiro's terms, signing an instrument of surrender aboard Togo's flagship, the battleship , and turning over control of the remaining battleships "Emperor Nikolai I", , "General Admiral Graf Apraxin", and "Admiral Senyavin" to the Japanese. However, Captain Vasili Fersen of the cruiser disobeyed orders and escaped through the Japanese lines. The captain of the battleship "Admiral Ushakov", having become lost during the night, was unaware of the orders to surrender, and was sunk the next morning, out-gunned and outnumbered, by the Japanese fleet.
+ Nebogatov was taken as a prisoner of war by the Japanese, and while a prisoner was dishonorably discharged by the Russian Admiralty and stripped of his titles of nobility. On his return to Russia, he and 77 of his subordinate officers were arrested and taken before a court martial in December 1906. Nebogatov's defense that his defective ships, guns and ammunition would have made resulted in the meaningless slaughter of his men was rejected, and Nebogatov and three of his captains were sentenced to death by firing squad on December 25, 1906. However, the sentences were commuted to 10 years in prison by order of Tsar Nicholas. He was released from the prison fortress of Sts. Peter and Paul in May 1909, when he was pardoned on the occasion of the tsar's birthday.
+ Nebogatov subsequently moved to Moscow, where he died in 1922. He was married to Nadezhda Petrova, with whom he had two daughters and one son.
+ In English
+ In Russian language
+
+= = = Joe Callanan = = =
+
+ Joe Callanan (born 30 January 1949) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was born in Kilconnell, County Galway. He is a former Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency. Callanan was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election but lost his seat at the 2007 general election.
+ He is a nephew of a former Galway East TD Johnny Callanan.
+
+
+= = = Dennis Hof's Love Ranch = = =
+
+ Dennis Hof's Love Ranch, known as the Cherry Patch Ranch prior to 2010, is one of two brothels in Crystal, Nevada. It is also referred to as the Love Ranch South or Love Ranch Las Vegas due to its proximity to Las Vegas.
+ Both brothels in Crystal were owned by Maynard "Joe" Richards. In 2010, Richards sold both to Dennis Hof, who said Heidi Fleiss would be a consultant.
+ The license for the brothel was suspended in February 2018 over minor planning issues and then closed down by the county again on August 8, 2018, over alleged missed payments (of county fees) and paperwork being wrong, which sources cite immediately being refiled and taken before the courts for review. It is expected to reopen again later in 2018.
+ On August 27, 2018, Judge Richard Boulware ruled that Dennis Hof may re-open Love Ranch Vegas as of August 28, 2018 stating that other brothels did not have their licenses revoked when they were late renewing.
+ On October 16, 2018, Dennis Hof, the owner of the Love Ranch property was found dead in his bedroom at the Love Ranch. He is believed to have died in his sleep due to natural causes. Hof died at his Love Ranch in Pahrump, Nevada following a party for his 72nd birthday that had been attended by Flavor Flav, Joe Arpaio, Grover Norquist and Ron Jeremy, the last of whom found Hof unresponsive. Police did not suspect foul play at the time of his death.
+
+= = = Wayne G. Hammond = = =
+
+ Wayne G. Hammond ("Wayne Gordon Hammond;" born February 11, 1953 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American scholar known for his research and writings on the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with Honors as an English major at Baldwin-Wallace College in 1975 and Master of Arts in Library Science from the University of Michigan in 1976. From August 1976 to June 2015 he was Assistant Librarian of the Chapin Library of Rare Books at Williams College, and in July 2015 was promoted to Chapin Librarian.
+ In 1994 Hammond married fellow Tolkien scholar Christina Scull and the two have since collaborated on several projects.
+
+= = = Queensland Teachers' Union = = =
+
+ The Queensland Teachers' Union is an Australian trade union with a membership of more than 46,000 teachers and principals in the Queensland Government's primary schools, secondary schools, special schools, senior colleges, TAFE colleges and other educational facilities. More than 96 per cent of eligible teachers are members. As well as protecting the rights and conditions of its members, the QTU also sees the promotion of public education as a major part of its role.
+ The Queensland Teachers' Union was formed in January 1889, when seven regional teachers' organisations gathered at the School of Arts in Brisbane. It is the oldest teachers' union in Australia and one of the oldest trade unions of any type in Queensland. In 1895, the QTU published the first issue of the Queensland Education Journal, later renamed the Queensland Teachers' Journal, which is now the oldest continuous teachers' journal in Australia.
+ With the Public Service Association, the QTU lead the campaign for the establishment of a state public service superannuation scheme for Queensland, which eventually came into being in 1913.
+ In May 1917, the QTU was granted registration as an industrial association in Queensland's new Arbitration Court, and in November of that year the Queensland Teachers Award became the first agreed in industrial arbitration processes anywhere in Australasia, and one of the first negotiated in an industrial tribunal anywhere.
+ In 1967, the Industrial Commission granted the QTU's application for equal pay for women teachers, something for which the union had been campaigning since 1919.
+ The Remote Area Incentive Scheme, which tackles teacher shortages in the state's rural and remote areas by using incentives to attract and retain teachers, was introduced in 1990, after 16 years of QTU campaigning.
+ In 2010 the QTU, along with other Australian teacher unions, campaigned against the federal government's My School website, which publishes the NAPLAN test performance of schools and provides comparisons between schools.
+ In 2009, QTU members staged a national strike, the union's first in nine years, in support of a campaign for a salary increase.
+ In 2008, QTU members in remote areas of Queensland took strike action over what they regarded as the poor standard of housing supplied by The Department of Education and Training.
+ In 2015, the QTU established in collaboration with the Independent Education Union of Australia QLD branch, the working group "Teachers For Refugees and Asylum Seekers". This working group was established after the forced removal of Yeronga State High Year 12 student Mojgan Shamslispoor to an immigration detention centre in Darwin.
+ All members have access to a QTU Union Rep, their first point of contact with the Union. They are serving teachers elected by their colleagues to represent the Union in the workplace.
+ All members also have access to a Union sub-branch and branch. The QTU has 99 branches, which cover every state school within their boundaries, as well as 30 TAFE branches. Each branch has two representatives on its local area council. There are 11 area councils across Queensland.
+ QTU State Council (which meets five times a year, except Conference years) and the QTU Biennial Conference (which meets once every two years) are the supreme decision making bodies of the Union. Each branch and area council is represented.
+ The QTU Executive manages union affairs between State Council meetings. It consists of 13 serving teachers elected by State Council and the union's senior officers: the President, Vice-President, Honorary Vice-President, General Secretary and two Deputy General Secretaries.
+ The President, Vice-President and Honorary Vice-President are elected by the members. They preside at meetings of Executive, Council and Conference and must implement their decisions. They also handle media and community relations. The General Secretary and the two Deputy General Secretaries are elected by State Council and have primary responsibility for the day-to-day administration of the Union.
+ The Union's headquarters are at Milton in Brisbane, and it has regional offices in Cairns, the Gold Coast, Maryborough, Rockhampton, the Sunshine Coast, Toowoomba and Townsville. The QTU has 12 regional organisers based around the state.
+ The QTU is not affiliated with any political party, nor does it donate funds to any political parties. Under the QTU Constitution, political party affiliation could only occur after a referendum of all members. However, the QTU does reserve the right to support/oppose candidates (before and during election campaigns), depending on their attitude and actions in relation to QTU policy positions - in particular on public education and industrial relations. The QTU is affiliated with the Australian Education Union, as well as the Australian Council of Trade Unions and the Queensland Council of Unions, the peak Australian and Queensland union bodies.
+
+= = = List of compositions by César Cui = = =
+
+ The following is a list of compositions by the Russian composer César Cui.
+ "(Note: Cui's compositions, especially from the end of his life, remain in manuscript in the Russian National Library; likewise with the full orchestral scores of several of the operas. The recent publications of the last of Cui's instrumental works (Opp. 104-106) has addressed the research gap in his unknown works.)"
+ A cappella unless otherwise marked.
+ "(Note: most of the orchestral works were issued also in arrangements for piano four-hands.)"
+ "(also available with piano accompaniment)"
+ "(For voice and piano unless otherwise noted.)"
+ The above list was compiled from many, many sources, including exemplars of most of the printed scores themselves. Some of the more important existing lists of Cui's works are contained in the following, although each has its own limitations:
+ Other information on identifying and dating Cui's works can be found in these sources:
+
+= = = Paddy McHugh = = =
+
+ Patrick McHugh (born 23 January 1953) is a former Irish politician. He was an independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway East constituency. McHugh was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, getting a 15.8% share of the vote. He was a member of the Technical group established to ensure Dáil speaking time for independent TDs. He lost his seat at the 2007 general election, getting a 5.8% share of the vote.
+ McHugh was first elected to Galway County Council in 1985. He was also elected to Tuam Town Council in 1999. In 2001, he left the Fianna Fáil party and became an independent. He served as a County Councillor until the abolition of the dual mandate in 2004.
+
+
+= = = Plessur District = = =
+
+ Plessur District (, ) is a former administrative district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It had an area of and has a population of 40,707 in 2015. The former district is named after the river Plessur which crosses it. However, the region along the Plessur –and therefore the whole valley–is called Schanfigg. It was replaced with the Plessur Region on 1 January 2017 as part of a reorganization of the Canton.
+ Plessur District consisted of three "Kreise" (sub-districts) Chur, Churwalden and Schanfigg, which are formed from a total of twelve municipalities:
+
+= = = Entomostraca = = =
+
+ Entomostraca is a historical subclass of crustaceans, no longer in technical use. It was originally considered one of the two major lineages of crustaceans (the other being the class Malacostraca), combining all other classes—Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida, Ostracoda, Copepoda and Maxillopoda. The Ostracoda have the body enclosed in a bivalve shell-covering, and are normally unsegmented. The Branchiopoda have a very variable number of body-segments, with or without a shield, simple or bivalved, and some of the post-oral appendages normally branchial. The Copepoda normally have a segmented body, not enclosed in a bi-valved shell-covering, fewer than twelve segments, the limbs not branchial.
+
+= = = John Cregan (Irish politician) = = =
+
+ John Cregan (born 21 May 1961) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) and Senator from 1998 to 2011. He is from Dromcolliher, County Limerick.
+ On 23 June 1998, Cregan was elected to the 21st Seanad Éireann on the Labour Panel, at a by-election to fill the seat vacated by the Labour Party senator Seán Ryan, who had been elected to Dáil Éireann at a by-election.
+ Cregan was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election for the Limerick West constituency and was re-elected at the 2007 general election.
+ On 1 February 2011 Cregan announced that he would not be a candidate at the imminent general election following disagreement with the new leader of Fianna Fáil, Micheál Martin.
+ He currently serves as chairman of Limerick GAA County Board.
+
+
+= = = John Cregan = = =
+
+ John Cregan may refer to:
+
+= = = Hanborough railway station = = =
+
+ Hanborough railway station is a railway station in the village of Long Hanborough in Oxfordshire, England, serving the village and surrounding district. As a result of the Cotswold Line being singled the former up platform is the only one now in use for both up and down trains. It is served by Great Western Railway trains between London Paddington and . It is also the nearest station to the towns of Woodstock and Witney.
+ There is a passenger-operated ticket machine (card payments only; not cash) at the entrance to the station platform.
+ The station has two car parks, which between them provide 241 car spaces. However, on most weekdays the number of passengers parking at Hanborough exceeds the number of spaces available.
+ Oxford Bus Museum is just east of the station, in the former goods yard.
+ The Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway opened the station on 4 June 1853, and it was originally named "Handborough". Between 1854 and 1861 it served as a junction for Oxford-bound passengers changing from through trains between Worcester and , for whom a refreshment room was provided.
+ On 30 January 1965, by which time the station boards read "Handborough for Blenheim", it was the destination for the funeral train of Sir Winston Churchill hauled by Battle of Britain class locomotive No. 34051 "Winston Churchill". In his commentary on the funeral for BBC television, Richard Dimbleby said the report "The Reshaping of British Railways" had scheduled the station for closure.
+ In fact the station remained open, but in January 1966 it was de-staffed. Thereafter the standard OW&WR wooden station building and goods shed were demolished.
+ On 28 September 1992 the station was renamed "Hanborough".
+ Toward the end of the 1990s the number of passengers slowly increased, until reaching an estimated total of almost 63,000 in 1999–2000.
+ Passenger numbers fluctuated until 2005–06, when the Office of the Rail Regulator estimated that the total number for that year was just above 70,000. The number of passengers increased rapidly to 2015-16 was more than 271,000, but has since fallen to 232,000 following the opening of Oxford Parkway.
+ More than 250 passengers a day come by car, but the original car park had only 50 spaces and by 2011 it had been overwhelmed. In August 2011 First Great Western and a house-building company jointly proposed a new development on a green field site next to the station that would provide new homes and a new 191-space car park. This was officially opened in July 2013, by which time it was already more than half-full each weekday. In November 2014 the Cotswold Line Promotion Group found 204 vehicles parked in the 191-space second car park and reported that it ""was being used beyond capacity on most weekdays"".
+ Plans were announced to increase services from Hanborough Station, by Great Western Railway. A launch event was held in Witney, at which GWR's managing director Mark Hopwood said that the investment needed was £275 million. Double tracking would be reinstated between North Oxford and Long Hanborough and two disused platforms reopened. The local constituency MP and Prime Minister David Cameron told delegates at the meeting " am utterly convinced of the necessity of investing in this line. I will do everything I can to give this vision a boost"
+ A new ticket office was officially opened in August 2019 as part of a £315,000 investment in the station. This will be open on weekdays.
+
+= = = Enuka Okuma = = =
+
+ Enuka Vanessa Okuma (; born September 20, 1976) is a Canadian actress, best known for her role as detective Traci Nash in the Global/ABC police drama series, "Rookie Blue" (2010–2015). Okuma is also known for her work on the Canadian television series "Madison" (1994–1998) and "" (2002–2005). She appeared in the first season of TV soap-opera "Hillside" as the scheming and conspiring Kelly.
+ Okuma was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. She is of Nigerian descent, from the Igbo people.
+ In 1990, she began her career on television, appearing as regular cast member during the first season of the teen soap opera, "Hillside". Throughout the 1990s, she also played supporting roles in several made for television films and Canadian television series, such as "Madison". She eventually made her feature film debut with a supporting role in "Double Jeopardy" (1999).
+ Okuma co-starred in the American crime drama series "" from 2002 to 2005. She guest starred on various hit television series, including "Dark Angel", "Odyssey 5", "Cold Case", "Grey's Anatomy" and "". She had the recurring role as Marika Donoso on the seventh season of the Fox series "24".
+ In 2010, Okuma began starring in the Global/ABC police drama series, "Rookie Blue" as detective Traci Nash. When being interviewed about how she got her role on "Rookie Blue", Okuma said: I originally auditioned for the part of Gail [played by Charlotte Sullivan] and Charlotte auditioned for Traci. When we got the parts, I said, "I think I would rather play Traci" and Charlotte said, "I think I would rather play Gail." Thankfully, the producers thought the same.
+ Okuma was cast as one of lead characters in the ABC pilot, "The Adversaries", in 2015. That year, she also guest starred as Nia Lahey on the hit series "How to Get Away with Murder".
+ Okuma provided the voice of Lady Une in the English dub of "Mobile Suit Gundam Wing", Android 18 on the Canadian version of "Dragon Ball Z", Jade on the Canadian animated series "Shadow Raiders", and also voiced the gem fusion Rhodonite in 5 episodes of "Steven Universe".
+ Okuma made her directorial debut with the short film, "Cookie", on which she was also a writer, actor, and executive producer.
+ Okuma co-wrote the episode "Best Man" on "Rookie Blue".
+ For her role in "Madison", she was nominated for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series at the 1995 Gemini awards. The following year, also for "Madison", she was nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role.
+ Okuma won a Women In Film award at the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival for her role in "Daydrift".
+ For her role on "Rookie Blue", Okuma was nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series at the 2011 Gemini awards and the Canadian Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series in 2013.
+ On July 2, 2011, she married musician Joe Gasparik.
+
+= = = Black Easter = = =
+
+ Black Easter is a fantasy novel by American writer James Blish, in which an arms dealer hires a black magician to unleash all the demons of Hell on Earth for a single day. It was first published in 1968. The sequel is "The Day After Judgment". Together, those two novellas form the third part of the thematic "After Such Knowledge" trilogy (the title is from a line of T. S. Eliot's "Gerontion": "After such knowledge, what forgiveness?") with "A Case of Conscience" and "Doctor Mirabilis". Blish has stated that it was only after completing "Black Easter" that he realized that the works formed a trilogy.
+ A shorter version of "Black Easter" was serialized as "Faust Aleph-Null" in "If" magazine, August–October 1967; the book edition retains the phrase as its subtitle. "Black Easter" and its sequel were later published as a single volume under the title "Black Easter and The Day After Judgement" (1980); a 1990 edition from Baen Books was renamed "The Devil's Day".
+ "Black Easter" and "The Day After Judgment" deal with what sorcery would be like if it existed, and the ritual magic for summoning demons as described in grimoires actually worked. Its background was based closely on the writings of practicing magicians working in the Christian tradition from the 13th to the 18th centuries.
+ In the first book, a wealthy arms manufacturer, Dr. Baines, comes to a black magician, Theron Ware. Initially Baines tests Ware's credentials by asking for two people to be killed, first the Governor of California, Rogan (Reagan was governor at the time of writing) and then a rival physicist. When this is accomplished to Baines' satisfaction, Baines reveals his real reason: he wishes to release all the demons from Hell on Earth for one night to see what might happen. The book includes a lengthy description of the summoning ritual and a detailed (and as accurate as possible, given the available literature) description of the grotesque figures of the demons as they appear. Tension between white magicians (who appear to have a line of communications with the unfallen host in Heaven) and Ware is woven over the terms and conditions of a magical covenant that is designed to provide for observers and limitations. "Black Easter" ends with Baphomet announcing to the participants that the demons can not be compelled to return to Hell: the war is over and God is dead.
+ "The Day After Judgement", which follows in the series, develops and extends the characters from the first book. It suggests that God may not be dead, or that demons may not be inherently self-destructive, as something appears to be restraining the actions of the demons upon Earth. In a lengthy Miltonian speech at the end of the novel, Satan Mekratrig explains that, compared to humans, demons are good, and that if perhaps God has withdrawn Himself, then Satan beyond all others was qualified to take His place and, if anything, would be a more just god. However, the defeat of Satan is complete. He cannot take up this throne and must hand the burning keys to man, as this is the most fell of all his fell damnations. He never wanted to be God at all, and so having won all, all has he lost.
+ Algis Budrys was dissatisfied with "Black Easter", declaring it, despite Blish's outstanding craftsmanship, to be "an unreasonably inflated short story." He particularly faulted the novel's abrupt conclusion, characterizing Blish as an author "genuinely concerned with religion, not with trick endings."
+ Theron Ware is named for the titular character of Harold Frederic's 1896 novel "The Damnation of Theron Ware", a Methodist minister who overestimates his intellectual abilities and social skills, loses his faith and his friends, and emigrates from his native rural New York to start a new life in Seattle.
+ Many of the white magician monks at Monte Albano are named after Blish's fellow science fiction writers:
+("Black Easter", pp. 119–120)
+ A reviewer of "Black Easter" said, of the book's California governor "Rogan": "A Californian governor named Rogan, which must be an allusion to [Ronald] Reagan", who was then Governor of California. Other people have suggested that Baines, the biggest arms dealer in the world in the book, is an allusion to then-U.S. President Lyndon "Baines" Johnson, including Ted White in his review of the book. Blish replied to White's review, but did not comment on that claim.
+ Blish says in his foreword that all of the magical works and quotations mentioned in the text actually exist, as do the magical symbols reproduced, and "there are no "Necronomicons" or other such invented works". This is true insofar as Blish did not invent any of the works himself. "The Book of the Sayings of Tsiang Samdup" was invented by Talbot Mundy; it is the supposed source of the quotations at the beginning of each chapter in his novels "Om — The Secret of Ahbor Valley" (1924) and "The Devil's Guard" (1925).
+
+= = = Heighington railway station = = =
+
+ Heighington railway station is located on Heighington Lane and serves Aycliffe Business Park (formerly Aycliffe Industrial Park) in the town of Newton Aycliffe, County Durham, England. The station is on the Tees Valley Line northwest of .
+ The unstaffed station is operated by Northern who provide all passenger train services. The station is on the Bishop Line which is a community railway from Bishop Auckland to Darlington. It is somewhat unusual in that its platforms are staggered, sited either side of a level crossing. The station has kept its listed manual signal box (which supervises the aforementioned crossing, the connection into the Hitachi plant and the single line section south of here through to Darlington), but this had its semaphore signals replaced by colour lights when the connection into the Hitachi factory was installed and commissioned in November 2014.
+ The station is unmanned and has a card-only ticket machine, so all passengers wanting to buy tickets with cash must buy on board the train or prior to travel. The amenities here were improved as part of the Tees Valley Metro project in 2013. The package for this station included new fully lit waiting shelters, renewed station signage, digital CIS displays and the installation of CCTV (all of the Tees Valley line stations apart from and have been upgraded and provided with CIS displays). The long-line public-address system (PA) has been renewed and upgraded with pre-recorded train announcements. Running information can also be obtained by telephone and timetable poster boards. Step-free access is available to both platforms via ramps from the crossing.
+ The station lies on the route of the Stockton and Darlington Railway (S&D), the first public railway. It was here in 1825 that "Locomotion No. 1" designed by George Stephenson was placed on the track prior to first journey. Once it was placed on the line and all was ready, it was found that nobody had means of lighting the boiler. Stephenson sent a messenger to get a lit lantern. However, at this point a navvy called Robert Metcalf stepped forward and offered use of his "burning glass" (a piece of glass similar to a magnifying glass) which he used to light his pipe. It was with this that Stephenson was able to light the boiler for that first journey.
+ The main line of the S&D was opened on 27 September 1825 from Phoenix Colliery at Etherley to Stockton, and this station was opened the same day, being originally named "Aycliffe Lane". It was subsequently renamed three times: first to "Aycliffe and Heighington", later, on 1 July 1871, it became "Aycliffe", although this name lasted for just over three years, because on 1 September 1874 it gained the present name of "Heighington".
+ The grade II listed signal box was opened 1872 and was originally commissioned by the North Eastern Railway Central Division. It is one of the earliest signal boxes in the country still in existence and it is believed that at the most only four pre-date it. The design was possibly by Thomas Prosser, the company's architect. The building fits the earliest Central Division design which the Signalling Study Group classified the design as Type C1.
+ The original signal lever frame mechanism was replaced 1906. At the time of its inspection prior to gaining listed status in 2007 this 1906 mechanism was still in use. The lever frame was extended around 1912. The extension to both mechanism and building is believed to have been done in order to fit signalling controls for a new electrified line. The lever system was to the current 11 levers in 1987.
+ On the opposite side of the railway line are the original station buildings dating from around 1826-27 or 1835 depending on source. The original design called for a public house which would act as a waiting room. Although the buildings no longer form part of the modern station the pub is still in use, called the Locomotion Number 1. A cobbled area outside of the pub is believed to be part of the original 1825 station platform.
+ The station has a basic hourly service each way on weekdays (improved from two-hourly off peak at the December 2017 timetable change). The service is also hourly on Sundays. Trains usually run through to , though there is one departure each weekday to .
+ The new Hitachi Intercity Express Programme train assembly plant was built not far from the station in the Aycliffe Business Park and opened in 2015. Work commenced on the £82 million facility in March 2014 and it was officially opened on 3 September 2015 by UK Prime Minister David Cameron. The factory has a rail connection to the running line controlled from the station signal box to allow for delivery of the new sets once completed (there are also of sidings and a long electrified test track within the plant). The new class 800/801 IEP sets will be built or fitted out here for use on the East Coast Main Line and Great Western Main Line, along with class 385 (AT200) commuter EMUs destined for use on Scottish suburban routes around Glasgow and Edinburgh.
+
+= = = KHXT = = =
+
+ KHXT (107.9 FM, "HOT 107.9") is a Rhythmic Top 40 serving the Lafayette area. The Townsquare Media outlet broadcasts with an ERP of 97 kW and is licensed to Erath, Louisiana. Its studios are located on Bertrand Road in Lafayette, and its transmitter is located north of St. Martinville, Louisiana.
+ The station originally debuted with a News/Talk format at 107.7 as KPEL-FM in 1992, but by 1997 they would switch signals to 107.9 and format to Classic Rock as KRXZ. In 2000 it changed the calls to KRKA and in 2003 switched to its current format.
+
+= = = Lueen = = =
+
+ Lueen may refer to:
+
+= = = Donna Kane = = =
+
+ Donna Kane is an American theater actress. She was the recipient of the 1986 Theatre World Award for her off-Broadway portrayal of Ruby in "Dames at Sea". Kane had her Broadway debut in 1989 in "Meet Me in St. Louis", playing the role of Esther. She has won acclaim for her performances in the 1995 U.S. tour of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" with Donny Osmond, "Les Misérables" on Broadway (1993), and as Maria in "West Side Story" in Vienna and Munich (1995).
+ Kane received her B.A. in political science from Mount Holyoke College in 1984.
+ She was also a great singer.
+
+= = = History of the single-lens reflex camera = = =
+
+ The history of the single-lens reflex camera (SLR) begins with the use of a reflex mirror in a camera obscura described in 1676, but it took a long time for the design to succeed for photographic cameras: the first patent was granted in 1861, and the first cameras were produced in 1884 but while elegantly simple in concept, they were very complex in practice. One by one these complexities were overcome as optical and mechanical technology advanced, and in the 1960s the SLR camera became the preferred design for many high-end camera formats.
+ The advent of digital point-and-shoot cameras in 1990s through the 2010s with LCD viewfinder displays reduced the appeal of the SLR for the low end of the market. The mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera is increasingly challenging the mid price range market. But the SLR remains the camera design of choice for most professional and ambitious amateur photographers.
+ The photographic single-lens reflex camera (SLR) was invented in 1861 by Thomas Sutton, a photography author and camera inventor who ran a photography related company together with Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard on Jersey. Only a few of his SLR's were made. The first production SLR with a brand name was Calvin Rae Smith's Monocular Duplex (USA, 1884). Other early SLR cameras were constructed for example by Louis van Neck (Belgium, 1889), Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer (England, 1894) and Max Steckelmann (Germany, 1896), and Graflex of the United States and Konishi in Japan produced SLR cameras as early as 1898 and 1907 respectively. These first SLRs were large format cameras. While SLR cameras were not very popular at the time, they proved useful for some work. These cameras were used at waist level; the ground glass screen was viewed directly, using a large hood to keep out extraneous light. In most cases, the mirror had to be raised manually as a separate operation before the shutter could be operated.
+ Following camera technology in general, SLR cameras became available in smaller and smaller sizes; medium format SLRs soon became common; at first larger box cameras, and later "pocketable" models such as the Ihagee Vest-Pocket Exakta of 1933.
+ The first 35mm prototype SLR was the Soviet Union's "Спорт" ("Sport"). Prototyped in 1934, it was a very smart design with a 24mm × 36mm frame size, but did not enter the market until 1937.
+ Therefore, it cannot be claimed as the first 35mm SLR.
+ Early 35 mm SLR cameras had similar functionality to larger models, with a waist-level ground-glass viewfinder and a mirror which remained in the taking position—blacking out the viewfinder—after an exposure, returning when the film was wound on. Innovations which transformed the SLR were the pentaprism eye-level viewfinder and the instant-return mirror—the mirror flipped briefly up during exposure, immediately returning to the viewfinding position. The half-silvered fixed pellicle mirror, without even the brief blackout of the instant-return mirror, was innovative but did not become standard. Through-the-lens light metering was an important advance. As electronics advanced, new functionality, discussed below, became available.
+ The real first 35mm format SLR was the Ihagee Kine Exakta, produced in 1936 in Germany, which was fundamentally a scaled-down Vest-Pocket Exakta. This camera used a waist-level finder.
+ Various other models were produced such as the Kine-Exakta, the Exakta II, the Exakta Varex (Featuring an interchangeable pentaprism eye-level viewfinder and identified in the United States as the 'Exakta V'), the Exakta Varex VX (identified in the United States as the 'Exakta VX'), the Exakta VX IIa, the Exakta VX IIb, the Exakta VX500 and the Exakta VX1000. Ihagee also manufactured less expensive cameras under the 'Exa' camera label such as the Exa, the Exa Ia, the Exa II, the Exa IIa, the Exa IIb (which was generally not considered part of the "official" Exa line), and the Exa 500. The Exacta sold well and triggered other camera manufacturers to develop 35mm SLRs. Sales were particularly strong in the medical and scientific fields. A large range of lenses and accessories were made by a variety of manufacturers, turning the camera into one of the first system cameras−-although motor drives and bulk loading backs were never produced by Ihagee.
+ Rectaflex was the name of an Italian camera maker from 1947 to 1958. It was also the name of their sole model. The Rectaflex was a 35mm SLR camera with a focal plane shutter, interchangeable lenses and a pentaprism eye-level finder. Rectaflex (followed by Contax S) was the first SLR camera introducing the modern pentaprism eye-level finder. The first prototype (Rectaflex 947) was presented in 1947 with a final presentation in April 1948, and start of series production (A 1000) in September the same year, thus hitting the market one year before the Contax S, presented in 1949. Both were preceded by Alpa-Reflex, first presented to a wider public in April 1944 at the Swiss Trade Fair in Basel (Schweizer Mustermesse). Alpa’s production was slow up to 1945, and it lacked a pentaprism-image was reversed.
+ Zeiss had begun work on a 35mm SLR camera in 1936 or 1937. This camera used an eye-level pentaprism, which allowed eye-level-viewing of an image oriented correctly from left to right. Waist-level finders, however, showed a reversed image, which the photographer had to mentally adjust for, while composing the image by looking downward and viewing and focusing. To brighten the viewfinder image, Zeiss incorporated a fresnel lens in-between the ground-glass screen and the pentaprism. This design principle became the conventional SLR design used today.
+ World War II intervened, and the Zeiss SLR did not emerge as a production camera until Zeiss, in the newly created East Germany factory, introduced the Contax S in 1949, with production ending in 1951. The Italian Rectaflex, series 1000 went into series production the year before, in September 1948, thus being market ready one year before the Contax. Both were historic progenitors of many later SLRs that adopted this arrangement.
+ In 1939, Kamerawerk Niedersedlitz Dresden presented the Praktiflex at the Leipzig spring fair. The camera was a waist type with an M40x1 screw mount and a horizontal cloth focal shutter. This camera is the pattern for most of the 35 mm SLR cameras, and also the Japanese and the digital SLR cameras today. After the war, Praktiflex was the most manufactured 35 mm SLR in Dresden, especially for the Russians as reparations. KW changed to the M42 screw mount invented at Zeiss for Contax S--later used by Pentax, Yashica and others to become a near universal mount. In 1949, it was redesigned with longer shutter speeds. The name was changed to Praktica. In 1958, KW Niedersedlitz became a part of the VEB Kamera- und Kinowerk (old Zeiss), later VEB Pentacon. Praktica was typically a consumer/ amateur camera. Many developments were added. It was produced until 2000.
+ Highlights:
+ From 1952 to 1960 the KW factory/VEB Pentacon also produced the Praktina a system SLR camera for professionals and advanced amateurs with a bayonet mount and focal shutter, but the productions was closed partly of political reasons. Praktica was the camera, which could be sold outside DDR and bring foreign currency to the country.
+ Another German manufacturer, Edixa was a brand of camera manufactured by Wirgin Kamerawerk, based in Wiesbaden, West Germany. This company's product line included 35mm SLR cameras such as the Edixa Reflex, which featured a Steinheil 55mm f/1.9 Quinon lens, and an Isco Travegar 50mm f/2.8 lens; the Edixamat Reflex, the Edixa REX TTL, and the Edixa Electronica.
+ The removable pentaprism could be swapped for a waistlevel viewfinder with a pop up magnifier.
+ The lens mount was the same screw thread as the Praktica.
+ The earliest Japanese SLR for rollfilm was perhaps the Baby Super Flex (or Super Flex Baby), a 127 camera made by Umemoto and distributed by Kikōdō from 1938. This had a leaf shutter, but two years later came the Shinkoflex, a 6×6 camera made by Yamashita Shōkai, with a focal-plane shutter and interchangeable lenses. However, Japanese camera makers concentrated on rangefinder and twin-lens reflex cameras (as well of course as simpler, viewfinder cameras), similar to those of the Western makers.
+ The Asahi Optical Company took a different manufacturing path, inspired by the German SLRs. Its first model, the Asahiflex I, existed in prototype form in 1951 and production in 1952, making it the first Japanese-built 35mm SLR. The Asahiflex IIB of 1954 was the first Japanese SLR with an instant-return mirror. Previously, the mirror would remain up and the viewfinder black until the user released the shutter button. In 1957, the Asahi Pentax became the first Japanese fixed-pentaprism SLR; its success led Asahi to eventually rename itself Pentax. This was the first SLR to use the right-hand single-stroke film advance lever of the Leica M3 of 1954 and Nikon S2 of 1955. Asahi (starting with the Asahi Pentax) and many other camera makers used the M42 lens mount from the Contax S, which came to be called the Pentax screw mount. Pentax is now part of the Ricoh Corporation.
+ Orion's (later name-changed to Miranda's) Miranda SLR camera was sold in Japan from August 1955 with the launch of the Miranda T camera. The camera was narrowly the first Japanese-made pentaprism 35mm SLR. It featured a removable pentaprism for eye-level viewing, that could be removed for use as a waist-level finder.
+ The Yashica Company introduced its own SLR in 1959, the "Pentamatic", an advanced, modern 35mm SLR camera with a proprietary bayonet-mount. The Pentamatic featured an automatic stop-down diaphragm (offered only with the Auto Yashinon 50mm/1.8 lens), instant-return mirror, a fixed pentaprism, and a mechanical focal-plane shutter with speeds of 1-1/1000 second, along with additional interchangeable lenses.
+ The Zunow SLR, which went on sale in 1958 (in Japan only), was the first 35mm SLR camera with an automatic diaphragm, which stopped down to the preselected aperture upon release of the shutter. (Although this invention had been anticipated by the 1954 Praktina FX-A which featured a semi-automatic diaphragm, which stopped down automatically, but had to be opened manually after the exposure.) The automatic diaphragm feature eliminated one downside to viewing with an SLR: the darkening of the viewfinder screen image when the photographer selected a small lens aperture. The Zunow Optical Company also supplied the Miranda Camera Company with lenses for their Miranda T SLR cameras.
+ A photographer using an SLR would view and focus with the lens diaphragm (aperture) fully open; he then had to adjust the aperture just before taking the picture.
+ When the shutter release is pressed the mirror flips up against the viewing screen, the diaphragm closes down (if automatic), the shutter opens and closes, the mirror returns to its 45-degree viewing position (on most or all 35 mm SLRs made since 1970) and the automatic diaphragm re-opens to full aperture.
+ Most but not all SLRs had shutters behind the mirror, next to the film; if the shutter was in or immediately behind the lens it had to be open before the photographer clicked the shutter and then had to close, then open, then close.
+ In the following 30 years the vast majority of SLRs standardized the layout of the controls. The film was transported from left to right, so the rewind crank was on the left, followed in order by the pentaprism, shutter speed dial, shutter release and the film advance lever, which in some cameras was ratcheted so that multiple strokes could be used to advance the film. Some cameras, such as Nikon's Nikkormat FT cameras (marketed under the brand-name 'Nikormat' in European countries and elsewhere) and some models of Olympus OM series, deviated from this layout by placing the shutter speed control as a ring around the lens mount.
+ Miranda produced early SLRs in the 1950s which were initially manufactured with external auto-diaphragms, then added a second mount with internal auto-diaphragm. To list some of Miranda's cameras with external diaphragm, there was the Miranda Sensorex line. The internal auto-diaphragm Miranda cameras consisted of the Miranda 'D', the popular Miranda 'F', the 'FV' and the 'G' model, which had a larger than normal reflex mirror thereby eliminating viewfinder image vignetting when the camera was used with long telephoto lenses. Miranda cameras were known in some photographic discussions as 'the poor man's Nikon'.
+ One unique brand of cameras was the Corfield Periflex made by K. G. Corfield Ltd in England. Three models were produced from 1957 all of which used a retractable periscope inserted into the light path for focussing through the single lens. Pressing the shutter release moved the spring-loaded periscope out of the film path before the focal-plane shutter operated
+ Minolta's first SLR, the SR-2, was introduced to the export market in the same year (in fact, at the same Philadelphia show as the Canon and Nikon products) but had been on sale in Japan since August 1958. Lenses started with the designation 'Rokkor'. With the introduction of the SRT-101, the lenses added the designation of 'MC' for 'meter-coupled', and then later to 'MD' when the Minolta XD-11 was introduced with full-program mode.
+ Was taken over in 2003 by Konica, to form 'Konica-Minolta'. Konica-Minolta sold its imaging division to Sony in January 2006.
+ Nikon's 'F' model, introduced in April 1959 as the world's first system camera (if the commercially unsuccessful Praktina is not considered), became enormously successful and was the camera design that demonstrated the superiority of the SLR and of the Japanese camera manufacturers. This camera was the first SLR system that was adopted and used seriously by the general population of professional photographers, especially by those photographers covering the Vietnam War, and those news photographers utilizing motor-driven Nikon F's with 250-exposure backs to record the various launches of the space capsules in the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo space programs, both in the 1960s. After the introduction of the Nikon F, the more expensive rangefinder cameras (those with focal plane shutters) became less attractive.
+ It was a combination of design elements that made the Nikon F successful. It featured interchangeable prisms and focusing screens; the camera had a depth-of-field preview button; the mirror had lock-up capability; it featured a large bayonet mount and a large lens release button; a single-stroke ratcheted film advance lever; a titanium-foil focal plane shutter; various types of flash synchronization; a rapid rewind lever; a fully removable back. it was a well-made, extremely durable camera, and adhered closely to the then current, successful design scheme of the Nikon rangefinder cameras.
+ Instead of the M42 screw mount used by Pentax and other camera manufacturers, Nikon had introduced the three-claw F-mount bayonet lens mount system, which is still current in a modified form today. The focal plane shutter, unlike other SLRs of the period which used a cloth material for the focal plane shutter design (NOTE: with this design, it was possible to burn a hole into the cloth of the shutter during mirror lock-up in bright sunlight) used titanium foil which was rated for 100,000 cycles of releases of the shutter (according to Nikon). The F was also a modular camera, in which various assemblies such as the pentaprisms, the focusing screens, the special 35mm roll film 250 exposure film back and the Speed Magny film backs (two models: one using the Polaroid 100 (now 600) type pack films; and another Speed Magny was designed for 4×5 film accessories, including Polaroid's own 4×5 instant film back). These could be fitted and removed, allowing the camera to adapt to almost any particular task. It was the first 35 mm camera offered with a successful motor drive system.
+ Unlike most of the other manufacturers involved in 35mm camera production, the Nikon F was released with a full range of lenses from 21 mm to 1000 mm focal length. Nikon was also among the first to introduce what is commonly known today as 'mirror lenses' – lenses with Catadioptric system designs, which allowed the light path to be folded and thus yielded lens designs that were more compact than the standard telephoto designs. Subsequent top-of-the-line Nikon models carried on the F series, which has reached the F6 (although this camera has a fixed pentaprism). With the introduction and continued improvements being made in digital photography, the Nikon F6 is likely to be the last of the flagship Nikon F-line film SLRs.
+ In May 1959, the Canonflex SLR was introduced. The camera featured a quick return mirror, an automatic diaphragm and was introduced with an interchangeable black pentaprism housing. It also featured newly developed 'R' series breech lock mount lenses. This SLR was superseded by the Canonflex RM, a fixed prism SLR which featured a built-in selenium cell meter. Later came the Canonflex R2000, with a top shutter speed of 1/2000 of a second. This model was also superseded by the Canonflex RM.
+ In 1962, FL series lenses were introduced along with a new camera body, the Canon FX, which had a built-in CdS light meter positioned on the front left side of the camera, a design which appeared much like the Minolta SR-7.
+ The Olympus Pen F series was introduced and produced by Olympus of Japan between 1963 and 1966. The System consisted of the original Olympus Pen F, later the behind-the-lens metering Pen FT, 1966–1972; and the non-metered version of the FT, known as the Olympus Pen FV, which was manufactured from 1967 to 1970. The design considerations used were unusual. The camera produced a half-frame 35 mm negative; it used a Porro prism as a design-replacement for the conventional pentaprism thus producing the 'flat top' appearance; and the view through the viewfinder was of 'portrait' orientation' (unlike standard 35mm SLRs which had 'landscape' orientation). These half-frame cameras were also exceptional in that all used a rotary shutter, rather than the traditional horizontally travelling focal-plane shutter commonly used in other SLR camera designs. The camera was produced with various interchangeable lenses. The smaller image format made the Pen F system one of the smallest SLR camera systems ever made. Only the Pentax Auto 110 was smaller, but the Pentax system was of much more limited range in terms of lenses and accessories.
+ Professional Photographers of the 1940s and 1950s time-period preferred to use hand-held meters such as the Weston or GE selenium cell light meters, and others which were common during these periods. These hand-held meters did not require any batteries and provided good analog readouts of shutter speeds, apertures, ASA (now referred to as 'ISO') and EV (exposure value). Selenium cells, however, could easily be judged for their light sensitivity by simply looking at the size of the cell's metering surface. A small surface meant it lacked low-light sensitivity. These would prove to be useless for in-camera light metering.
+ Built-in light metering with SLRs started with clip-on selenium cells meters. One such meter was made for the Nikon F which coupled to the shutter speed dial and the aperture ring. While the selenium cell area was big, the add-on made the camera look clumsy and unattractive. In order for built-in light metering to be successful in SLR cameras, the use of Cadmium Sulfide Cells (CdS) was imperative.
+ Some early SLRs featured a built-in CdS meter usually on the front left side of the top plate, as in the Minolta SR-7. Other manufacturers, such as Miranda and Nikon introduced a CdS prism which fitted to their interchangeable prism SLR cameras. Nikon's early Photomic finder utilized a cover in front of the cell which was raised and a reading was taken and the photographer would either turn the coupled shutter speed dial and/or the coupled aperture ring to center a galvanometer-based meter needle shown in the viewfinder. The disadvantage of this early Photomic prism finder was that the meter had no ON/OFF switch so the meter was constantly 'ON', thus draining battery power. A later Photomic housing had an ON/OFF switch on the Pentaprism. CdS light meters proved more sensitive to light and thus metering in available light situations was becoming more prominent and useful. Further advances in CdS sensitivity, however, were needed as CdS cells suffered from a 'memory effect'. That is, if exposed to bright sunlight, the cell would require many minutes to return to normal operation and sensitivity.
+ Through-the-lens metering measures the light that comes through the camera lens, thus eliminating much of the potential for error inherent in separate light meters. It is of particular advantage with long telephoto lenses, macro photography and photomicrography. The first SLRs with through-the-lens metering were introduced by Japanese manufacturers in the early to mid-1960s.
+ The Nikon F, was delivered since 1962 with various pentaprism metering heads. The Photomic series of prisms, which was initially designed with a direct coupled-metering CdS photocell (2 models were produced). The Photomic prism head later evolved to include the Photomic T with TTL in 1965, a behind-the-lens metering prism head which metered an averaging pattern of the focusing screen. The later center-area reading Photomic Tn, concentrated 60% of its sensitivity in the central portion of the focusing screen and the remaining 40% for the outlying screen area. The Photomic FTn was the last of the Photomic finders for the Nikon F.
+ In 1972, the Nikon F2 was introduced. It had a more streamlined body, a better mirror-locking system, a top shutter speed of 1/2000 of a second and was introduced with its own proprietary, continually improving Photomic meter prism heads. This camera was constructed mechanically superior to the F, with some models using titanium for the top and bottom cover plates, and featured slower shutter speeds via the self-timer mechanism. All Nikon F and F2 Photomic prism heads coupled to the shutter speed dial of the respective camera, and also to the aperture ring via a coupling prong on the diaphragm ring of the lens. This design feature was incorporated into most Auto Nikkor lenses of that time. Nikon technicians can still install a coupling prong on D type Auto Nikkor lenses so that these newer lenses will fully couple and operate with the older Nikon camera bodies. This is not possible with the G type Auto Nikkor lenses and lenses with the DX designation.
+ Pentax was the first manufacturer to show a prototype camera with a behind-the-lens spot metering CdS meter system in 1961, the Pentax Spotmatic. Production Spotmatics, however, didn't appear until mid-to-late 1964, and these models were featured with an averaging meter system.
+ Tokyo Optical's Topcon RE Super (Beseler Topcon Super D in the US), however, preceded Pentax into production in 1963. Topcon cameras used behind-the-lens CdS (Cadmium Sulfide Cells) light meters which were integrated into a partially silvered area of the mirror.
+ Japanese-made SLRs from the mid-1960s (1966) included the Minolta SRT-101, and later the SRT-202 and 303 models, which used Minolta's own version of behind-the-lens metering which they referred to as CLC (contrast light compensation).
+ Other camera manufacturers followed with their own behind-the-lens meter camera designs in order to compete in the marketplace. 35mm SLR film cameras such as Miranda with their Miranda Sensomat, unlike most other systems used a behind-the-lens meter system built into the pentaprism itself. Other Miranda 35mm SLR cameras could be adapted to behind-the-lens capability through the use of a separate pentaprism which included coupled or non-coupled built-in CdS meters. Miranda had a second lens system, consisting of the Sensorex models which had an externally coupled auto diaphragm. Sensorex camera bodies had built-in meters and these evolved to include TTL and 'EE' capability.
+ One of the most significant designs of the seventies for the 35mm SLR camera industry was the introduction of the Olympus OM-1 in 1973. After experiencing success with their small Olympus Pen half-frame cameras, particularly with their half-frame SLR-based Olympus Pen-F, Pen-Ft and Pen-FV cameras, Olympus set out with its chief designer Yoshihisa Maitani to later create a compact SLR—the M-1—with new compact lenses and a large bayonet mount that could accept almost any SLR design optic. Shortly after being launched the camera was renamed the OM-1 to avoid a trademark conflict with Leica. The mechanical, manual OM-1 was significantly smaller and lighter than contemporary SLRs, but no less functional. The camera was supported by one of the most comprehensive 35 mm SLR lens and accessory systems available. Maitani decreased the size and weight by totally redesigning the SLR from the ground up with unprecedented use of metallurgy, which included repositioning the shutter speed selector to the front of the lens mount, instead of a more conventional position on top of the body.
+ Olympus made another significant advance with the OM-2 in 1975, featuring aperture-priority automatic exposure with the world's first off-the-film plane available-light metering and off-the-film (which Olympus referred to as 'OTF') flash metering systems.
+ By metering light in real time off the film plane the OM-2 was able to adjust exposure if light levels changed during exposure. By eliminating flash metering via a built-in photocell on a flash unit the OTF system was able to meter more accurately, and also significantly simplify multi-flash shooting as it was no longer necessary to calculate and factor-in exposure for multiple light sources. This system was especially valuable in photomacrography (macrophotography) and photomicrography (microphotography).
+ The Olympus OM System was further enlarged; its Zuiko lenses gained a reputation as being among the sharpest lenses in the world, and in the 1980's, Olympus added further improvements by replacing the OM-1 and OM-2 cameras with the OM-3, a mechanical manual SLR and the OM-4 automatic, both of which featured multi-spot metering capabilities. These cameras were further improved into the last of the OM SLRs, the titanium-bodied OM-3Ti and OM-4Ti, introducing at the same time, the world's fastest electronic flash synchronization speeds, at 1/2000 second with their new Full-Synchro strobe-based flash technology.
+ Gradually, other manufacturers incorporated this feature into their own SLR camera designs.
+ By 1974, the autoexposure SLR brands had aligned into two camps (shutter-priority: Canon, Konica, Miranda, Petri, Ricoh and Topcon; aperture-priority: Asahi Pentax, Chinon, Cosina, Fujica, Minolta, Nikkormat and Yashica) supposedly based on the superiority of their chosen mode. (In reality, based on the limitations of the electronics of the time and the ease of adapting each brand's older mechanical designs to automation.) These AE SLRs were only semi-automatic. With shutter-priority control, the camera would set the lens aperture after the photographer chose a shutter speed to freeze or blur motion. With aperture-priority control, the camera would set the shutter speed after the photographer chose a lens aperture f-stop to control depth of field (focus).
+ Perhaps the most significant milestone of the 1970s era of SLR computerization was the 1978 release of the Canon A-1, the first SLR with a "programmed" autoexposure mode. Although the Minolta XD11 was the first SLR to offer both aperture-priority and shutter-priority modes in 1977, it was not until the next year that the A-1 came out with a microprocessor computer powerful enough to offer both of those modes and add the ability to automatically set both the shutter speed and lens aperture in a compromise exposure from light meter input.
+ Programmed autoexposure, in many variations, became a standard camera feature by the mid-1980s. This is the order of first introduction of 35 mm SLRs, by brand, with a computer programmed autoexposure mode, before the rise of autofocus (see next section): 1978, Canon A-1 (plus AE-1 Program, 1981 and T50, 1983); 1980, Fujica AX-5; 1980, Leica R4; 1981, Mamiya ZE-X; 1982, Konica FP-1; 1982, Minolta X-700; 1982, Nikon FG (plus FA, 1983); 1983, Pentax Super Program (plus Program Plus, 1984 and A3000, 1985); 1983, Chinon CP-5 Twin Program (also first with two program modes); 1984, Ricoh XR-P (tied with Canon T70 as first with three program modes); 1985, Olympus OM-2S Program; 1985, Contax 159MM; 1985, Yashica FX-103. Of the brands active in the mid-1970s, Cosina, Miranda, Petri, Praktica, Rolleiflex, Topcon and Zenit never introduced programmed 35 mm SLRs; usually the inability to make the transition forced the company to quit the 35 mm SLR business altogether. Note that the Asahi Pentax Auto 110, Pentax Auto 110 Super (Pocket Instamatic 110 SLRs from 1978 and 1982) and Pentax 645 (a 645 format SLR from 1985) also had programmed autoexposure.
+ Autofocus compact cameras had been introduced in the late 1970s. The SLR market of the time was crowded, and autofocus seemed an excellent option to attract novice photographers.
+ The first autofocus SLR was the 1978 Polaroid SX-70 SONAR OneStep. It used an ultrasonic autofocus system called SONAR.
+ The first 35 mm SLR (the SX-70 was not 35 mm) with autofocus capability was the Pentax ME F of 1981 (using a special autofocus lens with an integral motor).
+ In 1981 Canon introduced a self-contained autofocus lens, the 35–70 mm AF, which contained an optical triangulation system that would focus the lens on the subject in the exact center when a button on the side of the lens was pushed. It would work on any Canon FD camera body. Nikon's F3AF was a highly specialized autofocus camera. It was a variant of the Nikon F3 that worked with the full range of Nikon manual focus lenses, but also featured two dedicated AF lenses (an 80 mm and a 200 mm) that coupled with a special AF viewfinder. F3AF lenses were only supported by the F3AF, the F501, and the F4. Nikon's later AF cameras and lenses used an entirely different design.
+ These cameras, and other experiments in autofocus from other manufacturers, had limited success.
+ The first true 35mm SLR autofocus camera that had a successful design was the Minolta Dynax/Maxxum 7000, introduced in 1985. This SLR featured a built-in motor drive and dedicated flash capability. Minolta also introduced a completely new bayonet mount lens system, the Maxxum AF lens system (currently known as the Sony A-Mount), which was incompatible with its previous MD-bayonet mount system, in which the lenses' focusing action was driven from a motor in the camera body. This reduced complexity in the camera body and the lens. Canon responded with the T80 and a range of three motor-equipped "AC" lenses, but this was regarded as a stopgap move. Nikon introduced the N2020 (known in Europe as the Nikon F-501), which was their first SLR with built-in autofocus motor, and redesigned autofocus Auto Nikkor lenses. Nikon's AF lenses, however, remained compatible with older Nikon 35mm SLR cameras, and older manual focus Nikon lenses could be used with varying degrees of compatibility on the new AF cameras.
+ In 1987, Canon followed Minolta in introducing a new lens-mount system, which was incompatible with their previous mount-system: EOS, the "Electro-Optical System". Unlike Minolta's motor-in-body approach, this design located the motor within the lens. New, more compact motor designs meant that both focus and aperture could be driven electrically without motor bulges in the lens. The Canon EF lens mount has no mechanical linkages; all communication between body and lens is electronic.
+ Nikon and Pentax both chose to extend their existing lens mounts with autofocus capability, retaining the ability to use older manual-focus lenses with an autofocus body, and driving the lens focus mechanism with a motor inside the camera. Later, Nikon added Silent Wave Motor (SWM) mechanisms into its lenses, supporting both focusing schemes until the introductions of the entry-level Nikon D40 and Nikon D40X in 2006. Pentax introduced its Supersonic Drive Motor (SDM) in 2006 with Pentax K10D model and two lenses (DA*16-50/2.8 AL ED [IF] SDM and DA*50-135/2.8 ED [IF] SDM). Since then all Pentax DSLR support both SDM and the motor inside the body. Earlier SDM lenses support both systems as well. The first SDM lens that did not support the old focusing system was the DA 17-70/4 AL [IF] SDM (2008).
+ The major 35mm camera manufacturers, Canon, Minolta, Nikon, and Pentax were among the few companies to transition successfully to autofocus. Other camera manufacturers also introduced functionally successful autofocus SLRs but these cameras were not as successful. Some manufacturers eventually withdrew from the SLR market.
+ Nikon still markets its manual-focus SLR, the FM10. Olympus continued production of its OM system camera line until 2002. Pentax also continued to produce the manual-focus LX until 2001. Sigma and Fujifilm also managed to continue manufacturing cameras, although Kyocera ended production in 2005 of its (Contax) camera systems. The newly formed Konica Minolta sold its camera business to Sony two years later.
+ In the 2000s, film became supplanted by digital photography, which had a huge impact on all camera manufacturers, including the SLR market. Nikon, for instance, has ceased production of all film SLRs except for its flagship 35 mm SLR film camera, the F6; and the introductory-level Nikon FM10.
+ Replacing film with a similar-sized digital sensor is possible, but expensive because larger sensor areas imply a greater probability that a defect will render the sensor non-functional. Such "full frame" sensor digital SLRs (DSLRs) however gained early popularity with professional photographers who could both justify their initial high cost, and retain the use of their investment in expensive 35 mm film lenses. By 2008, full-frame models such the Canon EOS 1Ds and 5D, the Nikon D3 and D700, and the Sony Alpha A850 and Alpha A900, designed and priced for professionals, were available.
+ As of 2017, several manufacturers have introduced more affordable 35 mm sensor SLRs such as the Canon EOS 6D, the Nikon D610 and the new Pentax K-1. These cameras, while still positioned as premium products, all retail for less than 3000$; significantly, all but the K-1 are priced below the manufacturer's top APS-C camera. In addition, the full-frame format is now found in Sony's MILC cameras and high-end fixed prime lens compacts, as well as Leica's M-mount digital rangefinders.
+ SLRs designed for amateurs and consumers generally use APS-C sensors, which are significantly smaller than 35 mm film frames and these require either their own specialist lenses or accepting a change in equivalent focal length and field-of-view angle when using lenses designed for the 35 mm format (wide-angle lenses become normal, normal become short telephoto, etc.).
+ During most of the 2000s, Panasonic and Olympus also marketed SLRs built around the now-defunct Four Thirds System, which was even smaller.
+ While twin-lens reflex cameras have been more numerous in the medium format film category, many medium-format SLRs had been (and some still are) produced. Hasselblad of Sweden has one of the best-known camera systems utilizing 120 and 220 film to produce 6 cm × 6 cm (2" × 2") negatives. They also produce other film backs which produce a 6 cm × 4.5 cm image; a back which uses 70mm roll film, a Polaroid Back for instant 'proofs' and even a 35mm film back.
+ Pentax produces two medium-format SLR systems, the Pentax 645, which produces a 6 cm × 4.5 cm image; and the Pentax 67 series, which system evolved from the late 1960s introduced Pentax 6 × 7 camera. These Pentax 6 × 7 series cameras resembled huge 35mm SLR camera in look and function.
+ In 2010 Pentax introduced a digital version of the 645, the 645D, with a Kodak-built 44X33 sensor.
+ Bronica (which has discontinued camera production), Fuji, Kyocera (which has also ceased production of their Contax cameras), Mamiya, Rollei, Pentacon (former East Germany), and Kiev (former Soviet Union) have also produced Medium Format SLR systems for a considerable period of time. Mamiya produces what is termed a medium format digital SLR. Other medium-format SLRs, such as those from Hasselblad, accept digital backs in place of film rolls or cartridges, effectively converting their film designs to digital format use.
+ In the case of Polaroid Corporation with its instant film line, the introduction of the Polaroid SX-70 was one of the few SLRs produced that was a rare case of a folding SLR.
+ The vast majority of SLRs now sold are digital models, even though their size, form factor, and other design elements remain derived from their 35 mm film predecessors. Whether a dedicated digital design such as the Olympus Four-Thirds system, which permits equivalent performance with smaller and lighter cameras, will ultimately supersede the film-derived designs from Canon, Nikon, Pentax, and Sony is as yet unclear. Additionally SLRs are facing a threat from the rapidly expanding mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera segment among all types of camera user.
+ Significant SLR technology firsts (including optics peculiar to SLRs and important SLR evolutionary lines now extinct).
+ The Sport (camera) is the series production model of a prototype camera called Gelveta. The Gelveta was designed and built by A. O. Gelgar between 1934 and 1935. It is the earliest known 35mm SLR camera ever to be built, but fewer than 200 examples were made. It was manufactured by the Soviet camera factory Gosudarstvennyi Optiko-Mekhanicheskii Zavod, The State Optical-Mechanical Factory in Leningrad. GOMZ for short. The camera name is engraved in Cyrillic on the finder housing above the lens: „Спорт“. The manufacturer's prism logo in gold on black with the factory initials ГОМЗ (GOMZ) is shown behind a circular magnifying window on the top left camera front. An estimated number of 16,000 cameras were made
+
+= = = Diarmuid Byron O'Connor = = =
+
+ Diarmuid Byron O'Connor (born 7 December 1964) is a British artist, best known for his sculpture.
+ He attended the John Fisher School in Purley, with presenter Matthew Wright. In 1984, he started at art college in Bristol. In 1986 he joined "Changing Places", a community and environmental arts project, as a stone carver – leaving in 1988. In 1991 he studied conceptual fine art at Chelsea School of Art, London.
+ Starting a decorating firm, Byron-O'Connor worked evenings sculpting with wax at home. He was commissioned to create a statue of Peter Pan to stand outside Great Ormond Street Hospital which was given the rights to the character by creator J. M. Barrie. Following the unveiling of this work and an exhibition of small bronzes in 2000, he built a studio for private commissions. In 2005 he added a scale statue of Tinker Bell to the one of Peter Pan, unveiled by The Countess of Wessex.
+ Byron-O'Connor's research into World War I led to him designing sets for BBC2's "The Trench"; BBC1's "The Somme - From Defeat to Victory"; and the Discovery Channel's "Mud, Blood, and Tarmac". Whilst working on the set for BBC One's "The Crafty Tricks of War" he was asked to co present the series with Dick Strawbridge. He subsequently made "Geronimo" with Fearne Cotton for BBC1.
+
+= = = Pillow Talk (song) = = =
+
+ "Pillow Talk" is a 1973 song by American singer and songwriter Sylvia.
+ According to "Billboard", the song is about sex. Sylvia had originally hoped the song would be recorded by Al Green, who turned it down as he thought it was too risqué and against his religious beliefs. Thereafter, Sylvia decided to return as a musical artist and record "Pillow Talk" herself, finally releasing the song in 1973.
+ "Pillow Talk" spent two weeks at number one on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart and peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and is an early example of prototypical disco music. The vocals are replete with moaning and heavy breathing, predating Donna Summer's orgasmic moans on 1975's "Love to Love You Baby". In 1983, an Italo disco version of the song was released by Lustt, which is later sampled by vaporwave artist Saint Pepsi in the song "Private Caller", in 2013. In 2006, R&B singer Miki Howard recorded a cover version for her album, "Pillow Talk". Joss Stone covered the song on her 2012 album "The Soul Sessions Vol. 2".
+ The song was nominated for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 1974 Grammy Awards, losing to "Master of Your Eyes (The Deepness of Your Eyes)" by Aretha Franklin.
+
+= = = Arcata High School = = =
+
+ Arcata High School is the primary public high school in Arcata, serving students in grades 9 through 12. It is located in Arcata, California and is part of the Northern Humboldt Union High School District.
+ Arcata High School was the first high school in Humboldt County, established in the late 19th century. In August 1894, an election was held involving the elementary school districts of Janes, Bayside, and Jacoby. The vote resulted in favor of founding a new high school. It was determined that the high school should be placed in Arcata, and named Arcata Union High School.
+ In 1903, in order to support the growth of the high school, a 6,000 dollar bond passed. This bond was used to construct the first school building on 16th and G streets, in Arcata. In 1912 enrollment reached 100 students. New buildings opened in 1920, 1924, and 1943. In 1944, enrollment had reached 500 students and 21 teachers were employed. In 1947, construction began on a new classroom wing and gymnasium. In 1952, the schools metal shop building, and science wing, began construction. In 1956, construction began on the wood shop building.
+ In 1994, Arcata High School had an enrollment of 940 students, 53 certified staff, and 24 classified support staff.
+ The total student population as of 2012 - 2013 was 826, with 49% male and 51% female. As of 2010, the school had an ethnic makeup of
+ 93.6% Caucasian, 2.5% Latino, 13.9% Native American, 3.0% Asian-American, 1.6% African-American, 1.0% Pacific Islander, and 0.8% Filipino. 29% of the students are socioeconomically disadvantaged, 1.0% are English learners, and 13.5% have disabilities.
+ Arcata High School has an Advanced Placement program for those who wish to obtain college credit and take more advanced classes. Students at Arcata High School are also given the opportunity to earn college credit by taking classes at the nearby Humboldt State University.
+ The high school contains on campus both a charter school, Six Rivers Charter High School, and a continuation school, Pacific Coast High.
+ All the teachers at Arcata High School have a full teaching credential. 59% of students pass the English-language portion of the California High School Exit Exam and 56% pass the mathematics section. , the school had an API rating of 815.
+ Arcata High School has a number of special programs through the Arcata Arts Institute, which helps students with a particular interest in the arts (music, dance, drama, etc.) to pursue their interests. In addition to the Arcata Arts Institute, Arcata High School has a Concert Choir, Madrigal Choir, Jazz Band, and the ArMack Orchestra.
+ As part of the Northern Humboldt Union High School District, Arcata High School is closely affiliated with the only other public high school in the district, McKinleyville High School. Groups such as the orchestra and the jazz band, as well as some drama productions, combine students from both schools.
+ Arcata High School is part of the Humboldt-Del Norte League of the CIF North Coast Section (NCS). The school fields a varsity team for every sport NCS offers.
+ Arcata High School has various student-managed clubs, which are supervised by the faculty. These include a wide variety of foreign language clubs including French, German, and Spanish. The school has a thriving maker culture, shown by the Maker Club, Girls Who Code, and Entrepreneurs' Club. Many clubs are dedicated to social change such as the Gay-Straight Alliance, Interact Club, The Girl Effect, Green Club, and Peace on Earth Movement. Arcata High School also has clubs relating to art, such as Art Club and Drama Club.
+ Arcata High School publishes its own newspaper written by the Pepper Box Club.
+
+= = = Darwin's Radio = = =
+
+ Darwin's Radio is a 1999 science fiction novel by Greg Bear. It won the Nebula Award in 2000 for Best Novel and the 2000 Endeavour Award. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award, Locus and Campbell Awards the same year.
+ The novel's original tagline was "The next great war will be inside us." It was followed by a sequel, "Darwin's Children", in 2003.
+ In the novel, a new form of endogenous retrovirus has emerged, SHEVA. It controls human evolution by rapidly evolving the next generation while it is in the womb, leading to speciation.
+ The novel follows several characters as the "plague" is discovered as well as the panicked reaction of the public and the US government to the disease.
+ Built into the human genome are non-coding sequences of DNA called introns. Certain portions of those "non-sense" sequences, remnants of prehistoric retroviruses, have been activated and are translating numerous LPCs (large protein complexes). The activation of SHEVA and its consequential sudden speciation was postulated to be controlled by a complex genetic network that perceives a need for modification or to be a human adaptive response to overcrowding. The disease, or rather, gene activation, is passed on laterally from male to female as per an STD. If impregnated, a woman in her first trimester who has contracted SHEVA will miscarry a deformed female fetus made of little more than two ovaries. This "first stage fetus" leaves behind a fertilized egg with 52 chromosomes, rather than the typical 46 characteristic of "Homo sapiens sapiens".
+ During the third trimester of the second stage pregnancy, both parents go into a pre-speciation puberty to prepare them for the needs of their novel child. Facial pigmentation changes underneath the old skin which begins sloughing off like a mask. Vocal organs and olfactory glands alter and sensitize respectively, to adapt for a new form of communication. For over a year after the first SHEVA outbreak in the United States, no second stage fetus was recorded to have been born alive. The new human species was highly sensitive to all varieties of herpes and could not be viably born to a mother who had ever been infected with any of the virus' many forms, including Epstein-Barr and the chickenpox, thus eliminating 95% of the female population. Anesthetics and pitocin administered during childbirth were also lethal. So while many women would contract activated SHEVA that few would manage to give birth, making the transition from "Homo sapiens sapiens" to the new human species very gradual.
+ The international response to the threat of SHEVA was to form a special task force that would work alongside the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to find a vaccine. Because the "disease", called "Herod's Flu", was already in the genome of every person on Earth, the only two options were to inhibit the activation of the SHEVA gene by discovering the signal it used or to abort the second-stage fetus. Due to the rapid mutation rate of the missing-link signal molecule, preventing the activation of the gene was infeasible.
+ The second option, abortion, was already a controversial issue and the proposal of handing out free RU 486 was met with social upheaval, adding to the already-chaotic social scene. The general public believed that the government was not placing due importance on the death of countless fetuses or that it already had a cure and refused to release it. In response, government research facilities were forced to test prospective treatments prematurely and could not pursue explanations for SHEVA outside of the "disease" category because of the potential reactions from the masses. It was not until viable second-stage fetuses were born that the idea of SHEVA being a part of evolution rather than a disease began to grow from a few isolated sources.
+
+= = = The Brink's Job = = =
+
+ The Brink's Job is a 1978 comedy crime drama film directed by William Friedkin and starring Peter Falk, Peter Boyle, Allen Garfield, Warren Oates, Gena Rowlands, and Paul Sorvino. It is based on the Brink's robbery of 1950 in Boston, where almost 3 million dollars was stolen.
+ The film was nominated for an Oscar for Best Art Direction (Dean Tavoularis, Angelo P. Graham, Bruce Kay and George R. Nelson).
+ Small-time Boston crook Tony Pino (Peter Falk) tries to make a name for himself. He and his five associates pull off a robbery whenever they can. Tony and his gang easily rob over $100,000 in cash from a Brink's armored car, after which Tony disguises himself as a spark plug salesman to get an inside look at Brink's large and so-called "impregnable fortress" headquarters in the city's North End, a company renowned for unbreachable security as a private "bank" throughout the East Coast.
+ Once inside, Tony realizes that Brink's is anything but a fortress and that employees treat the money "like garbage." Still wary of Brink's public image, Tony breaks in one night after casing the building. He finds that only two doors in the building are locked, and one is easily bypassed by leaping a gate. The only thing locked in the building is the vault.
+ Tony also realizes that despite what Brink's claims, there is only a 10-cent alarm in the vault room itself, almost impossible to set off. It appears that Brink's had relied so much on its reputation that it had not even bothered locking the doors. Pino begins to plan a robbery, using the rooftop of a neighboring building as a watch tower.
+ Tony and his dim brother-in-law Vinnie (Allen Garfield) put together a motley gang of thieves. They include the debonair Jazz Maffie (Paul Sorvino) and a slightly deranged Iwo Jima veteran, Specs O'Keefe (Warren Oates), who proposes to blow open the Brink's safe with a bazooka. Over the crew's objections, Pino also invites the arrogant fence Joe McGinnis (Peter Boyle) to be in on the job.
+ The robbers on the night of Jan. 17th, 1950 make off with more than a million dollars in cash, along with another million-plus in securities and checks. Brink's, a company that prides itself in the safekeeping of money, is nationally embarrassed by what the press is calling "the crime of the century." Even FBI director J. Edgar Hoover (Sheldon Leonard) takes a personal interest in finding the culprits, even so much as creating a makeshift FBI office in Boston.
+ Law enforcement agents begin rounding up suspects. They come to the home of Tony and Mary Pino, as they often do for crimes in the area. Mary (Gena Rowlands) is so familiar with them by now, she makes the cops dinner. Tony is brought in for questioning, but reacts with indignation at being accused.
+ The crooks begin to crack, however. McGinnis infuriates them by destroying a large sum of the hold-up money, claiming the bills could be traced. He also hangs onto the rest, defying threats by Pino and his cohorts to hand over their shares.
+ Specs and another of the gang, Stanley Gusciora, go on the road to meet his "sugar doughnut" in Pittsburgh. They are picked up by Pennsylvania State Police on a burglary charge en route at Bradford, Pennsylvania and are each handed a long jail sentence, Gusciora at the Western Penitentiary-Pittsburgh. Specs grows more and more disturbed behind bars, demanding that money from his cut be sent to his ill sister. In interrogation, Specs and Stanley are pressured more each day to reveal whatever they might know about the Brink's job. Specs ultimately confesses.
+ One by one, the rest of the gang is apprehended, mainly by the Boston Police Department. Tony is on his way to jail in Boston and so is Vinnie, but they unexpectedly find themselves hailed as heroes by people on the street for having pulled off one of the great crimes of all time. One teen remarks to a clearly pleased Pino, "You're the greatest thief who ever lived! Nobody will ever do what you did, Tony!"
+ The film was developed by director John Frankenheimer who then lost interest in it. Dino De Laurentiis then offered the project to William Friedkin who was looking for something to do after a proposed adaptation of "Born on the Fourth of July" with Al Pacino had been unable to secure finance. A script had been written but Friedkin insisted on rewriting it with Wally Green, who had just written "Sorcerer" for the director.
+ During the production, a number of conflicts and concerns with Teamsters Union members occurred, ultimately resulting in four indictments and two convictions of Teamsters for attempts to solicit non-existent jobs.
+ The movie was filmed primarily on location in Boston. Locations included:
+ Reviewing the film in the "Chicago Sun-Times", Roger Ebert wrote, "The movie was directed by William Friedkin, best known for the violence and shock of "The Exorcist", "The French Connection", and "Sorcerer". What he exhibits here, though, is a light touch, an ability to orchestrate rich human humor with a bunch of characters who look like they were born to stand in a police lineup. Falk, playing Pino, has never been better in a movie. He gives the guy a nice, offbeat edge; Pino is a natural hustler looking for the angle in everything. [...] Friedkin has great control of tone. He gives us characters who are comic and yet seem realistic enough that we share their feelings, and he gives us a movie that's funny and yet functions smoothly as a thriller. This sort of craft is sometimes hard to appreciate - "The Brink's Job" is so well put together that it doesn't draw attention to its direction. [...] And the acting is great to savor. The characters are richly detailed, complicated, given dialog that's written with almost musical cadences."
+ The movie was nominated for the Best Art Direction Academy Award (Dean Tavoularis, Angelo P. Graham, George R. Nelson, and Bruce Kay).
+ Friedkin later said the film "has some nice moments, despite thinly drawn characters, but it left no footprint. There's little intensity or suspense and the humour is an acquired taste. The film doesn't shout, it doesn't sing - it barely whispers". He considers "The Brink's Job" to be one of his movies that ended up the "farthest" from what he had envisioned.
+ In August 1978, 15 unedited reels of the film were stolen at gunpoint. While the robbers demanded a $1 million ransom, the money was never paid because the robbers, showing a distinct lack of filmmaking knowledge, hijacked outtakes and dailies. Positive prints of negatives were being held by Technicolor in New York City, so the material was replaced with no significant delay. The robbers, however, made a ransom call, which triggered an investigation by the FBI. During the ransom call, Friedkin told the robbers to "get a projector and enjoy the film; it was all theirs."
+
+= = = List of Xavier Institute students and staff = = =
+
+ The Xavier Institute is a fictional school in the X-Men universe. This list documents the fictional staff, students and alumni of the Institute.
+ This list does not include the students at the Massachusetts Academy or the wards of X-Factor.
+ The original New Mutants were the second group of students trained by Charles Xavier. Magneto took over as headmaster in Xavier's absence.
+ The following students have been clearly depicted as attending the Xavier Institute since it re-opened, but their squad affiliation has not been revealed. Some of these students may be a part of the Lower School or members of squads that have not been fully revealed, such as the Beast's "Exemplars" or Iceman's "Excelsiors". Some are mutants, but not students, that have taken refuge at Xavier's.
+
+= = = Harold Miner = = =
+
+ Harold David Miner (born May 5, 1971) is an American former professional basketball player and two-time champion of the National Basketball Association (NBA) Slam Dunk Contest. He attended college at the University of Southern California (USC) and was a star player on that school's men's basketball team. He left school in 1992 to pursue his professional career, and played in the NBA for the Miami Heat and Cleveland Cavaliers. Despite comparisons to Michael Jordan, Miner's NBA career only lasted four years.
+ A native of Inglewood, California, Miner first came to prominence as a high school player. A stand-out on his team at Inglewood High School, Miner's spectacular dunking ability resulted in his being given the nickname "Baby Jordan," in reference to fellow NBA high flyer Michael Jordan. In his junior year of high school he averaged 27 points per game, and in his senior year he averaged 28. He also recorded 48 points and 17 rebounds in one game when playing at Inglewood.
+ Miner attended USC from 1989 until 1992. As a junior in what would be his final season with the team, Miner's play earned him "Sports Illustrated" magazine's selection as the college basketball player of the year over such notable candidates as Christian Laettner, Shaquille O'Neal, and Alonzo Mourning. Miner led the USC Trojans men's basketball team to the second seed of the Midwest region in the 1992 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The Trojans were upset in the second round, however,falling on one of the most famous baskets in the tournament's history—a three-pointer at the buzzer by James Forrest of Georgia Tech.
+ Miner left college after the 1991–92 season and declared himself eligible for the 1992 NBA draft. He was selected by the Miami Heat with the 12th overall pick.
+ Miner won the NBA's Slam Dunk Contest twice, in 1993 and 1995. In the 1995 contest, Miner defeated Isaiah Rider, who had won the previous year, solidifying Miner as one of the game's best dunkers. However, his playing career proved unremarkable and failed to live up to the high expectations with which it began. Despite his dunking prowess, Miner did not get much playing time from Heat coaches, Kevin Loughery and Alvin Gentry.
+ "I always felt the worst thing to happen to Harold was the "Baby Jordan" tag." – George Raveling, Miner's head coach at USC
+ After the 1994–95 season, Miner was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers. He averaged only 3.2 points and 7.2 minutes per game for the Cavaliers. On October 18, 1995, he was traded to the Toronto Raptors for Victor Alexander, but that trade was rescinded four days later when Alexander failed his physical. Miner played five scoreless minutes in his last NBA game, a 26-point loss to the Chicago Bulls on February 20, 1996.
+ Cleveland waived Miner, having played him in only 19 games that season. He tried out for the Toronto Raptors the following year but was cut during the preseason. Rather than continue to pursue a career in professional basketball, either in the NBA or overseas, Miner retired from the sport. He later said that his decision was prompted by the many knee injuries he suffered during his career.
+ As of 2011, Miner had settled in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was married with two children. He said that he had invested wisely the money he had earned in salary and endorsements during his playing career, allowing him to remain a stay-at-home father, rather than needing to seek employment. Over most of the time since his retirement from basketball, he had been disinclined to give interviews or make public appearances, instead remaining private and largely inaccessible. In 2010, however, he agreed to an interview in which he indicated a desire to begin reconnecting with the University of Southern California and with some of his acquaintances from his playing days.
+ In 2011, Miner appeared at the Pacific-10 Men's Basketball Tournament, to be inducted into that conference's basketball Hall of Honor, and indicated he planned to attend the retirement of his jersey by USC later that year. He would later attend the retirement of his jersey by USC during half time of the game against UCLA on January 15, 2012. Miner tied his previous seclusion largely to his disappointment with his professional career. Explaining his public reemergence, he said, "I guess I feel like I'm over it now. I've kind of purged my system and come to a point of accepting what happened with my career: that I wasn't able to live up to my own personal expectations."
+
+= = = Dorothy Dobbie = = =
+
+ In an editorial that ran in the "British Medical Journal", Martin McKee, a professor of public health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, criticized the Weinberg Group for writing a white paper on alcohol regulation for the European alcohol industry. "Its approach is remarkably similar to the tobacco industry reports, contending that there is insufficient evidence that alcohol causes as much harm as is alleged or that preventive measures would be effective."
+ The Weinberg Group has also worked closely with the tobacco industry. Myron Weinberg, and the company bearing his name, have been acting as tobacco industry consultants, in particular for Philip Morris. Myron Weinberg is listed in a Philip Morris grants and projects budget as being paid $50,000 U.S.D. in 1995 alone for "Consulting Related to ETS Projects."
+ The Weinberg Group also assisted the tobacco industry's law firm, Covington & Burling, with implementing a multinational Environmental Tobacco Smoke scientific witness program (also known as the "Whitecoat Project.") A Covington & Burling internal document dated 1988 claims the purpose of the meeting was "to discuss ETS as a public affair as well as a scientific issue – and to begin discussion of the role that consulting scientists can play in promoting an objective understanding of the issue among members of the scientific community, government officials and members of the public."
+ Building STEPS is a private non-profit organization, founded in 1995 by Matthew Weinberg, CEO of The Weinberg Group, that was developed to expose bright, underserved students to professions that rely on science and technology and to help them excel in these fields where minorities are overwhelmingly underrepresented. Headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland since 1999, 90% of the students graduating from this two-year, academic and professional development program matriculate to college.
+
+= = = Nicholas Barr = = =
+
+ Nicholas Barr FRSA is a British economist, currently serving as professor of public economics at the London School of Economics (LSE). He received his Ph.D. in Economics as a Fulbright Scholar from the University of California, Berkeley and his MSc in Economics from LSE. According to his LSE biography, he has worked for the World Bank, "from 1990 to 1992 working on the design of income transfers and health finance in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia, and in 1995-96 as a principal author of the World Bank's World Development Report 1996: From Plan to Market." He also served as an advisor to the British, Chinese and South African governments.
+ Since 1987, he has published four editions of his series, "Economics of the welfare state", the last published in 2012. of which was published in 2004 . According to Amazon.com, he has published the following books:
+
+= = = Prijedor ethnic cleansing = = =
+
+ During the Bosnian War, there was an ethnic cleansing campaign committed by the Bosnian Serb political and military leadership, mostly against Bosniak and Croat civilians in the Prijedor region of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and 1993. The composition of non-Serbs was drastically reduced: out of a population of 50,000 Bosniaks and 6,000 Croats, only some 6,000 Bosniaks and 3,000 Croats remained in the municipality by the end of the war. After the Srebrenica massacre, Prijedor is the area with the second highest rate of civilian killings committed during the Bosnian War. According to the Sarajevo-based Research and Documentation Center (IDC), 4,868 people were killed or went missing in the Prijedor municipality during the war. Among them were 3,515 Bosniak civilians, 186 Croat civilians and 78 Serb civilians. , 96 mass graves have been located and around 2,100 victims have been identified, largely by DNA analysis.
+ The crimes committed in Prijedor have been subjected to 13 trials before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Soldiers and police in the Serb SDS, Crisis Staff's, including Milomir Stakić, Milan Kovačević, Radoslav Brđanin, ranging to the highest leaders including General Ratko Mladić, Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić, and Serbian President Slobodan Milošević have been charged with genocide, persecutions, deportation, extermination, murder, forced transfers, and unlawful confinement, torture as Crimes Against Humanity (widespread, systematic attacks against a civilian population) and other crimes, have been alleged to have occurred in Prijedor. The ICTY has characterized the Prijedor events of 1992 as having met the "actus reus" (guilty act) of genocide through killing members of the group and causing serious bodily and mental harm to members of the group. However, the requirement of the specific intent to physically destroy was not established beyond reasonable doubt. However the events of 1992 in Prijedor were part of the larger Joint Criminal Enterprise to forcibly remove Bosnian Muslims and Croats from large territories of Bosnia. In 2014, investigators were led by two Bosnian Serb civilians who worked in and around the camps to a Tomašica mass grave mining complex, unearthing the largest mass grave in Bosnia, and the discovery of over 1,000 bodies in both the Tomašica and Jakarina Rose mass grave sites.
+ Following Slovenia’s and Croatia’s declarations of independence in June 1991, the situation in the Prijedor municipality rapidly deteriorated. During the war in Croatia, the tension increased between the Serbs and the communities of Bosniaks and Croats.
+ Bosniaks and Croats began to leave the municipality because of a growing sense of insecurity and fear caused by intensifying Serb propaganda. The municipal newspaper Kozarski Vjesnik started publishing allegations against the non-Serbs. The Serb media propagandised the idea that the Serbs had to arm themselves. Terms like Ustasha (Ustaše), Mujahideen (Mudžahedini) and Green Berets (Zelene beretke) were used widely in the press as synonyms for the non-Serb population. Radio Prijedor disseminated propaganda insulting Croats and Bosnian Muslims. As one result of the takeover of the transmitter station on Mount Kozara in August 1991 by the Serbian paramilitary unit the Wolves of Vučjak, TV Sarajevo was cut off. It was replaced by broadcasts from Belgrade and Banja Luka with interviews of radical Serb politicians and renditions of Serb nationalist songs, which would previously have been banned.
+ On 7 January 1992, the Serb members of the Prijedor Municipal Assembly and the presidents of the local Municipal Boards of the Serbian Democratic Party proclaimed the Assembly of the Serbian People of the Municipality of Prijedor and implemented secret instructions that were issued earlier on 19 December 1991. The ""Organisation and Activity of Organs of the Serbian People in Bosnia and Herzegovina in Extraordinary Circumstances"" provided a plan for the SDS take-over of municipalities in BiH, it also included plans for the creation of Crisis Staffs. Milomir Stakić, later convicted by ICTY of mass crimes against humanity against Bosniak and Croat civilians, was elected President of this Assembly. Ten days later, on 17 January 1992, the Assembly endorsed joining the Serbian territories of the Municipality of Prijedor to the Autonomous Region of Bosnian Krajina in order to implement creation of a separate Serbian state on ethnic Serbian territories.
+ On 23 April 1992, the Serbian Democratic Party decided "inter alia" that all Serb units immediately start working on the takeover of the municipality in co-ordination with the Yugoslav People's Army and units of the future Army of the Republika Srpska). By the end of April 1992, a number of clandestine Serb police stations were created in the municipality and more than 1,500 armed Serbs were ready to take part in the takeover.
+ A declaration on the takeover prepared by the Serb politicians from the Serbian Democratic Party was read out on Radio Prijedor the day after the takeover and was repeated throughout the day. When planning the anticipated takeover, it was decided that the 400 Serb policemen who would be involved in the takeover would be sufficient for the task. The objective of the takeover was to take over the functions of the president of the municipality, the vice-president of the municipality, the director of the post office, the chief of the police etc.
+ In the night of the 29/30 April 1992, the takeover of power took place. Employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in Cirkin Polje, part of the town of Prijedor. Only Serbs were present and some of them were wearing military uniforms. The people there were given the task of taking over power in the municipality and were broadly divided into five groups. Each group of about twenty had a leader and each was ordered to gain control of certain buildings. One group was responsible for the Assembly building, one for the main police building, one for the courts, one for the bank and the last for the post-office.
+ The ICTY concluded that the takeover by the Serb politicians was an illegal coup d'état, which was planned and coordinated a long time in advance with the ultimate aim of creating a pure Serbian municipality. These plans were never hidden and they were implemented in a coordinated action by the Serb police, army and politicians. One of the leading figures was Milomir Stakić, who came to play the dominant role in the political life of the Municipality.
+ After the takeover, civilian life was transformed in a myriad of ways. Tension and fear increased significantly among the non-Serb population in Prijedor municipality. There was a marked increase in the military presence of Serb formations in the town of Prijedor. Armed soldiers were placed on top of all the high rise buildings in Prijedor town and the Serb police established checkpoints throughout the town of Prijedor.
+ In the Stakić case, the ICTY concluded that many people were killed during the attacks by the Serb army on predominantly Bosnian Muslim villages and towns throughout the Prijedor municipality and several of Bosnian Muslims took place and that a comprehensive pattern of atrocities against Bosnian Muslims in Prijedor municipality in 1992 had been proved beyond reasonable doubt.
+ After the takeover, Radio Prijedor propagated Serb nationalist ideas characterising prominent non-Serbs as criminals and extremists, who should be punished for their behaviour. One example of such propaganda was the derogatory language used for referring to non-Serbs such as Mujahideen, Ustaše or Green Berets. Both the print and broadcast media also spread what can be only considered as blatant lies according to the ICTY conclusion about non-Serb doctors: Dr. Mirsad Mujadžić of the Bosniak ethnic group was accused of injecting drugs into Serb women making them incapable of giving birth to male children and Dr. Željko Sikora, a Croat, referred to as the "Monster Doctor", was accused of making Serb women abort if they were pregnant with male children and of castrating the male babies of Serbian parents. Moreover, in a "Kozarski Vjesnik" article dated 10 June 1992, Dr. Osman Mahmuljin was accused of deliberately having provided incorrect medical care to his Serb colleague Dr. Živko Dukić, who had a heart attack. Dr. Dukić’s life was saved only because Dr. Radojka Elenkov discontinued the therapy allegedly initiated by Dr. Mahmuljin. The appeals were broadcast aimed at the Serbs to lynch the non-Serbs. Moreover, forged biographies of prominent non-Serbs, including Prof. Muhamed Ćehajić, Mr. Crnalić, Dr. Eso Sadiković and Dr. Osman Mahmuljin, were broadcast. According to ICTY conclusion in Stakić verdict Mile Mutić, the director of Kozarski Vjesnik and the journalist Rade Mutić regularly attended meetings of Serb politicians (local authorities) in order to get informed about next steps of spreading propaganda.
+ In the weeks following the takeover, the Serb authorities in Prijedor worked to strengthen their position militarily in accordance with decisions adopted on the highest levels. On May 12, 1992, the self-appointed "Assembly of the Serbian People" established the Serbian Army under Ratko Mladić’s command by bringing together former JNA (later Army of Serbia and Montenegro and Army of Republika Srpska) units.
+ Major Radmilo Željaja issued an ultimatum calling for all Bosniak citizens to hand over their weapons to the Serbian Army and to declare their loyalty to the Serbian Republic and to respond to the mobilisation call-ups. The ultimatum issued also contained a threat that any resistance would be punished. For the most part, the civilian population complied with these requests turning in their hunting rifles and pistols as well as their permits and in the belief that if they handed in their weapons they would be safe. House searches performed by soldiers of the homes of the non-Serb population were common and any weapons found were confiscated.
+ Many non-Serbs were dismissed from their jobs in the period after the takeover. The general tendency is reflected in a decision of the Serb regional authorities i.e. Crisis Staff of the Autonomous Region of Krajina (ARK) dated 22 June 1992, which provides that all socially-owned enterprises, joint-stock companies, state institutions, public utilities, Ministries of the Interior, and the Army of the Serbian Republic may only be held by personnel of Serbian nationality.
+ The announcements broadcast on the radio, from 31 May 1992 onward, also obliged non-Serbs to hang white bed sheets outside their homes and wear white armbands, as a demonstration of their loyalty to the Serbian authorities. Charles McLeod, who was with the ECMM and visited Prijedor municipality in the last days of August 1992, testified that while visiting a mixed Serb/Bosnian Muslim village he saw that the Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) houses were identified by a white flag on the roof. This is corroborated by the testimony of Barnabas Mayhew (ECMM), who testified that the Bosnian Muslim houses were marked with white flags in order to distinguish them from the Serb houses.
+ Hambarine was predominantly Bosniak village in Prijedor municipality. On 22 May 1992, Serb controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) issued an ultimatum to the residents of Hambarine. The residents were to surrender several individuals alleged involved in attack on JNA. The ultimatum was not complied with and around noon the next day the shelling of Hambarine began. The shelling came from three directions from the north-west in the Karane area, from the area of Urije and from the area of Topic Hill. There were two or three Serb tanks and approximately a thousand soldiers during the attack. The bombardment of Hambarine continued until about 15:00. The Bosniak residents tried to defend the village, but they were forced to flee to other villages or to the Kurevo woods to escape the shelling. There were approximately 400 refugees, mostly women, children and elderly people, who fled Hambarine as a result of the attack that saw the Serb soldiers kill, rape and torch houses. A military operation was consequently concentrated on the Kurevo forest.
+ The area of Kozarac, surrounding Kozarac town, comprises several villages, including Kamičani, Kozaruša, Susici, Brđani, Babići.
+ After the Serb takeover of Prijedor, the population of Kozarac tried to control the perimeter of their town and organized patrols. After the attack on Hambarine, another ultimatum was issued for the town of Kozarac. Radmilo Željaja delivered the ultimatum on Radio Prijedor, threatening to raze Kozarac to the ground if residents failed to comply. Following the ultimatum, negotiations took place between the Bosniak and the Serb sides which were unsuccessful. Stojan Župljanin, later accused of war crimes by ICTY and one of the most wanted fugitive besides Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić, who led the Serb delegation, said that, unless his conditions were met, the army would take Kozarac by force. As of May 21, 1992, the Serb inhabitants of Kozarac started to leave the town. Kozarac was subsequently surrounded and the phone lines were disconnected. On the night of 22 and 23 May 1992, detonations could be heard in the direction of Prijedor and fires could be seen in the area of Hambarine.
+ The attack started on 25 May 1992 and ended on 27 May at 13:00 hrs. A military convoy comprising two columns approached Kozarac, and its soldiers opened fire on the houses and checkpoints and, at the same time, shells were fired from the hills. The shooting was aimed at people fleeing from the area. The shelling was intense and unrelenting. Over 5,000 Serb soldiers and combatants participated in the attack. Serb forces included the 343rd Motorised Brigade (an enlarged motorized battalion) supported by two 105 mm howitzer batteries and one M-84 tank squadron. After the shelling, Serb forces shot people in their homes and that those who surrendered were taken to a soccer stadium of Kozarac where some men were randomly shot. After the people had been killed or fled their homes, the soldiers set fire to the houses. There was extensive destruction of property in Kozarac as a result of the attack. The houses had been not only destroyed, but leveled to the ground using heavy machinery. The medical centre in Kozarac was damaged during the attack. The attack continued until May 26, 1992 when it was agreed that the people should leave the territory of Kozarac. A large number of people in Kozarac surrendered that day. The Serb authorities explained that all those who wished to surrender should form a convoy and that a ceasefire would be in effect during this period. It was later learned that when the convoy, which left that day, reached the Banja Luka-Prijedor road the women and men were separated. The women were taken to Trnopolje and the men to Omarska and Keraterm concentration camps, which shocked the world when BBC reporters discovered them. A large number of women and children arrived in Prijedor on the day of the attack. The Prijedor intervention platoon, led by Dado Mrđa, Zoran Babić and others intervened and began to mistreat the women and children. Some time later in that day, buses arrived, and they ordered women and children to board these buses for Trnopolje camp.
+ No wounded had been allowed out of Kozarac. For example, according to Dr. Merdžanić's testimony before ICTY he had not been given permission to arrange the evacuation of two injured children, one of whom had her legs completely shattered, and he had instead been told that all the "dirty Muslims" (in Serbian language: balija) should die there, as they would be killed in any event. In the attack at least 100 people were killed, and 1,500 deported to concentration camps. A report sent by colonel Dragan Marčetić to the Serb Army Main Staff dated May 27, 1992 states that the wider area of Kozarac village, i.e. the area of the village of Kozaruša, Trnopolje, Donji Jakupovići, Gornji Jakupovići, Benkovac, Rakovic has been entirely freed of Bosniaks (80–100 Bosniaks were killed, about 1,500 captured and around 100–200 persons were at large on Mt. Kozara).
+ The Report of the Commission of Experts in Bosnia v. Serbia Genocide Case before the International Court of Justice states that the attack on Kozarac lasted three days and caused many villagers to flee to the forest while the soldiers were shooting at ‘every moving thing’. Survivors calculated that at least 2,000 villagers were killed in that period. The villagers’ defence fell on May 26. Serbs then reportedly announced that the villagers had 10 minutes to reach the town’s soccer stadium. However, many people were shot in their homes before given a chance to leave. One witness reported that several thousand people tried to surrender by carrying white flags, but three Serb tanks opened fire on them, killing many.
+ Between the 24 and 25 July 1992, Bosnian Serb Forces attacked the predominantly Croat village of , near Prijedor. According to the 1991 consensus, Briševo had a population of 340 people, by ethnicity, 305 Croats, 16 Yugoslavs, 7 Serbs, 1 Bosniak and 11 others. Violence against ethnic Bosniaks and Croats in towns and villages around Prijedor had been increasing since May 1992, on the 30 May 1992, Serbian-controlled Radio-Prijedor proclaimed the creation of a "Crisis Staff of the Serb municipality of Prijedor", that Serb forces had already began an "armed attack on the city of Prijedor" and that Serbs were fighting against Ustashe-Muslim forces", which further contributed to the atmosphere of hostility between the ethnic groups. On 31 May 1992, Serb authorities issued an ultimatum to the inhabitants of Briševo to hand over all weapons, promising the local population would not be harmed if they did, although local Croat leaders complied, Serb forces entered the village that day and arrested prominent Croats and those suspected of supporting the HDZ, these individuals were then taken to internment camps near Sanski Most. On 24 July 1992, Serb forces of the 5th Kozara Brigade from Prijedor and the 6th Krajina Brigade from Sanski Most shelled the village at 9:00 am and then moved into the village by foot. There Serb forces began a two-day massacre, burning homes and property and murdering Croat civilians wherever they were found, many Croatian women were raped before being killed and some victims were even forced to dig their own graves before being killed. Serb forces murdered some 67 Croat civilians, destroyed 65 family homes including the village Catholic Church, those who were not killed were driven out. During the ICTY trials, Milomir Stakić was found guilty of persecution, deportation and extermination against non-Serbs in the Prijedor region, which included the killings in Briševo.
+ During and after Kozarac, Hambarine and Briševo , Serb authorities set up concentration camps and determined who should be responsible for the running of those camps.
+ Keraterm factory was set up as a camp on or around 23/24 May 1992. There were four rooms in the camp, Room 2 being the largest and Room 3 the smallest. By late June 1992, there were about 1,200 people in the camp. Every day people were brought in or taken away from the camp. The numbers increased considerably by late July. The detainees were mostly Bosnian Muslims and to a lesser extent Croats. The detainees slept on wooden pallets used for the transport of goods or on bare concrete in a big storage room. The conditions were cramped and people often had to sleep on top of each other. In June 1992, Room 1 held 320 people and the number continued to grow. The detainees were given one meal a day, made up of two small slices of bread and some sort of stew. The rations were insufficient for the detainees.
+ The Omarska mines complex was located about 20 km from the town of Prijedor. The first detainees were taken to the camp sometime in late May 1992 (between 26 and 30 May). The camp buildings were almost completely full and some of the detainees had to be held on the area between the two main buildings. That area was lit up by specially installed spot-lights after the detainees arrived. Female detainees were held separately in the administrative building. According to the Serb authorities documents from Prijedor, there were a total of 3,334 persons held in the camp from 27 May to 16 August 1992. 3,197 of them were Bosniaks (i.e. Bosnian Muslims), 125 were Croats.
+ With the arrival of the first detainees, permanent guard posts were established around the camp, and anti-personnel landmines were set up around the camp. The conditions in the camp were horrible. In the building known as the "White House", the rooms were crowded with 45 people in a room no larger than 20 square meters. The faces of the detainees were distorted and bloodstained and the walls were covered with blood. From the beginning, the detainees were beaten, with fists, rifle butts and wooden and metal sticks. The guards mostly hit the heart and kidneys, when they had decided to beat someone to death. In the "garage", between 150-160 people were "packed like sardines" and the heat was unbearable. For the first few days, the detainees were not allowed out and were given only a jerry can of water and some bread. Men would suffocate during the night and their bodies would be taken out the following morning. The room behind the restaurant was known as "Mujo’s Room". The dimensions of this room were about 12 by 15 metres and the average number of people detained there was 500, most of whom were Bosniaks. The women in the camp slept in the interrogations rooms, which they would have to clean each day as the rooms were covered in blood and pieces of skin and hair. In the camp one could hear the moaning and wailing of people who were being beaten up.
+ The detainees at Omarska had one meal a day. The food was usually spoiled and the process of getting the food, eating and returning the plate usually lasted around three minutes. Meals were often accompanied by beatings. The toilets were blocked and there was human waste everywhere. Ed Vulliamy, a British journalist, testified that when he visited the camp, the detainees were in a very poor physical condition. He witnessed them eating a bowl of soup and some bread and said that he had the impression they had not eaten in a long time. They appeared to be terrified. The detainees drank water from a river that was polluted with industrial waste and many suffered from constipation or dysentery. No criminal report was ever filed against persons detained in the Omarska camp, nor were the detainees apprised of any concrete charges against them. Apparently, there was no objective reason justifying these people’s detention.
+ The Omarska camp was closed immediately after a visit by foreign journalists in early August.On 6 or 7 August 1992, the detainees at Omarska were divided into groups and transported in buses to different destinations. About 1,500 people were transported on 20 buses.
+ The Trnoplje camp was set up in the village of Trnoplje on 24 May 1992. The camp was guarded on all sides by the Serb army. There were machine-gun nests and well-armed posts pointing their guns towards the camp. There were several thousand people detained in the camp, the vast majority of whom were Bosnian Muslim and some of them were Croats. According to approximation, on 7 August 1992 there were around 5,000 people detained there. Women and children were detained at the camp as well as men of military age. The camp population had a high turnover with many people staying for less than a week in the camp before joining one of the many convoys to another destination or concentration camps. The quantity of food available was insufficient and people often went hungry. Moreover, the water supply was insufficient and the toilet facilities inadequate. The majority of the detainees slept in the open air. The Serb soldiers used baseball bats, iron bars, rifle butts and their hands and feet or whatever they had at their disposal to beat the detainees. Individuals were who taken out for questioning would often return bruised or injured. Many women who were detained at the Trnopolje camp were taken out of the camp at night by Serb soldiers and raped or sexually assaulted.
+ Slobodan Kuruzović, the commander of the Trnopolje camp, estimated that between 6,000 and 7,000 people passed through the camp in 1992. Those who passed through the camp were not guilty of any crime. The International Red Cross arrived in the camp in mid-August 1992. A few days later the detainees were registered and received a registration booklet. The camp was officially closed down on September 30, although there is evidence to suggest that some 3,500 remained for a longer period, until they were transferred to Travnik in Central Bosnia.
+ There were also other facilities in Prijedor which were used to detain Bosniak and other non-Serb people. Such detention facilities included Yugoslav People's Army barracks, Miška Glava Community Centre and a police building in Prijedor known as the SUP building.
+ The JNA barracks in Prijedor were known as the Žarko Zgonjanin barracks. They were used as a transition detention center. Some people who were fleeing the cleansing of Bišćani were trapped by Serb soldiers and taken to a command post at Miška Glava. The next morning they were called out, interrogated and beaten. This pattern continued for four or five days. Several men from the village of Rizvanovići were taken out by soldiers and have not been seen since. Around 100 men were arrested in the woods near Kalajevo by JNA soldiers and reserve police and taken to the Miška Glava cultural club. The detention cells were located behind the main SUP building (police building). There was also a courtyard where people were called out at night and beaten up. Prisoners detained in this building were also regularly threatened and insulted. Guards would curse them by calling them "balija", a derogative term for Muslim peasants of low origin.
+ Numerous killings, both inside and outside the camps were committed during the Prijedor ethnic cleansing.
+ On the basis of the evidence presented at the "Stakić trial", the Trial Chamber finds that over a hundred people were killed in late July 1992 in the Omarska camp. Around 200 people from Hambarine arrived in the Omarska camp sometime in July 1992. They were initially accommodated in the structure known as the "White House". Early in the morning, around 01:00 or 02:00 on 17 July 1992, gunshots were heard that continued until dawn. Dead bodies were seen in front of the "White House". The camp guards, one of whom was recognised as Živko Marmat, were shooting rounds into the bodies. "Everyone was given an extra bullet that was shot in their heads". The bodies were then loaded onto a truck and taken away. There were about 180 bodies in total.
+ On 24 July 1992, the massacre at the Keraterm camp, known as the "Room 3" massacre was committed as one of the first larger massacres committed inside the camp. New Bosniak detainees from the earlier-cleansed Brdo area were incarcerated in "Room 3". For the first few days, the detainees were denied food as well as being subjected to beatings and abuse. On the day of the massacre, a large number of Serb soldiers arrived in the camp, wearing military uniforms and red berets. A machine-gun was placed in front of Room 3. That night, bursts of shooting and moans could be heard coming from "Room 3". A machine gun started firing. The next morning there was blood on the walls in "Room 3". There were piles of bodies and wounded people. The guards opened the door and said: "Look at these foolish dirty Muslims – they have killed each other". The area outside "Room 3" was covered with blood. A truck arrived and one man from "Room 1" volunteered to assist with loading the bodies onto the truck. Soon after, the truck with all the bodies left the compound. The volunteer from Room 1 reported that there were 128 dead bodies on the truck. As the truck left, blood could be seen dripping from it. Later that day, a fire engine arrived to clean Room 3 and the surrounding area.
+ The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a body of the U.N. established to prosecute serious crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars, and to try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands. It handed down some 20 sentences in relation to crimes perpetrated in the Prijedor municipality. One notable verdict was against ex-Bosnian Serb leader, Radovan Karadžić, who was convicted for crimes against humanity and war crimes across Bosnia, including Prijedor. He was sentenced to a life in prison. On 22 November 2017, general Ratko Mladić was also sentenced to a life in prison.
+ Other important convictions included Milomir Stakić, the ex-President of the Prijedor Municipal Assembly, who was sentenced to 40 years in prison, Bosnian Serb politician Momčilo Krajišnik, who was sentenced to 20 years in prison, and Radoslav Brđanin, ex-President of the Autonomous Region of Krajina Crisis Staff, who was handed over a 30 years' jail term. Stojan Župljanin, an ex-police commander who had operational control over the police forces responsible for the detention camps, and Mićo Stanišić, the ex-Minister of the Interior of Republika Srpska, both received 22 years in prison each. Bosnian Serb politician Biljana Plavšić pleaded guilty and admit guilt. She was sentenced to 11 years' in prison for persecution of non-Serbs.
+ Ex-guards of the Keraterm camp were also convicted: Dusko Sikirica was sentenced to 15 years, Damir Dosen to 5 years and Dragan Kolundzija to 3 years for beatings, whereas the guards of the Omarska camp were also convicted: Zoran Žigić was sentenced to 25 years, Mlado Radic to 20 years, Miroslav Kvočka to 7 years imprisonment, Milojica Kos to 6 years and Dragoljub Prcać sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. Predrag Banović, who pleaded guilty to 25 charges, was sentenced to 8 years in prison. Duško Tadić was sentenced to 20 years in jail. Darko Mrđa, an ex-special Bosnian Serb police unit member who was involved in the Korićani Cliffs massacre case, pleaded guilty and was handed over a 17-year jail term.
+ In 2010, a memorial was opened in Kozarac in remembrance of the Bosniak civilian victims who died in the concentration camps run by Serbian authorities during the war. However, according to "The Economist", authorities in Prijedor refuse to allow a memorial to the mostly Bosniak children killed in the city during the war.
+
+= = = EUL = = =
+
+ EUL may refer to:
+
+= = = Household Cavalry Composite Regiment = = =
+
+ The Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was a temporary, wartime-only, cavalry regiment of the British Army consisting of personnel drawn from the 1st Life Guards, 2nd Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards. It was active in 1882 for service in the Anglo-Egyptian War, in 1889–1900 during the Second Boer War, from August to November, 1914 during the opening months of World War I and in World War II.
+ The regiment was first formed in 1882 to take part in the Anglo-Egyptian War.
+ The regiment was re-raised and served in the Second Boer War. A formation of the 12th Royal Lancers and the Household Cavalry undertook a successful charge at the Battle of Diamond Hill in June 1900.
+ When the British Expeditionary Force was mobilised, it had a war establishment of seventeen cavalry regiments – five cavalry brigades of three regiments each, and two regiments which would be broken up to serve as reconnaissance squadrons, one for each of the six infantry divisions. The peacetime establishment in the United Kingdom was nineteen cavalry regiments – sixteen line regiments, and the three regiments of the Household Cavalry.
+ The sixteen regular regiments were earmarked for overseas service, whilst the seventeenth regiment was to be provided by a composite regiment formed with a squadron from each of the three Household Cavalry regiments – the 1st Life Guards, the 2nd Life Guards, and the Royal Horse Guards – and assigned a mobilisation role in 4th Cavalry Brigade.
+ On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the regiment was duly constituted with a squadron each from the 1st Life Guards at Hyde Park, the 2nd Life Guards at Regent's Park and the Royal Horse Guards at Windsor. The regiment joined 4th Cavalry Brigade which was assigned to The Cavalry Division and moved to France in August 1914.
+ With The Cavalry Division, the regiment took part in a number of actions during the early war of movement: the Battle of Mons (23–24 August), the Battle of Le Cateau (26 August), the Action at Néry (1 September), the Battle of the Marne (6–9 September) and the Battle of the Aisne (12–15 September).
+ The regiment was transferred with 4th Cavalry Brigade to the 2nd Cavalry Division on 14 October 1914 to bring it up to the standard three brigade strength. With the division, the regiment took part in First Battle of Ypres, notably the battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October). On 11 November, the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was broken up and its constituent squadrons rejoined their parent regiments; these had landed at Zeebrugge on 7 October 1914 with 7th Cavalry Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division. The Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment, replaced it in 4th Cavalry Brigade.
+ From 1916 to 1918, an infantry battalion, the Household Battalion, was formed from the 1st Life Guards, 2nd Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards Reserve Regiments.
+ By the outbreak of World War II, the 1st and 2nd Life Guards had been amalgamated as the Life Guards. In September 1939, the Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards formed the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment and the Household Cavalry Training Regiment.
+ The Blues were at Windsor when war was declared on 3 September 1939. That month, the Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards formed the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment and the Household Cavalry Training Regiment. King George VI was instinctively biased for the favour of the Household Cavalry expressing a wish to see both regiments involved in battle and doing ceremonial duties. From 30 September 1939 the king inspected the Composites and then each unit in turn. Remounts Depots were established to keep the regiments on horseback, but the Composite was short of horses. But it became clear from advice received from Bernard Montgomery that Remounts would soon have to be abandoned. The Household Cavalry Composite Regiment served with the 4th Cavalry Brigade and joined the 1st Cavalry Division when it was formed on 31 October 1939.
+ Charles Kavanagh had complained that the Household Cavalry Regiment used up "a large number of horses" and are "not getting as good officers as the others." Humphrey Wyndham, who was with Life Guards, told Churchill that his preference was for Household Cavalry to become tank and not machine guns. "Then The Life Guards and Blues would have led the way in the mechanization of the cavalry, instead of being made to follow it." As it was they mobilized their horses in 1939; four of the officers in the Blues at that time were Masters of Fox Hound. Wyndham went on: "The horse, after serving as a medium of mobility in war from the earliest times, was in process of supersession by the internal combustion engine across the valley."
+ The Household Cavalry Composite Regiment departed the United Kingdom in February 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 20 February 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan. A reserve regiment remained in London to do ceremonials, whilst training regiments took place at Windsor. It was overcrowded when Regimental HQ Life Guards and two squadrons made their way there from London. B Squadron found accommodation at the Royal Hotel, and C Squadron went to the Old Etonian Club at Combermere Barracks, Windsor. 100 Reservists were drafted from other regiments for a full complement.
+ In November 1940 the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment became the 1st Household Cavalry Motor Battalion. The 1st Household Cavalry Motor Battalion arrived at Haifa on 22 February 1941 under a new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Reginald Heyworth. The final decision to become mechanized was not taken until later that month. In the Judean desert they were ordered to end their horse cavalry days: horses older than 15 years were put down. In March 1941, the 1st Household Cavalry Motor Battalion was redesignated as the 1st Household Cavalry Regiment.
+ In April 1941, the 4th Cavalry Brigade, together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment, a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was organised as "Habforce" for operations in Iraq as part of the response to pro-Axis Rashid Ali who had seized power in Baghdad and was besieging RAF Habbaniya. On 9 May 1941, 1st Household Cavalry Regiment were ordered to prepare to move with 2-inch mortars, Hotchkiss machine guns and, later, Bren machine-guns (much as they had been armed in 1914): the operation across the desert by was one of the most illustrious in the earlier period of the war. There was a heatwave as they followed the oil pipeline to join Glubb Pasha's Arab Legion at the Rutba Oasis. The column covered 700 miles in six days, led by Household Cavalry officers, who were awarded several Military Crosses. C Squadron was stationed at Fallujah, to hold the Euphrates against any attack from Baghdad. The advance on the capital began on 27 May. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Ferguson, the commanding officer, took the main force north, while C Squadron circled south of the city. Faced by an Iraqi division, and flanked by another regiment, the British Regimental HQ was attacked, but repulsed the enemy. B Squadron had a sharp fight at Al-Khadimain, and there was a display of singular courage in the face of the enemy by Corporal of Horse Charles Maxted, who was awarded the Military Medal. But the Germans in Baghdad called a truce, and on 31 May, C Squadron were billeted in the city's railway station unopposed.
+ Following this, in July 1941, "Habforce" was placed under the command of Australian I Corps and was involved in operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border to capture Palmyra and secure the Haditha - Tripoli oil pipeline.
+ A flying column created from A Squadron, known as "Mercol" after its commander, Major Merry, was tasked with crossing the Iraqi desert in search of El Fawzi el Rashid, a leading Arab nationalist.
+ The operation to seize a notorious German agent, Fritz Grobba was carried out by B Squadron led by Major Eric Gooch. Gooch's unit occupied Mosul Airfield, taken from the Germans. It was thought Grobba was hiding at Kameschle in Vichy Syria but on 30 May, Grobba fled Baghdad.
+ Strafed by enemy planes, they moved into the hills above Palmyra, partly on foot. Palmyra fell on 3 July 1941. Lieutenant John Shaw and Lieutenant Valerian Wellesley of the Blues were awarded Military Crosses. On 15 July they attacked a ridge occupied by the Foreign Legion at Djerboua. On 15 July 1941 they were lauded by Winston Churchill, at a time during the war when there were few victories, for the capture of the oasis and declaration of surrender by the French regime. They quickly moved into Aleppo. The commanding officer left a report to:
+ "give further accounts to the public ... of Syrian fighting, marked as it was by so many picturesque episodes, such as the arrival of His Majesty's Life Guards and Royal Horse Guards, in armoured cars, across many hundreds of miles of desert, to surround and capture the oasis of Palmyra."
+ The last mounted expedition took place at the Plain of Esdraelon in October 1941; from their base at Tiberias on the Vichy-Syrian frontier they reported on "the last great mounted exercise ever to be undertaken by British cavalry in the Plain of Esdraelon, which has a nice Biblical sound and involved about two thousands horses."
+ The 1st Household Cavalry Regiment next saw action at the First Battle of El Alamein in July 1942 and the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 before moving to Syria to patrol the Turko-Syrian border. The 1st Household Cavalry Regiment landed in Italy in April 1944 and then, after a break in the UK between October 1944 and March 1945, took part in the North West Europe Campaign.
+ The regiment was disbanded in 1945 and the personnel returned to their original units.
+ The Household Cavalry Training Regiment remained in Home Forces until September 1941 when it was redesignated as the 2nd Household Cavalry Regiment and joined the Guards Armoured Division. It acted as the divisional reconnaissance unit until 27 February 1943 when it was replaced by 2nd Battalion, Welsh Guards.
+ In July 1943 it was assigned to the Second Army and in June 1944 it landed in Normandy as part of VIII Corps. Thereafter it served throughout the North West Europe Campaign until the end of the war with VIII and XXX Corps. On 19 June 1945, it rejoined the Guards Division (replacing 2nd Welsh Guards).
+ The Household Cavalry Reserve Regiment was formed in September 1939 and remained in Home Forces until March 1941 when it was disbanded.
+
+= = = Tomás Gutiérrez = = =
+
+ Tomás Francisco Gutiérrez Nino de Guzman was a Peruvian military man who led a coup against President José Balta Montero and served as the Supreme Leader of Peru on 1872. From July 22, 1872 to July 26, 1872, Gutiérrez Nino de Guzman was the de facto leader of Peru and the self-proclaimed "Supreme Leader of the Republic." He was overthrown just four days after his proclamation and lynched. Peru later regained some political stability with the election on Manuel Pardo, although this stability was short-lived as a foreign threat began to arise in Chile.
+ The 1872 elections in Peru had produced a victory for Manuel Pardo, who was to become the first civilian president in the history of Peru. Shortly before Pardo was to take office, however, Gutiérrez, serving as President Balta's Defense Minister, organized a coup d'état. Balta and Pardo were arrested and held captive on board the frigate "Independence".
+ Gutiérrez Nino de Guzman proclaimed himself "Supreme Leader of the Republic" and asked for the support of the armed forces. However, only some of the Army agreed to support him, and the Navy issued a statement on July 23 which made it clear that they would not support the new regime. The citizens of Lima did not support Gutiérrez either, and the situation soon became violent. On July 26, one of Gutiérrez's brothers, Silvestre, was assassinated while driving through the city. In retaliation, President Gutiérrez ordered that Balta be executed.
+ By July 26, 1872, the crowd in Lima had organized into a mob and stormed Gutiérrez's palace. Gutiérrez was captured and lynched. His body was hung from one of the towers of the Cathedral of Lima.
+ The four-day regime of Tomás Gutiérrez did not halt the increasing control of civilians in the Peruvian government. Just one week after Gutiérrez's overthrow, Pardo assumed the presidency and his party, the Civilista Party, would be a dominant force in Peruvian politics for decades to come.
+
+= = = 2006 Democratic Progressive Party chairmanship election = = =
+
+ The Democratic Progressive Party chairmanship by-election of 2006 was held on January 15, 2006 in Taiwan. It was the tenth chairmanship election conducted by the party. In December 2005, chairperson Su Tseng-chang resigned as a result of failing to win ten of the twenty-three positions in the 2005 local elections.
+ There were many hopefuls that publicly expressed their desire for the chairmanship. These politicians withdrew after acting chairperson Annette Lu withdrew her campaign. Only three candidates formally announced their bids for chairperson:
+ Yu won the race with over 54% of the votes. However, the voter turnout was only 19.96%, the lowest turnout in the party's history. This was significantly different from the 2005 Kuomintang election, which had a voter turnout of 50.17%.
+ It is commonly believed that Yu's successful campaign symbolized the fact that President Chen Shui-bian's Justice Alliance was still in power within the party. After Su Tseng-chang, also a member of the Justice Alliance, was appointed the premier, his term was relatively more stable as a result of the mutual cooperation between the three leaders.
+ On the other hand, former chairperson Lin Yi-hsiung left the party as a result of the loss of Wong Chin-chu.
+
+= = = Darryl Hall (defensive back) = = =
+
+ Darryl Edgar Hall (born August 1, 1966) is a former Grey Cup champion and all-star Canadian Football League defensive back. He also played 3 years in the National Football League with the Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers.
+
+= = = RMA tube designation = = =
+
+ In the years 1942-1944, the Radio Manufacturers Association used a descriptive nomenclature system for industrial, transmitting, and special-purpose vacuum tubes. The numbering scheme was distinct from both the numbering schemes used for standard receiving tubes, and the existing transmitting tube numbering systems used previously, such as the "800 series" numbers originated by RCA and adopted by many others.
+ The system assigned numbers with the base form "1A21", and this numbering scheme is occasionally referred to by tube collectors and historians as the "1A21 system".
+ The first digit of the type number was 1-9, providing a rough indication of the filament/heater power rating (and therefore the overall power handling capabilities) of the tube. The assigned numbers were as follows:
+ The second character was a letter broadly identifying the class of tube:
+ The last 2 digits were serially assigned, beginning with 21 to avoid possible confusion with receiving tubes or CRT phosphor designations.
+ Multiple section tubes (like the 3E29 or 8D21) are assigned a letter corresponding to ONE set of electrodes.
+ Like all tube numbering systems, there are many inconsistencies between theory and practice. For example, there is no assigned letter code for cathode-ray tubes. Some unusual types received rather mundane sounding designations, based solely on electrode count, because there was no better place to put them. For example, the 2F21 is not an actual hexode, but a pattern generating monoscope tube. Some very exotic types received generic designators, even when there was a more appropriate designator available. For example, the 2H21 "phasitron" phase modulator tube used in early FM broadcast transmitters was assigned an "H" (octode) designator, when it would have been a perfect candidate for the otherwise unused "T" category for deflection controlled tubes.
+ The first-digit filament/heater power rating confusingly gathers valves of widely-differing ratings. The 2G21 is a subminiature Triode-Hexode, with a maximum anode (plate) current of some 0.2 milliamps and a maximum voltage of 45 volts. The 2J42 Magnetron, with a power output of some 7 kilowatts, is rated for anode current of 4.5 amps (pulse peak) at anode voltage of 5,500 volts.
+ Many of the "1A21" series are well known to collectors and restorers of WW2 vintage radio equipment. A short list of well-known or historic types numbered under this system:
+ This numbering system was abandoned in 1944 in favor of a non-descriptive numbering system of 4 digit numbers beginning with 5500. This new system persisted until the final days of tubes, with type numbers registered up into the 9000 series.
+
+= = = The Sting II = = =
+
+ The Sting II is a 1983 American comedy film and a sequel to "The Sting", again written by David S. Ward. It was directed by Jeremy Paul Kagan and stars an entirely original cast including Jackie Gleason, Mac Davis, Teri Garr, Karl Malden and Oliver Reed.
+ The Great Depression is over. King of the con men Fargo Gondorff is released from prison and reassembles his cronies for another con, out to avenge the murder of his lifelong pal Kid Colors.
+ Gondorff's young protege Jake Hooker attempts to pull a scam on wealthy "Countess Veronique," who instead pulls one on him and turns out to be a grifter herself named Veronica.
+ Coming up with a boxing con, Gondorff's goal is to sting both Lonnegan, the notorious banker and gangster who wants revenge from a previous con, and Gus Macalinski, a wealthy local racketeer. One or both of them is behind Kid Colors' death.
+ Hooker pretends to be a boxer who is about to throw a big fight. Macalinski is not only hoodwinked into losing hundreds of thousands of dollars, he is talked into changing his original wager by Lonnegan. While one gangster takes care of the other, Gondorff and Hooker head for the train station with a bag full of money, tickets out of town and a final twist from Veronica.
+ This film's continuity to the first is disputed:
+ "The Sting II" holds a 0% at Rotten Tomatoes.
+ The film was nominated for an Academy Award for the Best Musical Score composed by Lalo Schifrin.
+ "The Sting II" was released on DVD in 2004 by Universal.
+ "The Sting II" was referenced in "The Great Money Caper", a 2000 episode of "The Simpsons", in which Abe Simpson suggests that a scam will work because it was featured in "The Sting II", "so nobody knows about it", implying that no one has seen the film.
+ The film was also referenced in "Car Periscope", the eighth episode of season eight of the HBO comedy television series "Curb Your Enthusiasm" (2011), when characters Larry David and Jeff Greene are weighing up an investment opportunity:
+
+= = = Panagiotis Karatzas = = =
+
+ Panagiotis Karatzas (; 17th century – 1824) was a Greek revolutionary leader in Patras during the Greek Revolution of 1821. During his childhood years he showed his bravery and defiance against the Turkish and often fighting with Turkish peers. He fled for the Ionian Islands, which were then under English rule, and moved to Zakynthos and enrolled into the British Army in the 3rd Greek Legion. He returned to Patras in 1809.
+ He was one of the main commanders during the Siege of Patras (1821). He was against the Ottoman era local kodjabashis of the area. He was murdered by Greek rivals in 1824.
+
+= = = Abdoulaye Konaté = = =
+
+ Abdoulaye Konaté (1 February 1953) is a Malian artist. He was born in Diré and lives and works in Bamako.
+ Konaté studied painting in the Institut National des Arts de Bamako and then at the Instituto Superior de Arte, Havana, Cuba.
+ Konaté worked as a graphic designer at the Musee National in Bamako. In 1998, he was appointed to be the Director of the Palais de la Culture. He now works as the principal of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers Multimédia Balla Fasseké Kouyaté in Bamako, Mali.
+ He and his work have received several awards, including in 2002 the Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Mali and Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France.
+ 2014
+ 2012
+ 2010
+ 2009
+ 10. Bienal de La Habana - La Bienal de La Habana, Havana
+ 2008
+ 2007
+ 2006
+ 2005
+ 2004
+ Afrika Remix - Zeitgenössische Kunst eines Kontinents - Museum Kunstpalast, Dusseldorf
+ 1998
+ 24° Bienal de São Paulo - Bienal de Sao Paulo, São Paulo
+ 1997
+ Die Anderen Modernen : Zeitgenössische Kunst aus Afrika, Asien und Lateinamerika - Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin
+ Combining his painting skills with installation work, he comments on political and environmental affairs. The encroachment of the Sahel and the impact of AIDS on society and on individuals have been two major themes in his work.
+ His questioning of the political, social, and economic scenes in contemporary Mali is evident in how AIDS, wars, ecological issues, human rights, and globalization affects all aspects of life and individuals within society. Much of his large-scale work is textile-based, a medium that is more readily available than paints.
+ In 2008 Konaté was nominated for the Artes Mundi prize. His exhibition included pieces such as "Les Marcheurs" and "Tafo ou la force du verbe".
+ La toile d'Abdoulaye Konaté / Joëlle Busca. - Bamako, Mali, Ministère de la culture et Dakar, Senegal, Galerie nationale d'art, 2011.
+ Abdoulaya Konaté / "edited by" Camilla Jalving ... [et al.]. - London, BlainSouthern and Ishøj, Arken, 2016.
+
+= = = WCHQ (AM) = = =
+
+ WCHQ (1360 AM, Super Q) was a radio station licensed to serve Camuy, Puerto Rico. The station was owned by Aurio A. Matos (President and General Manager of the station). The station was assigned the WCHQ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 23, 1970.
+ The company has had multiple ownership changes. Camuy Broadcasting Corporation sold WCHQ to Del Pueblo Radio Corporation in 1984. At that time, the station was known as "13-Q AM". On July 25, 2000, Del Pueblo Radio Corporation announced that it would sell WCHQ to Aurio A. Matos. The deal was completed on July 30, 2000. On December 28, 2003, after 33 years on the air, WCHQ went silent and was forced to shut down. On April 5, 2004, the station's license was cancelled and the call sign deleted from its database by the FCC.
+
+= = = Elias Mann = = =
+
+ Elias Mann (May 8, 1750 in Weymouth, Massachusetts – May 12, 1825 in Northampton), was one of the first American composers. He was one of the men responsible for founding the Massachusetts Musical Society
+ Volume 4. "Elias Mann (1750-1825), The Collected Works", edited by Daniel Jones. 192 pages,
+
+= = = Amy Foxx-Orenstein = = =
+
+ Amy Foxx-Orenstein, D.O., FACG is an osteopathic physician. She is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and former the president of the American College of Gastroenterology (2007-2008). Foxx-Orenstein is a fellow of the American College of Physicians as well as a fellow of the American College of Gastroenterology. She attended medical school at Des Moines University in Des Moines, Iowa.
+ Foxx-Orenstein is the author of numerous scholarly articles on gastroenterology.
+
+= = = Eddie Barker = = =
+
+ Edmund Asa "Eddie" Barker Jr. (August 18, 1927 – July 23, 2012) was a television reporter in Dallas, Texas, perhaps best known for being the first newsman to report the death of John F. Kennedy, and his interview with Marina Oswald.
+ Barker was born in San Antonio, Texas, and began his radio career in 1943. He later went to Dallas' KRLD (now KDFW), where in 1963, he was covering the visit of President Kennedy to Dallas. After the assassination, he was first to report the president's death on CBS, 5 minutes before the network feed, and Walter Cronkite's famous flash.
+ Later, he secured the first interview with Marina Oswald, the wife of assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.
+ Barker died in July 2012 in Dallas, of natural causes.
+
+= = = Baba (Alevism) = = =
+
+ An Alevi and sunni religious leader related to a Dede in Sufism.
+
+= = = Bakkavör = = =
+
+ Bakkavör is an international food manufacturing company specialising in fresh prepared foods. The Group's head office is in London. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
+ It was listed 27th in the 2015 Sunday Times Top Track 100.
+ Bakkavör was founded in 1986 by the two brothers Ágúst and Lýður Guðmundsson, to manufacture and export cod to Scandinavia. They expanded the business by selling convenience foods. The company acquired Katsouris Fresh Foods in 1997 and Geest in 2005.
+ Following the global financial crisis of 2008, Bakkavör became heavily indebted, forcing the Guðmundsson brothers into emergency talks with the company's bondholders.
+ The Guðmundsson brothers' advisors, Deloitte, came under scrutiny for its advisory role when the brothers repurchased a major stake in Bakkavör from their investment company, Exista, in 2009. The company delisted from the NASDAQ OMX in Iceland in 2010. Lýdur and Ágúst Guðmundsson, faced fraud charges in Iceland in 2012 relating to their ownership of Exista.
+ In 2014 the company simplified its structure selling its South African operation and a 40% stake in its Italian business later in the year. The company acquired US prepared foods manufacturer B. Robert's Foods in January 2015.
+ In January 2016, Bakk AL Holdings Limited, another company owned by Ágúst and Lýður Guðmundsson and funds managed by The Baupost Group, LLC, purchased shares in the company, taking its ownership to approximately 89% of the outstanding shares in the company. Then in November 2017 the company was the subject of an initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange.
+ The company produces a range of meals, salads, desserts and pizza and bread. In April 2017, many supermarkets had to recall the company's hummus because of poor quality control.
+
+= = = Congal mac Áedo Sláine = = =
+
+ Congal mac Áedo Sláine (died 634) was a King of Brega from the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Ui Neill. He was the son of the high king Áed Sláine mac Diarmato (died 604).
+ His father had treacherously slain his nephew, Suibne mac Colmáin (died 600) of the Clann Cholmáin and was then himself slain in battle by Suibne's son Conall Guthbinn setting off a feud among the southern Ui Neill. The date of Congal's accession to Brega is not stated in the annals. His brother Conall Laeg Breg was slain in the Battle of Odba by Óengus mac Colmáin Bec (died 621) in 612.
+ In 634 Congal and his brother Ailill Cruitire were defeated and slain at the Battle of Loch Trethin at Fremainn (Loch Drethin at Frewin Hill, Co.Westmeath) by the same Conall Guthbinn who had slain their father. Congal is recorded as king of Brega in the annals regarding this event.
+ Congal's son Conaing Cuirre (died 662) was also a king of Brega and ancestor of the Uí Chonaing of Cnogba (Knowth) or North Brega.
+
+= = = St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (St. Stephen, South Carolina) = = =
+
+ St. Stephen's Episcopal Church is a historic church located at 196 Brick Church Circle in St. Stephen, South Carolina. Built in the 1760s, it is one of a handful of surviving 18th-century brick parish churches in the state, with a number of architectural features not found on any other of the period. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970.
+ St. Stephen's Church is located on the east side of St. Stephen, on the south side of Church Road (South Carolina Highway 45). It is set on a parcel of about that includes the churchyard and cemetery, and is surrounded on three sides by Brick Church Circle. The church is a single story brick structure, long and wide. It is topped by a gambrel roof with curvilinear roof sections and Jacobean gable ends. There are three entrances, two on the long sides and one on the short western side. The doors and windows are set in round-arch openings with fanlight windows above, and the bays on each side are articulated by Doric brick pilasters. The interior is divided roughly into four sections by two crossing aisles, with the pulpit located at the eastern end, in front of a small Palladian window. The ceiling is of ornamented metal. The building's walls are stabilized by iron rods (placed after an 1886 earthquake), that run down and across the interior of the structure.
+ The St. Stephen's parish was set off from the parish of St. James, Santee in 1754. This church was built between 1767 and 1769, replacing an earlier wood frame structure. It is one of South Carolina's well-preserved small brick country parish churches, its unique features including the gambrel roof and pilastered exterior, and the interior ceiling. It was built and designed by Francis Villepontoux and A. Howard who provided the bricks. William Axson was the master mason. There were no regular services in the church between 1808 and 1932, but the building was not neglected. Needed repairs were done twice during the 19th century.
+ St. Stephen's is still an active church in the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina. The Rev. Jeffrey Richardson is the current rector.
+
+= = = List of Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray characters = = =
+
+ This is a list of fictional characters from the "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Astray", "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny Astray" and "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED VS Astray" manga of the "Gundam" metaseries.
+ Rondo Ghina Sahaku and Rondo Mina Sahaku were fraternal twins and Coordinators who were members of the Orb Union's nobility. While Rondo Ghina was male and Rondo Mina was female, the two looked nearly identical. The defining difference between the two were their attitudes, while Ghina was highly aggressive, Mina was more calm and empathetic than her brother.
+ In addition to their appearance, they also shared the desire for Orb to rule the Earth Sphere. While Ghina was both tyrannical and aggressive, Mina was benevolent and democratic. To achieve that goal, Ghina initiated Morgenroete's collaboration with the Earth Alliance in building the G Project mobile suits on Heliopolis. While providing genuine assistance, Morgonroete also stole data on many elements of the G Project in order to create their own prototype mobile suits, the MBF-P01 Astray Gold Frame, MBF-P02 Astray Red Frame, and MBF-P03 Astray Blue Frame. When Heliopolis came under ZAFT attack, Morgenroete planned to destroy the Astrays and erase all evidence of their actions, but Ghina had other ideas. He uploaded a prototype Natural-use operating system into the Red Frame and data on multiple hardware upgrades into the Blue Frame, then escaped the colony using the Gold Frame and a heavy bazooka Morgonroete had designed for the GAT-X102 Duel. However, his intent to recover the other two Astrays was inadvertently thwarted by a Junk Guild team and the Serpent Tail mercenaries, who took possession of the Red Frame and the Blue Frame.
+ Later, shortly after the death of their father Koto Sahaku left Ghina as the head of the family, the Sahakus acquired several powerful Earth Alliance mobile suits, piloted by Socius series Combat Coordinators, through secret arrangements with Blue Cosmos leader Muruta Azrael (who most likely was unaware of the Sahakus being Coordinators), and also carried out covert missions on behalf of Azrael. These missions, carried out personally by Ghina as the pilot of the Gold Frame, eventually led to conflict with the pilots of Orb's lost Red Frame and Blue Frame, Junk Guild technician Lowe Guele and Serpent Tail leader Gai Murakumo, respectively. The first two battles proved inconclusive, but the third cost Ghina his life at Gai's hands.
+ With the death of her brother, Mina's ambitions waned and she was content to simply defend the "Ame-no-Mihashira" and protect the refugees from terrestrial Orb who had gathered there after its fall. After the war's end, Mina dispersed the forces under her command to await the restoration of the Orb Union. Later, Mina and three of her Socius clones joined forces with the Junk Guild and Serpent Tail (whose roles in Ghina's death she remains unaware of) in a failed attempt to stop the "Break the World" terrorist attack by shooting Junius 7's remains with GENESIS Alpha.
+ Shortly afterward, Mina was a guest at the wedding of Cagalli Yula Athha and Yuna Roma Seiran, and witnessed the "abduction" of Cagalli by her twin brother Kira Yamato. When Martian pilot Agnes Brahe attempted to pursue Kira in his GSF-YAM01 Δ Astray, Mina boarded Amatu and blocked his path, convincing him that "rescuing" Cagalli would not be in her best interest.
+ At their height, the Sahaku family's military forces consisted of the space fortress/mobile suit factory "Ame-no-Mihashira" (August Pillar of Heaven, named from a Japanese creation myth), the battleship "Izumo", the MBF-P01-Re2
Astray Gold Frame Amatu, a GAT-X133 Sword Calamity, a GAT-X255 Forbidden Blue, a GAT-333 Raider Full Spec, two GAT-01D Long Daggers, and numerous MBF-M1 and MBF-M1A Astray mobile suits. Approximately ten of these mobile suits were piloted by Socius clones.
+ Rondo Ghina Sahaku was voiced by Nobuo Tobita in the video game "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny: Generation of CE". On a side note, Tobita has been the voice of Kamille Bidan since Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam in 1985. Ironically, the man who kills Rondo Ghina, Gai Murakamo, is voiced by Kazuhiko Inoue, who voiced Kamille's archrival Jerid Messa. The character roles however are switched.
+ It is perhaps interesting to note in the Tokyopop translation, both Rondos are translated as sisters.
+
+= = = Anthony McGurk = = =
+
+ Anthony 'Tony' McGurk is a two-time All Star winning former Irish Gaelic footballer who played for Derry in the 1970s and 1980s. He won three Ulster Championships with the side (1970, 1975 and 1976). McGurk played club football with Erin's Own GAC Lavey, where he won the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship in 1991, as well as Ulster Club and Derry Club Championships.
+ McGurk won All-Stars in 1973 and 1975 and hence became the first player to win All-Star awards in different positions.
+ He now lives in Derry City and has been one of the leading figures behind the scenes in the Steelstown club.
+ McGurk was born in Lavey and attended school at St Columb's College in Derry. He qualified from Queen's University Belfast as a civil engineer. He worked for the Road Service for a number of years before joining Derry City Council and being appointed City Engineer in 1992. McGurk worked as Deputy Town Clerk for three years before being appointed Town Clerk and Chief Executive in 2003.
+ His brother Johnny also played for Derry and part of the 1993 All-Ireland Championship winning side, winning an All-Star for his performances. Brother, Hugh Martin captained Derry in the 1980s.
+
+= = = Igor de Rachewiltz = = =
+
+ Igor de Rachewiltz (April 11, 1929 – July 30, 2016) was an Italian historian and philologist specializing in Mongol studies.
+ Igor de Rachewiltz was born in Rome, the son of Bruno Guido and Antonina Perosio. The de Rachewiltz family was of noble roots. His grandmother was a Tatar from Kazan in central Russia who claimed lineage from the Golden Horde. In 1947, he read Michael Prawdin's book "Tschingis-Chan und seine Erben" (Genghis Khan and his Heritage) and became interested in learning the Mongolian language. He graduated with a law degree from a university in Rome and pursued Oriental studies in Naples. In the early 1950s, de Rachewiltz went to Australia on scholarship. He earned his PhD in Chinese history from Australian National University, Canberra in 1961. His dissertation was on Genghis Khan's secretary, 13th-century Chinese scholar Yelü Chucai. He married Ines Adelaide Brasch in 1956; they have one daughter.
+ Starting in 1965 he became a fellow at the Department of Far Eastern History, Australian National University (1965–67). He made a research trip to Europe (1966–67). He published a translation of "The Secret History of the Mongols" in eleven volumes of "Papers on Far Eastern History" (1971–1985). He became a senior Fellow of the Division of Pacific and Asian History at the Australian National University (1967–94), a research-only fellowship. He completed projects by prominent Mongolists Antoine Mostaert and Henri Serruys after their deaths. He was a visiting professor at the University of Rome three times (1996, 1999, 2001). In 2004 he published his translation of the "Secret History" with Brill; it was selected by "Choice" as Outstanding Academic Title (2005) and is now in its second edition. In 2007 he donated his personal library of around 6000 volumes to the Scheut Memorial Library at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Late in his life de Rachewiltz was an emeritus Fellow in the Pacific and Asian History Division of the Australian National University. His research interests included the political and cultural history of China and Mongolia in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, East-West political and cultural contacts, and Sino-Mongolian philology generally. In 2015, de Rachewiltz published an open access version of his previous translation, "The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century," that is a full translation but omits the extensive footnotes of his previous translations.
+ Igor de Rachewiltz died on July 30, 2016. He was 87.
+
+= = = WNVI = = =
+
+ WNVI (1040 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Moca, Puerto Rico, United States, the station serves the western Puerto Rico area. The station is currently owned by New Life Broadcasting, and its licensee is held by Juan Carlos Matos Barreto (President and General Manager of the station). WNVI is simulcasting on translator stations W238CR 95.5 FM in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico and W233CW 94.5 FM in Mayagüez/Yauco, Puerto Rico.
+ The station went on the air as WCXQ on 1982-06-28. On 1994-07-27, the station changed its call sign to WZNA, and to the current WNVI on 2016-02-12.
+ The translator W233CW operated for eight years on 104.5, moving to 95.5 on October 1, 2016.
+
+= = = Provincial Road = = =
+
+ Provincial Road may refer to:
+
+= = = Kevin Lamb = = =
+
+ Kevin Lamb is an American freelance writer. He is the managing editor of "The Social Contract," a public-affairs quarterly journal and briefly served as communications director of the white supremacist think tank National Policy Institute.
+ A graduate of Indiana University with degrees in journalism and political science, Lamb worked as managing editor of "Human Events" from 2002 until 2005, when the Southern Poverty Law Center brought his "racial realist" views and affiliations to his editors’ attention, prompting his resignation.
+ Lamb was a editor of "The Occidental Quarterly". In 2007, he resigned as editor in the wake of a purge of the editorial staff. Since his departure, Lamb has not had any involvement with "TOQ".
+ Lamb assisted Samuel T. Francis in assembling, editing and publishing a collection of essays titled "Race and the American Prospect: Essays on the Racial Realities of Our Nation and Our Time", published in 2006.
+
+= = = Faggala = = =
+
+ Faggala () is a district of Cairo, Egypt near Ramesis Square. It has long been an important center for book publishing, perhaps the largest in the country. During the early 20th century it became a center for the film industry and the famous Studio Nasibian was located there.
+ It is also an important religious center for the Coptic Orthodox Church of Egypt.
+
+= = = Sundararajan Padmanabhan = = =
+
+ General Sundararajan Padmanabhan PVSM, AVSM, VSM (born 5 December 1940 in Thiruvananthapuram, Travancore) is a former General Officer of the Indian Army. He served as the 17th Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army. Gen. Padmanabhan succeeded General V.P. Malik on 30 September 2000. He also served as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee.
+ Padmanabhan was schooled at the Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun. In 1956, Padmanabhan joined the National Defence Academy and then the Indian Military Academy, from where graduated in 1959.
+ Padmanabhan was commissioned into the Regiment of Artillery on 13 December 1959.
+ He attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington in 1973. Post this, he commanded an Independent Light Battery from 1975 to 1976. He then commanded the Gazala Mountain Regiment from 1977 to 1980. He also served as Instructor Gunnery at the School of Artillery, Deolali and two terms as an instructor at the Indian Military Academy.
+ AS a Brigadier, he attended the prestigious National Defence College, New Delhi.
+ He then commanded an Infantry Brigade from December 1988 to February 1991 at Ranchi, Bihar and Punjab and was then appointed as the General Officer Commanding an Infantry Division in Punjab from March 1991 to August 1992. He served as Chief of Staff, III Corps from September 1992 to June 1993. After his promotion to Lieutenant General, he took over as the General Officer Commanding XV Corps in the Kashmir valley from July 1993 to February 1995. It was during his tenure as the XV Corps Commander, that the Army made big gains over the militants in Kashmir and could even scale down its operations. He was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM) for his services as the XV Corps Commander.
+ General Padmanabhan held the appointment of Director General Military Intelligence (DGMI) after the successful culmination of which, he took over as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command at Udhampur on 1 September 1996. Before being appointed as the Chief of Army Staff, he was the GOC-in-C of Southern Command.
+ He retired on 31 December 2002, after completing more than 43 years of distinguished military service. He has authored two books. He presently resides in Chennai.
+ Gen. Padmanabhan is also an author of Indian military fiction, including the 2004 novel "Writing on the Wall", the plot of which involves India fighting a war simultaneously with Pakistan while improving relations with China.
+
+= = = Volkswagen Polo G40 = = =
+
+ The Volkswagen Polo Mk2 and Polo Mk2F were available as supercharged G40 models - called the Volkswagen Polo G40 (sometimes also called Volkswagen Polo GT G40, Volkswagen Polo G-40, or simply Volkswagen Polo G).
+ At the heart of the Polo GT G40 was its 1.3 litre G40 engine (engine ID code: PY). It displaced from a cylinder bore of , and a piston stroke of . The G40s 'G-Lader' supercharger had a displacer width of , hence the "G40" name. This G40 engine produced a maximum power output of at 6,000 rpm, and torque of at 3,600 rpm.
+ Stopping power came from uprated front disc brakes, now radially ventilated, sized at in diameter by thick, with ATE single-piston sliding calipers.
+ Standard roadwheels were 13x5.5 ET38 silver 'Hockenheim' alloy wheels with 175/60 H13 tyres.
+ Performance figures indicate it could complete the standard discipline of sprinting from a standstill to in 8.1 seconds, and could go on to reach a top speed of . Three prototype cars had been used by Volkswagen in 1985 to set a number of world endurance speed records, such as the 1.3 litre class records for speed over 24 hours, and speed over a distance of .
+ There have been a number of one-make race series for the Polo, starting with the 'Volkswagen Polo G40 Cup' for Mk2 (Germany) and Mk2F G40 (UK) versions. The Polo Cup championship started in 1987 with race-modified Polo G40 producing (with a catalytic converter) and was a support race at rounds of the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft.
+ At the time of launch of the Polo Mk2F, the highest performance model was the Polo GT with (engine ID code: 3F). This featured a multi-point fuel injected version of the 1,272 cc engine, capable of propelling it from 0 - in 11.1 seconds and onto a quoted top speed of . Defining features of the Polo GT include red piping in the bumpers, black overhead cloth, a rev counter, wheel arch extensions and a red badge in the grille.
+ Soon after the launch of the Mk2F, another sporting model was added to the range — a new version of the supercharged G40, now as a full production model in all markets, rather than the limited batch of Mk2 G40s. Engine and gearbox aside, mechanical differences between the G40 and similar looking GT included lower suspension, vented front brake discs and rose-jointed steering and track control arms. The G40 was also marked out by its Le Mans check interior trim, roof-mounted 'bee-sting' aerial and BBS 5.5Jx13 cross-spoke alloy wheels, while the speedometer topped out at 160 mph (compared to 120 mph on the GT).
+ As with the previous model, Volkswagen Motorsport modified G40 Cup cars were sold for racing in a one-make series, the Volkswagen Polo G40 Cup. A handful of these original racers are still around, and compete in the Super Coupe Cup against other brands.
+ Sales of the G40 was marred by a comparatively high price tag (£11,568 in the UK - equivalent to around £19,000 in 2010) and because it was based on a nine-year-old design it came with limited luxuries compared to rivals. Power steering, for example, was never an option. With the bigger, better equipped Mk2 Golf GTI 8v not much more expensive it failed to sell in large numbers. Only around 500 right hand drive models were ever made, exclusivity which combined with easy power upgrades has made it popular with enthusiasts.
+ The model was replaced by the Polo GTI in 1995 in Western Europe, and was not directly replaced in the UK until 2000. However, the Polo Mk4 1.4 16v was the quickest Polo for the next 6 years, followed by the GTI.
+
+= = = Constance, Minnesota = = =
+
+ Constance was the name of an unincorporated community in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The site of Constance village, now abandoned, is within the present boundaries of the city of Andover.
+ Constance was founded in section 13 of the former Grow Township prior to 1897, and had a post office from 1897 to 1955. Constance formerly had a station along the former Burlington Northern Railroad. Little trace of Constance itself remains, and Grow Township incorporated as the city of Andover in 1973, but Constance Boulevard remains a main two-lane roadway in the local area.
+
+= = = Moses Henry Perley = = =
+
+ Moses Henry Perley (31 December 1804 – 17 August 1862) was a lawyer and entrepreneur in colonial New Brunswick.
+ Born in Maugerville, Sunbury County, Perley received his primary school education in Saint John. In 1829, he married Jane, daughter of the United Empire Loyalist Isaac Ketchum. They had eight children. Perley studied law and was called to the Bar in 1830.
+ Perley played a dominant role in producing the New Brunswick "Indian Act" of 1844. He had an extensive knowledge of Indian affairs through his travels and communication throughout the province. He was appointed commissioner for Indian affairs and further influenced matters covered under the "Indian Act".
+ Between 1849 and 1852 he wrote several studies on the prospects for the further development of the province’s ocean and river fisheries, a task which saw him travel some 900 miles throughout New Brunswick (500 of them by canoe) collecting information and statistics. Perley’s findings on these trips were detailed in his "Report on the Fisheries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence" (1849), "Report on the Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick, Within the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Bay of Chaleur" (1850), and "Report upon the Fisheries of the Bay of Fundy" (1851), all of which were compiled in a one-volume omnibus entitled "Reports on the Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick" (1852). His knowledge of the fishery also meant that he had a commanding influence on the fishery legislation drafted between 1849 and 1852.
+ Perley was appointed as emigrant agent for the province and, in 1855, was appointed a fishery commissioner to enforce the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty. He died after an illness on board HMS "Desperate" near Labrador while engaged in duties associated with this post.
+
+= = = William & Mary Tribe men's basketball = = =
+
+ The William & Mary Tribe men's basketball team represents the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia in NCAA Division I competition. The school's team competes in the Colonial Athletic Association and play their home games in Kaplan Arena. William and Mary Coach, Dane Fischer was hired as the 31st coach in school history following the dismissal of Coach Tony Shaver. Shaver served as the head coach from 2003-2019 and leads the school in all-time wins for a coach.
+ The Tribe have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament three times. Their combined record is 0–3.
+ William & Mary is one of four original Division I teams in history to have never participated in the NCAA Tournament. When the NCAA split its classification into divisions in 1948–49, William & Mary was classified as a Division I school. Of all Division I schools today that were charter members of this new classification, only William & Mary, The Citadel, Army, and St. Francis Brooklyn have never reached the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament at least once. The closest effort by the Tribe to reach the NCAA Tournament was a 75–74 loss in the 2014 CAA Tournament Final to Delaware. The Tribe also lost conference tournament championships in 1958, 1961, 1965, 1975, 1983, 2008, 2010, and 2015, now having gone 0–9 in NCAA Tournament berth-clinching games.
+ William & Mary's traditional rivals have included in-state opponents Old Dominion University, James Madison University, the University of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, and George Mason University. However, of these teams, only the James Madison Dukes are still members of the Colonial Athletic Association. The Richmond Spiders, VCU Rams, and George Mason Patriots have all moved on to the Atlantic 10 Conference while the Old Dominion Monarchs left for Conference USA in 2013. Some of these teams are maintained as part of William & Mary's out of conference schedule each year along with other Virginia schools like Virginia, Virginia Tech, Hampton, Radford, VMI, and Liberty.
+ "Through the 2017–18 season, March 5"
+ William & Mary joined the Colonial Athletic Association, its current conference, in 1982–83. The CAA's predecessor was the ECAC South, which existed between 1977–78 and 1984–85. The CAA recognizes the 1982–83 through 1984–85 seasons as part of its basketball history but not any earlier. The CAA was formally founded in 1982–83 as the ECAC South Basketball League. It was renamed the Colonial Athletic Association in 1985–86 when it added championships in other sports (although a number of members maintain ECAC affiliation in some sports).
+ William & Mary has retired five men's basketball jerseys in its program's history. Uniform numbers are not retired, only ceremonial jerseys. Banners depicting the all-time greats hang in the rafters of Kaplan Arena (the banner in white is for Lynn Norenberg, the only W&M women's basketball player to have a jersey retired). There also hang banners which commemorate their 1983 National Invitation Tournament and 2010 National Invitation Tournament bids.
+ This section is for William & Mary players who have appeared in at least one regular season or postseason NBA game.
+
+= = = Fike Model D = = =
+
+ The Fike Model D was a light aircraft built in the United States in the early 1950s. Designed by airline pilot William Fike, it was a conventional high-wing strut-braced monoplane with tailskid undercarriage and seating for one or two people in an enclosed cabin. In appearance, the aircraft strongly resembled a Piper Cub, with only the tail surfaces sourced from one. An unusual feature was that the flight controls were mounted to the ceiling of the cabin, rather than the floor. This facilitated the folding or removal of the seat or seats to enable the aircraft's use as a sleeping space when camping with it. Plans were marketed for homebuilding.
+
+= = = Eva Lundgren = = =
+
+ Eva Lundgren (born November 24, 1947) is a Norwegian-Swedish sociologist. She is an expert on violence against women and sexual violence, particularly in religious contexts. She is Professor Emerita of sociology at Uppsala University.
+ Lundgren is best known for developing the theory of the process of normalization of violence, according to which, abused women gradually adopt the perspective of their abusers. Lundgren has written several books on violence, sexuality and religion. She held a government-appointed chair of sociology at Uppsala University 1993–2011, to study "the relation between power and gender in family and society, particularly in regard to men's violence against women", and has been a Visiting Professor at several universities, including New York University. Since 2017 she has been active in the Me Too debate.
+ A native of Flekkefjord, she started her career as a model and studied at the University of Bergen, where she earned her (6-year) Candidate's degree in Theology in 1978 and her doctoral degree in 1985. She was first employed as a Research Fellow at the University of Bergen, and was appointed an Associate Professor in 1986. She was head of the Department of Gender Studies at the University of Bergen 1987-1988, and was found to be competent as a full professor in 1988. In 1989, she was appointed a Docent (Reader) in Theology at Uppsala University, relocating to Stockholm.
+ In 1993, she was appointed Professor of Sociology at Uppsala University by the government of Sweden, to study the "relation between power and gender in family and society, in particular men's violence against women". She was installed as a Professor with a military parade and gave her inaugural lecture on eroticised power in Uppsala Cathedral. She was a Visiting Professor at New York University from 1996 to 1997, and has also held visiting professorships at the University of North London, the University of Bradford and Åbo Akademi University. In 2003, Lundgren became head of department for the newly created Department of Gender Studies (Samgenus) at Uppsala University.
+ Theoretically, Lundgren has focused on developing the concept of the process of normalisation, a model to explain how battered women gradually break down and accept the violent situation. Lundgren has also argued that men who systematically use sexualised violence against their partner do so in order to consolidate their position of power, rather than to satisfy a sexual desire.
+ In recent years, Lundgren's research has focused on the Knutby murder. Her 2008 book "The Knutby Code", published simultaneously in Swedish and Norwegian, is a critical analysis of the Knutby case.
+ Lundgren's research has had considerable influence on public policy in Sweden, particularly under the social democratic governments in the 1990s and early 2000s. One of her supporters is Margareta Winberg, the former deputy PM and Minister for Gender Equality, who once described Lundgren as "cool". The 1998 Violence Against Women Act (Kvinnofridslagen) is said to be based on Lundgren's research.
+ A controversial TV documentary on radical feminism in Sweden titled "The Gender War", which was aired in 2005, generated debate on Eva Lundgren's work in both Sweden and Norway. This led Uppsala University's rector Bo Sundqvist to first announce a public debate on Lundgren's research, then cancel the debate and appoint a commission consisting of political scientist Jörgen Hermansson and philosopher Margareta Hallberg to investigate Lundgren's research. The inquiry cleared her of any wrongdoing, although Hallberg and Hermansson aimed criticism at her conclusions. However, the inquiry and the report were criticized by Uppsala University's chief lawyer Marianne Andersson, who stated that Hallberg and Hermansson's criticism of Lundgren's conclusions was inappropriate and illegal in the context of such a report, and not in their mandate, which was solely to investigate claims of wrongdoing. Lundgren dismissed the criticism. 14 leading researchers in Lundgren's field of study also criticized the "unique" inquiry, stating that Hermansson and Hallberg were not competent to assess Lundgren's research. The university committed itself to restoring Lundgren's reputation, granting her and her research group increased funding in compensation for having subjected her to an unjustified inquiry.
+ In 2011, Eva Lundgren resigned from her chair at Uppsala University, stating that she will concentrate on her international career in the future, and criticizing Uppsala University for not doing enough to support her. She had previously criticized the university for not honouring the agreement to restore her reputation. Lundgren is writing a book on what she considers an attack on feminist scholarship in Sweden.
+ In the context of the Me Too debate in 2017, the Swedish newspaper "Svenska Dagbladet" wrote that Lundgren had been proven right and that the criticism of her in the early 2000s had been discredited. In 2018, also in the context of the Me Too debate, Lundgren and legal scholar Jenny Westerstrand wrote that the Swedish journalistic profession bore a large part of the blame in Sweden for the problems the debate had highlighted because Swedish journalists had systematically attacked critical discussion of and research on men's violence against women for over 20 years.
+
+= = = Floyd Matthews = = =
+
+ Floyd Huston "Skipper" Matthews (February 3, 1903 – February 24, 2008) was, at age 105, an American veteran of the United States Navy, in which he served for thirty years. Matthews was the oldest living United States military veteran in Alabama as well as the oldest living submariner at the time of his death at the age of 105. He was also one of the oldest surviving World War II veterans and one of the few surviving World War I era veterans, according to the Alabama Department of Veterans Affairs.
+ Matthews was born in West Point, Tennessee. He first enlisted in the United States Navy in 1919 in the months following the end of World War I when Matthews was aged 16. He later served in the Pacific during World War II. By the time of Matthews' service during World War II, he had risen through the ranks of the Navy to the level of lieutenant commander.
+ Floyd Matthews died at Eliza Coffee Memorial Hospital. He was survived by his sons, Bill and John. Matthews was a resident of Florence, Alabama.
+
+= = = Linnsburg, Indiana = = =
+
+ Linnsburg is a small unincorporated community in Walnut Township, Montgomery County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The town is a former whistle stop on the Monon branch and still has active rail service today from Nucor Steel to Avon.
+ Linnsburg was platted by Susan McMullen in 1870. A post office was established at Linnsburg in 1887, and remained in operation until 1934.
+ In the early hours of May 13, 1995 an F-2 tornado struck this small community and killed two people as they slept in their beds. There was no warning. The storm damaged portions of Nucor Steel, Walnut Township Elementary School, and several homes and farms. Police officers and fire fighters from all around the county converged on the scene and spent hours digging through the rubble for survivors. This was part of a series of tornadoes that struck the Midwest.
+ Linnsburg is located just south of Mace, at .
+
+= = = ComputerTown UK = = =
+
+ In the November 1980 issue of the UK's Personal Computer World (PCW magazine], there was an article written by David Tebbutt, about his visit to the Menlo Park Library where the "ComputerTown USA!" a self-help computer literacy movement, started by the People's Computer Company, was based. That article and the regular CTUK column/page in future issues of PCW in turn sparked a widespread UK based self-help computer literacy movement, called "ComputerTown UK!". Within a few months over 20 local groups sprang up.
+ The idea behind the groups was that members of the public took their own personal computers into public places for the general public to see and use.
+ Several of these CTUK groups gave birth to local amateur computer clubs, some of which are still continued operating into the 21st Century.
+ An example of such a group was 'ComputerTown North East' (Newcastle-upon-Tyne & Gateshead) which met in the Tyne & Wear Science Museum cafe (and thus could claim to be the first ever cyber-cafe on Tyneside). They also held "awareness days" in the Newcastle Central Public Library, and in many other local branch libraries on Tyneside, and in Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland between 1981 and 1990.
+ Users' group
+
+= = = Landeck-Zams railway station = = =
+
+ Landeck-Zams railway station (formerly named Landeck) is a railway station on the Arlberg railway between Innsbruck and Bludenz in Tyrol, Austria. It is frequented by more than 2000 travellers a day, whereby a majority of them are commuters that are working or studying in Innsbruck.
+ Beside its function as an important commuter station, Landeck-Zams also serves as an important station for the operations flow on the Arlberg line, since the ramp section of Europe's most difficult mountain railway (max. 26 ‰ on the east- and 31 ‰ on the west-ramp) starts in Landeck. Therefore, banking engines are often coupled (or decoupled) to heavy freight- or passenger trains. Even the Orient Express takes a short stop in Landeck for this reason.
+ Because of the single track design of the mountain section of the line, a closing between Bludenz and Landeck (sometimes Ötztal) can be necessary in exceptional cases (maintenance works or natural disasters). Passenger transport is then adopted by a rail replacement service. For this reason the station forecourt of Landeck is laid out for offering parking space to enough coaches if necessary.
+ The most important connections are the bihourly running ÖBB-EuroCity trains from Basel and Zürich, respectively Bregenz to Wien Westbahnhof (Vienna West). Regional trains are only going eastbound to Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof and Hall in Tirol since the regional traffic between Landeck and St. Anton was completely abandoned and displaced by an improved coach service. Once a day there is also a connection to Dortmund or Münster in Germany.
+ In the winter season the station of Landeck is additionally frequented by ski-trains, predominantly from Denmark and the Netherlands. This trains are often stabled in Landeck for the holiday duration of their passengers.
+ From the station forecourt, which is equipped with a guidance system, are departing urban buses (Landeck–Landeck-Zams –Zams) as well as regional lines.
+ The following lines depart from Landeck-Zams:
+
+= = = Jacob Cheung = = =
+
+ Jacob Cheung Chi-Leung is a Hong Kong film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. His credits include "A Battle Of Wits" (2006), which was nominated for Best Director and Best Screenplay at the Golden Bauhinia Awards, and "Beyond the Sunset" (1989), which was nominated for two awards at the 9th Hong Kong Film Awards.
+ Cheung is married to Venus Wong and has four children: the triplets Matthew, Eugene and Jeremy, and their elder sister, Ingrid.
+ http://hktopten.blogspot.com/2012/06/20120619-tsui-harks-new-film-receives.html
+
+= = = List of diplomatic missions of Libya = = =
+
+ This is a list of diplomatic missions of Libya.
+ Under the rule of Muammar al-Gaddafi, Libya broke practice with almost all other countries in 1979 by renaming their embassies "People's Bureaus", with the diplomatic staff known as a local "revolutionary committee".
+ Libyan People's Bureaus were involved in a shooting incident at the Libyan embassy in London in 1984, and believed to be involved in the La Belle nightclub bombing in West Berlin in 1986. Earlier in 1981, the U.S. government closed the Libyan People's Bureau in Washington, D.C. and expelled the Libyan staff in response to conduct that generally violated internationally accepted standards of diplomatic behavior. After making amends to the British government and avowing state sponsorship of terrorism Libya reopened its missions in London in 1999, and Washington, D.C. in 2006. Aside from its reapproachment with the West, Libya has also been pursuing deeper ties with African states.
+ During the 2011 Libyan civil war, there were two governments claiming to be the "de jure" government of Libya. One government was led by Gaddafi and the other was the National Transitional Council. Some countries had recognised the NTC as the governing authority of Libya and Libyan ambassadors to those countries were nominated by the NTC.
+ The NTC was awarded Libya's seat at the United Nations in September 2011 following a vote by the General Assembly.
+
+= = = 1976–77 San Antonio Spurs season = = =
+
+ The 1976–77 NBA season was the Spurs first season in the NBA. Months earlier, the Spurs were part of the American Basketball Association (Six in Dallas and three in San Antonio). The ABA had ended its ninth and last campaign. Of the seven remaining ABA teams, four joined the NBA: the Denver Nuggets, New York Nets, Indiana Pacers and San Antonio Spurs. The Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis agreed to take a cash settlement and cease operations. Immediately, the ABA players were dispersed across the new 22-team league. The other ABA teams from the prior season were all folded prior to the ABA–NBA merger: the Baltimore Claws, Utah Stars, San Diego Sails and Virginia Squires.
+ The Spurs made their debut on October 22 stunning the 76ers in Philadelphia by a score of 121–118. Afterwards, the Spurs would win just 1 of their next 7 games. In November, the Spurs would win 6 straight. By February the Spurs were 10 games over .500, and were the NBA's highest scoring team at 115 points per game. Despite the offensive flash, the Spurs also had the league's worst defense at 114 points per game as they struggled to finish in 3rd place in the Central Division with a record of 44–38. In the playoffs, the Spurs were swept in 2 straight by the defending world champion Boston Celtics.
+ Neither the Spurs, Indiana Pacers, New York Nets or Denver Nuggets were allowed to participate in the 1976 NBA draft.
+ The American Basketball Association merged with the NBA in 1976. Of the teams remaining in the ABA, four joined the NBA. The two teams, the Kentucky Colonels and Spirits of St. Louis, which folded had their players assigned to a dispersal draft for draft purposes.
+ Record: 2–4; Home: 1–1; Road: 1–3
+ Record: 9–5; Home: 8–0; Road: 1–5
+ Record: 7–7; Home: 4–1; Road: 3–6
+(4) Boston Celtics vs. (5) San Antonio Spurs: "Celtics win series 2–0"
+
+= = = Manuel Vázquez = = =
+
+ Manuel Vázquez may refer to:
+
+= = = Embassy of Canada, Tokyo = = =
+
+ The Embassy of Canada to Japan is the main diplomatic mission from Canada to Japan, located in Tokyo. The embassy is Canada's third oldest "foreign" legation after Paris and Washington, D.C. (the High Commissions to other Commonwealth states are not considered "foreign" by the Canadian government).
+ The reason for the legation's creation had much to do with anti-Asian feeling in the Canadian province of British Columbia during the first half of the 20th Century. Prime Minister Mackenzie King was anxious to limit Japanese migration to Canada, saying "our only effective way to deal with the Japanese question is to have our own Minister in Japan to vise passports."
+ The British government was hesitant to anything that might be seen to undermine Imperial unity, but finally in May 1929, the Canadian legation opened. The first "minister" was Sir Herbert Marler. The embassy soon added trade and political roles to immigration. Construction of the chancery was completed in 1934.
+ In 1938 the minister came back to Canada without being replaced. In 1941 once Canada and Japan were at war the legation staff was placed under arrest and not repatriated to Canada until mid-1942.
+ After the war, Canada's leading Japan expert, Herbert Norman, instead of being minister to Japan was attached to represent Canada with Supreme Commander Allied Powers, General Douglas MacArthur.
+ In 1952 Canada and Japan had normalized relations and the legation was upgraded to an embassy, and R.W. Mayhew became Canada's first ambassador to Japan.
+ Canada built a new chancery on Aoyama Avenue, Place Canada, which was designed by Raymond Moriyama and opened in 1991. The embassy is housed on the upper levels while the lower levels are let out for rental income. There is a stone garden at the fourth storey with a view of the Akasaka Palace gardens. At the basement level the embassy hosts a public art gallery, a library, and the 233-seat Oscar Peterson Theatre. The elevator in the ambassador's house is the oldest functional one in Japan.
+
+= = = David Moxon = = =
+
+ Sir David John Moxon (born 6 September 1951) is a New Zealand Anglican bishop. He was until June 2017, the Archbishop of Canterbury's Representative to the Holy See and Director of the Anglican Centre in Rome. He was previously the Bishop of Waikato in the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki, the archbishop of the New Zealand dioceses and one of the three primates of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia. In the 2014 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to the Anglican Church.
+ David Moxon was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand, in 1951. He was educated at Freyberg High School, where he was head boy. After one year at Massey University Palmerston North in 1971, he then attended the University of Canterbury/College House, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in education and psychology in 1974, before studying again at Massey University, where he graduated with a master's degree with honours in education and sociology in 1976. In 1975, as an ordinand for the Diocese of Waiapu, he studied theology at the University of Oxford Honours School, based at St Peter's College. He graduated from Oxford with a bachelor's degree with honours in 1978 and a master's degree in 1982. He also gained a Certificate in Maori Studies from Waikato University and a Licentiate in Theology (LTh) from the Bishopric of Aotearoa.
+ Before training to become a priest, in 1970 Moxon served a one-year term as a youth worker with Volunteer Service Abroad in Fiji, and then worked as a tutor in the Education Department at Massey University during 1974-75. In 1978 Moxon was appointed a deacon curate at Havelock North, and in 1979 he was ordained as a priest in the Diocese of Waiapu. He remained at Havelock North until 1981, and was then appointed Vicar at Gate Pa, Tauranga, where he served for six years. In 1987 Moxon was appointed Director of Theological Education by Extension for the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia, a position he held until 1993. During this time he edited "An Education for Liturgy Kit", a Christian Initiation Resource Kit and a Bi-cultural Education Resource Kit. He was also a member of the Commission which produced A New Zealand Prayer Book: He Karakia Mihinare o Aotearoa.
+ On 13 August 1993, Moxon was consecrated a bishop in Hamilton, New Zealand, replacing Roger Herft as Bishop of Waikato.
+ In 2006, Moxon was appointed as the Senior Bishop of the New Zealand (Pakeha) dioceses and in 2008, a primate of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and the Pacific, as part of New Zealand's new tripartite model of Anglican episcopacy. As a primate he worked alongside William Brown Turei (Maori) and Winston Halapua (Polynesia). Also in 2008, Moxon's diocese, Waikato, was — uniquely for any Anglican diocese — altered such that the Bishops of Waikato and of Taranaki would be co-equal diocesan bishops. Philip Richardson, whom Moxon had appointed as the first (and only) suffragan Bishop "in" Taranaki became Moxon's equal as Bishop "of" Taranaki and in 2010 the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Waikato and Taranaki. Richardson would later succeed Moxon as archbishop for the New Zealand dioceses.
+ He was invited to contribute to the UK Church House Publishing series "Reflections for Daily Prayer", and "Pilgrim, the Bible". He is the author of "A Once and Future Myth; an applied theology of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings", 2004, published by the Wellington Diocesan Resource Centre, and "The Waikato Cathedral of St Peter: a prayerful walk on a sacred hill" as well as author of "Wings of the Morning: Messages of hope from Aotearoa in a new millennium", 2010, published by the General Synod office, "Tuia", of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, Te Hahi Mihinare ki Aotearoa, ki Niu Tireni, ki Nga Moutere o Te Moana Nui a Kiwa.
+ Moxon was the Anglican chair of the third phase of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC III) from 2011 until 2018. In this capacity Moxon also served as a Governor on the Board of the Anglican Centre in Rome until 2013, when he became its director,and then resumed the board of governors position from 2017 to 2018. Moxon was chair of “The Bible in the Life of the Church” project for the Anglican Communion, a project endorsed by the Anglican Consultative Council (ACC 15) in November 2012; was convenor of the Conference of Anglican Religious Orders in Aotearoa New Zealand (CAROANZ); a patron of A Rocha, New Zealand, the Christian environment action group; a president of the New Zealand Bible society, and the chair of the Hamilton-based Mahi Mihinare Anglican Action, a "justice through service" agency from 1993 until 2013. He was also an inaugural board member of the Ngati Haua Mahi trust, a work skills program for maori in the Piako area from 2010 until 2013.
+ In 1995, Moxon represented the Conference of Churches of Aotearoa New Zealand on board HMNZS Tui, as part of the New Zealand government's peaceful protest against the detonation of nuclear bombs at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia. In 1998 he joined the General Synod and bishops of the church in leading an ecumenical "Hikoi of Hope" march from all over the country, which amounted to more than 30,000 people in Wellington, to present to the government the growing needs of unemployed and impoverished New Zealanders. The data for the Hikoi included local Christian social service experience. He and other church and community leaders in Hamilton opposed the building of a new casino in the city before the Casino Control Authority on the grounds of community well being. The case, supported by the then Prime Minister Helen Clark was later upheld in court but then overturned on appeal. However a government moratorium on casinos in New Zealand followed. Moxon also represented the bishops on the Tikanga Pakeha Anglican Care Network.
+ A wing of Bishop's Hall at Waikato Diocesan School for Girls and the residential age care building complex at Selwyn St Andrew's Village Cambridge, are named after him.
+ Moxon is a Fellow of St Paul's Collegiate School Hamilton, a Fellow of St Margaret’s College in the University of Otago, and an Honorary Fellow of St Peter’s College in the University of Oxford.
+ It was announced on 4 December 2012 that Moxon was to resign his Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia posts following his appointment as the Archbishop of Canterbury's Representative to the Holy See and director of the Anglican Centre in Rome. Moxon was named an archbishop emeritus of the Anglican Church in Aotearoa New Zealand and Polynesia on 16 April 2013 by the General Synod / "Te Hinota Whanui". In April 2013, the Mayor of Hamilton on behalf of the city council, named him an ambassador for the city. He began his ministry in Rome on 10 May 2013 and attended the first meeting between the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, and Pope Francis, in Rome on 14 June 2013.
+ In May 2015, Moxon was awarded a Doctorate of Literature ("honoris causa") by Massey University. In April 2016 he was made an honorary Doctor of the University by the University of Waikato
+ During Moxon's time in Rome the Anglican Centre has focused its mission aspect on ecumenical education and networking in the area of modern slavery and human trafficking, as well as ecumenical networking for refugee ministry. On 5 October 2016, Moxon helped facilitate the fourth meeting of Francis and Welby, where they publicly renewed their respective communions' commitment to deeper dialogue and greater mutual partnership in mission, as part of the 50th anniversary of the first official visit of an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury to a Pope, and of the establishment of the Anglican Centre in Rome. Moxon's term in Rome is described in Mary Reath's book ""An Open Door: The Anglican Centre in Rome, 2003 to 2016"", Canterbury Press, 2016, and in the UK Church Times 16 June 2017 article, "Moxon moves on", by the Vatican journalist, Philippa Hitchen.
+ In March 2017, Moxon was awarded the Lambeth Cross for Ecumenism at a reception at Lambeth Palace London, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby.
+ Moxon completed his term of service in Rome by a private audience with Pope Francis on June 16, 2017, and returned to New Zealand to retire. Moxon was succeeded by the former Anglican Primate Archbishop of Burundi, the Most Reverend Bernard Ntahoturi, who took up his position in Rome in October 2017.
+ In retirement Moxon has been made patron of the Faith Community Nurses Association; He Pīhopa Āwhina (an honorary assistant bishop) in Te Manawa o Te Wheke since 2017; a member of the Proprietor's board of Taranaki Diocesan School for Girls Stratford,a member of the Board of Trustees of St Paul's Collegiate School Hamilton, a Board of Governor's fellow of College House Christchurch and Priory Dean-elect for Aotearoa New Zealand, of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Order of St John). He rejoined the Ngati Haua Mahi Trust in November 2018. Moxon is co-chair with Cardinal Tobin of New Jersey, of the Walking Together Foundation advisory committee, which seeks to fund Catholic and Anglican Bishop partnerships for aid, development, justice and peace globally.
+ Moxon is married to Tureiti, who has Ngati Kahungunu and Ngati Tahu Māori links. She was trained in early childhood education and then in law and is currently the director of Hamilton primary health provider Te Kohao Health. They have four adult children: Kirihimete, Te Aro, Tureia and Awatea.
+ Gules two bars wavy Or between in chief three plates each charged with a rose Gules barbed and seeded Proper and in base a Maori Ta Moko symbol Or
+
+= = = Scally the Dog = = =
+
+ Scally the Dog was a puppet mongrel dog character, who co-presented the Children's ITV afternoon service from January 1989 - March 1991 in the United Kingdom.
+ Children's ITV's bosses had noticed how successful puppet characters (such as Gordon the Gopher and Edd the Duck) had been on its rival, Children's BBC, so they decided to create their own version, which was Scally the Dog. He was operated and voiced alternately by three different puppeteers, who were Richard Coombs, John Eccleston and Michael J. Bassett. Coombs was the original operator of Scally and also built the puppet of him too. However, due to him working on other TV projects at the time, he had to share the duties of doing Scally with both Eccleston & Bassett too. During his time at Children's ITV, there was also a short-lived "Scally" cartoon strip in the children's TV magazine, "Look-In" as well.
+ Scally first appeared on Children's ITV in January 1989, alongside his first human co-presenter, Mark Granger. When the independent production company, Stonewall Productions took over producing Children's ITV in April '89, Scally was kept on and appeared alongside the new presenter, former TV-am co-host Nick Owen, in the afternoons for the rest of '89. In Summer 1989, when Stonewall's Children's ITV summer mornings service launched, he appeared with new recruits, Clive Warren and Jeanne Downs. Scally had several catchphrases that he often used on Children's ITV, one of which was: "Yes, indeedy!", which he usually said when he was happy about something. Another one was: "We're still here!", which was often said by both Owen & Scally during their links, referring to them still being on-air at the time.
+ Owen left Children's ITV on 22 December 1989, so Downs took over presenting in the afternoons on 2 January 1990, along with Scally. This continued until 29 March 1991, when Stonewall lost the contract to produce Children's ITV back to Central Television (who had also done it previously from 1983 - 1989). They were both replaced by a solo Tommy Boyd on 1 April 1991. However, both Downs and Scally (operated & voiced by Coombs) made a return to CITV 12 years later on 3 January 2003, when they appeared on a special one-off programme called "CITV's 20th Birthday Bash", shown as part of the ITV programming block's landmark 20th birthday celebrations.
+ According to a post by Downs on the "TV Forum" website in 1998, the puppet of Scally now resides at the Museum of the Moving Image in Birmingham, and is owned by someone who used to work on the BBC Saturday morning kids' show, Live & Kicking.
+
+= = = Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand = = =
+
+ The Royal and Military Order of Saint Ferdinand (), is a Spanish military order whose decoration, known as Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand (), is Spain's highest military decoration for gallantry. It is awarded in recognition of action, either individual or collective, to protect the nation, its citizens, or the peace and security of the international community in the face of immediate risk to the bearer. Those eligible are current and former members of the Spanish Armed Forces.
+ The Sovereign of the Order of San Fernando is the monarch of Spain, who presides over the biennial chapter held in the Royal Monastery of El Escorial. The sovereign's representative in the Order is the Grand Master, who governs it and is aided by the Maestranza.
+ Among the conditions laid out by the Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand for the granting of the award are:
+ The Royal Military Order of Saint Ferdinand was set up by the Cádiz Cortes in 1811 to honour heroic feats of arms. Its awardees include Juan Prim, Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón, Francisco de Albear, José Enrique Varela Iglesias (twice awarded, in 1920, and 1921), Francisco Serrano y Domínguez, Frederick Thomas Pelham, Henry Kelly (VC), Martín Cerezo, Francisco Franco Bahamonde, and Mohamed Meziane.
+ "Loosely adapted from ."
+
+= = = Communist Party of Canada (Ontario) candidates in the 2007 Ontario provincial election = = =
+
+ The Communist Party of Canada - Ontario ran candidates in the 2007 Ontario provincial election, none of whom were elected. Some of these candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.
+ A 26-year-old resident of St. Jamestown, Boyden had union experience as an assistant shop steward and supported the Communist Party's efforts to raise the minimum wage to $15.
+ Sam Hammond is a retired industrial worker, activist and journalist living in Hamilton, Ontario. His campaign biography indicates that he has over forty years' experience in the labour and social justice movements. He has sought office as a candidate of the Communist Party of Canada and the provincial Communist Party of Canada - Ontario.
+ Hammond was chair of the Hamilton Tax Reform Movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and represented the concerns of mostly low-income residents who faced dramatic assessment increases. He was named chair of the Communist Party's Central Labour Commission in 2004. Hammond has written on various subjects for the party journal "People's Voice", and has also served as its business manager. He cited Vladimir Lenin as his favourite historical communist in a 2006 interview, and named Poundmaker, Tommy Douglas and Norman Bethune as his favourite Canadians.
+ President of his Canadian Auto Workers local, also works for a Canadian Union of Public Employees local at Carleton University (from which he has a degree in journalism). His father was a law professor at Queen's University. Active in the Committee for Peace in Iraq, and the Network Opposing War and Racism (NOWAR-PAIX). A delegate to the Ottawa District Labour Council.
+
+= = = Katherine Airfield = = =
+
+ Katherine Airfield was an airfield in the town of Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia that closed in 1978 when civil operations moved to RAAF Base Tindal, south of Katherine. The site of the airfield is now home to the Katherine Museum.
+ With the extension of the North Australia Railway in 1926, a bridge across the Katherine River opened, allowing local businesses to move from the rail head town of Emungalan to more favourable sites on the southern bank of the river in the new township of Katherine. Previously, a rough airstrip built in 1923 had served the area, however, with the increased development land was sought and secured in 1930 for a permanent airport north-east of the town. In March 1934, Dr Clyde Fenton, newly appointed as Government Medical Officer began operating medical evacuation flights from the airport using a Gipsy Moth biplane bought with his own money. This operation would lead to the foundation of the Northern Territory Aerial Medical Service. Fenton's aircraft is preserved and on display in a purpose built hangar at the Katherine Museum, adjacent to the former runway. During the 1930s, the airfield was used as a refuelling stop by Guinea Airways, operating flights between Darwin and Adelaide.
+ The civil airfield was requisitioned by Royal Australian Air Force and the 808th Engineer Aviation Battalion extended the airfield from 19 February 1942 to 13 April 1942. The runway was extended to long and wide and 18 dispersals without revetments were constructed. During 1943, the Department of Civil Aviation established a flight service unit at the airfield which operated until 1978 with the closure of the airfield.
+ Nine Japanese ‘Betty’ bombers attacked Katherine on 22 March 1942. Although there was little damage to buildings and facilities, an Aboriginal man was killed. The attack led to the establishment of a large military headquarters along the Katherine River.
+ At 7:50 am on 18 January 1939, a Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra of Guinea Airways (predecessor of Airlines of South Australia) struck trees and crashed into the Katherine River during take-off from the airfield, killing all four on board including three pilots and a Civil Aviation Department inspector. The aircraft was operating a scheduled flight to Adelaide. Dr Clyde Fenton was among the medical responders at the crash site.
+
+= = = Plobb! = = =
+
+ Plobb! is a single-player 2D freeware game developed with BlitzMax.
+ The game involves the player guiding the small blob-shaped main character named "Plobb" around the screen where he is attacked by enemy bubbles. The aim is to eliminate the bubbles and finally also the arch-enemy in order to win the game and regain Plobb's freedom.
+ The game was created as a research project by Bastiaan van Rooden from Nothing Ltd., Switzerland, which develops other freeware games but also advergames among other products. It is available as a stand-alone offline game for download free of charge. First launched in 2005, the game was only available for Windows while a version compatible with Mac OS X was developed in 2007. The game is distributed via download from the website of Nothing Ltd.
+ An introduction tells the story of Plobb's captivation by his arch-enemy the Evil Motts of Psodor. In order to escape from Evil Motts' Castle of Nightmares Plobb has, by spitting shots, to fight and eliminate the enemy bubbles that sap his energy.
+ The game-play structure follows those of classic shoot 'em ups of the 80s, also known as Golden Age of Arcade Games, and resembles first and foremost the game-play of Asteroids. It follows a simple and intuitive game-play pattern. The player, acting by the avatar Plobb throughout the game has to navigate around the bubbles that come crossing the screen and to aim shots at them by spitting in their direction. The player navigates Plobb by placing the cursor in the direction of or directly on the target towards which Plobb will then move to and upon left mouse click also will emit shots. The speed with which Plobb moves increases with the distance of the cursor to the actual position of Plobb on the screen. The bubbles differ in size and react to being shot at by dividing into two smaller bubbles until disappearing completely. If Plobb is touched by an enemy bubble he will lose energy.
+ The play is structured in 5 worlds with 5 levels each with the final fight between Plobb and Evil Motts on a separate last level.
+ Although kept simply structured, the game design uses colors and shapes to the effect of creating candy store aesthetics. The generally round and colorful design can be considered a distinct characteristic of the Plobb! game and an original game design concept.
+
+= = = Anganwadi = = =
+
+ Anganwadi is a type of rural child care centre in India. They were started by the Indian government in 1975 as part of the Integrated Child Development Services program to combat child hunger and malnutrition. "Anganwadi" means "courtyard shelter" in Indian languages.
+ A typical Anganwadi centre provides basic health care in a village. It is a part of the Indian public health care system. Basic health care activities include contraceptive counseling and supply, nutrition education and supplementation, as well as pre-school activities. The centres may be used as depots for oral rehydration salts, basic medicines and contraceptives.
+, as many as 13.3 lakh (a lakh is 100,000) Anganwadi and mini-Anganwadi centres (AWCs/mini-AWCs) are operational out of 13.7 lakh sanctioned AWCs/mini-AWCs. These centres provide supplementary nutrition, non-formal pre-school education, nutrition and health education, immunization, health check-up and referral services of which the last three are provided in convergence with public health systems.
+ The Ministry of Women and Child Development|Ministry of Women Development and Child Welfare has laid down guidelines for the responsibilities of Anganwadi workers. These guidelines include showing community support and active participation in executing this program, conducting regular quick surveys of all families, organizing pre-school activities, providing health and nutrition education to families, especially pregnant women, motivating families to adopt family planning, educating parents about child growth and development, assisting in the implementation and execution of Kishori Shakti Yojana, educating teenage girls and parents by organizing social awareness programs, and identifying disabilities in children.
+ A Mukhya Sevika supervises between 40 and 65 Anganwadi workers, providing them with on-the-job training. Mukhya Sevikas' other duties include keeping track of people of lower economic status benefiting from the program, in particular the malnourished; guiding the Anganwadi workers in assessing children's age and weight and plotting their weight; demonstrating effective methods of providing health and nutrition education to mothers; and maintaining statistics on Anganwadis and their workers to determine what can be improved. The Mukhya Sevikas report to the Child Development Projects.
+ Despite decades of impressive growth, India has an acute shortage of doctors. The doctor population ratio in 2013 was 1:1800; the recommended level is 1:1000. Through the Anganwadi system, the country is trying to meet its goal of providing affordable and accessible healthcare to local populations.
+ Anganwadi workers have the advantage over the physicians living in the same rural area, which gives them insight into the state of health in the locality and assists in identifying the cause of problems and in countering them. They also have better social skills and can therefore more easily interact with the local people. As locals, they know and are comfortable with the local language and ways, are acquainted with the people, and are trusted.
+ Public policy discussions have taken place over whether to make Anganwadis universally available to all eligible children and mothers who want their children there. This would require significant increases in budgetary allocation and a rise in the number of Anganwadis to over 16 lakh.
+ The officers and their helpers who staff Anganwadis are typically women from poor families. The workers do not have permanent jobs with comprehensive retirement benefits like other government staff. Worker protests (by the All India Anganwadi Workers Federation) and public debates on this topic are ongoing. There are periodic reports of corruption and crimes against women in some Anganwadi centers. There are legal and societal issues when Anganwadi-serviced children fall sick or die.
+ In announcing the 2008-2009 budget, then Indian Finance Minister P. Chidambaram stated that salaries would be increased for Anganwadi workers to ₹15000 per month and for helpers to ₹6500 per month. In his budget speech for the financial year 2011-2012, his successor Pranab Mukherjee announced that the salary of Anganwadi workers would be increased to ₹3000 per month and for helpers to ₹1500 per month — about one tenth of the salary of a government office assistant.
+ In March 2008 there was debate about whether packaged foods (such as biscuits) should become part of the food served. Detractors, including Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen, argued against it, saying that it will become the only food consumed by the children. Options for increasing partnership with the private sector are continuing.
+ In a major initiative, the work of Anganwadis is to be digitised, starting with the 27 most-backward districts in Uttar Pradesh: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. Anganwadis will be provided with tablet computers to record data that will be integrated with the health ministry, which is involved in carrying out immunisation, health check-ups, and nutrition education under Integrated Child Development Services.
+ The Integrated Child Development Services scheme did not have provision for construction of AWC buildings as this was envisaged to be provided by the community except for the North Eastern States. For them, financial support was provided for construction of AWC buildings since 2001-02 at a unit cost of ₹175,000.
+ As part of the strengthening and restructuring the ICDS scheme, the government approved a provision of construction of 200,000 Anganwadi centre buildings at a cost of ₹450,000 per unit during XII Plan period in a phased manner with a cost sharing ratio of 75:25 between centre and states (other than the NER, where it will be at 90:10).
+ Further, construction of AWC has been notified as a permissible activity under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA). The construction of AWC buildings can be taken up in convergence with MNREGA.
+ UNICEF and the UN Millennium Development Goals of reducing infant mortality and improving maternal care are the impetus for increasing focus on the Anganwadis. Workers and helpers are expected to be trained per WHO standards.
+
+= = = George Thompson (Australian politician) = = =
+
+ George Edmund Thompson (born 27 May 1945) is a former Australian politician, who served as the member for Rockdale in the NSW State Parliament.
+ Thompson went to school at Marist Brothers, Kogarah and after finishing, got a job at the Rural Bank. While working at the bank, he became interested in industrial relations and trade unions, completing courses at Sydney and Harvard universities. In 1974, he was elected secretary of the Australian Bank Employees Union (State Bank Branch).
+ When the former NSW Premier and Member for Rockdale Barrie Unsworth stepped down in 1991, Thompson (who had been Unsworth's campaign manager) was elected to replace him. He was a member of the NSW Parliament for twelve years, before stepping down at the 2003 state election. He is married with a son and a daughter.
+
+= = = Cottrell, Oregon = = =
+
+ Cottrell is an unincorporated crossroads community in north Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. It was founded by Georgia (Maiden name Cottrell. ) Andrews, the wife of Charles Ida Andrews (married 1893). Georgia and her mother Carrie Arabella (Townsley) Cottrell moved to Oregon from Milwaukee, Wisconsin after Georgia's father and Carrie's husband George Cottrell, was killed in a railroad accident. Georgia typically went by and wrote her name as 'Georgie'. There was a Cottrell post office from 1894 until 1904; it probably closed when Rural Free Delivery was extended to the area. There is also a Cottrell Road and a Cottrell school a mile east of the locale, and there was a Cottrell station on the defunct Mount Hood Electric Railway line about a mile to the north. The now-abandoned station was across the county line in Multnomah County. Georgia and her mother Carrie both died in Ashland, in 1953 and 1943 respectively.
+
+= = = Ailill Cruitire = = =
+
+ Ailill Cruitire mac Áedo Sláine (died 634) was a King of Brega from the Síl nÁedo Sláine branch of the southern Ui Neill. He was the son of the high king Áed Sláine mac Diarmato (died 604). His byname meant "harper".
+ The exact date of his accession to Brega is not mentioned in the annals. He was contemporary to his brother Congal mac Áedo Sláine, who was called King of Brega in the annals, whereas Ailill was not.
+ The annals mention that in 634 Ailill and his brother Congal were defeated and slain at the Battle of Loch Trethin at Fremainn (Loch Drethin at Frewin Hill, County Westmeath) by the same Conall Guthbinn of the Clann Cholmáin who had slain their father. Congal is recorded as king of Brega in the annals regarding this event, Ailill is not.
+ A poem in the "Book of Leinster", however, claims that Ailill was slain at the Battle of Áth Goan in western Liffey during a Leinster civil war in 633. The victor was again Conall Guthbinn and his ally Fáelán mac Colmáin (died 666?) of the Uí Dúnlainge.
+ Ailill's son Dlúthach was ancestor of the Síl nDlúthaig sept, or as Fir Cúl Breg, men of the churches of Brega. His grandson Áed mac Dlúthaig (died 701) was a king of Fir Cúl.
+Ā
+
+= = = Sugari no Ontachi = = =
+
+ Ise Grand Shrine has continued the tradition of rebuilding every 20 years, into an adjacent land with exactly the same specifications since the time of Empress Jitō in the end of the 7th century. Similarly, the tradition of replacing old sacred treasures with new ones of exactly the same specifications has continued. This tradition is based on the idea of in Shinto, that new objects have stronger divine power. There are 1576 sacred treasures that are renewed every 20 years, and Sugari no Ontachi is the most important sacred treasure along with in the sword category.
+ However, because the scabbards and hanging belts of Sugari no Ontachi and Tamamaki no Ontachi were made in a characteristic style in the Heian period after the end of the 8th century, these swords did not exist at the beginning of Shikinen Sengu in 690, and it is possible that they were added to the sacred treasures or their designs were changed in later years.
+ A part of the name of "Sugari no Ontachi", is characterized by a curved blade, but the shape of the Sugari no Ontachi is similar to a straight . As Sugari no Ontachi is used for religious services, it is much more gorgeous than swords for actual fighting. The exterior is decorated with fine gold sculptures, multiple bells, crystal, glass, agate and amber, and two crested ibis feathers.
+ At the 61st Shikinen Sengu in 1993, the Japanese crested ibis was on the verge of extinction and it was thought that it would be impossible to obtain feathers, but the feathers kept by donors were taken over and they were secured until the 62nd Shikinen Sengu in 2013.
+ Until the Meiji period, The sacred treasures were dedicated to Kami in the main hall for 20 years, and then kept in the treasure house for another 20 years to serve as a model for the manufacturing of sacred treasures in later years, and then burned or buried in the shrine grounds. After the opening of the , the old sacred treasures removed from the treasure house exhibited at special exhibitions in the Jingu Chokokan Museum and other museums. Recently, from October 2015 to October 2016, the old Sugari no Ontachi, which had been replaced, was displayed together with 9 swords including Tamamaki no Ontachi at Jingu Chokokan Museum. Also, old sacred treasures removed from the treasure house may be granted as an Imperial gift to other shrines.
+
+= = = 1962 Armstrong 500 = = =
+
+ The 1962 Armstrong 500 was an endurance race for Australian built production cars. The race was held at the Phillip Island circuit in Victoria, Australia on 21 October 1962 over 167 laps of the 3.0 mile circuit, a total of 501 miles. Cars competed in four classes based on the retail price of each model. Officially, only class placings were awarded but the No 21 Ford Falcon driven by Harry Firth and Bob Jane was recognised as "First across the line". This was the third and last Armstrong 500 to be held at Phillip Island prior to the race being moved to the Mount Panorama Circuit at Bathurst in New South Wales where it later became known as the Bathurst 1000.
+ For the 1962 race the division of classes was changed from engine capacity, used in the previous two Armstrong 500's, to the purchase price (in Australian pounds, the currency of the era) of the vehicle on the Australian market, the intention being to allow the public to make comparisons according to their potential financial circumstances rather than approximating cars of equivalent vehicle performance. An upper limit of £2000 was established to prevent the race from becoming dominated by sports exotica. In terms of actual cars entered the changes saw the Renault Gordinis move up from Class D to Class C, while the Volkswagens dropped from C to D. Volkswagen would break through for their first class victory this year.
+ Class A was for cars with a purchase price of between £1251 and £2000. The class featured Chrysler Valiant, Citroën ID19, Ford Zephyr, Studebaker Lark and Vauxhall Velox.
+ Class B was for cars with a purchase price of between £1051 and £1250. The class was dominated by the new Ford Falcon XL but also feature Austin Freeway and Holden EJ.
+ Class C was for cars with a purchase price of between £901 and £1050. The class featured Hillman Minx, Morris Major, Renault Gordini and Simca Aronde.
+ Class D was for cars with a purchase price of less than £900. The class featured Ford Anglia, Morris 850, Triumph Herald and Volkswagen.
+ In a pointer towards the future the race results outright order was dominated by the new XL series Ford Falcon were three of the first four cars home, led by the factory supported car of defending race champions Harry Firth and Bob Jane. On the same lap as Firth/Jane was the Class A winning Studebaker of Fred Sutherland and Bill Graetz, who won the class by four laps, defeating the factory supported Ford Zephyr being driven by Geoff Russell and David Anderson, denying them of a third consecutive class victory. The performance of the big Studebaker was noteworthy in that while Larks continued to be entered into the race until 1968 this was as close as they would get to an outright victory.
+ In Class C one of the Renault Gordini's won despite being the victims of the new class structure with Rex Emmett, John Connolly and Brian Sampson racing to a four lap victory. Sampson in particular would become a fixture of the race in the next two decades, which after demolishing the 1974 field only to blow their engine, would finally win the race outright in 1975 as Peter Brock's co-driver.
+ There are some reports that the Class C winning Renault Gordini driven by Emmett, Connolly and Sampson was disqualified after the race along with the second placed Morris 850 in Class D driven by Allen and Hooker. However their original placing are still shown in the list of official results. This is likely due to the scrutineers taking days to finalise their results followed by protests by the entrants at their exclusions. The completed results were widely published before the disqualifications were finally enforced thus many subsequent publications show an incorrect finishing order including Bill Tuckey's "Australia's Greatest Motor Race". This would make the Morris Major driven by Edney and Fayer the correct winner of Class C.
+ Jim McKeown, an emerging star in small bore touring cars, and George Reynolds took their Volkswagen to the Class D victory, beating the leading Mini by a lap. Reynolds too had an outright victory in store in just two years time in 1964.
+ The toil placed on the cold mix bitumen surface by the race, with the largest entry the race had seen, overwhelmed the Phillip Island racetrack. Dangerous potholes formed all around the circuit, leaving a hefty repair bill, and an ominous threat to the future growth of the race. Staying at Phillip Island, as attractive as other factors presented, was plainly impossible and the search began by the promoters for a new home for the increasingly popular endurance production car race. Earlier the same year the Bathurst Six Hour Classic had been held at the Mount Panorama Circuit near Bathurst (won by a Daimler not eligible to run in the Armstrong), and that circuit immediately entered speculation.
+
+= = = Fike Model E = = =
+
+ The Fike Model E was a light aircraft built in the United States in the early 1970s. Designed by airline pilot William Fike, it was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with tailskid undercarriage and seating for one or two people in an enclosed cabin. The wing was an unusual geodesic wooden construction and was of far greater chord than typical for an aircraft of this type; indeed, one of the purposes of building the aircraft was to investigate the characteristics of a wing of such low aspect ratio (3.0). The empennage was taken from a Piper Cub, but was modified to reduce its span to make it suitable for towing on the road. Plans were made available for homebuilders in the mid 1970s.
+
+= = = Borova = = =
+
+ Borova or Borová (Cyrillic: Борова) may refer to the following places:
+
+= = = I'm Happy to Be (On This Mountain) = = =
+
+ "I'm Happy To Be (On This Mountain)" is the first single by Irish band Tír na nÓg. It was released on October 2, 1970 by Chrysalis Records and distributed by Island Records on 7" vinyl with "Let My Love Grow" as its B-side. The German release of the single has an Island logo on a pink label although the Chrysalis logo also appears.
+
+= = = Bobby Pfeil = = =
+
+ Robert Raymond Pfeil (born November 13, 1943), is a former professional baseball third baseman, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) in and for the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies,respectively. He threw and batted right-handed.
+ He attended Reseda High School, making the varsity team his junior year.
+ Originally signed as an undrafted free agent by the Chicago Cubs in 1961, Pfeil was traded with Hal Gilson to the St. Louis Cardinals for Bob Humphreys on April 7, 1965. Before the start of the 1968 season, he was sent from the Cardinals to the Mets in an unknown transaction.
+ He made his big league debut at the age of 25 on June 26, 1969 against pitcher Grant Jackson and the rest of the Philadelphia Phillies. Pfeil went 1-for-4 in his debut, although Jackson shut the Mets out 2-0 and held them to just four hits. In addition, he collected ten strikeouts in that game. Pfeil did well during the first two weeks of his debut - he was hitting .333 on July 4 - but by July 31 his batting average had slumped to .232. Coincidentally, that is what his final batting average for the season would end up being. After July 31, he was able to pull his average above .240 only once, and he let is slip down to .217 at one point. However, after going 3-for-6 in the final two games of the season, he brought his average up to its final mark of .232. In 211 at-bats, he also scored 20 runs, drove 10 runs in, doubled nine times, tripled and homered zero times, walked seven times and struck out 27 times.
+ Although the Mets reached the playoffs and eventually won the World Series in 1969, Pfeil neither appeared in the playoffs or the Fall Classic. However, when President Nixon attended a World Series game, Pfeil lent him his glove for protection.
+ On May 26, 1970, Pfeil was sent as the player to be named later to the Phillies to complete a trade that occurred originally on April 10 of that year. In return for Pfeil, the Mets received Ron Allen.
+ Pfeil would not appear in the majors in 1970, however by 1971 he was back in a Major League uniform. He appeared in 44 games for the Phillies that year, collecting 19 hits in 70 at-bats for a .271 batting average. He played his final game on September 6 against the Cardinals as a defensive replacement. He made his big league debut against the Philadelphia Phillies while playing for the New York Mets. Coincidentally, he ended up facing the Mets while playing for the Philadelphia Phillies in his final career at-bat, on September 5.
+ Overall in his big league career, he played in 106 games, collecting 68 hits in 281 at-bats for a .242 batting average. He had 12 doubles, no triples and two home runs to go along with 25 runs, 19 RBI, one stolen base, 13 walks and 36 strikeouts. He had a .976 career fielding percentage.
+ Although he did not play in the majors after 1971, he was still active in the minor leagues. On February 8, 1972, he was traded to the Milwaukee Brewers for a player to be named later, who ended up being minor leaguer Chico Vaughns. On March 20 of that year, he was purchased by the Boston Red Sox from the Brewers.
+
+= = = 1990 Foster's Cup = = =
+
+ The 1990 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1990 season began.
+ West Coast replaced Brisbane, who were forced to withdraw due to financial problems and a player's strike.
+
+= = = Last Summer at Mars Hill = = =
+
+ Last Summer At Mars Hill is the first short story collection by American writer Elizabeth Hand. It contains the Nebula Award-winning story of the same name. It also contains her first ever published story, "Prince of Flowers". Many of the stories have themes that prefigure those of her novels. For example, "The Bacchae" is thematically similar to aspects of "Waking the Moon" and "Prince of Flowers" 'grew into the poisonous bloom of Winterlong'. "In the Month of Athyr" is set in the same universe as Hand's first three novels.
+ All of the stories were previously published in various magazines.
+
+= = = Flaglor Scooter = = =
+
+ The Flaglor Scooter is an unusual light aircraft designed in the United States in the mid-1960s and marketed for homebuilding.
+ The Scooter is a high-wing, wire-braced monoplane with the engine installed on the wing leading edge, above and in front of the pilot's seat. It features weled steel tube or wooden fuselage construction with fabric covering and short legged conventional landing gear. The wing uses wooden ribs and a dual spar construction with wire bracing. It was originally intended to be powered by a Cushman golf buggy engine, but this was found to be inadequate and a Huggins Volkswagen automotive engine conversion was used to replace it.
+ Demonstrated at the 1967 EAA annual fly-in at Rockford, Illinois, the design won "Outstanding Ultralight" and "Outstanding Volkswagen-powered aircraft" awards. Plans were put on sale shortly thereafter.
+
+= = = 1991 Foster's Cup = = =
+
+ The 1991 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1991 season began.
+
+= = = Edison Chen photo scandal = = =
+
+ In 2008, intimate and private photographs of Hong Kong actor Edison Chen with various women, including actresses Gillian Chung, Bobo Chan, Rachel Ngan, and Cecilia Cheung, were unlawfully distributed over the Internet. The scandal shook the Hong Kong entertainment industry and received high-profile media attention locally and around the world. Many local newspapers headlined the story consecutively during the first fortnight of February 2008, relegating coverage of the 2008 Chinese winter storms to secondary prominence during Chinese New Year.
+ In a crackdown which itself became a controversial item, the Hong Kong police enlisted the assistance of Interpol to stem the spread of the photographs. Ten people were arrested in connection with the distribution of the photographs. A computer technician was convicted of three counts of obtaining access to a computer with dishonest intent, and received a custodial sentence of eight and a half months.
+ The police crackdown raised questions over violations of the privacy and free speech rights of Internet users. The manner in which actors, their management, and the police handled the situation, in turn, made those arrested into heroes for some Internet users.
+ Chen admitted being the author and copyright owner of most of the photographs, and stated that the private photographs had been stolen and published illegally without his consent. He made a public apology, especially to the women involved, and also announced that he would "step away indefinitely" from the Hong Kong entertainment industry.
+ In November 2006, Chen purchased a pink PowerBook personal computer, a photograph of which he published on his blog. It may have come from "eLite Multimedia", a computer shop in Hong Kong's Central district. According to the police, Chen brought his computer to the shop for repairs in 2007. Employees who discovered over 1,300 intimate photographs of Chen and numerous female celebrities may have secretly copied these files. According to Chen, the image files were deleted before the computer was taken in for repairs.
+ Chen's photographs were reportedly made some time between 2003 and 2006. One close friend indicated that Chen liked to take photographs during intimate moments with his sexual partners, of whom 14 were celebrities, and privately showed these to a select group of close friends.
+ The first intimate photograph, with likenesses of Chen and Gillian Chung, was posted on the Hong Kong Discuss Forum at approximately 8:30 p.m. on 27 January 2008. Although the original post was deleted after a few hours, the image did the rounds at other major forums in Hong Kong such as Uwants and HKGolden. Chung's management agency, Emperor Entertainment Group (EEG), immediately challenged its authenticity, and filed a police report. The following day, a second explicit photograph of Chen with another starlet appeared on the Internet. EEG denounced the person who released it. Gillian Chung had taken a leave of absence, and would not comment on the matter. Shaped by the denials, the initial media consensus was that the photographs were hoaxes. Nevertheless, the story became the headline of major local Hong Kong newspapers.
+ Over a few hours on 29 January, several more photographs appeared on the Internet. On one, journals identified Cecilia Cheung from her distinctive tattoo set. The photographs became the talk of the town, and local discussion forums became saturated. Journals established with known video footage that the photographs were taken inside Chen's residence. Nevertheless, Cheung's solicitors denounced the upload as a "malicious, immoral and irresponsible act".
+ Assistant Commissioner of Police (Crime) Vincent Wong Fook-chuen said that 19 officers from the Commercial Crime Bureau were investigating. The police and photographic experts authenticated the photos involving the first three female celebrities. Police requested Internet service providers to stamp out all local traces of the as yet unclassified "offensive material". Related discussion threads were progressively deleted. The police retrieved the IP addresses of more than 30 Internet users who allegedly posted photographs.
+ After the exposure of the eighth photograph, Chen quietly left Hong Kong and flew to Boston. On 4 February, Chen released a 90-second video clip in English in which he took responsibility and apologised to those who may have been affected by the posting of photographs.
+ On 6 February, a forum user leaked hundreds more photographs in defiance of the police. The uploader, dubbed by the public as "Kira", promised to release a 32-minute video the next day. Two days later, three pictures of a young woman showering appeared on the Internet. The subject was rapidly identified as 18-year-old Vincy Yeung, Chen's girlfriend and niece of Albert Yeung, chairman of EEG. The police confirmed these three images were among the 1,300 photographs known to them. Having said there were only six participants, the police explained the appearance of a seventh, saying that her photographs had been erroneously grouped with one of the other females.
+ Gillian Chung was the first starlet to make a public appearance. After a New Year celebration with fans on 11 February, she delivered a brief statement to the press in which she apologised for the hurt caused to those around her. Emperor sought closure by stating that neither it nor any of its artists would be making any further statement about the incident. The press conference drew mixed response from the media and the public. An "Apple Daily" commentary was particularly scathing about the hypocrisy of Chung and of her management company for only obliquely hinting at her "licentiousness". On 14 February, two new nude photographs surfaced – one featuring an unidentified woman fellating Chen, and another showed a woman lying on a bed.
+ Chen returned to Hong Kong on 21 February, and immediately held a press conference asking for forgiveness and announcing his indefinite departure from the Hong Kong entertainment industry. Chen confirmed that the photographs belonged to him and were private, and stated that they were obtained without his consent and then made public. His lawyer emphasised that reproduction whether in whole or in part would constitute copyright infringement.
+ Chen was questioned by police for several days consecutively, and "Sing Tao Daily" revealed that a cache of computer disks and other storage devices containing in excess of 10,000 images were found in Chen's residence. Media reported that five "new" celebrities had been identified by police, who gave only cryptic descriptions. Investigations were said to have been hampered by Chen's caution, and by the lack of co-operation of the "new" female victims: some had left town, and one had already publicly denied her involvement. Chen denied that he had been blackmailed.
+ Over the course of the two-week period, a total of over a hundred images each of Gillian Chung, Bobo Chan, Candice Chan, and Cecilia Cheung fellating him were exposed, as well as Chen performing cunnilingus to Chung; there were also approximately another hundred nude photos featuring various others, namely Mandy Chen, Rachel Ngan, Maggie Q and Vincy Yeung, who was photographed while taking a bath.
+ On 31 January 2008, an unemployed man identified as 29-year-old Chung Yik-tin (鍾亦天) was arrested for allegedly uploading one image; 12 pictures were found on his computer. The next day he was arraigned but denied bail because he was suspected of blackmailing the actor and actresses. Chung Yik-tin spent Chinese New Year in detention. After investigating the connection between the suspect and artists, the police were satisfied that blackmail was not involved. Chung was unconditionally released from detention on 15 February, and charges against him were dropped.
+ On 2 February, police arrested four men and two women in connection with the distribution of the photographs. Of the six, three men and a woman were released on HK$20,000 (US$2,560) bail and ordered to report back to the police in eight weeks. On 4 February, a 29-year-old man became the eighth person to be detained in connection with the disseminating of nude photos; 23-year-old Sze Ho-Chun (史可雋) was also arrested. He was charged with "dishonest use of computers with criminal intent", which has a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment. Sze appeared in Eastern Court on 5 February, where he denied the charge and was released on HK$50,000 bail. The case was adjourned to 22 February.
+ Assistant Commissioner Wong said the source of the pictures had been traced, but he would not confirm reports stating that they had been taken from Chen's computer. He added that the authenticity of the photographs was no longer in question. Wong also said of the six women found in the photographs, four were local celebrities and two were unknown to the police. None of the women were named. Wong was certain that no overseas artists were involved. He said that whilst it was not a crime to transfer the pictures to friends, those who had posted the images to Internet web pages could be in breach of the law. On 5 February, as another of the suspects was released on HK$50,000 bail, six more related photographs surfaced on the Internet. In the early hours on Chinese New Year's Eve, several hundred more photographs appeared on the Internet; there were two new faces.
+ Arrest number ten occurred on 10 February. Kwok Chun-wai, a 24-year-old logistics clerk, had allegedly posted the link to a local discussion forum after uploading a compressed file containing over a hundred images to a site in Cyprus. Kwok was released on HK$10,000 bail. He pleaded guilty to three counts of publishing an obscene article. On 24 July 2008, he was sentenced to two months in prison, suspended for two years.
+ Web sites on the mainland are usually more sensitive to political issues than to pornography, and for several weeks major sites such as Baidu permitted the images to be disseminated. During this time, photographs were also posted on the popular mainland China chat room, Tianya Club, and had been viewed nearly 20 million times a day. Around 20 February however, mainland sites took action to prevent access to the photos.
+ A crackdown began in neighbouring Guangdong province on the manufacturing, selling and spreading the CD-ROMs of the celebrity photos, which sold "like hotcakes" in Shenzhen. Police arrested 10 people suspected of the production in Shenzhen. Police in Beijing announced on 21 February that it would act to stop the circulation of the photographs. Officials declared that showing the photos to friends or posting them on blogs or online forums, even without profit motive, could be punishable by detention for up to 15 days; transmission of more than 200 of the photos as a package on the internet would be met with criminal prosecution.
+ A Taiwanese man aged 24, Huang Wei-lun, was arrested in Taipei County on suspicion of posting the explicit photos and videos in his blog and instructing net surfers how to download the images. Police in Kaohsiung warned of the two-year penalty for selling pornographic CDs, and raided shops and arcades where discs of Edison Chen's photographs have been selling slowly, for . One observer remarked that young people did not buy discs as they can get the photographs easily from the internet.
+ On 2 February, Commissioner of Police Tang King Shing warned that anyone with the pictures on their computer "could be" in breach of the law, even if there was no record of distribution. This led to an immediate objection by lawmaker "Long Hair" Leung Kwok-hung, who led a protest of about two dozen people outside police headquarters in Wan Chai. They accused the police of sowing confusion and creating an atmosphere of "White Terror" among netizens. Leung urged Commissioner Tang to clarify whether merely keeping the pictures violated the law. Some opinions disagree on distributing the photos.
+ The denial of bail for Chung Yik-tin sparked controversy over the subjective application of the law. Legislator Ronny Tong accused the police of humiliating a suspect by their excessively hasty actions. The police's selectiveness in this case, as compared with previous cases of pornography distribution on the Internet, was also the focus of public attention. The local Chairman of the Internet Society and legislator Regina Ip said that it was inevitable that police would apply the law selectively, for it would be impractical to take action against every person who had committed an offence in Hong Kong.
+ Commentary in the newspaper "Ming Pao" also remarked on the widespread outrage about the perceived selective application of legal principles – that a person charged with an apparently minor offence being denied bail whilst two others, unnamed, with allegedly heavier involvement in the spread of the photographs were allowed out on bail. A commentary in "Apple Daily" decried the "clear intimidation of netizens" by the police, and for arresting people without bringing the alleged main source and victim (Chen) for interrogation.
+ While publishing an "obscene" (淫褻) article carries a maximum sentence of 3 years, an "indecent" (不雅) article only carries a maximum sentence of 12 months. "Ming Pao" revealed on 14 February that it had received interim classification from the Obscene Articles Tribunal (OAT) relating to five photographs it had submitted for opinion. Three of these photographs were classified as "indecent" while two were considered "obscene". The only photograph which was in circulation on 27 January, allegedly posted by Chung Yik-tin, was "indecent". Thus, the journal raised the question that Chung may have been charged with a wrong offence. Also, the law applies only after OAT's classification. Since the police arrested and charged Chung before classification, some viewed the arrest as unlawful. An Assistant Professor at the University of Hong Kong questioned whether an amended charge of "Publishing an Indecent Article" applied to photographs uploaded onto the Internet.
+ Although Chen agreed to co-operate with the authorities, he refused to return to Hong Kong to give evidence in the trial. A team of four lawyers and a magistrate were thus flown out to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada for a hearing beginning on 23 February 2009 at taxpayers' expense. Legislator Ronny Tong questioned the "extravagancy" of this hearing, and suggested there may be an easier and cheaper way to collect Chen's evidence.
+ During the hearing, which was presided over by Supreme Court of British Columbia Justice Elaine Adair, with Hong Kong's Chief Magistrate Tong Man (唐文) as co-commissioner, Chen confirmed that Cecilia Cheung, Gillian Chung, Bobo Chan and Rachel Ngan were indeed involved. He testified that the photographs, taken from 2001 to 2006, were consensual, and were only shown to the women involved. He professed his "huge shock" at seeing the images on the Internet, citing that he had deleted the images before sending his computer in for repairs in summer of 2006.
+ Computer technician Sze Ho-chun was convicted on 13 May 2009 of three counts of obtaining access to a computer with dishonest intent, and received a custodial sentence of eight and a half months. However, there was no evidence that he uploaded the pictures to the Internet.
+ On 3 February, a small group led by Leung Kwok-hung protested the abuse of power by the police. One week later, there was a larger protest demonstrated against alleged "discriminatory" law enforcement against Internet users. The involvement of local celebrities led to complaints that the wave of arrests were indicative of a legal double standard: protesters claimed that the police failed to investigate other cases of nude photos being published without their subject's permission. Approximately 300 people marched on police headquarters in Wan Chai. They petitioned the police to apologise publicly, to release Chung Yik-tin, to stop "an abuse of power", and also demanded the resignation of Commissioner Tang. In the wake of the scandal, citizens also became more concerned about the integrity of the law. and that some were clearly more equal than others in Hong Kong.
+ The police were widely criticised for their handling of the case: in a survey by the "South China Morning Post", some 48 percent of respondents believed the police had created unnecessary fear among the Internet community, and a similar percentage were dissatisfied with the police handling of the case. However, Assistant Commissioner Wong insisted that they had "not departed from normal practices" and had "acted correctly under the laws".
+ As a consequence of the scandal, Chen was pulled from the upcoming Stephen Fung movie "Jump"; credit card company Manhattan Titanium withdrew all advertisements featuring Chen, and Chen's appearance in "The Dark Knight" was downgraded to a cameo. the "LA Times" reported that Pepsi China, Standard Chartered Bank, Samsung, Levi's and the Hong Kong Metro, had dropped Chen or declined to renew ad campaigns involving him.
+ A hundred police officers were present throughout Chen's press conference on 21 February, and some citizens complained about the waste of manpower. The police emphasised the importance of maintaining public order in light of the great public and media interest in the case. The triads reportedly offered a HK$500,000 reward to anybody who hacked off Chen's hand. This contributed to fears for Chen's safety upon his return, and heavy police protection.
+ On 12 March 2009, after Chen had appeared at a publicity event in Singapore, a threatening letter said to have originated in the US containing a bullet was delivered to a Cable TV station mailbox. Secretary for Security Ambrose Lee said violence or intimidation would not be tolerated.
+ Emperor declared that Gillian Chung was on sick leave following the incident, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort dropped the use of a Twins music video for the celebration of the Chinese New Year because of Chung's involvement in the controversy. Preparations for the Twins concerts in Hong Kong, originally scheduled for 12–16 April, were postponed.
+ Chung's appearance at a charity programme on 17 February met with around 2,100 complaints to the Broadcasting Authority, 373 to TVB, and 202 to the Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority (TELA). The Broadcasting Authority passed all the correspondence received to TVB.
+ On 26 February 2008, the "South China Morning Post", citing the Dalian Evening News, reported that Chung and Nicholas Tse (husband of Cecilia Cheung) had been dropped from the Beijing Olympics opening ceremony by artistic director Zhang Yimou. Tse did appear at the closing ceremony, sharing the stage with Jackie Chan, Emil Chau, Andy Lau, and others. Twins "temporarily" dissolved in late June 2008, four months after Gillian was caught up in the scandal.
+ She recused herself from public for more than a year following the incident and later apologised for hurting the people around her. During the hiatus, she took classes in many areas which she hoped would serve her professionally. During the course of her disappearance from public view, fellow Twins member Charlene Choi twice publicly denied rumours of suicide attempts by Chung. Chung revealed she decided that suicide would not have solved any problems; she said her mother was supportive of her quitting the industry.
+ Interviewed in an episode of TVB's Be My Guest in March 2009, Chung admitted she loved Chen, and let him take photos of them engaging in sex because she feared to lose him. It was reported that Chung, under contract with Emperor Entertainment Group in 2008, did not receive any salary for the duration of the scandal, and even struggled to pay rent.
+ After Chen's statement to court, Cheung broke silence in the matter on a televised interview on iCable on 27 February. She heavily criticised Chen for shedding crocodile tears, saying that he had not returned calls and had switched off his telephone when the incident came to light. She accused him of hypocrisy in a bid to win the public's forgiveness while hurting others caught up in the scandal. She denied rumours of a rift with her husband and in-laws.
+ Taiwanese pop stars Jolin Tsai and Elva Hsiao, who have collaborated with Chen on various projects, fearing damage to their reputations from rumours, both issued statements through their agents that they had "never been involved with Chen". They each issued "rewards" of ($3.3 million) defying anyone to come forward with legally authenticated photographs.
+ The scandal has shocked the general public and ignited debate about sexual morality. The blanket coverage of the local press, their reporting style, and the appearance of photographs has also been met with public complaints to TELA. TELA suspected that at least two journals violated the Obscene Articles Ordinance, and sent copies of issue No. 936 of "Next Magazine" and issue No. 531 of the "Oriental Sunday" magazine to the OAT for classification. The Tribunal returned an interim classification of "Class I", meaning the magazines were "neither obscene nor indecent", and TELA demanded a full public hearing to review its decision. The OAT, the method of selecting its adjudicators, and the Obscene Articles Ordinance, came under fire. It reportedly classified Michelangelo's ""David"" as "indecent" by adhering rigidly to a definition.
+ The images reached China mostly through an image-sharing service on Baidu ("Tieba"). Beijing Network News Council (BNNC) held a meeting on 18 February to discuss the "romantic pictures", and criticised Baidu for spreading the pictures. Other web sites that actively discouraged the photo distribution, namely Sohu, Sina and Netease, were praised by BNCC.
+
+= = = 1992 Foster's Cup = = =
+
+ The 1992 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1992 season began.
+
+= = = John Holmes (composer) = = =
+
+ John Holmes (died 1629) was an English cathedral musician and Renaissance composer. His madrigal "Thus Bonny-boots The Birthday Celebrated" was included in The Triumphs of Oriana, a collection of vocal compositions published in 1601.
+ Over his career, Holmes was employed at both the Winchester and Salisbury Cathedrals. Holmes was appointed Master of the Choristers at Salisbury in 1621 and held that position until his death.
+
+= = = Guillenia lasiophylla = = =
+
+ Guillenia lasiophylla is a species of mustard plant known by the common names California mustard and slenderpod jewelflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to northern Mexico. It can be found in a great variety of habitats. This is a thin-stemmed erect annual herb with long lobed, toothed leaves surrounding the base of the plant and smaller leaves lining the stem. The top of the plant is occupied by an inflorescence of flowers, each with widely spaced oval-shaped white or yellowish petals half a centimeter long. The fruit is a flat, narrow silique up to 7 centimeters long which hangs downward from the stem.
+
+= = = 1993 Foster's Cup = = =
+
+ The 1993 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1993 season began.
+
+= = = Dick Cox = = =
+
+ Elmer Joseph Cox (September 30, 1897 in Pasadena, California – June 1, 1966 in Morro Bay, California) was a professional baseball player who played outfield for the Brooklyn Robins in 1925 & 1926.
+ He had a steady bat over his two seasons in the big leagues, batting .314 in 832 at bats, including eight home runs. Cox spent most of his time in right field defensively.
+ Prior to his playing days, Cox served in World War I.
+ He managed in the Arizona–Texas League in 1931 and 1932.
+
+= = = 1994 Foster's Cup = = =
+
+ The 1994 AFL Foster's Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season cup competition played in its entirety before the 1994 season began.
+
+= = = Anne G. Osborn = = =
+
+ Anne G. Osborn (born 1943) is an American physician who works at the University of Utah. She holds the William H. and Patricia W. Child Presidential Endowed Chair in Radiology at the University of Utah Medical Center.
+ Osborn earned her M.D. at Stanford University. In 1977 the "Ensign" included an article by Osborn about being a single woman and also a member of a church that places marriage and family in order of priority just under discipleship to Jesus Christ. In 1989 to 1990 she worked at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
+ In 1982 she married Ronald E. Poelman.
+ For a year, covering parts of 1988 and 1989, Osborn served as president of the American Society of Neuroradiology. In 1989 Osborn was the recipient of the Grubbe Memorial Award from the Chicago Radiological Society.
+ Osborn was the first female president of the American Society of Neuroradiology.
+ Osborn was interviewed for the 2007 PBS documentary "The Mormons".
+ She has served on the general board of the Sunday School and Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
+ In 1995 Osborn wrote an autobiography, "The Simeon Solution". In 1997 her book "The Amulek Alternative: Exercising Agency in a World of Choice" was published.
+ In 2013 Osborn won in the physician category for her book "Osborn's Brain" the first place award from the American Medical Writers Association.
+ "Diagnostic Imaging: Brain" that Osborn wrote with Karen L. Salzman, is one of 7 books listed under the heading "fundamentals" that the American Association of Neurological Surgeons says that medical students and residents interested in a career in neurosurgery should review.
+
+= = = 1995 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 1995 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League Pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1995 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1995.
+
+= = = 1996 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 1996 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1996 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1996. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins.
+ 1. St. Kilda
+ 2. Carlton
+ 3. West Coast
+ 4. North Melbourne
+ 5. Collingwood
+ 6. Brisbane
+ 7. Footscray
+ 8. Adelaide
+ 9. Sydney
+ 10. Fremantle
+ 11. Fitzroy
+ 12. Richmond
+ 13. Essendon
+ 14. Geelong
+ 15. Hawthorn
+ 16. Melbourne
+
+= = = Burr Oak Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Burr Oak Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 153.
+ Burr Oak Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Columbus, Jackson, Moskau and Old Home.
+ The stream of Smith Creek runs through this township.
+
+= = = Lance Richlin = = =
+
+ Lance Richlin (born 1961) is a classical realist painter and a sculptor based in Torrance, California. His oil painting technique is an alla prima technique that requires the paint not to dry until completion.
+ Lance was asked to write an instructional article on figure drawings in the March 2008 issue of "American Artist Magazine".
+ He has written a book "Drawing Made Easy: Discover Your Inner Artist as You Learn to Draw Portraits in Graphite", published by Walter Foster.
+ In 2010 he was published as a featured artist in Bluecanvas Magazine Issue Four.
+ He appeared in a skit that aired on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2007) where Aunt Chippy and Uncle Frank receive drawing lessons in his studio.
+ Lance Richlin has lectured and taught at Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles, The Associates in Arts School in Sherman Oaks, California Institute of the Arts in Valencia and Laguna College of Art and Design in Laguna Beach.
+ Lance's work is in the collection of:
+ Richlin's father is the script writer Maurice Richlin.
+
+= = = Anonima group = = =
+
+ The American artist collaborative, Anonima Group, was founded in Cleveland, Ohio in 1960 by Ernst Benkert, Francis Hewitt and Ed Mieczkowski. Propelled by their rejection of the cult of the ego and automatic style of the Abstract Expressionists, the artists worked collaboratively on grid-based, spatially fluctuating drawings and paintings that were precise investigations of the scientific phenomena and psychology of optical perception. The work was accompanied by writings: proposals, projects and manifestos - socialist in nature - which the artists considered essential to the experience and understanding of their work. Their drawings, paintings and writings, which had much in common with the positions of artist Ad Reinhardt, and with the Russian Constructivists, were included in the 1965 "Responsive Eye" exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art. Along with other artists in the exhibit, Anonima's work was incorrectly relegated to what came to be the highly commercialized and publicized category of Op Art. A recent reconsideration and recontextualization of Op Art, the expansive 2006 Optic Nerve exhibit at the Columbus Museum of Art, places the Anonima as the sole American collaborative group, along with the European Zero Group, Gruppo N, GRAV and others, who were examining new optical information at that time.
+ Francis Hewitt, who had a masters in art and later did course work toward a PhD in the psychology of perception, provided the conceptual framework for the Anonima Group; their projects addressed the latest information about the science and psychology of visual perception. Anonima's anti-commercial stance (see statement below), including their ultimate refusal to interact with the commercial artworld, had the effect of removing them from the lexicon of known artists from that time. In a catalog essay for Frank Hewitt's 1992 retrospective at the Robert Hull Fleming Museum in Burlington, Vermont, William C. Lipke wrote that the artists believed that "commercialization and popularization obfuscated the real issues" being addressed by their work. Further he writes that work by Anonima is "better understood in light of the theories and data of perceptual psychology; the commitment to a systemic study of visual information irrespective of stylistic or economic pressures."
+ The Anonima group disbanded in 1971, but the effect of their work has extended into the present through their writing, drawings and paintings. The group's analytical and impersonal view of the creative process was balanced by a profound generosity of spirit which has influenced countless artists over the years; all three artists have had long teaching careers (Frank Hewitt died in 1992), in which they dedicated themselves to providing art students with a precise understanding of the constructs of optical perception, an invaluable foundation for any artist. Their ideas are reflected in the work of many contemporary artists.
+
+= = = Dunford–Pettis property = = =
+
+ In functional analysis, the Dunford–Pettis property, named after Nelson Dunford and B. J. Pettis, is a property of a Banach space stating that all weakly compact operators from this space into another Banach space are completely continuous. Many standard Banach spaces have this property, most notably, the space "C"("K") of continuous functions on a compact space and the space "L"("μ") of the Lebesgue integrable functions on a measure space. Alexander Grothendieck introduced the concept in the early 1950s , following the work of Dunford and Pettis, who developed earlier results of Shizuo Kakutani, Kōsaku Yosida, and several others. Important results were obtained more recently by Jean Bourgain. Nevertheless, the Dunford–Pettis property is not completely understood.
+ A Banach space "X" has the Dunford–Pettis property if every continuous weakly compact operator "T": "X" → "Y" from "X" into another Banach space "Y" transforms weakly compact sets in "X" into norm-compact sets in "Y" (such operators are called completely continuous). An important equivalent definition is that for any weakly convergent sequences ("x") of "X" and ("f") of the dual space "X", converging (weakly) to "x" and "f", the sequence "f"("x") converges to "f(x)".
+
+= = = Center Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Center Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,743.
+ Center Township (spelled historically Centre) was organized in 1856.
+ Center Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Troy (the county seat). According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Charleston, Courter-Ritchey, Mount Olive and Saint Charles.
+ The stream of Mosquito Creek runs through this township.
+ Center Township contains two airports or landing strips: Masters Field and Troy Airport.
+
+= = = Independence Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Independence Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 342.
+ Independence Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ The streams of Jordan Creek and North Branch Independence Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Iowa Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Iowa Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,694.
+ Iowa Township covers an area of and contains two incorporated settlements: Highland and White Cloud. According to the USGS, it contains six cemeteries: Fanning, Highland, Iola, Iowa Point, Martin and Olive Branch.
+ The streams of Cedar Creek, Coon Creek, Fox Creek, Mill Creek, Mission Creek, Pennell Creek, Squaw Creek, Striker Branch and Wolf River run through this township.
+ Iowa Township was organized in 1854. It was named for the Iowa people who lived there on the reservation.
+
+= = = Marion Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Marion Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 226.
+ Marion Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Rosendale.
+ The streams of Brush Creek and Walnut Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Union Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Union Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 360.
+ Union Township was created in 1878.
+ Union Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Denton. According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Anderson, Denton, Robertson, Saint Marys and Victory.
+
+= = = Washington Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Washington Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 3,066.
+ Washington Township was organized in 1855.
+ Washington Township covers an area of and contains two incorporated settlements: Elwood and Wathena. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Belmont and Tambor.
+ The streams of Duncan Creek and Peters Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Ben Egan = = =
+
+ Arthur Augustus "Ben" Egan (November 20, 1883 – February 18, 1968) was an American professional baseball catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics and Cleveland Indians from 1908 to 1915. He was later a coach for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1925 and the Chicago White Sox in 1926.
+
+= = = List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches = = =
+
+ The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional American football franchise based in Jacksonville, Florida. They are members of the South Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The team, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as expansion teams in 1995. Jacksonville, along with the Houston Texans, have never played in a Super Bowl or any other NFL Championship, but has made 2 appearances in AFC Championship games against the New England Patriots after the 1996 season and the Tennessee Titans after the 1999 season, both under Tom Coughlin.
+ The Jaguars have had five head coaches since their inaugural 1995 season, including one interim coach. Tom Coughlin and Jack Del Rio each won 68 games while coaching the Jaguars, and Coughlin is the most successful in terms of winning percentage, winning 53.1% of his games in charge. Del Rio coached the team from 2003 to 2011, recording a winning percentage of 48.9% from 139 regular season games. He was hired on January 16, 2003 and fired on November 29, 2011. He was replaced on an interim basis with Mel Tucker.
+ In 2012 Mike Mularkey was hired as head coach. His team was hit by several key injuries throughout the season and managed going on 2–14, the worst record in franchise history. As a result, the new owner Shahid Khan decided he wanted new leadership and fired the General Manager (GM), Gene Smith. The new GM, Dave Caldwell, decided to fire Mike Mularkey and hired Gus Bradley to become the new head coach.
+ "Note: Statistics are correct the end of the 2018 NFL season."
+
+= = = Wayne Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Wayne Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 226.
+ Wayne Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Doniphan.
+ The stream of Rock Creek runs through this township. It is also drained by Independence and Brush Creeks.
+ Wayne Township was organized on September 1, 1855. It was named for General Anthony Wayne.
+
+= = = Wolf River Township, Doniphan County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Wolf River Township is a township in Doniphan County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 439.
+ Wolf River Township was organized in 1855.
+ Wolf River Township covers an area of and contains two incorporated settlements: Leona and Severance. According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Bitner, Burl, Oak Hill and Wolf River.
+ The streams of Charlie Creek, Cold Ryan Branch, Halling Creek, Kenney Creek, Nelson Creek, Rittenhouse Branch, Springs Branch and Squaw Creek run through this township.
+ Wolf River Township contains one airport or landing strip, Rush Airport.
+
+= = = Clinton Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Clinton Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 531. It took its name from Clinton, Illinois.
+ Clinton Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Clinton.
+ The stream of Elk Creek runs through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+
+= = = 1997 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 1997 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League Pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1997 Premiership Season began. It culminated in the final in March 1997.
+ 1. Carlton
+ 2. Geelong
+ 3. North Melbourne
+ 4. St Kilda
+ 5. Brisbane
+ 6. Adelaide
+ 7. Fremantle
+ 8. Richmond
+ 9. Sydney
+ 10. Western Bulldogs
+ 11. Hawthorn
+ 12. Melbourne
+ 13. Collingwood
+ 14. Essendon
+ 15. West Coast
+ 16. Port Adelaide
+
+= = = Digital recorder = = =
+
+ Digital recorder may refer to:
+
+= = = Eudora Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Eudora Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 6,724.
+ Eudora Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Eudora. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Day and Eudora. A third cemetery, located on the edge of the City of Eudora city limits, but actually in Eudora Township, not Eudora proper, is the Jewish Cemetery, Beni Israel Cemetery.
+ The streams of Captain Creek, Coleman Creek, Little Wakarusa Creek, Spring Creek and Wakarusa River run through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+ Eudora Township contains one airport or landing strip, Gage Farm Airport.
+
+= = = Grant Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Grant Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 442.
+ Grant Township was annexed from the extreme southern portion of Sarcoxie Township in Jefferson County in 1872. The largest town was called Jefferson until it was renamed North Lawrence in 1870.
+ Grant Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Maple Grove.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+
+= = = Monomial group = = =
+
+ In mathematics, in the area of algebra studying the character theory of finite groups, an M-group or monomial group is a finite group whose complex irreducible characters are all monomial, that is, induced from characters of degree 1 .
+ In this section only finite groups are considered. A monomial group is solvable by , presented in textbook in and . Every supersolvable group and every solvable A-group is a monomial group. Factor groups of monomial groups are monomial, but subgroups need not be, since every finite solvable group can be embedded in a monomial group, as shown by and in textbook form in .
+ The Symmetric group formula_1 is an example of a monomial group which is neither supersolvable nor a A-group.
+
+= = = Rohan: Blood Feud = = =
+
+ Rohan: Blood Feud (an English-speaking version of the recently released Rohan Online) is a free-to-play massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). One week of closed beta testing in America started from March 17, 2008 by publisher YNK Interactive. It ended its one week of closed beta testing. Second round of closed beta testing ran from April 3, 2008 to April 9, 2008, the open beta was launched May 28, 2008. There are other versions of Rohan Online in Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, and Philippines as well.
+ In the beginning God created the world in seven days. Edoneh was born from the solitude of fortitude. As stated earlier god created the earth in seven days, but the great god gave it to Ian as a gift, Ian in turn gave birth to the five minor gods: Roha, Gale, Marea, Flox, and Silva.
+ Ian set his creations, known by scholars as "The Lesser/Lower Gods" down on the earth and each of these gods in turn created a race for this new world. Roha created the Humans, Gale created the Giants, Marea the Elves, Flox created Dökkálfar and Dark Elves, and Silva the Halflings. The Lesser Gods placed their creations on separate regions of Rohan, but Ohn felt this task was too important to be left in the hands of the Lesser Gods, so Ohn created Dragons to divide and patrol the regions.
+ Peace insured in this early time, but like in all things, everything good must come to an end. In the Human Kingdom, Claut Del Lagos (believed by many scholars to be the world's first Dhan) assassinates his older brother, Penkel Del Lagos (king at that time), and usurps power. Thirteen long years later, the late king's son, Selio Del Lagos, forms a rebellion and ends Claut's regimen. Claut and his followers flee to an island in the northern reaches of Rohan and settle there, and called themselves as Dhans.
+ The Elf Queen calls for a gathering of the races, but only the Humans and Halflings show up. The Giants and Dark Elves have formed a secret alliance in order to cleanse Rohan of the Humans and Elves. When the Humans, Halflings, and Elves counter this by allying themselves, the Giants extend their hands to the Half Elves. The Dhan and Dekan, having already lost many in their ten-year war remain neutral as this new war unfolds, but their land is now being threatened by monsters from all sides.
+ The story progresses and determined by the outcome of in-game events dubbed as Story Arc event. Successful events rewards players with experience or drop modifiers, depending on the GM.
+ Rohan: Blood Feud is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game that allows players to play with another character within the game world, explore lands, kill monsters, engage in quests, perform magic, adopt a pet, buy a mount, and interact with NPCs and other players. The game includes a player-versus-players system, including a "Vengeance" system. Players can also participate in in-game groups called "Guilds", which have the opportunity to control areas within the game, dictating rules such as taxes, or battle other guilds.
+ In crafting, a player receives certain materials after extracting them from vegetation, minerals, or gemstones. There are four parts to crafting: Gathering, producing, upgrading and extracting.
+ Players may spend some time in the Fishing Hole, and select a spot to go fishing. There are a variety of fishes that are labeled as: very common (Minnow), common (Eel, Catfish, Carp, and Goldfish), rare (Salmon, and Mullet), unique (Sweet fish), and ancient (Rainbow Trout). Each fish gives a reward, depending on its type.
+ Players can make rare, unique or ancient weapons through the process of forging. A rare weapon can be forged by combining two general weapons, and a unique weapon can be forged by combining two rare weapons. When combining weapons, a roulette determines whether the combination is successful or a failure.
+ Monsters are positioned in all regions of the Rohan Continent. Gamers must engage in combat utilizing exclusive skills and assorted tactics when encountering a monster. Both the keyboard and mouse can be used when battling in R.O.H.A.N.: Blood Feud.
+ Players may also undertake the Tutorial mode of R.O.H.A.N.: Blood Feud. Completing the tutorial rewards the player with items and information.
+ Party play in R.O.H.A.N.: Blood Feud allows up to six members in a party. Parties are no longer recommended to execute demanding quests and instead hunt high-level monsters over and over in order to level.
+ Pets in the game aid players in battle by boosting abilities. Pets can level up after being fed a certain amount, this will boost the specific pets abilities. A pet can die in Rohan due to negligence and can be revived by a revival ticket.
+ Each race has a unique mount which can only be used by that race. Mounts are purchasable in the Home-town of each race. Mounts are used to help players travel the vast world of Rohan much more quickly. To use a mount simply double click it's icon in your inventory. A mount is protected from the item drop penalty - meaning you will never drop a mount upon death.
+
+= = = Kanwaka Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Kanwaka Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,317. The name is a portmanteau of the Kansas River and Wakarusa River.
+ Kanwaka Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ The streams of Coon Creek, Deer Creek and Dry Creek run through this township.
+ The township contains two cemeteries, Mound and Stull.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+
+= = = Lecompton Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Lecompton Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,761.
+ Lecompton Township was formed in about 1858. It was named for the town of Lecompton which was the territorial capital of Kansas from 185561.
+ Lecompton Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Lecompton. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Big Springs and Lecompton.
+ The streams of Coon Creek, Oakley Creek and Spring Creek run through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+
+= = = Marion Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Marion Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 836. It was named after the former town of Marion which in turn was named after Francis Marion.
+ Marion Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Appanoose, Colyer, Dodder, Rock Creek and Twin Mound.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+
+= = = Aseem Pereira = = =
+
+ Aseem Pereira (born 24 August 1960) is a Brazilian artist. He migrated to Australia in 1990 where he studied Visual Arts at the Sydney College of the Arts.
+ Pereira was a glass artist in his early years. His work was published twice in "New Glass Review" by the Corning Museum of Glass, and he was recipient of The Jaguar Designers of the Year (Glass category). His work has included weaving recycled materials.
+ Pereira's work has appeared in exhibitions and private collections in several countries. He participated in juried exhibitions in the visual arts domain in Australia, namely ‘Sculpture by the Sea’ in 2001, the ‘City of Hobart Art Prize’ in 2007, the 'Wynne Prize' 2007, and the Helen Lempriere National Sculpture Award 2008,
+
+= = = Bluebottle Stew = = =
+
+ "Bluebottle Stew" is the third single by Irish band Tír na nÓg. It was released in 1972 by Chrysalis Records and distributed by Festival in Australia and New Zealand on 7" vinyl with "Come and See the Show" as its B-side.
+
+= = = Palmyra Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Palmyra Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 5,760. It was named after a small trail stop on the Santa Fe Trail that was later absorbed into Baldwin City. When it was first established in 1855, it was called Calhoun, until 1858.
+ Palmyra Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Baldwin City. According to the USGS, it contains six cemeteries: Baldwin City, Brumbaugh, Oakwood, Old Black Jack, Prairie City and Vinland.
+ The stream of Wymore Creek runs through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+ Palmyra Township contains one airport or landing strip, Vinland Valley Aerodrome.
+
+= = = 1998 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 1998 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1998 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1998. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins.
+
+= = = Wakarusa Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Wakarusa Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,318. It was named for the Wakarusa River which flows through Douglas County from Wabaunsee County to the Kansas River near Eudora.
+ Wakarusa Township covers an area of surrounding the county seat of Lawrence. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Richland.
+ Lake View Lake is within this township. The streams of Baldwin Creek, Burroughs Creek, Coal Creek, Washington Creek and Yankee Tank Creek run through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county. The city of Lawrence is considered "governmentally independent" and is not included on this list.
+ Wakarusa Township is served directly by one interstate highway, one state highway and one national highway:
+ Wakarusa Township is served with direct routes to one interstate highway, two national highways and one state highway:
+
+= = = Gutierrezia californica = = =
+
+ Gutierrezia californica is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names San Joaquin snakeweed and California matchweed. It is native to California and Arizona in the United States and Baja California in Mexico. It grows in sunny sandy or rocky areas in grasslands, scrub, or open woodlands.
+ This is a small subshrub reaching up to about half a meter (20 inches) in height. It grows clumpy or gangly and generally erect stems in shades of gray and red which are lined with small linear green leaves.
+ At the end of each branch of the stem is an inflorescence of one to three small flower heads just a few millimeters wide. The head contains several yellow disc florets with long, protruding styles and several yellow ray florets around the edge.
+
+= = = Willow Springs Township, Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Willow Springs Township is a township in Douglas County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,409. Willow Springs Township was formed in 1856. It was named after a small watering stop along the Santa Fe Trail.
+ Willow Springs Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Bethel, Flory, Sutton and Worden.
+ The stream of Chicken Creek runs through this township.
+ Although these towns may not be incorporated or populated, they are still placed on maps produced by the county.
+ Willow Springs Township contains one airport or landing strip, Flory Airport.
+
+= = = 1999 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 1999 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League Pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 1999 Premiership Season began. It culminated the Final in March 1999.
+ 1. Hawthorn
+ 2. Port Adelaide
+ 3. Western Bulldogs
+ 4. St. Kilda
+ 5. Kangaroos
+ 6. Brisbane
+ 7. Richmond
+ 8. Sydney
+ 9. Collingwood
+ 10. Essendon
+ 11. Melbourne
+ 12. West Coast
+ 13. Adelaide
+ 14. Fremantle
+ 15. Geelong
+ 16. Carlton
+
+= = = 2000 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 2000 AFL Ansett Australia Cup was the Australian Football League pre-season Cup competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 2000 Premiership Season began.
+ Unlike most pre-season cup competitions that start in February, the 2000 Cup started on 31 December 1999 with a one-off "Match of the Millennium" between Carlton and Collingwood Football Club, most notable for the competition record 12 goals by Brendan Fevola. The competition culminated with the Grand Final in February 2000 between Essendon, the eventual 2000 AFL Premiers, and the Kangaroos, the reigning 1999 AFL Premiers. Essendon's undefeated run through the pre-season was a precursor to their dominance in the premiership season, in which they only lost one match. The final was held in February, rather than March as per most other pre-seasons, due to the season being played earlier in the year so that the finals would not clash with the 2000 Summer Olympics to be held in Sydney in late September.
+
+= = = American Raspberry (film) = = =
+
+ American Raspberry (also known as Prime Time and Funny America) is a 1977 parody film that lampoons various films of the 1970s, much like "The Groove Tube", "Tunnel Vision", "The Kentucky Fried Movie" and "Amazon Women on the Moon". It was filmed for Warner Brothers with a budget $30,000 (a copyright to Warners can be seen in the title card for the "Prime Time" version), but was rejected as being unreleasable. Cannon Pictures later acted as distributor during a brief showing in theaters in 1980.
+ "American Raspberry" tells the story of what happens when some strange unknown sources takes over the air waves and replaces the normal programs with rude, crude, and politically incorrect programming and commercials. The President of the United States (George Furth) demands that something be done about the distasteful programming.
+
+= = = 2001 Ansett Australia Cup = = =
+
+ The 2001 Ansett Australia Cup was contested by all sixteen clubs of the Australian Football League prior to the beginning of the AFLs 2001 season. It ran for five weeks in February and March 2001. The competition took a round-robin format to provide all teams with at least 3 practice games to prepare for the 2001 regular season, with all clubs divided into four groups of four, and the group winners qualifying for the knockout semi finals. Group A comprised the defending premiers , , and . Group B featured , , and . Group C featured , , and while finally Group D comprised , , and .
+ In the group stages, the , , and finished top of their respective groups and qualified for the semi finals. won Group A with 3 wins out of 3, qualifying ahead of and . The win over that secured a place in the semi finals was marred however by a serious broken leg suffered by key ruckman Brendon Lade. In Group B, won their place in the semi finals after a 28-point win in the final group game against . Group C was won by after they defeated by 13 points in the deciding game of the group. Group D was secured by after a 100-point thumping of meant they qualified ahead of on percentage.
+ In the knockout semi finals, and beat and respectively to qualify for the Grand Final. trailed at 3/4 time but kicked the first 5 goals of the final term to secure a 16-point victory in front of their own fans at Football Park. In the other semi final at Colonial Stadium, the kicked the final 4 goals of the game against to win by 15 points. The win by was significant as it broke a finals hoodoo in Melbourne, and set up the first grand final between two Non Victorian/Interstate teams in VFL/AFL history.
+
+= = = Hawai‘i County Police Department = = =
+
+ The Hawai'i County Police Department provides police services for the island of Hawai'i, known locally as the "Big Island". According to the 2010 Census, it covers of varied terrain with 185,079 residents and thousands of visitors.
+ The chief of police is Paul Ferreira. For police purposes the island is divided into two areas: Area I, east Hawaii, which includes the districts of Hāmakua, North Hilo, South Hilo and Puna, with total area of ; and Area II, west Hawaii, which includes North Kohala, South Kohala, North Kona, South Kona, and Ka'ū, an area of . Each district is headed by a police captain, and each area by a commander.
+ As with the Honolulu Police Department, Hawaii County Police has a fleet of marked police cars as well as subsidized police cars, meaning they allow officers to use their personally owned vehicles as police cars.
+ Department subsidized vehicles are made distinguishable as on duty police vehicles by the addition of a removable blue strobe beacon light strapped to the roof of the vehicle. This has prompted controversy within the local community as many residents and police officers would prefer to have dedicated and fully marked fleet of police vehicles. However, the County believes this would be a cost prohibitive expense to take on all at one time and believes it would be financially prudent to continue subsidizing the police officers with a stipend to pay for a police vehicle. Many police officers view this as an additional incentive or benefit of the job. In a recent effort to promote higher visibility, the department increased the stipend by an additional $50/month if the vehicle the officer uses in their daily police use is white in color. Police departments on the islands of Kauai & Maui who also at one time had a similar program for subsidizing police vehicles have mostly stopped using the subsidized program and their fleets are now fully marked. The Kauai Police Dept. does have a few subsidized vehicles as of 2014.
+
+= = = Erich Leo Lehmann = = =
+
+ Erich Leo Lehmann (20 November 1917 – 12 September 2009) was an American statistician, who made a major contribution to nonparametric hypothesis testing. He is one of the eponyms of the Lehmann–Scheffé theorem and of the Hodges–Lehmann estimator of the median of a population.
+ Lehmann was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine in 1917 to a family of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. He grew up in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, until the Machtergreifung in 1933 his family fled to Switzerland to escape the Nazis. He graduated from high school in Zurich, and studied mathematics for two years at Trinity College, Cambridge. Following that, he emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York in late 1940. He enrolled in University of California, Berkeley as a post-graduate student—albeit without a prior degree—in 1941.
+ Lehmann obtained his MA in mathematics in 1942 and his PhD (under Jerzy Neyman) in 1946, at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught from 1942. From August 1944 to August 1945 he worked as an operations analyst for the United States Air Force on Guam. He taught at Columbia University and at Princeton University during 1950–51, and then during 1951–1952 he was a visiting associate professor at Stanford University.
+ He was an editor of "The Annals of Mathematical Statistics" and president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Science.
+ In 1977 he married another statistician, Juliet Popper Shaffer, whom he had met four years earlier as the sponsor to her sabbatical visit to Berkeley. In the same year, Shaffer moved from being a psychology professor at the University of Kansas to a lecturer position in statistics at Berkeley.
+ In 1997, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, the department of statistics at the University of California at Berkeley created the Erich Lehmann Fund in Statistics to support the students of the department.
+
+= = = 2002 Wizard Home Loans Cup = = =
+
+ The 2002 Wizard Home Loans Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 2002 Premiership Season began. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins. Teams were split into 4 groups, each comprising 4 teams. Each team would play the other three teams in its group once, with the winners of the four groups advancing to the semi finals. Port Adelaide won their second pre-season cup defeating Richmond in the final.
+! Group 1
+! Group 2
+! Group 3
+! Group 4
+
+= = = The Promised Land (novel) = = =
+
+ The Promised Land (, ) is an 1899 novel by the Polish author and Nobel laureate, Władysław Reymont; first published in Warsaw. It is considered one of his most important works after "The Peasants". The novel "The Promised Land" was originally published as installments in the industrial city of Łódź by the daily "Kurier Codzienny" from 1897 to 1898.
+ Set in Łódź, "The Promised Land" tells the story of three close friends and ruthless young industrialists: a Pole, a German and a Jew, struggling to build their own factory in the heartless world of the late 19th century labour exploitation. Reymont's novel vividly paints a portrait of the rapid industrialization of Łódź and its cruel effects on workers and mill owners. Reymont writes: "For that 'promised land' – for that tumor – villages were deserted, forests died out, the land was depleted of its treasures, the rivers dried up, people were born. And it sucked everything into itself. And in its powerful jaws it crushed and chewed up people and things, sky and earth, in return giving useless millions to a handful of people, and hunger and hardship to the whole throng". It was translated into English by Michael Henry Dziewicki in 1927.
+ Karol Borowiecki, a Polish nobleman, is the managing engineer at the Bucholz textile factory. With the help of his friends Max Baum, a German who is the heir to an old handloom factory, and Moritz Welt, an independent Jewish businessman, they embark on setting up their own brand new textile plant.
+ Borowiecki's affair with Lucy Zucker, the wife of another textile magnate, gives him advance notice of a change in cotton tariffs and helps Welt to make a killing on the Hamburg futures market. However, more money has to be found so all three characters cast aside their pride to raise the necessary capital.
+ On the day of the factory opening, Borowiecki has to deny his affair with Zucker's wife to a jealous husband. But while Borowiecki accompanies Lucy on her exile to Berlin, there is a fire in the factory, which leaves Borowiecki bankrupt. The same night his father dies. Subsequently, Borowiecki decides to break up with Anka and marry Mada Mueller the daughter of a wealthy German industrialist.
+
+= = = 2003 Wizard Home Loans Cup = = =
+
+ The 2003 Wizard Home Loans Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 2003 Premiership Season began. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins. The final was won by Adelaide for the first time in its history, defeating Collingwood by 31 points
+ The AFL introduced a range of innovations for this pre-season competition, the Wizard Home Loans Cup, to make the game faster and more exciting. Five new rules changes were trialled in the competition, which in itself resorts back to a knock-out format after three years as a round-robin series. In the most notable innovation, players were awarded nine points for goals kicked outside the 50-metre arc in a move designed to bring the game’s longer kickers into play. The player must have his back foot on or beyond the 50m arc if kicking on the run and the player on the mark must be on or beyond the 50m arc if the kicker is taking a set shot. The ball can still bounce through for a goal. With a running shot at goal, the ball must leave the player’s back foot planted on or outside the 50m line.
+ The other rules trialled included:
+ In other changes, the field umpires wore orange shirts and black shorts instead of the traditional white, while goal umpires waved different coloured flags for the different scores. The new rules were used in conjunction with those incorporated last year: an expanded interchange bench, and the ball to be bounced only for the start of the match, and then thrown up.
+
+= = = 2004 Wizard Home Loans Cup = = =
+
+ The 2004 Wizard Home Loans Cup was the Australian Football League competition played in its entirety before the Australian Football League's 2004 Premiership Season began. The AFL National Cup is also sometimes referred to as the pre-season cup because it is played in its entirety before the Premiership Season begins.
+ 1. St Kilda
+ 2. Geelong
+ 3. Melbourne
+ 4. Essendon
+ 5. Brisbane
+ 6. West Coast
+ 7. Carlton
+ 8. Richmond
+ 9. Fremantle
+ 10. Adelaide
+ 11. North Melbourne
+ 12. Western Bulldogs
+ 13. Port Adelaide
+ 14. Hawthorn
+ 15. Sydney
+ 16. Collingwood
+
+= = = Beyond the Sunset = = =
+
+ Beyond the Sunset (飛越黃昏) is a 1989 film by Hong Kong director Jacob Cheung.
+ It won Best Film, Best Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress at the 9th Hong Kong Film Awards.
+
+= = = Corin Hewitt = = =
+
+ Corin Hewitt (born 1971) is an American artist. His work has been shown widely in the U.S. as well as Europe. He has had several US solo museum exhibitions including at the Whitney Museum of American Art, Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland and The Seattle Art Museum. Hewitt has been awarded a Joan Mitchell Foundation Grant, a Guggenheim Fellowship, and the Rome Prize. He is an Associate Professor of Sculpture and Extended Media at Virginia Commonwealth University.
+ Hewitt received a BA from Oberlin College and an MFA from Milton Avery School of Art at Bard College. He is an Associate Professor of Sculpture and Extended Media at Virginia Commonwealth University.
+
+= = = Champion Versions = = =
+
+ Champion Versions is the debut EP by The Beta Band, originally released in 1997 on 12" vinyl only. The EP consists of songs featured on the original demo tape the band had sent to Phil Brown, an A&R rep for EMI, which landed the group a record deal with Regal Records. It was later included in its entirety on the 1998 compilation "The Three E.P.'s", along with "The Patty Patty Sound" and "Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos". It is the only Beta Band recording to feature founding members Gordon Anderson and Steve Duffield, who both left shortly before its release.
+ Champion Versions, along with the other two original E.P.s from The Beta Band, long out of print on vinyl, were re-issued as part of Record Store Day 2013.
+ The cover of the EP references the design of King Tubby's "The Roots of Dub" LP, whilst the images are lifted from a box of Clac-Doigt-brand miniature fireworks.
+ "Dry the Rain" ranked at number 57 in Pitchfork Media's list of the Top 200 Songs of the 1990s.
+ Side A:
+ Side B:
+
+= = = Groden = = =
+
+ Groden may refer to:
+
+= = = Lists of oldest cricketers = = =
+
+ This is a set of lists of the oldest Test and first-class cricketers.
+ Note: Twenty-four first-class cricketers are known to have attained centenarian status ("see relevant section below"). John Manners, who represented Hampshire and Combined Services amongst others, appears to be the oldest living, born 25 September 1914, thus aged .
+ Source:
+ Note: The above lists include players who have played Test cricket within the past 18 months and have not formally announced their retirement.
+ "See also Oldest living Test cricketers above."
+ Source:
+ Note: John Traicos debuted for Zimbabwe at the age of , but had already played three Tests for South Africa 22 years prior.
+ Note: The oldest debutant, James Southerton, was also the first Test cricketer to die (on 16 June 1880). Miran Bakhsh was known as Miran Bux during his playing career.
+ The longest-lived first-class cricketer is believed to have been John Manners. "See also Longest-lived first-class cricketers below."
+ Source:
+ Note: The Test career of Wilfred Rhodes spanned a record 30 years, 315 days. England's youngest Test cricketer and another Yorkshireman, Brian Close (born 24 February 1931), lies second in this regard. He made his debut against New Zealand in 1949 and was recalled, after an absence of almost nine years, to oppose West Indies in 1976 (his career lasting 26 years, 356 days).
+ Source:
+ This list includes all those first-class players who are known to have lived to 100.
+ Note: Although born in New South Wales, Australia, Syd Ward and John Wheatley appear to have been raised in New Zealand. George Harman, who acquired two Rugby Union caps for Ireland, died in Cornwall. Charles Braithwaite was born in England. Fred Gibson moved to England in 1944. Neil McCorkell was born in England, but lived in South Africa from 1951. The prominent Antiguan cricketer, Sir Sydney Walling, who died aged 102 years, 88 days in October 2009, never appeared in matches accorded first-class status.
+ The oldest person, and only septuagenarian, to play first-class cricket was Raja Maharaj Singh, aged 72, his sole appearance being for the Bombay Governor's XI against a Commonwealth XI in November 1950.
+ England women's cricketer Eileen Whelan (born 30 October 1911) was the first female Test cricketer to attain centenarian status; she is currently aged . Thelma McKenzie (Australia, born 6 April 1915) was the second to achieve this landmark; she is currently aged .
+ The first One-Day International took place on 5 January 1971 when Australia played England.
+ The first Twenty20 International took place on 17 February 2005 when Australia played New Zealand. The oldest living T20I cricketers are:
+
+= = = Alternating Currents (album) = = =
+
+ Alternating Currents is the ninth album by jazz fusion group Spyro Gyra, released in 1985. At "Billboard" magazine, it reached No. 66 on the Top 200 Albums chart, No. 41 on the R&B Albums chart, and No. 3 on the Jazz Albums chart.
+
+= = = Daylight Speedliner = = =
+
+ The Daylight Speedliner was an American named passenger train of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) in the 1950s and early 1960s. Equipped with three or four streamlined, self-propelled Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs) coupled together, it initially operated between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, via Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington, D. C., as Trains #21–22.
+ The B&O had been using RDCs in local Baltimore–Washington, D.C., commuter service since 1950. Pleased with their reliability and lower operating costs compared to heavyweight passenger trains drawn by steam locomotives, the B&O decided in 1955 to replace its money-losing "Washingtonian" steam train with RDCs, ordering four RDC-1s with reclining coach seats and two RDC-2s with baggage compartments. The RDC-equipped "Daylight Speedliner" entered service on October 28, 1956, and reduced the railroad's operating expenses by almost half, compared to the "Washingtonian" train it replaced.
+ After B&O discontinued passenger service north of Baltimore on April 26, 1958, the "Daylight Speedliner" operated between Baltimore and Pittsburgh, covering the route on a seven-hour schedule, until its discontinuation on January 21, 1963.
+ In 1961, the westbound "Daylight Speedliner", operating as B&O's Train # 21, departed Baltimore at 9:00 a.m. and then Washington, D.C., at 10:00 a.m., arriving in Pittsburgh at 4:20 p.m. on the following schedule (principal stops shown in blue):
+ Unusual for RDCs, the lead RDC-2 car was configured by B&O as a combination dining car/baggage car/coach "(pictured)" offering full meal service, with the addition of a kitchen and six tables, listed in B&O's 1961 time table as a "refreshment diner". Two of these unique cars were built for the service; both survive today. One is on display at the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Md; the other is at the Danbury Railway Museum in Danbury, Conn.
+
+= = = Single-wavelength anomalous dispersion = = =
+
+ Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the structure of proteins or other biological macromolecules by allowing the solution of the phase problem. In contrast to multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction, SAD uses a single dataset at a single appropriate wavelength. One advantage of the technique is the minimization of time spent in the beam by the crystal, thus reducing potential radiation damage to the molecule while collecting data. SAD is sometimes called "single-wavelength anomalous dispersion", but no dispersive differences are used in this technique since the data are collected at a single wavelength.
+ Two methods for providing the needed phasing information by introducing heavy atoms into isomorphous crystals:
+
+= = = Michele Hicks = = =
+
+ Michele Hicks (born June 4, 1973) is an American screen actress and former fashion model who has worked in both film and television. Her television appearances include "", "", "", "Cold Case", "The Shield" and "Heist". She also appeared in the music video for the song "Letting the Cables Sleep" by Bush.
+ In July 2008, Hicks married British actor Jonny Lee Miller in Malibu, California. They have one son, Buster Timothy Miller.
+
+= = = Christopher Levett = = =
+
+ Capt. Christopher Levett (15 April 1586 – 1630) was an English writer, explorer and naval captain, born at York, England. He explored the coast of New England and secured a grant from the King to settle present-day Portland, Maine, the first European to do so. Levett left behind a group of settlers at his Maine plantation in Casco Bay, but they were never heard from again. Their fate is unknown. As a member of the Plymouth Council for New England, Levett was named the Governor of Plymouth in 1623 and a close adviser to Capt. Robert Gorges in his attempt to found an early English colony at Weymouth, Massachusetts, which also failed. Levett was also named an early governor of Virginia in 1628, according to Parliamentary records at Whitehall.
+ Levett was the son of Elizabeth and Percival Levett, a York merchant and innkeeper, and was admitted a freeman of York as a merchant himself. Levett was also admitted to the Company of Merchant Adventurers in the City of York, along with his brother Percival. There is evidence that the English attempts to colonise North America caught Levett's interest even while a York merchant. Rev. Alexander Whitaker, an early Anglican minister and English immigrant to the Virginia Colony made note in his will of 1610 that he owed a debt of some £5 to "Christopher Levite, a linen draper of the city of York."
+ Perhaps Levett's contact with Whitaker and other Englishmen stoked his zeal to become an explorer. Levett apparently grew restless, and instead turned his sights towards a career as an explorer. He served as His Majesty's Woodward of Somersetshire to King James I, and wrote a tract on timber harvesting that became the standard for selection of trees for the Royal Navy.
+ Later, operating from his adopted home in Sherborne, Dorset, in the shadow of Sir Walter Raleigh and other adventurers, Levett became interested in the colonisation of New England. Levett became associated with Sir Ferdinando Gorges and was appointed to the Council for New England. He was granted of land by King James I of England for a settlement in present-day Maine, which Levett proposed to call "York" after his birth city.
+ On 5 May 1623, records for the Council on New England say, "Christopher Levett to be a principal patentee; and to have a grant of of land." The next month, on 26 June 1623, the records note "the King judges well of the undertaking in New England, and more particularly of a design of Christopher Levett, one of the Council for settling that plantation, to build a city and call it York." The King proclaimed that Anglican churches across England should take up collections to add Levett in his settlement attempts.
+ Levett was helped with his settlement ambitions, according to some historians, thanks to a deepening friendship with George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, the favoured courtier who acted as advocate for the young Yorkshireman. Levett's alliance to a powerful patron probably accounted for Levett's move to Sherborne and his appointment in the Royal forest in Somersetshire, putting him closer to Gorges and other early adventurers.
+ On 26 June 1623, Secretary of State Lord Conway wrote to Lord Scrope, President of the Council of the North, urging him to assist Levett in his plan to settle a plantation in New England with a company of Yorkshiremen and found "a Citty and call it by the name of Yorke." Noted the historian Charles Herbert Levermore: "So the first New York that was planned for America was to be located in Portland harbor."
+ Oblivious to the high-flying spiritual message of early Puritan founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, his partner John Mason and other merchant adventurers zeroed in on profit. From what we know of Levett, he seems more nuanced: his dealings with Native Americans seem solicitous, especially given the era, and his first wife was the daughter of a prominent Puritan rector.
+ Nevertheless, either out of an explorer's zeal or a businessman's gimlet eye, Levett forged ahead. To further his plans, the Naval captain embarked from England on a trip to explore the coast of New England, paying particular attention to present-day Maine and New Hampshire.
+ When he returned to England, he wrote a book called "A Voyage into New England, Begun in 1623, and Ended in 1624, Performed by Christopher Levett, His Majesty's Woodward of Somersetshire, and One of the Council of New England." It was Levett's hope to stir settlement in the New World, and he hoped as the principal patentee (and first settler) of present-day Portland, Maine, to benefit financially from the arrangement.
+ On the surface, Capt. Levett seemed ideally placed to push such settlement. "When "A Description of New England" was published in London in 1616," write Charles and Samuella Shain of Capt. John Smith's book, "it was only a question of time before another enterprising spirit would arrive who would realize Captain John Smith's plans for founding a permanent settlement on the Maine coast... Better placed socially and therefore politically than John Smith, Levett was also richer."
+ Levett apparently had his eye on New England's thriving fisheries, which English merchants had exploited for years. The naval captain reported to Gorges that with the region's best fishing in the winter months, settling a permanent colony would enable the merchant adventurers to double their profits, by enabling the ships to fish yearround.
+ But despite his better connections, the tide of history was not in his favour. His salesmanship fell short. Public interest waned, as new settlements in Virginia and elsewhere took center stage. King Charles I's growing problems ate away at interest in colonisation. The King's appeal for money in Yorkshire parishes to support the Levett scheme never yielded much. The gathering storm of Roundhead rebellion put Levett's benefactors under strain.
+ In the meantime Levett was assigned to more pressing matters in England. On 5 October 1625, Capt. Levett was at the helm of HMS "Susan and Ellen" as part of Lord Wimbledon's fleet of 80 English and 16 Dutch vessels sailing against the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. The expedition, mounted by King Charles I who pressured his subjects to fund it, was an abject failure, and the fleet returned to England in disgrace. Levett later complained bitterly of the experience, claiming that even as a Royal Navy captain, he'd been treated "no better than a meare slave" by those in charge.
+ Levett never returned to Maine, and the small group of men he left behind in a stone house were never heard from again. Levett's patented lands eventually passed to a group of Plymouth merchants as Levett's attention was diverted to more pressing Naval matters. Eventually Levett returned to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, where he met with Governor John Winthrop in 1630, and he died aboard the return voyage home. The body of the early adventurer was buried at sea, and his wife was forced to appear at a Bristol court the following year to recover his effects.
+ Fort Levett on Cushing Island, Maine in Portland Harbor is named for this early explorer. Present-day York County, Maine, derives its name from Capt. Levett's early appellation for his Maine settlement.
+ Even in death, Capt. Levett could not avoid the controversies roiling the age. Letters he carried aboard the vessel" Porcupine", addressed by John Winthrop and other leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to sympathetic friends in England, fell into the hands of Puritan foes in England, apparently after Levett's possessions were searched after his death. The letters stirred up some measure of controversy in England for the unfavorable stance the writers took toward the English church.
+ Capt. Levett had six children, four by his first wife Mercy More, who was the daughter of Rev. Robert More, a Puritan rector in Guiseley, Yorkshire. He married a second time to Frances Lottisham, daughter of Oliver Lottisham of Somersetshire, and by her he had another two children. A son, Jeremiah (Jeremy), graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and became the rector of Leyton, Essex. His daughter Sarah married the Right Rev. Robert Hitch, Rector of Normanton, West Yorkshire and later Dean of York.
+
+= = = Hurricane Fox (1952) = = =
+
+ Hurricane Fox was the strongest and deadliest tropical cyclone of the below average 1952 Atlantic hurricane season. The seventh tropical storm, sixth Atlantic hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the season, Fox was a small and intense Caribbean storm that developed northwest of Cartagena, Colombia, in the southern Caribbean Sea. It moved steadily northwest, intensifying to a tropical storm on October 21. The next day, it rapidly strengthened into a hurricane and turned north. The cyclone attained peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) as it struck Cayo Guano del Este off the coast of Cienfuegos. Fox made landfall on Cuba at maximum intensity, producing peak gusts of 170–180 mph (275–290 km/h). It weakened over land, but it re-strengthened as it turned east over the Bahamas. On October 26, it weakened and took an erratic path, dissipating west-southwest of Bermuda on October 28.
+ Hurricane Fox was the second most intense hurricane to strike Cuba until Hurricane Michelle in the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. It was originally believed to have been the second Category 4 hurricane in Cuba prior to the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis. At the time, the cyclone produced the fourth lowest pressure in a landfalling Cuban hurricane; only the 1917, 1924, and 1932 hurricanes were more intense. Hurricane Irma would later join that list in 2017. Hurricane Fox killed 600 people across the island, causing severe crop damages in rural areas. The hurricane also ruined 30 percent of the tomato crops on Eleuthera in the Bahamas. Across the archipelago, Fox produced wind gusts in excess of 110 mph (175 km/h). Total damages reached $10 million in Cuba. Fox was the second hurricane to land during the season, after Hurricane Able struck South Carolina.
+ On October 20, a tropical depression formed in the Caribbean Sea, 170 miles (270 km) northwest of Cartagena, Colombia. Fox is believed to have developed from a low pressure area in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, though it was not operationally detected until October 21. The system steadily advanced northwest and it gradually intensified. On October 21, a reconnaissance mission flew into the system, reporting sustained winds in excess of 40 mph (65 km/h). At the time, the system is estimated to have strengthened to Tropical Storm Fox. The cyclone continued to deepen, and it reached the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, 120 miles (200 km) southeast of the Swan Islands, Honduras. The hurricane rapidly intensified and turned north on October 23, strengthening to attain winds which correspond to a modern-day major hurricane, a storm of Category 3 status or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Late on October 24, the cyclone struck the small island of Cayo Guano del Estes in the Archipelago de los Canarreos, south of Cienfuegos. Maximum sustained winds were near 150 mph (240 km/h), and the island's weather station recorded a minimum pressure of 934 mbar (27.59 inHg). The cyclone crossed the mainland coast of Cuba west of Cienfuegos, and it weakened as it crossed the island.
+ Early on October 25, Hurricane Fox entered the Atlantic Ocean. It crossed central Andros and turned east across the Bahamas. On October 26, the hurricane briefly re-intensified as it crossed Cat Island. The center became ill-defined, and the cyclone quickly weakened. It turned north and then took an erratic northeast turn as it weakened to a tropical storm on October 27. The system gained extratropical characteristics as it merged with a polar frontal boundary, and it dissipated west-southwest of Bermuda on October 28.
+ Advisories, along with coordination between the National Observatory at Havana and U.S. Weather Bureau, were credited for the reduced deaths in Cuba. Weather observations were also readily available from Cuban meteorological stations. On October 25, the cyclone's hurricane-force winds were expected to remain off the Florida east coast, although gale-force winds were anticipated from the Florida Keys to Palm Beach, Florida. Accordingly, storm warnings were issued from Key West, Florida to Vero Beach, Florida. Military aircraft were transported to safer locations, while watercraft were stored in harbors and rivers. Hotels and resorts were boarded up on the barrier islands. The Bahamas received warnings well in advance of the hurricane. The hurricane turned quickly to the east, which reduced the threat to Bimini, Cat Cay, Grand Bahama, and the Abaco Islands.
+ An aircraft flight into the storm experienced severe turbulence, and wind driven rain reportedly stripped paint from the plane's surfaces.
+ As a result of the storm, 70 people were injured in Cuba. Severe damage to properties and crops occurred in rural areas. In Zulueta, 30 structures were destroyed, while a Japanese freighter was washed ashore on the reefs near Cayo Breton. The crew survived, though another ship was disabled during the storm. The fringes of the storm produced heavy rainfall in Cuba, flooding low areas and causing several rivers to overflow their banks. Strong winds uprooted large trees in Santa Isabel, and winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) were reported in the city of Cienfuegos. In Aguada de Pasajeros, 600 buildings were demolished, while 36 of 261 sugar mills across the island were damaged by Hurricane Fox. In all, Hurricane Fox killed 600 people in Cuba and caused $10 million in damages.
+ The cyclone produced peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) in Nassau, Bahamas, causing no reported damage. Crops were damaged by high winds and heavy precipitation on Eleuthera. About 30 percent of the tomato crops were destroyed during the storm. A man who attempted to secretly seed and weaken the storm was missing and presumed dead after his plane disappeared off Miami, Florida. Multiple searches by the Coast Guard were unsuccessful.
+ In the early 1950s, Atlantic tropical cyclones were named via the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Hurricane Fox of 1952 was the final Atlantic tropical cyclone to be designated with this naming system, and a female list of tropical cyclone names was utilized in the 1953 Atlantic hurricane season. After the stronger 1917 Pinar del Río hurricane, Hurricane Fox was Cuba's second most intense landfall until Hurricane Michelle struck the island in 2001. Originally, the 1917 hurricane was believed to have been a Category 3 hurricane prior to the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis, which made Fox the second Category 4 landfall after the 1932 Cuba Hurricane. At the time, Fox was the fourth most intense hurricane to strike Cuba in terms of atmospheric pressure; only the 1917, 1924, and 1932 storms were stronger at one point in their life spans.
+
+= = = Knee Deep = = =
+
+ "For the Funkadelic song, see (Not Just) Knee Deep. For the video game, see Knee Deep (video game).
+ "Knee Deep" is a song recorded by American country music group Zac Brown Band with Jimmy Buffett. It was released in May 2011 as the third single from the Zac Brown Band's second major-label album, 2010's "You Get What You Give". It reached number-one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart for one week in August 2011. The song is about laying back and having no worries (some of the lyrics are: "Only worry in the world is the tide gonna reach my chair.")
+ Co-writer Wyatt Durrette told the website Taste of Country that he has been a longtime fan of Jimmy Buffett and that he wanted to write a beach-themed song. He based the first verse on a breakup. Durrette brought the song to Brown, who helped him complete the second verse and melody. After neither of them could come up with a bridge, they brought the song to Jeffrey Steele, who helped them complete it.
+ Steve Morse of the "Boston Globe" called the song "festive" and a "highlight" of the album. "Country Weekly" reviewer Jessica Phillips said that the song was "happy-go-lucky" but "sounds like a derivation of the band's own hit "Toes"." Eric R. Danton of the "Hartford Courant" called it "exactly the kind of song you'd expect to hear Jimmy Buffett sing, but with more mandolin." Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a B+ rating, saying that the song "lacks spunk but radiates the same sea-breezy blissfulness" as "Toes".
+ Knee Deep debuted at number 73 the week ending May 28, 2011. The song kept ascending and fell twice before reaching a final peak of number 18 the week ending August 6, 2011. The song was last seen in its 20th week on the chart at number 62, before being moved to recurrent status. More than two months later, Knee Deep was ranked by "Billboard" as the 80th best song of 2011 in the Year-End. Colder Weather is also very narrowly in the year-end chart, giving Zac Brown Band a total of 4 year-end singles, with Knee Deep narrowly the highest (despite being only number 80). Knee Deep remains Zac Brown Band’s biggest hit to date.
+ The music video was directed by Darren Doane. It was filmed in Careyes, Mexico. The video features actress Juliette Lewis.
+
+= = = Dracula's Guest = = =
+
+ Dracula's Guest is a short story by Bram Stoker and published in the short story collection "Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories".
+ It is widely believed that "Dracula's Guest" is actually the deleted first chapter from the original "Dracula" manuscript, which the publisher felt was superfluous to the story. In the preface to the original edition of "Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories", Stoker's widow Florence wrote, "To his original list of stories in this book, I have added an hitherto unpublished episode from "Dracula". It was originally excised owing to the length of the book, and may prove of interest to the many readers of what is considered my husband's most remarkable work."
+ Leslie S. Klinger, who had access to Stoker's original "Dracula" manuscript while researching his 2008 book "The New Annotated Dracula", saw evidence of "Dracula's Guest" having been deleted from the manuscript, such as a deleted sentence of Harker commenting that his throat is "still sore from the licking of the gray wolf's file-like tongue" and the first and second chapters of the finished novel being labeled in the manuscript as "ii" and "iii". Klinger ultimately concludes the following:
+ Many experts believe, the deleted opening was based on the Austrian princess Eleonore von Schwarzenberg, discovered in the tv-documentary "Vampire Princess". The Swedish scholar Rickard Berghorn noted that the description of the countess in "Dracula's Guest" closely resembled the description of Josephine in the "Powers of Darkness", which he used to argue that the blonde vampire in "Dracula's Guest" was Josephine.
+ "Dracula's Guest" follows an Englishman (whose name is never mentioned, but is presumed to be Jonathan Harker) on a visit to Munich before leaving for Transylvania. It is Walpurgis Night, and in spite of the hotelier's warning to not return late, the young man later leaves his carriage and wanders toward the direction of an abandoned "unholy" village. As the carriage departs with the frightened and superstitious driver, a tall and thin stranger scares the horses at the crest of a hill.
+ After a few hours, as he reaches a desolate valley, it begins to snow; as a dark storm gathers intensity, the Englishman takes shelter in a grove of cypress and yew trees. The Englishman's location is soon illuminated by moonlight to be a cemetery, and he finds himself before a marble tomb with a large iron stake driven through the roof, the inscription reads: "Countess Dolingen of Gratz / in Styria / sought and found death / 1801". This inscription is now recognised as being a tribute to Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu, one of Stoker's fellow predecessor in terms of vampire writing. Le Fanu's Carmilla (1872) deals with a protagonist showing resemblances with Countess Dolingen. Carmilla's main protagonist is ultimately revealed to Countess Millarca Karnestein, a vampire. Inscribed on the back of the tomb, graven in great Russian letters, is: "The dead travel fast", which was an ode to the fable "Lenore".
+ The Englishman is disturbed to be in such a place on such a night and as the storm breaks anew, he is forced by pelting hail to shelter in the doorway of the tomb. As he does so, the bronze door of the tomb opens under his weight and a flash of forked lightning shows the interior - and a "beautiful woman with rounded cheeks and red lips, seemingly sleeping on a bier". The force of the following thunder peal throws the Englishman from the doorway (experienced as "being grasped as by the hand of a giant") as another lightning bolt strikes the iron spike, destroying the tomb and the now screaming woman inside.
+ The Englishman's troubles are not quite over, as he painfully regains his senses from the ordeal, he is repulsed by a feeling of loathing which he connects to a warm feeling in his chest and a licking at this throat. The Englishman summons courage to peek through his eyelashes and discovers a gigantic wolf with flaming eyes is attending him.
+ Military horsemen are the next to wake the semi-conscious man, chasing the wolf away with torches and guns. Some horsemen return to the main party and the Englishman after the chase, reporting that they had not found 'him' and that the Englishman's animal is "a wolf - and yet not a wolf".
+ They also note that blood is on the ruined tomb, yet the Englishman's neck is unbloodied. "See comrades, the wolf has been lying on him and keeping his blood warm". Later, the Englishman finds his neck pained when a horseman comments on it.
+ When the Englishman is taken back to his hotel by the men, he is informed that it is none other than his expectant host Dracula that has alerted his employees, the horsemen, of "dangers from snow and wolves and night" in a telegram received by the hotel during the time the Englishman was away.
+
+= = = The Patty Patty Sound = = =
+
+ The Patty Patty Sound is the second release by The Beta Band, released in 1998. Despite being almost 40mins long and originally being released on 2 x 12" records, the release is still considered an E.P. by both the band and the press. All the tracks from the EP were later included on the compilation "The Three E.P.'s" along with "Champion Versions" and "Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos". "The Monolith" is titled simply "Monolith" on "The Three E.P.'s"..
+ The track "Monolith" features a manipulated sample of "Dry The Rain" from the E.P. Champion Versions.
+ The Patty Patty Sound, along with the other two original E.P.s from The Beta Band, long out of print on vinyl were re-issued as part of Record Store Day 2013.
+ Side A:
+ Side B:
+
+= = = Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Astronautics = = =
+
+ Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Astronautics is a short, modestly technical introduction to space exploration written by Arthur C. Clarke, and published in 1950. It includes material accessible to readers with a high-school level of science and technical education, covering the elements of orbital mechanics, rocket design and performance, various applications of Earth satellites, a discussion of the more interesting and accessible destinations in the Solar System (such as they were understood at the time of writing), and in a final chapter covering the rationale and value of human expansion off the Earth.
+ The book includes ten chapters:
+ A short mathematical appendix is provided (for the benefit of readers not versed in the calculus), plus a bibliography and index, for a total of 164 pages. It includes also many figures and diagrams, and 15 plates (now largely of historical interest, showing how far space exploration has advanced since 1950).
+
+= = = Yahoo! Buzz = = =
+
+ Yahoo! Buzz was a community-based news article website, heavily derived from Digg, that combined the features of social bookmarking and syndication through a user interface that allowed editorial control. Users could publish their own news stories, and link to their own or another person's site that had a full story of the information, thereby driving traffic to that person's website and creating a larger market for sites that researched and published their own news articles and stories, such as CNN or smaller, privately owned websites.
+ Yahoo! created the service in hopes that it would drive larger traffic to their site and would give them an advantage over larger online media companies such as Google and MSN, which were Yahoo!'s largest competitors in terms of search engines that provided services and web features to their customers. Unlike other social networking sites, Buzz allowed the publisher to modify the submission.
+ Yahoo! announced on April 19, 2011, that it was killing off Buzz as of April 21, 2011. "This was a hard decision. However this will help us focus on our core strengths and new innovations", the company wrote in a brief statement.
+
+= = = Anfuso = = =
+
+ Anfuso is an Italian surname, and may refer to:
+
+= = = Walker's Cay = = =
+
+ Walker's Cay is the northernmost island in the Bahamas, part of the North Abaco district. Once a popular sport fishing location, the island has been deserted since 2004, following severe hurricane damage. The island is currently undergoing renovation under new ownership.
+ Walker's Cay lies to the northeast of West End, Grand Bahama and 105 miles northeast of Jupiter, Florida, in the northern Bahamas. Its surface is only about . The island sits on the edge of the Little Bahama Bank, the bank containing shallow, blue-colored water, averaging about in depth. However, on the north side of Walker's Cay, the water drops off sharply into deep blue ocean depths. The closest island is Grand Cay.
+ Walker's Cay was named after Thomas Walker, a British judge sent to the island to deal with piracy in the early 1700s. After his death in 1721, the island remained uninhabited for over two hundred years until Buzz Shonnard, a businessman from Palm Beach, Florida, leased the land from the Bahamian government in 1935 and built a small hotel, attracting anglers and tourists to the island. A 75-slip marina was built, and an airstrip, Walker's Cay Airport, with a runway suitable for light aircraft.
+ Shonnard's 99-year lease began an era in which Walker's Cay was a well-known sport fishing location. One of Walker's Cay's seasonal residents was American businessman Robert Abplanalp, the inventor of the modern-day aerosol valve for spray cans. Abplanalp bought the lease on the island in 1968 and continued to develop it as a sport fishing destination, not neglecting to pay attention to the conservation of marine life; he began encouraging tag-and-release fishing in the early 1970s. Walker's Cay was particularly known as a location for billfishing, with huge Atlantic blue marlin caught in the area; angling for bonefish was also popular there.
+ During World War II, Walker's Cay was used by the U.S. military as an anti-submarine base.
+ Various celebrities became regular visitors of Walker's Cay, including U.S. President Richard Nixon, actress Jane Fonda, singer Roger Daltrey and athletes like Davey Johnson and Roger Staubach.
+ The Walker's Cay marine area was declared a national park, Walker's Cay National Park, in 2002.
+ Abplanalp died in 2003, and the following year the island's fortunes were dealt a further blow, when two severe hurricanes, Frances and Jeanne, destroyed the hotel and severely damaged the marina.
+ In May 2018, Walker's Cay was sold to Texas businessman and philanthropist Carl Allen, who announced redevelopment efforts. By spring 2019, Allen was engaged in talks with Bahamian authorities on permitting plans.
+
+= = = Joseph Santiago = = =
+
+ Joseph A. Santiago (born December 19, 1964) is a Filipino politician. A member of the Nationalist People's Coalition, he has been elected to three terms as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the Lone District of Catanduanes. First elected in 2001, he was re-elected in 2004 and 2007.
+ A graduate of the San Beda College of Law, Santiago was formerly an executive with the Pilipino Telephone Corporation. In 1998, he was appointed by President Joseph Estrada as Commissioner of the National Telecommunications Commission, and he served in that capacity until his election to Congress. From 1997 to 1998, Santiago served as team manager of the Mobiline Cellulars professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association.
+
+= = = Main Aurr Mrs Khanna = = =
+
+ Main Aurr Mrs Khanna (English:Me and Mrs.Khanna) is a 2009 Indian romance film starring Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Sohail Khan in pivotal roles with Dino Morea, Nauheed Cyrusi, Yash Tonk and Bappi Lahiri in supporting roles while Preity Zinta and Deepika Padukone make brief special appearances. Directed by debutant Prem Soni, the film, which revolves around the theme of extramarital affair, is a joint production of Sohail Khan Productions and UTV SpotBoy Pictures. The film is produced by Sohail Khan and Ronnie Screwvala, and was released on 16 October 2009. It's the epitome of false advertising as the trailers have much more of Salman Khan than Sohail Khan even when all of Salman Khan's appearances, collectively, barely make 10 minutes in the movie.
+ A young Indian couple Raina (Kareena Kapoor) and Samir (Salman Khan) meet and fall in love at the very first sight and decide to get married despite the lack of acceptance from Samir's parents as Raina is an orphan. However, they begin their lives together convincingly as they soon fly off to Melbourne, where Samir works as a stockbroker. Raina decides to work in a restaurant to pass her time.
+ Their relationship develops problems when Samir's business takes a severe hit. In order to get his career back online, he decides to move to Singapore and start his work from scratch. He surprises her at the airport saying that they are not flying together. She is to go to Delhi and wait for him while he goes to gain success in Singapore, and that the relationship will be a failure without financial support.
+ Just after Samir catches the plane and leaves for Singapore, Raina has a chance meeting with Aakash (Sohail Khan) at the airport itself. They strike a rapport immediately, and once he knows of Raina's problems, Aakash lends a helping hand using his friend's (Mahek Chahal) help. He gets her a much better job at the airport. Now, Raina suddenly finds herself in the midst of a new and trendy airport job and in addition a good mansion to live in. Aakash falls deeply in love with Raina because they work together in close proximity, and Raina also seems to be attracted to him, or at least to depend on him for every small and big matter on a day-to-day basis. At this juncture, Raina is faced with the problem that her residency visa is going to expire and she will have to leave Australia compulsorily. As usual, she takes her problem to Aakash. He and his friends suggest to her the idea of faking a marriage with Aakash so that she can stay on. Initially, Raina is reluctant, but soon she agrees after she realises that Aakash is a genuinely good-hearted man.
+ At this juncture, Samir reappears after having achieved success in Singapore. He finds that Raina is not all that thrilled at his surprise visit. He then stumbles upon the court papers concerning the wedding ceremony between Raina and Aakash and is shocked and appalled. However, Samir and Raina decide to give their relationship another chance. Aakash too agrees that Raina must try to resolve her differences with her husband. Later, Aakash finds love in a certain Mrs. Khan (Deepika Padukone), who coincidentally has the same name as Raina and once had a failed relationship with a person, whose name again coincidentally is Samir.
+ Pre-production work began in mid-2007 when actors Salman Khan and Priyanka Chopra were signed on to essay the lead roles in the film. However, Chopra later opted out of the film due to date problems and the director was in talks with actresses Preity Zinta and Ayesha Takia.
+ In August 2007, producer Sohail Khan announced that the film's title was changed to "Mr and Mrs Khanna", and was expected to go on floors in November 2007 with Lara Dutta being signed on for the female lead. Unfortunately, Dutta was dropped from the film for unknown reasons and rumours had indicated that Khan was in talks with Kareena Kapoor and Deepika Padukone. The producer later confirmed the news to the media indicating that he had signed Kapoor for the film.
+ Sources had indicated that Shahrukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra and Deepika Padukone will be making guest appearances in the film whereas Preity Zinta will be appearing in an item number but nothing was confirmed as of March 2008. However, in June 2008, the latter confirmed the news to the media explaining, "...it's not an item song, really. It's an interesting cameo and I’ve agreed to be in the film because the director Prem Soni is a dear friend."
+ On 19 March 2008, the cast began filming for the project at Film City in the outskirts of Mumbai and later continued shooting in Melbourne, Australia, where a pivotal scene was shot at the Sydney Airport. Upon shooting in Melbourne Australia, the cast later returned to film in Mumbai on 15 June 2008. In March 2009, director Prem Soni announced that the film had been completed.
+ The movie had a dismal performance at the box office. It did not open well, and moreover, the word of mouth publicity couldn't help since reactions across the board were negative. It eventually collecting only Rs.6.6 crores in its first week of domestic theatrical run, and there was hardly any second week collection because the film was taken down by theatre owners.
+ However, according to the film-makers, the film was a success on the DTH/Satellite platform and had a reasonable viewership rating, with an estimated 210 million eyeballs. This claim cannot be independently verified. The satellite rights of the film had been sold three days before its release in theatres.
+ The music had been composed by Sajid-Wajid.
+
+= = = Fleetwings Sea Bird = = =
+
+ The Fleetwings Sea Bird (or Seabird) was an American-built amphibious aircraft of the 1930s.
+ The Sea Bird was an amphibious utility aircraft designed in 1934–1935 by James C. Reddig for Fleetwings, Inc., of Bristol, Pennsylvania. While the aircraft's basic configuration had a precedent in the design of the Loening "Monoduck" developed by the Grover Loening Aircraft Company as a personal aircraft for Mr. Loening (for whom Reddig worked from 1929 to 1933), the Sea Bird was unusual because of its construction from spot-welded stainless steel. It was a high-wing, wire-braced monoplane with its engine housed in a nacelle mounted above the wings on struts. The pilot and passengers sat in a fully enclosed cabin. Fleetwings initially planned to manufacture 50 production units, but at a price approaching $25,000 during the Depression, there proved to be no sustainable market.
+ The Sea Bird found use with private pilot owners and saw service with the oil support industry in Louisiana, including operation by J. Ray McDermott.
+
+= = = 2008–09 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team = = =
+
+ The 2008–09 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented The University of Iowa in the 2008–09 college basketball season. The team was led by head coach Todd Lickliter. The team played their home games at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which the team has done since 1983.
+!colspan=8| Big Ten Tournament
+
+= = = Joseph Emilio Abaya = = =
+
+ Joseph Emilio "Jun" Aguinaldo Abaya (born May 28, 1966) is a Filipino politician, lawyer, and military officer. He was the Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) of the Philippines under the administration of President Benigno Aquino III. A member of the Liberal Party, he has been elected to three terms as a member of the Philippine House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Cavite. He first won election to the House in 2004, and was re-elected in 2007. He and other Aquino administration officials have been charged over the alleged anomalous contracts for the Metro Rail Transit Line 3 (MRT3) during their time.
+ Jun, as he is commonly called, is the great grandson of the first Philippine president, Emilio Aguinaldo, and the descendant of Isabelo Abaya, the revolutionary hero and founding father of Candon, Ilocos Sur. He is also the second son of the three-term Congressman Plaridel M. Abaya.
+ Jun finished his elementary education at the Basic Education Unit of the De La Salle University in 1979. During his secondary schooling, he was a consistent honor student at the Philippine Science High School Main Campus, and he became a university and college scholar of the University of the Philippines where he took his engineering studies. After a year in UP, Jun took and topped the entrance examination for the Philippine Military Academy that he was sent by the government to the US Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis, Maryland where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics (1988) with distinction of being a consistent Dean's Lister in all the semesters he was there. Jun then proceeded to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and completed a master's degree in electrical engineering (1989 – he was also a fellowship awardee).
+ He thought it fit to prepare himself further as a lawmaker that he studied law. He received his Juris Doctor degree from the law school of Ateneo de Manila University in April 2005. He was admitted to the Philippine Bar in 2007.
+ Prior to representing the first district of Cavite to the House of Representatives in 2004, he first served in the Armed Forces of the Philippines as a cadet (1984–1988) and as a naval officer of the Philippine Navy (1988–2004).
+ He ran for congressman in 2004 and won against Jeffrey Sescon Uy and represented the 1st District of Cavite to the 13th Congress of the Philippines. He was re-elected in the 2007 elections. During the 14th Congress, he was chairman of the House Committee on Science and Technology. He was also co-chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Science and Technology and Engineering with Sen. Edgardo Angara.
+ During the 15th Congress (2010) and on his last term, he serves as the chairman of House Committee on Appropriations.
+ In 2009, he among with fellow representatives of Cavite -- Elpidio Barzaga, Jr. and Jesus Crispin Remulla—authored the biggest congressional reapportionment in the history of the Philippines by passing Republic Act No. 9727, unofficially titled The Cavite Congressional Reapportionment Act of 2009, bringing the representatives of Cavite from three to seven.
+ He was the vice president of PMA Maringal Class of 1988 and is a member of the Phi Kappa Phi honor society and Friends of Aguinaldo Shrine.
+
+= = = Clouds (EP) = = =
+
+ Clouds is a compilation of outtakes of music that was not included on the album lightdark, the latest album of the Italian progressive rock band Nosound.
+
+= = = The Titan (collection) = = =
+
+ The Titan is a collection of science fiction short stories by the American writer P. Schuyler Miller. It was first published by Fantasy Press in 1952 in an edition of 2,069 copies. The stories originally appeared in the magazines "Marvel Tales", "Astounding", "Weird Tales", "Amazing Stories" and "Wonder Stories". Miller recreated and revised the title piece (whose serialization was never finished) from an early longhand draft because the original manuscript had been lost.
+ Boucher and McComas gave the collection a mixed review, saying that it included little of Miller's best work, with the remaining stories "a mixed lot in which striking ideas conflict with treatment that is sadly routine."
+
+= = = Cape Mesurado = = =
+
+ Cape Mesurado, also called Cape Montserrado, is a headland on the coast of Liberia near the capital Monrovia and the mouth of the Saint Paul River. It was named Cape Mesurado by Portuguese sailors in the 1560s. It is the promontory on which African American settlers established the city now called Monrovia on 25 April 1822.
+ There is a lighthouse on Cape Mesurado, located in the Mamba Point neighborhood of Monrovia and in the cape's northwestern portion, that was established in 1855. It is currently inactive, although the Liberian government is seeking financial assistance to restore and reactivate the lighthouse.
+ Cape Mesurado was being used as a base for the slave trade and in 1815 Governor William Maxwell of Sierra Leone sent an armed force to raid the settlement, seizing ships, merchandise and enslaved Africans from the factories there. The factory owners, Robert Bostock and John McQueen were sentenced to fourteen years transportation to New South Wales by the Vice admiralty court.
+ A year later the "Le Louis" was captured by HMS "Queen Charlotte" of the British West Africa Squadron on suspicion of being engaged in the slave trade.
+ In 1821, the American Colonization Society dispatched a representative, Dr. Eli Ayers, to purchase land farther north up the coast from Sierra Leone, where the settlers had previously landed at Sherbro Island but were experience a high death rate due to the island's swampy, unhealthy conditions.
+ With the aid of Robert F. Stockton, a U.S. naval officer, Ayers sought out land to establish a new colony. Stockton led negotiations with leaders of the Dei and Bassa peoples who lived in the area of Cape Mesurado. At first, the local ruler, Zolu Duma (King Peter), was reluctant to surrender their peoples' land to the strangers, but was forcefully persuaded—some accounts claim at gun-point—to part with a "36 mile long and 3 mile wide" strip of coastal land for trade goods, supplies, weapons, and rum worth approximately $300.
+ The Cape Mesurado colony faced many of the same barriers to success as the previous colony at Sherbro Island: little supplies, as well as swampy and unhealthy conditions. There was also conflict with local tribes, who resented the now Americo-Liberian residents - who had been slaves or the children of former slaves in the United States before their emigration to Africa - trying to put an end to the slave trade. Led by Lott Carey and Elijah Johnson, the Americo-Liberians organized their own defense against local attacks and rejected British military assistance in exchange for hoisting the Union Jack on Cape Mesurado. During the Battle of Fort Hill on 1 December 1822 colonist Matilda Newport is alleged to have repelled an attack by lighting a cannon with an ember from her pipe. The holiday Matilda Newport Day commemorated her action until its abolishment in 1980.
+
+= = = Springwater, Oregon = = =
+
+ Springwater is an unincorporated rural community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, about three miles south of Estacada on Oregon Route 211. So-named since pioneer days, it was one of the first places on the upper Clackamas River to have a post office. Springwater post office ran from 1874–1914, with George A. Crawford as the first postmaster. The historic wooden Springwater Presbyterian Church was built c. 1890. The Springwater Grange has celebrated a Springwater Fair every year since 1923.
+
+= = = Shawn Mickelonis = = =
+
+ Shawn Mickelonis is a former Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the Strafford 1st District from 2006 to 2008. He failed to win re-election in November 2008.
+
+= = = Showground Central railway station = = =
+
+ Showground Central railway station was a temporary station in the inner southern Adelaide suburb of Wayville, located 4.4 kilometres from Adelaide station. The station was only used during the Royal Adelaide Show in early September each year.
+ Showground Central station was first used in September 2003. It was located between Keswick and Goodwood stations, adjacent to the Adelaide Showground on the eastern side of the Belair and Seaford lines. It consisted of a single temporary platform that was assembled for the duration of the show, then removed and stored until the following year. The temporary platform was noted in 2004 as having "a significant effect on patronage, with over 90,000 passengers using this facility during the Show".
+ Initially it was served by regular Belair and Seaford services making additional stops along with a special service from the Gawler line operating via the Adelaide Gaol loop. In 2005 these services ceased to call at the station with an express shuttle running along between Adelaide station and Showground Central introduced and remaining in place until the station's closure.
+ Showground Central was last used in 2013, with a permanent Adelaide Showground railway station opening in February 2014 to replace both the old seasonal station and Keswick station.
+
+= = = Kaitai-Shin Show = = =
+
+ This program is about the human body.
+ This program started on 2006 as a segment on Bangumi Tamago, hosted by Yumiko Udō, an announcer of NHK, and Lasa-R Ishii. It started regular broadcasting, hosted by Taichi Kokubun and Yuka Kubota, an announcer of NHK Shizuoka (Kubota transferred to Tokyo on March 2008), on April 14, 2007. Two comedians present information about the human body and professors support their presentation and also explain it. The audiences judge which presentation is easy to understand or interesting. The broadcasting finished on March 13, 2009.
+
+= = = Elpidio Barzaga Jr. = = =
+
+ Elpidio "Pidi" Frani Barzaga Jr. (born March 25, 1950 in Dasmariñas, Cavite) is a Filipino politician from the province of Cavite. He is the incumbent Congressman for Dasmariñas and also served as mayor of that city.
+ He is the son of Elpidio Mangubat Barzaga Sr. and Magdalena Gelle Frani, both natives of Dasmariñas.
+ Barzaga graduated as Valedictorian of the Class of 1966 of Immaculate Conception Academy. After earning a Bachelor of Science degree "cum laude" from the San Beda College, he completed his Bachelor of Law Degree from the Far Eastern University "magna cum laude".
+ After college, he taught law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law from 1976 to 1992 and was a Bar Reviewer in Civil Law from 1983 to 1992.
+ Barzaga was elected Municipal Mayor of Dasmariñas in 1998 and served in that office for nine years. On 2007 defeated the incumbent Gilbert Remulla for the House of Representatives seat for the Second District of Cavite. His wife Jennifer succeeded Barzaga as mayor of Dasmariñas.
+ In the House of Representatives, Barzaga serves as vice chairman the Committees on Constitutional Amendments, Local Government, and Revision of Laws and is a member of the Committees on Appropriations, Civil Service and Professional Regulation, Good Government, Human Rights, Justice, Population and Family Relations, Public Works and Highways, Science and Technology, Suffrage and Electoral Reforms, Transportation, Veteran Affairs and Welfare and the Special Committee on Southern Tagalog Development.
+ He figured prominently on issues concerning Meralco, Sulpicio Lines, the Impeachment Complaint, and Alabang Boys. He has authored and sponsored several bills including an act converting the Municipality of Dasmariñas into a component city, a resolution requesting an investigation into oil prices, a resolution requesting an investigation into bidding on updating the Subic Bay Freeport Zone master development plan, and a resolution requesting an investigation of environmental issues during the construction of a casino in Subic Bay Freeport Zone.
+ In 2009, along with fellow representatives of Cavite Joseph Emilio Abaya and Jesus Crispin Remulla, Barzaga co-authored an act, unofficially titled The Cavite Congressional Reapportionment Act of 2009, bringing the representatives of Cavite from three to seven.
+ In 2010 congressional elections he was won via landslide victory against his close opponent Ramon Campos of the Nacionalista Party.
+ Serving as part of the House Prosecution panel, Barzaga was responsible for Article II of the 2012 Impeachment of SC Chief Justice Renato Corona. Ironically, he is paired against his Remedial law professor from his law school days, former Assoc. Justice Serafin Cuevas, who is serving as lead defense counsel.
+ In 2013 elections, he will run again for his last term under the National Unity Party as well to Liberal Party.
+ In 2015, he was criticized by the National Union of Journalists of the Philippines for threatening to cite Christine F. Herrera of The Standard in contempt, after the latter refused to name her sources of the alleged payola given to solons to railroad the passage of the controversial Bangsamoro Basic Law or BBL. Barzaga is one of the solons who voted "Yes" for the passage of BBL in committee level.
+ He will support the candidacy of Sec. Mar Roxas for the upcoming 2016 polls, hinting to run against Gov. Jonvic Remulla for the upcoming gobernatrial elections. Barzaga predicts Sen. Grace Poe-Llamanzares could not run under as Running mate of Roxas, and instead she will run under the Nationalist Peoples Coalition, and the idea of Roxas-Aquino tandem to back against Grace-Chiz tandem. Barzaga decline to run as Governor against Remulla, and instead he run again as Mayor.
+ In 2008, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Alumnus Award from the Far Eastern University on the celebration of its 80th Founding Anniversary and the Most Distinguished Bedan Award from the San Beda College. He was acknowledged as one of the Most Outstanding Congressman of 2008 by the Congress Magazine.
+ He is married to Jennifer Austria Barzaga, a registered nurse. They have three sons – Francisco, Elpidio III, and Lorenzo.
+
+= = = Lies (Rolling Stones song) = = =
+
+ "Lies" is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1978 album "Some Girls".
+ The song is a fast paced rocker is about a man being fed up with his girlfriend's lying and cheating. As with most of "Some Girls", it features the five core Stones members, with Jagger, Richards and Ronnie Wood sharing electric guitar duties.
+ The track was featured on "WKRP in Cincinnati" on the episode “Pilot: Part Two”. However, “Lies”, although performed during the 1978 US tour, was the only track on "Some Girls" to be permanently dropped from live setlists after the last dates supporting its parent album.
+
+= = = Panguni Uthiram = = =
+
+ Panguni Uthiram (Tamil:பங்குனி உத்திரம்) (also known as Meena Uttara-phalguni in Sanskrit) is a day of importance to Tamil Hindus. It falls on the day the moon transits in the asterism or nakshatram of Uttara-phalguni or Uthiram in the twelfth month of the Tamil calendar i.e. Panguni. It is the Purnima or full moon of the month of Panguni (பங்குனி 14 March - 13 April). This coincides with the Hindu calendar month of Phalguna / Chaitra.
+ This month is special because the Uthiram nakshatram coincides with the full moon. This full moon signifies the marriage of Parvati and Parameswara (Lord Shiva), Murugan and Deivanai, and Aandaal (also known as Kothai) and Rangamannar took place. On Panguni Uthiram, Narayana marries Komalavalli Naachiyar and give his Kalyana Kola Seva to his Bhakthas. Again, Valmiki's Ramayana says it is on this day and star that Sita's marriage with Rama was celebrated. From Brahmanda Puranam we learn that on Panguni Uthiram every holy water joins Thumburu teertha (also spelt as Tirtha), one of seven sacred tanks in Tirupati Tirumala.
+ The day is intended to underline the glory of grahasta dharma (or the married life of a householder). The Almighty manifests in the marital state as Uma Maheswara, Sita Rama, and Radha Krishna – despite his changelessness, sans childhood or youth or old age. The Lord is indeed a Nitya Kalyana Murthi. It is our duty to celebrate this day when the Lord, in both Shiva and Vishnu temples, appears to devotees in his married state. On Panguni Uthiram, in all places where Lord Subrahmanya has a temple, his devotees carry in a kavadi the requisites for puja for him, in fulfilment of vows. Such vow fulfilment by devotees carrying kavadis is a special feature of Subrahmanya temples wherever they happen to be.
+ Devotees flock in hundreds to all the Murugan temples during the Panguni Uthiram festival, which is celebrated in March every year. It is the Jayanti (Day of Incarnation) of Lord Ayyappan. It is also an important festival day for Lord Subramanya (Muruga), as it is on this day that Sri Deivanai married Lord Subramanya. On this day Goddess Mahalakshmi incarnated on earth from the ocean of milk (after the ocean was churned by the Gods and the demons) and hence it is celebrated as Mahalakshmi Jayanti. On this day Goddess Parvati in the form of Gowri married Lord Siva in Kanchipuram and hence this day is also celebrated as the Gowri Kalyanam day.
+ The month of Panguni when coinciding with Phalguna, sees the festival of Holi too. It is celebrated in the Braj region, which includes locations traditionally connected to the Lord Krishna: Mathura, Vrindavan, Nandagaon, and Barsana, Kumaoni (Uttarakhand); also as Basatotsav (Bengal), Phagwah (Bihar), Doḷajātra (Oriya), Ganga Mela (UP), Dol Purnima (Bengal), Śigmo (Konkani), Rangapanchami (MP), Yaosang (Manipur), Basnata Panchami (AP), Phakuwa (Assam), Shimga (Maharashtra), Manjal Kuli (Kerala), Fagu Poornima (Nepal), Panguni Uthram Vasanthotsavam (TN). Mostly it coincides with the end of Rang Panchami; Phalgun Krushnapaksh Panchami celebrations, so called Panchami of Holi of Krishna, which carries on as a celebration of spring. The playful throwing of natural colored powders has a medicinal significance: the colours are traditionally made of Neem, Kumkum, Haldi, Bilva, and other medicinal herbs prescribed by Ayurveda doctors. A very auspicious day for all Hindus.
+ The day of Panguni Uthiram is of special significance to the worship of earth element, "Prithvi lingam" of Ekambareswarar Temple, where festivities last for 13 days.
+ This occurs during the last month of the year known as Panguni (i.e. Phalguna / Chaitra). Panguni Uthiram is a famous festival and special to Murugan and Shiva devotees. The 2019 date is March 21, on Thursday.
+
+= = = Bonnie Mitchell = = =
+
+ Bonnie Mitchell is a Democratic former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the Cheshire 7th District starting in 2004. Her voting record shows she voted for marijuana decriminalization .
+
+= = = Extended Versions (Barenaked Ladies album) = = =
+
+ Extended Versions is a live album by Barenaked Ladies. It was released in 2006 and includes live versions of several of the band's hit songs including "One Week", "Get In Line", and "Falling for the First Time". It was recorded during the band's 2005 holiday tour.
+
+= = = Dong Hyun Kim = = =
+
+ Kim Dong-hyun (; born November 17, 1981), anglicized as Dong Hyun Kim, is a South Korean mixed martial artist currently fighting in the UFC's welterweight division. He was signed by the UFC after fighting in the Japanese promotion DEEP and in the South Korean promotion Spirit MC. As of 26 July 2018, he is the #15 ranked contender in the official UFC welterweight rankings.
+ He was born in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, and moved to Daejeon when he was a primary school student, where he was an inline speed skater. He began training in Judo when he was 14 years old, and trained in Taekwondo and Hapkido together in his late teens for his interest in martial arts. And later Kim began to practice Judo professionally at Yong-In University, which led him to reignite his MMA career. Kim began training at Wajyutsu Keisyukai, a renowned Japanese gym frequented by a number of top Japanese fighters. As one of the largest members of the gym, Kim became a regular sparring partner of middleweight Yushin Okami. At this time he competed in judo and sambo. He served in the Republic of Korea Marine Corps in 2001 for his mandatory service. Later he became a fighter for Spirit MC, but declared his retirement in 2004 due to economic reasons. He mentioned during Law of the Jungle that before spending four months in Auckland, New Zealand working in 3 concurrent part-time roles (kitchenhand and sashimi chef/"poissonnier", bricklayer and construction labourer). His job situation never improved upon returning to Korea, until his parents finally allowed him to train again. He trains with Busan Team MAD since 2007. He teaches self defence classes. One of his students include Hani of Korean girl group EXID.
+ He is also a regular guest in Korean variety shows and talk shows. He has attended more than seventy TV shows since 2010. On June 16, 2013, he featured as the 'Hulk' on Running Man episode 150 (SBS Sunday night show). On this episode he led the character that transformed to Hulk mode in Running Man Avengers. On March 22, 2015, Kim reappeared on Running Man in episode 239 as a guest. Kim was also featured along with fellow UFC fighter Yoshihiro Akiyama in the Korean boy band MYNAME's drama music video for their single "Baby I'm Sorry". On June 26, 2016, Kim returned as a guest on Running Man in episode 305. Kim is regular cast member of Great Escape Season 1 of 2018 and Season 2 of 2019. In 2019, he guest-starred on "Not the Person You Used To Know", where he appeared as one of the friends of Hani of EXID.
+ In September, 2018, he announced his marriage to Song Ha-ryul in various variety shows, then revealed her pregnancy on February 14, 2019 episode of Amazing Saturday.
+ Kim gained recognition after signing with the Japanese DEEP organization, earning a succession of wins before knocking out DEEP welterweight champion Hidehiko Hasegawa in a non-title bout in 2007. Kim and Hasegawa later fought to a controversial draw in a title fight at DEEP 32nd Impact, leaving defending champion Hasegawa with the title. Kim departed from DEEP to sign a contract with PRIDE Fighting Championships, but the UFC purchased and dismantled PRIDE before Kim could fight in the organization. Kim's performances attracted the attention of World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC) talent scouts, who offered him a contract. However, because the WEC is not televised in Korea, Kim's management pushed for and received a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), which airs on Korean cable television.
+ Kim's original nickname is "Stun Gun", then a lot of Korean fans started calling him "Maemi", which means Cicada in Korean. The nickname was given to Kim from his fighting style where he likes to take his opponents to the ground, grapple with them and never let them escape like a Cicada on a tree.
+ Kim made his UFC debut at "UFC 84" against Jason Tan, methodically breaking down his opponent and ultimately winning by technical knockout in the third round. With his performance, Kim became the first Korean to win in the octagon. Kim's appearance drew considerable attention in Korea. One week before the event, a prime time, hour-long special about Kim was aired on Korean television. Though Kim's bout did not air on the UFC pay-per-view, it aired live on Korean television, and was then replayed twice more before the regular event coverage resumed.
+ He made his second octagon appearance at "UFC 88", capturing a split decision over "The Ultimate Fighter 7" alumnus Matt Brown. During this fight, Kim's conditioning was very poor due to jet lag, and visa problems prevented him from bringing a coach. In the first round, Kim threatened Brown with a standing rear-naked choke and took Brown's back on numerous occasions but became exhausted in the second. In the third, Kim used some effective ground-and-pound and cut Brown with an elbow. All three judges scored the bout 29–28, two in Kim's favor and one in Brown's favor. The decision was contested by the crowd in attendance with noticeable booing.
+ Kim returned to the octagon in Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 31, 2009, as he faced off against fellow judo practitioner Karo Parisyan at "UFC 94". With Frank Mir in his corner who served as his boxing coach prior to the fight. Kim originally lost to Parisyan via split decision. Fans in attendance booed the decision, and former UFC champions Matt Hughes, Randy Couture and UFC president Dana White have commented that they thought Kim had won the fight. Afterwards, however, Parisyan tested positive for three banned pain killers: Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone and Oxymorphone. The Nevada Athletic Commission declared the match a No Contest, and Parisyan was suspended for nine months. Later on March 5, 2009, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.
+ Kim defeated TJ Grant at "UFC 100", winning by a unanimous decision, threatening with a guillotine choke midway through the second round. He was scheduled to fight Dan Hardy on November 14, 2009, at UFC 105, but was forced to withdraw due to ligament injuries of his right knee while sparring with Kazuhiro Nakamura and was subsequently replaced on the card by Mike Swick.
+ Kim was expected to face Chris Lytle on February 21, 2010, at UFC 110. However, Kim was forced off the card after suffering knee injury again. Brian Foster stepped in as his replacement.
+ Kim next faced "The Ultimate Fighter" season 7 winner, Amir Sadollah on May 29, 2010, at UFC 114 and won via unanimous decision, dominating Sadollah with far superior judo.
+ Kim was then expected to face fellow undefeated fighter John Hathaway at UFC 120, though he was later replaced by Mike Pyle due to elbow ligament injury from training.
+ Kim defeated The Ultimate Fighter season 5 winner, Nate Diaz on January 1, 2011, at UFC 125 via unanimous decision. Kim used his judo to control rounds 1 and 2. Diaz mounted a remarkable offense in Round 3, but it was not enough and Kim won a decision over Diaz. After the fight Kim called out current UFC welterweight champion, Georges St-Pierre, whom he considers a hero and role model to himself as a mixed martial artist. Later on January 10, 2011, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.
+ Kim lost to Carlos Condit on July 2, 2011, at UFC 132 via first-round KO due to a flying knee. This loss was the first of his professional MMA career.
+ Kim fought Sean Pierson on December 30, 2011, at UFC 141. Kim used superior striking to control Pierson throughout the fight and win a unanimous decision, even landing a leaping front-kick to the face in the second round that wobbled Pierson.
+ Kim lost to Demian Maia via TKO on July 7, 2012, at UFC 148. The bout was stopped in forty-seven seconds in the first round by referee Mario Yamasaki, after Maia took Kim down and ended up in the mounted position. Many observers, including the UFC commentator Joe Rogan, thought that Kim had broken a rib during the bout, but it was later revealed that he suffered a major muscle spasm while defending Maia's takedown attempts.
+ Kim faced Paulo Thiago on November 10, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV 6. He dominated Thiago on the ground for all three rounds, ending the bout with a wild display of ground and pound reminiscent of Kazushi Sakuraba. He won via unanimous decision (30–26, 30–27, and 30–27).
+ Kim fought Siyar Bahadurzada on March 3, 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 8. He earned a unanimous decision victory.
+ Kim then faced Erick Silva on October 9, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29. He won via knockout at 3:01 of the second round, earning him his first "Knockout of the Night" bonus award. Later on October 30, 2013, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.
+ Kim faced John Hathaway on March 1, 2014, at . Kim defeated Hathaway via third-round knockout, earning him his first "Performance of the Night" honors.
+ Kim was expected to face Hector Lombard on August 23, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 48. However, Lombard pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Tyron Woodley. Kim lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
+ Kim faced Josh Burkman on May 23, 2015, at UFC 187. Kim won the fight via submission in the third round.
+ Kim was expected to face Jorge Masvidal in November 28, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 79. However, on November 14, it was announced that Masvidal would instead face Benson Henderson at the event after his scheduled opponent Thiago Alves pulled out of their fight. Kim instead faced Dominic Waters. Kim won the fight via technical knockout in the first round.
+ Kim was expected to face Neil Magny on August 20, 2016, at UFC 202. However, Kim was removed from the fight on July 12 and was replaced by Lorenz Larkin.
+ Kim was expected to face Gunnar Nelson on November 19, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 99. However, on October 21, it was announced that Nelson pulled out due to an injury and the fight was off. In turn, Kim was removed from the card and will be rescheduled for a future event.
+ Kim faced Tarec Saffiedine on December 30, 2016, at UFC 207. Kim was awarded a split decision victory.
+ Kim faced Colby Covington on June 17, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 111. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.
+
+= = = Jesus Crispin Remulla = = =
+
+ Jesus Crispin "Boying" Catibayan Remulla (born March 31, 1961) is a Filipino politician from the province of Cavite. A member of the Nacionalista Party, he has been elected to three terms as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the Third District of Cavite. He first won election to Congress in 2004, and was re-elected in 2007.
+ Remulla is a graduate of the University of the Philippines College of Law. His father, Juanito, served as governor of Cavite for fourteen years. His brothers Gilbert, a former television reporter with the ABS-CBN Network, was the Representative from the Second District of Cavite from 2001 to 2007, and Juanito Victor C. Remulla, Jr. the former Vice-Governor and currently the Governor of Cavite. He is also a radio host for "Executive Session" on DZRH News Television.
+ In 2001, he became the chief of staff of then Senator and former First Lady Luisa Pimentel-Estrada, wife of former President Joseph Ejercito Estrada and spokesperson of Puwersa ng Masa before running for Congress in a controversial 2004 election. During the campaign, he was upset by Governor Erineo "Ayong" Maliksi, who was a fellow member of Partido Magdalo, because of his support of then mayor of Silang, Cavite Ruben Madlangsakay, who ran as independent for congressman. He won as congressman in the district more than two years after the death of his predecessor, Napoleon R. Beratio.
+ In 2007, he won for the second term as congressman against then Deputy Presidential Spokesperson Manny De Castro, also from Silang. De Castro would lose another election in the newly created 5th District of Cavite after was lost by Carmona Mayor Roy Loyola.
+ In 2009, he among with fellow representatives of Cavite -- Joseph Emilio Abaya and Elpidio Barzaga, Jr.—authored the biggest congressional reapportionment in the history of the Philippines by passing Republic Act No. 9727, unofficially titled The Cavite Congressional Reapportionment Act of 2009, bringing the representatives of Cavite from three to seven.
+ In the recent election, also, he defeated Tagaytay City Councilor Laureano Mendoza to claim his third consecutive term and first under the new district.
+ On July 26, 2010, he became one of six Deputy Speakers of the House of Representatives under the speakership of Feliciano "Sonny" Belmonte, Jr.
+ In 2013 elections, he ran for Mayor of Tagaytay under the Nacionalista Party, Lakas-CMD and the United Nationalist Alliance, he opposed Bambol's wife Agnes Tolentino of the Liberal party. In 2016, instead to run for the Congress against Bambol Tolentino, Remulla was substitute by his younger brother Jonvic to run as governor.
+
+= = = Jalan Batu Maung = = =
+
+ Jalan Batu Maung also known as Jalan Permatang Damar Laut (Penang state road P10) is a major road in Penang, Malaysia. It connects Bayan Lepas to Batu Maung near Penang Aquarium.
+
+= = = Kay Oppenheimer = = =
+
+ Kay Oppenheimer is a Democratic member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the Strafford 3rd District since 2006. At the conclusion of the second year of the session (2008), Oppenheimer had a voting record attendance rate of 28%.
+
+= = = Miss USA 1983 = = =
+
+ Miss USA 1983, the 32nd Miss USA pageant, was televised live from the Knoxville Civic Center in Knoxville, Tennessee, on May 21, 1983. At the conclusion of the final competition, Julie Hayek of California was crowned Miss USA 1983 by outgoing titleholder Terri Utley of Arkansas. Hayek was the first runner up at Miss Universe 1983.
+ The pageant was hosted by Bob Barker, with colour commentary from Joan Van Ark. It was held in Tennessee for the only time, while Miss Teen USA 1984 did the same thing in Memphis on the other side of the state.
+ The Miss USA 1983 delegates were:
+
+= = = Michael Benthall = = =
+
+ Michael Pickersgill Benthall CBE (8 February 1919 – 6 September 1974) was an English theatre director.
+ As an undergraduate at Oxford University, Benthall met Robert Helpmann, who had been fulfilling an invitation to dance there. The two men formed a romantic relationship that was to last for 36 years. The couple lived and worked together quite openly, until Benthall's death at age 55 in 1974.
+ His first connection with the Old Vic was during the 1944 season when the company, owing to enemy action, had been forced to relocate to the New Theatre (now the Noël Coward Theatre) where Benthall directed a production of "Hamlet" jointly with Tyrone Guthrie. Benthall provided the scenario for two ballets by Arthur Bliss: "Miracle in the Gorbals" (1944), and "Adam Zero" (1946). He was the artistic director of the Old Vic between 1953 and 1962, and produced all of the Shakespeare plays in the First Folio over five years.
+ A few years later, he directed "I'm Solomon", a musical remake of an Israeli musical called "King Solomon and Shalmai the Shoemaker" ("Shlomo ha'Melech ve'Shalmai ha'Sandlar") that ran in Jaffa in the Summer of 1967. "I'm Solomon" starred Dick Shawn, Salome Jens and Carmen Mathews. Ernest Gold, who had written the score for the movie "Exodus" (1960), wrote the music. Geoffrey Holder choreographed the show. Benthall then directed "Coco" starring Katharine Hepburn with music by André Previn and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner. Michael Bennet choreographed the show. Benthall then directed "Her First Roman", a musical version of George Bernard Shaw's "Caesar and Cleopatra" starring Leslie Uggams and Richard Kiley.
+ Benthall was a close friend of Vivien Leigh for many years.
+
+= = = Jose Garrido = = =
+
+ Jose Garrido may refer to:
+
+= = = No. 5 Fighter Sector RAAF = = =
+
+ No. 5 Fighter Sector RAAF (5FS) was a Royal Australian Air Force unit formed at Sandfly Gully, Darwin, Northern Territory, on 25 February 1942. It was responsible for fighter aircraft control and coordination in the Darwin region.
+ 5FS plotted and relayed the positions of enemy aircraft to put Allied fighters in an optimum position for interception, in cooperation with RDF and anti-aircraft defences. It was manned twenty-four hours a day.
+ Initially set up in tents near Sandfly Gully, south of the RAAF Darwin runway in early 1942, 5FS's position was deemed to be too exposed and the unit relocated to Berrimah, Northern Territory, near No. 119 Australian General Hospital, where an operations room had been constructed.
+ 5FS was renamed No. 105 Fighter Sector on 24 October 1943, and again to No. 105 Fighter Control Unit (105FCU) on 7 March 1944.
+ The Fighter Sector complex encompassed 87 buildings by the end of World War II.
+ 105FCU was disbanded at Darwin on 21 January 1945. It was reformed as Air Defence Headquarters (Darwin) on 21 January 1945, which disbanded on 18 April 1946.
+
+= = = Division 7A dividend = = =
+
+ A Division 7A dividend in the Australian tax system is an amount treated by the Australian Tax Office (ATO) as an assessable dividend of a shareholder of a private company that attempts to make a tax-free distributions of profits to the shareholder, or an associate of the shareholder.
+ Division 7A applies to payments, loans and debts forgiven on or after 4 December 1997. However, it may also apply to loans in place before this date, where the amount of the loan is increased or its term extended on or after 4 December 1997. Division 7A applies to debts forgiven on or after 4 December 1997, regardless of when the debt was created.
+ The objective of Division 7A is to reflect the reality of a situation, rather than the formality. As a matter of form, a dividend paid by a company is one that is declared by the directors of the company and either paid to the shareholders or credited to the shareholders account with the company. However, where a company pays amounts to or for shareholders, not expecting the amounts to be repaid, without formally declaring a dividend, the reality is that the advances are analogous to a dividend. This is the situation that Division 7A seeks to catch.
+ The amounts caught by the Division 7A rules include payments made by a private company to the shareholder or on behalf of a shareholder, and debts forgiven by the company. The rules also apply to payments etc. made to or for an associate of the shareholder.
+ Furthermore, payments etc. made by the company to an interposed entity, which then makes a payment etc. to the shareholder or an associate of the shareholder, would also be caught, if a reasonable person would conclude that the payment etc. was solely or mainly a part of an arrangement involving a payment etc. to the shareholder. But if a payment to the interposed entity is a dividend, then the amount of the dividend payment is exempt.
+ Amounts covered by qualifying commercial loans, which must be in place on the company’s tax return lodgment day, are exempt from the Division 7A rules. If a qualifying commercial loan is in place, the amount covered by that loan reduces the amount caught by the Division 7A rules by the amount repaid by that date.
+ Where a payment is made to a shareholder (or their associate) in their capacity as an employee or an associate of an employee, Division 7A does not apply. Instead fringe benefits tax (FBT) may apply.
+ The company may be taken to have paid a Division 7A dividend to the shareholder equal to the amount caught by the Division 7A rules, limited to the private company’s distributable surplus. The ATO can include the balance as an unfranked dividend of the shareholder or, in certain circumstances, as a franked dividend.
+ The total of Division 7A dividends in an income year is limited to a private company’s distributable surplus for the year.
+ To prevent double taxation, where an actual dividend is subsequently declared (called a later dividend), some or all of that dividend can be set off against a Division 7A dividend previously assessed, but the company is not obligated to set off. The later dividend could be either fully or partly franked, as for any dividend. To the extent that it has been previously assessed it is tax-exempt, but the imputation credit component of the later dividend is assessable, and credit available. This means that the franking credit attached to the dividend is still available to the shareholder. If lower, the amount that is set off is not treating as a dividend.
+ For an individual shareholder, an associate includes a relative, partner, the spouse or child of that partner of the individual, a trustee of a trust estate under which the individual or an associate benefits, or a company under the control of the individual or associate.
+ For a company shareholder, an associate includes a partner of the company or a trustee of a trust estate under which the company or associate benefits, another individual or associate who controls the company, or another company which is under the control of the company or the company's associate.
+ For a trustee shareholder, an associate includes an entity or associate of the entity that benefits or is capable of benefiting under the trust.
+ For a partnership shareholder, an associate includes each partner of the partnership or associate of the partner.
+ Amounts covered by qualifying commercial loans are "excluded" from the calculations under Division 7A. To qualify, such loans must be in writing and meet the minimum interest rate and maximum term criteria set by the ATO. The rate of interest on these loans must not be less than a prescribed benchmark interest rate for each year of the loan. The term of the loan must not exceed either 25 years, if the loan amount is secured by a registered mortgage over real property, or 7 years otherwise. The rules also require that minimum repayments of the loan take place over the term of the loan, in accordance with an ATO prescribed formula.
+
+= = = Jennifer Bernet = = =
+
+ Jennifer Bernet (born August 21, 1962) is an American social worker and Democratic politician currently serving as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives. First elected in 2006, she failed to retake the seat in 2008 and 2010. In 2011, when Bob Mead resigned to be chief of staff to Speaker Bill O'Brien, Bernet handily won a special election to take his place. Following redistricting in 2012, she again lost reelection and ran in 2014 for a seat on the Executive Council of New Hampshire. She returned to the House in 2018.
+
+= = = David Nahmias = = =
+
+ David E. Nahmias (born September 11, 1964) is the current Presiding Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia and the former United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia. The Presiding Justice takes the place of the Chief Justice when he is absent or is disqualified.
+ He attended Briarcliff High School and was the state's STAR student. He attended Duke University, where he graduated first in his class and "summa cum laude", and Harvard Law School, where in 1991 he graduated "magna cum laude" and was an editor of the "Harvard Law Review" (along with President Obama). He then clerked for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and Justice Antonin Scalia of the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1992 Term.
+ After practicing with the law firm of Hogan & Hartson in Washington, D.C., Nahmias joined the U.S. Attorney's Office in Atlanta in January 1995. He initially handled a number of armed robbery, firearms, arson, and explosives cases, and worked extensively on the investigation of the Centennial Olympic Park and subsequent bombings that resulted in the indictment of Eric Robert Rudolph. Nahmias then worked in the Fraud and Public Corruption Section, where he successfully prosecuted a Georgia State Senator on corruption charges and several personal injury lawyers and chiropractors on tax and fraud charges, and served as the co-lead prosecutor on a major investigation of public corruption in the City of Atlanta and Fulton County governments. His work in Atlanta was recognized in 2002 with the Director's Award for Superior Performance by an Assistant U.S. Attorney.
+ Beginning in late October 2001, Nahmias was detailed to the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division in Washington to serve as Counsel to the Assistant Attorney General. In that capacity, Nahmias coordinated the investigations and prosecutions of Al Qaeda and other terrorist activity around the United States and in numerous foreign countries, assisted in counterterrorism policy-making, and served as a DOJ liaison to other Federal agencies on terrorism-related issues. On August 1, 2003, Nahmias was appointed as a Deputy Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division, responsible for supervision of the Counterterrorism Section; the Fraud Section, which handles policy and litigation matters including corporate, securities, and health care fraud cases and the Enron Task Force; the Appellate Section; and the Capital Case Unit.
+ After being nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate, on December 1, 2004, Nahmias returned home to Atlanta to take office as the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia. He served as the chief federal law enforcement officer in the district and managed an office with approximately 75 lawyers who represent the United States in all criminal and civil litigation in federal court in the district. In January 2005, Nahmias was appointed to serve on the Attorney General's Advisory Committee of United State Attorneys (AGAC), which reviews and recommends policies for federal prosecutors nationwide. The Attorney General also appointed Nahmias as Chairman of two of the AGAC's most important subcommittees: Terrorism and National Security (September 2005-October 2007) and White Collar Crime (October 2007 – 2009).
+ Nahmias was named to the Supreme Court of Georgia by Governor Sonny Perdue on August 13, 2009, to fill the vacancy left by the resignation of Leah Ward Sears. He took office on September 3, 2009, and won re-election in November 2010.
+ On September 4, 2018, Nahmias was sworn in as Presiding Justice, replacing Harold Melton, who became Chief Justice on the same day.
+
+= = = At de Mons = = =
+
+ N'At de Mons was a troubadour of the latter half of the thirteenth century. He was from Mons, near Toulouse. Kings James I of Aragon (1213–76) and Alfonso X of Castile (1252–84) acted as his patrons and he addressed "La valors es grans e l'onors", a "sirventes" on the rights of kings, to James. At is also credited as the author of a "cobla esparsa" (single stanza), "Reys rix romieus mas man milhors".
+ At's longest surviving work is "Sitot non es enquistz", an "ensenhamen" comprising five letters, including three to James and one to Alfonso. The latter ("Al bo rei de Castela") can be dated to between 1266, when Alfonso conquered the Kingdom of Murcia, and 1275, when he renounced his imperial candidacy.
+
+= = = 2002 California State Senate election = = =
+
+ The 2002 California State Senate elections were held on November 5, 2002. Senate seats of even-numbered districts were up for election. Senate terms are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. Senators serve four-year terms and are limited to two terms. As was expected, the Democratic Party held on to the majority of the seats, though they lost one.
+ Final results from the California Secretary of State:
+
+= = = List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches = = =
+
+ The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Vikings are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). The club was founded by Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer, H. P. Skoglund and Max Winter in 1959 as a member of the American Football League. However, they forfeited their membership in January 1960 and became the National Football League's 14th franchise in 1961.
+ There have been nine head coaches in the history of the franchise, beginning with Norm Van Brocklin, who was head coach for six seasons between 1961 and 1967. Van Brocklin's successor, Bud Grant, is the only coach to have had more than one tenure with the franchise, and also the only one to have won an NFL championship with the team, at the 1969 NFL Championship Game. Grant is the all-time leader in games coached (243), wins (151), and winning percentage (.622). Les Steckel has the worst winning percentage of the franchise's nine head coaches (.188), with just three wins in his only season in charge. Two Vikings coaches have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Grant and Van Brocklin, although Van Brocklin was elected for his playing career. Mike Tice is the only former Vikings player to have become a head coach for the franchise. The most recent coach was former defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier, who took over as interim head coach from Brad Childress after the latter was fired on November 22, 2010. Frazier held the position permanently from January 3, 2011, until December 30, 2013, when he was fired after compiling a 21–32–1 record as head coach. On January 15, 2014, the Vikings appointed Mike Zimmer as the team's ninth head coach.
+ Following the Minnesota Vikings' admission to the National Football League, there were ultimately two candidates for the position of head coach: Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Norm Van Brocklin and Winnipeg Blue Bombers head coach Bud Grant. Van Brocklin was favored by three of the Vikings' five board members, and after discussions with the franchise management on January 18, Van Brocklin signed an initial three-year contract and was appointed as head coach on January 18, 1961. In Van Brocklin's first season in charge of the Vikings, the team won just three of their 14 games, a record that got worse before it got better. The team had a record of 2–11–1 in Van Brocklin's second season as head coach, but improved to 8–5–1 in the 1964 season. However, this was not enough to reach the NFL Championship Game as the team finished tied for second place in the Western Conference.
+ By Van Brocklin's final season at the helm, his relationship with starting quarterback Fran Tarkenton had deteriorated to the point that the two could no longer work together. This resulted in Van Brocklin's resignation on February 11, 1967, shortly followed by Tarkenton being traded to the New York Giants. In the search for Van Brocklin's replacement, Vikings founder Max Winter and general manager Jim Finks re-approached Bud Grant, who joined the Minnesota side on March 10, 1967 after 10 seasons coaching the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. With a record of 8–6, the Vikings finished top of their division in Grant's second season in charge, reaching the playoffs for the first time in franchise history. However, they lost out to the Baltimore Colts 24–14 in their Western Conference Championship Game. The following year, they went two better by beating the Los Angeles Rams and the Cleveland Browns to claim the NFL Championship, before losing out to the Kansas City Chiefs 23–7 in Super Bowl IV. Nine more divisional titles followed in the next 11 seasons, including NFC Championships in 1973, 1974 and 1976, making Grant the first head coach to lead teams to four Super Bowls, despite never winning one.
+ Grant retired as head coach after the 1983 season, and was replaced by receivers coach Les Steckel in January 1984. However, under Steckel, the team had their worst season to date, only managing to win three of their 16 games in 1984. After Steckel was fired, Grant was coaxed out of retirement to replace him for the 1985 season. After Grant's second retirement, Vikings assistant coach Jerry Burns was named as his successor. Burns' tenure as head coach lasted for six seasons, including three playoff appearances, one of which resulted in a loss to the Washington Redskins in the 1987 NFC Championship Game.
+ Burns retired from coaching at the end of the 1991 season, and the Vikings turned to Stanford Cardinal head coach Dennis Green as his successor, making Green the first African-American head coach in franchise history. In the first nine years of Green's tenure with the Vikings, the closest he came to a losing record was an 8–8 record in 1995, the only season in which his team missed the playoffs. Three years later, Green's team played out the best season in franchise history, losing only to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on the way to a 15–1 record. The team received a bye to the Divisional Playoffs, in which they beat the Arizona Cardinals to set up a Conference Championship Game against the Atlanta Falcons. With six minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Vikings in the lead at 27–20, they drove down the field to set up a 38-yard field goal for kicker Gary Anderson, who had not missed a single kick all season. A successful kick would have given the Vikings a two-score lead with just over two minutes left to play, but Anderson hooked his kick wide left, allowing the Falcons to take the ball back downfield for a game-tying touchdown. They followed this with a field goal in overtime, denying the Vikings a fifth Super Bowl appearance.
+ Green's 10th season at the Vikings helm turned out to be his final year in Minnesota; with a 5–10 record with one game remaining in the 2001 season, the Vikings management bought out the final two years of Green's contract and promoted offensive line coach and former tight end Mike Tice to the top job for the final game of the season. Tice remained in the job for a further four seasons, but only reached the playoffs once, losing out to the Philadelphia Eagles in the Divisional Playoffs of the 2004 season. Tice's contract was allowed to expire at the end of the 2005 season, and he was quickly replaced by the Philadelphia Eagles' offensive coordinator Brad Childress. Since Childress' first season in charge, the Vikings regular season record has improved by two wins a season from 6–10 in 2006 to 12–4 in 2009. They reached the playoffs as NFC North champions twice in two consecutive years in 2008 and 2009; they lost out to Childress' former team, the Philadelphia Eagles, in the 2008 NFC Wildcard game, but beat the Dallas Cowboys in the 2009 Divisional game to reach their first NFC Championship Game since 2000. However, they lost to the New Orleans Saints and missed out on the Super Bowl. The following season, the Vikings picked up just three wins in their first 10 games; after the seventh defeat of the season, Childress was fired and defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier took over as interim head coach. Frazier was named head coach on a permanent basis on January 3, 2011, but his first full season in charge saw the Vikings finish with a 3–13 record. The following year saw a dramatic turnaround as the Vikings finished at 10–6 in 2012, just edging out the Chicago Bears to make the playoffs as the NFC's sixth seed with a win over the Green Bay Packers in week 17; however, the team slumped again in 2013, as a final 5–10–1 record ultimately saw Frazier fired on December 30, 2013.
+ On January 15, 2014, the Vikings announced the hiring of the Cincinnati Bengals' defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer as head coach, and in his first year at the helm, the team finished at 7–9, just missing the playoffs. The Vikings again improved to 11–5 in 2015, beating the Green Bay Packers in week 17 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009 and snapping a streak of five consecutive titles by Green Bay; however, they went on to lose to the Seattle Seahawks in the wildcard round of the playoffs. After going 5–0 to start the 2016 season despite a slew of injuries, the team won just three games after their bye week and finished 8–8. In 2017, Zimmer led the team to a 13–3 record and a first-round bye on the way to the NFC Championship Game against the Philadelphia Eagles, who won 38–7, leaving the Vikings just short of becoming the first team ever to reach a Super Bowl played in their own stadium.
+ "Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the Wild Card Round of the 2019–20 NFL playoffs."
+
+= = = Eco 4 the World = = =
+
+ Eco 4 the World is a 13-episode Singaporean documentary television series featuring positive environmental stories from around the world. Stories include projects and initiatives businesses, ordinary people, celebrities and others involved in to make a difference in the environment around the world. The business stories highlight various companies' corporate social responsibility initiatives.
+ The series is in partnership with the United Nations Environment Programme.
+ In association with the TV series, an online social network was also developed. It grew rapidly, but was not maintained and has been closed down.
+ Produced by Singapore-based Big Durian Productions, the half-hour show is hosted by environmental model Summer Rayne Oakes and Andrew Patterson
+ Stories for the series were shot in countries around the world, including the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Italy, France, Azerbaijan, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Brazil and more.
+ The host links were shot in a studio in Singapore.
+ The series has featured various celebrities including Sting, Alicia Keys, David Duchovny, Ryan Seacrest, Simple Plan, Hoobastank, Simon Webbe, Desmond Tutu, Ian Thorpe, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Bart Conner, Daryl Hannah, Gavin Newsom, Amy Smart, Ed Begley, Jr., Julia Butterfly Hill and more.
+ The celebrity features range from clips of them making short appearances to full interviews with footage of them involved in various environmental activities and projects. For example, Sting tells of his project in Costa Rica to protect the rainforests, while Ed Begley, Jr. shows the features of his eco-friendly home.
+ Each Eco 4 the World episode features what various large businesses around the world are doing to have a positive impact on the environment. Featured corporations include DHL, Arla Foods, ING, Scania, Petronas, Ebara Corporation, Sodexo, Aarhus United Denmark, Yara International, Johnson & Johnson and more.
+ Eco 4 the World is distributed by Symbiosis Licensing Pte Ltd, a TV content and software distributor from Singapore.
+ The series was first shown on Arts Central in Singapore and subsequently on CNBC in the US and Europe. As of Spring 2008 it was still being aired there. The series was also shown in various other parts of the world including on RTM1 in Malaysia (where it is still being aired), and on Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines flights.
+ This foundation is a non-profit organization designed to empower young people towards positive environmental action. The foundation has participated in a number of projects and activities in conjunction with UNEP. These include Champions of the Earth, Focus on Your World, Passage of Hope and the Burned Tree Exhibition.
+ The foundation helped organise this annual UNEP award ceremony in Singapore.
+ In April, 2007 the Eco 4 the World Foundation launched this art exhibition in Singapore. The event featured burned trees that had been made into sculptures by Philippe Pastor.
+ The foundation organized this photo exhibition showcasing hundreds of photos of environmental conditions and events around the world.
+
+= = = Sid Lovett = = =
+
+ Sid Lovett is a Democratic former member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the Grafton 8th District from 1994–1998, 2000-2002, 2006-2008 and 2012-2014.
+
+= = = Gutierrezia microcephala = = =
+
+ Gutierrezia microcephala is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names sticky snakeweed, threadleaf snakeweed, threadleaf broomweed, and smallhead snakeweed. It is a subshrub native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, and can be found in arid grassland and desert sand dune habitats. It can be toxic to livestock in large quantities, due to the presence of saponins and high concentrations of selenium.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala" is a small, resinous, perennial desert subshrub that is typically in height and less than in diameter. It is heavily branched, often causing it to be nearly spherical. New shoots and twigs are green to yellow in color, and older parts are brown and woody. The leaves are linear, threadlike, and alternate; long and wide. Along with the leaves, the stem tissue is photosynthetic, giving the plant a high photosynthetic capacity. "G. microcephala" typically flowers July to October, but this can vary depending on the amount of precipitation.
+ When flowering, the tips of stem branches are occupied by sessile inflorescences of 5 or 6 flowers. The knobby, waxy yellow flower buds open into golden yellow flower heads, each of which has one or two disc florets between in diameter, and one or two ray florets between in diameter. The mature plants produce many achene, although most seeds fall within a few metres of the parent plant. This is because the plant grows a very small pappus, which makes wind-borne seed distribution very inefficient.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala", a native North American plant, is found throughout the southwestern United States (from California east as far as Texas and Colorado) and northern Mexico (from Baja California to Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Zacatecas). It occurs in a variety of ecoregions, such as arid grasslands, chaparral, sand dunes, and oak or oak-pine woodlands. "G. microcephala" is primarily found in well-drained sandy, gravelly, or rocky soils, and is often found in intermittently dry creeks or on the adjacent slopes. It often predominates on shallow, rocky soil, where grasses are not well established.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala" was used by the Native Americans for various reasons. The Cahuilla used an infusion of the plant as a gargle or placed the plant in their mouths as a toothache remedy. The Hopi and Tewa both used the plant as a carminative, as prayer stick decorations, and for roasting sweet corn, and the Navajo applied a poultice of the plant to the back and legs of horses for unknown reasons. The Zuni steeped the flower heads in boiling water and used the tea as a diuretic, tonic, and sweat-inducer, and also used the plant as an indicator of water.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala" is of little known use to wildlife, and is generally uneaten by livestock except when other forage is unavailable.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala" can be toxic to livestock, especially when grown in sandy soil. Toxicity is due to the presence of saponins, alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonols, as well as high concentrations of selenium; "G. microcephala" plants have been found to contain selenium levels of 1287 ppm. Toxicity symptoms include abortion and death; as little as of fresh "G. microcephala" consumed by cattle in seven days can cause abortions, and in cattle, sheep, and goats consuming ten to twenty percent of their body weight in two weeks can cause death.
+ "Gutierrezia microcephala" is among one of the most widespread and damaging rangeland weeds, and is an indicator of overgrazed or disturbed rangelands. The herbicides picloram and triclopyr have been found to give satisfactory control, with control lasting at least 5 to 7 years with proper grazing management. Biological control has also been studied, with a combination of an Argentinean root-boring weevil, "Heilipodus ventralis", and an Argentinean moth root-borer, "Carmenta haematica", found to be an effective method of control.
+ Fire kills or severely damages "G. microcephala", allowing controlled burns to be used in the management of its populations. Burns must be done carefully, as "G. microcephala" may recolonize burned sites if moisture conditions and competition is favorable, giving mixed success for prescribed burns. Burns can be limited by insufficient amounts fine fuel; if there is enough fine fuel, burns are generally effective if fuel moisture and relative humidity are low, the air temperature is between , and there is a gentle breeze.
+
+= = = Mark & Olly: Living with the Tribes = = =
+
+ Mark & Olly: Living with the Tribes is a group of three documentary adventure reality television series that aired on BBC Knowledge and the Travel Channel which premiered in 2007. The program follows British explorers Mark Anstice and Oliver Steeds as they travel around the world to reside with underdeveloped indigenous peoples. The series was produced by Cicada Productions and distributed by FremantleMedia.
+ In 2011, the third season of the series was accused of faking scenes and mistranslating interviews to portray the tribe negatively.[
+
+= = = Marketnews Magazine = = =
+
+ Marketnews Magazine is a trade magazine covering the consumer electronics industry in Canada. The publication was founded in 1975 and is owned by Toronto-based Bomar Publishing Inc.
+ "Marketnews" focuses on industry news for retailers through monthly articles on products, technologies, trends, marketing strategies, selling techniques, and personnel appointments. Features have included technical and sales analysis of new and existing market opportunities; in-depth coverage of national and international trade shows from a Canadian perspective; and profiles of leading retailers across Canada.
+ "Marketnews" has participated in North American trade shows for consumer electronics, home computing, and multimedia.
+
+= = = CKJH = = =
+
+ CKJH is a radio station licensed to Melfort, Saskatchewan. Owned by the Jim Pattison Group, it broadcasts an adult hits format branded as "Beach Radio". It is headquartered alongside CJVR-FM in studios at 611 Main Street.
+ Along with CBGY, it is one of only two full-power radio stations in Canada which broadcast on 750 AM, a United States and Canadian clear-channel frequency. It airs SJHL games of the local Melfort Mustangs, as well as Saskatchewan Roughriders games.
+ In 1965, a group headed by Minno Walter Hodge received approval for a new AM station to serve the Carrot River Valley area, from Melfort. The station originally began broadcasting on October 8, 1966 at 1420 kHz as CJVR.
+ On February 22, 1995, CJVR received approval by the CRTC to change CJVR's frequency from 1420 to 750 kHz, which was vacated by CJWW in Saskatoon.
+ On March 1, 2002, the station changed call signs to its current CKJH, and changed formats from country to oldies/classic hits, with country moving to newly-launched CJVR-FM.
+ On August 20, 2018, the Jim Pattison Group announced its intent to acquire Fabmar Communications pending CRTC approval. The sale made CKJH and CJVR-FM sisters to Jim Pattison Group's cluster in Prince Albert. Following the acquisition, in May 2019, the station flipped to adult hits as "Beach Radio", re-focusing on hit music from the 1980's and 1990's.
+
+= = = Röyksopp discography = = =
+
+ Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp have released five studio albums, two mix albums, two extended plays, 27 singles, one promotional single and 18 music videos.
+
+= = = Doseido Colony, Texas = = =
+
+ Doseido Colony was a small historic settlement which was located in western Wilson County, Texas (USA) one mile north of FM 775, at the intersection of county roads 321 and 361.
+ The community of Doseido Colony was a small, primarily African American, settlement in Northwestern Wilson County, Texas, one of Eight "colonies" established after the end of the American Civil War.
+ In 1875, the community had a school and church both built out of hand-split logs, and filled with furniture handmade from logs. H. C. Abrams was the school teacher and he was paid $50 a month. With the growth of nearby La Vernia, Adkins, and Lone Oak, and after being bypassed by the railroad and major highways the community declined. All that remains now on the site of the settlement is the Doseido Colony Cemetery, which is partially overgrown by brush, and has many marked and unmarked graves.
+
+= = = Frederick Albert Winsor = = =
+
+ Frederick Albert Winsor, originally Friedrich Albrecht Winzer (1763 in Braunschweig, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel – 11 May 1830 in Paris) was a German inventor, one of the pioneers of gas lighting in the UK and France.
+ Winsor went to Britain before 1799 and became interested in the technology and economics of fuels. In 1802 he went to Paris to investigate the 'thermo-lamp' which French engineer Philippe LeBon had patented in 1799. Returning to Britain, he started a gasworks and in 1807 lit one side of Pall Mall, London, with gas lamps. In 1804-09 he was granted various patents for gas furnaces and purifiers. His application to Parliament for a charter for the Gas Light and Coke Company having failed, Winsor once more moved to France, but unlike the success he had in United Kingdom in Paris his company in made little progress and was liquidated in 1819.
+ The distilling retort Winsor used consisted of an iron pot with a fitted lid. The lid had a pipe in the centre leading to the conical condensing vessel, which was compartmented inside with perforated divisions to spread the gas to purify it of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. The device was not very successful, and the gas being burned was impure and emitted a pungent smell.
+ Winsor published "Description of the Thermo-lamp Invented by Lebon of Paris" in 1802, "Analogy between Animal and Vegetable Life, Demonstrating the Beneficial Application of the Patent Light Stoves to all Green and Hot Houses" in 1807, and other works.
+ He died in Paris and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. A green plaque on Pall Mall in London marks the site of Winsor's first demonstration, and there is a memorial to him in Kensal Green Cemetery. Winsor Terrace in Beckton, the former approach road to Beckton Gas Works, is named in his honour.
+
+= = = 1996 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament = = =
+
+ The 1996 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 1996 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds and the three highest seeds received byes in the first round. Connecticut, the Big East regular season winner, received the number one seed in the tournament.
+ Connecticut defeated Georgetown, 75-74 to claim its second Big East Tournament championship.
+ Dave Gavitt Trophy (Most Outstanding Player): Victor Page, Georgetown
+ All-Tournament Team
+
+= = = Big Creek Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Big Creek Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA, named for Big Creek, which flows diagonally through the township from the northwest to the southeast. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,883.
+ Big Creek Township covers an area of surrounding the city of Hays. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Fort and Fort Hays Memorial Gardens.
+ A tributary to Big Creek, the stream of Chetolah Creek runs through this township, north to south through the eastern suburbs of Hays.
+ Big Creek Township contains one airport, Hays Municipal Airport.
+
+= = = Motive for Movement = = =
+
+ Motive for Movement was a Tulsa, Oklahoma indie rock band that formed in 2005. The band consisted of the 4 members now known as Foreign Home. The band has gone through many style shifts since 2005 but consistently combines angular guitar and syncopated drums for a style often described as ambient shoegazing indie rock with Britpop melodic sensibilities.
+ Diversafest 2008 with:
+ Diversafest 2009 with:
+ https://archive.is/20130223013257/http://www.inspirer.nu/news/2012/3/5/album-review-foreign-home-how-strange-the-night-ep.html
+ http://www.ktul.com/video?autoStart=true&topVideoCatNo=default&clipId=6753844
+ http://www.tulsaworld.com/webextra/content/2007/spotniks07/nom.aspx
+ http://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/article.aspx?articleID=071123_8_ES1_hCanc80780
+ http://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/article.aspx?articleID=071026_8_ES1_hrdan12057
+ http://www.tulsaworld.com/entertainment/spot/article.aspx?articleID=20080514_278_D8_spancl687362
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20080225100802/http://www.edgetulsa.com/music/homegroan.shtml
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20080223232555/http://www.tulsamusicpulse.com/index.php/category/tulsa-world/
+ http://hometownheroestulsa.libsyn.com/index.php?post_year=2007&post_month=04
+ http://hometownheroestulsa.libsyn.com/index.php?post_year=2006&post_month=08
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20080409153207/http://www.faragher-productions.com/2007/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=7
+ http://www.tulsaworld.com/webextra/blogs/weblog.aspx?column_id=29&bdate=9/1/2007
+ http://www.indiefy.com/motiveformovement
+ http://www.urbantulsa.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A15072
+ http://paynecountylinenews.blogspot.com/2007_04_01_archive.html
+ http://eventful.com/events/kansas-city/music-vedera-walter-alias-motive-for-movement-/E0-001-005658977-0
+ http://www.answers.com/topic/cain-s-ballroom?cat=entertainment
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20080913003442/http://www.dfest.net/music.aspx
+ http://www.myspace.com/motiveformovement
+ http://www.purevolume.com/motiveformovement
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207183134/http://www.oklahomarock.com/blog/?cat=277
+ http://www.motiveformovement.com
+ http://www.virb.com/motiveformovement
+ http://www.digitalpodcast.com/detail-iROK_Radio-1776.html
+ http://www.indierockcafe.com/2010/10/indee-mail-new-songs-bands/
+ http://www.altpress.com/apr/
+
+= = = Buckeye Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Buckeye Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 414.
+ Buckeye Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Hyacinth, Saint Andrew and Saint Severin.
+
+= = = Catherine Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Catherine Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 312.
+ Catherine Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Norman and Saint Catharina.
+
+= = = Dave Early = = =
+
+ Dave Early (5 April 1957 – October 1996) was an English drummer and percussionist. Early worked with Sade, Chris Rea, Van Morrison, The Chieftains, Mary Black, Ananta, and others. Later he moved to Belfast, where he played with traditional Irish artists. He frequently worked with drummer-percussionist Martin Ditcham. He was originally with a band called Rookie in 1975/76 with (Gary Stoner, David Knipe and Ian Nix) they were managed by Henri Henroid.
+ He was the son of Henry and Gladys Early, he had two older brothers, John and William Early.
+ He died in a car accident in Ireland in 1996.
+
+= = = Ellis Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Ellis Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. At the 2010 census, its population was 418.
+ Ellis Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Ellis. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Mount Hope and Saint Marys.
+ The streams of East Spring Creek, Tomcat Creek and Wild Horse Creek run through this township.
+ Ellis Township contains one airport or landing strip, Ellis Landing Field.
+
+= = = Hard or Smooth = = =
+
+ Hard or Smooth is the second album released by Wreckx-n-Effect. It was released on November 24, 1992 for MCA Records and featured production from Teddy Riley, Ty Fyffe, Riley's engineers Franklyn Grant and David Wynn and Wreckx-n—Effect. This marked Wreckx-n-Effect's first album following the death of member Brandon Mitchell, who was shot to death in 1990.
+ "Hard or Smooth" became a success for the group thanks in large part to the single "Rump Shaker". The album itself made it to #9 on the "Billboard" 200 and #6 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Several singles made it to the "Billboard" charts; "Rump Shaker" would make it to #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and on the R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, as well as #9 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play; "Knock-N-Boots" made it to #72 on the Hot 100 and #71 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart; "My Cutie" made it to #37 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales and #75 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart; and "Wreckx Shop" made it to #11 on the Hot Rap Tracks and 46 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart.
+ "Rump Shaker"
+ "New Jack Swing, Pt. 2"
+ "Wreckx Shop"
+ "Knock-N-Boots"
+ "My Cutie"
+ "Hard"
+ "Smooth"
+
+= = = Freedom Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Freedom Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 118.
+ Freedom Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Holy Cross.
+ The streams of Duck Creek and Eagle Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = HMS Elphinstone = = =
+
+ No ships of the Royal Navy directly bore the name HMS "Elphinstone". However there were three ships named "Elphinstone" of the East India Company and the Royal Indian Marine which had close associations with the Royal Navy. They are named after Lord Elphinstone.
+
+= = = Herzog Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Herzog Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 894.
+ Herzog Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Sacred Heart, Saint Anna and Saint Fidelis.
+ The stream of Sweetwater Creek runs through this township.
+ Herzog Township contains one airport or landing strip, Victoria Pratt Airport.
+
+= = = Colby Ward = = =
+
+ Colby Ward, (born January 2, 1964), is a former professional baseball player, pitching for the Cleveland Indians in 1990.
+ Ward batted right-handed and fielded and threw right-handed as well. He is 6'2 and weighed 185 lbs. He played his first game on July 27, 1990 and played his last game on September 27 of the same season. He finished his major league career with a 1-3 won-loss record.
+ Ward attended Brigham Young University and was drafted by the California Angels in the 11th round of the 1986 amateur draft.
+ College Career
+ While at BYU Colby Ward set the record for best Win-Loss record (31-10), as well as most pitching decisions (51). Both records still stand.
+
+= = = Lookout Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Lookout Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 579.
+ Lookout Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Schoenchen and the unincorporated settlement of Antonino. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Saint Anthony, at Antonino. The township was the focus of the 1890s gold rush hoax witnessing the short lived settlements of Smoky Hill City and Chetolah.
+
+= = = Victoria Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Victoria Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 876.
+ Victoria Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Victoria. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Saint Boniface and Saint George.
+ The streams of Mud Creek and North Fork Big Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Wheatland Township, Ellis County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Wheatland Township is a township in Ellis County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 386.
+ Wheatland Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Saint Francis.
+ The streams of Big Timber Creek and Shelter Creek run through this township.
+ Wheatland Township contains two airports or landing strips: Philip Ranch Airport and Stecklein Field.
+
+= = = Bec Stupak = = =
+
+ Bec Stupak (born 1974) is a video and performance artist working in Brooklyn, New York. Her work uses collage, repetition and shifting fields of bright color to create psychedelic animations and films. She got her start early on as a VJ at raves, performing around the world and as a regular performer at Lonnie Fischer's Ultraworld events at the D.C. Armory.
+ She was named Art Director of New Media at Atlantic Records in 2000 and remained there until 2003, creating online content and overseeing websites for all Atlantic artists including Lil' Kim, T.I., Trick Daddy, Jewel, Brandy and many others. Stupak started working with the New York based collective Assume Vivid Astro Focus in 2002. Their first collaboration was "Freebird", which was quickly followed by "Walking on Thin Ice". In 2004, the collective was featured in the "Whitney Biennial".
+ Stupak's first solo show, "Radical Earth Magic Flower", premiered in 2006 at Deitch Projects gallery in New York. The show featured a number of videos including her blind remake of Jack Smith's 1962 cult classic "Flaming Creatures".
+ Stupak returned to Deitch Projects in 2007 for a one night engagement along with The Dazzle Dancers to premiere their music video collaboration "The Love Boat". Also in 2007, Stupak began a collaboration with the Joshua Light Show, which was originally the house lightshow at the Fillmore East in the 1960s.
+
+= = = Idle, West Yorkshire = = =
+
+ Idle is a residential suburban area in the city of Bradford, West Yorkshire, in England and was a separate village and before that the Manor of Idle.
+ Idle is loosely bordered by the areas of Eccleshill, Wrose, Thackley, Apperley Bridge, and Greengates, in the north-east of the city.
+ The Manor of Idle contained the villages of Idle and Windhill and hamlets of Thackley, Thorpe-Green, Parkhill, Cross-Keys, Buckmill, and Wrose.
+ The Manor of Idle was bounded by the River Aire in the north and in the east Pighill Beck (now named Haigh Beck) up to Blakehill Tongue and across westwards down a small beck to Bradford Beck.
+ The name is thought to be a corruption of "Idlawe" meaning Ide's Hill, where Ida is supposed to be an Anglo Saxon settler.
+ Idle was once part of the parish of Calverley but in 1584 a chapel of ease was built on Town Lane and later in 1630 rebuilt on the same site.
+ The building is now known as Old Chapel.
+ In 1775 Round Steps School was added to the western end of Old Chapel and was rebuilt in 1836.
+ The school building also contained a lockup and the town's offices, and was also used by the Mechanics Institute.
+ It was demolished in the late 19th century.
+ In 1914 there was a move to demolish Old Chapel to improve road access however there was a successful campaign to oppose this and preserve the Old Chapel.
+ In 1717 Upper Chapel was built on Westfield Road by dissenters, rebuilt in 1790 and rebuilt again in 1850. This was demolished in 1953 and rebuilt again becoming the United Reformed Church in 1972. The Primitive Methodist Church was established on Town Lane in 1861 but was later demolished. The property was used by the Idle branch of the YMCA.
+ Thorpe Methodist Chapel was built in 1814 and a new chapel built in 1871 then demolished circa 1981 and a modern chapel built on the site.
+ Holy Trinity Church was built off Town Lane in 1830 and later the graveyard was extended into land between the church and The Grange previously occupied by Church Farm.
+ In 1858 the Unitarian Church was built on Highfield Road but was later demolished.
+ St John's Church was built on Cavendish Road but this has now been demolished.
+ The Idle Baptist Chapel was built on Bradford Road in 1810 and the Idle Baptist Church was built in 1875 but later demolished in 1983.
+ The Salvation Army came to Idle in 1884 and took up residence in the Old Green Mill in Idle Green. In 1890 the foundations were laid for the present Idle Citadel Salvation Army Worship Hall on Walter Street: the builders were Messrs Obank & sons of Thackley.The hall was opened in April 1893. In 1999 a new community hall was built adjoining the main hall over the site of the old air-raid shelter.
+ The Idle Spiritualist Church was established on Highfield Road in the former premises of the White Hart Inn.
+ Idle's early local industry was based on coal measures and quarrying.
+ Stone was exported using the canal and later on the railway.
+ Mills in the Idle area include Old Green Mill, Butt Lane Cotton Mill, Union Mills, Simpson Green Mill or Castle Mill, New Mill and Albion Mill.
+ Idle was served at different periods by two railway stations firstly the Idle (L&BR) railway station
+ in Thackley on the Leeds and Bradford line during 1847-48, and then the Idle railway station in central Idle on the Great Northern Laisterdyke—Shipley line between 1875 and 1968.
+ The railway opened to goods in 1874 and to passengers in 1875.
+ Idle's workhouse was on Windhill Old Road in Thackley.
+ Watmough's printers was founded in 1888 and had premises on High Street.
+ The business closed and the buildings demolished to make way for housing.
+ A tram service operated from Bradford to Thorpe Garth from 1901 to 1931 after which a trolley bus service started.
+ Jowett Cars Ltd had a car factory in Bradford Road, Idle until 1954.
+ Jowett then sold the factory to International Harvester who made tractors at the site until the early 1980s.
+ The factory was demolished after International Harvester closed it, and the site is now occupied by Enterprise 5, a retail complex largely consisting of independent units, McDonald's and a Morrisons supermarket.
+ Rank Leak Wharfedale had a site on Highfield Road manufacturing Hi-Fi equipment.
+ The Idle Picture Palace (cinema) opened in 1912 located in existing buildings on The Green.
+ Circa 1930 sound was installed and in 1955 a wide screen, but it closed in 1959 to reopen as a Bingo hall but the building was demolished in 1970/71.
+ In more modern times there was a Hillards Supermarket off Idlecroft which later became Dunnes Stores. The premises remained unoccupied after Dunnes closed in 2015.
+ The site has recently been developed and is now split between Home Bargains and Aldi.
+ The borders between the village and its neighbouring areas are not particularly well defined, but there are three distinct areas in the village: the mainly working class area of Thorpe Edge to the south east of the village; the middle class area, centred on the main roads of Highfield Road and Town Lane, west of the village; and the middle class area centred on the main road of Leeds Road, east of the village.
+ To the extreme west of the village, immediately on the border with the area of Wrose, is the mostly rural Idle Moor.
+ This is a particularly hilly area of the village and provides views over the River Aire valley towards Shipley and Baildon.
+ The village centre consists of a small village green, around which are various shops, banks, pubs and eateries, including most of the village's fast food outlets.
+ In the area leading away from the village centre towards Leeds Road, there is a recreational area including football fields, tennis courts, a bowling green and a children's play area.
+ This is known locally as the "Idle Rec".
+ Idle and The Green is a conservation area.
+ The village of Idle was included in Bradford when it became a city in 1899.
+ Today the village is located in the ward of Idle and Thackley.
+ The village is also located in the newly created parliamentary constituency of Bradford East, and the former constituency of Bradford North.
+ Leading down to the village from Highfield Road is the main High Street, with businesses and pubs, a medical centre
+ and dental practice.
+ On the High Street is the 'Idle Working Men's Club' built in 1928.
+ To outsiders this is perhaps the best known feature of the village, as when read out the name erroneously implies that the club provides a place for 'idle' or lazy working men to drink, rather than simply being a working men's club in the village of Idle.
+ The unique name has acquired the club a cult status around the world, with many clamouring for an official 'Idle Working Men's Pass'.
+ The membership exceeds 1,000,
+ a large number considering the decline of similar working men's clubs throughout the north of England.
+ Women were allowed to become members in 1995.
+ There are over a dozen public houses and bars in Idle.
+ The Post Office is on Bradford Road
+ and West Yorkshire Police's Eccleshill Police Station is in Idle.
+ On Leeds Road is the Bradford branch of the British Red Cross.
+ Idle's War Memorial in the lytch gate of the Holy Trinity Church in Town Lane memorialises the 215 men who died in both world wars.
+ Many of the houses and buildings in Idle village date back almost a century, and provide a significant remnant of Bradford's expansion during the Industrial Revolution.
+ Idle's listed buildings can be found around Albion Road,
+ Bradford Road,
+ Cross Road,
+ The Green,
+ Greenfield Lane,
+ Highfield Road,
+ High Street,
+ Howgate,
+ Ley Fleaks Road,
+ Town Lane,
+ and Westfield Lane.
+ Under the western part of Idle runs the Frizinghall to Esholt sewage tunnel.
+ One of the tunnel's ventilation shafts is located at the edge of the Hepworth and Idle Cricket Club's cricket field off Westfield Lane.
+ A TV repeater transmitter is located near Idle Hill in Idle Moor.
+ On Town Lane is Holy Trinity Parish Church, a large, impressive Victorian church dating from 1830
+ complete with graveyard and bell tower.
+ Idle Upper Chapel is on Westfield Lane
+ and Idle Baptist Church is on Bradford Road.
+ On Leeds Road is Immanuel CE Community College.
+ Idle C.E. Primary School is on Boothroyd Drive,
+ and Thorpe Primary School in Albion Road.
+ The Stage 84 Performing Arts School is located in premises on Town Lane.
+ Blakehill Primary School is on Highfield Road.
+ Idle's branch library is on Albion Road.
+ Thackley Primary School is located on Town Lane.
+ The village was home to several cricket pitches which hosted a number of teams, including Hepworth & Idle CC.
+ The village has no association football team of any real note, however Eccleshill United F.C.'s ground is just outside the village boundaries in Wrose and they play in the NCEL Premier Division.
+ Musical groups in the area include the Idle and Thackley Operatic Society
+ and the Idle Bell Ringers.
+ The Idle Beer Festival is held at the Hepworth and Idle Cricket Club. Stage 84 school of performing arts and ND Dance academy.
+ See the category .
+ Joseph Whitworth (1803–1887) engineer and entrepreneur, was educated at William Vint's Academy in Idle.
+ Sir Robert Jennings (1913–2004) (""Robbie"") QC, former President of the International Court of Justice and one time Whewell Professor of International Law at Cambridge University, was born and educated in Idle and spent his whole upbringing there until he won the scholarship to Cambridge which set him on his career.
+ English actor Michael Rennie (1909–1971) best known for playing Klaatu in "The Day the Earth Stood Still" was born in Idle
+ as was Vic Feather, Trades union leader in 1908.
+ Adrian Edmondson comic actor, writer, musician and director, was born in nearby Wrose but grew up in Idle.
+ Hannah Midgley, former Emmerdale actress has lived in Idle for most of her life.
+ Dickie Watmough, former Bradford City, Blackpool and Preston North End footballer was born in Idle
+ and James Hanson, former Bradford City footballer, comes from Idle and used to work at the Idle Co-op.
+ Yorkshire and England cricketer Doug Padgett was born in Idle and played for Idle Cricket Club.
+
+= = = Early Spring 2008 Midwest floods = = =
+
+ The March 2008 Midwest floods were a massive flooding event in the Southern Midwest and portions of the Southern Plains. Cape Girardeau, Missouri officially reported between March 18 and 19. At least 17 people died as a result of the flooding. Levee breaks were observed in several areas, most notably in Southeastern Missouri, where levee breaks occurred through mid-April.
+ The National Weather Service posted flood watches stretching from Dallas, Texas, to Scranton, Pennsylvania, starting March 16. Two strong low-pressure centers developed along a stationary front that stretched along this line. One was located in the southern region of Illinois, and the other was located near San Antonio, Texas. The northern low, combined with strong upper level winds, dragged large amounts moisture north from the Gulf of Mexico. The southern low produced severe weather and heavy rain on its north side. At one point, the national weather radar composite showed a large shield of heavy rain stretching from Texas to northern Indiana. River flooding continued through May in some areas, causing additional problems where flash flooding from the heavy rains struck. Numerous locations in Arkansas reported record rainfall totals from March into early April.
+ River flooding continued through March and into April; even stretching to early May in a few areas. Several river gauges throughout the Midwest and southeast were in major flood stage. Some of the worst river flooding of the event occurred in the western suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri, along the Meramec River; 451 homes were damaged in this area. River flooding stretched from Wisconsin to Louisiana by mid-April; some of the flooding to the north was exacerbated by ice jams after record snowfall during the winter.
+ The death toll associated with the flooding was 17.
+ Five deaths occurred in Missouri. Others were killed in a highway wreck due to heavy rain in Kentucky, and a 65-year-old woman in Ohio appeared to have drowned while checking on a sump pump in her home. In southern Illinois, two bodies were found hours after floodwaters swept a pickup truck off a road. Also, in Missouri, the body of a 19-year-old man was found about 2 miles downstream from where he was reported swept into a creek the previous evening.
+ The flooding closed a number of roads in Missouri around the Meramec River, and threatened to force the closure of Interstate 44 at Valley Park. Unlike the Great Flood of 1993, which affected this same region, the majority of homes and businesses in Valley Park were protected from the flooding by a new levee built in 2005.
+ In Kentucky, the flooding resulted in scattered road closures and flooded basements. In Covington, city crews used sump pumps to keep high water off the streets. High water from Banklick Creek also forced Kenton County's Pioneer Park to close. Emergency managers in Posey County, Indiana declared a state of emergency and Vanderburgh County, Indiana and the city of Evansville were also under states of emergency for a short time. Schools in Henderson and Union Counties were closed due to the flooding, and U.S. 60 at the line between the two counties was shut down because of landslides. Numerous roads were closed because of flooding in the Louisville, Kentucky area: Old Vincennes Road at Buttontown Road and Clover Creek and Hamby Road and Borden Road at U.S. 150.
+ The Federal Emergency Management Agency denied flood recovery grants and loans to Illinois. Fifteen counties in southern Illinois applied for the assistance. In Illinois, 39 homes were destroyed, 150 others had major damage, and 145 businesses were flooded. Out of those 145 businesses that needed repairs after the floods, 74 of the buildings were in Harrisburg, Illinois.
+
+= = = George Walsh (politician) = = =
+
+ George Augustus Walsh (22 November 1899 – 15 May 1979) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.
+ He was the oldest of six children of Gemima Howan and Augustus Walsh, who got married at Foxton around 1894.
+ He represented the Tauranga electorate from the to 1972, when he retired. He was appointed an Officier of the Order of the British Empire, for services to politics, in the 1973 New Year Honours.
+ At the 17 October 1962 meeting of the New Zealand Parliament's External Affairs Select Committee, Walsh was elected to chair the Committee, on the motion of Defence Minister, Dean Eyre.
+
+= = = Twenty Four Candles = = =
+
+ "Twenty Four Candles" is the 14th episode in the second season, and the 37th episode overall, of the American dramedy series "Ugly Betty", which aired on April 24, 2008. The episode was written by Veronica Becker and Sarah Kuscerka and directed by Michael Spiller. The title of the episode is a wordplay on the film "Sixteen Candles".
+ The story begins with Betty dreaming of the perfect birthday party, complete with a horse and carriage and her boyfriend Henry as her knight in shining armor. Her alarm wakes her and her family wishes her a happy birthday with Hilda giving her a pat on her butt, Justin giving her a customized cellphone, and Ignacio making her pancakes, before she leaves for her planned trip to the Poconos with Henry.
+ But as she arrived to Henry's place, she knocks on the door and shouts "Birthday girl's here!", only to have the door be opened by Henry's very pregnant ex, Charlie. Turns out she is in town for a parenting seminar that had a last-minute opening on the same weekend of Betty's birthday. Henry explains that Charlie just showed up and she can go to the parenting seminar alone. Betty suggests that they just stay in New York, so Henry can be a parent and still partake in some birthday festivities. Betty kisses Henry and says she will see him tonight.
+ As for Wilhelmina, the former Mode diva is trying to hide the fact that she has Christina at her house—and Christina is carrying the dead Bradford Meade's offspring. As Christina attempts to open the window in her room, Renee comes to her rescue. After she thanks Renee, Christina decides to light a candle and Renee freaks. She extinguishes the flame and says, "No. Candles. Ever." Christina calls Betty to tell her about Renee, but unfortunately Betty's cell phone does not have good reception, so Betty misses every other word. Hoping to get evidence, Christina put a baby monitor in the pantry, determined to find out what is going on. Wilhelmina shows up at Daniel's place to warn him about Renee, who is dating Daniel, and tells him to ask Renee about Stony Brook.
+ Meanwhile, Betty enters the office and approaches Amanda, who is decked out in a Kiss T-shirt. Betty notes that she is turning 24 (Amanda first guessed 40, and later 50) and asks Amanda what is the most romantic restaurant in New York. Amanda suggests Pemberley Inn, which makes Amanda want to lick Betty with her tongue. Betty then enters Daniel's office (just as he is Googling "Stony Brook".) He appears to have no idea it's Betty's birthday, and in retribution Betty talks him out of taking his tickets to see the New York Philharmonic in Central Park.
+ As Claire prepares to launch "Hot Flash", Daniel and Alexis become concerned that the budget for the magazine's launch, so Alexis tells her mother that she will cut off the funding. This did not sit well with Claire, who is upset that her own daughter, the company CEO, would tell her this. Moments later in the bathroom, Betty sees her and as Claire tells her about what happened, Betty tells Claire that she shouldn't give up. Claire takes that advice to heart.
+ Renee enters Daniel's office and announces that she found an apartment right around the corner from his place. He balks a bit, and then asks her about Stony Brook, which Renee says is a state college on Long Island where she went to school. She is furious that he would even listen to Wilhelmina, and tells him to call her when he is ready to trust her a little. Back at the Slaters, Renee confronts Wilhelmina and asks why she is trying to break up her and Daniel. Wilhelmina says they both know what happens when Renee gets too serious with men. Renee claims that this is nothing like Stony Brook, and Wilhelmina reminds her that it took a lot of work to clean up that mess. Renee warns her sister to leave them alone or she will regret it, adding that she is sure she is not the only one around with secrets unaware that Christina is listening via the baby monitor and writes "Stony Brook" on a notepad.
+ As Betty makes reservations at the Pemberley Inn, Gio emerges from his sandwich cart to sit on her desk. Betty explains that it is her birthday and details the romantic night she has planned with Henry. Gio says that the only thing missing is a carriage ride. When Betty asks why he would say that, Gio just thought it was something she would be into. Betty tries to escape, and Gio says he is sorry they don't talk as much anymore. Betty says she has been busy working and living, then walks away. Betty then gets a call from Henry as Amanda listens in (only to have Betty to tell Amanda to butt out). Henry is carrying a big bouquet of gerbera daisies. As Betty gets off the phone excitedly as she sees Daniel coming toward her with a big present, but it is for Renee.
+ At the Suarez house, Ignacio is upset that Betty's weekend has been scrubbed because of Charlie, then pouts because he likes to have the family together for birthdays. Hilda thinks they can take the cupcakes to Henry's, so he and Betty can eat them under the stars at the Philarmonic. As Hilda drops off the cupcakes at Henry's place, Charlie is there to receive them. She tells Hilda that there is not going to be a birthday date, but Hilda corrects her. Charlie insincerely says that is great, and adds that Betty does not let anything get in her way. Hilda says she does not. But if anything is to happen, Hilda has her back. As Hilda exits, Charlie bites into a cupcake fiercely, then smiles. Hours later, Henry leaves a message for Betty, saying that he has to take Charlie to the doctor and tells Betty should not go to the restaurant, saying he will meet up with her later. He adds that he is so sorry, and that he loves her. But Betty's cellphone only gets part of the message as she heads to the restaurant.
+ Back at the Slaters, as Marc drops off baby supplies, Renee is there and tells him that her sister skipped the infant CPR class and made Christina go alone, in favor of a deep tissue massage. Renee offers to make Marc a chocolatini, not knowing that this was the opportunity that Renee was waiting for, as hours later, in a drunken moment Marc nearly ruins everything by spilling the beans to Renee about the baby Christina’s carrying. Renee later tells Wilhelmina that she has taped Marc's conversation and if she interferes, she'll expose her. When Wilhelmina becomes threatened that if the Meades find out that she stole Bradford's sperm she will go to prison, she sends Marc to break into Daniel's apartment to retrieve the recording, but while he is there Daniel arrives, Marc pretends that he is there to seduce Daniel, but Daniel knows that Wilhelmina is behind it all, so Marc leaves before Daniel can call the cops.
+ At the Pemberley Inn, Betty waits. To buy some time, she orders cheese fondue from the waiter, who thinks she is there by herself. Back at Casa Suarez, Ignacio takes a call from Henry and learns that he is canceling his whole night with Betty because Charlie is not feeling well, so the family decides to put a party in place. As the hours passed, the waiter grows impatient with Betty's presence, and asks her to leave. Back at MODE, Amanda sees Gio bring a piece of pie for Betty, then reveals to Gio that Henry called to cancel his plans with Betty but never bothered to give Betty the message, so Gio steps in and gives Betty a night to remember as he shows up at the restaurant with a carriage and shows her a night on the town. As Betty and Gio paint the town red, the family thinks that Betty maybe on her way home. However, it is Henry at the door instead. He says the doctor could not find anything wrong, and so he thinks Charlie was just trying to ruin his night with Betty. Hilda is quick to forgive, but Ignacio isn't so sure.
+ Back at "MODE", Alexis sees Claire in the meeting room with other older women. Claire then tells her that "Hot Flash" will be ready for launch, as she has outsourced former ex-cons to help finance the magazine.
+ Back at Daniel's apartment, he tells Renee about Marc, and apologizes for letting Wilhelmina get to him earlier. Renee is sorry, too, and says that she hasn't told Daniel everything. He says she can trust him, so she tells him about Stony Brook. She was in college and had a breakdown, and then went to a treatment facility. She still sees a doctor and has to takes daily medication. It was a long time ago, she says, but she is still a little sensitive about it. Daniel thanks her for telling the truth, and assures her that he still wants to be with her, so Daniel asks Renee to move in with him. Unbeknownst to Renee, it looks like Wilhelmina has played her; as Renee called her sister with her plans, Marc told Wilhelmina that he had "retrieved" it (her prescription pills) which she hopes will make her go crazy. As they returned to the apartment, the two noticed the baby monitor, which had Christina fearing that they might be on to her.
+ Betty gets back from her evening with Gio and finds Henry sleeping on her living room sofa, but it is Ignacio who greets her. Betty is sad to have missed all of her family's efforts, but Ignacio admits it is mostly for him, because he likes to feel like he's still taking care of his little girl. Betty still needs him, she says, and his cupcakes. It is then that Ignacio stands up and walk to a small table where he retrieves a small box, it a present for Betty, left two weeks earlier by Daniel because he was afraid he will forget her birthday. As she go over the couch, Betty wakes Henry and he says that he is sorry that her birthday was not perfect. And as they embrace, Betty seems to have something else on her mind.
+ Daniel's present to Betty in "Twenty Four Candles": on October 6, 2008, in an article published in Variety Silvio Horta answered a fan question regarding Daniel's present to Betty.
+ Q. What did Daniel give Betty for her birthday in "24 Candles?" Kind of random, but we didn't get to see her open it and I'm curious. — Cali]
+ A. I was disappointed we didn't get to show this scene because it turned out to be such a great moment. We had to cut it due to time — the show was too long. After an excruciating day at work, which happened to be her birthday, Betty unwinds with Ignacio, who remembers to give Betty a gift from Daniel—he dropped it off a couple of weeks ago because, "He just wanted to make sure he didn't forget." Betty opens the gift to find a Shakespeare anthology. Inside there's an inscription: "Looks like you share a birthday with another great writer… Happy Birthday, Betty. Love, Daniel." The gift worked on many levels because Betty was writing an article for Mode at the time and it showed how much Daniel really cares about her. But we simply didn't have the time in the episode to keep the scene.
+ This is the first post-strike episode. It also hints at a return to the show's roots after enduring a series of over-the-top storylines, as creator Silvio Horta pointed out in a "Los Angeles Times" interview.
+ The episode aired on the 24th of April, 6 days after America Ferrera (Betty) turned 24.
+ "Entertainment Weekly"'s Tanner Stransky was among the reviewers who welcomed the show back: "How stoked are you that "Mode" is back in business? It's been exactly three months since the last episode of "Ugly Betty" aired. Three months! And just like the Suarez clan yearning for Ignacio's delectable flan, I've been craving my fix of delicious love triangles, devilish in vitro impregnations, and, of course, Willy's genius one-liners. And there was so much to look forward to: A new Meade magazine, courtesy of Claire! Dark revelations about Willy's sister, Renee! Some sort of resolution to the Betty-Henry-Gio love triangle! Hilda with bangs!"
+ The episode scored with a 6.0/10 and more than 8.5 million viewers in the US tuning in, beating FOX's "Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?" for second, behind CBS' "".
+
+= = = Joe Hernandez (race caller) = = =
+
+ Joe Hernandez (June 3, 1909February 2, 1972) was the voice of Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California, from the time the track opened on Christmas Day 1934 until he fainted at the microphone on January 27, 1972. It was reported 28 February 2016 on the TVG horseracing channel that Hernandez had been kicked by a horse earlier and died while calling a race at Santa Anita Park. During that time, he called 15,587 races in a row. Over the course of his career, his cry of "There they go!" echoed over a number of notable races including Seabiscuit’s win in the 1940 Santa Anita Handicap and Johnny Longden’s last ride in 1966. His cries of "And here comes Malicious!" and "Silky Sullivan trails …" are remembered to this day.
+ Hernandez broke into the business of race calling in 1927 for Agua Caliente Racetrack at Tijuana, being developed by the first-ever race caller, Steward George Schilling, who on 5 February 1927 called the first race at the Mexican track. In 1932, he became the first race caller at Tanforan. In the coming years, he became the premiere race caller on the West Coast, at a time when most Mexicans and Mexican Americans were being repatriated to Mexico due to America's Great Depression. In the late 1930s, Alfred Vanderbilt, Jr. hired Hernandez to call the races at Pimlico Race Course and Belmont Park. While there, Hernandez encountered some discrimination when he was seen in public with his wife Pearl, an Anglo-American. In 1950, Hernandez called the Kentucky Derby for fans at Churchill Downs. A recording of his call was later distributed to over 60,000 racing fans.
+ Hernandez was not only a race caller; he was a highly respected sportswriter, handicapper, jockey and buyers agent, radio and television producer, music composer, actor, athlete, and philanthropist. He also owned a number of businesses related to horse racing. For example, he owned his own film patrol company (a company that recorded races in order to determine if a foul was committed during a race). Hernandez also imported, owned, and raced Thoroughbreds under his own silks. The most noted race horse to run under his colors was Cougar II, a Chilean import who was inaugurated into Thoroughbred horse racing's Hall of Fame in 2006.
+ A bronze bust of Hernandez was unveiled at Santa Anita on December 26, 1974. The piece rests at the bottom of the track's main grandstand entrance. Santa Anita track officials decided to place the piece here so Hernandez could be close to his fans, and they to him. As Rudolph Alvarado noted in his biography on Hernandez ("The Untold Story of Joe Hernandez: The Voice of Santa Anita"), "From here the bust would also serve to introduce Joe, and what he meant to Santa Anita to future racing fans. Most importantly, placed here, Joe’s gaze would always fall on his beloved Santa Anita."
+
+= = = Ash Creek Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Ash Creek Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 58.
+ Ash Creek Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ The streams of Ash Creek and Mud Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Alexander Shchetynsky = = =
+
+ Alexander Shchetynsky (Shchetinsky) (; ; Aleksandr Stepanovich Shchetins'kiy) is a Ukrainian composer. Born on 22 June 1960 in Kharkiv, in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. His work list includes compositions in various forms ranging from solo instrumental to orchestral, choral pieces and operas.
+ Shchetynsky graduated from the Kharkiv Art Institute in 1983. Although he studied composition officially with Valentyn Borysov, another Ukrainian composer, Valentyn Bibik, strongly influenced him in those formative years. Another important source of inspiration was so called Soviet musical avant-garde: Edison Denisov, Alfred Schnittke, Arvo Pärt, Sofia Gubaidulina, Valentin Silvestrov. Later Shchetynsky participated in master classes with Edison Denisov and Poul Ruders in Denmark, and summer courses in Poland, where he attended lectures by Louis Andriessen, Witold Lutosławski, Krzysztof Penderecki, Boguslaw Schaeffer, and Magnus Lindberg. Music of the Second Viennese School, Olivier Messiaen, and György Ligeti had a significant impact on Shchetynsky.
+ Since the late 80s, his music has been presented at festivals and concerts in Europe and America, performed by internationally acclaimed artists and ensembles, such as the Moscow Helikon Opera, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra, children's choir Maîtrise de Radio France, the Arditti String Quartet, the Moscow Contemporary Music Ensemble, Ensemble Wiener Collage, Mark Pekarsky Percussion Ensemble, pianist Yvar Mikhashoff, soprano Phyllis Bryn-Julson, a.o. Among the publishers of Shchetynsky are Alain Van Kerckhoven Editeur, Boosey & Hawkes, Le Chant du Monde, and Gerard Billaudot Editeur S.A. Two "portrait" CDs with his music were released in the US and France. In 2011 NAXOS released the CD 'New Sacred Music from Ukraine' with his choral works.
+ Shchetynsky received seven international composer’s awards:
+ At the age of about 30, he developed his personal post-serial style based on combination of quasi-serial procedures and special attention to attractiveness of sound material and to melody as a source of expression. Another fundamental feature of his music is its rhythmic, structural and formal flexibility, which provokes feeling of "self-development" of initial micro-thematic patterns. The idea of modern spirituality became an impulse for many his vocal and instrumental compositions. This is particularly significant in his 3 operas and several choral compositions written recently. Moscow critic Alexey Parin referred to Shchetynsky as "a consequent stickler for avant-garde" and stated that "his spirituality reveals in strict, ascetically beautiful sounds that impress with their hermetism, within the context of up-to-date musical language". Nevertheless, in his newest compositions he moves towards postmodernistic aesthetics utilizing stylistic elements of various epochs. However, he stays apart from eclecticism and aims at finding a new unity in combination of those musical elements that historically never existed next to each other.
+ "His style is essentially that of a structuralist, relying on a synthesis of a variety of modernist techniques and exploring in each piece a particular musical metaphor. This method explains his reliance on pieces with descriptive titles. The influence of an especially eastern European variety of minimalism (more meditative and less didactic) is also apparent in the carefully worked out relationship between different degrees of sound and silence, the predominance of soft dynamics, and in the smallest details and changes in pitch, timbre and rhythm."
+ From 1982 to 1990 Shchetynsky taught composition at a music school in Kharkiv utilizing the Brainin Teaching Method of music education.
+ From 1991 to 1995 he taught composition, instrumentation, and techniques of contemporary music at the Kharkiv Art Institute.
+ Since 1995, although being a free-lance composer, he regularly lectured on Ukrainian music, gave master classes, and presented own works at international festivals and symposia in Austria, Germany, Macedonia, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Ukraine.
+ From 1997 to 2005 Shchetynsky was the member of the Art Council of the Festival Contrasts in Lviv – the biggest and most prestigious international contemporary music festival in Ukraine. He was among the organisers of several other contemporary music festivals in Ukraine and Russia, and from 1995 to 2001 ran concert series New Music in Kharkiv.
+ Since 2006 he lives in Kiev.
+ He wrote the scores for three films which was written, directed and produced by Ihor Podolchak:
+
+= = = Black Wolf Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Black Wolf Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 87.
+ Black Wolf Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ The streams of Buffalo Creek, Little Wolf Creek, Loss Creek, Turkey Creek and Wolf Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Carneiro Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Carneiro Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 57.
+ Carneiro Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Carneiro and Terra Cotta.
+
+= = = Clear Creek Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Clear Creek Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 91.
+ Clear Creek Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Clear Creek and Kanopolis.
+
+= = = CJVR-FM = = =
+
+ CJVR-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 105.1 FM in Melfort, Saskatchewan. Owned by the Jim Pattison Group, the station airs a country music format. It is located with sister station CKJH at 611 Main Street.
+ The station received CRTC approval on December 7, 2001 and originally began broadcasting in FM in 2002. CJVR is currently a sister station of CKJH, which first went on the air in 2002. CJVR originally went to air on October 8th, 1966 at 1420 AM. In 1995, CJVR moved to 750 AM, where it remained until March 1st, 2002 when it switched to FM.
+ On August 20, 2018, the Jim Pattison Group announced its intent to acquire Fabmar Communications pending CRTC approval. The sale made CKJH and CJVR-FM sisters to Jim Pattison Broadcast Group's cluster in Prince Albert.
+
+= = = Columbia Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Columbia Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 60.
+ Columbia Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Fairview and Pleasant Valley.
+
+= = = Ellsworth Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Ellsworth Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 797.
+ Ellsworth Township covers an area of and contains two incorporated settlements: Ellsworth (the county seat) and Kanopolis. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Memorial.
+ The streams of East Oak Creek, East Spring Creek, Oak Creek, Oxide Creek, Spring Creek and West Oak Creek run through this township.
+ Ellsworth Township contains one airport or landing strip, Ellsworth Municipal Airport.
+
+= = = Sinha (surname) = = =
+
+ Also see Sinha
+ Sinha is a surname commonly used in Sri Lanka and India. It may refer to:
+
+= = = Empire Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Empire Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 174.
+ Empire Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Buckeye and Scates.
+ The streams of Alum Creek, Bluff Creek, Clear Creek, Sand Creek, Skunk Creek and Thompson Creek run through this township.
+ Empire Township contains one airport or landing strip, Kanopolis State Park Airport.
+
+= = = William Wagner House = = =
+
+ The Wagner Homestead was built by William Wagner, who came to Miami with his Creole wife Everline. Wagner, a U.S. Army veteran, had joined the army in 1846, fought in the Mexican War under General Winfield Scott until he was wounded in the Battle of Cerro Gordo, and sent to Charleston S.C. to recuperate. When Wagner's former military unit was sent to reopen Fort Dallas in 1855, he came to the Miami area and decided to move to South Florida. Wagner died in 1901 on his homestead. He was one of the area's first permanent residents and was actively involved in local political and community affairs.
+ The Wagner house was originally located along a tributary of the Miami River which was later renamed Wagner Creek. In 1979 the Dade Heritage Trust moved the house from its original location near Culmer Metrorail Station to Lummus Park in downtown Miami.. The Wagner home reflects the early days of settlement along the Miami River during the nineteenth century and is the only known house in Miami which remains from this period. It is a rare example of vernacular wood frame architecture and is unique in its use of Balloon frame construction.
+ The home is located in Lummus Park on the north side of the Miami River at NW 4th Avenue and NW 3rd Street. It is the oldest known home still standing in Miami.
+
+= = = Garfield Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Garfield Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 27.
+ Garfield Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+
+= = = Bachani = = =
+
+ Bachani () is a Maheshwari tribe in Sindh, Pakistan. Bachani is the Gujjar/Maheshwari Baniya caste belong to Gujarat, India.
+
+= = = Green Garden Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Green Garden Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 211.
+ Green Garden Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Lorraine. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Baptist and Lorraine.
+
+= = = Langley Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Langley Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 76.
+ Langley Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Langley.
+ The stream of Wiley Creek runs through this township.
+
+= = = Jaime Silva (Portugal) = = =
+
+ Jaime Silva was a Minister of Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries of Portugal in the XVII Governo Constitucional administration team headed by Prime Minister José Sócrates. He was first appointed to the ministry in March 2005 and continued in this position until 2009 legislative elections.
+
+= = = List of Shadow Skill characters = = =
+
+ The Shadow Skill manga and anime series has a varied cast of characters originally created by Megumu Okada. The plot takes place in the fictional a warrior kingdom with a history stretching back over 2,000 years. The kingdom stands perpetually on the brink of war with its neighbors. Warriors of Kuruda fight using martial arts styles that utilize magic-like powers and compete in colloseum matches to rise in rank and hone their skills; the highest of these ranks being Vaar and then Savaar.
+ is the 59th Sevaar of Kuruda and one of the Four Divas. Though she is not the only female Sevaar in history – a title roughly equivalent to a "high warrior", as an ordinary warrior is known as a Vaar – she does hold the distinction of being the youngest female ever to be awarded the title of Sevaar, at age 14, 3 years prior to the start of the series. Her fighting nickname "Shadow Skill" is also the name of her martial arts style.
+ Elle has an older brother: Diaz Ragu, a blacksmith and a Vaar of Kuruda. Their parents both died from a rampaging disease when Elle was still young, and she too contracted the same illness. Diaz immediately set out on many dangerous missions in order to raise the money needed for his sister's medicine. Elle was saved, but Diaz' body was severely weakened by his ordeal, to the point that he had to give up on being a warrior, instead devoting himself to crafting his Black Wing boomerangs. Elle continues to feel guilt for this fact to this day, believing it should have been him to win this title, and not her. She also has a reputation as both a heavy drinker and a brawler, often acting without considering the consequences. A running joke throughout the series is how deeply in debt she is, and how any windfalls of money she might come into, always immediately go into either paying off the damages to her surroundings, or else into debts accumulated for the same reason.
+, also known as Black Howling, is a Vaar of Kuruda and Elle Ragu's adopted brother.
+ His origins differ slightly between the OAV and anime. In the anime, Gau is ten when the attack occurs. Seeing his parents murdered in front of him, Gau snaps and attacks the bandits. He kills most of them, but then his luck runs out. Elle shows up before he himself is killed, and finishes off the remaining bandits. In the OAV, bandits attacked his home village when he was nine years old, slaughtering everyone, including Gau's parents. Over the next year, Gau exercised guerrilla-style attacks against the bandits for revenge. He eventually encounters Elle on the road by chance.
+ Since Gau is the only survivor of his village, Elle takes him with her. Originally, Gau only intended to follow Elle in order to steal all her money and discover the source of her powers. However, after some time, Gau came to care for Elle like an older sister. Over the years, Gau has trained side by side with Elle in an effort to become strong. With his dedication and signs of promise, he quickly catches the attention of the 57th Sevaar, Scarface, who decides to help Gau improve, albeit only indirectly. Many incidents that Gau encounters are in some way or another engineered by Scarface, for the purpose of driving him to improve and become stronger.
+ He also catches the love-interest of Kyuo Lyu, however Gau is completely oblivious to her intentions. In an ironic turn of events, Scrib Lowengren, King Iba Sutra's apprentice in Open Skills and effectively Gau's rival in the race to become the next Sevaar, falls in love with Kyuo at first sight and a love triangle develops. The two of them battle each other several times, Gau eventually coming out the overall victor. In respect, Lowe gives Gau his earrings, which Gau wears during his most important battles.
+ Fia Arcana, also known as and later takes the title , is the daughter of a famed Sui Rem, a sorcerer who uses magical talismans in battle, who was also a master of Shadow Skills. One of the laws of the Sui Rem states that when one's master is slain, their disciple(s) must cast off their name until the master has been avenged. Because of this, Fia changed her name to Faurink Maya ("Folli" for short), later gaining the nickname "Plasmatizer".
+ When she first met Elle, Fia resented her and looked at her as a rival. However, when news came that Elle had killed her father in battle, that sense of rivalry turned to rage.
+ Eventually, she managed to hunt down Elle and confront her. During the battle Faury attempted to kill Elle using the Nothingness Talisman, a forbidden spell known only to the Arcana family, but the mine collapsing as a result of the fight precluded this, trapping Faury under debris to where she could not escape. Surprisingly, Elle rescued her and carried her out of the mine. Faury, now beginning to have doubts as to Elle's guilt, decided to accompany her and see what kind of person Elle was.
+ In the following years, Faury became good friends with Elle and would often act as an older sister figure. She looked at Elle as a child of light, loved by the gods, while herself as a child of darkness who envied the light. She looked out for Elle as her conscience.
+ It is later revealed that it was not Elle who had killed her father, but Louie Francil, another disciple of her father. He tells them that he had intended for Faury and Elle to kill each other so that he alone could claim the inheritance of his master's powers and title. Gau overhears this and fights and defeats Louie, blasting him off the cliff where they stood overlooking Elle and Faury, consequently aborting their own battle.
+ From then on, Faury's friendship with Elle became even stronger. In the manga, it was emphasized that Faury was a bad cook, and was also revealed later in the series (after the point where the anime ends) that she was also married. Her husband's name was Woaks Porelo, and it was revealed that they had married in Juliannes 4 years previous, when Faury was 15. Her reason for leaving him had been because of her father's murder, and subsequently Faury's search for Elle.
+ is a former member of the Septia troupe Phantom, a group of trained hunters who tracked down demon-beasts, capturing and taming them for use in society. Her grandfather, Jin Stolla, was the leader of Phantom and considered to be one of the greatest Septias ever. When Phantom decided to go after the legendary demon beast, the King of the Moon, they had no idea what they were up against. The King of the Moon, whose powers of strength and regeneration were unstoppable while under the moonlight, destroyed an entire village. The Phantom unit tried to stop the beast but they were all wiped out just in one night. In the morning, Kyuo found the corpses of her teammates and buried them.
+ Kyuo returned to Kuruda and tried to hire a group of thugs to help her hunt down the King of the Moon, but they had other things in mind (a young defenseless girl alone in a bar, you get the idea). Luckily, Elle and Gau overheard the conversation from their table, and Gau immediately jumped right in to defend Kyuo. When the thugs found out that the 59th Sevaar was on Kyuo's side, they immediately ran for the hills. Kyuo paid Elle for the help, which unfortunately went to cover Elle's debts. Kyuo offered them more money if they were willing to help her, however Elle was hesitant at first because she thought Kyuo wanted her help to capture the demon-beast. It startled everyone, therefore, when Kyuo admitted that she wanted it dead, not captured – a desire counter to the purpose Septias played in society. Upon that, Elle agreed.
+ During the hunt, Kyuo showed a remarkable talent for setting traps, as well as handling a series of chakram-like rings called chulinks. These rings are an integral part of a Septia's abilities and duties, serving as focal points to activate and control their traps. In combat chulinks could also be used as weapons; by attaching a cord to it, a chulink could be used as both a throwing weapon as well as in a way similar to a whip.
+ That night, the King of the Moon appeared and a fierce battle ensued. Elle and Gau's attacks were devastating, even so far as splitting the demon-beast in half, but as the fight was occurring beneath a full moon, the demon-beast was able to heal even the most debilitating wounds as soon as they occurred, even regenerate severed limbs. It was Kyuo's efforts in the end that saved them, her traps pinning the demon-beast in place until the sun rose, and the King of the Moon's powers waned to the point where it could be, and was, killed. With her revenge now complete, Kyuo had nowhere left to go, so Elle invited her to join the group. She has been with them ever since.
+ During her stay with the group, Kyuo was often emphasized as the weakest member of the group, especially as compared to Elle and Gau's Shadow Skills and Faury's Sui Rem talisman magic. It was also revealed that Kyuo possessed horrific scars on both arms from the early days of her training, a result of mishandling her chulinks. Later on, she met Lowengren, a Vaar who specialized in Open Skills, who fell madly in love with her but whose affections she did not seem to notice. Following the Lightning Battle, Kyuo managed to get some quality time alone with Gau, but Gau's immense progress left Kyuo afraid of being left behind because she was weak.
+ In practicing to become stronger, Kyuo was able to successfully master the Tomoway, a style of chulink-throwing and opponent-capturing which her late grandfather was famous for being a master of. One night during her practice, she was confronted with a familiar face, one that she was shocked to see. Her grandfather, or so she thought.
+ It was actually Iba Stolla, the 55th Sevaar and king of Kuruda, and also Jin Stolla's twin brother. He revealed to her that he was actually her granduncle and that he would use his power to protect her until the day came that she would find a man who would love and protect her.
+ During G's attack, Kyuo did not want Gau to get hurt, and so placed herself on the frontline in order to stop G before Gau would have to fight. However, given that her opponent was a Sevaar, as expected Kyuo lost badly and was very nearly killed. When Gau found her, still alive but bloody and near death, he snapped and in a rage attacked G.
+ Towards the end of the series, Kyuo suspected that Gau was more than a brother to Elle, but it was not until during Solfon's attack on Kuruda that she confronted Elle. As a result, their quarrel was cut short. At the end of the series, when Elle was exiled along with Gau, she followed them from the shadows, so as to keep an eye on them.
+, known by his fighting name the "Black Wing", is considered one of the strongest fighters that Ashlianna has ever seen. Thirsting for strength ever since he was a boy, Diaz earned a reputation during the war as a cold-blooded killing machine, he didn't care who he fought or killed. He fought side-by-side with Kai Shinks and Vy Low, the 56th and 57th Sevaars Crimson and Scarface, eventually becoming close friends with both.
+ When Diaz turned 16, he was on his way to becoming the 58th Sevaar when his parents contracted a rare disease and died. Later on, his younger sister Elle was also infected. After losing both his parents, he would not stand by and watch his sister die. He decided to put his ambitions aside and went to fight as a mercenary so he could earn enough money to buy medicine for Elle. He succeeded and was able to save Elle's life, but as a result of the extra battles that he fought in, his body was greatly weakened and had to give up his dreams of becoming a Sevaar. Because of this, the title of 58th Sevaar went to Kain Phalanx. Elle, feeling guilty about this, decided that she would take her brother's place and become Sevaar and several years later, succeeded in becoming the 59th Sevaar.
+ After Elle left, Diaz stayed in his hometown of Blorahan, where he lived a quiet life as a weaponsmith. It was hinted that Scarface and Kai visited him frequently, bringing him booze. As years went by, his condition worsened. His eyesight was slowly fading and his body was deteriorating. However, even in his weakened state, he was still very powerful. So powerful in fact, that Solfon wanted to capture him, so that he would both forge weapons for them and at the same time, fight on their side. Diaz obviously refused this, so Solfon had no choice but to use force. This was the beginning of the Battle of Blorahan, also known as the Lightning Battle.
+ A few weeks before Solfon approached Diaz, he met Elle for the first time since she had left, and was also introduced to Gau Ban. Diaz took an immediate liking to Gau and considered him as family, telling Gau to protect Elle for him. When the Lighting Battle occurred, Gau was ordered by Scarface to protect Diaz; and unbeknown to him, Kai Shinks was also on his way. When they arrived at Blorahan, Solfon had already surrounded the town. Kai offered Diaz some medicine that would delay the deterioration of his body, however Diaz refused as he believed that everything that happens is for a reason. He lent Gau his prized Black Wing boomerang, the source of his nickname, so that Gau could use it to protect his own life while Kai escorted him to Kuruda.
+ After the Lightning Battle, Diaz lived in Kuruda alone, Kyuo coming over every day to wash his clothes and cook for him. He also told Gau that there are certain battles that can be only fought by oneself. During G's attack on the city, Diaz chose to make a comeback and volunteered to protect Kuruda as a Vaar. Together, he, Scarface, and Kai managed to extinguish the fire that blazed in Kuruda while Gau fought G.
+ As Gau grew stronger, Vy decided to further his plans to have Gau become stronger, which Diaz didn't like. He threatened Scarface that if he was to harm his family, he would not hesitate to fight back. This, however, did not deter the 57th Sevaar in the slightest. When Vy asked Darkness to teach Gau the fear of death, Diaz, being the protective older brother, went to Gau's rescue. Knowing his time was near, Diaz put everything he had into this fight. The resulting fight proved that even in his condition, Diaz was still one of the greatest warriors Ashlianna had ever seen. Diaz won the battle ultimately, but he also died moments later, his body finally succumbing to the ravages of his injuries.
+ Shortly after his death, he was bestowed the title of "The Sword of Ashlianna" by Princess Lilivelt Lu Biju, the highest honor ever granted. Though Diaz had indeed earning this title, its bestowment was politically motivated as well: because of Shere Kahn and Ren Fuuma's machinations, war was threatening to break out between Kuruda and the other cities. By granting the title of "The Sword of Ashlianna" to a Kurudan citizen, that war was immediately averted, as no one desired to go against the Holy City's decree.
+ Later on, however, it was revealed that on Diaz' death, his soul had been deliberately sealed by Darkness into his Black Eye until such time as Kai Shinks could restore his body. During Gau's battle with Ren Fuuma, the efforts of Kai, Darkness, and Lunaris Umbra finally bore fruit. Diaz came back as an angel to give his brother "a little push" to victory. That is the last we see of Diaz until a mysterious dialogue between Darkness and Lunaris about someone who suddenly disappeared because his mission was over, to bring courage to a boy.
+, the 57th Sevaar known as Scarface, is the most powerful warrior in the history of Kuruda. Receiving the title of High-Sevaar at the age of 16 when he defeated King Eva Stroll, the 55th Sevaar Hawk Eyes, in combat, he became the heir to the throne and a role model for the new generation of Vaar to follow. He seems to take a liking to Gau and Elle, Gau most especially. Like all Sevaar, he tends to put up an aloof air whenever he is in public, not even glancing at his own wife, Folstise, the Ordo Codex of Juliannes. He also seems to have something of a drinking problem, always having an extra bottle of booze sneaked into his cape.
+ When Gau Ban first traveled to Kuruda, Vy immediately recognized his potential. Throughout the series, he has played a prominent role in the molding of young Gau. He usually influences Gau in an indirect manner, such setting up battles for him to fight. At other times he would act like a father figure and give him advice that is completely in contrast to the ones given by Diaz. He is actually obsessed in making Gau in to the ultimate warrior, and as such he constantly seeks to test him somehow. Unbeknownst to Gau and the others, Vy is actually the elder son of Shere Kahn, founder of Yin-ryū, and the older brother of Gau.
+ is seen in minor roles in Shadow Skill parts 1 and 2. He is the personal apprentice to the Kuruda King, Iba Stol—perhaps the King's ward? Upon hearing of Gau's emerging talent, Low challenged him at least twice. One challenge ended in a draw, the other ended in Gau forgetting all his angst and releasing the full power of Shadow Skill on the older boy. Now they are good friends, and two sides of an uneven love triangle involving Kyou. (Low likes Kyou, Kyou likes Gau. At least in the TV series. The manga has a different take on things.) He wears big, red, cherry-like earrings which play a role in Gau's most crucial fight at the end of the series.
+ is the 58th Sevaar of Kuruda, and goes by the moniker of G, the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet which symbolizes the strongest.
+, also known as Crimson and Lazarame Silver Sword, is the 56th Sevaar. He is a master bladesman, wealthy businessman, and high-ranking officer of the Kurodan government. In addition to his status as a Sevaar, he is also a Raza Reme (the only sevaar ever to do so), a master of the divine power of Souma, and is the magical representative of his home country of Kuroda at the Holy City of Juliannes. He worked with Darkness to resurrect Black Wing, recipient of Ashliana's highest honor, after Dias Rague died in a duel in which he defeated Darkness. Despite being the closest associate of his successor Scarface, he was responsible for giving him his famous scar when they fought in a duel before Vy Low became the 57th Sevaar.
+ is the 55th Sevaar and is a master of Open Skill, and the twin brother of Jin Stolla, the leader of Septia troupe Phantom. He was once defeated in personal combat by Vy Low, which enabled Scarface to become the second High-Sevaar after Hawk Eyes, and was also the subject of an assassination attempt by G, Kain Phalanx, the rogue 58th Sevaar, who Scarface killed in defense of the king's honor. He is the mentor of Screb Lohengrin and guardian of his grand-niece Kyuo Luo, whom he took under his wing after her grandfather was killed when the monster known as the Moon King massacred the rest of their group of demon-beast-hunters.
+ Ashubal is the king of Juliannes.
+ Rirubelt is the princess of Juliannes.
+ Glad Di is the Commander of the Juliannes Imperial Guard.
+ Faulstis Low is the bearer of the Ordo Codex, daughter of Glad Di, wife of Vy Low, and royal knight of Juliannes.
+
+= = = Lincoln Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Lincoln Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 62.
+ Lincoln Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+
+= = = Singel 24-7 = = =
+
+ Singel 24-7 was a Norwegian reality TV series that aired on TV3.
+ 5 boys and 5 girls will live together in a house and try to find a partner. 2 people will try and split up the other couples. In Singel 24-7 none of the contestants will get voted out. The viewers can choose which contestants will be living together. In Singel 24-7 Direkte two of the couples will each week be split up.
+ The 2 single contestants will each week get an assignment where they will be competing against each other. The winner of the assignment will get to choose who he or she will be living with for the next week, and can also take him or her out on a romantic date. Who the other single contestant will be living with is the viewers choice.
+ Contestants on Singel 24-7
+ Anita N Jensen
+ 23
+ Oslo/Kvinnherad
+ Sale
+ The series opened with 252 000 viewers, but a week after Singel 24-7 had only 105 000 viewers. The final episode was watched by 64 000 viewers, and the whole series had an average of 62 000 viewers.
+
+= = = Mulberry Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Mulberry Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 44.
+ Mulberry Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Mulberry.
+ The stream of Table Rock Creek runs through this township.
+ Mulberry Township contains one airport or landing strip, Belcher Airport.
+
+= = = Electoral history of George H. W. Bush = = =
+
+ George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989–1993), 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989); Director of the CIA (1976–1977) and United States Representative from Texas (1967–1971).
+ Texas United States Senate election, 1964 (Republican primary):
+ Texas United States Senate election, 1964 (Republican primary runoff):
+ Texas United States Senate election, 1964:
+ Texas' 7th congressional district, 1966:
+ Texas' 7th congressional district, 1968:
+ Texas United States Senate election, 1970 (Republican primary):
+ Texas United States Senate election, 1970:
+ 1980 Republican presidential primaries:
+ 1980 Republican National Convention (Presidential tally):
+ 1980 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally):
+ 1980 United States presidential election
+ 1984 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally):
+ 1984 United States presidential election
+ 1988 Republican presidential primaries:
+ 1988 Republican National Convention (Presidential tally):
+ 1988 United States presidential election
+ 1992 Republican presidential primaries:
+ 1992 Republican National Convention (Presidential tally):
+ 1992 New York State Right to Life Party Convention:
+ 1992 United States presidential election
+
+= = = Noble Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Noble Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 90.
+ Noble Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ The stream of Blood Creek runs through this township.
+
+= = = Palacky Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Palacky Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 63.
+ Palacky Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Palacky.
+
+= = = Ask the Fish = = =
+
+ Ask The Fish is a 1995 (see 1995 in music) live album by Leftover Salmon. It was originally released in 1995, but was reissued once in 1997 by Hollywood Records, and another time in 2001 on Bert Records.
+
+= = = Sherman Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Sherman Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 65.
+ Sherman Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+
+= = = Thomas Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Thomas Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 72.
+ Thomas Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+
+= = = Trivoli Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Trivoli Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 55.
+ Trivoli Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ Trivoli Township contains one airport or landing strip, Rush Field.
+
+= = = Valley Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Valley Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 577.
+ Valley Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Holyrood.
+ Valley Township contains one airport or landing strip, Holyrood Municipal Airport.
+
+= = = Wilson Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Wilson Township is a township in Ellsworth County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 894.
+ Wilson Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Wilson. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Wilson and Old Wilson.
+ The streams of Spring Creek and Wilson Creek run through this township.
+
+= = = Raps New Generation = = =
+
+ Raps New Generation is the third and final album released by Wreckx-n-Effect. It was released on September 24, 1996 for MCA Records and featured production from Teddy Riley, "Lil" Chris Smith, Markell Riley and Aqil Davidson. "Raps New Generation" was both a critical and commercial flop and was the group's only album not to chart on the "Billboard" 200. The single "Top Billin'" produced by "Lil" Chris Smith and Aqil Davidson however, made it to 38 on the Hot Rap Tracks.
+
+= = = Idriz Hošić = = =
+
+ Idriz Hošić (born 17 February 1944 in Prijedor) is a former Yugoslav international footballer from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+ During his club career, he played for NK Famos Hrasnica, FK Partizan, 1. FC Kaiserslautern and MSV Duisburg. He earned two caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1968.
+
+= = = University of Pittsburgh Alma Mater = = =
+
+ The alma mater of the University of Pittsburgh was adopted soon after the University changed its name in 1908 from the Western University of Pennsylvania to its current moniker. Lyrics were written by George M. P. Baird, class of 1909 and were set to the tune of what was then the Austrian National Anthem (adopted as the German National Anthem in 1922). A new tune for the "Alma Mater" hymn was composed by Charles W. Scovel, class of 1883, but it was not widely adopted and was either lost or became obscure.
+ The "Alma Mater" acts as an official anthem of the university and often is played to open and/or close various University functions, including athletic contests such as football and basketball games. It is more formal than the traditional fight songs such as "Hail to Pitt" and the "Victory Song", and is typically played and sung in a more reverent fashion than other university songs.
+ One of the first professional recordings of "Alma Mater", along with "Hail to Pitt", was by the Criterion Quartet on Gennett Records in 1920 During the 1940s, Joseph Wood conducted a recording of a collection of songs entitled "Songs of the University of Pittsburgh" that featured Walter Scheff, Ralph Nyland, and Michael Stewart. Released on two 78-rpm discs by Republic records, the album featured "Pitt Alma Mater", "Hail to Pitt", "The Panther", and the "Pitt Victory Song". Various compilations by the Pitt Band and Pitt Men's Glee Club have also been produced that have included the "Alma Mater". Around the 1952-1953 school year, the Pitt Band and the Pitt Men's Glee Club collaborated to release a compilation songs entitled "Songs of Pitt" on RCA Victor Records. More recent compilations included two versions of the "Alma Mater" in a 1987 three record set entitled "Proud Traditions" on the Europadisk Ltd. label that celebrated the bicentennial of Pitt's founding, "Pitt Spirit" released on audio cassette in 1989, "Proudly Pittsburgh" in 1997, and in the late 2000s "Pitt Pride!" and "Panther Fans...Are You Ready?" on compact disc. Today, the Pitt's "Alma Mater" is available for purchase in a variety of formats including compact discs, MP3s, and ringtones.
+ The lyrics to the University of Pittsburgh Alma Mater are attributable to the 1916 edition of "The Owl" student yearbook. The song is to be sung con spirito (as a triumphant anthem, not as a dirge). It comprises three verses, the first of which is sometimes repeated after the third.
+ In some printings of the Alma Mater, the first verse are repeated at the end of the song. This first stanza is the most commonly performed portion of the song and is typically played or sung at formal and informal university events.
+ Alma Mater, wise and glorious,
+ Child of Light and Bride of Truth,
+ Over fate and foe victorious,
+ Dowered with eternal youth,
+ Crowned with love of son and daughter,
+ Thou shalt conquer as of yore,
+ Dear old Pittsburgh, Alma Mater,
+ God preserve Thee evermore!
+ The lyrics of the second stanza refer to the geographical location of the university in Pittsburgh and that city's role in the early nation as the "Gateway to the West". "First beyond the mountains founded" refers to the fact that the University of Pittsburgh is the oldest continuously chartered institution of learning in the U.S., west of the Allegheny Mountains. The verse stating "twin rivers forest bounded, Merge and journey toward the sea" refers to the confluence of the Allegheny River from the northeast and Monongahela River from the southeast to form the Ohio River which eventually merges into the Mississippi River that runs in the Gulf of Mexico. The "dawning of the nation" refers to the cities establishment as a fort and trading post prior to the American Revolution and the founding of the school in 1787, just before the beginning of the Constitutional Convention, and to the "rough-hewn habitation" refers to the mostly log and wooden structures that made up the early city at this time, including the school's own origins in a log cabin.
+ First beyond the mountains founded,
+ Where the West-road opens free,
+ When twin rivers forest bounded,
+ Merge and journey toward the sea,
+ In the dawning of the nation
+ Ere the clouds of strife had cleared,
+'Rose Thy rough-hewn habitation,
+ By our prophet fathers reared.
+ In the third stanza, "All who gather at Thy knee, Castes and classes, creeds and races, Mother, are as one to Thee" references the long history of diversity in the university's student body as the first African-American student attended the school in 1829 and the first women in 1895. "Gold and Blue" refer to the school's colors, which were chosen sometime prior to the twentieth century when the university was known as the Western University of Pennsylvania.
+ Close Thy mother-love embraces
+ All who gather at Thy knee,
+ Castes and classes, creeds and races,
+ Mother, are as one to Thee;
+ Thou who unto knowledge bore us,
+ In the good old days long gone,
+ Raise Thy Gold and Blue high o'er us,
+ Land and we will follow on.
+ The official alma mater of the University of Pittsburgh is set to the tune of Joseph Haydn's 1797 music for "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God save Francis the Emperor") and was used as the official anthem of the Austrian emperor until the end of the monarchy in 1918. Haydn also used the tune in the second movement of one of his string quartets, the "Kaiserquartett". It was adopted as the music for the German national anthem, "Das Deutschlandlied", in 1922 during the time of the Weimar Republic and is still used as the German national anthem today. The tune is also used in the English-speaking world as a hymn tune, often used for the hymn "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken" by John Newton. In this context, the tune is called "Austria", "Austrian Hymn", or "Emperor's Hymn" The tune is also used for the hymn "Not Alone for Mighty Empire" by William P. Merrill.
+ Prior to 1908, the university was known as the Western University of Pennsylvania (W.U.P.), which was often termed "Wup" for short. The lyrics for the Alma Mater for W.U.P., per the 1907 "The Owl" student yearbook, are below. The references to the old name of the school in every stanza of the song suggest that, upon the university taking the name of the University of Pittsburgh in 1908, that a desire grew to replace it with a new Alma Mater.
+ ALMA MATER
+ I.
+ Have you heard the glad refrain?
+ We will sing it once again,
+ Singing for Western Pennsylvania.
+ With our loyal comrades true
+ We will cheer the gold and blue,
+ Cheering for Western Pennsylvania.
+ Chorus.
+ Hail, Alma Mater,
+ Thy sons cheer thee now,
+ To thee, W-U-P,
+ All foemen must bow;
+ Victorious forever
+ They colors shall be,
+ And ever shall wave in victory
+ II.
+ Every morn our colors rise
+ In the blue and golden skies,
+ Shining for Western Pennsylvania,
+ And the love in every soul
+ Brings us nearer to the goal-
+ Vict'ry for Western Pennsylvania
+ III.
+ Every man shall play his part;
+ Each hath love within his heart,
+ Love for old Western Pennsylvania
+ Dear old Wup shall never fear
+ While a thousand voices cheer,
+ Cheer for old Western Pennsylvania.
+ IV.
+ Let the echo then resound
+ With the joyous gladsome sound,
+ Singing for Western Pennsylvania
+ Loyalty each breast shall sway,
+ Hand and heart shall meet to-day,
+ Cheering for Western Pennsylvania.
+ Chant.
+ Western Pennsylvania,
+ All Hail to thee;
+ Ever beloved
+ They name shall be.
+ Honored in memory
+ Thy name we hold;
+ Ever revering
+ The Blue and Gold-
+ Amen.
+ Various lyrics, poems, or chants under the heading or title of "Alma Mater" have appeared throughout the years in various student and school publications. The pervasiveness and use of these lyrics throughout the university is generally unknown.
+ The following uncredited Alma Mater: A Chant appeared in front of the 1911 "The Owl" student yearbook. Published by the junior class, the yearbook chronicles only the second school year in which the university was first known as the University of Pittsburgh following its name change from the Western University of Pennsylvania. Unknown is whether this chant served as a predecessor or candidate Alma Mater for the university.
+ The lyrics of the chant represent an appreciation for the struggles endured during throughout the history of the university, which had recently moved to a new location in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh. This is reflected in the theme of that year's Owl, who was dedicated to "The Builders of the University." Specifically referenced in the third stanza are references to two fires in the university's history: the Great Fire of 1845 that wiped out 20 square blocks of the most valuable part of Pittsburgh and the subsequent fire only four years later in 1849 that destroyed the university and forced a suspension of its operations while it regrouped and rebuilt.
+ Alma Mater
+ A Chant
+ Up from the heart of things Thou hast risen, my beautiful mother,
+ Born with the nation, in strife of Freedom's travail and tears,
+ Formed of the new-word stuff and breath of the great Primeval,
+ Strong in the valiant thews and the heart of the Pioneers.
+ Blessed are they of old appointed by God for they keeping,
+ Men of the larger life, world-sculptors, captains, seers
+ Of the time to be, in they wilderness birth
+ Fruits of this perfect tree, glory of coming years.
+ Up, through sorrow and toil Thou hast struggled, my beautiful mother,
+ Life wars, lures of the dust, pangs of becoming, flashes
+ Of world-hate conquered and broken, twice purged by refining fires
+ Phoenix-like, dowered with truth, Thou hast risen in strength from the ashes.
+ Loyal are they and true, the sons of they blest, begetting,
+ Proud with a son's just, pride, loving, swift to defend,
+ Doing God's work and thine in the fields of the world forever
+ Till the hand of the flower be stayed and song of the reaper shall end.
+ White on thy mountain top though shinest, my beautiful mother,
+ Tented by sapphire skies and cloudbergs fashioned in gold,
+ Gazing with theoughful eyes o'er the ale to the world's last, border
+ Were the battle of Being is red and the new life wars with the old.
+ Potent and wise are they who trim thy torch for the burning,
+ Consecrate priests of the truth, maters of lore and deed,
+ Pouring the miracle cruse that, richer grows the pouring,
+ Making the base things high, sowing the perfect feed.
+ Rise, for they triumph is come, O my glorious mother,
+ And my city, forsaking her worship of riches and power,
+ Shall leap from her grime and her gold, at Thy bidding stand
+ Inspired, a sister of might in they conquering hour.
+ A chant, entitled Alma Mater, appeared in the 1914 Owl student yearbook and may have been a candidate to become, or a predecessor of, the current University of Pittsburgh Alma Mater that first appeared in the 1916 Owl. The author, who may have been Baird, was credited simply as "B.-'09", and although no mention was made of possible accompanying music, the Owl contained the following lyrics.
+ Alma Mater
+ A Chant for Unwreathed Victory
+ O Thou, who tread'st, with valiant feet,
+ The rugged road of hostile years,
+ Whose lot hath been the glean-ed ears
+ Snatched from a world of garnered wheat,
+ O hungered tender of the vine
+ Wright of unguerdoned husbandry,
+ O thirst-irked treaderout of wine
+ Red crushed for others' revelry,
+ Wreathed in new song, I bring to Thee
+ The love of those whose hearts are thine.
+ Upon they hip the sword of might,
+ In thy firm hand the torch of truth,
+ Thy cheeks flushed with eternal youth
+ Thy sapphire eyes thought-starred with light ;
+ Strong limbed and goddess molded, free,
+ Aureant armored, laurel crowned,
+ And 'neath thy fountain brests close bound
+ With cinctures of self mastery
+ Hear thou the song we sing for Thee
+ In whose fair strength our hope is found.
+ O Thou, who from reluctant dust
+ Mingled with labor's sweat and tears, —
+ Strong in a faith that knows no fears,—
+ 'Gainst scourge of flame and jealous thrust
+ Hast reared Thy pillared citadel ;
+ O keeper of the sacred fire,
+ O warder of Pirene's well
+ O pioneer of hearts' desire,
+ On in they triumph mounting higher
+ To thunderous song no storm can quell.
+ Thy faith mocks our inconstancy,
+ Thy lavish palms, our avarice,
+ Thou giv'st beyond great rubies' price,
+ A niggard alms we grudge to Thee ;
+ We buy world-laughter and reproach
+ In love of show and civic guad,
+ For alien brows Thy cruse we broach,
+ Thy wealth we squander far abroad ;
+ How long shall scorn and churlish pence
+ Be bartered for thine opulence?
+ God help thy loyal sons to plead
+ Thy righteous cause till men shall rise
+ To aid Thee in thy high emprise
+ And guard thee in thine hour of need ;
+ God rear thy temples on the height,
+ Loosen thy burdens, set them free.
+ God give thee champions to fight
+ The winning fight for truth and thee.
+ God give thee faith to keep aright
+ Thine upwards path of destiny.
+
+= = = Icky Boyfriends = = =
+
+ Icky Boyfriends were a locally noted indie band based in San Francisco from 1989 to 1995.
+ They were the subject of the movie "I'm Not Fascinating" by filmmaker Danny Plotnick.
+ Local hit song "Burrito in the Jockstrap", opens their 2 CD retrospective album "A Love Obscene" on Menlo Park Records, released in 2005.
+ The band reunited in 2010.
+
+= = = Don Bollweg = = =
+
+ Donald Raymond Bollweg (February 12, 1921 – May 26, 1996) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for three teams from 1950 to 1955.
+ He was born in Wheaton, Illinois, and after signing with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1942, served in the United States Army during World War II. He finally appeared in 10 games for the Cardinals in the and 1951 seasons, but was traded in May 1951 to the New York Yankees, and was named MVP of the American Association in with the Kansas City Blues. He played 70 games for the 1953 Yankees team which captured their fifth consecutive World Series title. In the 1953 Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers, he was used as a pinch hitter in Games 3 and 4, striking out both times, and as a defensive replacement for Johnny Mize in the ninth inning of Game 6 as the Yankees took the title. In December 1953 he was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in an 11-player deal, and he shared playing time at first base in 1954 with Lou Limmer. After the Athletics relocated to Kansas City, Missouri in , he appeared in only 12 games, ending his major league career with a batting average of .243, 11 home runs and 53 runs batted in in 195 games.
+ He continued playing in the minor leagues in 1955 and 1956. Bollweg died in Wheaton at age 75.
+
+= = = Fuzzy rule = = =
+
+ Fuzzy rules are used within fuzzy logic systems to infer an output based on input variables. Modus ponens and modus tollens are the most important rules of inference. A modus ponens rule is in the form
+ In crisp logic, the premise "x is A" can only be true or false. However, in a fuzzy rule, the premise "x is A" and the consequent "y is B" can be true to a degree, instead of entirely true or entirely false. This is achieved by representing the linguistic variables "A" and "B" using fuzzy sets. In a fuzzy rule, modus ponens is extended to "generalised modus ponens:."
+ The key difference is that the premise "x is A" can be only partially true. As a result, the consequent "y is B" is also partially true. Truth is represented as a real number between 0 and 1, where 0 is false and 1 is true.
+ As an example, consider a rule used to control a three-speed fan. A binary IF-THEN statement may be
+ The disadvantage of this rule is that it uses a strict temperature as a threshold, but the user may want the fan to still function at this speed when temperature = 29.9. A fuzzy IF-THEN statement may be
+ where "hot" and "fast" are described using fuzzy sets.
+ Rules can connect multiple variables through fuzzy set operations using t-norms and t-conorms.
+ T-norms are used as an "AND" connector. For example,
+ A degree of truth is assigned to "temperature is hot" and to "humidity is high." The result of a t-norm operation on these two degrees is used as the degree of truth that "fan speed is fast".
+ T-conorms are used as an "OR" connector. For example,
+ The result of a t-conorm operation on these two degrees is used as the degree of truth that "fan speed is fast".
+ The complement of a fuzzy set is used as a negator. For example,
+ The fuzzy set "not hot" is the complement of "hot." The degree of truth assigned to "temperature is not hot" is used as the degree of truth that "fan speed is slow".
+ T-conorms are less commonly used as rules can be represented by "AND" and "OR" connectors exclusively.
+
+= = = 1998 South Carolina Gamecocks football team = = =
+
+ The 1998 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Gamecocks were led by head coach Brad Scott and played their home games in Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina. Scott was fired following the end of the season, but was quickly hired as an assistant coach by Clemson. Lou Holtz was subsequently hired as South Carolina's new head coach.
+
+= = = 2002 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament = = =
+
+ The 2002 Big East Men's Basketball Tournament took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Its winner received the Big East Conference's automatic bid to the 2002 NCAA Tournament. It is a single-elimination tournament with four rounds and the two highest seeds in each division received byes in the first round. The six teams with the best conference records in each division were invited to participate for a total of 12 teams. Teams were seeded by division. Connecticut and Pittsburgh had the best regular season conference records and received the East #1 seed and West #1 seed, respectively.
+ Connecticut defeated Pittsburgh in the championship game 74–65 in double overtime to win their fifth Big East Tournament championship.
+ Note: By finishing in last place during the regular season in their respective divisions, Virginia Tech and West Virginia did not qualify for the tournament.
+ Caron Butler, the tournament MVP, gave Connecticut the lead for good at 66–64 on a turnaround jumper with 1:59 left in the second overtime, and Pittsburgh fell to the Huskies in two overtimes, 74–65. After Ben Gordon was tied up with two seconds left on the shot clock, Taliek Brown put up a desperation heave from about thirty feet away with the shot clock running down to put the Huskies up 69–64, and they never looked back.
+ Brandin Knight had a chance to win it for Pittsburgh at the end of the first overtime. After slipping and injuring his right knee, just as they tied the game at 52, Knight was clearly in pain. However, with 1.7 seconds left in OT, he checked into the game and put up a 40-foot 3-point attempt that would have won the game. It bounced off the rim and the game went to double OT.
+ Knight's eight assists tied him at 229 for the school record in a season. He had fifteen points in the loss. Ontario Lett, who tied the game with 23 seconds left in overtime, had 17 in the loss.
+ Butler finished with 23 points for Uconn in the win, while Brown added 13. It was the fifth Big East Tournament championship for the Huskies, their last coming in 1999, when they went on to win the national championship. It was their sixth title game appearance in the last eight years. The game was the second-longest title game in league history. Syracuse beat Villanova 83–80 in three overtimes in 1981.
+ Dave Gavitt Trophy (Most Valuable Player): Caron Butler, Connecticut
+ All Tournament Team
+
+= = = Daniel Kopans = = =
+
+ Daniel B. Kopans, MD, FACR is a radiologist specializing in mammography and other forms of breast imaging.
+ Dr. Daniel Kopans is a leading expert in breast cancer detection and diagnosis. He is the founder of the Breast Imaging Division in the Department of Radiology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1984 he was the lead author on a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine describing the developing subspecialty of "Breast Imaging". One of the founders of this new field, Dr. Kopans has been at the forefront of combining mammography, ultrasound, and other imaging tests to aid in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. Dr. Kopans led the defense of screening for women ages 40–49 when an effort was made, in the 1990s, to deny these women access to screening.
+ Dr. Kopans is author of over 200 scientific articles. Dr. Kopans invented the Kopans Wire used in needle localization that made it possible for radiologists to accurately guide surgeons to lesions detected by mammography which made it possible to diagnose breast cancers at a smaller size and earlier stage excisional breast biopsies. He was also instrumental in creation of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) coding system used in all American mammography reports, serving as co-chair of a committee of the American College of Radiology which developed this system. This system helped to standardize the reporting of mammography results. Dr. Kopans has also been a leading figure in the development of breast tomosynthesis.
+ Kopans was a leading figure in the debate over the advisability of screening mammography beginning in the 1980s. During the early 1990s, following a decision by the National Cancer Institute to drop support for screening women in their 40s, and subsequently following series of articles in "The New York Times" by Gina Kolata which questioned the value of screening mammography for those in the 40-50 age group, Dr. Kopans was a leading figure during a prolonged battle, arguing in favor of the benefits of mammography. By 1997, the National Cancer Institute had reversed course and once again supported screening for women in their 40s. However, 2009 United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines no longer recommend routine screening in women 40 to 49.
+ Kopans is author of the textbook "Breast Imaging". He practices radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston and is a professor at Harvard Medical School.
+ Kopans attended Harvard College where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree Cum Laude in 1969. He received his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1972, where he was also inducted into the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society. Following a medical internship at Dartmouth Medical School, Dr. Kopans completed his residency training in 1977 at Massachusetts General Hospital in diagnostic radiology, where he received board certification and was then appointed to the staff of the Department of Radiology at MGH one year later. The American Society of Breast Disease honored Daniel Kopans with the 2007 Pathfinder Award in Breast Imaging for his work in helping to improve breast cancer survival. He is also a recipient of a gold medal from the Society for Breast Imaging.
+
+= = = Garden City Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Garden City Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 7,400.
+ Garden City Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Garden City (the county seat). According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Hulpieu Homestead, Sunset Memorial Gardens and Valley View.
+ Garden City Township contains one airport or landing strip, Garden City Experiment Station Airport.
+
+= = = Fast Library for Number Theory = = =
+
+ The Fast Library for Number Theory (FLINT) is a C library for number theory applications. The two major areas of functionality currently implemented in FLINT are polynomial arithmetic over the integers and a quadratic sieve. The library is designed to be compiled with the GNU Multi-Precision Library (GMP) and is released under the GNU General Public License. It is developed by William Hart of the University of Kaiserslautern (formerly University of Warwick) and David Harvey of University of New South Wales (formerly Harvard University) to address the speed limitations of the PARI and NTL libraries.
+
+= = = Phonological development = = =
+
+ Phonological development refers to how children learn to organize sounds into meaning or language (phonology) during their stages of growth.
+ Sound is at the beginning of language learning. Children have to learn to distinguish different sounds and to segment the speech stream they are exposed to into units – eventually meaningful units – in order to acquire words and sentences. Here is one reason that speech segmentation is challenging: When you read, there are spaces between the words. No such spaces occur between spoken words. So, if an infant hears the sound sequence “thisisacup,” it has to learn to segment this stream into the distinct units “this”, “is”, “a”, and “cup.” Once the child is able to extract the sequence “cup” from the speech stream it has to assign a meaning to this word. Furthermore, the child has to be able to distinguish the sequence “cup” from “cub” in order to learn that these are two distinct words with different meanings. Finally, the child has to learn to produce these words.
+ The acquisition of native language phonology begins in the womb and isn't completely adult-like until the teenage years. Perceptual abilities (such as being able to segment “thisisacup” into four individual word units) usually precede production and thus aid the development of speech production.
+ Children do not utter their first words until they are about 1 year old, but already at birth they can tell some utterances in their native language from utterances in languages with different prosodic features.
+ Infants as young as 1 month perceive some speech sounds as speech categories (they display categorical perception of speech). For example, the sounds /b/ and /p/ differ in the amount of breathiness that follows the opening of the lips. Using a computer generated continuum in breathiness between /b/ and /p/, Eimas et al. (1971) showed that English-learning infants paid more attention to differences near the boundary between /b/ and /p/ than to equal-sized differences within the /b/-category or within the /p/-category. Their measure, monitoring infant sucking-rate, became a major experimental method for studying infant speech perception.
+ Infants up to 10–12 months can distinguish not only native sounds but also nonnative contrasts. Older children and adults lose the ability to discriminate some nonnative contrasts. Thus, it seems that exposure to one's native language causes the perceptual system to be restructured. The restructuring reflects the system of contrasts in the native language.
+ At four months infants still prefer infant-directed speech to adult-directed speech. Whereas 1-month-olds only exhibit this preference if the full speech signal is played to them, 4-month-old infants prefer infant-directed speech even when just the pitch contours are played. This shows that between 1 and 4 months of age, infants improve in tracking the suprasegmental information in the speech directed at them. By 4 months, finally, infants have learned which features they have to pay attention to at the suprasegmental level.
+ Babies prefer to hear their own name to similar-sounding words. It is possible that they have associated the meaning “me” with their name, although it is also possible that they simply recognize the form because of its high frequency.
+ With increasing exposure to the ambient language, infants learn not to pay attention to sound distinctions that are not meaningful in their native language, e.g., two acoustically different versions of the vowel /i/ that simply differ because of inter-speaker variability. By 6 months of age infants have learned to treat acoustically different sounds that are representations of the same sound category, such as an /i/ spoken by a male versus a female speaker, as members of the same phonological category /i/.
+ Infants are able to extract meaningful distinctions in the language they are exposed to from statistical properties of that language. For example, if English-learning infants are exposed to a prevoiced /d/ to voiceless unaspirated /t/ continuum (similar to the /d/ - /t/ distinction in Spanish) with the majority of the tokens occurring near the endpoints of the continuum, i.e., showing extreme prevoicing versus long voice onset times (bimodal distribution) they are better at discriminating these sounds than infants who are exposed primarily to tokens from the center of the continuum (unimodal distribution).
+ These results show that at the age of 6 months infants are sensitive to how often certain sounds occur in the language they are exposed to and they can learn which cues are important to pay attention to from these differences in frequency of occurrence. In natural language exposure this means typical sounds in a language (such as prevoiced /d/ in Spanish) occur often and infants can learn them from mere exposure to them in the speech they hear. All of this occurs before infants are aware of the meaning of any of the words they are exposed to, and therefore the phenomenon of statistical learning has been used to argue for the fact that infants can learn sound contrasts without meaning being attached to them.
+ At 6 months, infants are also able to make use of prosodic features of the ambient language to break the speech stream they are exposed to into meaningful units, e.g., they are better able to distinguish sounds that occur in stressed vs. unstressed syllables. This means that at 6 months infants have some knowledge of the stress patterns in the speech they are exposed and they have learned that these patterns are meaningful.
+ At 7.5 months English-learning infants have been shown to be able to segment words from speech that show a strong-weak (i.e., trochaic) stress pattern, which is the most common stress pattern in the English language, but they were not able to segment out words that follow a weak-strong pattern. In the sequence ‘guitar is’ these infants thus heard ‘taris’ as the word-unit because it follows a strong-weak pattern.
+ The process that allows infants to use prosodic cues in speech input to learn about language structure has been termed “prosodic bootstrapping”.
+ While children generally don't understand the meaning of most single words yet, they understand the meaning of certain phrases they hear a lot, such as “Stop it,” or “Come here.”
+ Infants can distinguish native from nonnative language input using phonetic and phonotactic patterns alone, i.e., without the help of prosodic cues. They seem to have learned their native language's phonotactics, i.e., which combinations of sounds are possible in the language.
+ Infants now can no longer discriminate most nonnative sound contrasts that fall within the same sound category in their native language. Their perceptual system has been tuned to the contrasts relevant in their native language.
+ As for word comprehension, Fenson et al. (1994) tested 10-11-month-old children's comprehension vocabulary size and found a range from 11 words to 154 words. At this age, children normally have not yet begun to speak and thus have no production vocabulary. So clearly, comprehension vocabulary develops before production vocabulary.
+ Even though children do not produce their first words until they are approximately 12 months old, the ability to produce speech sounds starts to develop at a much younger age. Stark (1980) distinguishes five stages of early speech development:
+ These earliest vocalizations include crying and vegetative sounds such as breathing, sucking or sneezing. For these vegetative sounds, infants’ vocal cords vibrate and air passes through their vocal apparatus, thus familiarizing infants with processes involved in later speech production.
+ Infants produce cooing sounds when they are content. Cooing is often triggered by social interaction with caregivers and resembles the production of vowels.
+ Infants produce a variety of vowel- and consonant-like sounds that they combine into increasingly longer sequences. The production of vowel sounds (already in the first 2 months) precedes the production of consonants, with the first back consonants (e.g., [g], [k]) being produced around 2–3 months, and front consonants (e.g., [m], [n], [p]) starting to appear around 6 months of age.
+ As for pitch contours in early infant utterances, infants between 3 and 9 months of age produce primarily flat, falling and rising-falling contours. Rising pitch contours would require the infants to raise subglottal pressure during the vocalization or to increase vocal fold length or tension at the end of the vocalization, or both. At 3 to 9 months infants don't seem to be able to control these movements yet.
+ Reduplicated babbling contains consonant-vowel (CV) syllables that are repeated in reduplicated series of the same consonant and vowel (e.g., [bababa]). At this stage, infants’ productions resemble speech much more closely in timing and vocal behaviors than at earlier stages.
+ Starting around 6 months babies also show an influence of the ambient language in their babbling, i.e., babies’ babbling sounds different depending on which languages they hear. For example, French learning 9-10 month-olds have been found to produce a bigger proportion of prevoiced stops (which exist in French but not English) in their babbling than English learning infants of the same age. This phenomenon of babbling being influenced by the language being acquired has been called babbling drift.
+ Infants now combine different vowels and consonants into syllable strings. At this stage, infants also produce various stress and intonation patterns. During this transitional period from babbling to the first word children also produce “protowords”, i.e., invented words that are used consistently to express specific meanings, but that are not real words in the children's target language. Around 12–14 months of age children produce their first word.
+ Infants close to one year of age are able to produce rising pitch contours in addition to flat, falling, and rising-falling pitch contours.
+ At the age of 1, children only just begin to speak, and their utterances are not adult-like yet at all. Children's perceptual abilities are still developing, too. In fact, both production and perception abilities continue to develop well into the school years, with the perception of some prosodic features not being fully developed until about 12 years of age.
+ Children are able to distinguish newly learned ‘words’ associated with objects if they are not similar-sounding, such as ‘lif’ and ‘neem’. They cannot distinguish similar-sounding newly learned words such as ‘bih’ and ‘dih’, however. So, while children at this age are able to distinguish monosyllabic minimal pairs at a purely phonological level, if the discrimination task is paired with word meaning, the additional cognitive load required by learning the word meanings leaves them unable to spend the extra effort on distinguishing the similar phonology.
+ Children's comprehension vocabulary size ranges from about 92 to 321 words. The production vocabulary size at this age is typically around 50 words. This shows that comprehension vocabulary grows faster than production vocabulary.
+ At 18–20 months infants can distinguish newly learned ‘words’, even if they are phonologically similar, e.g. ‘bih’ and ‘dih’. While infants are able to distinguish syllables like these already soon after birth, only now are they able to distinguish them if they are presented to them as meaningful words rather than just a sequence of sounds.
+ Children are also able to detect mispronunciations such as ‘vaby’ for ‘baby’. Recognition has been found to be poorer for mispronounced than for correctly pronounced words. This suggests that infants’ representations of familiar words are phonetically very precise. This result has also been taken to suggest that infants move from a word-based to a segment-based phonological system around 18 months of age.
+ Of course, the reason why children need to learn the sound distinctions of their language is because then they also have to learn the meaning associated with those different sounds. Young children have a remarkable ability to learn meanings for the words they extract from the speech they are exposed to, i.e., to map meaning onto the sounds. Often children already associate a meaning with a new word after only one exposure. This is referred to as “fast mapping”.
+ At 20 months of age, when presented with three familiar objects (e.g., a ball, a bottle and a cup) and one unfamiliar object (e.g., an egg piercer), children are able to conclude that in the request “Can I have the zib,” zib must refer to the unfamiliar object, i.e., the egg piercer, even if they have never heard that pseudoword before. Children as young as 15 months can complete this task successfully if the experiment is conducted with fewer objects. This task shows that children aged 15 to 20 months can assign meaning to a new word after only a single exposure. Fast mapping is a necessary ability for children to acquire the number of words they have to learn during the first few years of life: Children acquire an average of nine words per day between 18 months and 6 years of age.
+ At 2 years, infants show first signs of phonological awareness, i.e., they are interested in word play, rhyming, and alliterations. Phonological awareness does continue to develop until the first years of school. For example, only about half of the 4- and 5-year olds tested by Liberman et al. (1974) were able to tap out the number of syllables in multisyllabic words, but 90% of the 6-year-olds were able to do so.
+ Most 3-4-year olds are able to break simple consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) syllables up into their constituents (onset and rime). The onset of a syllable consists of all the consonants preceding the syllable's vowel, and the rime is made up of the vowel and all following consonants. For example, the onset in the word ‘dog’ is /d/ and the rime is /og/. Children at 3–4 years of age were able to tell that the nonwords /fol/ and /fir/ would be liked by a puppet whose favorite sound is /f/. 4-year olds are less successful at this task if the onset of the syllable contains a consonant cluster, such as /fr/ or /fl/.
+ Liberman et al. found that no 4-year-olds and only 17% of 5-year-olds were able to tap out the number of phonemes (individual sounds) in a word. 70% of 6-year-olds were able to do so. This might mean that children are aware of syllables as units of speech early on, while they don't show awareness of individual phonemes until school age. Another explanation is that individual sounds do not easily translate into beats, which makes clapping individual phonemes a much more difficult task than clapping syllables. One reason why phoneme awareness gets much better once children start school is because learning to read provides a visual aid as how to break up words into their smaller constituents.
+ Although children perceive rhythmic patterns in their native language at 7–8 months, they are not able to reliably distinguish compound words and phrases that differ only in stress placement, such as ‘HOT dog’ vs. ‘hot DOG’ until around 12 years of age. Children in a study by Vogel and Raimy (2002) were asked to show which of two pictures (i.e., a dog or a sausage) was being named. Children younger than 12 years generally preferred the compound reading (i.e., the sausage) to the phrasal reading (the dog). The authors concluded from this that children start out with a lexical bias, i.e., they prefer to interpret phrases like these as single words, and the ability to override this bias develops until late in childhood.
+ Infants usually produce their first word around 12 –14 months of age. First words are simple in structure and contain the same sounds that were used in late babbling. The lexical items they produce are probably stored as whole words rather than as individual segments that get put together online when uttering them. This is suggested by the fact that infants at this age may produce the same sounds differently in different words.
+ Children's production vocabulary size at this age is typically around 50 words, although there is great variation in vocabulary size among children in the same age group, with a range between 0 and 160 words for the majority of children.
+ Children's productions become more consistent around the age of 18 months. When their words differ from adult forms, these differences are more systematic than before. These systematic transformations are referred to as “phonological processes”, and often resemble processes that are typically common in the adult phonologies of the world's languages (cf. reduplication in adult Jamaican Creole: “yellow yellow” = “very yellow” ). Some common phonological processes are listed below.
+ - "Weak syllable deletion": omission of an unstressed syllable in the target word, e.g., for ‘banana’
+ - "Final consonant deletion": omission of the final consonant in the target word, e.g., for ‘because’
+ - "Reduplication": production of two identical syllables based on one of the target word syllables, e.g., for ‘bottle’
+ - "Consonant harmony": a target word consonant takes on features of another target word consonant, e.g., for ‘duck’
+ - "Consonant cluster reduction": omission of a consonant in a target word cluster, e.g., for ‘cracker’
+ - "Velar fronting": a velar is replaced by a coronal sound, e.g., for ‘key’
+ - "Stopping": a fricative is replaced by a stop, e.g., for ‘sea’
+ - "Gliding": a liquid is replaced by a glide, e.g., for ‘rabbit’
+ The size of the production vocabulary ranges from about 50 to 550 words at the age of 2 years. Influences on the rate of word learning, and thus on the wide range of vocabulary sizes of children of the same age, include the amount of speech children are exposed to by their caregivers as well as differences in how rich the vocabulary in the speech a child hears is. Children also seem to build up their vocabulary faster if the speech they hear is related to their focus of attention more often. This would be the case if a caregiver talks about a ball the child is currently looking at.
+ A study by Gathercole and Baddeley (1989) showed the importance of sound for early word meaning. They tested the phonological memory of 4- and 5-year-old children, i.e., how well these children were able to remember a sequence of unfamiliar sounds. They found that children with better phonological memory also had larger vocabularies at both ages. Moreover, phonological memory at age 4 predicted the children's vocabulary at age 5, even with earlier vocabulary and nonverbal intelligence factored out.
+ Children produce mostly adult-like segments. Their ability to produce complex sound sequences and multisyllabic words continues to improve throughout middle childhood.
+ The developmental changes in infants’ vocalizations over the first year of life are influenced by physical developments during that time. Physical growth of the vocal tract, brain development, and development of neurological structures responsible for vocalization are factors for the development of infants’ vocal productions.
+ Infants vocal tracts are smaller, and initially also shaped differently from adults’ vocal tracts. The infant's tongue fills the entire mouth, thus reducing the range of movement. As the facial skeleton grows, the range for movement increases, which probably contributes to the increased variety of sounds infants start to produce. Development of muscles and sensory receptors also gives infants more control over sound production.
+ The limited movement possible by the infant jaw and mouth might be responsible for the typical consonant-vowel (CV) alternation in babbling and it has even been suggested that the predominance of CV syllables in the languages of the world might evolutionarily have been caused by this limited range of movements of the human vocal organs.
+ The differences between the vocal tract of infants and adults can be seen in figure 3 (infants) and figure 4 (adults) below.
+ Crying and vegetative sounds are controlled by the brain stem, which matures earlier than the cortex. Neurological development of higher brain structures coincides with certain developments in infants’ vocalizations. For example, the onset of cooing at 6 to 8 weeks happens as some areas of the limbic system begin to function. The limbic system is known to be involved in the expression of emotion, and cooing in infants is associated with a feeling of contentedness. Further development of the limbic system might be responsible for the onset of laughter around 16 weeks of age. The motor cortex, finally, which develops later than the abovementioned structures may be necessary for canonical babbling, which start around 6 to 9 months of age.
+
+= = = Ho people = = =
+
+ The Ho people are an Austroasiatic speaking ethnic group of India. They are mostly concentrated in the state of Jharkhand where they constitute around 10.7% of the total Scheduled Tribe population as of 2011. With a population of approximately 700,000 in the state in 2001, the Ho were the fourth most numerous Scheduled tribe in Jharkhand after the Santals, Kurukhs, and Mundas. Ho also inhabit adjacent areas in the neighboring states of Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar bringing the total to 806,921 as of 2001. They also live in Bangladesh and Nepal
+ The ethnonym "Ho" is derived from the Ho language word "hō" meaning "human". The name is also applied to their language which is an Austroasiatic language closely related to Mundari. According to "Ethnologue", the total number of people speaking the Ho language was 1,040,000 as of 2001. Similar to other Austroasiatic groups in the area, the Ho report varying degrees of multilingualism, also using Hindi and English.
+ Over 90% of the Ho practice the indigenous religion Sarnaism. The majority of the Ho are involved in agriculture, either as land owners or laborers, while others are engaged in mining. Compared to the rest of India, the Ho have a low literacy rate and a low rate of school enrollment. The government of Jharkhand has recently approved measures to help increase enrollment and literacy among children.
+ Linguistic studies similarly suggest that the Austroasiatic homeland was in Southeast Asia and Austroasiatic languages arrived on the coast of Odisha from Southeast Asia about 4000-3500 years ago.The Austroasiatic speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.
+ According to historian Ram Sharan Sharma in his book India's Ancient Past mentioned that, many Austroasiatic, Dravidian, and non-Sanskrit terms occur in the Vedic texts ascribed to 1500-500 BC.They indicate ideas, institutions, products, and settlements associated with peninsular and non-Vedic India. The people of this area spoke the proto-Munda language. Several terms in the Indo-Aryan languages that signify the use of cotton, navigation, digging, stick, etc. have been traced to the Munda languages by linguists. There are many Munda pockets in Chota Nagpur Plateau, in which the remnants of Munda culture are strong. It is held that changes in the phonetics and vocabulary of the Vedic language can be explained as much on the basis of the Dravidian influence as that of the Munda.
+ Starting from the period between the 9th and 12th centuries, copper was smelted in many parts of old Singhbhum district. It is believed that many immigrants entered Singhbhum from Manbhum in the 14th century or earlier. When the Hos entered old Singhbhum, they overcame the Bhuiyas, who were then inhabitants of the forest country. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, the Hos fought several wars against the Rajas of the Chota Nagpur States and Mayurbhanj to retain their independence. As far as is known, the Muslims left them alone. Although the area was formally claimed to be a part of the Mughal Empire, neither the Mughals nor the Marathas, who were active in the surrounding areas during the decline of the Mughals, ventured into the area.
+ In 1765, Chota Nagpur was ceded to the British East India Company as part of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Provinces. The Raja of Singhbhum asked the British Resident at Midnapore for protection in 1767, but it was not until 1820 that he acknowledged himself as a feudatory of the British. The restless Hos broke the agreement soon and took part in a fierce rebellion of 1831-33, called the Kol uprising, along with the Mundas. The immediate cause of the Kol uprising was the oppression of Adivsis by non-Adivasi "thikadars" (literally meaning contractors) or farmers of rent. The Hos and Mundas were joined by the Kurukh and the houses of many "dikku" (non-Adivasis or outsiders) landlords were burnt and a number of people were killed. It compelled the British to recognise the need for a thorough subjugation of the Hos. The uprising was suppressed with a good deal of trouble by several hundred British troops. While local troops quelled the uprising, another group under Colonel Richards entered Singhbhum in November 1836. Within three months all the ringleaders surrendered. In 1857, the Raja of Porahat rose in rebellion and a sizeable section of the Hos joined in the revolt. Troops were sent who put an end to the disturbances by 1859.
+ Ho people speak the Ho language, an Austroasiatic language closely related to Mundari and more distantly related to languages of Southeast Asia such as Khmer and Mon. The Austroasiatic languages of India, including Ho, are inflected fusional languages unlike their distant relatives in Southeast Asia which are analytic languages. This difference in typology is due to extensive language contact with the unrelated Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages. The phonology of Ho has also been influenced by the nearby unrelated languages. There are at least three dialects of Ho: Lohara, Chaibasa and Thakurmunda. All dialects are mutually intelligible with approximately 92% of all Ho speakers able to understand a narrative discourse in both Chaibasa and Thakurmunda dialects. The most divergent dialects are in the extreme south and east of Ho territory.
+ While fewer than five percent of Ho speakers are literate in the language, Ho is typically written in Devanagari, Latin, scripts. A native alphabet, called Warang Citi and invented by Lako Bodra in the 20th century, also exists.
+ Ho village life revolves around five main "parab" or festivals. The most important festival, "Mage Parab", takes place in the late winter month of Magha and marks the completion of the agricultural cycle. It is a week-long celebration held to honor Singbonga, the creator god. Other lesser "bonga" ("deities") are also honored throughout the week. Baa Parab, the Festival of Flowers held in mid-spring, celebrates the yearly blossoming of the sacred Sal trees. "Sohrai or Gaumara is the most important agricultural festival, the date of which usually coincides with the nationwide festivities in the fall. It is a village wide celebration with music and dancing held in honor of the cattle used in cultivation. During the ceremonies, the cows are painted with a flour and dye mix, anointed with oil and prayed over after a black chicken is sacrificed to an image of the cattle bonga. Baba Hermutu is the ceremonial first sowing. The date is set each year in the early spring by the "deuri"or "priest pahan" who also officiates the three-day ceremony by praying and commencing his first sowing of the year. Jomnama Parab is held in late fall before the first harvest is eaten to thank the spirits for a trouble-free harvest.
+ Dance is important to Adivasi culture in general and for the Ho, it is more than simply a means of entertainment. Their songs are generally accompanied by dances which change with the seasons. Songs and distinctively choreographed dance are integral parts of Ho culture and art, as well as important parts of their traditional festivals, especially Mage Parab. Most villages have a dedicated dancing ground, called akhra, usually consisting of a cleared space of hard ground under a spreading tree. Dances are organised on a staggered basis in the villages so that other villagers can participate. Traditional Ho music incorporates native instruments including a "dama" (drum), "dholak", "dumeng" (mandar), and the "rutu" (flute).
+ The Ho people brew a y of rice-beer commonly known as "diyeng ".
+ In the 2001 national census, 91% of the Hos declared that they professed "other religions and persuations", meaning that they do not consider themselves to belong to any of the major religious groups and follow their indigenous religious systems called "Sarna" or Sarnaism. Also known as "sarna dhorom" ("religion of the holy woods"), this religion plays an important part in the life of adivasi. Their beliefs in gods, goddesses and spirits are ingrained in them from childhood. The religion of the Hos resembles, to a great extent that of Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, and other tribal people in the region. All religious rituals are performed by a village priest known as a "deuri". However, he is not required to propitiate malevolent spirits or deities. The spirit doctor "deowa" takes care of this.
+ Houlton writes, "I do not want to give the impression, by mentioning occasional divergences from the straight and narrow path, that aboriginals are immoral. On the contrary, their standards of post-marital morality and fidelity are probably a good deal higher than in some races that claim to be more civilised. The status of women is high. Wives are partners and companions to their husbands. It is even whispered that hen-pecked husbands are not uncommon among the tribesmen."
+ There is a system of payment of bride-price amongst the Hos. The bride-price is often a status symbol and in modern times it remains not more than 101-1001 rupees. As a result, many Ho girls remain unmarried till advanced age. Among the total Ho population, females outnumber the males.
+ Almost half the population is engaged in cultivation and another one third also work as land-less agricultural labourers. The Hos, along with Santals, Oraons and Mundas, are comparatively more advanced, and have taken to settled cultivation as their mode of life.
+ The discovery of iron ore in Ho territory opened the way for the first iron ore mine in India at Pansira Buru in 1901. Over the years iron ore mining spread out in the area. Many Hos are engaged in mining work but that does not add up to any sizeable percentage. However, small, well planned mining towns dotting the territory have brought the Ho people in close touch with the good and bad aspects of urbanization. Some of the prominent mining towns in the area are Chiria, Gua, Noamundi and Kiriburu.
+ Sal (Shorea robusta) is the most important tree in the area and it seems to have a preference for the rocky soil there. Although sal is a deciduous tree and sheds its leaves in early summer, the forest undergrowth is generally evergreen, which has such trees as mangoes, jamun, jackfruit, and piar. Other important trees are mahua, kusum, tilai, harin hara (Armossa rohitulea), gular (Fiscus glomerata), asan. The Singhbhum forests are best in the Kolhan area in the south-west of the district. The lives of Ho people have long been intertwined with sal forests and there is a strong resentment against the efforts of timber merchants to replace sal forests with teak plantations.
+ The reserved forests are the haunt of many animals. Wild elephants are common in Saranda (literally meaning seven hundred hills) and Porahat forests. Herds of sambar and chital roam about the forests. Bison is still found (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). Tigers were never numerous but they are there (locally extinct when a study was undertaken in 2005 by Kisor Chaudhuri FRGS). Leopards are more common. The Hos are keen hunters and have practically exterminated game in Kolhan. They organise great "battues", in which thousands of people join. They beat their drums in a huge circle, and gradually close in over hills and across forests, driving the wild animals on to a central point, on to which lines of hunters converge until the animals are surrounded and slaughtered.
+ As per the 2011 census, the literacy rate for the Ho population was around 44.7% for all and 33.1% for women, much lower than the Jharkhand averages of 66.4% for all and 55.4% for women.
+ In order to help increase the literacy rates, the government announced in 2016 that it had designed text books to teach Hindi and mathematics in Ho. In 2017 those textbooks were made available on the central government's e-library platform. In a 2016 effort to help promote tribal languages Tata Steel, a private company, began teaching the Ho language on weekends to dropout schoolgirls at a "camp school" in Naomundi. As of November 2016, 100 girls were enrolled in the camp school. The company has also ran private Ho language centres in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Seraikela-Kharsawan districts since 2011. Approximately 6000 people have underwent Ho language and Warang Chiti script training in these centres. In 2017 the government of Jharkhand announced it would soon begin teaching five- and six-year-old primary school students in their local language in order to help reduce the high dropout rate. Among the Hos, 19.7% have completed schooling and 3.1% are graduates. The percentage of school-going children in the age group 5 –14 years was 37.6.
+ Tribes of Jharkhand
+
+= = = Garfield Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Garfield Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 331.
+ Historically the Garfield Township was organized as Garfield County in 1887. In 1893, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that the county was illegally organized for not having the required of area, and the county was annexed to Finney County, forming the current township.
+ Garfield County was created by an act of the Kansas state legislature on March 23, 1887. It consisted of what is now the eastern portion of Finney County north of Gray County, Kansas. The county was named after President James A. Garfield, who had been assassinated six years earlier.
+ The brief history of the county was marked by a bitter and sometimes violent rivalry between two towns, Ravanna and Eminence, over which would serve as county seat. During a vote on this issue held in 1887, Bat Masterson and twenty deputies from Dodge City were sent to the county to keep the peace. Ravanna won the election by just 35 votes. The citizens of Eminence charged that the ballot boxes had been stuffed. The Kansas Supreme Court agreed, and in 1889 the county seat was transferred to Eminence.
+ Ravanna countered by hiring surveyors who determined that the county had less than the minimum of required for the formation of a county under Article 9 of the Kansas State Constitution. In 1892, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that Garfield County had indeed been illegally organized in the first place. On March 18, 1893, it was annexed to neighboring Finney County.
+ Both Ravanna and Eminence are now ghost towns.
+ Garfield Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Eminence and Garfield. Garfield Township is also a home to number of ghost towns.
+
+= = = Gizzie Dorbor = = =
+
+ Gizzie Dorbor (born February 28, 1987) is a Liberian footballer (defender) playing currently for Hapoel Afula. He is also a member of the Liberia national football team. He made his international debut against Mali in Bamako when Liberia lost 4-1 (World Cup Qualifiers 2005). Dorbor main position is as a left back. He can also play as a central back and as a central midfielder.
+
+= = = Borislav Cvetković = = =
+
+ Borislav "Boro" Cvetković (Serbian Cyrillic: Бopиcлaв "Бopo" Цвeткoвић; born 30 September 1962 in Karlovac, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Croatian Serb football manager and former player.
+ During his club career he played for Dinamo Zagreb, Red Star Belgrade, Ascoli, Maceratese, Casertana and Borac Čačak. He earned 11 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1984.
+ Cvetković is coaching FK Sopot, an expositure of Cvetković's former club Red Star Belgrade. He coached Obilić in one short term, he worked also as assistant to Dragan Okuka in the Serbia U21 side.
+ Boro is the younger brother of the late Zvjezdan Cvetković, who was the coach of Borac Banja Luka.
+ He was nicknamed "Lane sa Korane", by legendary sports commentator Ivan Tomić, while playing for Dinamo. When he moved to Belgrade, Tomić just switched his nickname to "Lane sa Marakane", as Red Star Belgrade stadium is colloquially known.
+
+= = = Ivanhoe Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Ivanhoe Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 666.
+ Ivanhoe Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+
+= = = Pierceville Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Pierceville Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 551.
+ Pierceville Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Pierceville.
+ Pierceville Township contains two airports or landing strips: Finney Company Feedyard Incorporated Airport and Garden City Municipal Airport.
+
+= = = KZMY = = =
+
+ KZMY (103.5 FM, "My 103.5") is a radio station licensed to serve Bozeman, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media, licensed to Townsquare Media Bozeman License, LLC. It airs a Hot Adult Contemporary music format.
+ All Townsquare Media Bozeman studios are located at 125 West Mendenhall Street, downtown Bozeman. KXLB, KMMS-FM, KZMY, and KISN all share a transmitter site on Green Mountain, east of Bozeman.
+ The station was assigned the KZMY call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on June 20, 2002.
+ In February 2008, Colorado-based GAPWEST Broadcasting completed the acquisition of 57 radio stations in 13 markets in the Pacific Northwest-Rocky Mountain region from Clear Channel Communications. The deal, valued at a reported $74 million, included six Bozeman stations, seven in Missoula and five in Billings. Other stations in the deal are located in Shelby, Montana, and in Casper and Cheyenne, Wyoming, plus Pocatello and Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yakima, Washington. GapWest was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.
+
+= = = Pleasant Valley Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Pleasant Valley Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 139.
+ Pleasant Valley Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ Pleasant Valley Township contains one airport or landing strip, Air-Ag Airport.
+
+= = = Sherlock Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Sherlock Township is a township in Finney County, in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,758.
+ Sherlock Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Holcomb. According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Toper.
+ Sherlock Township contains one airport or landing strip, L C Land Incorporated Airport.
+
+= = = Terry Township, Finney County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Terry Township is a township in Finney County, Kansas, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 227.
+ Terry Township covers an area of and contains no incorporated settlements.
+ Terry Township contains two airports or landing strips: Crist Airport and R J C Farms Incorporated Airport.
+
+= = = The Black Star Passes = = =
+
+ The Black Star Passes is a collection of science fiction short stories by American author John W. Campbell Jr.. It was first published in 1953 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 2,951 copies. The book is the first in Campbell's Arcot, Morey and Wade series, and is followed by the novels Islands of Space and Invaders from the Infinite. The stories originally appeared in the magazines "Amazing Stories" and "Amazing Stories Quarterly", and were "extensively edited" for book publication, with Campbell's approval, by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach.
+ "Galaxy" reviewer Groff Conklin described the stories as "three creaking classics . . . fun to read, [but] rococo antiques [without] believable characters, human relations, even logical plots." Boucher and McComas dismissed the book as "a hopelessly outdated set of novelets . . . of concern only to those who wish to observe the awkward larval stage of a major figure in science fiction." P. Schuyler Miller described the stories as "old-fashioned fun which [Campbell] no longer takes any more seriously than you need to."
+
+= = = List of 16th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses and List of 17th-century lunar eclipses
+ Calendar date notes: The Julian calendar is used for all dates up to 1582 Oct 04. After that date, the Gregorian calendar is used. Due to the Gregorian Calendar reform, the day after 1582 Oct 04 (Julian calendar) is 1582 Oct 15 (Gregorian calendar).
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Neck piercing = = =
+
+ A neck piercing is a series of surface piercings done to emulate the appearance of a bite on the side of a person's neck. A barbell is placed in the skin of the side of the neck. When the earring/barbell is removed it looks like a vampire bite.
+ Straight barbells will, in almost every case, cause a surface piercing to be rejected. Surface bars are the best jewelry for vampire bite piercings.
+ This piercing is also commonly done through the loose flesh on the back of the neck and is called a nape piercing.
+ Shortly after the piercing is performed, the surrounding area is prone to swelling and bleeding. The neck will continue to stay swollen for the next few days, and the skin around the ends of the piercing will be red and inflamed.
+
+= = = The Cover of Rolling Stone = = =
+
+ "The Cover of 'Rolling Stone'" is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. Produced by Ron Haffkine and released in 1972, it was the band's third single and peaked at No. 6 on the U.S. pop chart for two weeks on March 17–24, 1973.
+ The song satirizes success in the music business; the song's narrator laments that his band, despite having the superficial attributes of a successful rock star (including drug usage, "teenage groupies, who'll do anything we say" and a frenetic guitar solo) has been unable to "get their pictures/on the cover of the "Rolling Stone"".
+ As the song was riding high on the charts, the magazine finally acquiesced to Dr. Hook's request — after a fashion: the March 29, 1973, cover of "Rolling Stone" did indeed feature the band, but in caricature form rather than in a photograph (and with only three of the band's seven members). Also, the group's name was not used; instead the caption read simply, "What's-Their-Names Make the Cover."
+ BBC Radio refused to play the song, as it contained the name of a commercial publication ("Rolling Stone") and could therefore be considered advertising. An urban legend states that the song was re-recorded by the band as "The Cover of the Radio Times", the weekly television and radio guide published by the BBC; however, this is disputed by Dennis Locorriere, Dr. Hook's co-lead singer. "Legend has it that we went into a studio and rerecorded the song. What actually happened was that a bunch of BBC disc jockeys went into a studio and shouted 'RADIO TIMES' over our original chorus," Locorriere said. "It's the same recording that we released but with the addition of their voices layered on top of ours. You can, however, still hear us singing 'Rolling Stone,' but way in the background, under their voices." The new version was rush-released in the UK, but did not find its way onto the charts there. However the band's UK publicists took advantage of the BBC's uptight attitude by advertising the single in the UK music press as "the first banned single of 1973".
+ The song has been covered by various artists, including R. Stevie Moore on his 1987 album "Teenage Spectacular"; Poison on their 2000 album "Crack a Smile... and More!"; Sammy Kershaw on his 2010 album "Better Than I Used to Be", with his version featuring Jamey Johnson; Black Francis on the album "Twistable, Turnable Man: A Musical Tribute to the Songs of Shel Silverstein" in 2010, and Jackyl on their 2012 studio album "Best in Show".
+ Additionally, Buck Owens and the Buckaroos adapted the song as "On the Cover of the Music City News" on the 1974 album "It's A Monster's Holiday" and the 1976 album "Best of Buck Owens, Volume 6".
+ German comedian Mike Krüger covered and translated the song with small lyrical changes for his 1978 album "Stau mal wieder", changing the title to "Auf der Hülle mit den Rolling Stones" ("On the Cover with the Rolling Stones"), lyrics implying he would like to have his photograph as an album cover for the Rolling Stones.
+ In 1987 Dutch band Bertus Staigerpaip released a parody: "De veurplaat van d'n Donald Duck" (the cover of the Donald Duck - the latter having been a highly popular comics magazine in The Netherlands for many decades).
+ Phish played the song live in concert on February 14, 2003 after learning they would appear on the cover of the March 6, 2003 issue of the magazine.
+ The song has also been covered with the changes to the lyrics and used as social satire and civil protest against alleged corporate malfeasance and landlord abuses as "Ode to Dark Avalonbay".
+ The song was featured in the 2000 film "Almost Famous".
+
+= = = List of 17th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ The following is a list of 17th-century lunar eclipses. This list of 250 lunar eclipses was calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
+ A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra (shadow). This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are aligned (in "syzygy") exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle. Hence, a lunar eclipse can only occur the night of a full moon. The type and length of an eclipse depend upon the Moon's location relative to its orbital nodes.
+ It is one of several such lists, including the list of 16th-century lunar eclipses, and list of 18th-century lunar eclipses
+
+= = = Antonio de Pereda = = =
+
+ Antonio de Pereda y Salgado ( – January 30, 1678) was a Spanish Baroque-era painter, best known for his still lifes.
+ Pereda was born in Valladolid. He was the eldest of three brothers from an artistic family. His father, mother and two brothers were all painters. He was educated in Madrid by Pedro de las Cuevas and was taken under the protective wing of the influential Giovanni Battista Crescenzi. After Crescenzi's death in 1635, Pereda was expelled from the court and began to take commissions from religious institutions. As well as still lifes and religious paintings, Pereda was known for his historical paintings such as the "Relief of Genoa" (1635) which was painted for the Salón de Reinos of the Buen Retiro Palace in Madrid as part of the same series as Velázquez's "Surrender of Breda".
+
+= = = Daulatana = = =
+
+ Daultana (), is a clan of Johiya tribe settled in Punjab, Pakistan. The members of this tribe are landowners, farmers, politicians, businessmen, government officers.
+
+= = = Kamenice = = =
+
+ Kamenice or Kamenicë may refer to:
+ In Albania:
+ In Bosnia and Herzegovina:
+ In Kosovo
+ In Czech Republic:
+ In Rivers:
+
+= = = Branko Miljuš = = =
+
+ Branko Miljuš (born 17 August 1960) is a former Croatian footballer. He was born in Knin, PR Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia. During his club career he played for NK Hajduk Split, Real Valladolid and Vitória Setúbal. He earned 14 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1984. He won a bronze medal playing for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In his late career, Miljuš left Yugoslavia few years before the independence of Croatia, at the time tension of Serbs and Croats was rising.
+
+= = = List of 18th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 17th-century lunar eclipses, and List of 19th-century lunar eclipses
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Minister of Agriculture (Northern Ireland) = = =
+
+ The Minister of Agriculture was a member of the Executive Committee of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland (Cabinet) in the Parliament of Northern Ireland which governed Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1972. The post was combined with that of the Minister of Commerce until 1925, and was later vacant for three short periods.
+ "Office abolished 1965"
+
+= = = Jack Burnham = = =
+
+ Jack Wesley Burnham Jr. (born New York, New York, 1931, died 25 February, 2019) was an American writer on art and technology, who taught art history at Northwestern University and the University of Maryland. He is one of the main forces behind the emergence of systems art in the 1960s.
+ Burnham received a BFA from the Yale School of Art in 1959 and a MFA in 1961.
+ From 1955 until 1965 he worked as a sculptor, often created sculptures that included light. In the 1960s he started teaching art history at Northwestern University, and became chairman of their art department. He was a Fellow at MIT's Center for Advanced Visual Studies from 1968 to 1969. In the 1980s he moved to the University of Maryland and again chaired the art and art history departments.
+ Retiring in the 1990s, Burnham lived in Hyattsville, Maryland, immersed in Kabbalah. He suffered from Alzheimer's disease in his later life. He moved to Connecticut in the early 2010s.
+ Jack Burnham worked as a writer, and in the 1960s and 1970s made important contributions as an art theorist, critic and curator in the field of systems art. In systems art the concept and ideas of process related systems and systems theory are involved in the work to take precedence over traditional aesthetic object related and material concerns. Burnham named Systems art in the 1968 Artforum article "System Esthetics": "He had investigated the effects of science and technology on the sculpture of this century, and saw a dramatic contrast between the handling of the place-oriented "object sculpture" and the extreme mobility of Systems sculpture".
+ Burnham wrote two books and dozens of articles in magazines like: "Art and Artists magazine", "Arts and Society", "Artforum" magazine, "Arts magazine". His books:
+> 1.
+
+= = = List of 19th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 18th-century lunar eclipses, and List of 20th-century lunar eclipses
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Josip Čop = = =
+
+ Josip Čop (born 14 October 1954) is a former Croatian footballer.
+ During his club career he played for NK Varteks, NK Zagreb, NK Hajduk Split and SK Sturm Graz. He won two caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and was a non-playing squad member at Euro 84.
+ He began his career in sport management as the Secretary General of the Football Federation of Croatia, FIFA delegate and UEFA delegate, as well as member of several UEFA committees (Stadium and Security Committee; Delegate Panel; Venue Director Panel; European Championship Committee U 21) and vice president of the UEFA European Championship Committee U 21.
+ From 1996 to 1998 Čop served as Secretary-General of the Croatian Football Federation. Since 2005, he is the Secretary-General of the Croatian Olympic Committee, serving his third four-year term.
+
+= = = Cambiocasa = = =
+
+ Cambiocasa is a European commercial property consultancy company (FIAIP associated.) founded by Francesco Trombiero in 1995.
+
+= = = Nailed. Dead. Risen. = = =
+
+ Nailed. Dead. Risen. is the debut album by Christian deathcore band Impending Doom, released in 2007 on Facedown Records.
+ "Nailed Dead Risen" was tracked, mixed and mastered by Christopher Eck at Eck studios in Corona, California. The title for the album is a reference to the way Jesus Christ was crucified. It is the only album by the band to feature guitarist Greg Pewthers and drummer Andy Hegg. They were replaced by Cory Johnson (ex-Sleeping Giant) and Chad Blackwell, respectively.
+ The album features re-recordings of three songs from the band's demo album titled "The Sin and Doom of Godless Men". The band even intended to completely re-record that demo into an EP, but due to them getting signed to a label faster than they even expected, they instead recorded this full-length album.
+
+= = = David Linton (geographer) = = =
+
+ Professor David Leslie Linton (12 July 1906 – 11 April 1971), British geographer and geomorphologist, was professor of geography at Sheffield and Birmingham, best remembered for his work on the landscape development of south-east England with S. W. Wooldridge, and on the development of tors.
+ David Linton was born in 1906 in New Cross, London, the second of three children of parents from northern Ireland. He was educated at the nearby Haberdashers' Aske's Hatcham School and King's College London. He received a first class general honours degree in chemistry, physics, and geology in 1926 and a first class special honours degree in geography in 1927.
+ On graduation Linton initially worked at King's as demonstrator in geology, taking over from S.W.Wooldridge (later the first professor of geography at King's), who had recently completed his doctorate. In 1929 Linton moved to Edinburgh University. He nevertheless continued to collaborate with Wooldridge on a number of publications on the geology and geomorphology of south-east England during the 1930s, culminating in "Structure, Surface and Drainage in South-east England" (1939, republished 1955).
+ During World War II Linton carried out photo reconnaissance with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve, later publishing "The Interpretation of Air Photographs" (1947). Following the war he was appointed professor of geography at Sheffield University in 1945. In 1958 he became professor at Birmingham University, where he remained until his death in 1971.
+ Much of his published post-war work was on the geomorphology of Scotland, including a series of papers on river capture. He identified the importance of glacial breaching of main watersheds (divides), and recognised that this process had been more intense in the west, with glacial dissection of the mountains declining eastwards (although his synthesis of this was published posthumously by Keith Clayton, see Publications). Concerned with denudation chronology (the reconstruction of long-term landform history), he became involved with study of the origin of tors in Scotland, on Dartmoor, the Pennines and South Africa. His view was that the British tors were a product of deep chemical weathering under a tropical climate in the Tertiary, exposed by erosion in the Pleistocene. This contrasted sharply with the views of others that tors are essentially arctic features produced by periglacial processes. This was part of his wider view of the importance of pre-glacial events and forms. However his attribution of the prevailing eastward flow of the major rivers of Scotland to emergence and tilted uplift of a fresh chalk seabed in the early Tertiary was dismissed in the PhD studies of French geomorphologist Alain Godard (later Professor at Paris).
+ At a meeting in Sheffield (with Wooldridge and others) in 1958, he was a founder member of what became the British Geomorphological Research Group, which he chaired in 1961.
+ Linton was honorary editor of "Geography" (1947–1965) and president of section E of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1957), the Institute of British Geographers (1962) and the Geographical Association (1964).
+ Linton married Vera Tebbs in 1929. They had three sons and a daughter. He was a devoted family man, an able artist and musician. Though shy he was highly regarded as a lecturer and writer. He could be arrogant and disinclined to accept opposition, but was also capable of kindness. He died of cancer at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham in 1971.
+ Like Wooldridge, Linton was a fieldworker whose approach has been superseded by the study of processes and quantitative analysis. Their major work on the development of south-east England has been shown to be based on too simplistic a view of tectonic history. It nonetheless remains as an enduring monument to one of the most distinctive phases of British geomorphology.
+ The David Linton Award of the British Society for Geomorphology (which incorporates the British Geomorphological Research Group) is given to a geomorphologist who has made a leading contribution to the discipline over a sustained period. Among many notable recipients have been Ralph A. Bagnold, Stanley A. Schumm, Richard Chorley, Luna Leopold, Eric H. Brown, Michael J. Kirkby, G.H. Dury, Cuchlaine A.M. King, Denys Brunsden, M. Gordon Wolman, J.B. Thornes, Ken Gregory, David Sugden and Desmond Walling.
+ Linton's notebooks are held by King's College archives.
+ In 1943, Linton received the Murchison Award from the Royal Geographical Society. He was elected as a member of the Leopoldina in 1961. In 1971 he was appointed an honorary fellow of King's College London.
+
+= = = Tyrwhitt = = =
+
+ Tyrwhitt is an English language surname. It may refer to:
+
+= = = Frederic H. Dustin = = =
+
+ Frederic H. Dustin, PhD (January 12, 1930 – May 5, 2018) was an American professor, author, businessman and philanthropist. He was the creator and owner of the Kimnyoung Maze Park on Jeju Island, South Korea. Dr. Dustin, a professor at Jeju National University, was an honorary citizen of the Jeju Self-governing Province. He was also reportedly the longest independently living foreigner in Korea and continued to maintain his U.S. citizenship.
+ Frederic H. Dustin was born on January 12, 1930 in Bellingham at St. Luke's Hospital to Fred H Dustin and Mayme Hall. He died on May 5, 2018 on Jeju Island in Korea. He lived in Korea since 1958 and on Jeju since 1971. He was married in 1971 to Marie-Louise Gebhardt, a Lutheran missionary. She died in 1973 after contracting cancer.
+ His original academic interest was Native Americans but he later focused on traditional Korean culture. Dustin is the first American to receive a Master's in Korean Language and Literature. His Master's thesis was entitled "An Aspect of Korean Contemporary Literature with Special Reference to Bulggot (a Korean novel)".
+ He entered the University of Washington in September 1948 and attended until June 1949. He then entered Western Washington University from September 1949 until June 1951. Two years later, he re-entered Western Washington State University in July 1953 and graduated the following year on June 11, 1954 with a bachelor's degree in Education.
+ Dustin later attended the University of Michigan in July and August 1955. There, he entered the University of Washington Graduate School in September 1957. He graduated on December 19, 1958, with the first Master of Arts Degree in Korean Language and Literature in the U.S.
+ Dustin joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in his first year of college. He was drafted in September 1951, during the Korean War, and spent December and January in the Band Training Unit at Camp Roberts in Fort Ord, California. He went home before going to Camp Stoneman.
+ Dustin first came to Korea as a Bandsman, a Clarinetist in the 7th Division Band. He was honorably discharged and returned to Washington in May 1953. He began working for the 19th Battalion, 8th Regiment, 7th Division, in November 1968 as a Supply Officer, Grade GS-9. He finished working for the 19th Battalion in February 1971.
+ Dustin began teaching at Yonhi University (연희대학교) in Seoul on September 11, 1955 as a lecturer in English, his position funded by The Asia Foundation. He was actively associated with the introduction of basketball into the Republic of Korea through the formation of the Yonhi University team during this period. He finished teaching at Yonhi University in August 1957.
+ After returning to America to study for his M.A Degree, Dustin returned to South Korea and began teaching at Chung-Ang University (중아대학교) in Seoul on September 30, 1958, again as a lecturer in English. In addition to his regular academic duties as an English instructor, he initiated sculling activities in the nearby Han River by assisting the school to obtain two sculling boats from the University of Washington. He instructed and supervised the sculling team and supervised hiking and mountain climbing trips of groups of students. He finished teaching at Chung-Ang University in February 1960.
+ Dustin first started teaching at Jeju National University (제주대학교) in September 1971. He began his career there as a Full-time Lecturer in English in the Department of Tourism Management. At that time, it never entered his mind that he'd work there for 23 years and retire as a full professor. During this period of teaching, he accompanied the school soccer team to the national soccer games in Daegu in 1976, as an advisor. He finished teaching at CNU in February 1979 to return to Seoul.
+ Back in the capitol, Dustin took up three positions teaching English, beginning in March 1979. He was a Visiting Professor at Sejong University (세종대학교), where he also served as a technical advisor to the student sailing club. He taught at Hongik University (홍익대학교) as a visiting professor (객원교수) and was also a lecturer in English at the Korea Institute of Finance (한국금융연구원). He finished his work in Seoul in 1981 as he was invited to return to Jeju National University, where he began teaching again in March 1982.
+ Dustin returned to CNU as a Full Associate Professor and did research in and taught tourism development policies in addition to his regular English courses in the Tourism Management Department. He represented Jeju's tourism industry interests in four international seminars on tourism development, as a main speaker. He assisted in the development of, and acted as technical advisor, to the university's sailing club. In addition, he served as an advisor to the provincial government, acting as a VIP Orientation Guide.
+ Dustin was a staff teacher for the University of Maryland's Far East department and he appeared weekly on an educational television program in 1986 and 1987. He finished teaching at Jeju National University on December 31, 1994, after 23 years. His classes are fondly remembered by a great number of Jeju residents, as well as the frequent social gatherings at his home in the forest outside of Kimnyoung Village.
+ Dustin began working at the Korean Consolidated Mining Company, Ltd. (KCMC, 한국합자광업), in January 1960, as a technical advisor and superintendent to help establish the Tongsan Mine. He worked in the remote village of Baewawi for two years until the spring of 1962 when an accidental chemical splash to his eyes forced him to consider other work. He finished working for the KCMC in December 1962 and moved to Seoul.
+ He began working for the Korea Republic Newspaper (한국일보) in February 1962 as a copy reader. He finished working there in February 1963. He then began working as a field auditor for The Church International Field Service in March 1963. He finished working for the organization in October 1963. He began working at Kanaan Poultry Corporation (가나안양계주식회사) in September 1964. He was the Representative and managing director. He finished working there in July 1968.
+ Under a grant from the Asia Foundation, Dr. Dustin prepared the first guidebook on Jeju, published as "An Introduction to Cheju Island" in 1978.
+ During his tenure at Jeju National University, Dustin reported gave away 80% of his earnings every year to $2support foreign faculty members and improve the quality of education at the university where he taught for 23 years. The money is divided roughly evenly between a "life-education" program for marine leisure sports activities and the university's development fund to pay for foreign professors’ salaries.
+
+= = = List of 22nd-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 21st-century lunar eclipses, and List of 23rd-century lunar eclipses
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Oakfield Township = = =
+
+ Oakfield Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
+
+= = = CFVZ-FM = = =
+
+ CFVZ-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a sports radio format at 90.9 FM in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.
+ CFVZ-FM is owned and operated by Moose Jaw Tier 1 Hockey. The station broadcasts the Moose Jaw Warriors hockey games.
+
+= = = Um Adawi Granites = = =
+
+ The Um Adawi Granites are igneous rocks exposed in the southeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula and they exhibit field relations, petrographic and chemical characteristics similar to the island arc older granitoids of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. They have a batholitic dimension and occur as composite plutons intruding the metasediments and the metavolcanics, while the younger granites intrude them.
+ Petrographically, the rocks are homogeneous, light to dark grey and medium- to coarse-grained. They consist of quartz monzodiorite, tonalite and granodiorite. Plagioclase (An21-32), quartz, k-feldspar, hornblende and biotite represent the essential minerals. Accessory minerals are apatite and Fe-Ti oxides.
+ Whole rock and mineral chemistry indicate that the Um Adawi older granites are calc-alkaline with metaluminous signature. They were emplaced in a compressional regime in an arc tectonic setting within a crust of about 30 km thickness. The rare earth element patterns of these granites suggest that they were subduction related supporting the obtained magmatic affinity and the tectonic setting.
+ M. G. Shahien and Obeid, M. A., 2002, "Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Early-orogenic Older Granites at the Um Adawi Area, Southeastern Sinai, Egypt," Egypt. J. Geol.
+
+= = = Sulejman Halilović = = =
+
+ Sulejman Halilović (born 14 November 1955) is a former Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer.
+ During his club career he played for FK Jedinstvo Odžak, Dinamo Vinkovci, Sloga Doboj, Red Star Belgrade and Rapid Wien. He earned 12 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1984.
+
+= = = Eik Banki = = =
+
+ Eik Banki Føroya P/F is a financial services group in the Faroe Islands, which was previously one of the two major privately owned banking firms based in the country. Established in 1832, the group, which also operated in mainland Denmark, encompassed retail, corporate and investment banking activities as well as real estate brokerage. The company was nationalised by Denmark in October 2010 after becoming insolvent, with its Danish retail banking operations being sold later in the year to the regional bank Sparekassen Lolland.
+ Eik was established in 1832 as a savings bank. In 1992 it was transferred into a guarantor savings bank, and in 2002, it was converted to a public limited company. On 11 July 2007, it was listed on the Icelandic and Danish stock exchanges as Eik Banki P/F.
+ In Denmark, Eik Banki founded a subsidiary bank, Eik Bank Danmark A/S. In 2007, Eik Bank Danmark acquired the Swedish Skandiabanken branch in Denmark. Skandiabanken is the leading Danish internet bank in Denmark, with around 120,000 customers. Skandiabanken was merged into Eik Bank Danmark in December 2007. In the same month Eik Bank acquired the Faroese operations of Kaupthing Bank.
+ The company and its Danish subsidiary were taken over by the Danish banking regulator in October 2010 after failing to meet solvency requirements set by the Financial Supervisory Authority. Trading in the company's shares and bonds was suspended on the news, and Eik Banki's listing on the Nasdaq OMX Iceland exchange was subsequently cancelled. Subsequently 70% of the bank's shares were sold to Tórshavn based "TF Holding" for DKK 572 million. The bank later became Betri bank. Three of Eik's managers were fined DKK 150 million in 2019.
+ The retail banking operations of the company in mainland Denmark (Eik Bank Danmark A/S) were sold by the state to the regional bank Sparekassen Lolland for DKK 365 million on 17 December 2010.
+ After the sale of Eik Banki's Danish retail banking operations in December 2010, the company's principal remaining businesses are a retail and commercial banking network in the Faroe Islands and ownership of the leading Faroese real estate brokerage company, Inni P/F.
+
+= = = Riedern am Wald = = =
+
+ Riedern am Wald is an "Ortsteil" in the Waldshut district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Notable people from the area include artist Heinrich Ernst Kromer and Pope Benedict XVI's personal secretary, Msgr. Georg Gänswein.
+
+= = = March 19, 2008 anti-war protest = = =
+
+ March 19, 2008 being the fifth anniversary of the United States 2003 invasion of Iraq and in protest and demonstration in opposition to the war in Iraq, anti-war protests were held throughout the world including a series of autonomous actions in the United States' capitol, Washington, D.C. in London, Sydney, Australia and the Scottish city of Glasgow with the later three being organized by the UK-based Stop the War Coalition. Actions included demonstrations at government buildings and landmarks, protests at military installations and student-led street blockades. The protests were notable, in part, for mostly replacing mass marches with civil disobedience – including religious-focused protests – and for utilizing new technologies to both coordinate actions and interface with traditional print and broadcast media.
+ The 19th itself was a Wednesday so protests took place prior to, on the day of and after the actual anniversary.
+ The numbers of protesters was significantly smaller than the original protests held the day after the invasion of Iraq had begun when thousands of protesters and many large demonstrations were held around the world in opposition to the war. Amongst the possible reasons are protester "fatigue", the timing of events, poor weather in some cities and that many protest actions are often ignored by the media even if the number of attendees is in the thousands. General apathy towards a war that most Americans feel little connection to as well as general decline in media coverage may have also led to lower turnout. According to a study conducted by the Project for Excellence in Journalism, war coverage in television, newspaper and Internet stories fell from 23% during the first ten weeks of 2007 to 3% during the same period in 2008.
+ ANSWER Coalition is largely accredited with being responsible for many of the recent United States-based anti-war protests. Formed in the wake of the September 11th attacks, ANSWER has since helped to organize many of the largest anti-war demonstrations in the United States, including demonstrations of hundreds of thousands against the Iraq War. Though its national headquarters are in Washington, D.C., where it organizes its national antiwar demonstrations, the coalition's influence is seen as being perhaps strongest in San Francisco, and increasingly, in Los Angeles. ANSWER has faced criticism from other anti-war groups for its affiliations as well as its tactics at demonstrations as well as charges of antisemitic sentiments expressed by some demonstrators at its protests. Michael Albert and Stephen R. Shalom writing in "Z" argue that most people at a "...demonstration will in fact be unaware of exactly who said what and whether any particular speaker omitted this or that point." The longer-term effects of these concerns may also play into declining numbers at protest events.
+ Another perspective was offered at the Kansas City, Missouri vigil where many of the attendees had previously taken part in protests of the Vietnam War, the only other United States war that has had more than five years of protests. One person drew a comparison noting a "fundamental misconception" with many of the protesters, "They're against it not because it was wrong," stated Dave Pack, chair of the PeaceWorks board of directors, "but because it wasn't going the way they wanted it to." He went on to say that he felt some didn't feel the war was wrong to begin with but they now feel the war is wrong. A CNN-Opinion Research poll released March 19 found 32 percent of Americans support the conflict while 61 percent said they want the next president to remove most U.S. troops within a few months of taking office.
+ In Washington, D.C. the protests on March 19 were the culmination of other smaller demonstrations and events which took place during the weeks leading up to the five-year anniversary of the Iraq war. For example, on March 7, several churches in the city held services to pray for the safety of U.S. troops and an end to the war. In the afternoon the churchgoers marched to the Hart Senate Office Building with the intention of asking U.S. Senators to discontinue U.S.-funded terrorism. At least forty of the protesters were arrested as they entered the building and began praying for peace.
+ United for Peace and Justice (UFPJ), a coalition of more than 1,300 international and U.S.-based organizations opposed to what they describe as "our government's policy of permanent warfare and empire-building" organized the March 19 actions. The events – involving up to 1000 people – took place throughout the downtown with protesters marching on 12th street to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) building on Constitution Avenue declaring that they do not want any more tax money being used to wage war. Led, in part, by the War Resisters League and Code Pink, 31 people were arrested for crossing police lines at the IRS and blocking three entrances. Demonstrators also gathered in front of institutions which profit from the war, such as the American Petroleum Institute – where they staged a sit-in blocking traffic – and at military recruitment offices. The protesters, including war veterans, demanded the arrests of President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as war criminals. Students for a Democratic Society protesters marched up and down K Street as part of their "Funk the War" protest to "put on the map all the people who profited from the war". Other protesters hurled balloons full of red paint at a military recruiting station and smeared it on buildings of defense contractors Bechtel and Lockheed Martin. Many protesters marched to beating drums, and chanted, ""No blood for oil!"" Traffic in many areas was disrupted, and interruptions at the IRS were evident as workers inside were seen peering out windows at the protesters. At least thirty demonstrators were arrested around the IRS headquarters for crossing a police barricade. Two blocks from the Whitehouse, in McPherson Square, over two hundred protesters declared victory in shutting down traffic with some engaging the police while others chained their hands together inside school desks while demanding cuts in war spending and more money for education. According to a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report published in October 2007, the U.S. war in Iraq could cost taxpayers $1.9 trillion by 2017 when counting the huge interest costs because combat is being financed with borrowed money.
+ One of the more visible groups, Code Pink, opted not to do a large protest in the capitol as the timing was just before the Easter break and the United States Congress would not be in session, however local chapters had plans to follow members of Congress and protest in smaller towns across the country. The Washington D.C. chapter did push a pink bed on wheels down the street, urging Americans to "wake up". Members of the "Granny Peace Brigade" delivered hand-knitted "stump socks" – "meant to keep the ends of amputated limbs warm" – to the Department of Veterans Affairs. A "March of the Dead" demonstration was staged near the Women in Military Service for America Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery. Outside the National Archives and Records Administration protesters laid a large cloth on the ground with the Preamble to the United States Constitution forcing those entering the building to walk over the text. Nearby a masked man in orange prison clothing kneeled with his hands tied behind his back while wearing a sign – "no torture, no secret prisons, no detention without legal process," referring to contentious issues tied to the United States' treatment of prisoners. Outside the White House protesters acted out a prisoner, dressed in an orange Guantanamo captives' uniform – which signifies the prisoner has been labeled "non-compliant" – being waterboarded.
+ In Chicago, Illinois, thousands of protesters marched through the Chicago Loop and along Michigan Avenue to demand an end to the Iraq war. Members of a group, Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW), were among the marchers. One announced, "I'm letting the nation know that the troops are against the war, and that there's a whole culture of dissent and we're letting the nation know that exists."
+ On 23 March, Easter Sunday, at the Holy Name Cathedral in Chicago, a group of anti-war demonstrators – calling themselves Catholic Schoolgirls Against the War – stood up during the homily (sermon) and "decried the deaths of 4,000 U.S. soldiers and thousands of Iraqi citizens" declaring "Even the Pope calls for peace!" Security guards ushered the protesters out as the demonstrators splattered themselves with stage blood getting some on nearby worshipers, six were subsequently arrested by police. After the service a cardinal lamented the protests but affirmed the Catholic Church's position against U.S.-led warfare in Iraq. Both Pope Benedict XVI and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops have opposed the Iraq war since its inception, and the pope used his Easter homily to renew calls for an Iraq resolution to "safeguard peace and the common good."
+ In Los Angeles, California thousands of people, led by veterans from various conflicts, holding coffins draped with the US flag marched down Hollywood Boulevard denouncing George W. Bush, several California politicians and actors were expected for the final part of the march on Sunset Boulevard.
+ Other events were planned for Beverly Hills, Echo Park, West Los Angeles, North Hollywood, Pasadena, Culver City and Malibu.
+ In San Francisco, California protests occurred throughout the day and in different parts of the city with up to 150 people arrested for misdemeanors such as trespassing, resisting arrest and blocking an intersection. Part of the success of the group coordinating named Direct Action was due to utilizing smart mob technologies including text messaging, Google Maps, live video-feeds and internet radio updates. In contrast to the first-day protests in 2003 when the city was effectively shut down in many ways, the protests were focussed on specific targets and conveying messages – "there's little point in barricading the Bay Bridge in a city where most people are against the war anyway." In the morning, a group of 500 worked their way through the morning commute effectively tying-up traffic for hours as the police had to block, move and re-block streets and busses for the procession. The Federal Reserve Bank and Chevron Corporation were also targeted with actions and saw arrests. Starting around noon and lasting for several hours the most "dramatic" protests were a die-in – again blocking the main traffic artery, Market Street – directly in front of California Senator Dianne Feinstein's office. Feinstein supported the Iraq war resolution and subsequent supplemental appropriations bills although she has stated she was deceived by the Bush administration about the weapons of mass destruction. As police arrested dozens of protesters more would take their place. In the evening 7000 marched and rallied in front of San Francisco City Hall hearing speeches including Assemblywoman Carole Migden. Although mostly peaceful some police were pelted with glass Christmas ornaments filled with paint.
+ In Berkeley, California, demonstrators gathered for a rally then marched on a military recruiting office which has been part of an ongoing military recruiting controversy and declared that the Iraq War is ""unjust"", and that Marine recruiters were ""unwelcome intruders"" in the city.
+ In New York City autonomous events happened throughout the day, at one protest women "sang and counted the war dead" at the Times Square military recruiting station which was recently the target of a bomb. Outside the New York Stock Exchange three groups affiliated with the Peace Action coalition were arrested for blocking traffic and the checkpoints for the Stock Exchange. Carrying "blood-splattered" signs displaying the record profits of companies – like Boeing, General Dynamics and Halliburton – they were trying to make the connection between those who they said were war profiteering and those who are prosecuting the war.
+ Smaller events happened throughout the United States from somber vigils to the more boisterous; in Frankfort, Kentucky and Greenville, South Carolina vigils were held – in Greenville's Piazza Bergamo a candle was lit for each U.S. soldier killed. In Albany, New York protesters held a rally outside the capitol. In Des Moines, Iowa, protesters stood in the hallway outside recruiting offices at the Armed Forces Career Center with signs such as "Enlist Now Pay Later - The Cost Is Too Great - Troops Home Now". In Trenton, New Jersey about 75 people, including family members of US soldiers killed protested outside the statehouse. In Burlington, Vermont University of Vermont students protested outside General Dynamics' Weapons Development and Design Facility with banners denouncing war profiteering and called on their state-funded school to divest in the defense contractor.
+ In Miami, Florida protesters dressed in black laid flowers at the United States Southern Command during the morning rush hour.
+ Protesters blocked the entrance of a Des Moines, Iowa military recruiting center with two getting arrested.
+ In downtown Portland, Oregon, demonstrators chanted "End the silence, Stop the violence", while others marched to blaring horns and beating drums. At one point police used pepper spray on unruly protesters. A group of several dozen of the marchers left the confrontation and boarded a light rail train to continue the protests at a military recruiting station. Police on motorcycles and police in riot gear followed the demonstrators to the rail station at which point one of the protesters declared "sorry, no room for bikes" as officers watched the demonstrators leave.
+ In Madison, Wisconsin, protesters and peace activists were reading the names of casualties of the Iraq War outside a recruiting station when three of them went inside to engage the recruiters in dialog. They were arrested but the charges later dropped. As part of their defense they stated "they were not disruptive and were in a government office on public property paid for by taxpayers, in which they had a right to be."
+ In Baltimore, Maryland dozens of silent protesters held sign and stood behind a row of boots and other footwear which symbolized "the loss of life, among Maryland troops and Iraqi civilians, during the war in Iraq". Sponsored by the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker social justice and peace organization, and the Baltimore Area Coalition for Truth in Recruiting they tried to add a visual representation of the loss of life. In December 2007, President Bush put the Iraq War death toll among Iraqi citizens at about 30,000. Most estimates are much higher, for example, in January 2008 the Iraqi health minister, Dr Salih al-Hasnawi, reported the results of the "Iraq Family Health Survey" – carried out for the World Health Organization – that estimated 151,000 violence-related Iraqi deaths from March 2003 through June 2006. The results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
+
+= = = Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 = = =
+
+ Greece and Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT) hosted a national selection with the winner being chosen an "expert" jury. Anna Vissi was chosen with "Autostop" and placed 13th at Eurovision.
+ The final took place on 10 March 1980 at the ERT TV Studios in Peania and was hosted by Vasilis Tsivilikas. The winning song was chosen by a jury of people who awarded each song a mark out of ten.
+ "Autostop" was the third performed that night (following Turkey's Ajda Pekkan with "Pet'r Oil" and preceding Luxembourg's Sophie & Magaly with "Papa Pingouin"). At the close of voting, it had received 30 points, placing 13th in a field of 19.
+ It was succeeded as Greek representative at the 1981 Contest by Yiannis Dimitras with "Fegari Kalokerino".
+
+= = = Vasily Artemyev = = =
+
+ Vasily Grigorievich Artemyev () (born 24 July 1987) is a Russian rugby union footballer. He plays as Wing or Full Back.
+ Artemyev's representative honours include Leinster Schools, U19s and U20s, Irish Schools & Irish U19s. Vasily came to Blackrock College school from Russia and won schools Junior Cup and Senior Cup medals there. He played for the successful Irish Universities side in 2007.
+ Vasily played for a number of years in University College Dublin for their rugby team whilst studying law under the stewardship of John McClean and Bobby Byrne. Vasily won the league and Metro Cup with UCD, and was also part of the Intervarsity Team which won the Conroy Cup in 2006 and 2007.
+ Returning to his native Moscow (Zelenograd) in 2008, he joined professional club VVA and began representing Russia.
+ Vasily signed for Aviva Premiership side Northampton Saints for the 2011-2012 season, joining them after the conclusion of the 2011 World Cup. On his début for the club he scored a hat-trick in the LV= Cup victory over Saracens, before scoring two tries in his Premiership debut against Newcastle Falcons.
+ He has 83 caps for Russia, since 2009, with 30 tries scored, 150 points on aggregate. He played four games at the 2011 Rugby World Cup, scoring a try against Ireland in a pool game.
+
+= = = Alexander Bichkov = = =
+
+ Alexander Bichkov (known as Russia's Rambo) was a man who lived alone in a Russian forest for nearly 20 years. Bichkov was known for stealing from and "terrorizing" locals, and burning down nearby houses. Upon his death a search of his home revealed a large amount of weaponry and other survival supplies. He was shot to death by police on 14 March 2008, following a manhunt in which two law enforcement agents were injured.
+ According to Russian authorities Bichkov came from a family of criminals who had been sent to Kostroma Oblast in the 1940s. Bichkov worked in the forestry industry until his disappearance. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Bichkov left his home and family to avoid having to pay alimony payments to his ex-wife. In 1997 he was presumed dead, and declared as such by his family. He lived in the forest within a nature reserve, near Kologriv, building his own camps at a former forestry station, eating animals he could hunt locally. Bichkov only left the forest in the summertime when he could not easily be tracked back to his camp by footprints in the snow.
+ Bichkov was feared by local police following an incident where he kidnapped a police officer who was hunting nearby, and held him at gunpoint. After some time Bichkov released the police officer and fled the scene. Bichkov burned down 30 "holiday homes" that were owned by wealthy Moscow residents. Although the police did not investigate, they did name him "Russia's Rambo", based on the title character from the Rambo film series. Bichkov had an "arsenal" of weapons at his camp, and numerous animal traps, and wilderness survival books. Parents in the area made their children walk to school with dogs for protection from Bichkov. At one point Bichkov uses animal traps to capture three government officials, threatening their life if they returned to the area.
+ On 14 March 2008 Bichkov was shot dead by a group on a manhunt orchestrated by the Department of Natural Reserves. The group was composed of six police "specialists" (not local to the Kologriv area), some of whom were veterans of the Afghan War, and four park rangers. They hunted him down on snowmobiles in an attempt to arrest him. Bichkov, who was armed, wounded two members of the posse when he ambushed them. After setting his house on fire, Bichkov was shot dead by a sniper.
+
+= = = German warmblood = = =
+
+ German Warmblood may refer generally to any of the various warmblood horses of Germany, or more specifically to a warmblood registered with the nationwide German Horse Breeding Society (ZfDP). Beneath the umbrella term "German warmblood" are several regional variations on a singular standard; individual German warmblood types are not necessarily considered "breeds", because they have an open stud book and freely exchange genetic material between each other, with other warmblood types, with Anglo-Arabians, and with breeds like the Thoroughbred, Arabian, and Trakehner. (The Trakehner, while a warmblood horse from Germany, has a closed stud book and thus, like the Thoroughbred and Arabian, is considered a "true" breed.)
+ Each of the States of Germany has its own local warmblood breeding society, or sometimes more than one. Lower Saxony is the domain of the Oldenburg and Hanoverian breeds, the latter being closely linked to the State Stud of Celle. Formerly, the East Frisian was also bred in that part of Lower Saxony, however most of the breeding stock was absorbed into the Hanoverian gene pool after the Second World War. More recently, the Hessen horse was also made into an extension of the Hanoverian herdbook. The northernmost region of Schleswig-Holstein has the Holsteiner, while Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has the Mecklenburger. North Rhine-Westphalia traditionally breeds both the Westphalian and Rhinelander, which populate the State Stud of Warendorf and which work in close cooperation.
+ Historically, each of the southern states had a very distinct population: Rhineland-Palatinate was a center for the breeding of elegant Anglo-Arabian riding horses, Baden-Württemberg bred Arabians and Arab-influenced riding horses at the State Stud of Marbach, and Bavaria was home to the ancient heavy warmblood Rottaler. Of late, these three regions have combined their breeding and marketing efforts, so the modern Bavarian Warmblood, Württemberger, and Zweibrücker are increasingly indistinguishable. Similarly, the eastern states of Berlin-Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, and Thuringia have begun hosting a common stallion inspection. Each of these states has had its own flavor of warmblood, though perhaps the Brandenburger was best known.
+
+= = = KISN (FM) = = =
+
+ KISN (96.7 FM, "96.7 KISS FM") is a radio station licensed to serve Belgrade, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media, licensed to Gap Broadcasting Bozeman License, LLC. It airs a Top 40 (CHR) music format.
+ All Townsquare Media Bozeman studios are located at 125 West Mendenhall Street, downtown Bozeman. KXLB, KMMS-FM, KZMY, and KISN all share a transmitter site on Green Mountain, east of Bozeman.
+ The station was assigned the KISN call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on January 14, 2004.
+ In February 2008, Colorado-based GAPWEST Broadcasting completed the acquisition of 57 radio stations in 13 markets in the Pacific Northwest-Rocky Mountain region from Clear Channel Communications. The deal, valued at a reported $74 million, included six Bozeman stations, seven in Missoula and five in Billings. Other stations in the deal are located in Shelby, Montana, and in Casper and Cheyenne, Wyoming, plus Pocatello and Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yakima, Washington. GapWest was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.
+ 96.7 started out as the easy listening station for Southwest Montana. By 1990 it took the moniker 96 the sky, Montana's soft rock. Throughout the next ten years The Sky would move towards a CHR format. It first moved towards hot AC in 1998. Through the next years the sky moved towards adult top 40 with a CHR format consisting of Destiny's Child, Britney Spears and Creed, N'Sync and The Backstreet Boys. By 2002 it became a full blown top 40 under the All hit 96 The sky moniker. In 2004 The callsign changed to KISN, the callsign used to be that of an Adult top 40 radio station in Salt Lake City. That frequency is now KZHT also a top 40 station owned by the same company until IHeartMedia (Clear Channel Radio) spun off its radio stations in small town markets with Bozeman being one of them. For much of the 2000s Kiss FM was known for mixing in hard rock since Bozeman did not have an active rock outlet. They also have thrown in local artists especially those in the hip hop genre.
+
+= = = Máel Dóid mac Suibni = = =
+
+ Máel Dóid mac Suibni (died 653) was a King of Uisnech in Mide of the Clann Cholmáin. He was the son Suibne mac Colmáin (died 600) and brother of Conall Guthbinn mac Suibni (died 635), previous kings. He ruled from 635 to 653.
+ This period in Meath history was dominated by the feud between Clann Cholmáin and Síl nÁedo Sláine among the southern Ui Neill. Mael Doid's father Suibne had been treacherously killed by his uncle Áed Sláine mac Diarmato (died 604) in 600. Mael Doid's brother Conall Guthbinn was killed by Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine (died 665) in 635.
+ In the year of Mael Doids accession, his cousins, of the Clann Cholmáin Bicc, Máel Umai and Colgu (sons of Óengus mac Colmáin Bec, died 621) were slain in battle by Diarmait. Two years later in 637, his nephew Airmetach Cáech mac Conaill Guthbinn was slain at the Battle of Mag Rath fighting for Congal Cáech of the Ulaid. The Síl nÁedo Sláine fought on the opposing and victorious side. Airmetach's son Fáelchú was also slain.
+ Mael Doid himself is only mentioned in the annals under his date of death. His son Feredach mac Máele Dóid was slain at a skirmish at Crannach in 697.
+
+= = = List of 23rd-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 22nd-century lunar eclipses, and List of 24th-century lunar eclipses
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Larmin Ousman = = =
+
+ Larmin Ousman (born June 15, 1981 in Monrovia) is a Liberian footballer (defender) who plays for Ljungskile SK. He is a member of the Liberia national football team.
+
+= = = List of 24th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 23rd-century lunar eclipses, and List of 25th-century lunar eclipses
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Langrishe, Go Down = = =
+
+ Langrishe, Go Down, the novel by Aidan Higgins (1966), was adapted for the screen by Harold Pinter, directed by David Jones, filmed for BBC Television in association with Raidió Teilifís Éireann, and first broadcast in September 1978 as a 90-minute BBC2's "Play of the Week". On 17 July, 2002, "Langrishe, Go Down" was re-released as a theatrical 16mm feature film, after being shown in The Spaces Between the Words: A Tribute to Harold Pinter, by the Film Society of Lincoln Center, as part of the Harold Pinter Festival of the Lincoln Center Festival 2001, held at Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, in New York City, from 21–31 July 2001.
+ The setting is a fading Irish mansion in the Kilkenny countryside, in the late 1930s, and also includes some locations in Dublin.and in Clonea Power Co Waterford
+ Three spinster sisters, Imogene (Dench), Helen (Crosby), and Lily Langrishe (Williamson), lose their equanimity — and in the case of Imogene her virginity — when a mature German student (Jeremy Irons) rents lodging from them while he works on his thesis.
+
+= = = Youth Challenge Program = = =
+
+ The Youth Challenge Program is a program for at-risk youth run by the National Guard of the United States, which consists of Youth Challenge Academies (known as YCA's) in each participating state. The stated mission of the Youth Challenge Program is "to intervene in and reclaim the lives of at-risk youth to produce program graduates with the values, skills, education and self-discipline necessary to succeed as adults." The program accepts 16- to 18-year-old male and female high school dropouts who are drug-free and not in trouble with the law. The program lasts for 17½ months. The first 5½ months are part of the quasi-military Residential Phase. The last 12 months are part of the Post-Residential Phase. Most participants will earn their GED or a high school diploma by the end of their Residential Phase.
+ The program is one of many programs administered by the National Guard Bureau that address leadership, life skills, and physical training.
+ The following is a list of states who participate in the Youth Challenge Program. Some states have multiple campuses; for example, Georgia has a YCA at both Ft. Stewart and Ft. Gordon, but both fall under the same state director.
+
+= = = New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame) = = =
+
+ "New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Joe Diffie. It was released in June 1991 as the fourth and final single from his debut album "A Thousand Winding Roads". The song peaked at number 2 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The song was written by Diffie and Lonnie Wilson.
+
+= = = Northwest Area Health Education Center = = =
+
+ The Northwest Area Health Education Center (Northwest AHEC) of Wake Forest School of Medicine is one of nine regional Area Health Education Centers (AHECs) of the North Carolina Area Health Education Centers program. Northwest AHEC is an educational outreach center and training program designed to better the health of the public in its 17-county region. It does this by working to increase the number of health and human service professionals, while also trying to improve their representation throughout the region and their skill quality—especially those who have chosen to work in primary care settings (Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Internal Medicine, and Family Medicine)—through several diverse community groups and partnerships with educational institutions (from primary to post-graduate schools).
+ Northwest AHEC works toward its mission by providing programs and services through its five core components: Health Careers, Diversity and Recruitment; Health Sciences Student Support; Graduate Medical Education and Patient Services; Continuing Education Activities and Services; and Information and Library Services.
+ Northwest AHEC has four locations (main office and three regional bases) to meet the needs of its constituents: The main office is at Wake Forest School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the regional bases are Catawba Valley Medical Center in Hickory, Rowan Regional Medical Center in Rowan County and Watauga Medical Center (part of the Appalachian Regional Healthcare System) in Watauga County. Each of the locations offers library services and training room/meeting facilities.
+ These 17 North Carolina counties are served by Northwest AHEC: Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Davidson, Davie, Forsyth, Iredell, Rowan, Stokes, Surry, Watauga, Wilkes and Yadkin.
+ Northwest AHEC continuing education activities and services are facilitated in physical classrooms and meeting venues, video conferencing centers, and virtually though real time event streaming and online courseware.
+ The NC AHEC Program began in 1972 with federal funding and is administered by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. It is a part of The National AHEC Program. In 1974, with funding from the General Assembly, it became a statewide program. Today, nine regional AHECs comprise the system and are supported primarily by state and local funds. The nine AHEC regions in North Carolina are: Mountain, Northwest, Charlotte, Greensboro, Southern, Wake, South East, Area L and Eastern.
+
+= = = List of 25th-century lunar eclipses = = =
+
+ This list was compiled with data calculated by Fred Espenak of NASA's GSFC.
+
+= = = Diane Bellemare = = =
+
+ Diane Bellemare (born October 13, 1949) is a Canadian economist and politician from Quebec, who was appointed to the Senate of Canada on September 6, 2012.
+ From September 2003 to April 2007, she held executive jobs with the "Conseil du patronat du Québec", including Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist from April 2006 to April 2007.
+ Bellemare was appointed to the Senate on the advice of Prime Minister Stephen Harper and sat as a member of the Conservative Party of Canada caucus until March 2016 when she resigned to sit as an Independent. In May 2016, she was appointed Deputy Government Representative to the Senate by Government Representative Peter Harder.
+ On November 14, 2019, on the same day that the Senate Liberal Caucus dissolved and was succeeded by the Progressive Senate Group, Senator Bellemare left her position and joined the ISG.
+
+= = = USS John P. Kennedy = = =
+
+ USS "John P. Kennedy", the former wooden sailing ship "Sea Nymph", was a supply ship of the US Navy. She was purchased at New York City in 1853 to participate in an expedition to the North Pacific Ocean to explore for commercial and naval purposes waters in the area of the Bering Straits and the China Seas, which were "frequented by American whale ships and trading vessels in their routes between the United States and China." The expedition, under Commander Cadwalader Ringgold, besides supply ship "John P. Kennedy", consisted of sloop-of-war (flagship), brig , schooner , and bark .
+ "John P. Kennedy" departed New York 21 June 1853 and arrived Cape of Good Hope 10 September. She departed Cape of Good Hope 9 November with the expedition and arrived Batavia, Java, the day after Christmas. She took active part in surveying operations in Indonesian waters until putting in at Singapore 4 April 1854 en route to Hong Kong where she arrived 25 May for repairs. In August the high cost of placing her in good condition prompted Lieutenant John Rodgers, who had succeeded Commander Ringgold in command, to turn "John P. Kennedy" over to the East Indies Squadron to become a guard ship at the American Factory, Canton, China. The ship stood out of Hong Kong 20 August and arrived at her new station 2 days later.
+ After a violent storm 23 July 1855, "John P. Kennedy" assisted American ship "Isabella Catana" in getting afloat; and she aided survivors of a Chinese man-of-war after the ship caught fire and blew up 6 September. She departed Canton 20 October in tow of , arriving Hong Kong the next day. She decommissioned there 31 October and was sold in November 1855.
+
+= = = CJAW-FM = = =
+
+ CJAW-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 103.9 FM in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan with an adult contemporary/hot adult contemporary format branded as Mix 103.9 FM. The station is owned by Golden West Broadcasting. CJAW's studios are located at 1704 Main Street North along with sister stations CILG-FM and CHAB.
+ The station received approval by the CRTC in 2006. The station signed-on and broadcasting commenced on Tuesday April 22, 2008 at 10:39 a.m.
+
+= = = Ursula Merkin = = =
+
+ Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist.
+ She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey.
+ In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman, who was twelve years her senior. They had six children and were married for almost fifty years until his death in 1999 at the age of 91. Ursula and Hermann Merkin sponsored the New York venue Merkin Concert Hall and were involved in a variety of Yeshiva University functions as well as with other Jewish philanthropies. They were also deeply devoted to Fifth Avenue Synagogue, of which Hermann Merkin was the founding President.
+ Ursula Breuer Merkin was a granddaughter of Solomon Breuer, a great-granddaughter of Samson Raphael Hirsch, a great-granddaughter of Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins, and mother of writer Daphne Merkin and philanthropist J. Ezra Merkin. Her brothers were Jacob Breuer, and Mordechai Breuer. She was best known for her involvement with Reuth, an Israeli charity for the elderly. She maintained a strong tie to, and a great love for, the Holy Land until her death in 2006. She was known by most as "Ullah."
+ She also wrote a novel, Borrowed Lands, which was published by Rubin Mass Ltd. in 2000 in a second revised edition.
+ She died in New York City at the age of 86 after a bout with lung cancer.
+
+= = = Marion County Regional Airport = = =
+
+ Marion County Regional Airport is a county-owned public-use airport in Marion County, Arkansas, United States. It is located one nautical mile (2 km) north of the central business district of Flippin, Arkansas.
+ This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a "general aviation" airport.
+ Marion County Regional Airport covers an area of 80 acres (32 ha) at an elevation of 719 feet (219 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 4/22 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,000 by 75 feet (1,524 x 23 m).
+ For the 12-month period ending April 30, 2011, the airport had 14,800 aircraft operations, an average of 40 per day: 92% general aviation, 7% air taxi, and 1% military. At that time there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 70% single-engine, 26% multi-engine, and 4% ultralight.
+
+= = = Betty Ladler = = =
+
+ Mary 'Betty' Newmarsh Woolcock née Ladler (1914–2004) was an English artist and illustrator, most notable for her illustrations in books written by Enid Blyton.
+ Betty Ladler was born in Hendon, Middlesex in 1914. She was a prolific illustrator predominantly of children's books for the publisher Blackie & Son LTD. Most of her life was spent in England but she travelled extensively and drew images taken from life in the Middle and Far East and the Swiss Alps. Her home was in the village of Coombe, near Wooton under Edge, South Gloucestershire where she died in 2004.
+ She exhibited "Saloon Bar" at the Royal Academy in 1944, "Flower Study" in 1945 and "Flowers in Sunlight" in 1947.
+
+= = = Ca. Lykkelig = = =
+
+ Ca. lykkelig was a Norwegian sitcom that was broadcast on TV 2.
+ The series was about three more or less successful couples in their 30s. The cast consisted of three couples: Ivar Nergaard as Aksel and Linn Skåber as Liv; Arvid Ones as Arne and Siv Charlotte Klynderud as Kirsti; Tore Chr. Sævold as Karsten and Jasmin Aasland as Lotte.
+ "Aftenposten" gave the sitcom a mediocre review. Linn Skåber received attention for her role. After 13 episodes the show was deemed to be successful, and TV 2 signalized that a second season was to be made. Some months later it was decided to stop the show, after Linn Skåber pursued other projects.
+
+= = = Nicolas Rémy Maire = = =
+
+ Nicolas Rémy Maire (1800–1878) was an illustrious French archetier.
+ Maire was born in Mirecourt. He trained in the Lafleur workshop and served his apprenticeship in the workshop of Pajeot in Mirecourt. Maire's style remained close to that of Pajeot.
+ He opened his own workshop in Mirecourt in 1826 and left in 1853 to work in Paris. As well as his own production, he worked for Gand, Jean Baptiste Vuillaume and Georges Chanot. He was influenced by Dominique Peccatte during the 1850s, his bows being very similar to those of Peccatte from this period. Maire went on to a lighter model after 1860, as did many other makers of his time. He did not always stamp his bows. Jean Joseph Martin was among his students. His work varies in style but is consistently of fine craftsmanship. He died in Paris.
+
+= = = Ante Žanetić = = =
+
+ Ante Žanetić (18 November 1936 – 18 December 2014) was a Croatian footballer.
+ During his club career he played for NK Hajduk Split, Club Brugge K.V. and Racing White. He earned 15 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup and on the Yugoslavian team that won the 1960 Olympics. He also played a friendly match for the SR Croatian national team against Indonesia.
+Žanetić later decided to leave Yugoslavia in order to play football in west Europe.. He abandoned the Hajduk Split squad while the team was in Germany in 1961 and moved to Belgium where he played for Club Brugge K.V. and Racing White. He subsequently emigrated to Australia. He died there in 2014.
+
+= = = Sandy Hills, Texas = = =
+
+ Sandy Hills was a small historic settlement which was located in western Wilson County, Texas (USA), five miles west of La Vernia at the intersection of county roads 321 and 361.
+ The community of Sandy Hills, Texas was a small settlement in Northwestern Wilson County, Texas. All that remains of the settlement is a small brick school house located at the intersection of county roads 361 and 357. Some of the earliest settlers in Sandy Hills were Captain Joseph Dornstin, and Charles Rowley, the father of the local outlaw Bob Rowley.
+
+= = = François-Marie Treyve = = =
+
+ François-Marie Treyve (1847–1906) was a French landscape gardener.
+ Treyve originated from Trévoux. He was trained by his father-in-law, Joseph Marie. In the 1880s he was appointed Inspector of Parks and Gardens of Vichy. He took over from his father-in-law at Moulins in 1881 and set up the landscape gardening firm Établissements Treyve-Marie, in which he in turned trained his sons, Joseph and François. He transformed the old park at Vichy and created the "Parc des Célestins". He was also the creator of many private parks across the Auvergne region, including those at:
+ He was summoned to the Russian court in 1891, from where he received horticultural commissions until 1896. In 1894 he published ""Un voyage horticole au Caucase"" ("A Horticultural Journey to the Caucasus").
+ Treyve was inspired by and indebted to the work of the great landscape gardener of the previous generation, Paul de Lavenne, Comte de Choulot.
+
+= = = Old Canadian National rail yard = = =
+
+ The old Canadian National rail yard in Edmonton was once the centre of economic activity in that city. Its redevelopment has fundamentally altered the appearance of the city. The former yard occupied a long, narrow strip from 103 Avenue to 105 Avenue north to south and from 101 Street to 116 Street east and west.
+ Edmonton's transition from a frontier outpost to a railway town was delayed because of the Canadian Pacific Railway's decision in the 1880s to shift the route of its planned main Winnipeg–Vancouver line south through Calgary. It was further hampered when in 1891 the planned Calgary and Edmonton Railway choose to build its terminus south of the North Saskatchewan River, in what soon became the rival settlement of Strathcona.
+ In 1903, the Canadian Northern Railway opened a short spur across the Low Level Bridge, linking Edmonton with Strathcona, but Edmonton's major introduction to the rail age came in 1905 when the CNoR's main transcontinental line reached it from Winnipeg. The CNoR's station was located at what is now 104 Avenue and 101 Street, and its yard to the west. Around this yard, Edmonton's warehouse district developed.
+ In response, the Canadian Pacific extended its C&E line over the river and expanded its station in Strathcona. In 1910, the CNoR station began accepting trains from the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR) which had also reached Edmonton. The CNoR and GTPR had rival plans to link Edmonton to the Pacific Coast, CNoR at Vancouver and GTPR at Prince Rupert, British Columbia. The companies were not able turn a profit during the lean years of the Great War, and by 1919 both had been nationalized by the federal government and made part of Canadian National Railways (CNR).
+ As a major centre for the CNR, Edmonton became one of the most important rail hubs in Canada. In 1928, a new station was opened at 101 Street and 104 Avenue, and was expanded in 1948. In 1964, it was demolished to make way for Edmonton's first skyscraper, the Canadian National Tower. In 1968, CN announced plans to build a massive "pylon" on the site, but this was never acted on. The yards functioned until 1988, and the last freight sheds were demolished in 1996.
+ Since the early 1990s the area has seen increasing redevelopment. CN donated some of the land to Grant MacEwan Community College for its new campus, and some of it was taken by the government-owned Canada Lands Company for private sale. The former yards are now () almost completely covered with new buildings, and redevelopment has spread into the former warehouse and industrial areas that once lined the tracks.
+ From east to west the buildings now on the former rail yards are:
+
+= = = Quaternion Society = = =
+
+ A scientific society, the Quaternion Society was an "International Association for Promoting the Study of Quaternions and Allied Systems of Mathematics". At its peak it consisted of about 60 mathematicians spread throughout the academic world that were experimenting with quaternions and other hypercomplex number systems. The guiding light was Alexander Macfarlane who served as its Secretary initially, and became President in 1909. The Association published a "Bibliography" in 1904 and a "Bulletin" (annual report) from 1900 to 1913.
+ The "Bulletin" became a review journal for topics in vector analysis and abstract algebra such as the theory of equipollence. The mathematical work reviewed pertained largely to matrices and linear algebra as the methods were in rapid development at the time.
+ In 1895, Professor P. Molenbroek of The Hague, Holland, and Shinkichi Kimura studying at Yale put out a call for scholars to form the society in widely circulated journals: Nature, Science, and the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. Giuseppe Peano also announced the society formation in his "Rivista di Matematica".
+ The call to form an Association was encouraged by Macfarlane in 1896:
+ In 1897 the British Association met in Toronto where vector products were discussed:
+ A system of national secretaries was announced in the AMS Bulletin in 1899: Alexander McAulay for Australasia, Victor Schlegel for Germany, Joly for Great Britain and Ireland, Giuseppe Peano for Italy, Kimura for Japan, Aleksandr Kotelnikov for Russia, F. Kraft for Switzerland, and Arthur Stafford Hathaway for the USA. For France the national secretary was Paul Genty, an engineer with the division of Ponts et Chaussees, and a quaternion collaborator with Charles-Ange Laisant, author of "Methode des Quaterniones" (1881).
+ Victor Schlegel reported on the new institution in the Monatshefte für Mathematik.
+ When the Society was organized in 1899, Peter Guthrie Tait was chosen as president, but he declined for reasons of poor health.
+ The first President was Robert Stawell Ball and Alexander Macfarlane served as Secretary and Treasurer. In 1905 Charles Jasper Joly took over as President and L. van Elfrinkhof as Treasurer while Macfarlane continued as Secretary. In 1909 Macfarlane became President, James Byrnie Shaw became Secretary, and van Elfrinkhof continued as Treasurer. The next year Macfarlane and Shaw continued in their posts while Macfarlane also absorbed the office of Treasurer. When Macfarlane died in 1913 after nearly completing the issue of the Bulletin, Shaw completed it and wound up the Association.
+ The rules state that the President had the power of veto.
+ The "Bulletin of the Association Promoting the Study of Quaternions and Allied Systems of Mathematics" was issued nine times under the editorship of Alexander Macfarlane. Every issue listed the officers of the Association, governing council, rules, members, and a financial statement from the treasurer. Today HathiTrust provides access to these publications that are mainly of historical interest:
+ Published in 1904 at Dublin, cradle of quaternions, the 86 page "Bibliography of Quaternions and Allied Systems of Mathematics" cited some one thousand references. The publication set a professional standard; for instance the "Manual of Quaternions" (1905) of Joly has no bibliography beyond citation of Macfarlane.
+ Furthermore, in 1967 when M.J. Crowe published "A History of Vector Analysis", he wrote in the preface (page ix) :
+ Every year more papers and books appeared that were of interest to Association members so it was necessary to update the "Bibliography" with supplements in the "Bulletin". The categories used to group the items in the supplements give a sense of the changing focus of the Association:
+ In 1913 Macfarlane died, and as related by Dirk Struik, the Society "became a victim of the first World War".
+ James Byrnie Shaw, the surviving officer, wrote 50 book notices for American mathematical publications.
+ The final article review in the "Bulletin" was The Wilson and Lewis Algebra of Four-Dimensional Space written by J. B. Shaw. He summarizes,
+ The article reviewed was "The space-time manifold of relativity, the non-Euclidean geometry of mechanics, and electromagnetics".
+ However, when the textbook "The Theory of Relativity" by Ludwik Silberstein in 1914 was made available as an English understanding of Minkowski space, the algebra of biquaternions was applied, but without references to the British background or Macfarlane or other quaternionists of the Society. The language of quaternions had become international, providing content to set theory and expanded mathematical notation, and expressing mathematical physics.
+
+= = = Versus Cancer = = =
+
+ Versus Cancer was an annual concert, reportedly then the largest annual charity concert in the United Kingdom. It raised money predominantly for Cancer Hospital Christie Hospital in Manchester to assist research for effective alternative treatments but acted more as a blanket charity aiming to help fund hospitals or organisations that may require assistance.
+ In 2005 "Manchester Versus Cancer" was founded by Andy Rourke (bass player from The Smiths), Nova Rehman his ex-manager, Tom Smetham a former ITV Granada Television producer and Stephen Chapman a former ITV News journalist. It is now known as Versus Cancer. It was set up as a response by Andy and Nova to Nova's Sister Nina and his Father Sheik Abdur both being diagnosed with bowel cancer and the first two concerts were initially funded by Nova. Sadly they both succumbed to the disease.
+ In 2007 shortly after the concert, Tom and Stephen left Versus Cancer to pursue other projects.
+ Nova, in a departure from his long-time work in the music industry is currently working with green investment funds and creating bespoke products for the energy industry, two fintech payment processing companies, a technology incubator and a funding entity.
+ With most of the original staff having moved on to other projects it is not expected that Versus Cancer will regain its original momentum.
+ It has been reported that the Charity will some years off from live work whilst working on a new formula for fundraising and execution of new joint venture projects aimed at prevention of cancer through various media.
+ In 2009 Andy Rourke quit his band project with Mani and Peter Hook called Freebass and moved to New York. Tom Smetham now lives in Los Angeles as a producer and Stephen Chapman developed new regional projects working with large NW based companies.
+ "Versus Cancer" began as Great Northern Productions Ltd. Originally formed by Andy, Tom, Stephen and Nova, "Great Northern Productions" was a production company created to film music and documentaries. Great Northern Productions was preparing to create an alternative musical buzz in the city when tragically Nova's sister Nina was diagnosed with cancer.
+ At a Great Northern Productions meeting in a local Manchester pub, the decision was finalised to put on a small charity gig to raise some money to raise awareness of the disease. Later it was agreed that [Christie Hospital would become a major beneficiary. Badly Drawn Boy agreed to play and the concept of a small local gig was created. It was at Peter Hook's insistence that Nova write a letter to New Order which was read out at a band meeting which crystallised the event into what it became. It was New Order's stamp of approval that gave momentum to the event.
+ As more bands signed up, the small gig was put to the side and a large scale concert was formulated. The Manchester Evening News Arena was the biggest venue available and one which could raise the most money. The Manchester Evening News Arena is widely known as a boxing venue where posters advertising fights would illustrate a bout between two fighters with a "Vs". The artists being from Manchester and the enemy being Cancer, the name "Manchester Vs Cancer"" was born. Great Northern Productions was then split into the charity Great Northern Aid Trust and GNA Trading Ltd, the company whose function was to put the concert on.
+ Andy Rourke and Nova Rehman became the directors of the charity Great Northern Aid Trust and working with colleagues Tom and Stephen at GNA Trading Ltd began to get bands together using Andy’s little black book of contacts.
+ New Order became the first band to confirm the show..swiftly followed by Johnny Marr and then Doves.
+ Tom Smetham and Stephen Chapman became the directors of GNA Trading Ltd. Tom was working with his friend Tony Wilson on his annual In The City (festival) music convention and agreed the free use of his office and all facilities due to the worthiness of the cause. Once the arena was booked, GNA Trading Ltd pulled in favours from across the spectrum of the TV and Music industry in order to organise and film the event.
+ Tom and Stephen left GNA Trading Ltd in late 2007 to head to where they became producers of The Tube (Radio Series) for "UK1 Productions" and broadcast on Channel 4 Radio. They still produce the televisual element of the show today. Katharine Mainprize and James Ward took on the role of GNA Trading Ltd directors. Joel Perry of Mondiale Publishing became more involved with the organisation following the first concert and worked closely on elements of the second show with Dave Lawrence, the production manager.
+ He negotiated the official blessing of then Prime Minister Tony Blair (who wrote an introduction to the official programme opposite Tony Wilson).
+ The money raised by "Versus Cancer" has gone towards raising funds for several different projects. Every year there is an awareness campaign aimed at young people to encourage them to check for lumps on breast and testicles. In 2008 a ""check your moles"" advert appeared with other billboard ads which feature in the weeks coming up to the event.
+ Patrons of the charity include all three the leaders of the main political parties in the UK at that time. Prime MInister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Nick Clegg. Other patrons include Peter Hook, Danny Macnamara, Menzies Campbell, Gordon Brown, Rob Hallett VP AEG Live and Barry Dickens ITB.
+ Manchester Vs Cancer exhibited the full gallery of the prints taken by Mick Rock on the evening of the 2006 concert at Vox Pop record shop on Thomas Street in Manchester (now called Cup) and was very much driven by Tom Smetham. The prints along with the guitars and amp signed by all the artists on the night were all auctioned to raise money for the charity at a gala dinner in 2008 based at the MEN arena.
+ The main concert takes place at the Manchester Evening News Arena in Manchester UK although plans have been mooted by Rob Hallett to allow the use of the O2 arena.
+ Shortly after the new year, New Order were announced. T-shirts and programmes were designed and printed plus two of the guitars signed by the bands were signed by Noel Gallagher and Liam Gallagher as they could not make the event.
+ Mick Rock was brought on board as the official photographer. A world first took place at the concert, where the audience could donate towards the charity by texting a code shown on the big arena screen between bands to download Mick's backstage photos seconds after they were taken.
+ History was made during the first year when Johnny Marr took to the stage with Rourke for the first time in nineteen years with an acclaimed version of The Smiths' classic "How Soon Is Now?" Marr opened with The Smiths' "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out," much to the surprise and delight of the audience. Both Smiths classics featured Marr on vocals for the performance. Rourke dedicated "How Soon Is Now?" to Nina.
+ New Order's performance was purely a Joy Division set and included the song "Twenty Four Hours," claiming its first live outing since the death of Joy Division frontman Ian Curtis. It was their last televised performance before their split in July 2007.
+ Notable collaborations included Doves performing "There Goes The Fear" with Marr and Guy Garvey from Elbow. Doves also played R Dean Taylor's "There's a Ghost in My House" and "Vicious" by Lou Reed, sung by Bernard Sumner with Marr on guitar.
+ Badly Drawn Boy began "Silent Sigh" with a verse and chorus of Madonna's "Like a Virgin" and later appeared a second time to perform with Doves.
+ 808 State appeared with MC Tunes to perform "The Only Rhyme That Bites".
+ The finale delivered the most unusual collection of Manchester legends ever performing together on one stage. A rendition of the Happy Mondays anthem "Wrote For Luck" was performed by Shaun Ryder, Bez, Doves, Bernard Summer, Peter Hook, Marr, Joel Perry, Rourke, Wags and Badly Drawn Boy.
+ Artists
+ Domino Bones, 808 State, Elbow, Stephen Fretwell, Nine Black Alps, Badly Drawn Boy, Johnny Marr and The Healers, Doves, New Order (as Joy Division), Finale
+ DJs
+ Mani, Graeme Park, Utah Saints, DJ Tintin
+ The second concert built on the success of the first with another large Manchester bill. "Manchester Vs Cancer" had been renamed "Versus Cancer" by Truth Creative (a Manchester-based Brand Consultancy) to open it up to a wider audience and increase global appeal. Noel Gallagher was announced as headline, the arena was a sell-out. Official photographer this time was Kevin Cummins (photographer). The Charlatans were on the bill as was Ian Brown.
+ Collaborations on the night included Paul Weller with The Charlatans playing "Town Called Malice", "Can't Get Out of Bed" and the John Lennon classic "Power to the People" with added vocals from Denise Johnson. Weller also appeared towards the end of the night with Noel Gallagher to perform "The Butterfly Collector" and Noel (whose semi-acoustic set involved a large string section) performed The Smiths' "There is a Light that Never Goes Out".
+ There was a rare outing for David McAlmont and Bernard Butler who played Butler's biggest hit, "Yes", as a duet with Denise Johnson and The Smiths' "Still Ill".
+ Echo & the Bunnymen were joined onstage by Peter Hook for New Order's "Ceremony".
+ Ian Brown who had performed earlier returned to the stage for the finale with Mani and Rourke where they promptly tore the house down with The Stone Roses anthem "I am the Resurrection" .
+ The final line up
+ Artists
+ The Scratch, Hippy Mafia, McAlmont & Butler, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Charlatans (+ Paul Weller), Ian Brown, Noel Gallagher (+Paul Weller), Finale.
+ DJ's
+ Andy and Jez Williams (Doves), Mani, DJ Tintin
+ Whereas the previous years had been predominantly Manchester orientated artists, the third year of Versus Cancer enlisted the influence of a younger musical generation. The Sticks, The Enemy, The View, Athlete and The Fratellis all made an appearance.
+ Already 2007 had been clouded by the shockingly fast demise of Tony Wilson who died only months after contracting kidney cancer. During the finale of the third concert, an image of Tony appeared on the screens to cheers from the crowd. Tom Smetham and Stephen Chapman filmed the concert through "UK 1 Productions" with former Top of The Pops producer Chris Cowey as director.
+ The finale was Rourke bringing Badly Drawn Boy, Peter Hook, Aziz Ibrahim, David Potts from Monaco, Denise Johnson and drummer Steve White up to perform The Smiths' "Please, Please, Please Let Me Get What I Want", Joy Division's "Love Will Tear Us Apart" and John Lennon's "Instant Karma!", which was aptly chosen for the occasion.
+ The final line up
+ Artists
+ The Sticks, The Farm, Inspiral Carpets, Athlete, The View, Fun Lovin Criminals, Happy Mondays, The Fratellis, The Enemy, Finale
+ Playing to a smaller crowd than expected due to lower ticket sales perhaps due in part to Snow Patrol performing two last minute shows in Manchester three weeks prior to the event and withholding permission to use the band's name for promotional purposes, until their own shows had been completed.
+ The decision to still hold the event was apparently not an easy one although Snow Patrol, Happy Mondays, Tim Booth, Jim Glennie, Larry Gott from James, Puressence, The Twang, Kid British, Peter Hook with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra, and Joe Duddell who composed the Elbow concert with the Halle Orchestra and Youth choir for the Manchester International Festival performed exciting sets.
+ Despite most ofl the Versus Cancer concerts being filmed, only the Scottish show has been broadcast..
+ Speculation of a DVD has been in the pipeline for years but no material being shown to date.
+ "Thanks Pranks and Party Pants"..23 May at the Ritz in Manchester was actually Nova's Birthday party, with proceeds going to the Charity. Performers included Echo and the Bunnymen, a reformed Chameleons with Aziz Ibrahim and Andy Rourke, Badly Drawn Boy, Frazer King and others.
+ A 2008 concert took place in Scotland on Friday 28 November 2008. It was originally due to take place at the Glasgow SECC, but unfortunately the concert was moved to the Glasgow Academy because Echo & the Bunnymen and Alphabeat were both scheduled to play but had to pull out, for family illness and scheduling difficulties, respectively. Nova's father also lost his battle against bowel cancer days before this concert.
+ The final line up
+ Artists
+ Attic, Sergeant, Alfonso, The Fratellis, and Travis
+ Versus Cancer have been prominent in DJ/House parties promoting the event. The night after the 2007 show, 2 clubs held sponsored DJ nights, with 808 State playing at club Po Na Na, Charles Street, Manchester; and DJ Lowrider playing at the Night & Day club, Oldham Street, Manchester.
+ After the 2008 show, a party was held at Moho Live, in Manchester, where Danny McNamara of Embrace held an event featuring Dodgy, Boy Kill Boy, Example and The Paddingtons, and a competition was held via the official Myspace looking for an unsigned band to play.
+
+= = = Sinnott Memorial Observation Station = = =
+
+ The Sinnott Memorial Observation Station is a sheltered viewpoint built into the caldera cliff 900 feet above Crater Lake in southern Oregon, United States. It is located near the Rim Village Visitor Center in Crater Lake National Park. The structure includes a small natural history museum with exhibits that highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake. The building was officially dedicated as the Nicholas J. Sinnott Memorial Observation Station and Museum; however, it is commonly known as the Sinnott Memorial Overlook or Sinnott Viewing Area. It is architecturally significant because it was the first National Park Service building constructed specifically as a museum and the first structure built in Crater Lake National Park using rustic stone masonry construction. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Sinnott Memorial Building No. 67.
+ The Sinnott Memorial was funded by a $10,000 appropriation from the United States Congress. It was intended to honor Nicholas J. Sinnott who represented eastern Oregon in the United States House of Representatives from 1913 to 1928. As chairman of the House Public Lands Committee, Sinnott had actively supported Crater Lake National Park. He died in 1929 shortly after retiring from Congress. While the Sinnott Memorial was to serve as an observation point, Congress also intended the building to be a museum. In fact, it was the first museum building constructed in a national park at the specific direction of Congress.
+ The structure was designed by landscape architect Merel S. Sager, a pioneer of the rustic style of park architecture. To ensure a spectacular view, Sager chose a site on Victor Rock, 900 feet above the lake. Construction of the observation station began in the fall of 1930. During construction, Sager spent hours in a rowboat on the lake, ensuring the building blended perfectly into the caldera cliff. As a result, the building provides a spectacular view of Crater Lake and surrounding caldera and mountains, but is virtually invisible from the lake below. The building was finished the following summer. It was dedicated on July 16, 1931. Horace M. Albright, the director of the National Park Service, attended the dedication ceremony along with William Gladstone Steel and many other dignitaries. Once it was open, the public quickly made it one of Crater Lake's most popular viewing areas.
+ Prior to the park's centennial in 2003, the Sinnott Memorial Building was completely renovated and the museum exhibits updated. The new exhibits cost $425,000, and include easy-to-understand displays with a video program that shows how Mount Mazama was created, how the mountain collapsed, and how the lake formed.
+ The Sinnott Memorial Observation Station is built on Victor Rock, an outcropping on the cliff face of Crater Lake's caldera wall, approximately 50 feet below the crest. The structure was the first in the park to use log and stone masonry construction. The structure's rustic style set the architectural standard for future buildings constructed at Crater Lake National Park.
+ To get to the Sinnott building, visitors follow a short, stairstep trail from Rim Village to the entrance. The entrance door opens to a 40 foot by 40 foot observation room. On the north side of the room, an open-air balcony offers visitors a spectacular view to the lake. The balcony is covered by a cantilever log roof. The museum exhibits are located in the center of the observation room and around the walls. The exhibits highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake. There is also a hidden 12 by 14 foot workroom adjacent to the museum space. A door on the east side of the room leads to the exit stairs which is hidden from view by a stone wall.
+ The building is constructed of heavy, native stone and concrete with log beams supporting the roof. The structure's footprint is somewhat irregular because the building was designed to merge the cliff. The stone walls are load-bearing with rough rock exposed on the outer walls to blend with the surrounding landscape.
+ In the 1930s, the building's roof was re-built with asphalt and lead flashing to stop leaking. In 1961, flagstone paving was added to the interior floor and the exterior entry patio area. The entire structure was renovated in 2003. Despite the changes required over the years, the National Park Service has been careful to maintain the rustic look of the building. Because of its architectural and historic significance, the Sinnott Memorial Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
+
+= = = Brian Hoyer = = =
+
+ Brian Axel Hoyer (born October 13, 1985) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Michigan State and was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2009. A journeyman quarterback, Hoyer has also played for the Pittsburgh Steelers, Arizona Cardinals, Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, Chicago Bears, and San Francisco 49ers. He won Super Bowl LIII during his second stint with the Patriots as the backup to Tom Brady.
+ Hoyer attended Saint Ignatius High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played both football and baseball for the Wildcats. On the varsity baseball team, Hoyer played pitcher, infielder, and outfielder. In 2002, as a sophomore, he compiled an 8–1 record with a 1.99 ERA. He was the winning pitcher in the 2002 Ohio Division I State Championship game allowing 2 earned runs in 6 innings pitched.
+ In football, Hoyer compiled a 16–7 record (.696) as a two-year starter for head coach Chuck Kyle. In 2002, he completed 131-of-263 passes (49.8%) for 2,130 yards, 18 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. In 2003, he completed 258-of-412 passes for 5,570 yards, 45 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions while leading his team to a 9–3 record. He was named "USA Today" Prep Player of the Week for his performance against Shaker Heights High School. He was an Associated Press Division I all-state selection as a senior. He participated in the 2004 Ohio All-Star Classic and the July 24 Ohio-Pennsylvania Big 33 All-Star Game.
+ Hoyer was redshirted by Michigan State University in 2004, where he earned Scout Team Offensive Player of the Week honors twice. In 2005, he saw action in five games in which he completed 15-of-23 passes (.652) for 167 yards and two touchdowns. In a game against Illinois, he combined with Drew Stanton to throw seven touchdown passes, which tied the Big Ten single-game record. In 2006, he played in eight games and completed 82-of-144 passes for 863 yards, had four touchdowns and three interceptions. In 2007, Hoyer was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection. He completed 223-of-376 throws (.593) for 2,725 yards, 20 touchdowns, and 11 interceptions in 13 games. He had six 200-yard passing games. In 2008, his senior year, he was listed among 26 preseason candidates for the 2008 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, which is presented annually to the nation's top senior quarterback. That year, he played in 13 games and completed 180-of-353 passes (.510) for 2,404 yards and nine touchdowns and nine interceptions.
+ Hoyer was rated as the ninth best quarterback in the 2009 NFL Draft by NFLDraftScout.com.
+ Despite being invited to the NFL Scouting Combine, Hoyer was not selected in the 2009 NFL Draft. He signed immediately after the Draft with the New England Patriots.
+ Hoyer debuted in the Patriots' preseason game against the Cincinnati Bengals, completing 11-of-19 passes for 112 yards. In the preseason finale against the New York Giants, he played at quarterback the entire game, leading the team on a comeback after trailing 21–0 in the first quarter to a 38–27 win, completing 18-of-25 passes for 242 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions.
+ Hoyer finished the preseason 29–of–44 for 354 yards, including one touchdown, with a 98.1 passer rating. Of the four quarterbacks behind Tom Brady during training camp, the Patriots released Matt Gutierrez, Kevin O'Connell, and Andrew Walter, leaving him as Brady's only backup when the Patriots made their final roster cuts on September 5.
+ Hoyer made his NFL debut on October 18, in the second half of a game against the Tennessee Titans. On his first drive, he was 5-for-5 for 35 yards, concluding it with a 1-yard rushing touchdown, which set a franchise record for points scored in the Patriots' 59–0 win. In the regular season finale, against the Houston Texans, he appeared in the game and finished 8-of-12 for 71 passing yards.
+ Hoyer entered the 2010 preseason as Brady's only backup. During the preseason, Hoyer completed 32-of-57 passes for 471 yards and three touchdowns, with one interception and four sacks. He saw his first action of the regular season late in a 34–14 loss to the Cleveland Browns, throwing his first NFL interception. In Week 17, against the Miami Dolphins, he threw a 42-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Brandon Tate for his first NFL touchdown pass.
+ Although the Patriots drafted quarterback Ryan Mallett in the draft over the summer, Hoyer retained his role as Brady's primary backup. In the preseason, he threw for 296 yards on 25-of-42 passes with one touchdown and no interceptions.
+ Hoyer saw only limited action during the 2011 season; his only pass attempt was the Patriots' final attempt of the 2011 regular season. The pass, which head coach Bill Belichick asked offensive coordinator Bill O'Brien to call, was a 22-yard pass to tight end Rob Gronkowski to give Gronkowski the NFL record for receiving yards in a season by a tight end. In the playoffs, the Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round and the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship Game to reach Super Bowl XLVI. The Patriots went on to lose 21-17 to the New York Giants.
+ On August 31, 2012, during final cuts, Hoyer was released by the Patriots. He practiced with Saint Ignatius players while hoping for another team to sign him.
+ On November 20, 2012, Hoyer signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers after injuries to starting quarterback Ben Roethlisberger and backup Byron Leftwich within a week of each other. Hoyer served as the backup to Charlie Batch in Weeks 12 and 13 against the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens respectively. He was released by the team on December 8, 2012.
+ Hoyer was claimed on waivers by the Arizona Cardinals on December 10. He replaced Ryan Lindley in Week 16 against the Chicago Bears, and completed 11-of-19 passes for 105 yards and an interception. On December 26, Cardinals head coach Ken Whisenhunt announced that Hoyer would start the season finale against the San Francisco 49ers, making him the fourth starting quarterback for the Cardinals that season. He finished the 27–13 loss 19-of-34 for 225 passing yards, a touchdown, and an interception. On May 12, 2013, Hoyer was released by the Cardinals.
+ On May 16, Hoyer was signed by the Cleveland Browns to a two-year deal. On September 18, in relief of then-starter Brandon Weeden, who was out with a thumb injury, the Browns skipped over second string Jason Campbell and named him the starting quarterback for the Week 3 game against the Minnesota Vikings. He threw for 321 yards with three touchdowns and three interceptions in the team's first win of the season. It was announced later in the week that Hoyer would be the Browns' starting quarterback for Week 4 against division rival Cincinnati Bengals, as Weeden remained out with a thumb injury. Hoyer led the Browns to another win, completing 25-of-38 passes for 269 yards and 2 touchdowns, along with throwing no interceptions in a 17–6 victory. The next day on September 30, Hoyer was named the starter for a third straight game, Thursday Night Football vs the Buffalo Bills. Despite being named starter for three straight games, Hoyer was not declared the official starter for the remainder of the 2013 season by Cleveland head coach Rob Chudzinski, who referred to the situation as "a week-to-week thing." He later added that, if Hoyer continued to exceed expectations, he would maintain his starting position. However, Hoyer sustained an ACL tear in the Thursday Night game versus the Buffalo Bills, ending his promising season.
+ With the Browns' releases of Weeden and Campbell to free agency, Hoyer stated that he was confident that he would be the starting quarterback for the Browns, no matter who they would draft in 2014. The Browns drafted Heisman Trophy winning quarterback Johnny Manziel with the 22nd overall pick, who was known as one of the top quarterback prospects in the 2014 NFL Draft. Hoyer did not take this as too much of a shock, stating "I don't want people to think I'm sitting at home pouting." Head Coach Mike Pettine stated that Manziel would not simply be handed the job, leaving the starter position open to competition.
+ On August 20, 2014, Hoyer was tabbed the starting quarterback for the Browns to begin the 2014 season. Through the first six weeks the Browns were 3–2, with the two heartbreaking losses coming on last-second scores, and Hoyer possessing a 7–1 TD:INT ratio. During Week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, Hoyer threw for 292 yards, 3 touchdowns, and an interception. Despite trailing 28–3, Hoyer led the Browns to 26 unanswered points, securing the win with a final score of 29–28. It was the largest comeback victory in franchise history, and the largest for a road team in NFL history. Hoyer led the Browns to a 6–3 start, the franchise's best nine-game start since the team started 7–2 in the 1994 season. However, Hoyer struggled in the following four games, throwing only one touchdown while being intercepted eight times. As a result, the Browns lost 3 of those 4 games to fall to 7–6 on the season, jeopardizing their playoff hopes. In a Week 14 home loss to the Indianapolis Colts, Hoyer was 14/31 for 140 yards, 0 touchdowns, and 2 interceptions. He was repeatedly booed by fans throughout the game, and was heavily criticized for his performance following the loss. Through 13 games on the season, Hoyer had 11 touchdowns to 12 interceptions. Hoyer's struggles in this 1–3 stretch led many fans, pundits, and analysts to call for the quarterback to be benched in favor of rookie Johnny Manziel. On December 9, 2014, the Browns announced that Johnny Manziel would start in Week 15 against the Bengals in place of Hoyer. However, Manziel was injured in the 2nd quarter of the Browns' matchup against the Carolina Panthers and was relieved by Hoyer. Hoyer threw a touchdown and an interception while going 7/13 with 153 passing yards. In the fourth quarter, he threw an 81-yard touchdown pass to tight end Jordan Cameron to put the Browns up 13–10. However, the Panthers regained the lead on the next drive and went on to win the game 17–13. After the season, Hoyer's contract expired and he became a free agent.
+ On March 11, 2015, Hoyer signed a two-year, $10.5 million contract with the Houston Texans. On August 24, he was named the starter for the regular season over former Patriots teammate Ryan Mallett. In the first game of the 2015 season, with Houston trailing to the Kansas City Chiefs 27–9, Hoyer was benched in the fourth quarter in favor of Mallett. On September 17, head coach Bill O'Brien announced that Hoyer would be benched in favor of Mallett for the second game of the season against the Carolina Panthers. In Week 5, during a matchup against the Indianapolis Colts, Mallett was injured and was replaced by Hoyer for the remainder of the game. Hoyer threw for two touchdowns but also threw a costly interception to give the Colts a 27–20 victory. Hoyer was then announced as the starter for the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars by head coach Bill O'Brien. Hoyer led the Texans to a 31–20 victory over the Jaguars and was announced by O'Brien as the starter going forward. On January 3, 2016, Hoyer led the Texans to their first playoff berth and AFC South title since 2012 with a 30–6 victory over the Jaguars.
+ The Texans played in the first AFC Wild Card game against the Kansas City Chiefs, where Hoyer struggled, throwing for 136 passing yards and four interceptions. The Texans were shut out by the Chiefs 30–0.
+ Hoyer was released by the Texans on April 17, 2016.
+ On April 30, 2016, Hoyer agreed to a one-year, $2 million contract with the Chicago Bears. After an injury to starting quarterback Jay Cutler in Week 2, he started the Week 3 game against the Dallas Cowboys and threw for 317 yards and two touchdowns in a 31–17 loss. The following week, he threw two touchdowns for 302 yards in a 17–14 victory over the Detroit Lions. A week later in a 29–23 loss to the Indianapolis Colts, he threw for a career-high 397 yards, the most by a Bears quarterback since Jim Miller threw for 422 yards in 1999 and the fifth-most in Bears history. Hoyer also joined Josh McCown as the only Bears quarterbacks to throw for at least 300 yards in three straight games and later became the first to do so in four consecutive games after throwing for 302 yards in a loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars. Hoyer broke his left arm during the second quarter of a game against the Green Bay Packers on October 20, 2016. He was placed on injured reserve on October 24, 2016 after having surgery on his left arm, and was reported to be out at least eight weeks.
+ On March 9, 2017, Hoyer signed a two-year contract with the San Francisco 49ers. Hoyer started the first six games of the season for the 49ers. Through the first five games, Hoyer had completed 59 percent of his passes for 4 touchdowns and 4 interceptions as the 49ers lost all 5 games. During Hoyer's sixth start in Week 6 against the Washington Redskins, he was benched in favor of rookie C. J. Beathard during the second quarter after completing 4 of 11 passes for 34 yards. After the game, Beathard was named the 49ers starter. On October 30, 2017, Hoyer was released by the 49ers following the acquisition of Jimmy Garoppolo in a trade with the Patriots. It was also reported that Hoyer was originally part of the trade, but the Patriots did not want him included due to compensatory draft pick reasons.
+ On November 1, 2017, Hoyer signed a three-year contract to return to the Patriots to be the backup to Tom Brady, with whom he started his career. On November 12, 2017, Hoyer was brought in to end the game after the Patriots led the Denver Broncos by more than 20 points. He completed 3 of 3 passes for 37 yards as the Patriots won 41–16. In the regular season finale on December 31, 2017, Hoyer was brought in to end the game after the Patriots led the New York Jets by 20 points. He completed 1 of 3 passes for 5 yards as the Patriots won 26–6. On January 13, 2018, he appeared late in the Patriots' 35–14 victory over the Tennessee Titans to kneel down in the victory formation. It was his second appearance in a playoff game.
+ In the 2018 season, Hoyer played in five games in relief of Brady. He was active for the Patriots' Super Bowl LIII win over the Los Angeles Rams, but was the only active Patriot not to play a down. Due to his experience of playing under the offense system run by Rams head coach Sean McVay, Hoyer played a key role in preparing the Patriots' defense which held the Rams offense to only one field goal.
+ On August 31, 2019, Hoyer was released by the Patriots after losing the backup job to rookie Jarrett Stidham.
+ On September 2, 2019, Hoyer signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the Indianapolis Colts. He came into the game on November 3 in place of an injured Jacoby Brissett and threw for 168 yards, three touchdowns, and a pick six in the 26–24 loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Hoyer made his first start with the Colts in the following week's game against the Miami Dolphins. In the game, Hoyer threw for 204 yards, one touchdown, and three interceptions in the 16–12 loss.
+ Hoyer is married to his high school sweetheart Lauren Scrivens. The couple have one son, Garrett, and one daughter, Cameron.
+
+= = = Business idea = = =
+
+ A business idea is a concept that can be used for financial gain that is usually centered on a product or service that can be offered for money. An idea is the base of the pyramid when it comes to the business as a whole.
+ The characteristics of a promising business idea are:
+ A business idea is often linked to its creator who needs to identify the business' value proposition in order to launch to market and establish competitive advantage.
+ For businesses this could mean: creating new ideas, new product development through research and development or improving existing services. Innovation can be the central focus of a business and this can help them to grow and become a market leader if they execute their ideas properly. Businesses that are focused on innovation are usually more efficient, cost effective and productive. Successful innovation should be built into the business strategy, where you can create a culture of innovation and drive forward creative problem solving.
+ These successful companies were built on sheer innovation and we can see how valuable they have become in the short time they have been around or have been focusing on innovation. When Tesla's value is compared to that of General Motors, we see that the market capitalization of General Motors is $53.98 billion today in which the company has been around since 1908 whereas Tesla was founded in 2003 and has achieved 50% of General Motors value within 12 years.
+ A unique selling point (USP) is the factor that makes a company or a product stand out from its competitors, whether it is through; pricing, quality, customer service or innovation.
+ Each successful company has a unique selling proposition (USP). A USP can be created through the element of being first to a market, for example Uber was the first company to allow for taxicab hailing via mobile app. Because Uber had reached this market first, it had a USP and therefore it received loyal customers. However; with fierce competition copying Uber's business model, Uber has had to develop its service through innovation.
+ Business ideas that solve problems are fundamental to developing the world and companies such as Curemark are one of many who do this. Curemark is a biotech company founded by Joan Fallon, who noticed that a lot of the children she treated were low on an enzyme for processing protein and since then she has quit her job and has built Curemark to solve this problem. Curemark has now raised $50 million and is on its way to solving a problem that truly exists.
+ Profitability is a business's ability to generate earnings compared to its costs over a certain period of time. This is possibly the most important aspect of any business idea in the long term, as this is what makes a business survive in order to keep having the impact that it has. Profitable ideas need a strong revenue stream against its costs and this tends to create the success of the business, however some companies defy this and make losses to begin with, yet are still exceptional business ideas that are worth billions.
+
+= = = Tomislav Knez = = =
+
+ Tomislav Knez (born 9 June 1938 in Banja Luka) is a former footballer from Yugoslavia.
+ During his club career he played for Borac Banja Luka, NK Dinamo Zagreb, SV Schwechat, SK Rapid Wien, Kapfenberger SV and SV Güssing. He earned 14 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup.
+
+= = = Foxtrot Zulu = = =
+
+ Foxtrot Zulu is a seven-member rock band based and localized in the Providence, Rhode Island area. The band has released five albums and performed over 1000 shows.
+ In 1991, while attending the University of Rhode Island, Nate Edmunds and Neal Jones, high school pals from Devon, Pennsylvania found themselves inhabiting the archetypical college role of "the guys playing guitar in the other room" at the myriad and sundry house parties the institution was then infamous for. The duo would attract listeners and participants alike, often growing into impromptu jam sessions fueled by common interest in the Grateful Dead and classic rock.
+ As time went on, the group grew organically to include drums bass and saxophone, and eventually began to fulfill requests to play at parties under the ad hoc moniker "Nate, Neal and those guys". Soon after, trumpet and percussion rounded out the septet and a musical equilibrium was reached: no members have been added or removed since. Nate (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Neal (lead vocals, lead guitar), Paul Miller (percussion), Jeff Roberge (drums), Jeff Light (trumpet, flugel horn, vocals, harmonica), and Terryston "TK" Kyan (saxophone, mandolin, vocals, piano). Brad Haas (bass guitar, vocals, lead guitar). After developing a respectable stable of original songs as well as time tested covers, the ensemble first performed under the name Foxtrot Zulu in the spring of 1993.
+ Throughout its existence, Foxtrot has always believed in giving back to the community, as evidenced by the fact that at one point or another, each of its members has worked at Perspectives Corporation, a company devoted to bettering the lives of those individuals with developmental disabilities, located in South County, Rhode Island. The group has also shown their devotion to the bettering the community by playing a number of benefit concerts, one accessible example of this can be found in the group's only professionally produced live recording, "Live...", which showcases the highlights of a two night stand at The Ocean Mist Bar, a local watering hole located in Matunuck, Rhode Island.
+ This tradition was once again called into play after the tragedy of 9/11, when Foxtrot Zulu, along with Sublime cover band Badfish shared a bill at The Ocean Mist to benefit the families of those who worked at Windows on the World, the restaurant at the top of the World Trade Center. All proceeds from that night were donated to survivors and their families.
+ The band shares in the tradition of the Grateful Dead, Phish and many other "jam bands" in welcoming the recording and trading of recordings of their shows. The band's archivist welcomes any visitors to his website TaperJay.com to requests for copies of shows that he has amassed.
+ The band has recorded their fifth album, titled "Tonight". It contains many crowd favorites that had yet to make their way onto any of their four previous releases. This includes the track "Boulevard" in a much shorter form than the live version, due mainly to the shortening of the extensive drum solo usually found between the chorus and the second verse. The album also features guest vocalist and executive producer Marc Roberge, from O.A.R. who is also drummer Jeff Roberge's younger brother.
+ In true Foxtrot Zulu fashion, the song "Tonight" does not appear on the album. This is also true of the bands prior releases. "Moe's Diner", the song, does however appear on "Burn Slow".
+ As of 2014, the band still performs intermittently. Edmunds is currently a middle school principal in Jamestown, Rhode Island.
+ Live album:
+
+= = = Merril Sandoval = = =
+
+ Merril Sandoval (April 18, 1925 – February 9, 2008) was an American Navajo World War II veteran and a member of the Navajo Code Talkers, a group of United States Marines who transmitted important messages in their native Navajo language in order to stop the Japanese from intercepting sensitive material. Sandoval took part in every Marine landing in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II from 1943 until 1945.
+ Merril Sandoval was born on April 18, 1925, in Nageezi, New Mexico. His first language was Navajo. He was later enrolled at Farmington Methodist Mission School in Farmington, New Mexico, where he was taught English and other subjects meant to Americanize himself and other Navajos.
+ Sandoval's maternal, or first, clan was Zuni Edgewater clan (Naashtʼézhí Tábąąhá), and his paternal, or second, clan was Red Bottom People clan (Tl'aashchi'l).
+ Sandoval was only a freshman in high school when he was first approached by United States Marine recruiters. His brother, Samuel Sandoval, enlisted. However, Sandoval's father, Julian Sandoval, insisted that Sandoval, who was then sixteen years old, was too young to join the Marines. Sandoval was allowed to join the Marines by his father one year later. He never worked with his brother, Samuel, who was also a code talker during the war.
+ Sandoval boarded a train to Santa Fe, New Mexico, when he was 17 years old, where he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1943. He completed boot camp in San Diego before being transferred to Camp Pendleton's Radio Communication School, where he was trained to become a code talker.
+ He was initially sent to Hawaii by the Marines. Throughout World War II, Sandoval served with both the 2nd and 5th Marine Divisions. Sandoval's main mission was to remain behind the front lines in order to translate reports from two-man code talker teams in other parts of the battlefield. He then sent the messages, which were encoded in Navajo, back to United States commanders who were based on Hawaii. He also had the responsibility of passing orders to Marines on the front lines.
+ Sandoval saw action in Iwo Jima, Saipan and Allied occupied Japan. During the Battle of Iwo Jima, Sandoval's landing craft was hit by enemy fire. He and his radio company were thrown into the Pacific Ocean. He managed to swim approximately 100 yards to the Iwo Jima beach, where he survived a constant barrage of shelling by the Japanese for the next twenty-four hours.
+ Sandoval was honorably discharged from the military in March 1946 as a U.S. Marine corporal. He returned to the United States in order to finish high school. Sandoval and other Code Talkers were ordered to keep their work in the Pacific a secret following the war. His own family did not learn about the importance of his missions until information concerning the Navajo Code Talkers was declassified in 1968.
+ Sandoval married Lorraine Humetewa Shingoitewa in July 1951. They had five children.
+ Soon after his marriage, he took a job as a machinist at the Garrett AiResearch facility in Phoenix, Arizona, where he worked for 15 years. He and his family moved to Lorraine's hometown of Tuba City, Arizona, on the Navajo Nation in 1963, where he joined the Navajo Tribal Police Force, which he served in for three years. He then became a legal advocate for D.N.A. Legal Services, a nonprofit law firm. He retired from the organization after 23 years. Sandoval then worked as an interpreter for the Navajo legal courts for an additional sixteen years.
+ As an elderly man, Merril traveled across the country to share his personal story and experiences as a Navajo Code Talker with the US Marine Corps. He continued to travel up until Fall 2007.
+ Merril Sandoval died on February 9, 2008, at the age of 82 at St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix. He had been in failing health for the preceding year. He and his wife of 56 years, Lorraine, had been residents of Tuba City, Arizona, for many years. He was survived by his wife and four of their five children. He had 17 grandchildren, 22 great-grandchildren and one great-great grandchild.
+ Sandoval received a full military burial in Flagstaff, Arizona. Navajo President Joe Shirley, Jr. ordered flags to be flown at half staff from February 13 to 16 in his honor.
+
+= = = Hellenic Navy General Staff = = =
+
+ The Hellenic Navy General Staff () is the general staff of the Hellenic Navy, the naval component of the Greek Armed Forces. It is headed by the Chief of the Navy General Staff, currently Vice Admiral Nikolaos Tsounis.
+ The Hellenic Navy General Staff was established by law on 21 July 1907 and organized by Royal Decree on 12 November of the same year. It ceased to function following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, and was reconstituted following Liberation in September 1944. During the intervening period, the Royal Hellenic Navy, although run by the Greek government in exile, was subordinated operationally to the British Admiralty. When the Hellenic National Defence General Staff was established in 1950, the HNGS was subordinated to it.
+
+= = = CJNE-FM = = =
+
+ CJNE-FM is a radio station in Nipawin, Saskatchewan. Owned by Norman H.J. and Treana J. Rudock, it broadcasts a broad oldies format.
+ The station received approval by the CRTC on January 10, 2002. In January 2020, it received approval for a second station on 89.5 FM, which will carry a country music format.
+
+= = = John Wertheim = = =
+
+ John V. Wertheim (born 12 February 1968) is an American lawyer and politician who served as Chairman of the Democratic Party of New Mexico from 2004 until 2007. During that time, he also served on the Executive Committee of the Democratic National Committee. In 1996, he was the Democratic nominee for the United States House of Representatives in New Mexico's 1st congressional district against the incumbent Representative Steve Schiff of the Republican Party (United States). The treasurer for his congressional campaign was Arvind A. Raichur.
+ Wertheim is running for New Mexico State Treasurer in 2014.
+ Wertheim is a graduate of Yale University, where the Yale Political Union elected him President and then Speaker. Representing the Yale Debate Association, he and partner Matt Wolf won the 1990 World Universities Debating Championship held at the Glasgow University Union in Scotland, becoming the first Americans to do so. In 1990, he and debate partner Austan Goolsbee placed second at the APDA National Debating Championship. At Yale, he was also a member of the secret society Skull and Bones.
+ In his senior year of high school, 1986, Wertheim won dual championships at the National Speech and Debate Tournament, sponsored by the National Forensic League, in both Foreign Extemporaneous Speaking and Lincoln-Douglas Debate.
+ Wertheim received his law degree from the University of New Mexico School of Law in 1995. He is married to Bianca Ortiz-Wertheim.
+
+= = = Luther W. Graef = = =
+
+ Luther W. Graef is the founder of Graef, Anhalt, Schloemer and Associates Inc., former President of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the fourth president of ASCE Foundation.
+ Graef graduated from Marquette University in 1952. After he finished his MS in civil engineering from University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, he and three partners founded the consulting engineering firm of Graef, Anhalt, Schloemer and Associates Inc.. Graef also served on the industrial advisory committee of several UW system schools, including the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Wisconsin–Madison.
+ He was awarded the Outstanding Professional Engineer in Private Practice Award and the Engineer of the Year Award by the Wisconsin Section of the American Society of Professional Engineers in 1976 and in 1983.
+
+= = = Juan Carlos Altavista = = =
+
+ Juan Carlos Altavista (January 4, 1929 in Buenos Aires – July 20, 1989) was an Argentine actor and comedian.
+ Juan Carlos Altavista began his career at Teatro Infantil Labarden, in Buenos Aires. Afterwards he learned from Narciso Ibáñez Menta, Francisco Petrone and Luis Sandrini.
+ The character that carried him to fame, Minguito Tinguitella, a tramp driving an old dustcart, was an idea of Juan Carlos Chiappe. With beret and espadrille, he achieved great radio and TV success.
+ Later, Altavista joined "Polémica en el bar", a TV sketch featuring Fidel Pintos, Javier Portales, Vicente La Rusa, Mario Sánchez and Adolfo García Grau.
+ "Minguito" was the star in many films from 1942 to 1988. Altavista died in Buenos Aires on 20 July 1989, due to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
+
+= = = Annie Miner Peterson = = =
+
+ Annie Miner Peterson (1860-1939) was a Coos Indian from the U.S. state of Oregon who was a cultural and linguistic consultant to Melville Jacobs, an anthropologist at the University of Washington. In 1933 while searching for a suitable consultant in the Hanis Coos language from among the eight or ten elderly Coos Indians who were still fluent at that time, Jacobs discovered that Peterson was fluent not only in Hanis, but also in Miluk Coos, a Penutian language thought to have been extinct for at least fifteen years. Through the summers of 1933 and 1934, Jacobs interviewed Peterson in those two languages, collecting 32 Coos myth texts in Miluk, eight in Hanis, and two in both Hanis and Miluk for comparison of the two languages. Wax-cylinder phonograph recordings were also taken of the myths and songs during both years. In addition, Jacobs collected from Peterson a large number of narrative and ethnologic texts in Miluk, a smaller number in Hanis, and eight texts in both Hanis and Miluk. The narrative and ethnologic texts were published in 1939; the myth texts in 1940.
+ Annie was born in 1860 of a Coos Indian mother and a white father, James Miner, whom she never met, at the native village of Willanch (Wu'læ'ænch, meaning good-weather-place) at the present-day Cooston, on the east shore of upper Coos Bay on the southern Oregon Coast. She was one of the last Coos Indians to grow up in the traditional Coos culture. As an infant she was taken by her mother to the Coastal Indian Reservation at Yaquina Bay, and later removed to the sub-agency at Yachats where she grew up and married, first to an abusive older Hanis man, and later to William Jackson, an Alsea Indian her own age. Through their daughter, Nellie (Aason), there are descendants to the present day. Annie married three more times, unhappily, but her last marriage was a happy and compatible relationship with a Swedish logger named Carl Peterson. They both died of tuberculosis in 1939 at their home on lower Coos Bay.
+ Annie Miner Peterson was an accomplished basketmaker, storyteller, and repository of indigenous Coos languages and traditional culture. Her full-length biography was published by University of Oklahoma Press in 1997: "She's Tricky Like Coyote: Annie Miner Peterson, an Oregon Coast Indian Woman", by Lionel Youst.
+
+= = = A Matter of Profit = = =
+
+ A Matter of Profit is a science fiction novel written by Hilari Bell published in 2001.
+ Ahvren's people, the Vivitare, have conquered the T'Chin confederacy. After spending two years fighting a brutal war on another world, Ahvren welcomes peace. However, he is suspicious of his people's easy victory, wondering why the T'Chin surrendered.
+ It is rumored that the Vivitare emperor is in danger of being assassinated and Ahvren offers to uncover the plot, in return for the freedom to choose his own path. To do it, he must understand what motivates the T'Chin.
+ Mara Albert in a review for School Library Journal said that "this is well-written, thought-provoking, and exciting science fiction. It's got cool weapons and weird aliens, but it's also got some meat to it. Fans of "Star Trek" will find it just to their taste." Anita Berkam in her review for Horn Book Magazine said that "the mystery moves at a cracking pace with plenty of action, and Bell creates several alien races with unique characteristics and philosophies, notably the Vivitare survival philosophy and the T'Chin perspective on life as a cosmic game of profit Both the bibliogoth's wise mentorship and Ahvren's gradual and believable conversion to the T'Chin way of thinking are distinctively and engagingly handled. For its winning characterization, suspenseful covert action at the climax, and intriguing conclusion, this entry in the science-fiction/ mystery genre will convert plenty of fans."
+
+= = = Cugir machine gun = = =
+
+ The Cugir machine gun is a gas-operated rotating bolt-locking medium machine gun used by Romanian Land Forces. It can be carried and operated by one person, but an assistant gunner is usually employed. It is available with either a 250-round belt or a 100-round box magazine.
+ There is also a light machine gun variant chambered for the less powerful 7.62×39mm cartridge, RPK like.
+ https://web.archive.org/web/20130408102918/http://www.arms.home.ro/
+
+= = = KMMS-FM = = =
+
+ KMMS-FM (95.1 FM, "The Moose 95.1") is a radio station licensed to serve Bozeman, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media, licensed to Townsquare Media Bozeman License, LLC. It airs an Adult Album Alternative music format.
+ All Townsquare Media Bozeman studios are located at 125 West Mendenhall Street, downtown Bozeman. KXLB, KMMS-FM, KZMY, and KISN all share a transmitter site on Green Mountain, east of Bozeman.
+ The station was assigned the KMMS-FM call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 1991.
+ In February 2008, Colorado-based GAPWEST Broadcasting completed the acquisition of 57 radio stations in 13 markets in the Pacific Northwest-Rocky Mountain region from Clear Channel Communications. The deal, valued at a reported $74 million, included six Bozeman stations, seven in Missoula and five in Billings. Other stations in the deal are located in Shelby, Montana, and in Casper and Cheyenne, Wyoming, plus Pocatello and Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yakima, Washington. GapWest was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.
+ KMMS started out as KUUB 95 the Kube, Yellowstone Country's hit music. It was Bozemans home of the original American Top 40. In 1991, the station flipped to a hybrid Rock/Alternative/Adult Rock format. This left Bozeman without a pop music station for ten years until KSCY (KISN) Started transitioning from Adult Contemporary to top 40 in 2002.
+
+= = = Bora Kostić = = =
+
+ Borivoje "Bora" Kostić (, ; 14 June 1930 – 10 January 2011) was a Serbian footballer. Normally a prolific left winger, Kostić is regarded as one of finest Yugoslav players of his generation and was well known for powerful shot and free kick ability.
+ During his club career he played for Red Star Belgrade, Lanerossi Vicenza and St. Louis Stars. He earned 33 caps and 26 goals for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup. Kostić was no less prolific at the club level with Red Star Belgrade, for whom he remains to this day the all-time leading marksman with 158 league strikes.
+
+= = = USS Fenimore Cooper (1853) = = =
+
+ USS "Fenimore Cooper" (1853) was a schooner assigned as a ship’s tender to accompany a surveying expedition. After departing from Hampton Roads, Virginia, and navigating the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition traveled throughout the Pacific Ocean accumulating hydrographic information from the South China Sea to the Bering Strait in the Arctic and Alaska.
+ Subsequently, "Fenimore Cooper" performed supply operations based out of San Francisco, California, before once again returning to her Pacific Ocean survey work, which continued until she was destroyed in a typhoon off Yokohama, Japan.
+ "Fenimore Cooper" was a US Navy schooner named for James Fenimore Cooper. She was the New York pilot boat Skiddy until purchased by the Navy in January 1853. She was commissioned 21 March 1853, Master H. K. Stevens in command.
+ "Fenimore Cooper" was acquired for use as a ship's tender for the Surveying Expedition to the Bering Strait, North Pacific, and China Seas commanded by Commander C. Ringgold, and later, Lieutenant J. Rodgers.
+ The expedition of five ships, led by USS "Vincennes", sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia 11 June 1853 for the Cape of Good Hope and the Orient. "Fenimore Cooper" and two other ships charted archipelagos and passages between Batavia and Singapore and from Java northward to the South China Sea until June 1854, when she rejoined the flagship at Hong Kong. Through that summer, the expedition cruised the coast of China, joining the East India Squadron in protecting American interests.
+ Returning to its surveys in September 1854, the squadron sailed northward to Petropavlovsk, where the ships separated. "Vincennes" penetrated the Arctic, while "Fenimore Cooper" searched the Aleutians unsuccessfully for information concerning the fate of the men of the whaler "Monongahela", missing since 1853.
+ Returning to the United States, "Fenimore Cooper" called at Sitka, Alaska, then Russian territory, in what her commanding officer believed to be the first visit ever paid by an American naval ship to that port.
+ "Fenimore Cooper" arrived in San Francisco, California 11 October 1855, and through the next three years, carried supplies between Mare Island Navy Yard and San Francisco.
+ Once more assigned to survey duty, she sailed from San Francisco 26 September 1858 to chart the shipping lanes between the U.S. West Coast and China. She made a thorough examination of numerous small islands and reefs in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands, and finding a deposit of good quality guano on French Frigate Shoals, took possession of them for the United States 4 January 1859.
+ The schooner sailed on to take soundings and make observations in the Marianas and the islands south of Japan.
+ On 13 August she arrived in Kanagawa Bay off Yokohama, where on the 23d she was grounded during a severe typhoon. All her men and most of the stores, instruments, charts and records of survey were saved, but the ship was found not worthy of repair, and abandoned. Her commanding officer and many of her crew returned to the United States in the .
+
+= = = Chet Atkins in Hollywood = = =
+
+ Chet Atkins in Hollywood is the ninth studio album recorded by American guitarist Chet Atkins, released in 1959. The title takes its name from the fact that Atkins recorded it in Hollywood. The lush string arrangements are by Dennis Farnon. Atkins later (in 1961) re-recorded this album in his home studio, using the orchestra tapes from the Hollywood session. The original LP lists Atkins as the producer, the 1961 reissue lists "... with Dennis Farnon and his orchestra" and also lists Dick Peirce as producer.
+ Allmusic music critic Richard S. Ginell specifically praised "Theme from Picnic" and "Jitterbug Waltz" and wrote of the album; "For some, this record might fall under the category of guilty pleasures, but a pleasure it is, one of the great make-out records of its time."
+
+= = = CIOT-FM = = =
+
+ CIOT-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a christian music format at 104.1 FM in Nipawin, Saskatchewan. The station is branded as Lighthouse 104.1 and is owned by Wilderness Ministries Inc.
+ CIOT began broadcasting in 2004.
+
+= = = Jovan Miladinović = = =
+
+ Jovan Miladinović (30 January 1939 – 11 September 1982) was an Association football footballer. He was commonly known as Zoran. He was born and died in Belgrade.
+ During his club career he played for FK Partizan and 1. FC Nürnberg. He earned 17 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup.
+ His entire coaching career was tied to FK Partizan where he worked as assistant to various head coaches, and even got to fill in at the head position during two separate stints that lasted a few months. He was married and had two children.
+
+= = = Signor Brocolini = = =
+
+ John Clark, better known as Signor Brocolini (September 26, 1841 – June 7, 1906), was an Irish-born American operatic singer and actor remembered for creating the role of the Pirate King in the original New York City production of "The Pirates of Penzance" by Gilbert and Sullivan, in 1879–80.
+ After moving to Brooklyn, New York, as a child, Brocolini became interested in baseball and music. He began his career in the early 1870s as a journalist, then a baseball player, while also beginning a part-time singing career. After brief study in Italy in 1875, he was engaged to sing opera in London and on tour by James Henry Mapleson, adopting his stage name from the borough of Brooklyn, and Italianizing it. In 1879, he joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, with which he returned to the United States, where he originated the role of the Pirate King. Over the next decade, he mostly toured in America, briefly visiting Australia, and played mostly in Gilbert and Sullivan roles, often with E. E. Rice and John Stetson companies. He eventually returned to Brooklyn.
+ Brocolini was the son of John P. Clark of Glasgow (died 1874), a printer, and his wife Lilias (or Lillian) née Morison from Linton, Perthshire, Scotland (died 1892). He was born in County Cork, Ireland. After returning to Scotland, the family emigrated to the United States, settling in Brooklyn, New York, in 1852. Young Brocolini became an avid baseball fan and player. By his teens, he was also learning the printing trade from his father, who was working for the Brooklyn publishing firm Harper & Brothers. He also developed an interest in singing, eventually studying with Antonio Bagioli, among others.
+ Brocolini began his career in the early 1860s working for newspapers, soon becoming a reporter in Brooklyn. At the same time, still under the name John Clark, he began taking professional singing engagements, including with several touring opera companies and with Bowers and Prendergast's Minstrels in 1864. In the spring of 1865, immediately after the American Civil War, Brocolini moved to Detroit, Michigan. He began there as a proofreader for the "Detroit Advertiser and Tribune" and also played first base for the newly revived Detroit Base Ball Club. In July 1865, he married Lizzie Fox, the daughter of Robert Fox, a blacksmith. The couple had a son, Kingsley. The "Advertiser and Tribune" reported closely on baseball, and Brocolini eventually began to write editorials. He became club director of the Detroit team. Brocolini helped his team to become the dominant club in Michigan and the region.
+ In 1868, Brocolini moved back to Brooklyn and continued his journalism career, eventually writing editorials for the "Brooklyn Eagle" by the 1870s. He continued to sing in concerts, appearing as bass soloist at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and at various churches and other venues, and toured with Susan Galton's operetta company. He even produced some opera in Brooklyn. In 1872, he sang at a concert at the Church of the Messiah in Brooklyn, held to dedicate a new organ. The same year, he was leading the newly formed Brooklyn Operatic Association and performed in "The Pearl of Baghdad", an opera by John M. Loretz. Through the early 1870s, he became increasingly well known as a singer in New York City. Finally, in 1875, his friends at the newspaper decided to raise money to send him to study singing in Milan, Italy. Brocolini wrote, "The complete change in my life was effected in less than three hours... They put in what money they could themselves, called on my wealthy friends in Brooklyn for subscriptions, and in less than three hours they raised $5500 for me."
+ With a big sendoff from Brooklyn, including a banquet attended by Mayor John W. Hunter, among others, Brocolini sailed for Milan and soon decided to adopt his new stage name to honor the borough in which he grew up. In Italy, he studied voice with Antonio Sangiovanni. While there, he wrote "Observations by a Brooklyn Student of Music", for the "Brooklyn Eagle", complaining of the treatment of foreign music students by their Italian teachers. By the spring of 1876, he had been engaged to sing by James Henry Mapleson's Italian opera company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London, now using his stage name, Signor Brocolini.
+ Brocolini started in smaller bass roles in London and was promoted to larger roles when the company toured, alongside Thérèse Tietjens, in 1876. The next year, he sang more substantial roles at Her Majesty's Theatre, until he left Mapleson's company. In 1878–1879 he sang at Albert Hall, The Crystal Palace, the Royal Aquarium, St James's Hall and at the Covent Garden proms, among other concert venues in London and elsewhere in England. In mid-1879, he sang at the Alexandra Palace with Blanche Cole's opera and concert group, with whom he made his last appearances in serious opera.
+ Brocolini joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in October 1879 in Liverpool, England, playing Dick Deadeye in "H.M.S. Pinafore" with one of Carte's touring companies. In November, he traveled to New York to appear as Captain Corcoran in the first authorized American production of "Pinafore" at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, which premiered on December 1, 1879. He then created the role of the Pirate King in "The Pirates of Penzance" on December 31, 1879 at the same theatre, earning a good notice from "The New York Times". He continued to play the Pirate King in New York and on tour through June 1880. After Carte's production closed, Brocolini played the Pirate King in a non-D'Oyly Carte production, including in Boston the last two weeks of July. Carte sued Brocolini in US federal court for breach of a contract to perform with D'Oyly Carte, and an order was entered against Brocolini in August 1880 enjoining him from performing for any other company.
+ Brocolini rejoined D'Oyly Carte and E. E. Rice in a tour of "Billee Taylor" in April 1881, playing Christopher Crab. The tour continued into the summer of 1881, later under the auspices of the Rice-Goodwin Lyric Comedy Company. He then played the role of Dr Kindergarten in Nat Goodwin's "Dr Syntax" at the Boston Museum, and, with his own Paine-Brocolini Opera Company, produced "Fadette, or the Days of Robespierre" and "The Rose of the Auvergne". In other non-D'Oyly Carte companies, Brocolini played in "Pinafore" and "Patience" at Haverley's Theatre, Brooklyn, in February 1882, and then toured as the Pirate King, Christopher Crab, and Captain Corcoran with the Boston Comic Opera Company. At the Fifth Avenue Theatre in October 1882, he again played Christopher Crab in "Billee Taylor". From late 1882 to the spring of 1883, he appeared with Collier's Standard Opera Company in the role of Strephon in "Iolanthe", the first work produced at the Boston Bijou Theatre. With Collier's at the Bijou, he next appeared in the musical "Pounce & Co.", and then in "The Sorcerer", as Sir Marmaduke Pointdextre. In early 1884, Brocolini played King Hildebrand in New York's first production of "Princess Ida", at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, produced by E. E. Rice.
+ By 1884, Brocolini's marriage had ended in divorce, and Lizzie had remarried the former singer Carlos Florentine, who had appeared in Sullivan's "The Zoo" (1875), and whom the Clarks had known in London. Florentine and Lizzie, according to the press, had fallen on hard times and were being helped by The Salvation Army. The press made Brocolini seem wealthy and heartless while his ex-wife starved. Florentine, however, was working as a church musician in 1888, so it appears that the press coverage was unfair. Brocolini next joined a comic opera company in Montreal. He traveled to Australia the following year, where he appeared with the Williamson, Garner and Musgrove Royal Comic Opera Company beginning in April 1885, in Melbourne with "La Petite Mademoiselle" by Charles Lecocq. He reprised the role of Strephon in "Iolanthe" in Melbourne and Sydney until June 1885. In October 1885 he was back in Boston, appearing in "Stradella" at the Bijou Theatre.
+ He next toured as Pooh-Bah in "The Mikado" from November 1885 through May 1886. In late 1886, at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, he reprised the roles of Pooh Bah and King Hildebrand. In early 1887, he toured in New England, with producer John Stetson, playing the roles of Colonel Calverley in "Patience", King Hildebrand in "Princess Ida", and Sir Despard Murgatroyd in "Ruddigore". He also formed his own company to produce "Pirates" in Boston in the summer of 1887.
+ By 1887, Brocolini had begun to suffer from acute rheumatism, which forced him to reduce his performing schedule over the next few years. He performed his usual roles in revivals of "Ruddigore" and "The Mikado" in 1888 with the Stetson Opera Company, played the Duke of Plaza Toro in "The Gondoliers" in 1890 in Brooklyn, and appeared in "Patience" in 1892 with the Brooklyn Amateur Operetta Company. He also appeared in "The Corsair" as Seyd Pasha with Rice's company and in "The Yeomen of the Guard" with Stetson's company in 1889, and he continued to sing oratorio until at least 1892.
+ In 1890, Brocolini had returned to Brooklyn, where his mother and sister still lived, and he became the music critic for the "Brooklyn Eagle". Beginning in 1894, he trained and conducted choirs in Brooklyn, founding "The Brocolini Choir". He also wrote articles on music and composed a number of musical works, including the cantata, "The Triumph of the Cross", other church music and some operettas.
+ In 1897, Brocolini married Sarah (born 1856), the daughter of Connecticut confectioner and grocer, George D. Bradley. In 1905, he began to manage the Millard Opera Company, which starred Laura Millard. Brocolini died in Brooklyn, of liver disease, in 1906.
+
+= = = John Woodruff Simpson = = =
+
+ John Woodruff Simpson (October 13, 1850 – May 16, 1920) was a founding member of law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP, then titled Simpson, Thacher, & Barnum. He and his wife were known as avid art collectors, with many pieces from their estate eventually going to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
+ Simpson was born and raised in East Craftsbury, Vermont. He attended Amherst College, and graduated from Columbia Law School in 1873. He was formerly a law clerk at the old-line firm Alexander & Green. Along with his fellow former clerks Thomas Thacher and William M. Barnum, they organized their new law firm on January 1, 1884.
+ Simpson was one of the founding members of the "good government" organization the City Club of New York.
+ In the early 1900s Simpson commissioned a bronze sculpture by Moses Jacob Ezekiel in the likeness of the blind poet Homer (accompanied by a student guide), as a gift for Amherst College, his alma mater. For reasons unknown the gift was refused, and Thomas Nelson Page, a University of Virginia alumnus who was active in his college's Alumni Association, stepped in to secure the gift of the statue to UVa instead. The final sculpture, entitled "Blind Homer With His Student Guide", was completed in 1907, and is currently installed on The Lawn, in the grass to the north of Old Cabell Hall.
+ Simpson died May 16, 1920, and is buried in East Craftsbury. He left an estate appraised in 1922 at $2,665,894 (equivalent to $ million in ).
+ Simpson's widow, Kate Seney Simpson, died in 1943. Simpson never forgot his origins, and is commemorated in the John Woodruff Simpson Memorial Library in East Craftsbury.
+
+= = = Bill Welch = = =
+
+ William Lee (Bill) Welch, Jr. (November 23, 1941 – September 4, 2009) was a U.S. politician and former mayor of State College, Pennsylvania, most recently reelected in 2007. He had been the mayor since he was first elected in 1994, before which he was a member of the borough council. Mayor Welch died on September 4, 2009 at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania, after suffering complications from leg surgery. He was 67 years old.
+ Welch was born in Philadelphia, but spent most of his life in State College and is a graduate of State College High School in 1959 and of Penn State University in 1964. He formerly worked as editor of the Centre Daily Times newspaper for over 25 years and then of the American Philatelist, a magazine published by the American Philatelic Society.
+ As mayor, he annually welcomed first-year students at Penn State held at the new student Convocation and the Arts Festival, Welch also took part in Penn State's Homecoming activities, taught students about local government, met regularly with international students, gave tours of the State College Borough building and frequently attended building dedications and other events on campus such Take Back the Night, Veteran's Day ceremonies and celebrations honoring Martin Luther King Jr. — often giving remarks and providing history about town-gown relations. Welch also served as co-chairman of the Campus and Community Partnership United Against Dangerous Drinking, where he was involved in efforts to help curb dangerous drinking.
+ In the surrounding community of State College Borough and the Centre Region, Welch was known for his leadership within local and regional governments. Active in many local interest groups, he served on the board of Central Pennsylvania 4 July Inc. and the Discovery Children's Museum planning board.
+ "Bill Welch was one of Pennsylvania's greatest leaders," said Former Penn State President Graham Spanier. "He was a dedicated public servant and community leader. Bill was proud of his university and the town that surrounded and nourished it. The University and community were in turn proud of Bill, a great humanitarian and ambassador. Penn State deeply mourns his passing. "
+ A local community pool in State College is named after his father, William Welch, Sr., a local doctor who led the fundraising effort in the 1960s to build the first community pool in State College. It is located next to State College Area High School on Westerly Parkway and was recently redeveloped in 2010 at a cost of 5.2 million USD.
+ An active and dedicated philatelist, Welch specialized in the postal history of Latin America and ship mail of Austria-Hungary. Welch was elected to the American Philatelic Society's Hall of Fame in 2010 for significant contributions to philately during his lifetime.
+ In his free time, Welch penned a monthly column for Town and Gown magazine with his wife, Nadine Kofman. He informally presided over weekly meetings of Young Writers of America, a group of community residents active in local affairs and writing, and he enjoyed rooting for the Super Bowl XL champion Pittsburgh Steelers.
+ Bill Welch presided over a same-sex commitment ceremony at Penn State University, and has stated that "It's not illegal or immoral".
+
+= = = Hum & Strum Along with Chet Atkins = = =
+
+ Hum & Strum Along with Chet Atkins is the tenth studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins, released in 1959. This is a country-themed "listener participation" album in the vein of the "Sing Along With Mitch" series of albums by Mitch Miller. It came packaged in a gatefold with a lyric and guitar/ukulele chord booklet. It was reissued as an LP in 1961.
+ Allmusic music critic Richard S. Ginell wrote of the album; "An innocuous period piece through and through, notable only for some witty and elegant Atkins fills that somehow get by the concept."
+
+= = = Steamboat Classic = = =
+
+ The Steamboat Classic is a running race featuring 4 mile and 15K events in Peoria, Illinois. In 2007 the race drew over 4000 participants. The four-mile race has been described as the world's fastest. The world best times for both men and women, have been set at the Steamboat Classic.
+
+= = = Željko Perušić = = =
+
+Željko Perušić (23 March 1936 – 28 September 2017) was a Croatian footballer.
+ During his club career he played for NK Dinamo Zagreb, TSV 1860 München and FC St. Gallen. He earned 27 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup.
+ He then became a football manager in Switzerland.
+
+= = = Insect development during storage = = =
+
+ Insect development during storage requires special consideration when further criminal investigation is necessary to solve a crime. Decomposition is a natural process of the body, dissipating slowly over time. This process is aided by insects, making the rate of decomposition faster. For forensic entomologists, it is important to carefully collect, preserve and analyze insects found near or on a victim. By doing that, they can provide an estimated time of death as well as the manner of death and the movement of the corpse from one site to another. The role of a forensic entomologist adjunction to the pathologist is to “collect and identify the arthropods associated with such cases and to analyze entomological data for interpreting insect evidence.”
+ Bodies may be stored in coolers or refrigeration units, for various time intervals, ranging from hours to days. Two types of mortuary room may be used: positive and negative temperature morgues.
+ Two main physiological responses to low temperature are diapause and quiescence. Diapause is a feature that insects use to synchronize their development within their life cycle with seasonal cycles of the environment. It has evolved to help insects respond to adverse environmental conditions by delaying their development. However, quiescence acts like an anesthetic, and stops insect development for a short time by slowing down insect metabolic activity. It is induced by a sudden drop in temperature that ranges from 0 °C to 10 °C. A simulation of insects chilling in a morgue was conducted by using "Calliphora vicina" to illustrate that adult emergence is delayed by 24 hours, no matter in which stage the refrigeration occurred. There was no mortality when they were kept at 3 °C for 24 hours. In this simulation, quiescence was induced by the low temperature and the insect physiology was not affected when they were returned to 24 °C.
+ Despite the result from the "Calliphora vicina" experimental study, refrigeration could affect post mortem interval (PMI) calculation because it may cause physiological disturbances in certain insect species. However, this refrigeration process must be done if the insects collected at the crime scene cannot be sent to a forensic entomologist immediately. Because insect development could advance after the refrigeration period, it could lead to an underestimation of the time of death.
+ Maggots develop at a rate that is depended entirely upon environmental factors, which makes temperature one of the most important things throughout the morgue evaluation process. Insects that are cold tolerant or warm tolerant, will have different temperatures in the body bag. Both cold and warm tolerant maggots survive by maggot mass feeding. However, cold tolerant maggots can develop in smaller masses while warm tolerant maggots require larger masses. The maggots produce metabolic heat from bacterial digestion of the flesh, which enables them to develop while stored in a cold location. Maggot masses tend to move to thicker parts of the body that decrease in temperature more slowly. This is sufficient to continue maggot development.
+ Body parts with high temperatures have the greatest tissue loss from immense maggot masses. There can be extensive tissue loss in a morgue by how many maggots are present on the body and how long the body is kept in the morgue. When calculating the PMI at the autopsy, it is important to note the temperatures of the maggot masses when gathering the maggots from the body. The temperature of maggot masses in a cooler slowly decreases, which gives the minimal temperature the maggots can encounter. There may be little or no effect of the lower temperatures on insect development if the maggot mass was well established before placing the body in the cooler. In calculating the degree-days and the life cycle from one stage to another, it is important to note how many maggots are on the body, what type of species it is due to different developmental thresholds, and the temperature and time in the cooler. For instance, the development of bluebottle blowflies is suspended at 3 °C, the common temperature of a morgue’s cold storage chamber.
+ Occasionally, when a corpse is significantly infested with insects, the exterior of the bag will consist of larvae and other adult insects. Every surface of the bag, especially the inside corners, must be carefully examined for insects that may have moved away from the body due to change in temperature when the body was removed from the death scene. It is critical that the entomologist work quickly and efficiently during the autopsy to prevent further insect development throughout the body. This will assist in calculating a correct PMI. If clothing is found on the corpse, it is gathered and evaluated for insect evidence that is then photographed with macro lenses. As the insects are gathered, a record is to be kept that explains which location of the body insects were found. This is essential when insect sampling is delayed until the time of autopsy. Therefore, it is useful to compare crime scene photos to the autopsy photos, to see changes that occurred within that time frame.
+ Although autopsy is typically thought of as a horrific disfigurement of the human body, it is actually an adequate procedure capable of determining a legitimate PMI, assuring medical conditions, and assisting in justifying a case that may have involved violent crime. During an autopsy various tasks and procedures must take place, as well as proper collection of entomological evidence. Entomological evidence is usually gathered at the crime scene while the body is in situ. This allows for a much more accurate estimation of the time of death. If the entomological evidence is not gathered before the body is removed, then the evidence may be collected at the time of the autopsy by an entomologist or a medical examiner. Certain insects and their life stages, within the corpse, are examined to estimate the time of death of the individual. It is critical to specify the immature stages prior to rearing them or refrigerating the body because low temperature has different effects on various stages of immaturity. A study on the effects of refrigeration on the biometry and development of "Protophormia terraenovae" shows that “10 days of refrigeration induced a decrease of the total developmental time of 56 and 18 hours for L1 [first stage larvae] and pre-pupae and an increase of 15 hours for L2 [second stage larvae].”
+ Forensic entomology has gained a strong legitimacy in recent years for introducing vital evidence into investigations worldwide. Without the collection and preservation of insects, associated with a death scene, we could not properly estimate the time of death as well as other valuable information concerning the circumstances of the body. Human corpses, no matter the manner of death, are aided by insect decomposers. This makes the storage of the body prior to the autopsy, a vital step in the field of forensics.
+
+= = = Queen Mary Harp = = =
+
+ The Queen Mary Harp () or "Lude Harp", is a Scottish clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll, in South West Scotland. It is one of the three oldest surviving Gaelic harps, the others being the Lamont Harp and the Trinity College Harp.
+ The Queen Mary Harp dates from 1500 and was presented to the harper Beatrix Gardyn of Banchory in 1563 by Mary, Queen of Scots, while on a hunting trip. It is also said to have been adorned at one time with a gold portrait of Mary which is why the harp is associated with the queen of Scots and was subsequently passed down into the Robertson family of Lude, in Perthshire. Lady Gardyn's son had a servant in 1588 called Anthony McEwan McChlairser ("son of the harper"), which provides a clue as to who might have played this clarsach. The last harpist to play the instrument is noted as John Robertson of Lude (died c. 1729); his repertory was preserved in the family and published by John Bowie in 1789. All three surviving Gaelic harps are considered to have been made in Argyll in South-West Scotland at some time in the 14th or 15th centuries.
+ The Queen Mary harp is noted for being the most complete and best-preserved of all the old harps. It is covered in original and intricate carving. The forepillar or "Lamhchrann" is elaborately carved with a double-headed zoomorphic figure and the instrument retains traces of pigment. Some traces have been analyzed and identified as vermilion. The decoration includes a number of pieces of Christian symbolism suggesting that the harp may have been made as a commission for a church or monastery. The vine-scrolls and the particular shape of the "split palmette" leaves have clear parallels with 15th century West Highland grave slabs from the Argyll area, suggesting that this is the time and place that the harp originated. A grave-slab in the chapel at Keills in Knapdale has a carving of a harp similar in appearance to the Queen Mary.
+
+= = = Filament (band) = = =
+
+ Filament is a musical group from Japan that consists of Otomo Yoshihide and Sachiko M, two of the major exponents of the electroacoustic improvisation style of music.
+ The two played as a duo for the first time on November 5, 1995 in London, but it was not until 1997 that they began to play often together and Filament became one of their main projects. At first their work together was branded as A-102, then they used both Filament and A-102, and occasionally simply "duo," with no specific project name. Since their United States and France concert tour of May 1998, they have used the name Filament exclusively.
+
+= = = Chuang Kuo-jung = = =
+
+ Chuang Kuo-jung (; born 1960) is a former Secretary-General of the Ministry of Education in Taiwan. He served under Minister Tu Cheng-sheng.
+ Chuang earned his bachelor's and master's degree from the National Taiwan University and holds a Ph.D from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He joined the Kuomintang (KMT) in 1978, but grew disillusioned and subsequently leaned towards the Democratic Progressive Party, even though he is not a party member.
+ Chuang was responsible for renaming the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall to National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall in 2007. He directed the Ministry of Education to take down the inscription on the "Great Centrality and Perfect Uprightness" () to "Liberty Square" (). The process was met with controversy, as it was seen by the Kuomintang as part of the move by the ruling Democratic Progressive Party to remove every trace of Chiang from Taiwan.
+ Chuang resigned from his post after experiencing fallout from the public and media when he made provocative comments at a rally in Taichung on 16 March 2008, about the KMT's then-presidential candidate Ma Ying-jeou and accusations that Ma's father Ma Ho-ling had had affairs with various women. This drew the wrath of the Taiwanese public. With the 2008 presidential elections days away, Democratic Progressive Party officials, including presidential candidate Frank Hsieh and Minister Tu Cheng-sheng, publicly apologized for Chuang's remarks to limit the damage.
+ Chuang e-mailed an apology, and resigned from his post as secretary of the Ministry of Education under intense public pressure. Minister Tu accepted the resignation after reservations. Although KMT legislators alleged that the apology was written on behalf of Chuang, Ma accepted the apology.
+ After the flood in August 2009, many Taiwanese were really angry about President Ma's attitude. More Taiwanese think that what Chuang Kuo-jung said was correct. Many Taiwanese called him a prophet.
+
+= = = Fletcher Aviation = = =
+
+ Fletcher Aviation Corporation was an aircraft manufacturer founded by three brothers, Wendell, Frank, Maurice Fletcher, in Pasadena, California in . The initial aim of the company was to produce a wooden basic trainer aircraft (the FBT-2) that Wendell had designed, but despite brief interest by the Army in the type to use as a target drone, nothing came of this aircraft. After relocating to Rosemead, California, later projects involved a family of related designs, including (the FU-24) with 296 produced in New Zealand as an agricultural aircraft with many still operating today.
+ During the Korean War the company purchased Rosemead Airport from Bob and Jack Heasley. The roughly triangular property is located south of the 10 freeway, although the airport pre-dates the freeway. The property extended from Rosemead Boulevard on the west to the Rio Hondo river basin on the south and east.
+ In 1953, the same year the FU-24 debuted, they also produced a prototype amphibious vehicle known as the Fletcher Flair. The vehicle was powered by a 4-cylinder Porsche 356 drivetrain, modified to make it a four-wheel drive. The company hoped to sell the vehicle to the US Army but the vehicle performed poorly in the water and the Army passed.
+ Purchased by AJ Industries, it changed its name to Flair Aviation in 1960, and produced aircraft fuelling equipment, including drop tanks and hose reels for inflight refuelling. Moved to El Monte, California, its name was changed back to Fletcher and then Sargent Fletcher in 1964 before abandoning aircraft manufacturing in 1966, with rights to the FU-24 going to Pacific Aerospace.
+
+= = = Aaron Krauter = = =
+
+ Aaron Krauter is a North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party politician who served in the North Dakota Senate, representing the 35th district from 1990 to 2002 and the 31st district from 2003 to 2009. While in the Senate, Krauter served as Assistant Minority Leader from December 1996 until April 17, 1999, when he became minority leader upon Senator Tim Mathern’s resignation. Krauter was Heidi Heitkamp's running mate in the 2000 North Dakota Gubernatorial Election but lost.
+
+= = = Željko Matuš = = =
+
+Željko Matuš (born 9 August 1935 in Donja Stubica) is a former Croatian footballer.
+ During his club career he played for NK Dinamo Zagreb, SC Young Fellows and FC Zürich. He earned 13 caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, and participated in the 1960 European Nations' Cup and the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He also played a friendly match for the SR Croatian national team against Indonesia in 1956, which he scored a goal.
+
+= = = Lamont Harp = = =
+
+ The Lamont Harp, or Clàrsach Lumanach (also known as the Caledonian Harp or Lude Harp) is a Scottish Clarsach currently displayed in the National Museum of Scotland. It is believed to date back to the 15th century, and to have originated in Argyll. Along with the Queen Mary Harp and the Trinity College harp, it is one of the only three surviving medieval Gaelic harps.
+ The Lamont harp was presented to the Robertson family of Lude 1460-1464 as part of a marriage dowry to Charles Robertson of Lude (or of Clune). The Lamont Harp was handed down in the Robertson family and remained at Lude in Perthshire until 1805, when both the Lamont Harp and the Queen Mary Harp were sent to Edinburgh. In 1880 both clarsachs were deposited by a John Stewart of Dalguise in the National Museum of Edinburgh now the Museum of Scotland, where they remain to this day.
+ The Lamont Harp stands 95 cm tall and 42.5 cm wide and is considerably larger than the 2 other medieval harps (Queen Mary and Trinity harps), but smaller than other surviving Gaelic Harps. The Lamont harp has very little decorative carving when compared to the other surviving examples, and was constructed with fine metal fittings, notably fox styled metal reinforcements between the pillar ("Lamhchrann") and neck of the instrument, the metal head is beaten to imitate a gem setting and the square drives of the tuning pins are fitted to resemble cloves or rosebuds.
+ The Lamont harp bears the inscription “Al Stew(art) of Clunie his Harp 165(0)” although this is too late a date for the original construction of the harp this may relate to the repair. The wood has been identified as hornbeam or English walnut although the pillar has distorted over time and the T-section reinforcement is shorter than on other early Gaelic harps, and does seem to have happened at the ends where the pillar is wide but thin.
+ In 1805 both the Lamont Harp and Queen Mary Harp were exhibited to the Highland society of Scotland and a history was commissioned and published by the author John Gunn in 1870.
+ Replicas of the Lamont Harp have been attempted by many modern harpmakers, one of the difficulties being establishing the original form and string lengths due to the present distorted state of the instrument, and the natural desire to avoid the catastrophic fate of the original. It may be that during its lifetime the Lamont harp was re-strung with heavier, possibly brass wires, in order to change its volume or tone. (see Karen Loomis' work, in Galpin Society Journal) It is speculated that the original stringing used gold wire in the bass, to achieve satisfactory tone, though this is still somewhat controversial. Ann Heymann and others have successfully strung medieval harps with gold bass strings. Replicas or reproductions have been produced by amongst others, David Kortier, Jay Witcher, Robert Evans and Guy Flockhart, some closer than others to the original, and some with gold and silver wire strings, and are currently played by harpers such as Alison Kinnaird and Javier Sainz, and can be heard on their recordings and in the Museum of Scotland. Student replicas based on measurements from the original are available from the Historical Harp Society of Ireland.
+
+= = = The Other Chet Atkins = = =
+
+ The Other Chet Atkins is the thirteenth studio album by American guitarist Chet Atkins. It is an unusual and notable album for him in that the entire album features Chet playing an acoustic nylon-string (Spanish) guitar and there is no country music.
+
+= = = Some of My Best Jokes Are Friends = = =
+
+ Some of My Best Jokes Are Friends is the third studio album by George Clinton. It was released in 1985 by Capitol Records. Though it wasn't as successful as "Computer Games", Clinton's first solo album, "Some of My Best Jokes Are Friends" received favorable reviews among critics. While many former P-Funk musicians are featured on the album, it also features collaborations with more contemporary performers such as Doug Wimbish, Steve Washington, and keyboardist Thomas Dolby.
+ "Some of My Best Jokes Are Friends" employs various producers from the P-Funk musical collective, including Clinton, Garry Shider, Washington, Bootsy Collins, Junie Morrison, Clinton's son Tracy Lewis, Wimbish, and Dolby.
+
+= = = P (film) = = =
+
+ P is a 2005 Thai-language horror feature film directed by Paul Spurrier.
+ Whilst growing up in rural Thailand, a young orphan girl named Dau (Suangporn Jaturaphut) is taught the ways of magic by her grandmother. But when the grandmother falls sick, Dau is lured to Bangkok to find work so that she can buy medicine. She finds herself working in a go-go bar, and her journey from naiveté to maturity is swift. She uses the magical skills her grandmother taught her to her advantage, but in doing so makes enemies within the bar. As her magic gets darker, and the consequences increasingly horrific, she gradually loses control, and something evil takes over.
+
+= = = Zenkaikon = = =
+
+ Zenkaikon is a multi-genre convention held during spring at the Lancaster County Convention Center in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The convention was formerly based around King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (a Philadelphia suburb). Zenkaikon's name is a combination of Zentrancon and Kosaikon, created when they merged in 2006.
+ The convention typically offers anime and live action screenings, AMV's, artist alley, concerts, cosplay masquerade, costume competitions, dances, dealers room, formal costume ball, game shows, iron cosplay, karaoke, LARP, live bands, maid cafe, manga library, panels, tabletop gaming, vendors, video gaming, and workshops.
+ In 2015, the charity auction benefited the Lymphoma Research Foundation and raised over $1,800. The foundation was chosen due to the death of guest CJ Henderson from Lymphoma. In 2017, the charity auction benefited Ocean Conservancy. In 2018, the charity auction benefited The AbleGamers Foundation. 2019's charity was the Arch Street Center.
+ Zenkaikon was formed in 2006 by the merger of two Philadelphia-area events, Zentrancon and Kosaikon. In 2008, Zenkaikon became a two-day convention. In 2009 due to significant attendance growth, Zenkaikon moved to the larger Valley Forge Radisson Hotel (same complex as its former location the Scanticon) and capped attendance at 1,500 attendees per day. In 2010, Zenkaikon announced it would become a three-day convention, move to a spring date (skipping 2010), and increase convention space by using both the Valley Forge Convention Center and Scanticon Hotel and Conference Center (same complex). The changes were made to improve weather, allow for better preparation, and increase staff. During the convention in 2011, Zenkaikon and its attendees raised $3750 for the American Red Cross Japanese Earthquake and Pacific Tsunami Relief Fund. Due to construction of the Valley Forge Casino Resort at the Valley Forge Convention Center, Zenkaikon 2012 was held at a new location, The Greater Philadelphia Expo Center at Oaks, and reduced to two days.
+ Zenkaikon moved to the Lancaster County Convention Center for 2013 and returned to being a three-day event. The convention returned to the Lancaster County Convention Center in 2014 and occupied every (four) floor. Zenkaikon returned to the convention center in 2015, and 2016 for its 10th anniversary. In 2017, the convention used Tellus360's Temple Room for additional space.
+ Kosaikon was an anime convention held from 2003-2005 on the campus of Villanova University. The convention featured anime screenings, artists' alley, an artist's gallery, cosplay contest, and video gaming with tournaments.
+ Zentrancon was an anime and science fiction convention held on October 16, 2005 at The Rotunda, University of Pennsylvania. It was created by members of the Delaware Anime Society. The convention featured autograph sessions, costume contests, dealers, film screenings, raffles, tabletop gaming, and video game tournaments.
+ Zenkaikon staff provided anime and Asian content to America's Video Games Expo 2008 (VGXPO) at the Pennsylvania Convention Center, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 21–23, 2008. Content included screenings, panels, gaming tournaments, and karaoke. Zenkaikon returned to VGXPO 2009 on October 9–11, 2009 and provided two screening rooms for anime. Zenkaikon hosted an Cosplay Fashion Show in Fairmount Park during Sakura Sunday at the 2012 Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia.
+
+= = = Dragomir Nikolić = = =
+
+ Dragomir Nikolić was a Serbian football manager. He was joint head coach of the Yugoslavia national football team together with Aleksandar Tirnanić and Ljubomir Lovrić from 1959 to 1961.
+
+= = = SS Irish Oak (1919) = = =
+
+ The SS "Irish Oak" was an Irish-operated steamship which was sunk in the North Atlantic during World War II by a German submarine.
+ As the West Neris she had been built in the US and operated by the United States Shipping Board.
+ In 1941, she was chartered by Irish Shipping Limited, to transport wheat and fertilizer from North America to Ireland. Sailing as a clearly marked neutral vessel, not in convoy, she was nonetheless torpedoed and sunk by on 15 May 1943 midway between North America and Ireland. The crew were rescued.
+ At the time there were conflicting reports that she "had not" and allegations that she "had" warned a nearby convoy of the presence of a U-boat. The British nationality of her captain became an issue in the Irish general election of June 1943, there were diplomatic exchanges between the United States and Ireland, and questions raised in the British House of Commons. In Germany, the U-boat's captain received a mild reprimand.
+ Southwestern Shipbuilding of San Pedro, California, was organized in 1918 to build cargo ships for the United States Shipping Board. As Yard No. 11, the ship was built to Design 1019, launched on 24 August 1918 and completed in December 1919. Her displacement was 5,589 tons, length , with a beam of , and a depth of .
+ Propelled by a triple expansion steam engine built by the Llewellyn Iron Works of Los Angeles, with cylinders of , and bore and stroke, the ship could make .
+ West Neris had been built for the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) and operated by the United States Shipping Board (USSB), her port of registry being New Orleans.
+ In 1928, she was sold to the Mississippi Steamship Company. She was sold back to the USSB in 1933. With the abolition of the USSB, she was transferred to the United States Shipping Board Bureau in 1935, and laid up in New Orleans. During this period the ship was neglected and the condition of her engine deteriorated. In 1937 she was transferred to the United States Maritime Commission. On 26 September 1941 she was chartered to Irish Shipping Ltd, through United States Lines at £3,245 per month.
+ At the outbreak of World War II Ireland had very few ships, and the United States instructed its ships not to enter the "war zone". Acting for the Irish Government, Minister Frank Aiken negotiated the charter of two oil-burning steamships from the United States Maritime Commission's reserve fleet. These were the "West Neris" and the "West Hematite". Two Irish crews travelled to New Orleans to take over the ships, which they did on 9 September 1941.
+ The "West Neris" was renamed "Irish Oak" and "West Hematite" was renamed . Both were chartered by government owned Irish Shipping Limited (ISL) and managed by the "Limerick Steamship Company", with their port of registry changed to Dublin. The "Irish Oak" was captained by Matthew Moran of Wexford; the "Irish Pine" by Frank Dick of Islandmagee, with Samuel McNamara of Belfast as Chief Engineer.
+ Destined to carry wheat and phosphate fertilizer, both ships sailed initially from New Orleans for St John's in October 1941, to take on cargoes of wheat bound for Ireland. Since insurers such as Lloyd's of London charged higher premiums for ships not in convoy, the "Irish Oak" and the "Irish Pine" were painted war-time camouflage in preparation for sailing in-convoy. "Irish Pine" joined Convoy SC 56 and arrived in Dublin on 11 December 1941. In contrast, "Irish Oak" experienced a number of serious mishaps and setbacks: Chief Engineer R. Marsh, of Dublin, suffered a heart attack and was hospitalised in New Orleans; another engineer, O'Keefe of Dún Laoghaire, was severely burned in a boiler room blow-back and hospitalised in St John; and a locally recruited Greek replacement engineer caused difficulties, was reported to the Canadian authorities by the captain, and jailed.
+ Initially "Irish Oak" sailed with Convoy SC 52, which departed from Sydney, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1941. On 3 November the convoy was attacked by and and lost four ships; it turned back for Sydney and arrived on 5 November. But neglect had left the "Irish Oak" in poor condition. Ships from SC 52 were merged with Convoy SC 53 and "Irish Oak" sailed with it, but had to return to Sydney. Her next attempt was with Convoy SC 55, which departed Sydney on 16 November 1941 and arrived at Liverpool on 5 December, but again engine problems struck and she was towed to Saint John, New Brunswick. "Irish Oak" remained in St. John for four months while efforts were made to repair her engine. Eventually she had to be towed to Boston for repairs. The voyage from New Orleans to Dublin - including repairs - took nine months: "Irish Oak" berthed in Dublin on 6 July 1942.
+ The crew of the "Irish Oak" became acutely uneasy after her engine failed and she was left behind by SC 55, dead in the water, to wait for a tugboat; this, coupled with the experiences of other Irish ships, especially in OG 71, the "Nightmare Convoy" in August 1941, resolved Irish crews and owners to sail as neutrals, out-of-convoy. Thereafter Irish ships were clearly marked and fully lit, usually sailing out-of-convoy on a direct course, and they always answered SOS calls for assistance. Irish ships rescued 534 men; yet lost 20% of their seamen.
+ Irish Shipping Limited built up its fleet to 15 ships. Two ships were lost, "Irish Oak", and "Irish Pine", on which 33 lives were lost. The ISL ships alone saved some 166 lives.
+ At 04:44 on 14 October 1942, in very bad weather, "Irish Oak" received a distress call from British ship "Stornest", a straggler from convoy ONS 136, torpedoed by . "Irish Oak" answered the call and altered course. Six minutes later "Stornest" radioed "Irish Oak" that they were abandoning ship in life-rafts, having lost their lifeboats in the heavy seas. "Irish Oak" continued to relay "Stormest"s SOS and spent ten hours searching for survivors in a westerly gale. The rescue tug "Adherent", the anti-submarine trawler "Drangey" and two corvettes from convoy ONS 137 joined the search, to no avail. "Stornest's" crew of 29 and ten gunners were lost at sea.
+ A week later Captain Matthew Moran was fatally injured while boarding at the Dublin quayside, when the gangway collapsed beneath him. He was replaced by Captain Eric Jones (see Crew).
+ On 14 May 1943, "Irish Oak" was "en route" from Tampa, Florida, to Dublin with a cargo of 8,000 tons of phosphate fertiliser. Smoke from an allied convoy was visible ahead in the distance; in general Irish ships were sailing out-of-convoy at this time.
+ At 2.23pm German U-boat came alongside. There was no contact or exchange between the vessels. They continued alongside each other all afternoon. At nightfall "Irish Oak" turned on her lights, in accordance with her neutral status. Apparently satisfied, "U-650" departed during the night. "Irish Oak" continued sailing astern of Convoy SC 129.
+ As it happened, on the same day "U-642" reported that an aircraft carrier (the escort carrier HMS "Biter" with the 5th Escort Group) was joining the convoy; in fear of the aircraft, the stalking U-boats were ordered to "break off operations against convoy".
+ As dawn broke next morning, 15 May 1943, a torpedo hit "Irish Oak" at 8:19am (12:19 German Summer Time). Two torpedoes were launched, one missed, the other struck her port side and exploded.
+ At the time it was uncertain which submarine had launched the torpedoes. Its periscope remained visible as lifeboats were lowered. The submarine waited until the lifeboats were well clear before firing a coup de grâce at 9:31 am. "Irish Plane", "Irish Rose" and "Irish Ash" responded to the SOS. The survivors were located by "Irish Plane" at 4:20 pm.
+ "Irish Oak" lies in position , almost midway between Newfoundland and Ireland.
+ The survivors landed at Cobh on 19 May. They were welcomed by Samuel Roycroft, a director of both the Limerick Steamship Company and of Irish Shipping Limited. They lunched at the Imperial Hotel, Cork. On arrival in Dublin on 21 May, they were welcomed by Peadar Doyle, the Lord Mayor, and hosted to lunch at Leinster House, home of Dáil Éireann (Ireland's parliament), on 24 May.
+ It was common practice for crews' wages to be stopped when a ship was sunk. Famed Labour leader James Larkin raised the issue of the survivors' treatment in the Dáil. Citing the crew member who was told by the Labour exchange to 'go and get his record card', which was lost when "Irish Oak" sank, he suggested that the Dáil ask the German Consul-General to send a submarine to retrieve it.
+ At the time it was not known which submarine had sunk "Irish Oak". The survivors knew only that it was not "U-650". In the House of Commons Sir William Davidson called for a formal protest, because "Irish Oak" had not warned the convoy, and Douglas Lloyd Savory called for an end of coal exports to Ireland.
+ No official action was taken: Ireland was exporting food to Britain at the time. Also, Paul Emrys-Evans revealed that the convoy knew about the U-boat; the British stance was that, as it already knew of the presence of both "Irish Oak" and "U-607", there was no need for "Irish Oak" to have warned the convoy.
+ During World War I the South Arklow Lightvessel "Guillemot", operated by the Commissioners of Irish Lights, had given warning of a U-boat. In consequence on 28 March 1917 "UC-65" surfaced, ordered the crew into their lifeboat, and sank the "Guillemot". Against this background the sinking of "Irish Oak" became a hotly debated issue.
+ The Irish Government's stance was that "Irish Oak" had "not" warned the Allied convoy of a U-boat presence, as stated by Éamon de Valera in the Dáil, and by Irish Shipping Limited. De Valera went on to say that it was "...no business of Irish ships to give any information to anyone".
+ A rumour to the contrary was picked up by the Irish Labour Party. James Everett asked: "Was information given to the British convoy that a submarine was sighted the night before?" Discussion in the Dáil during the run-up to the General Election, focused on the possibility that a warning "had" been transmitted and demands were made to know the nationality of the captain (a British subject):
+ Luke Duffy, secretary of the Labour Party, said that the "... government was guilty of duplicity and near belligerency behind a facade of neutrality. They had placed foreign nationals on the bridge of Irish ships ...". The party issued an advertisement condemning the "criminal conduct of the Fianna Fáil Government in sending brave men to their doom on the "Irish Oak"".
+ Responding to allegations that "Irish Oak" had acted in such a way as to endanger her neutral status, Irish Shipping Limited stated:
+ "...whether ... any information had been conveyed to a British convoy that a submarine had been sighted. The company states in the most explicit manner that there is no foundation whatever for the suggestion contained in the question. No such message was sent.
+ Seán MacEntee (Fianna Fáil Party) placed a counter advertisement in the Irish Times titled "Licence to Sink," saying that the Labour Party sought to justify the sinking of the "Irish Oak"; "But for these ships many of our people might have been hungry, would have been idle"..."If our people were hungry and idle they would be more ready to listen to their pernicious doctrines".
+ After the election William Davin complained of "the unfounded allegations and the slanderous and libellous statements made against members of this {"sic" Labour} Party"..."had the audacity to charge members of this Party, during the recent election campaign, with having condoned the sinking of the "Irish Oak". Could anything be more scandalous, or more untrue?"
+ Although Labour increased its representation and de Valera's Fianna Fáil party lost seats in the General Election, Éamon de Valera remained in power with the support of the Farmers' Party.
+ It was not known at the time which submarine had sunk "Irish Oak", only that it was not "U-650". Irish Shipping Limited was negotiating a lease of the SS "Wolverine" from the United States. The U.S. State Department intervened, asking why Ireland had not protested to Germany for the sinking.
+ The Irish replied that they protested other sinkings when the attacker was known. They protested the attacks on the colliers and . They referred to the attack on the by two unidentified aircraft, initially denied by the British but admitted when shell fragments of British manufacture were found.
+ No further American ships were leased or sold to Ireland.
+ Not until after the war was it learned had sunk "Irish Oak". This action, and "U-607"'s report, were not well received. Her Captain, Oberleutnant zur See Wolf Jeschonnek, claimed "Irish Oak" was a Q-ship with false Irish markings, sailing without lights.
+ "The Second Lieutenant excused the sinking by saying that "IRISH OAK" was obviously a "Q" ship. He alleged that she was sailing at night without lights, zigzagging, and travelling at fourteen knots, although she appeared capable of barely half that speed."
+ Flag Officer U-boats said it ought not to have happened, but could be attributed to an understandable mistake by an eager captain. "The precise observance of Irish neutrality and of all Flag Officer U-boats' strict orders in this connection is the duty of all U-boat captains and is in the most immediate and pressing interests of the German Reich".
+ "U-607" was sunk, while in convoy with two other U-boats, in the Bay of Biscay on 13 July 1943 by a Sunderland flying boat of 228 Squadron Royal Air Force, assisted by a Halifax of 58 Squadron. Oberleutnant Jeschonnek and six of his crew were taken prisoner; the rest perished.
+ Nine days after the sinking of "Irish Oak", on 24 May 1943, Admiral Dönitz ordered a U-boat withdrawal from the Atlantic. Of their operational fleet, 41 U-boats – or 25% – had been lost in Black May, against a total of 50 Allied merchant ships destroyed. The Battle of the Atlantic was over.
+ The crew of the "Irish Oak" when she was sunk on 15 May 1943, all of whom were rescued:
+ Eric Jones had been captain of the when it was sunk by gunfire from on 4 September 1940. He then captained the , which was bombed on 17 October 1941.
+ Thomas Donohue (Second Mate) went on to captain , replacing Desmond Fortune who was unable to walk following the RAF attack on it.
+ James Burke (Radio Officer) had served on which was torpedoed and sunk by , with 106 lives lost.
+ Official Numbers, a forerunner to IMO Numbers, were:
+ Code Letters:
+ Call signs, the replacement of code letters from 1934:
+ KOTK from 1934.
+ In 1949, Irish Shipping Limited acquired a new (Official Number 174596). Built for ISL by J. Readhead and Sons Ltd., South Shields; Bill Norton complained that it was to be British built. It would be immortalised in Frank McCourt's book "'Tis". In 1967 she was sold to Proverde Shipping of Greece and renamed "Vegas". In 1979, en route from Piraeus to Vietnam, she ran aground near Jeddah, was re-floated but sold for breaking up.
+ In 1973, Irish Shipping Limited acquired another , a bulk carrier motor ship with a diesel engine. "Irish Oak", , 25,649 DWT, was in service with Irish Shipping until 1982.
+
+= = = William Marriott (baseball) = = =
+
+ William Earl Marriott (April 18, 1893 – August 11, 1969) was an American professional baseball third baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves and Brooklyn Robins over six seasons from 1917 to 1927. He was married to Edna Marriott (nee Pike) at the time of his death.
+
+= = = The Sinking of the Reuben James = = =
+
+ "The Sinking of the Reuben James" is a song by Woody Guthrie about the sinking of the U.S. convoy escort , which was the first U.S. naval ship sunk by German U-boats in World War II. Woody Guthrie had started to write a song including each name on the casualty list of the sinking. This was later replaced by the chorus "tell me what were their names."
+ The song is set to the melody of "Wildwood Flower", an antebellum tune by Joseph Philbrick Webster.
+
+= = = Jack Collins (politician) = = =
+
+ John "Jack" Collins (born June 25, 1943) is an American college basketball coach, educator, lawyer, and a Republican Party politician from New Jersey. He was Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1996 until 2002, making him the longest serving speaker in Assembly history.
+ Collins was born in Atlantic City and moved to Gloucester City, New Jersey at a young age. He attended Gloucester Catholic High School, where he excelled at basketball. He went on to Glassboro State College (now Rowan University), receiving a B.A. degree in science education in 1964 and a master's degree in student personnel services in 1967. With the Glassboro Profs basketball team, Collins scored 1,038 points in his career, earning him a place in the South Jersey Basketball Hall of Fame.
+ After graduation, he taught science and coached basketball at Sterling High School. The following year he was invited to become basketball coach at the newly established Camden County College. A year later he became head coach at Glassboro State, and at 26 was one of the youngest head basketball coaches in the country. As coach he racked up 131 victories and three consecutive conference titles. At Glassboro State he also served in the Admissions Office and worked as executive assistant to college president Herman James.
+ After retiring from his coaching career, Collins studied law at Rutgers School of Law–Camden, receiving his Juris Doctor degree in 1982. After a term on his local school board, the chairman of the Salem County Republican party asked him to run for the New Jersey General Assembly. Riding the coattails of Governor of New Jersey Thomas Kean in 1985, Collins and his running mate Gary Stuhltrager knocked off Democratic incumbents Martin A. Herman and Thomas A. Pankok, helping give the Republicans control of the General Assembly for the first time in more than a decade. He took office in 1986, representing the 3rd Legislative District.
+ When Republicans lost control of the Assembly in 1989, Collins was chosen by minority leader Chuck Haytaian to be his deputy. He became majority leader two years later when Republicans regained control of the Assembly and Haytaian was elected Speaker. In 1996, after Haytaian decided not to run for reelection following his unsuccessful 1994 campaign against Senator Frank Lautenberg, Collins succeeded Haytaian as speaker.
+ For six years he served as Assembly speaker with Donald DiFrancesco serving as New Jersey Senate President. Collins explored a campaign for Governor of New Jersey in the 2001 Republican primary against DiFrancesco (then Acting Governor) but ultimately decided against running. DiFrancesco would be forced to withdraw from the primary after questions about his business dealings.
+ Collins retired from the General Assembly in January 2002 after serving 16 years. He joined the Princeton Public Affairs Group, a prominent lobbying firm, as senior counsel.
+ Collins and his wife Betsy have resided on a farm in Pittsgrove Township since 1974. He has four children and ten grandchildren.
+
+= = = Silva Ciminia = = =
+
+ The Silva Ciminia, the Ciminian Forest, was the unbroken primeval forest that separated Ancient Rome from Etruria. According to the Roman historian Livy it was, in the 4th century BCE, a feared, pathless wilderness in which few dared tread. The Ciminian Forest received its name from the Monti Cimini, which are still a densely wooded range of volcanic hills northwest of Rome. They form the part of the forerange of the Apennine main range that faces towards the Tyrrhenian Sea.
+ In the south, the "Silva Ciminia" stretched from Lake Bracciano to the edges of the flat plain of the Roman Campagna, in the lower Tiber valley. Stretches of cleared fields round the major Etruscan settlements formed the "Ager Veientanus" that supported Veii, the "Ager Faliscus" of the Falisci, and the "Ager Capenas" of Capena. In the heart of the Ciminian woodlands lay the Lake of Ciminus (Lago di Vico). In the northwest, they reached as far as Tarquinia.
+ The forest was predominantly formed by oak and beech, though second growth in the lower slopes has favoured the aggressively re-seeding Spanish chestnut. A relict stand of beech, rare in Central Italy, remains on the upper slopes of Monte Cimino. Sub-fossil pollen analyses from cores of stratified sediment taken in the region's crater lakes typically reveal a pollen sequence characteristic of tundra lying over an all-but-sterile wind-blown loess sand; this in turn was followed by grassland, with pollen of water-lilies and pondweeds blown from glacial meltwater lakes. The earliest Holocene forest was fir, followed by mixed pine and oak, with a climax forest of beech and oak, including "Quercus ilex".
+ The surface profiles have been transformed since the region was first deforested in Roman times, as settlers worked outwards from strips flanking the Roman roads — the via Cassia, the via Amerina and the via Flaminia — which had been struck through the forest. In the deforested slopes, streams with even moderate flow have cut deeply eroded gullies and valleys in the geologically very recent soft tuff and volcanic ash. A sudden increase in organic sediments in strata corresponding to the third century BCE records this erosion following agrarian deforestation, which, far downstream, would initiate the Tiber's delta. Thereafter the palynological record attests many cultivated plants, and, significantly, nettles, the weed of disturbed, untended corners that follows temperate agriculture everywhere. By the third and fourth centuries CE very little of the primeval forest survived.
+ To the Romans of the Republic, the forest was as much feared as the trackless Hercynian Forest would be when they encountered that. In 310 BCE the Roman Senate, even after the rout of the Etruscans at Sutrium, charged the consul Fabius Maximus Rullianus not to enter this woodland in pursuit of the Etruscans, and when it emerged that he had done so, all Rome was struck with terror. The Silva formed a natural barrier between Ancient Rome and Etruria.
+
+= = = Don'cha Go 'Way Mad = = =
+
+ "Don'cha Go 'Way Mad" is a popular song composed by Illinois Jacquet and Jimmy Mundy, with lyrics written by Al Stillman. It was originally recorded by Illinois Jacquet and His Orchestra as an instrumental on April 6, 1949 as "Black Velvet". Al Stillman later added lyrics and Harry James recorded it as "Don'cha Go 'Way Mad" on December 12, 1949 (released in 1950) on Columbia 38682.
+
+= = = Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1990 = = =
+
+ Greece and Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT) chose to host a National Selection with the winner being chosen an "expert" jury. Christos Callow & Wave were chosen with "Horis Skopo" and placed 19th at Eurovision.
+ The final took place on 23 March 1990 at the ERT TV Studios in Athens and was hosted by Olina Xenopoulou. The songs were presented as video clips and the winning song was chosen by a panel of "experts".
+ "Horis Skopo" was performed second on the night (following Spain's Azúcar Moreno with "Bandido" and preceding Belgium's Philippe Lafontaine with "Macédomienne"). At the close of voting, it had received 11 points, placing 19th in a field of 22.
+ It was succeeded as the Greek representative at the 1991 Contest by Sophia Vossou with "I Anixi".
+
+= = = New Orleans Pelicans draft history = = =
+
+ The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. They play in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the when then-owner of the Charlotte Hornets, George Shinn, relocated the franchise to New Orleans. During the 2005–07 period, the Hornets played 71 games in Oklahoma City due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina. The team officially changed its name to the New Orleans Pelicans on April 18, 2013.
+
+= = = List of ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States = = =
+
+ Pakistan Ambassador to the United States is in charge of the Pakistan Embassy, Washington, D.C. and Pakistan's diplomatic mission to the United States. The official title is Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to the United States of America.
+ H.E. Dr. Asad Majeed Khan is the current ambassador to the United States.
+ The embassy of Pakistan in Washington, D.C. was built on 28 August 1947, when Pakistan attained independence from Great Britain and separated from India to form the "Dominion of Pakistan". From the onset, Pakistan adopted a pro-American policy, with relations taking an upturn in 1954 when Pakistan signed several defense pacts with the United States- first the SEATO and then CENTO in 1955. Their relations were soured because of the subsequent Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, but were rejuvenated due to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the ensuing covert war of 1980–88. Pakistan's secret nuclear programme led the US to impose sanctions on Pakistan, thus deteriorating Pakistani-American relations, but the War on Terrorism again placed Pakistan in the good books of America, improving the two countries' bilateral relations once more.
+ Therefore, the Pakistani ambassadors to the US were not only the top-notch officers of the Pakistani civil service, but also political appointees of respective governments of the time. Some former ambassadors later rose to command important positions in the Pakistani government, with one of them, Muhammad Ali Bogra, becoming the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
+
+= = = Richard Marcellais = = =
+
+ Richard Marcellais (born January 23, 1947) is a North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party member of the North Dakota Senate, representing the 9th district since 2007.
+ In November 2008, Marcellais was voted in as the tribal chairman of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians. He ran for re-election in the 2010 election, but his candidacy did not survive during the tribe's primary election; he placed third. In the wake of this defeat, he ran for re-election for his Senate seat, defeating Republican candidate Christopher Albertson.
+
+= = = Wave on Wave (song) = = =
+
+ "Wave on Wave" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Pat Green. It was released in May 2003 as the first single and title track from his album "Wave on Wave". It reached #3 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart in the United States, and peaked at #39 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It became his first and, to date, only Top 10 hit. The song was written by Green, David Neuhauser and Justin Pollard.
+ The song was featured during campaign rallies for then-U.S. President George W. Bush during his 2004 reelection campaign. It is currently used by the Washington Nationals during their "Wave your caps" salute. "Wave On Wave" was performed at halftime on the University of Iowa Football Team's home field, Kinnick Stadium, at halftime of the Hawkeye game versus Northern Iowa. Pat Green and a combined ensemble of performers from the University of Iowa Hawkeye Marching Band and the University of Northern Iowa Panther Marching Band joined together to perform the song at halftime. The University of Iowa Football team has been feted for starting "The Wave," a tradition of turning toward the University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital at the end of the first quarter to wave at the child patients and their families.
+ "Wave on Wave" was named Country Song of the Year by the Society of European Stage Authors & Composers (SESAC) in 2003. In addition, it was honored by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) for one million spins on radio. "Wave on Wave" was also nominated for a Grammy Award in 2004 for Best Country Song. The song has sold 450,000 copies in the U.S. as of October 2014.
+ "Wave on Wave" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 31, 2003.
+
+= = = Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 = = =
+
+ Greece and Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT) chose to host a national selection with the winner being chosen an "expert" jury. Mariana Efstratiou was chosen with "To Diko Sou Asteri" and placed 9th at Eurovision.
+ The national final took place on 31 March 1989 at the ERT TV Studios in Athens and was hosted by Dafni Bokota. The songs were presented as video clips and the winning song was chosen by a panel of "experts".
+ It was later revealed that Mando was supposed to win the national selection; she was second, only one point behind Marianna. Mando took action against the Greek television station ERT because one of the jury members didn't vote. She won the ruling, but since the process was too late to reverse the decision, Marianna went to Eurovision.
+ "To Diko Sou Asteri" was performed nineteenth on the night (following Switzerland's Furbaz with "Viver senza tei" and preceding Iceland's Daníel Ágúst with "Það sem enginn ser"). At the close of voting, it had received 56 points, placing 9th in a field of 22.
+ It was succeeded as the Greek representative at the 1990 Contest by Christos Callow & Wave with "Horis Skopo".
+
+= = = Hedsor House = = =
+
+ Hedsor House is an Italianate-style mansion in the United Kingdom, located in Hedsor in Buckinghamshire. Perched overlooking the River Thames, a manor house at Hedsor can be dated back to 1166 when the estate was owned by the de Hedsor Family. In the 18th century it was a royal residence of Princess Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales.
+ Hedsor, which dates back to 1166, was once the home of Princess Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, mother of George III and the founder of Kew Gardens. The house and its 85-acre park overlooking the Thames then regularly welcomed the Kings and Queens from Windsor Castle as the home of Lord Boston from 1764.
+ The house was originally designed by Sir William Chambers, architect of Somerset House in London, with the aid of George III and Queen Charlotte, who picked the location specifically for its position high above the Thames. Badly damaged by fire in 1795, a new house was completed in 1868 by James Knowles, unusually modelled on the Italian villa style but with a domed hall rather than an open courtyard.
+ King George III and later, Queen Victoria were both frequent visitors, with Baron Boston building the Hedsor Folly to commemorate King George's victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
+ The present house was built in the Italianate style. The house is at the end of a kilometre-long private drive in an estate. The surrounding park is Grade II listed on the English Heritage National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
+ In 1934, Philip and Florence Shephard were given Hedsor House as their wedding present by Philip's father.
+ In the 1950s, Hedsor House was leased by the US Air Force as a Cold War military spy base.
+ The 1960s, the house was leased as a conference centre for International Computers Limited (ICL). Management courses were run by ICL with overnight accommodation in rooms in the house and in the stable yard. The company only leased the house and the immediate grounds for parking. The bulk of the site was out of bounds.
+ The house is now used for weddings and corporate events and run by the 4th generation of the Shephard family.
+ Hedsor Park is the listed historic park that surrounds Hedsor House. Regularly visited by Queen Victoria, Hedsor Park is listed under English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England Grade II.
+ The house has hosted many celebrity parties including for David Beckham, Victoria Beckham, Elton John, Jason Statham, George Clooney, Keira Knightley amongst others.
+ Mark Ronson held his infamous 33rd birthday at Hedsor House including many stars such as Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen, Nick Grimshaw, The Kaiser Chiefs amongst others.
+ The house has been used as a film location for both television dramas and feature films including "The Golden Compass" and "Spooks". It was used to represent The White House in "The Special Relationship" and Downing Street in "The Day of the Triffids".
+ It was also used for a MTV reality show "The Girls of Hedsor Hall", based on the British reality series "Ladette to Lady". and the music videos for Jay Sean's song "Down" and Zara Larsson's song "Ain't My Fault". It featured Tom Hardy in the 2015 film "Legend" and in 2016 as the mansion to which George Clooney is taken when kidnapped in a Nespresso advert.
+ It was also the location of "Quartet", a 2012 comedy drama film directed by Dustin Hoffman, based on the play by Ronald Harwood. It was filmed in its entirety at Hedsor House, in Autumn 2011. The film stars Maggie Smith, Tom Courtenay, Pauline Collins and Billy Connolly. Hedsor House features as "Beecham House", the retirement home for professional musicians.
+ Hedsor House was also used as one of the locations for the 2015 film "Mortdecai", an action comedy film directed by David Koepp which starred Johnny Depp and Gwyneth Paltrow.
+ Hedsor House is registered as a wedding venue. It placed in the Top 10 Regal Wedding Venues in the UK by "The Times". In 2012, Hedsor House was chosen as "Tatler's No.1 Top Venue", "VOGUE's Dream Venue" and Eventia "Event Venue of the Year".
+
+= = = Emmanuel Marie Philippe Louis Lafont = = =
+
+ Emmanuel Marie Philippe Louis Lafont (born 26 October 1945) has been the Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Cayenne in French Guiana since 2004. Lafont was ordained a priest in 1970 and on 18 June 2004 he succeeded Louis Albert Joseph Roger Sankalé as bishop of Cayenne.
+
+= = = Henley-Putnam School of Strategic Security = = =
+
+ Henley-Putnam School of Strategic Security is a school within National American University that focuses on intelligence management, counter-terrorism studies and protection management. It was named to honor American Revolutionary War intelligence officers Colonel David Henley and General Israel Putnam.
+ National American University purchased Henley-Putnam University on July 21, 2017.
+ The school has a curriculum offering more than 150 courses among six bachelor's and master's degree programs, a doctorate program, and certificates in seven subject areas. Its faculty comes from military, law enforcement, the counter-terrorism community and the intelligence community with an emphasis on "real world experience".
+
+= = = Magdallan = = =
+
+ Magdallan (later known as Magdalen), was an American Christian metal supergroup, originally started in 1990, as a studio project and collaboration between Ken Tamplin and Lanny Cordola. The band was active from 1990 to 1995, released 2 albums and an EP, and was signed to Intense Records and Essential Records respectively.
+ The band's original lineup was Ken Tamplin, Lanny Cordola, Brian Bromberg, and Ken Mary. After the first album Ken Tamplin departed and Phillip Bardowell took over vocal duties. Chuck Wright would later replace Bromberg for the Magdalen releases.
+ Magdallan's lineup led to the group being referred to as a supergroup. Ken Tamplin was well known for his work in Shout. Lanny Cordola, Chuck Wright, Ken Mary were previously well known for being members of the group House of Lords.
+ The band's first release, "Big Bang", was notable as one of the most expensive Christian albums produced by that time, with a budget reported as being $250,000, and the album faced some criticism for being overproduced. Nevertheless, "Big Bang" was nominated for one GMA Dove Award for Best Metal/Hard Rock Album in 1992, but did not win.
+ After the first album was released, Tamplin left the band. Tamplin commented that he felt the need for a fresh start after he learned that Intense Records had planned to shelve the "Big Bang" album after two years of hard work. After Tamplin's departure, the studio project of Magdallan was turned into a full band and thus the name was changed from Magdallan to Magdalen.
+ After Ken Tamplin left the band, the name was changed to Magdalen for the second release "Revolution Mind" and "The Dirt" EP. In 1999 a compilation album, "End of the Age" was released under the old name spelling. The significance of the name change is signification of the difference between the studio project and the band. Magdallan is the name of the studio project, and Magdalen is the name of the band that continued after Ken Tamplins departure.
+
+= = = CJCQ-FM = = =
+
+ CJCQ-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts an adult contemporary format at 97.9 FM in North Battleford, Saskatchewan branded as Q98. Its local sister stations are CJNB and CJHD-FM. All three are located at 1711 100th Street in North Battleford.
+ Owned by the Jim Pattison Group, the station signed on in 2001.
+ CJCQ also has a rebroadcaster operating in Meadow Lake at 104.5 FM with the callsign CJCQ-FM-1.
+
+= = = San Fernando Airport (Argentina) = = =
+
+ San Fernando Airport () is located southwest of the center of San Fernando, a northwest suburb of Buenos Aires in Argentina. The airport is operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000.
+ The airport covers an area of . The runway length includes displaced thresholds of on Runway 05 and on Runway 23. Approaches to the airport are over dense urban population.
+ The San Fernando VOR-DME (Ident: FDO) is located on the field. The El Palomar non-directional beacon (Ident: L) is located south-southwest of the airport.
+
+= = = Charlie Nagreen = = =
+
+ Charles R. Nagreen (2 May 1870 – 5 June 1951), known as "Hamburger Charlie", was an American claimant to the title of inventor of the hamburger.
+ Born in Hortonville, Wisconsin, Nagreen was a 15-year-old vendor at the 1885 Seymour Fair. After not experiencing success selling meatballs, he had an idea. Knowing that the visitors to the fair would be hungry after gazing at the exhibits but wouldn't be able to walk and eat, he smashed a meatball and placed it between two slices of bread. His idea was a success and he returned every year until his death in Appleton, Wisconsin, 1951.
+ The name of the hamburger came from the idea of "Hamburg steak", or ground beef. Since this was a popular item in Seymour at the time of the 1885 fair, Nagreen decided to call the sandwich the "Hamburger". This version of events is supported by local history organizations.
+
+= = = Remstar = = =
+
+ Remstar Group (French: Groupe Remstar) is a Canadian media corporation with operations in broadcasting, production and distribution. The company is based in Montreal, Quebec and was founded in 1998 by brothers Julien and Maxime Rémillard.
+ Through its divisions "Remstar Productions" and "Remstar Distribution", the company produces and distributes film and television series throughout Canada and around the world. The company also owns its own music label, "Remstar Interaction".
+ V Media Group, currently majority-owned by Maxime Rémillard through Remstar and a personal trust, owns the television network V, which Remstar originally acquired from Cogeco and CTVglobemedia in June 2008 after it filed for bankruptcy protection.
+ On December 4, 2013, V Media Group announced a deal to acquire MusiquePlus and MusiMax, which Bell Media had put up for sale following its acquisition of Astral Media earlier in the year. The acquisition was approved by the CRTC on September 11, 2014; to fund the purchase, 15% stakes in V Media were sold to the Caisse and Fonds de solidarité FTQ. The sale was closed on September 16, 2014.
+
+= = = 1998 Clemson Tigers football team = = =
+
+ The 1998 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University during the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season.
+
+= = = Moose Clabaugh = = =
+
+ John William Clabaugh (November 13, 1901 in Albany, Missouri – July 11, 1984 in Tucson, Arizona), was a former professional baseball player who played outfield for the Brooklyn Robins during the 1926 season.
+
+= = = Mason-Dixon Collegiate Hockey Association = = =
+
+ The Mason-Dixon Collegiate Hockey Association (MDCHA) is an ACHA Division III club ice hockey league that comprises smaller colleges and universities in the Mid-Atlantic region USA. Division III club hockey offers smaller colleges and universities the opportunity to field competitive hockey teams without the financial burden of higher divisions or NCAA levels.
+
+= = = Solid-state fan = = =
+
+ A solid-state fan is a device used to produce an airflow with no moving parts. Such a device may use the principle of electro-aerodynamic pumping, which is based on corona discharge.
+ It has advantages over mechanical fans such as that it is noiseless and more reliable.
+
+= = = Gus Felix = = =
+
+ August Guenther Felix (May 24, 1895 – May 12, 1960) was an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves and Brooklyn Robins between 1923 and 1927.
+
+= = = Dallas Diamonds = = =
+
+ The Dallas Diamonds was a women's professional American football team in the Women's Football Alliance (WFA). The Diamonds were made up of 46 players and a coaching staff of 10. The Diamonds won four national championships; the first three were all obtained during their membership in the Women's Professional Football League (WPFL) which was dissolved in 2008, and the fourth was in their first season in the Independent Women's Football League.
+ The Diamonds franchise started in 2002 by owner Dawn Berndt. During the inaugural season, the Diamonds finished with a 5-5 record. The following season, the Diamonds improved to 8-2 and entered the playoffs as a wild card team. They lost on their home field, Birdville Fine Arts Complex, to the Florida Stingrays who moved on to lose in the championship game.
+ In 2004, the Diamonds recruited a solid rookie class and moved through the season undefeated. The Diamonds marched through the playoffs defeating the Houston Energy, SoCal Scorpions and eventually Northern Ice for their first title.
+ In 2005, the Diamonds continued the winning streak and finished the season undefeated. In the playoffs, they defeated the Houston Energy, SoCal Scorpions and New York Dazzles for their second title.
+ In 2006, the winning continued until the Diamonds broke the WPFL record with 33 straight wins. The loss came to the rival Houston Energy in Houston, TX. The league reorganized in 2006 and separated these two power house teams into different conferences. This provided what had been the two best teams statistically with an opportunity to face in the championship game. Both teams reached the Championship and fought back and forth with multiple lead changes until the Diamonds pulled ahead 34-27 early in the 4th quarter and never relinquished the lead.
+ In 2007, injuries and retirement plagued the franchise. In their first regular season without a playoff berth, management took a different approach. Offering her players an opportunity to play in a new league, several players came out of retirement to join the IWFL in 2008. Playing the Chicago Force in Chicago, the Diamonds won the 2008 IWFL Championship. The Diamonds currently play at Pennington Field in Bedford, Texas and have the most active message board in women's football at www.dallasdiamondsfootball.com.
+ In 2009, the Diamonds finished another regular season undefeated, winning the South Atlantic Division title. However, another IWFL title was not in the cards, as they lost the Eastern Conference Semifinals to the Boston Militia, 34-14.
+ In 2010, the Diamonds won another division title, this time finishing first in the Midwest Division at 7-1. Though they defeated the Chicago Force 27-20 in the Western Conference Semifinals, they would lose to the Sacramento Sirens 45-43 in the conference title game.
+ For the 2011-2013 seasons, the Diamonds played in the Women's Football Alliance.
+ Jessica Springer was the Diamond's starting running back and linebacker. In 2004, she was the WPFL Howington Award Winner which is awarded to the league MVP. She runs a 4.88 40-yd dash and holds powerlifting records in both the bench press and dead lift in her weight category. She retired briefly during 2007 and returned for the last half of the season. The Diamonds did not make it into the playoffs in 2007 and Springer returned in her best form for 2008. She led the league in TDs and averaged over 11 yards per carry. During the championship game, she was the heart and soul of the team. She had an interception and every TD the Diamonds scored on offense came on the ground in Springer's hands. She carried the ball 9 times in OT and scored up the middle from 11 yards out to secure the Diamonds 4th ring in 5 years. She has been recognized by Neal Rozendaal as one of the best players in women's football.
+ Karen Seimears was the Diamond's starting quarterback from 2003-2010. The Diamonds were 53-3 with Seimears under center. She was named a starter for the Pro Bowl for each year she played. She was recognized by Neal Rozenhaal as one of the top quarterbacks in the women's game. During the 2007 season, Seimears walked the sidelines as the offensive coach. She returned to the field for the 2008 season and led the Diamonds to their 4th title in 5 seasons. Seimears coached again in 2010 while pregnant with her first son, Colton.
+ Shelley Burnson, OL; Aurelia Green, OL; and Karen Seimears, QB; Jessica Springer, RB/LB; & Ivette Young, LB are in the Diamond's Ring of Honor. Their numbers have been retired and are displayed at each Diamonds home game.
+ The Diamonds took on the Northern Ice in WPFL Championship Game VI. This took place in Long Beach, California on November 20, 2004. The final score was Dallas Diamonds 62, Northern Ice 13. Seimears threw 4 passing TDs and Dallas dominated on the ground as well. The MVP was Q Ragsdale, running back for Dallas.
+ The Diamonds played the New York Dazzles in WPFL Championship Game VII. This took place at the Birdville Fine Arts/Athletic Complex in North Richland Hills, Texas on November 19, 2005. The final score was 61-8, Diamonds.
+ The Diamonds played the Houston Energy in WPFL Championship Game VIII, which took place in Roswell, Georgia on November 4. 2006. Monica Foster and the Dallas defense took over in the second half after the Diamonds fell behind and dominated from her safety position with two late INTs to seal the win. The final score was 34-27, Diamonds
+ The Diamonds played the Chicago Force in IWFL Championship Game, which took place in Chicago, Illinois on July 25, 2008. The Diamonds won in overtime 35-29. Jessica Springer was the game MVP and announced her retirement after the game. Coach Todd Hughes also announced his retirement.
+!Totals || 105 || 18 || 0
+** = Won by forfeit
+** = Won by forfeit
+ Todd Haisten 2003-2004 Head Coach WPFL Championship 2004 Record 20-3
+ Todd Hughes 2003-2004 Offensive Coordinator, Head Coach 2005-2008
+ WPFL Championship 2005-2006, IWFL Championship 2008 Record 37-4
+ Pat Hughes Rec Coach 2004- Defensive Coordinator 2005-2008
+ Mikal Black 2004 Defensive Line Coach, And 1st asst. Brian Bishop HC 2009, 10-1 Patrick Hughes HC 2010-2011, 22-2, Karen Seimears OC 2010,
+ Ryan Hopkins RB/WR Coach 2010-2011, OC 2011.
+ Bobby Vadnais 2010 Defensive Coordinator, 2011 Head Coach 10-1
+ During the season, the Diamonds host a weekly talk-show formatted webcast. It is produced by BISD TV (Comcast channel 30 in Dallas/Fort Worth). The games are also often broadcast on Ustream.tv by BISD TV.
+
+= = = Gia Long Palace = = =
+
+ Gia Long Palace (), now officially the Hồ Chí Minh City Museum (Vietnamese language: "Bảo tàng Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh") is a historical site and museum in Hồ Chí Minh City (Saigon), Vietnam. The museum is situated at the corner of Lý Tự Trọng and Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa streets, located on 2 hectares of land, near the Independence Palace.
+ Construction of the palace began in 1885 and completed in 1890, and was designed by French architect Alfred Foulhoux to house the Museum of Commercial Trade, exhibiting products and goods of Southern Vietnam. However, the building soon became the residence of the Governor of Cochinchina, starting with Henri Éloi Danel (1850 - 1898).
+ In 1945, control of the palace changed hands several times. After the Japanese Imperial Army toppled the colonial regime of French Indochina on March 9, French governor Ernest Thimothée Hoeffel was arrested, and the palace became the residence for Japanese Governor Yoshio Minoda.
+ On August 14, the Japanese handed over the palace to its puppet Empire of Vietnam government, to be used as the residence of Lieutenant General Nguyễn Văn Sâm.
+ On August 25, the Việt Minh seized, arresting Nguyễn Văn Sâm and Secretary of the Office of the Lieutenant General Hồ Văn Ngà. After, the building became the headquarters of the Provisional Administrative Committee of Southern Vietnam, later renamed the "People's Committee of Southern Vietnam".
+ On September 10, Lt. Col. B. W. Roe (from the British military mission) occupied the palace and made it the Allied Mission headquarters, evicting the "People's Committee".
+ On October 5, the building was used by General Leclerc as the temporary headquarters of the High Commission for the French Republic in Indochina. After Admiral Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu from the High Commission selected Norodom Palace to be the Commission's new location, the palace was used as Leclerc's office, this time as the official headquarters of the Commissioner of the French Republic in Southern Vietnam.
+ After the French reconquest of Indochina, on June 2, 1948 the French government handed over the building to the Provisional Government of the State of Vietnam, establishing its headquarters there. It was later transformed into the Palace of the Premier, serving as official residence of the Premier of the State of Vietnam, starting with Premier Trần Văn Hữu.
+ On January 9, 1950, a large protest of over 6000 students and educational instructors demanded the release of students arrested for advocating Vietnamese independence. At 13:00, Premier Trần Văn Hữu ordered the police to quash the protest, arresting 150 people, injuring 30, and 1 student, Trần Văn Ơn from Petrus Ký High School, died from his injuries. Trần Văn Ơn's funeral on January 12, 1950, had 25,000 attendees.
+ From June 26 to September 7, 1954, this palace was used as the temporary official residence of the Prime Minister (Ngô Đình Diệm), since Norodom Palace was still occupied by French High Commissioner Gen. Paul Ely. Bảo Đại renamed the palace to Gia Long Palace, and its street was renamed Gia Long Street (from La Grandìere). This was also the last residence of President of the Republic of Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm, beginning 27 February 1962 after Norodom Palace was bombed and partially destroyed by mutinous Air Force pilots. Diệm had been Prime Minister since 1954, and president since 1955, but originally lived in the Independence Palace until it was bombed by two mutinous pilots of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. As a result, Diệm had to relocate, and ordered a new palace to be built, moving to Gia Long Palace in the interim. It was the last place Diệm worked before his assassination on 2 November 1963 in a coup d'etat.
+ The Supreme Court of the Republic of Vietnam (Tối cao Pháp viện Việt Nam Cộng hòa) was housed in the Palace, from October 31, 1966 to April 30, 1975, the Fall of Saigon.
+ After the North Vietnamese communist invasion of South Vietnam, on 12 August 1978 the Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee ordered that the former Supreme Court be used as the Ho Chi Minh City Revolutionary Museum (Bảo tàng Cách mạng Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh), a propaganda museum, later renamed to its current name on 13 December 1999.
+ The 2-floored palace building covers an area over 1700 m², using classical Baroque architecture with European and Oriental influences. The flooring, staircases and halls were European-styled, while the roof was Oriental-inspired. Surrounding the palace is a trapezoid-shaped flower garden, with 4 pathways.
+ The front face of the roof is decorated with grotesques. Other exterior structural designs include symbolic chickens representing daytime and owls for nighttime and ring-enclosed white flowers. Many other motifs embossed on the roof is a combination of Greek mythological symbols, iconic plants and tropical animals such as lizards and birds flying or expanding its wings.
+ Diệm commissioned the construction of three extremely deep tunnels leading from the palace to other parts of the city so that he and important government officials/military figures could escape in the event of a coup. During the 1963 coup d'etat, Diệm is widely believed to have used one of these escape routes to escape the siege on the palace, which caused considerable damage. He fled to a supporter's house in Cholon but was captured and executed a day later. The successor presidents still worked there until the completion of re-built Independence Palace, in 1966. The tunnels were 2.2 m high, with cast reinforced concrete (170 kg of iron / 1 m of concrete). Walls were 1 m thick, with 6 iron vault doors for entry and exit. The tunnels had 2 downward stairs, leading to a basement with 6 rooms totalling 1392.3 m², which included conference rooms, offices, bathrooms, electrical rooms. The Presidential Office and Presidential Adviser's Offices were equipped with battery banks for uninterruptible power supply, portable radios, RCA transceivers. There are two exit tunnels that run towards Le Thanh Ton Street as well as six ventilation holes and numerous sewage drainages.
+
+= = = Ernest Cabo = = =
+
+ Ernest Mesmin Lucien Cabo (15 December 1932 in Sainte-Rose, Guadeloupe – 28 November 2019 in Basse-Terre) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Basse-Terre in Guadeloupe from 1984 to 2008.
+ Cabo was ordained a priest in 1964 and on 2 July 1984 succeeded Siméon Oualli as the bishop of Basse-Terre. He retired on 15 May 2008 and was succeeded by the bishop of Pontoise, Jean-Yves Riocreux, who was appointed bishop of Basse-Terre in June 2012 and took up the post in September 2012.
+
+= = = Garden City School District = = =
+
+ Garden City School District is the school district for Garden City, Michigan. It serves grades K-12, and its Superintendent is Derek Fisher.
+ It is believed that the first school located on the land that is now Garden City was a log cabin built between 1840-1845. In 1847, a one-room, frame school called the East Nankin School was built. In about 1924, not too long after the formation of Garden City, four two-room frame school buildings were constructed, and just 5 years later a law was passed forming a school district for the village of Garden City.
+ Between 1948 and 1959, nine elementary schools were constructed due to a rapid population growth of students. By 1968, 14,000 students were enrolled in its fifteen schools. Today, Garden City holds four elementary schools, one middle school, one high school, two special education schools, and an alternative high school.
+ Located on 6500 Middlebelt Road, Garden City High School (Michigan) houses grades 9-12. Its principal is Sharon Kollar, and its associate principals are Parker Salowich II, and Steve Herman.
+ Located on 1851 Radcliff Street, Garden City Middle School houses grades 7-8. Its principal is Kip O'Leary, and its associate principal is Kimberly Linenger.
+ Located on 28351 Marquette Street, Lathers houses preschool and kindergarten. Its principal is Susan Ford.
+ Located on 30001 Marquette Street, Memorial houses first and second grades. Its principal is Max Timber .
+ Located on 6400 Hartel, Douglas houses third and fourth grades. Its principal is James Bohnwagner.
+ Located on 33411 Marquette Street, Farmington houses fifth and sixth grades. Its principal is Lesley Van Sickle.
+ Formerly Henry Ruff Elementary, located on 30300 Maplewood Street, its director is Tim Mcluffin
+ Located on 28901 Cambridge Street, Cambridge is an alternative education high school, serving grades 9-12. Its principal is Debbie Eves.
+ Garden City's only school not located in Garden City, Burger Baylor focuses on students with autism spectrum. It is located on 28865 Carlysle Street Inkster, Michigan.
+
+= = = 0B = = =
+
+ 0B (zero B) or 0-B may refer to:
+
+= = = KPRK = = =
+
+ KPRK (1340 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Livingston, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and the broadcast license is held by Townsquare Media Bozeman License, LLC. KPRK airs a talk radio format, simulcasting sister station KMMS.
+ Previous formats included country, Saturday night Rock and Roll, and Sunday morning Big Band. During the weekdays a segment of the afternoon shift was dedicated to local callers to hawk their goods with free advertising through the "Swap Shop" segment. Broadcasts started around 5:30AM local time with the broadcast day ending at midnight. KPRK also broadcast local high school sports, rodeos and fairs. Several locals were also familiar faces or voices on the station for many years. KPRK also broadcast local news three times a day with the local court report during that time. KPRK staff received several awards for their news contributions to the Montana AP for news reports gathered during 1999. The former country music slogan was "Cool Country 1340 KPRK". The station also featured an uninterrupted "Cool Country Triple Play" where two newer songs were played followed by a "Hit from Yesterday", otherwise known as a country classic.
+ As of 2019, KPRK is simulcasting it's News/Talk sister station KMMS.
+ The station was assigned the KPRK call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.
+ In February 2008, Colorado-based GAPWEST Broadcasting completed the acquisition of 57 radio stations in 13 markets in the Pacific Northwest-Rocky Mountain region from Clear Channel Communications. The deal, valued at a reported $74 million, included six Bozeman stations, seven in Missoula and five in Billings. Other stations in the deal are located in Shelby, Montana, and in Casper and Cheyenne, Wyoming, plus Pocatello and Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yakima, Washington. GapWest was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.
+ Previous owners include Jan Lambert, Marathon Media, and Clear Channel.
+ The KPRK radio building in Livingston is on the National Register of Historic Places. To the right of the front door, a plaque says that Missoula architect William Fox designed the building, complete with the "stylized radio tower" above the front door, in 1946.
+ According to reports in the "Livingston Enterprise", Gap West has stopped broadcasting from the historic building. All broadcasts are now fed from the Bozeman, MT studios.
+
+= = = Gilbert Marie Michel Méranville = = =
+
+ Gilbert Marie Michel Méranville (4 February 1936) is the Roman Catholic archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Fort-de-France in Martinique. Archbishop Méranville was ordained a priest in 1959, and on 14 November 2003, he succeeded Archbishop Maurice Rigobert Marie-Sainte as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Fort-de-France. His resignation for age reasons was accepted by Pope Francis on Saturday, 7 March 2015. That day, Pope named Father David Macaire, O.P., prior of the Dominican convent of La Sainte-Baume, in Toulon, France, as Archbishop-elect of Fort-de-France. He will be consecrated and installed as archbishop at a date in the near future.
+
+= = = Kulad = = =
+
+ Kulad may refer to:
+
+= = = Filipinos in Germany = = =
+
+ The tens of thousands of Filipinos in Germany consist of people from various walks of life, including migrant workers in the medical sector and marine-based industries, as well as a number of women married to German men they met through international marriage agencies.
+ The history of Filipinos in Germany goes back to the 19th century; national hero José Rizal lived in Germany for some time and finished writing his famous novel "Noli Me Tangere" while living there, and published it with the assistance of professor Ferdinand Blumentritt; the house where Rizal lived in Berlin sports a commemorative plaque, and efforts are underway to purchase the building from its owner. Mass migration from the Philippines to Germany began in the late 1960s, with large numbers of Filipina nurses taking up employment in German hospitals; however, with the onset of the 1973 oil crisis, German recruitment of "gastarbeiter" largely came to a halt. Immigration through marriage began in the 1980s, with roughly 1,000 women a year applying at the Philippine Embassy for a Certificate of Legal Capacity to Contract Marriage up until 1990.
+ Reliable estimates on the number of Filipinos in Germany are difficult to obtain. The German embassy to the Philippines estimated that 35,000 Philippine citizens worked in Germany as of 2008, and that another 30,000 had naturalised as German citizens. Roughly 1,300 Filipinos acquire German citizenship each year. Official figures of the Federal Statistical Office of Germany showed 23,171 Filipinos residing in the country as of 2003; that number did not include Filipinos naturalised as German citizens, nor those who resided in the country illegally. A 2007 study by scholars of the Philippine Migration Research Network suggested that the number of illegal residents might be as high as 40,000. However, the Philippine consulate-general claims that the number of Filipinos illegally residing in Germany is very small. As a result of the early female-dominated migration of nurses and international marriage agencies in West Germany, the Filipino community is heavily gender-imbalanced, with nearly 3.5 women for every man, according to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Only in Hamburg is this ratio reversed.
+ Filipinos in Germany have established more than one hundred civic organisations. Karaoke contests are a particularly popular form of social gathering. Church-based volunteer work is also widespread and has been particularly successful in encouraging social engagement by female migrants, aimed at assisting the local Filipino community as well as raising money for charity projects in the Philippines. Filipinos are well-integrated into German society, viewed by their neighbours as hardworking, skillful and peaceful. According to a 1997 survey by the Netherlands' Universiteit van Tilburg, 75% feel they have no problems with cultural or linguistic adjustment.
+
+= = = Leland College = = =
+
+ Leland College was founded in 1870 as a college for blacks in New Orleans, Louisiana, but was open to all races. After its original buildings burned in 1923, it was relocated near Baker, Louisiana. The school closed in 1960 because of financial difficulties.
+ The area of the Baker campus, comprising four contributing properties and one non-contributing building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 10, 1982.
+ The college facilities were already derelict at the time of listing. In the early 21st century, only the ruins of the two dormitories can be seen faintly through trees. Frame classroom, the President's House, and the Concrete Classrom all disappeared at some time.
+
+= = = Did I Shave My Legs for This? (song) = = =
+
+ "Did I Shave My Legs for This?" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Deana Carter. It was released in November 1997 as the sixth single and title track from the album "Did I Shave My Legs for This?". The song reached #25 on the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Carter and Rhonda Hart.
+ The song humorously describes about a marriage that is obviously opposite of one in a traditional manner, particularly because the wife -- the female narrator -- fantasizes of a luxurious lifestyle. The wife explains that, after finishing a supposed hectic workday, she undergoes a feminine makeover (supposedly at a local spa). She returns to a deteriorating mobile home, where she and her husband reside, with high expectations that her husband will provide her a romantically intimate evening, only to find herself unenthusiastically preparing supper for him while he watches television and consumes beer and clearly not caring to display any sympathy towards his wife.
+
+= = = Christian McLeer = = =
+
+ Christian McLeer, an American composer is a graduate of the Juilliard Conservatory Pre-College, and Manhattan School of Music. At the age of fourteen he received his first major commission for the American Cancer Society for which he wrote and performed "Hope" in concert. Since then, he has composed a number of works that have been commissioned and recorded including his one-act opera "House of Comedy", an avant-garde piece entitled "Feedback Parade", the ballet "The Grandfather Clocks", and the opera "Haibo". His composition "Musing" is included on acclaimed flutist Sophia Anastasia's CD of the same name and "Hope" is included on the CD Encores 2 by the world-renowned pianist Anna Marie Bottazzi. His work, "Black Lung" was included on the 60x60 project. As a concert pianist Christian has performed at many respected venues including Weill-Carnegie Hall, Steinway Hall, Merkin Concert Hall and the New Orleans Astro Dome. He has also performed as a conductor with the New Music Consort. An accomplished classical, jazz, pop and rock musician, he is recognized as having the ability to unite these genres in his compositions. He co-founded the Remarkable Theater Brigade and is the musical director at Jan Hus Presbyterian Church. He currently is a high school chorus teacher.
+
+= = = Malaysia–United States Free Trade Agreement = = =
+
+ The Malaysia-US Free Trade Agreement is a proposed treaty between Malaysia and the United States of America. The treaty aims to liberalise each other markets to parties of the agreement and directly encourage trade between the two countries. At the time of proposal in 2005, the US was Malaysia's largest trading partner while Malaysia is the 10th largest trading partner for the US. Negotiation began in June 2005.
+ The Malaysian delegation was led by then Minister of International Trade and Industry, Rafidah Abdul Aziz and the US delegation was led by United States Trade Representative Rob Portman and his deputy, Ambassador Karan K. Bhatia.
+ On January 2009, International Trade and Industry Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that negotiations on a free trade agreement have been suspended temporarily. This action was made as a protest against the American support of an Israeli invasion of Gaza but he had not yet officially informed the Cabinet regarding this. He had been persuaded by the Prime Minister to brief the Cabinet on his decision.
+ The negotiations hanged in the balance as US gave priority to regional economic association, particularly the Trans-Pacific Strategic Partnership.
+ Several rounds were held to discuss matters that proved to be sticky for both sides. The US was working to achieve an agreement before the Trade Promotion Authority lapsed in July 2007; the TPA is an authority granted by the US Congress to the US President to fast track free trade negotiations between the US and foreign states. Despite the deadlines, both the US and the Malaysian sides were unable to move forward and hence, negotiation is still ongoing.
+ The issues affecting the negotiation are high tariffs imposed on imported US goods compared to imported Malaysian goods, restriction of import of motor vehicles into Malaysia, government procurement based on New Economic Policy which favours the local Malays, export subsidies, intellectual property rights, pharmaceutical, barriers in various services, investment requirements which is again related to the NEP and transparency in governance.
+ The free trade agreement has received opposition, particularly from the Consumers' Association of Penang.
+ The CAP was rallying for the end of negotiations, saying that it would have serious impact on the country on many issues, such as:
+
+= = = William Hatch (New Hampshire politician) = = =
+
+ William Hatch (D) is a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.
+ He resides in Gorham, New Hampshire, and serves as vice chair of the House's Ways and Means Committee. He represents the area of Coos County, District 03, which includes the towns of Gorham and Shelburne, as well as some unincorporated areas.
+
+= = = Norwich City railway station = = =
+
+ Norwich City railway station was located in Norwich, England and is now closed.
+ The station was opened in 1882 by the Lynn and Fakenham Railway, and later became the southern terminus of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway (MG&N) line from Melton Constable. The station became well-used, with services to Cromer and through-carriages to a range of destinations including Peterborough and Leicester.
+ The station was badly bombed in the Baedeker raids of 1942 when the main building was largely destroyed. The station was further damaged, along with St Philips Church, when a badly damaged USAF B24 Liberator bomber was deliberately crashed there to avoid greater loss of life. Thereafter, the station operated from "temporary" buildings constructed on the site. It was closed to passengers on 2 March 1959 along with most of the Midland & Great Northern system, although the station remained in use for goods traffic until 1969.
+ The old Norwich City station stood where today's roundabout is situated on the Inner link road A147 which links Barn Road with St Crispins Road close to Anglia Square.
+ The amateur group Friends of Norwich City Station (FONCS) has been set up to preserve what is left of the station and surrounding buildings. Current work is focused on the platform area. The Platform 1 wall has been discovered and the bay area has been cleared of undergrowth. The hope for the future is to uncover all the railway related parts to the area and turn it into a memorial garden. They are also documenting all those who served the station. Interpretation boards will be erected, some illustrating old photographs of the site. M&GN benches are hoped to also accompany these.
+
+= = = Laurent Fuahea = = =
+
+ Laurent Lolesio Fuahea (5 September 1927 – 2 December 2011) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Diocese of Wallis et Futuna from 1974 until 2005. Fuahea was born in Hihifo, Wallis and became the bishop in the Roman Catholic Church on 16 July 1972. He was ordained a priest in 1957 and succeeded Michel-Maurice-Augustin-Marie Darmancier as bishop of Wallis and Futuna on 25 April 1974. He was succeeded by Ghislain Marie Raoul Suzanne de Rasilly.
+
+= = = KMMS (AM) = = =
+
+ KMMS (1450 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Bozeman, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media, licensed to Townsquare Media Bozeman License, LLC. It airs a news/talk format.
+ All Townsquare Media Bozeman studios are located at 125 West Mendenhall Street, downtown Bozeman. The KMMS transmitter site is on East Griffin, north of Bozeman.
+ The station was assigned the KMMS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on July 14, 1991.
+ In February 2008, Colorado-based GAPWEST Broadcasting completed the acquisition of 57 radio stations in 13 markets in the Pacific Northwest-Rocky Mountain region from Clear Channel Communications. The deal, valued at a reported $74 million, included six Bozeman stations, seven in Missoula and five in Billings. Other stations in the deal are located in Shelby, Montana, and in Casper and Cheyenne, Wyoming, plus Pocatello and Twin Falls, Idaho, and Yakima, Washington. GapWest was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.
+
+= = = Jean Borthayre = = =
+
+ Jean Borthayre (25 May 1901, Musculdy - 25 April 1984, Montmorency) was a French operatic baritone, particularly associated with the French and Italian repertories.
+ Mainly self-taught, Borthayre began his career singing as a soloist in a Basque choir, touring Europe. In about 1936, he began studying voice with his wife Marie-Louise, daughter of bass Louis Azéma. He made his operatic debut in 1941, at the Capitole de Toulouse, as Hérode in "Hérodiade", where he remained until 1945.
+ After the war, he began appearing at various opera houses throughout France, Bordeaux, Marseille, Strasbourg, etc. He made his debut at both the Paris Opéra and the Opéra-Comique in 1951, as Valentin in "Faust", and Zurga in "Les pêcheurs de perles", respectively. He was to sing at these two theatres until 1968.
+ Borthayre was largely based in France, singing little abroad, and became the epitome of the "French Style" of singing, meaning essentially impeccable diction and musical refinement. He also enjoyed considerable success in Verdi roles, such as Rigoletto, Germont, Renato, etc., which in his days were mainly sung in the national language in France.
+ Borthayre can be heard in a few complete opera recordings, notably; "Les pêcheurs de perles", opposite Mattiwilda Dobbs, "Lakmé", opposite Mado Robin, "Faust" and "Manon", opposite Victoria de los Ángeles.
+
+= = = Posa = = =
+
+ Posa may refer to:
+
+= = = Filipinos in Kuwait = = =
+
+ Filipinos in Kuwait are either migrants from or descendants of the Philippines living in Kuwait. As of 2012, there are roughly 180,000 of these Filipinos in Kuwait. Most people in the Filipino community are migrant workers, and approximately 60% of Filipinos in Kuwait are employed as domestic workers.
+ In 2016, Kuwait was the sixth-largest destination of Overseas Filipino workers, with 90,000 hired or rehired in the nation in 2011, and accordingly Kuwait has been an important source of remittances back to the Philippines, with over $105 million USD being remitted in 2009. Nine Filipino banks have correspondent accounts with banks in Kuwait to allow for remittance transfers.
+ There is a Filipino Worker's Resource Center (FWRC) located in Jabriya, and it provides refuge for Filipino workers in Kuwait who have "[experienced] various forms of maltreatment from their employers such as fatigue, non-payment of salaries," as well as "lack of food [and] physical, verbal and sexual abuse". Through assistance from the FWRC, the Philippine Embassy in Kuwait, the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, and Overseas Workers' Welfare Administration, hundreds of Filipinos in Kuwait have been repatriated to the Philippines due to these issues.
+ Filipino domestic servants in Kuwait are the most expensive overseas servants that can be hired, due to a minimum wage requirement by the Filipino government as well as high costs from recruitment agencies. Minimum monthly wage of a Filipino maid is KWD 110 per month (US$365), with an initial recruitment cost of KWD 850 (US$2825), with the price varying based on previous experience.
+ Kuwait had the largest number of voters registered under the Overseas Absentee Voting Act eligible to vote in the 2013 Philippine general election. Philippine holidays such as Independence Day, commemorating the Philippine Declaration of Independence, are celebrated in Kuwait. Religious events, such as the Catholic festivities honoring Our Lady of Peñafrancia as well as the Muslim holiday Eid al-Adha are celebrated by their respective Filipino Catholic and Filipino Muslim communities.
+
+= = = Beat Glogger = = =
+
+ Beat Glogger (born 12 March 1960) is a Swiss science journalist, television host, and author.
+ He studied biology and biochemistry in Zurich, graduated as a journalism major, and went on to present MTW, a popular Swiss science TV programme. In 2006 he was nominated for the Descartes Prize in Science Communication awarded by the European Commission; in 2008 he was named the Science Journalist of the Year.
+ He wrote fiction as well as science; his novel, "Xenesis" was awarded the Media Prix in 2005 by the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, and published in Czech and Slovak as well as the original German. Another novel, "Lauf um mein Leben", was published in 2008.
+
+= = = HMS Codrington (D65) = = =
+
+ HMS "Codrington" was one of nine built for the Royal Navy during the 1920s. She was the flotilla leader for the class. During the Second World War she served in Home waters and off the Norwegian coast, before being bombed and sunk on 27 July 1940 whilst in dock at Dover.
+ HMS "Codrington" was ordered on 6 March 1928 from the yards of Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend, under the 1927 Naval Estimates. She was laid down on 20 June 1928 and was launched a year later on 8 August 1929. She was commissioned on 4 June 1930. After carrying out acceptance trials throughout February 1930, she was assigned to operate with the Mediterranean and Home Fleets. She has so far been the only ship of the Royal Navy to be named HMS "Codrington", after Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, commander of the allied fleet at the Battle of Navarino.
+ "Codrington" was a flotilla leader and therefore larger than the other A-class destroyers. Her bridge structure was larger to provide the additional accommodation required for the Flotilla Staff. She displaced with an overall length of , a beam of and a draught of . She was fitted with turbine machinery giving a speed of on trials carried out in February 1930. Some smaller weapons were fitted for use against aircraft. The ship had two quadruple torpedo tube mountings and for attacks on submarines was fitted with four depth charge chutes and two throwers, and an additional gun fitted between the two funnels. She spent a period in the reserve at Devonport Naval Base, but was refitted in 1938, being recommissioned on completion of the refit in August 1939 in time to participate in the Second World War.
+ After being recommissioned after her refit, "Codrington" was nominated as the leader of the 19th Destroyer Flotilla, as part of the Nore Command. She then took passage to Sheerness to take up her war station. She sailed to Dover in September and on 4 September began to escort the convoys carrying the British Expeditionary Force to France. She remained in the English Channel throughout October, before being transferred to Harwich to defend against a perceived threat of a German attack on the Low Countries. She was back in Dover in December, and on 4 December "Codrington" embarked King George VI and transported him to Boulogne for his visit to the British Expeditionary Force in France. "Codrington" re-embarked him on 10 December and brought him back to Dover. On 22 December, she joined the escort – consisting of , and – for the auxiliary minelayer "Princess Victoria" during a minelay in the Dover Barrage.
+ 1940 saw "Codrington" continue to host VIPs, as on 4 January, she embarked Winston Churchill (then First Lord of the Admiralty) on a visit to France. In February, she was nominated as the flotilla leader of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla based at Harwich, replacing , which had been sunk by a mine on 19 January. On 5 February, she carried Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill and several high-ranking military leaders to Boulogne for a war council meeting in Paris. "Codrington" then put into Chatham Dockyard for a refit.
+ On completion of the refit, she joined the flotilla at Harwich on 6 March and began convoy defence and patrol duties in the North Sea. In April, she was transferred for detached service with the Home Fleet after the German invasion of Norway. On 7 April, "Codrington" was deployed with the destroyers , , , , "Brazen", , , and as a screen for the battleships and , the battlecruiser and the French light cruiser . The fleet was to cover planned operations off Norway, including Operation Rupert, a minelaying mission to prevent German ships carrying iron ore. The operation was overtaken though by the sudden German invasion the following day on 8 April. "Codrington" came under air attack on 9 April whilst with the fleet, and was detached to return to Sullom Voe for refuelling.
+ She was back in action on 14 April, being deployed with and as part of the screen for "Valiant" and the heavy cruiser , which were escorting military convoys transporting troops and stores for the planned landings in Norway. On 28 April, "Codrington" embarked Admiral of the Fleet, the Earl of Cork and Orrery and the French General Antoine Béthouart. They carried out a reconnaissance of the Narvik area, in preparation for the later assaults by allied troops. During the survey, "Codrington" carried out bombardments of enemy gun positions.
+ She was released from the Home Fleet deployment off Norway in May, and on 10 May took passage to Dover to support the evacuation of allied personnel from Belgium and the Netherlands. She managed to complete the passage from Scapa Flow to Dover in just 23 hours. She refuelled on 11 May and began patrolling off the Dutch and Belgian coasts. On 13 May, she embarked members of the Dutch Royal Family at IJmuiden and carried them to safety in the UK. She returned to deploying out of Harwich on 15 May, and on 27 May she deployed with , and to intercept German surface craft attempting to attack Allied ships. She was then transferred to Dover Command to assist in Operation Dynamo, the Dunkirk evacuation. On 28 May she embarked 866 troops from the beaches, and took on survivors from the coaster with "Grenade" and and took them to Dover. She made a second trip on 29 May, embarking 766 troops, and a third on 30 May, embarking 799 troops. A fourth trip followed on 31 May, when she embarked 909 troops, landing 440 at Dover. 1 June saw her taking 746 troops back to Dover, and her final run on 2 June brought 878 troops back to the UK. "Codrington" was one of the few destroyers that had escaped major damage and was able to continue supporting operations after the evacuation had been completed.
+ "Codrington" was deployed at Dover on 3 June, carrying out patrols in the Channel, and covering the evacuations from the French Channel ports. On 12 June, she was deployed as the base of the Senior Naval Officer (Afloat) during Operation Cycle, the troop evacuation from Le Havre, returning to Portsmouth once it had been completed. On 15 June, she was supporting the continuing military evacuation from French ports, and remained on patrol against attempts to intercept allied shipping in the North Sea and English Channel.
+ In July 1940 "Codrington" was deployed out of Dover for convoy defence and patrol duties in the English Channel. She put into port near the end of the month for a boiler clean, alongside the depot ship in the Submarine Basin. The port came under air attack on 27 July and a bomb fell alongside "Codrington". The subsequent explosion broke her back and she sank. She had only three men wounded. The sinking was not made public until 18 May 1945. The wreck was still evident in 1947.
+
+= = = Avon High School (Connecticut) = = =
+
+ Avon High School is a public high school in Avon, Connecticut, United States, serving grades 9–12. The student population is about 1100. The school has undergone extensive renovations over the last 20 years. The school started its latest renovation project in 2006, which was completed in the fall of 2008. The latest renovation included the addition of classrooms, a second gymnasium, a new kitchen and cafeteria, orchestra room, several media centers, and interior cosmetic changes. An indoor track and a softball field were proposed, but were canceled due to a lack of funding. The school was also renovated during 1996 and 1997. The most recent renovations (2018-2019) done to the football field and track, replacing the grass field with turf and replacing the track. The principal for the 2018-2019 school year is Michael Renkawitz. On August 11, 2016, Newsweek ranked Avon High School as the 116th best public high school in the United States.
+ Academic departments include Math, Social Studies, English, Science, World Languages, Health, Visual Arts, Music, and Physical Education. There are 67 subject area teachers.
+ In order to graduate, students of the class of 2018 (the class of 2019 faces updated graduation requirements) and earlier must earn a minimum of 22.5 credits according to the following distribution:
+ Arts offerings include music, visual arts, and theater arts.
+ The music offerings at Avon High School have expanded in recent years. Ensembles currently include:
+ Bands
+ Choirs
+ Orchestras
+ Other musical opportunities include the jazz band, American School Band Directors Association festivals, American Choral Directors Association festivals, Northern Regional and All-State Festivals, and the New England Music Festival Association's festival (NEMFA).
+ The Avon High website notes that, "Avon High offers a great variety of extracurricular activities for students to get involved. A wide array of sports teams is well complemented by an eclectic mix of school clubs and groups." Popular extracurricular activities include Student Government, the Avon Volunteers On Newness (A.V.O.N.) Club, Diversity Club, FIRST Robotics Team, Katie's Club, Model United Nations, National Honor Society, Gay-Straight Alliance, debate club, cooking club, Peer Support Club, and Yearbook. The Model U.N. club has been successful in local and state level competitions, and the Robotics Team, the ÜberBots, regularly competes in local, New England, and International FIRST Competitions.
+ Avon High School has an extensive athletics program that frequently earns recognition in the North Central Connecticut Conference and the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference. Several athletes have earned All-American status. Offerings include cheerleading (co-ed), cross country (boys and girls), field hockey, football, soccer (boys and girls), volleyball, crew (boys and girls), basketball (boys and girls), ice hockey (joint program with Farmington and Windsor), swimming and diving (boys and girls), wrestling (co-ed), baseball, golf (boys and girls), lacrosse (boys and girls), softball, tennis (boys and girls), and track (boys and girls).
+ Facilities for field hockey, football, cheerleading, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, track, and girls lacrosse are located at the high school. Boys lacrosse and girls tennis play at the middle school. Soccer, softball, and cross country have home bases at the Fisher Meadow recreational facility. Baseball plays at the Buckingham recreational facility. The crew team's home base is at the Batterson Park recreational facility in Farmington, CT.
+ Strong sports rivals include Canton High School, Farmington High School, Simsbury High School, and Suffield High School.
+ The crew team, despite from being a new addition to the school (founded in 2007), has won multiple Connecticut Public Schools Rowing Association Championship races, as well as many local races and titles. They often participate in the Head of the Charles Regatta.
+ Avon High School's Club Sport, Ultimate Frisbee, has had success, with the Avon Falcons winning the Division II State Championship (2015) for Ultimate Frisbee after only three years of being present at AHS.
+ Source: CIAC. http://www.casciac.org/
+
+= = = Topo (DC Comics) = = =
+
+ Topo is a fictional character that has appeared in various comic books published by DC Comics, notable as a loyal sidekick to Aquaman and often aids him and his allies in combat.
+ Topo first appears in "Adventure Comics" vol 1 #229 and was created by Ramona Fradon.
+ As of current continuity there have been three different versions of the character which bear the name Topo. The first version is an intelligent octopus who is usually seen babysitting Aquababy to the best of his ability in the Pre-"Crisis" continuity. There is a second Topo who becomes an ally to the second Aquaman. He is an anthropomorphic squid-boy from Dyss, who helps Aquaman open portals throughout the ocean. All versions of the character has assisted Aquaman in his adventures and also appeared assisting other heroes as well.
+ The original Topo was born in or near the undersea continent of Atlantis where he became a favored pet of Aquaman. The creature appears to be gifted with an exceptional intelligence compared to that of an average octopus, and possesses superior dexterity and problem solving skills as well. Topo once demonstrated his skill with a bow and arrow, and was even known to have developed a keen ear for music; supposedly he was able to play several musical instruments simultaneously.
+ The second version of Topo appears in "Aquaman: Sword of Atlantis". This version is more humanoid in form, but still has many octopus-like abilities. His skin is grey with spots, and he has three fingers on each hand. His lower facial features, including mouth, are hidden behind six short tentacles. When Mera, Tempest and Cal Durham need to return to Sub Diego, he leads the group to hidden hatches that act as portals. Aquaman soon joins the group and Topo offers to lead them on a trip, but they are surprised by Baron Gargos who was at the behest of the Deep Church to kill them. After the fight with Gargos, they finally reach Sub Diego and notice that the city was dominated by Black Manta, who killed the local police and took Alonzo Malrey hostage to lure Orin. Realizing that it is not the original Aquaman, Black Manta orders his goons to shoot them all, Topo takes position and squirts ink as a distraction so they have a chance to escape.
+ In September 2011, "The New 52" rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Topo is reintroduced as a fearsome sea monster, a gigantic creature that is part octopus and part crab that only Aquaman can summon with a special conch. Aquaman summoned it to deal with the Scavenger, and uses his full telepathic power to unleash the creature on the Scavenger's fleet. However, this version of Topo is found to be too intelligent to be controlled by Aquaman's telepathy; while the creature managed to destroy the enemy submarines, the strain of mentally commanding Topo causes Aquaman to suffer from nosebleeding before passing out of consciousness.
+ Topo appears in DC Super Friends, Tiny Titans and Scooby-Doo Team Up comics.
+
+= = = Pacific 8 Intercollegiate Hockey Conference = = =
+
+ The Pacific 8 Intercollegiate Hockey Conference (PAC-8) is a collegiate men's ice hockey conference that competes in Division 2 of the American Collegiate Hockey Association.
+ The PAC-8 was originally only open to schools that belonged to the Pac-12 conference however for the 2018-19 season the league expanded to include affiliate members. These affiliate members included: Boise State, Eastern Washington, San Diego State, San Jose State and Western Washington. Because the conference spans the entire west coast a north and south division format was adopted.
+ According to the PAC-8 charter each season starts on October 1st of each year.
+ Along with the required conference schedule, teams schedule non-conference games against ACHA opponents for regional and national ranking consideration.
+ For the 2018-19 season, each team must play twelve conference games. At the end of the season the top four teams from the north and south divisions qualify for the playoffs.
+ In game play, the ACHA follows the NCAA Rulebook for ice hockey. For interconference games, the PAC-8 mostly follows the same rules for game times and structure. A notable difference is in cases of a tie game after regulation and a 5-minute sudden-death overtime period. If a winner is not determined in overtime, then a 5 man shoot-out will occur. During the Conference Championship tournament, overtime format is 20 minute sudden-death periods until a winner is determined.
+ North Division
+ South Division
+ The PAC-8 Championship Tournament is typically held the weekend before Presidents Day in February. The weekend also consists of the annual league meeting and the end of season awards banquet.
+ Totals
+
+= = = Kudryavtsev = = =
+
+ Kudryavtsev or Kudriavtsev (masculine) or Kudryavtseva (feminine) is a common surname in Russia. It is the last name of the following people:
+
+= = = List of Etruscan mythological figures = = =
+
+ This is a list of deities and legendary figures found in the Etruscan mythology.
+ The names below were taken mainly from Etruscan "picture bilinguals", which are Etruscan call-outs on art depicting mythological scenes or motifs. Several different media provide names. Variants of the names are given, reflecting differences in language in different localities and times.
+ Many of the names are Etruscan spellings (and pronunciations) of Greek names. The themes may or may not be entirely Greek. Etruscans frequently added their own themes to Greek myths. The same may be said of native Italic names rendered into Etruscan. Some names are entirely Etruscan. Which is often a topic of debate in the international forum of scholarship.
+
+= = = CFGW-FM = = =
+
+ CFGW-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format, at 94.1 FM in Yorkton, Saskatchewan. The station is owned by Harvard Broadcasting, and branded as "Fox FM". It has a sister station, CJGX. Both studios are located at 120 Smith Street East.
+ CFGW was licensed in 2000 and began broadcasting in 2001.
+
+= = = Man of Many Minds = = =
+
+ Man of Many Minds is a science fiction novel by American writer E. Everett Evans. It was first published in 1953 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 3,558 copies. The book includes an introduction by E. E. Smith.
+ The novel concerns the adventures of George Hanlon, a secret service agent who has the ability to read minds.
+ P. Schuyler Miller gave the novel a negative review, saying "it won't stand up" against then-contemporary standards, though it might have been successful years earlier.
+
+= = = Gonna Get Close to You = = =
+
+ Gonna Get Close to You is a song by Dalbello that first appeared on her album "whomanfoursays", while an extended version was released as a single.
+ The song was covered by progressive metal band Queensrÿche for their 1986 album "Rage for Order" and also released as a single.
+
+= = = Jacques Gravier = = =
+
+ Jacques Gravier (17 May 1651 – 17 April 1708) was a French Jesuit missionary in the New World. He founded the Illinois mission in 1696, where he administered to the several tribes of the territory. He was notable for his compilation of the most extensive dictionary of Kaskaskia Illinois-French among those made by French missionaries.
+ In 1705 he was appointed Superior of the mission.
+ Gravier was born in 1651 in Moulins, Allier, France. He became well educated with the Jesuits, entering the Society of Jesus in the fall of 1670. He made his novitiate at Paris.
+ From 1672-1680, Gravier taught and tutored in the Jesuit schools of Hesdin, Eu, and Arras. He then studied philosophy at the Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris (1678–79). After teaching, he returned there for his studies in theology (1680–84). After his third year of theology, Gravier was ordained a priest. Upon completing his studies, he set out for Canada, where he would be a missionary. He studied and taught at the college in Quebec, and then spent a year at Sillery studying Algonquin (1685–86).
+ Father Gravier carried out important tasks for the Jesuits in New France, including the founding of the Illinois mission. Such a mission was first proposed by Father Jacques Marquette.
+ When Gravier arrived in New France, he first studied at the seminary at Sillery, then studied the Algonquin language during 1685-1686. In 1687 he was called westward to the Ottawa tribes.
+ In 1689 Gravier was assigned to the Illinois in the Mississippi Valley. First he worked among them at Starved Rock on the Illinois River, where he started compiling a grammar and dictionary. He worked to convert the Kaskaskias. In 1694, he helped broker the marriage of the Kaskaskia Aramepinchieue to the French trader Michel Aco, which helped to cement the alliance among the Jesuits, traders, and Kaskaskias. In 1696 Gravier was named to found the Illinois mission among the Illinois, Miami, Kaskaskia and others of the Illiniwek confederacy situated in the Mississippi River and Illinois River valleys. Bishop Saint-Vallier (La Croix), the Bishop of Quebec, named him vicar general of these missions.
+ Gravier's most enduring work was his compilation of a Kaskaskia-French dictionary, with nearly 600 pages and 20,000 entries. The manuscript is held by Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. It is the most extensive of dictionaries of the Illinois language compiled by French missionaries. The work was finally edited and published in 2002 by Carl Masthay, providing an invaluable source of the historic "Kaskaskia Illinois" language.
+ In November 1700 Gravier traveled by canoe to minister to French settlers and Native Americans in Mobile, La Louisiane, the colony along the Gulf Coast. There he befriended explorer Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, later the founder of New Orleans, who impressed him with his knowledge of Indian languages. Gravier left the colony and Mobile in February 1702 to return to the Illinois mission.
+ After continuing work among the Illiniwek, in 1705 Gravier was named Superior of the Illinois Mission. That fall during a time of tension, he was shot with an arrow and wounded by a Peoria warrior. Although Gravier sought treatment, the wound became infected and long caused him problems, through a return to Mobile, Alabama, then a trip to France. In February 1708, he returned from France to Mobile, where he died April 16.
+
+= = = Lilak = = =
+
+ Lilak may refer to:
+ Lilac
+
+= = = Selby Tigers = = =
+
+ Selby Tigers was a punk band that was signed to Hopeless Records. The band was formed in 1998 and chose its name as a combination of Selby Avenue, a main thoroughfare in Saint Paul (Minnesota), and a radio broadcast about a Sri Lankan army called the Tamil Tigers.
+ The punk quartet adopted the name Selby Tigers as a nod to their hometown turf on Selby Avenue, a high-school team mascot, and the Tamil Tigers. These eclectic influences are reflected in their music, which combines bratty teenage vocals, snarling guitars, and a thick-necked rhythm section. After a number of years playing in bands that, for one reason or another failed to graduate from bars and basements, guitarist Arzu "D2" Gokcen, her husband and second guitarist Nathan Grumdahl, bass player Nicole Gerber, and drummer Dave Gatchell formed the Selby Tigers.
+ After the band recorded and released their eponymous debut EP in 1998, Gerber left the band and was replaced by Dave Gardner, a local recording engineer and former member of Impetus Inter. Gardner created the alter ego of the loveably clueless, stereotypical Frenchman Sammy G. After a number of lengthy tours, the band released their EP South Then West. The Selby Tigers EPs and touring ethic caught the attention of Southern Californian punk label Hopeless Records, who signed the band in early 2000. In the spring of that year, Hopeless Records released a 7" teaser single for their LP Charm City, which followed later that summer. The band toured with the Alkaline Trio, the Anniversary, and Rocket From the Crypt.
+ Selby Tigers broke up in 2003 and Arzu Gokcen went on to form pop-punk band So Fox. Grumdahl also went on tour for The Monarques, releasing an EP with them. He is currently in with The Dynamiters with Dave Gardner. After the end of So Fox, Gokcen went on to form Spider Fighter, Half Fiction, Strut and Shock and Pink Mink. Dave Gatchell is currently in the Tokyo band 1000s of cats.
+
+= = = The Rain at Night = = =
+
+ The Rain at Night is a 1979 South Korean film directed by Park Chul-soo. At the 1980 Baeksang Arts Awards, Park was given a New Talent award for directing this film. The film is based on Park Bum-shin's 1975 novel of the same title.
+ Ga-hi, a kindergarten teacher, is raped one night while on her way to meet her boyfriend, Young-woo. She later recognises her attacker as Hwang Sa-bin, a boxer, and after seeing him lose a fight begins to develop feelings towards him.
+
+= = = 1999 South Carolina Gamecocks football team = = =
+
+ The 1999 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Gamecocks were led by Lou Holtz in his first season as head coach and played their home games in Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia, South Carolina.
+
+= = = The Normal Christian Life = = =
+
+= = = Hadji Boudebza = = =
+
+ Hadji Boudebza is a French former professional rugby league footballer who represented France at the 1995 World Cup.
+ Boudebza played for Paris Saint-Germain in the 1996 Super League and in 1997 played in the Super League World Nines.
+ He played for France in six test matches between 1994 and 1997, including in one match at the 1995 World Cup.
+
+= = = Lie Tek Swie = = =
+
+ Lie Tek Swie (; fl. 1929–1940) was an Indonesian film director active in the early cinema of the Dutch East Indies. He is thought to have begun his career at a film distributor's office before making his directorial debut in 1929 with "Njai Dasima", the first of three literary adaptations that he directed. His other three films, two of which were made for Tan's Film, were original stories. In 1941 Lie was a founding member of the Standard Film Company, which closed in 1942.
+ According to Bachtiar Effendi, an actor and later film director who had worked with Lie several times, Lie had worked at a film distributor's office before joining Tan's, handling the distribution and sometimes editing of Hollywood imports. The Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran credits this as giving Lie a wider worldview and more modern sensibilities while directing. In 1929 Lie directed his first film, "Njai Dasima", for Tan's Film. The two-part film, which followed a woman who was tricked into leaving her wealthy lover by a "delman" driver, was a critical success; it was Lie's first adaptation of a literary work, having been derived from the novel "Tjerita Njai Dasima" ("Story of Njai Dasima"), written by G. Francis in 1896.
+ This was followed by a sequel, "Nancy Bikin Pembalesan" ("Nancy Takes Revenge") in 1930, which followed Dasima's adult daughter Nancy in a quest to avenge her mother's death; this work was also a success. According to Biran, around this time Lie developed an interest in ethnography and began inserting documentation of cultural habits. Later that year Lie directed "Si Ronda" for Tan's, an action film which told of a bandit named Ronda. Lie directed another novel adaptation, the two-part "Melati van Agam" ("Jasmine of Agam"), in 1931; the original work had been written by Parada Harahap under the pen name "Swan Pen" in 1923.
+ No information is available on Lie's activities between 1932 and 1941. He left Tan's in 1932, reportedly as his approach no longer matched Tan's low-class target audience and caused the works to go over-budget; the company itself was closed between 1932 and 1938. Lie resurfaced in 1941 when he joined with the Tan Brothers – the owners of Tan's Film – to establish Standard Film Company, under the management of the British-trained Touw Teng Iem.
+ Lie directed two of the company's three productions. These two films were "Ikan Doejoeng" ("Mermaid") and "Siti Noerbaja". "Ikan Doejoeng" was an original production which followed a girl who becomes a mermaid after having to choose between a man she loves and a man she is forced to marry, while "Siti Noerbaja" was an adaptation of Marah Rusli's 1923 novel of the same name which follows a young woman – who is killed by her greedy husband – and her ex-lover – who avenges her death. The last one, "Selendang Delima" ("The Pomegranate Shawl"; 1941), was directed by the former dramatist Henry L. Duarte before Standard closed in 1942 following the Japanese invasion.
+ All as director
+
+= = = 2012 US Open – Girls' Singles = = =
+
+ Grace Min was the defending champion, having won the event in 2011, but did not compete.
+ Wildcard Samantha Crawford defeated twelfth seed Anett Kontaveit in the final 7–5, 6–3, to win her first junior grand slam title.
+
+= = = Shahbazan = = =
+
+ Shahbazan (, also Romanized as Shahbāzān) is a village in Mazu Rural District, Alvar-e Garmsiri District, Andimeshk County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 27 families.
+
+= = = Shahbazvand = = =
+
+ Shahbazvand (, also Romanized as Shahbāzvand; also known as Shahbāzān) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 291, in 64 families.
+
+= = = Shahrak-e Emam, Ilam = = =
+
+ Shahrak-e Emam (, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Emām) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 442, in 95 families.
+
+= = = Sar Cham, Ilam = = =
+
+ Sar Cham () is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 502, in 98 families.
+
+= = = Battlepug = = =
+
+ Battlepug is a webcomic written and illustrated by Mike Norton, colored by Allen Passalaqua, and lettered by Chris Crank.
+ Norton created the characters for "Battlepug" in a rush to create a T-shirt for iFanboy.com. In February 2011, Norton launched his webcomic, "Battlepug". A dark-humored, fantasy-genred revenge story, "Battlepug" is about the last surviving member of the Kinmundian Tribe known only as "The Warrior", his steed, the "Battlepug", and their traveling companion, Scrabbly. The story is narrated by Moll, who recounts the tale to her talking dogs, a Pug named Mingo and a French Bulldog named Colfax. The first year of strips was collected into a hardcover by Dark Horse Comics and released July 4, 2012.
+ In mid-2012, Mike Norton won the Best Digital Comic Eisner award for "Battlepug".
+ Every Friday, Norton released pictures of "Battlepug" readers and their pugs in "Friday Battlepuggage".
+ The protagonist of the story goes by simply The Warrior. As a boy, he was the sole survivor of an attack by a giant baby seal orchestrated by a mysterious man riding a tiger called Catwulf on the people of Kinmundy, it claimed the lives of The Warrior's mother and father. He was then captured by a parody of Santa Claus and Christmas elves and forced to fight and fuel the fires of the toy workshop. Eventually, he was allowed to get revenge on the seal and the factory and set about on his quest for revenge on the mysterious man. The Warrior is clearly influenced by works like Conan the Barbarian and other fantasy barbarians.
+ The Warrior's trusty, but dimwitted and slobbery steed is a giant pug. At first, The Warrior is very reluctant to be partnered with the Battlepug. However, it is clear the Battlepug has a strong connection to The Warrior and views him as his master.
+ Scrabbly meets The Warrior in the abandoned swamp village of Patoka. He is a somewhat crazy old hermit and often goes on rambling speeches using the words "scribbly" and "scrabbly".
+ "Battlepug" is a bedside story being told by the attractive Moll to her two talking dogs, Mingo the Pug and Colfax the French Bulldog, while she passes time waiting in a lavish room, supposedly with no doors, in a tower high above a grand city. She is shown to be nude with tattoos on her arms.
+ "Battlepug" is a revenge story that is dotted with absurd and often comical monster battles as The Warrior travels across a mystical world in search of vengeance.
+ The first volume of "Battlepug" is called "Blood and Drool".
+ The first year of "Battlepug" comics were collected into a hardcover book published by Dark Horse Comics on July 4, 2012.
+ Superherostuff is the exclusive retailer for all "Battlepug" merchandise.
+ "Battlepug" earned an Eisner Award for Best Digital Comic in 2012. It also won the Harvey Award for Best Online Comics Work in 2013, 2014, and 2016.
+
+= = = Sar Cham = = =
+
+ Sar Cham or Sarcham () may refer to:
+
+= = = Sargel-e Farkhinvand = = =
+
+ Sargel-e Farkhinvand (, also Romanized as Sargel-e Farkhīnvand; also known as Sargel and Sargel-e Farkhīvand) is a village in Ghaleh Rural District, Zagros District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
+
+= = = Sorkheh Lijeh = = =
+
+ Sorkheh Lijeh (, also Romanized as Sorkheh Lījeh; also known as Kazābād and Sar Khalījeh) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 234, in 54 families.
+
+= = = Tazehabad-e Zir Khaki = = =
+
+ Tazehabad-e Zir Khaki (, also Romanized as Tāzehābād-e Zīr Khākī; also known as Tāzehābād) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 18 families.
+
+= = = Tokhm-e Balut-e Olya = = =
+
+ Tokhm-e Balut-e Olya (, also Romanized as Tokhm-e Balūţ-e ‘Olyā; also known as Karbesāneh and Karsīāneh) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 641, in 143 families.
+
+= = = Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung = = =
+
+ Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung is a German newspaper published in Hildesheim, Germany. It was established as "Hildesheimer Relations Courier", first published on 24 June 1705.
+
+= = = Peter Hertz = = =
+
+ Peter Julius Hertz (June 1, 1874 in Copenhagen – 26 March 1939) was a Danish art historian and museum worker.
+ Peter Hertz was the son of Julius Hertz (1842-1920), a wholesale merchant, and his wife Henriette F. Hertz (1850-1921. Hertz became a graduate student at a private college in 1893 and took many philosophy courses. Until 1896, he attended a technological school, while he worked as a brick layer and learned how to be an architect. Then he began independent art historical studies and eventually went to study in 1899 on a three-year trip to Germany and Italy. In 1901 he worked in London, but he began to travel for his studies in 1903, primarily in Italy, but also in the Netherlands.
+ During those years, he focused on Classical Architecture, obtaining a Doctorate in Philosophy. He was also interested in contemporary art in Denmark and wrote ""Gennembruddet i 70'erne, Betragtninger i Anledning af Raadhusudstillingen og den Hirschsprungske Samling"" ("The breakthrough in the 70s, Reflections on the occasion of Raadhusudstillingen and the Hirschsprung Collection" in Art, IV, 1902–03). In 1915, he was hired to be the curator of the Danish National Museum of Art. As his main interest began to shift more towards contemporary art, he started to advocate for it through making monographs and working on the biographies of L. A. Ring, Gerhard Henning and Kai Nielsen.
+ Hertz served on the board of the Danish Museum of Art Association and the Association of French Arts. In 1919, Hertz founded the Association for Contemporary Art and also served as its first President. From 1934 he was a member of the Board of the Rønnenkamp'ske Grant. He was knighted into the Order of the Polar Star.
+ His first marriage started on 16 December 1899 in Schöneberg town hall in Berlin, with pianist Karen Wellmann (24 September 1875 in Køng (She later married the painter Herman Vedel in 1906), daughter of doctor Carl William Wellman (1842-1885) and Mathilde Sophie Krebs (1845-1916, who married Olaf Ryberg Hansen in 1889, following the death of her husband). He was married a second time on 14 September 1906 in Copenhagen with the pianist Ina Sophie Oline Meyer (October 6, 1882 in Copenhagen), who was the daughter of choral conductor and singing teacher Albert Meyer (1839-1921) and Camilla Oettinger (b. 1852). This marriage was also dissolved, and he married a third time on December 22, 1924 in Copenhagen to Olga Valborg Johnsson, (born 17 March 1883 in Glumslev, Scania) daughter of proprietary Johan Johnsson (1855-1904) and Fredrika Wilhelmina Carlström (1857-1914).
+ He was portrayed by Herman Vedel in 1901, 1902 and 1903, Fritz Burger in Switzerland, L. A. Ring, and about 1932 other drawings including some by Ludvig Find (Frederiksborg Museum) and Arne Lofthus about.
+
+= = = Tokhm-e Balut-e Sofla = = =
+
+ Tokhm-e Balut-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Tokhm-e Balūţ-e Soflá; also known as Varkabūd) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 468, in 99 families.
+
+= = = Tokhm-e Balut = = =
+
+ Tokhm-e Balut () may refer to:
+
+= = = Henry Wolfe = = =
+
+ Henry Wolfe Gummer (born November 13, 1979), known professionally as Henry Wolfe, is an American musician and actor based in Los Angeles, California.
+ Henry Wolfe is the son of actress Meryl Streep and sculptor Don Gummer. He grew up in Los Angeles and Connecticut, with his younger sisters, actress Grace Gummer, actress Mamie Gummer and model Louisa Gummer.
+ Wolfe graduated from Dartmouth College in 2002.
+ Wolfe first made his mark as a musician as co-founder of the New York indie pop band Bravo Silva. Bravo Silva released an EP entitled 'July' in 2004 and an eponymous full length album in 2005.
+ Following Bravo Silva's dissolution, Wolfe relocated to Los Angeles and began to perform as a solo act under his current moniker. In 2009, Wolfe released two EPs, "The Blue House", composed of original material, and "Wolfe Sings Field", made up of songs penned by Portland-based writer Peter Field. Wolfe’s full-length debut, entitled ‘Linda Vista’ was released in 2011 on Wolfe’s own Undermountain Music label. Produced by Aaron Older and Nico Aglietti of Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeroes and featuring members of Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeroes, Dawes and Ariel Pink’s Haunted Graffiti, Linda Vista was received positively by music critics such as Rolling Stone Magazine and led to Wolfe being named as an "artist to watch" by the "Los Angeles Times".
+ On March 2, 2011, Wolfe made his network television debut as a musical guest on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", performing "Someone Else" and "Stop the Train" from his "Linda Vista" album. He also gave an in-studio performance for WNYC Soundcheck with John Schaefer in May 2011.
+ Wolfe's songs have been licensed in major motion pictures with "Someone Else" being featured in the film "Terri" directed by Azazel Jacobs and starring John C. Reilly, and an early version of "Stop the Train" appearing in "Julie and Julia". Azazel Jacobs directed the music video for "Someone Else" which starred Brit Marling.
+ Wolfe has appeared in numerous films, including the 2006 film "Lying" and the 2011 film "The Wait", which were both directed by M Blash. Wolfe also had a small role in "The Good Shepherd". Wolfe also appeared in a film called "Wolfe with an E", which was directed by David Louis Zuckerman.
+
+= = = Tang-e Zardeh-ye Farkhinvand = = =
+
+ Tang-e Zardeh-ye Farkhinvand (, also Romanized as Tang-e Zardeh-ye Farkhīnvand; also known as Meleh Shotorkhān, Tang Zard, and Tang Zard-e Farkhīvand) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 5 families.
+
+= = = Dr. Champ = = =
+
+ Dr. Champ () is a 2010 South Korean television series about a doctor caught in a love triangle between a judo athlete and a crippled doctor who was once a speed-skating star.
+
+= = = Conspiracy (1930 film) = = =
+
+ Conspiracy is a 1930 American pre-Code mystery melodrama film produced and distributed by RKO Pictures and directed by Christy Cabanne. It is the second adaptation of the play "The Conspiracy" by Robert B. Baker and John Emerson and stars Bessie Love and Ned Sparks.
+ After their father is killed, brother and sister Margaret and Victor Holt devote themselves to bringing down the drug gang responsible for his death. Victor rises to become an attorney in the district attorney's office, and eventually Margaret wangles her way into becoming the secretary for James (Marco) Morton, the head of the drug ring. When Morton discovers Margaret's true identity, he contrives a plot to lure her brother into a trap and kill him.
+ Margaret learns of the plot and rushes to save her brother. In the ensuing melee, she kills Morton in her attempt to save Victor, who is also seemingly killed. Afraid of being convicted of murder, she flees the scene. In hiding, she becomes friends with a mystery author, Winthrop Clavering, and a reporter, John Howell, the truth about the murder is revealed, and it is discovered that Victor was not killed, but is being held prisoner by the drug ring. Victor is rescued, and Margaret and John develop a romantic relationship.
+ This film is the second adaptation of the Baker/Emerson play, the earlier version being the silent film, "The Conspiracy", filmed in 1914 by the Famous Players Film Company, produced by Charles Frohman, and starring Emerson himself in the role of Clavering, reprised from his stint in the Broadway play. It ran from December 1912 through May 1914 at Garrick Theatre in New York City.
+ This film is not connected to another RKO film made in 1939 also called "Conspiracy".
+ The film recorded a loss of $50,000.
+ This film is preserved at the Library of Congress.
+ In 1958, the film entered the public domain in the U.S. because the copyright claimants did not renew the copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.
+
+= = = Kandy Tamer = = =
+
+ Kandy Tamer is a former Lebanon international rugby league footballer who represented Lebanon at the 2000 World Cup, playing in three matches.
+ Tamer was born in Tripoli, Lebanon
+ Tamer played one match for the Eastern Suburbs Roosters in the 1994 NSWRL Premiership.
+
+= = = Tang Zard = = =
+
+ Tang Zard () may refer to:
+
+= = = Servicio de Inteligencia Militar = = =
+
+ The Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM) (English: Military Intelligence Service) was the main instrument during the later part of the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo to keep control within the Dominican Republic.
+ Around 1957 the Department of State for Security, headed by General Arturo Espaillat was dissolved, replaced by SIM and its sister agency, the Servicio Central de Inteligencia (SCI). Under the leadership of Johnny Abbes García, SIM employed thousands of people and was involved in immigration, passports, censorship, supervision of aliens, and undercover work. At the Palace of Communications some fifty people intercepted and recorded domestic and foreign phone conversations. Its secret activities used murder, kidnapping, extorsion and terror to achieve its goals. Money was spent to lobby American legislators.
+ In the population members of SIM were known as "caliés" (Thugs), they patrolled the streets in their black VW beetles called "cepillos" (brushes). Infamous detention centers were La Nueve (The Nine) and La Cuarenta (The Forty) where prisoners were tortured and killed.
+ SIM was dissolved in 1962, after the fall of the Trujillo regime.
+
+= = = 7 Boxes = = =
+
+ 7 Boxes (released in Spanish as "7 Cajas") is a Paraguayan thriller film directed by Juan Carlos Maneglia and Tana Schémbori.
+ Initially the film was to be released in June 2011, but was delayed when the film was accepted as a competitor in the International Film Festival of San Sebastian in Spain.
+ After months of work, the film was finally released on August 10, 2012, and received praise from critics and the public as well as breaking box office records in Paraguayan cinemas. "7 Boxes" won the "Films in Progress" in what was the first unanimous decision in the festival's history. The film participated at the Moscow International Film Festival in 2013 (translators: Andrey Efremov, Anton Titov).
+ On a hot Friday in April 2005 in Asunción, a 17-year-old pushcart porter named Victor (Celso Franco) is distracted while daydreaming about being famous and admired at a DVD booth in the middle of a market, causing him the loss of a customer. Acknowledging the competitiveness of the market, and fearing for the security of his job, Victor realizes that he needs to work harder to make money that day. He then receives an unusual proposal: He is asked to transport seven boxes of unknown contents, in exchange for half of a torn $100 bill and the promise of the other half when the job is done. With a borrowed cell phone, which the contractor uses to keep track of his progress, Victor begins the journey accompanied by a hyperactive young woman named Liz (Lali Gonzalez). While crossing the eight blocks covering the market, one of the boxes is stolen and Victor loses the cell phone, and the police are roaming the market searching for something. Meanwhile, a group of porters is ready to escort the boxes for almost nothing. Unknowingly, Victor, Liz, and their pursuers are involved in a crime of which they know nothing; not the cause, nor the victim or perpetrator. As night falls Victor realizes that he is now an accomplice in a dangerous crime.
+ The film has been nominated at the 27th Goya Awards for Best Spanish Language Foreign Film representing Paraguay.
+ "7 Boxes" won the "Films in Progress" in what was the first unanimous decision at the International Film Festival of San Sebastian.
+ 7 Boxes was met with universal acclaim. The film scored a perfect rating of 100% on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews as well as receiving a score of 92% on the website's audience approval rating.
+ Juan Carlos Maneglia was a regular visitor to Asunción's Mercado 4, and in 2004, he began planning to film the porters and vendors who worked there. The shooting of the film took place mainly at night. "7 Boxes" had a cast of 30 people and a large crew. The production included an office near the shopping area, with the support of the leadership of the Municipal Market No. 4 for logistics and safety of the film crew. The National Police accompanied the filmmakers for some sequences in which some sectors needed to be closed off for location shooting. The script provides about 75 locations for about 179 scenes. The filming of "7 Boxes" lasted two months and two days of shooting, where more than 40 technicians and actors participated in the filming.
+ "7 Boxes" was directed by Juan Carlos Maneglia and Tana Schémbori. The original script was cowritten by Maneglia and Tito Chamorro. Richard Careaga performed the cinematography, and the Synchro team carried out the coordination of the technical operation. The original music was composed by Fran Villalba, and production and post-production were performed by Schémbori and Maneglia. The executive producers are Jou Vicky Ramirez, Camilo Guanes and Rocio Galiano, while Oniria is the advertising agency of the movie.
+
+= = = Lance Lewis = = =
+
+ Lance Lewis (born November 1, 1988) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent in 2012 and, following a successful tryout, returned to the team in 2013. He played college football for East Carolina University.He has also played for the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers.
+ Lewis was signed by the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on April 29, 2012. In early August, he suffered a groin injury that caused him to be inactive for the 2012 preseason. He was waived with an injury settlement on August 27.
+ Lewis returned to the Redskins on May 14, 2013 following a successful tryout during the team's rookie mini-camp in early May. The Redskins waived him on August 31, 2013 for final roster cuts before the start of 2013 season, he was signed to the team's practice squad the next day. Lewis was signed to the active roster on November 21, 2013 after the team placed Leonard Hankerson to injured reserve. He was waived on December 18, 2013.
+ On December 20, 2013, Lewis signed to the practice squad of the Dallas Cowboys. Ten days later, the Cowboys signed him to a futures contract.
+ Lewis signed a two-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers on August 9, 2014. Lewis was waived on April 30, 2015.
+ On May 19, 2015, Lewis signed with the New Orleans Saints. The Saints waived him on September 1 as part of final roster cuts before the start of the season.
+ Joined the Bismarck Bucks of the Champions Indoor Football League (CIF).
+
+= = = Jorge Herrera Caldera = = =
+
+ Jorge Herrera Caldera (born January 8, 1963) is a Mexican who has served as the Governor of Durango since September 2010. He is a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Herrera was elected Governor of Durango in 2010 with 46.4% of the vote, narrowly defeating challenger José Rosas Aispuro of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and National Action Party (PAN), who placed second with 44.7% of the vote. He was sworn into office on September 15, 2010.
+
+= = = Varbar = = =
+
+ Varbar (; also known as Varbar-e Helīlān) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 25 families.
+
+= = = Zahervand-e Sofla = = =
+
+ Zahervand-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Z̧āhervand-e Soflá; also known as Z̧āhervand, Zāre‘vand-e Pā’īn, and Zāre‘vand-e Soflá) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 49 families.
+
+= = = Zich = = =
+
+ Zich () may refer to:
+
+= = = Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt = = =
+
+ Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt (1807–February 15, 1851) was a German astronomer, mathematician, and physicist of Jewish descent who was a professor of astronomy at the University of Göttingen. He is also known as Benjamin Goldschmidt, C. W. B. Goldschmidt, Carl Goldschmidt, and Karl Goldschmidt.
+ Goldschmidt, who suffered from an enlargement of the heart, died in his sleep and was found on the morning of February 15, 1851.
+ A student of Carl Friedrich Gauss and an assistant to Gauss at the university observatory, Goldschmidt frequently collaborated with Gauss on various mathematical and scientific works. Goldschmidt was in turn a professor of Gauss's protegé Bernhard Riemann. Data gathered by Gauss and Goldschmidt on the growth of the logarithmic integral compared to the distribution of prime numbers was cited by Riemann in "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude", Riemann's seminal paper on the prime-counting function.
+ In 1831, Goldschmidt wrote a mathematical treatise in Latin, "Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae" ("Determination of the surface-minimal rotation curve given two joined points about a given axis of origin"). The paper dealt with the problem in the calculus of variations of determining the minimal surface of revolution, the surface of revolution of the planar curve between two given points which minimizes surface area. Solutions to the problem exist which are not continuous; such discontinuous solutions are known as Goldschmidt solutions in honor of Goldschmidt's discovery of them.
+ In 1834, Goldschmidt co-authored, in German, the textbook "Lehrbuch der analytischen Optik" ("Textbook of Analytical Optics") with J. C. Eduard Schmidt. Together with Gauss and Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Goldschmidt published in 1840 "Atlas des Erdmagnetismus: nach den Elementen der Theorie entworfen" ("Atlas of Geomagnetism: According to the Elements of the Theory of Design"), a series of magnetic maps. In 1845, Goldschmidt published, also in German, a book on electromagnetism, "Untersuchungen über die magnetische Declination in Göttingen" ("Studies of the Magnetic Declination in Göttingen").
+
+= = = Zich, Ilam = = =
+
+ Zich (, also Romanized as Zīch; also known as Zaj-e Tāzehābād and Zīj) is a village in Ghaleh Rural District, Zagros District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 7 families.
+
+= = = Zir Khaki = = =
+
+ Zir Khaki (, also Romanized as Zīr Khāḵī) is a village in Helilan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 264, in 52 families.
+
+= = = Jan Randles = = =
+
+ Jan Randles is a Paralympic athletics competitor from Australia who competed in the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Paralympics as a classified "4" athlete in the Women's Marathon, 5000 m, 1500 m and 800 m. She won two medals: a gold medal in the Women's Marathon 4 event and a bronze in the Women's 5000 m 4 event.
+ Jan Randles has made no further major paralympic appearances as of 1.1.14
+
+= = = Hoàng Sa District = = =
+
+ Hoàng Sa is an island district of Da Nang in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. It covers an area of of the Paracel Islands, including these main features: Pattle Island, North Reef, Robert Island, Discovery Reef, Passu Keah, Triton Island, Tree Island, North Island, Middle Island, South Island, Woody Island, Lincoln Island, Duncan Island, Bombay Reef, Observation Bank, West Sand, Vuladdore Reef, Pyramid Rock. In 2009, Vietnam appointed an official, Dang Cong Ngu, to be the first chairman of Hoàng Sa District. The incumbent is Vo Cong Chanh, who was appointed on May 5, 2014. Vietnam does not control any of the islands it claims and the entire Paracel Islands is under the administration of the People's Republic of China as part of Sansha prefecture.
+ Vietnam established Hoàng Sa district in 1982 as part of Quang Nam-Da Nang province. Since Quảng Nam and Da Nang were split in November 1996, the island district has belonged to Da Nang.
+
+= = = Ingiriya = = =
+
+ Ingiriya (Sinhala: ඉංගිරිය; Tamil: இங்கிரிய) is a city in Kalutara District of Western Province, Sri Lanka, near the border with Sabaragamuwa Province. The city is the meeting point of the Rathnapura–Panadura, Ingiriya–Padukka and Ingiriya–Bulathsinhala roads.
+ The city has an ethnic makeup of 89.7% Sinhalese and 10.1% Tamils, with less than 1% from other ethnicity. The 2001 census recorded a population of 45,726, rising to 56,074 in 2017.
+ Ingiriya can be accessed via the A8 (Rathnapura–Panadura) highway (33 km from Panadura, 35.8 km from Rathnapura), by the Padukka–Ingiriya Road (16.80 km from Padukka, 18.20 km from Meepe) or by the Egaloya–Ingiriya Road (11 km from Egaloya). Ingiriya is one of the borders of Kalutara District and Western Province. Ella, the next town after Ingiriya towards Rathnapura, belongs to Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, and Padukka, the next town after Ingiriya towards the Padukka side, belongs to Colombo District.
+ Ingiriya is from the coast and extends a further inland. It is mountainous, especially near the eastern border. The highest point is Madakada Giranchi Mountain, high. Eduragala Mountain is also over high. The eastern part contains scattered mountains over high. There are some similarly high mountains in the western part. Overall, 60% of the area is flat plains. The Kalu River flows along the southern border of Ingiriya and many streams flow into the Kalu River. The largest, Nambapana Stream, is in the east. Another river, the Mawak Oya, starts in the north and flows along the west side before connecting to the Kalu River in the south.
+ Ingiriya falls within the Low Country Wet Zone and has a medium climate, with to of annual rainfall, coming from both east–west monsoons (mid-November to January) and southwest monsoons (mid-May to mid-September).
+ Ingiriya is prone to flooding. The Kalu River overflows into the areas of Nambapana, Eastern and Western Urugala, Western Ingiriya town, Wagawatta, Kekulaliya, Western Poruwadanda and Dombagaskanda.
+ Ingiriya belongs to the Low Country Wet Agricultural Zone, so the land and climate is very suitable for cultivation. Tea, rubber, coconut and rice are the main cash crops. there are 5039 acres of rubber plantation, 1569 acres of tea plantation, 1500 acres of coconut plantation and 22 acres of rice paddies.
+ Ingiriya city, which is administered by the Horana Pradeshiya Sabha (Divisional Council), is a part of the Horana Polling Division. Notable government institutions in Ingiriya include:
+ The Ingiriya Divisional Secretariat office is the main administration institute managing Ingiriya City. Ingiriya was formerly a part of the Horana Divisional Secretariat. On August 14, 2000, 31 Grama Niladhari divisions were divided and assigned to Ingiriya Divisional Secretariat. This change occurred due to the large size of Horana division and the growth of the population.
+ Government health services and preventive medicine in Ingiriya are supplied by the Ingiriya Medical Officer of Health office and by Ingiriya District Hospital. Ingiriya Police Station, which was started in 1948, plays the major role in security. The main post office is an A grade Post Office. Other post offices are situated in surrounding areas. There is a fuel station run by Ingiriya Co-Operative Office and two private fuel stations at Handapangoda and Eduragala.
+ Ingiriya is located along the Panadura and Rathnapura A8 Road. There are two bus stands in Ingiriya. All the buses that travel along A8 road park at the new bus stand. All other buses park at the old bus stand along Ingiriya–Padukka Road.
+ Nachchimale (නාච්චිමලේ) is the most famous area of Ingiriya. It is reached by traveling about towards Padukka from Ingiriya. The Nachchimale port is a part of Nambapana Lake. Beautiful waterfalls and stone holes filled with clear water are a common scene. Thousands of foreigners and local visitors come to visit Nachchimale to bathe and have fun. However, this can lead to litter being strewn about. This has been a major problem to the environment and the residents.
+ Madakada Aranya Senasanaya is a monastery located about towards Padukka from Ingiriya. The history of this monastery goes back to 1940, when there were over 100 meditative monks living there. The new monastery was built by Rev. Ranwala Saddhatissa Thero in 1948. In ancient times, this area was a forest with caves. After the arrival of Saddahtissa Thero for his meditations, it became a forest monastery.
+ Madakada Aranya is one of the premier "Vipassana" meditation centers in the country. It has branches in places such as Navinna and Salgala. Presently, there are about sixteen resident monks and seven resident laymen practicing "Vipassana" meditation at any given time. The local community, which is primarily Buddhist, looks after the day-to-day needs of the devotees.
+ There are about 12–15 meditation caves here. The main cave has many Buddha statues and paintings and is decorated with flowers. The monastery is situated in a Natural Forest Reservation. A stream called Nachchimale flows through one boundary of the monastery, adding additional scenic beauty to the area. There are many local plants, birds, rare butterfly species, and wild animals in this environment.
+ Parevi Thota (පරෙවිතොට) or Parethota (පරේතොට) is a scenic area along the Nambapana Stream that attracts many visitors. The small ports and waterfalls in the small stream situated near Parethota area add nice beauty to this place. It is threatened by littering.
+ Bodhinagala Aranya Senasanaya is about from Ingiriya town. The Dombagaskanda Forest Reservation, where this place is situated, was named in 1955. This beautiful place is in a calm natural environment. The Kalu River flows through the southeast of this area, and the slope area is rich in herbal plants and southern wet zone plants. There are about 20 to 25 monks meditating in the caves in this Aranya Senasana. They come out from the caves only when they eat and then they go back to the caves in the forest. This area is very calm and safe. Many foreigners and local visitors come to visit this aranya senasanaya.
+ This is a secondary lowland rainforest patch in the area of Ingiriya with a famous aranya senasanaya. The forest reserve consists of two mountains that are surrounded by villages. Inside the forest there are paved routes created for the Buddhists monks.
+ The Hora Forest Reservation is in the Kirigala area. It is said to have the largest number of hora trees in South Asia. It also has many rare plants.
+ Kura Uda Waterfall is situated in the middle stretch of the small stream starting from Giranchi Mountain in the Forest Reservation. Though this place was not so famous in the past, recently the number of visitors has been increasing. The Government Forest Reservation in which this waterfall is situated is rich in rare wet zone plants and herbal plants. Many birds and animals native to this area live here.
+ Before the British established a road system, goods were transported to coastal areas from Sabaragamuwa by river. Kalu River was a major river for this transportation. Urugala Holombuwa was used as an anchoring point for vessels and ferries transporting goods. This holombuwa is the biggest whirlpool at the place where Nambapana Stream connects with Kalu River. it has more space and consists of a huge rock pile. Because of this, boatsmen used this as a resting place.
+ As the boundary ("Ima") of the Sabaragamuwa Mountain Ranges ends at Ingiriya, it is said in the folklore that the name "Ingriya" was originally "Imagira".
+ People have lived in this area for a long time, as shown in historical writings. A Portuguese income report written in 1599 shows that they collected revenue from nearby places like Munagama, Wagawatta, and Kekuladola. The present Rathnapura–Panadura road, which runs through Poruwadanda, has evidence of having been used for more than 186 years. A British doctor named John Dave travelled to Adams Peak in 1817 from Panadura via Horana, Rathnapura and Palabaddala. He described the beauty of the Ingiriya area as he travelled along this road. The main city was born in the beginning of plantation colonization by the British rulers. The Urugala and Nambapana areas of Ingiriya have a history which relates to the kings who ruled near Kalu River.
+ Ingiriya contains 22 schools controlled by the provincial council.
+ There are many places of worship in and around the city. Buddhist places of worship are most common, since Buddhists constitute the great majority in the area. There are some Hindu kovils serving the Tamil minority living in the plantation estates. There is also a Christian church in Ingiriya. The Population Reports show 89.4% Buddhist, 8.7% Hindu, 1.7% Christian and less than 1% other Religions in the Area.
+
+= = = Sabalpur = = =
+
+ Sabalpur is a village of Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh in Northern India.
+
+= = = The Gap Scenic Reserve = = =
+
+ The Gap Scenic Reserve is situated in the state of Victoria in south eastern Australia. It is a small reserve in isolated forest country beside the Bonang Highway. The reserve features tall eucalyptus trees and ferny gullies. Significant tree species include mountain grey gum, messmate and the shining gum. Threatened fauna includes powerful owls, tiger quolls and long-footed potoroos.
+
+= = = 1st Front = = =
+
+ 1st Front may refer to major formations of the Soviet Army during World War II:
+
+= = = 2nd Front = = =
+
+ 2nd Front may refer to major formations of the Soviet Army during World War II:
+
+= = = Nick O'Brien = = =
+
+ Nicholas O'Brien (born 26 June 1993) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He attended St Patrick's College in Ballarat. In 2011, he captained the St Patrick's schoolboy side to a victory in the MCC Herald Sun Shield He was recruited by Essendon with the 59th overall pick in the 2011 national draft. He made his debut in round 22, 2012, against at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
+ He was delisted by Essendon in November 2015.
+ In 2016, O'Brien joined Woodville-West Torrens Eagles in the SANFL. http://www.wwtfc.com.au/?page_id=173
+
+= = = Banlakan = = =
+
+ Banlakan (, also Romanized as Bānlaḵān) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 25 families.
+
+= = = Banqola = = =
+
+ Banqola (, also Romanized as Bānqolā) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 12 families.
+
+= = = Bishi-ye Olya = = =
+
+ Bishi-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Bīshī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Bī Shī) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 11 families.
+
+= = = Bishi-ye Sofla = = =
+
+ Bishi-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Bīshī-ye Soflá; also known as Bī Shī) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
+
+= = = Chal Khoshk = = =
+
+ Chal Khoshk (, also Romanized as Chāl Khoshk; also known as Chāl Kheshtak) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 358, in 75 families.
+
+= = = Joseph Plottel = = =
+
+ Joseph Plottel (1883 – 28 May 1977) was a British born architect who was active in Melbourne, Australia between 1911 and World War II, working in a range of revival styles, as well as Art Deco in the 1930s. He is best known for the St Kilda Synagogue (1927) and the Footscray Town Hall (1936).
+ Plottel was born in Yorkshire in 1883 and went to Australia with his family in 1895 at the age of 12, but returned to England soon after when his father died. He trained as a draftsman with London architect Robert Moore, where he was advised to head for the colonies for advancement.
+ He began working in Melbourne, accruing a number of large commissions including Michael's Comer Store in Elizabeth Street and the Footscray Barnet Glass Rubber Co. Ltd. factory,
+ He moved to South Africa in 1903, working in Pretoria, Cape Town and Johannesburg, but took passage to the United States where he saw prospects for architects after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. When he ran out of money en route, he decided to stay in Melbourne. Here he was embraced by the local Jewish community and soon found his feet again, initially taking up a position with the Railway's Engineering Department where he worked as a draftsman for about three years. He obtained work as a draftsman with fellow Jewish architect Nahum Burnett, and then set up his own office in 1911.
+ Plottel enjoyed a very diverse architectural practice with commercial and residential commissions in a range of revival styles drawing on the American Romanesque and Arts and Craft movement, as well as Tudor Revival and Spanish Mission. Among his early commissions was the Williamstown Municipal Buildings in 1914, in a simplified Greek Revival style, and several flat projects that were amongst the earliest in Melbourne, such as Garden Court of 1918 in Marne St South Yarra and Waverly at in Grey Street St. Kilda, 1920, which were relatively severe designs in unadorned redbrick, with some Arts Crafts or Tudor flavour. The prominent use of rain heads and down pipes in the composition is an interesting pointer to Plottel's later work.
+ In 1924 Plottel married and also was appointed to design the new St Kilda Synagogue, as the congregation had outgrown the 1872 building. As inspiration he presented a photo of the recently completed Temple Isaiah in Chicago, and his design was closely modelled on it, a smaller and simpler version of its exotic grand, domed, ‘Byzantine Revival' style. The dome roof was clad in green Wunderlich tiles, imitating copper, while the interior was finished in finely crafted woodwork, which was to become Plottel’s trademark.
+ The Jewish community provided many commissions, as he became close to several business people who had factories in Melbourne’s Western Suburbs including Footscray and Yarraville. Plottel’s wife Rachel was a doctor specialising in skin conditions. Their only daughter, Philippa May, married Cpl Rolf Hallenstein (the brothers Isaac and Michael Hallenstein established the vast tannery of Michaelis Hallenstein in Footscray with their cousin Moritz Michaelis) and obtained a Master of Laws at the University of Melbourne then went on to a prominent role in women’s affairs and law, as a member of the National Council of Women of Victoria, the Victorian Women Lawyers Society, the Australian Local Government Women's Association Victoria and many other organisations.
+ The foundation stone of the new synagogue was laid 28 February 1926 (the contractor being H H Eilenberg) and the synagogue was consecrated on 13 March 1927. The Ladies` Gallery was also extended in 1957–1958 to designs by Plottel. The Masonic Club, in the heart of the city at 164 to 170 Flinders Street, in 1927 again featured the extensive use of decorative brickwork, this time in a variation of the Neo Grec theme, showing the style's usual chaste ornament, formed by swags, antefixes and a shallow pediment.
+ Joseph Plottel was joined in a partnership by H E Bunnett (1891–1965), in 1921. Bunnett's son, Linsday Harold Bunnett (1920–1995), also joined Plottel's firm after matriculating at Scotch College in 1936, completing his articles in 1941.
+ Plottel established a brief practice in Canberra in the partnership of Plottel Bunnett & Alsop, who were commissioned to design a number of residential housing projects for the Capital Territory, one example of which survives at 5 Baudin Street dated to 1928 and showing a Mediterranean influence.; The Canberra Electoral role for 1929 lists ‘Plottel, Joseph architect 31 Queen St, Melbourne’ by dint of his having purchased property in the territory.
+ In the late 1920s, like many architects, he undertook an overseas tour in 1929 to study the latest trends in both Europe and the United States, where he was impressed by the Spanish style houses of Pasadena and Beverly Hills.
+ Further commissions then came in a series of factories, shops and commercial buildings in Melbourne and the inner suburbs, including Brash's at 108 Elizabeth Street in the late 1920s, while two Footscray factories for Maize Products in 1933 and Bradmills in 1934 cemented his reputation in that suburb. Bradmill's had previously been McPhersons Jute Works and Barnett Glass Rubber, but under the ownership of Bradford Cotton Mills the site was greatly extended with "Factory block No. 1" extensively reconstructed, in 1926–1927 according to Plottel's designs for a then massive £53,399.
+ He also carried out work on the Kayser Knitting Mill in 1933 and 1936 and Lamson Paragon's paper mill in Richmond in 1937, extending his repertoire with functional industrial buildings, still exhibiting finely executed decorative effects such as the use of coloured brickwork and terra cotta.
+ The Footscray connections came to fruition in the commission for the new Footscray Town Hall for the municipality. The two storey building was designed in 1936, and erected by day labour under supervising contractors ARP Crow & Sons in 1936, to replace the first town hall built in 1875. It adopts an unusual eclectic Romaneque or even Byzantine mode, which had previously influenced Plottel for his St Kilda Synagogue, arranged in a formal Palladian manner with a central classical portico with attached receding wings either side. It is the only example of this style applied to a town hall in Victoria. The exterior incorporates a finely detailed entrance loggia with Corinthian columns, variegated brown brickwork highlighted with intricately modelled buff faience work and a terracotta tile mansard roof. It contains offices on the ground floor and the council chamber and reception hall on the upper level. The interior is designed in a contrasting Streamlined Modernist manner.
+ In the later 1930s, Plottel's work became increasingly Moderne, with examples such as the 1935 Beehive Building (92 to 94 Elizabeth Street Melbourne) and 1937 Yoffa House (187 Flinders Lane Melbourne) reflecting the Functionalist/Moderne style of the Interwar period. The Beehive building has been described as ‘one of the most distinctive buildings in Melbourne’, while Yoffa House is ‘almost modern in concept, the Moderne note is sounded by the 'architectural terracotta' applied to the facade and the portholes intended for its walls’ Further flat designs also came in the 1930s such ‘Clovelly’ at 136 Alma Road, St Kilda of 1938, featuring the Old English style which was a fashionable and romantic style for flats in the period 1919–1941, described as ‘a cheery tonic after the rigours of the Great War.’
+ In 1937 Plottel was again engaged by the Jewish community to design the Temple Beth Israel in Alma Road, St Kilda. This building, like the Footscray substations, is almost modernistic, with little elaboration to the brickwork, though the tall square pillars of the portico still allude to the classical.
+ In the late 1930s though is practice was busy, he took time off for nearly a year travelling again in 1938. In 1939, with the forced emigration of German and Austrian Jews, Joseph Plottel applied to be naturalised in 1939 (which hinted at an Austrian or Czechoslovakian heritage), and sponsored a number of friends or relatives to escape from countries then controlled by Nazi Germany.
+ His last building appears to be a small speculative house venture in 1941, and though he briefly assisted with an extension to the Ladies` Gallery at the St Kilda Synagogue in 1957–1958, he appears to have lived out a quiet retirement before his death at his home in Toorak on 28 May 1977 aged 93. His wife Rachel Henrietta Plottel had died in Toorak two years previously on 2 January 1975, aged 88. Joseph's parents' names were given as Philip Plottel and Sarah Hyams, while Rachel Henrietta Plottel's Parents' names were given as Maurice Gross and Celine Isaacson.
+ Plottel's works have been identified from the Art Deco Society article, architectural indexes, and original drawings in the Latrobe Library collection.
+
+= = = Lundenes = = =
+
+ Lundenes is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Grytøya, along the Vågsfjorden, about north of the town of Harstad. Lundenes Church is located in the village.
+
+= = = Grøtavær = = =
+
+ Grøtavær is a coastal fishing village in Harstad Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the western part of the island of Grytøya, along the Andfjorden, about northwest of the village of Lundenes. Grøtavær Church is located in the village and the Grøtavær islands are located just off shore.
+
+= = = Gausvik = = =
+
+ Gausvik or Gausvika is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is in the northeastern part of the large island of Hinnøya, along the Tjeldsundet Strait, about south of the town of Harstad. The European route E10 highway passes through the village, about south of the Tjeldsund Bridge. Gausvik Church is in the village.
+
+= = = Chaleh Chaleh, Ilam = = =
+
+ Chaleh Chaleh (, also Romanized as Chāleh Chāleh) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 19 families.
+
+= = = Elgsnes = = =
+
+ Elgsnes is a village in Harstad Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the northeastern part of the large island of Hinnøya, along the Andfjorden, about northwest of the town of Harstad and about north of the village of Kasfjord. Elgsnes is located at the tip of a narrow peninsula, looking across the Toppsundet strait towards the village of Grøtavær on the island of Grytøya. Elgsnes Chapel is located in this village.
+ Elgsnes has been inhabited from the early Stone Age, at least 10,000 years ago. Many finds have been made in and around the village. Some of the finds come from the Neolithic period (5000 – 2000 B.C.), but from the Bronze Age (2000 – 0 B.C.) there is little left from the two big cairns. A woman's grave from the Merovingian period (600 – 800 A.D.) was richly equipped, including jewelry from the Baltic region and Karelia. A blacksmith's grave from the Viking Age (800 - 1.050 A.D.) was, when it was opened in the 1950s, considered to be the fourth richest of its kind in Scandinavia. The trade station down at Raten has a history dating back to 1675. At its peak there were 23 houses at the promontory, including the main building from 1723. In 1798, the trade station got a royal license as a guesthouse, so the use of the building for overnight guests started more than 200 years ago. As Harstad developed as a trade center, the trade in Elgsnes declined, and in 1914 it came to an end. The houses were sold off, so today only the main building is left from the old trade station houses.
+
+= = = Gol Darreh, Ilam = = =
+
+ Gol Darreh () is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 85, in 12 families.
+
+= = = Bruce Roberts = = =
+
+ Bruce Roberts may refer to:
+
+= = = St Michael and All Angels Church, Marden = = =
+
+ St Michael and All Angels Church is a parish church in Marden, Kent. It was begun circa 1200 and is a Grade I listed building.
+ The church was begun around 1200 and was altered or extended in the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th centuries and was restored in 1868 and 1909. The church is constructed variously of coursed and random sandstone, rag-stone and puddingstone and has plain tiled and lead roofs.
+ The nave is adjoined by aisles on the north and south sides, the one to the south continuing across the south face of the west tower. The chancel has chapels on the north and south side. The tower was built in the 13th or early 14th century and comprises three stone-built stages with a fourth stage, containing the belfry added later in white painted weatherboarding with a pyramidal roof. Louvred openings occupy the centre of each side of the belfry. Small rectangular or pointed lancet windows pierce the stonework on each external face of the lower stages, except the south face which abuts the south aisle. A square stair turret with window slits adjoins the north-west corner of the tower.
+ Both aisles are early 14th century. The south aisle has a rag-stone plinth, but the north aisle is plinthless. The south aisle has two buttresses with three large three-lighted 14th-century style arched windows; two to the west of the porch and one to the east. The western bay, attached to the south side of the tower was reconstructed in the 19th or early 20th century. The north aisle has a diagonal buttress on the north-west corner and two on the north side positioned between the three three-lighted windows. Two are original 14th-century and the third is 19th-century in the same style with traceried decoration. The west end of the north aisle contains a 19th-century two-lighted window. The west end of the south aisle is blank apart from a small blocked lancet window.
+ The early 14th century south porch occupies the secondmost eastern bay of the south aisle. Diagonal buttresses project from the outer corners. The inner and outer doorways are pointed arches and an octagonal stair turret to the parvis chamber is positioned in the angle at the north-west corner between the porch and the south aisle.
+ The chancel was built about 1200 and restored in 1868. It has no plinths or buttresses. The eastern end of the north and south walls each contain a single pointed arch window. The 19th century east window is three-lighted. The south chapel is 14th century as was partly rebuilt after a fire in 1554. The two-light window in the south wall and the three-light window in the east wall are both 19th century. The north chapel is 15th century with two two-light windows on the north side and a three-light window in the east end. All date from the 15th century with cinquefoil heads and tracery.
+ Internally, the nave is separated from the aisles with 14th-century arcades of three bays of pointed arches: octagonal columns in the south arcade and alternating circular and octagonal columns in the north arcade. The chancel arch is circa 1200 and the tower arch is 13th or early 14th century. The chapels are divided from the chancel with two bay arcades of pointed arches, each contemporary with the age of the adjacent chapel. The roofs of the chancel, nave and the chapels are of crown post construction with the ridge of the roofs of the chancel and chapels being lower than the nave. The aisle roofs are lean-tos.
+ The font is octagonal and carved with initials and date "EM 1662". The octagonal wooden font cover with a central finial has hinged panels on four sides. Doorways to the parvis stairs and rood loft stairs are in the south wall of the south aisle and the south wall of the north aisle respectively. The three chancel windows contain stained glass by Patrick Reyntiens installed in 1962. The church contains memorials to Edward Cole ("d". 1757) and George Maplesden ("d". 1688).
+ The church is set in a large churchyard dotted with headstones. Close to the south aisle are Grade II listed stocks capable of holding two people.
+
+= = = Rho Draconis = = =
+
+ Rho Draconis (ρ Draconis) is a solitary star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude is 4.52. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.61 mas as measured from Earth, it is located around 429 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.027 due to interstellar dust.
+ With a stellar classification of K3 III, Rho Draconis is a normal giant star that is past the first dredge-up phase of its post-main sequence evolution. It has the peculiar spectrum of a CN star, showing abnormal line strengths for cyanogen and calcium. The star has expanded to around 28 times the Sun's radius and it is radiating 402 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,370 K.
+
+= = = Evil 1999 = = =
+
+ Evil 1999 is the third studio album by Norwegian black metal band Tulus. It was released in 1999, through Hammerheart Records.
+
+= = = 2012–13 Hong Kong Second Division League = = =
+
+ 2012–13 Hong Kong Second Division League is the 67th season of Hong Kong Second Division League, a football league in Hong Kong.
+ Promoted to Hong Kong First Division League
+ Relegated to Second Division League
+ Relegated from First Division League
+ Promoted from Third Division League
+ The following 11 clubs are competing in the Hong Kong Second Division League during the 2012–13 season.
+
+
+= = = Kalleh Gah, Ilam = = =
+
+ Kalleh Gah (; also known as Kalegah) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 6 families.
+
+= = = Tau Draconis = = =
+
+ Tau Draconis, Latinized from τ Draconis, is an astrometric binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. The star is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.45. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 22.28 mas as measured from Earth, it is located around 146 light years from the Sun. Its proper motion is propelling it across the sky at the rate of 0.176 arc seconds per year.
+ This is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K2 III:, where the semi-colon indicates some uncertainty about its spectral value. It is considered metal-rich star and is past the first dredge-up phase of its post-main sequence evolution, although it shows under-abundances of carbon and oxygen in its spectrum. The star has 1.25 times the mass of the Sun and is an estimated 6.48 billion years old. It is radiating 48 times the solar luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,413 K.
+
+= = = Kalegah = = =
+
+ Kalegah or Kalegeh () may refer to:
+
+= = = Kalleh Gah = = =
+
+ Kalleh Gah or Kallehgah or Kaleh Gah () may refer to:
+
+= = = Meydar-e Olya = = =
+
+ Meydar-e Olya (, also Romanized as Meydar-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 302, in 72 families.
+
+= = = Upsilon Draconis = = =
+
+ Upsilon Draconis (υ Dra) is a binary star system in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.83. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.48 mas as measured from Earth, it is located around 340 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.02 due to interstellar dust.
+ In Chinese, (), meaning "Left Wall of Purple Forbidden Enclosure", refers to an asterism consisting of υ Draconis, ι Draconis, η Draconis, ζ Draconis, θ Draconis, 73 Draconis, γ Cephei and 23 Cassiopeiae. Consequently, the Chinese name for ζ Draconis itself is (, .), representing (), meaning "The Second Minister".
+ This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 258.48 days and an eccentricity of 0.21. The primary, component A, is an evolved K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a suspected barium star, which may indicate the orbiting companion, component B, is a white dwarf star.
+ The measured angular diameter of the primary, after correction for limb darkening, is . At the estimated distance of Upsilon Draconis, this yields a physical size of about 19 times the Sun's radius. It is about 1.37 billion years old with an estimated 2.05 times the mass of the Sun. The star is radiating 2.23 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,561 K.
+\end{align}
+
+= = = Meydar-e Sofla = = =
+
+ Meydar-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Meydar-e Soflá; also known as Sīrkāneh and Sīr Kāneh) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
+
+= = = Compound matrix = = =
+
+ In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, a compound matrix is a matrix whose entries are all minors, of a given size, of another matrix. Compound matrices are closely related to exterior algebras.
+ Let be an matrix with real or complex entries. If is a subset of and is a subset of , then the -submatrix of , written , is the submatrix formed from by retaining only those rows indexed by and those columns indexed by . If , then is the -minor of .
+ The "r"th compound matrix of is a matrix, denoted , is defined as follows. If , then is the unique matrix. Otherwise, has size formula_1. Its rows and columns are indexed by -element subsets of and , respectively, in their lexicographic order. The entry corresponding to subsets and is the minor .
+ In some applications of compound matrices, the precise ordering of the rows and columns is unimportant. For this reason, some authors do not specify how the rows and columns are to be ordered.
+ For example, consider the matrix
+ The rows are indexed by and the columns by . Therefore, the rows of are indexed by the sets
+ and the columns are indexed by
+ Using absolute value bars to denote determinants, the second compound matrix is
+ Let be a scalar, be an matrix, and be an matrix. If is a positive integer, then denotes the identity matrix. The transpose of a matrix will be written , and the conjugate transpose by . Then:
+ Assume in addition that is a square matrix of size . Then:
+ Give the standard coordinate basis . The th exterior power of is the vector space
+ whose basis consists of the formal symbols
+ where
+ Suppose that be an matrix. Then corresponds to a linear transformation
+ Taking the th exterior power of this linear transformation determines a linear transformation
+ The matrix corresponding to this linear transformation (with respect to the above bases of the exterior powers) is . Taking exterior powers is a functor, which means that
+ This corresponds to the formula . It is closely related to, and is a strengthening of, the Cauchy–Binet formula.
+ Let be an matrix. Recall that its th higher adjugate matrix is the formula_14 matrix whose entry is
+ where, for any set of integers, is the sum of the elements of . The adjugate of is its 1st higher adjugate and is denoted . The generalized Laplace expansion formula implies
+ If is invertible, then
+ A concrete consequence of this is Jacobi's formula for the minors of an inverse matrix:
+ Adjugates can also be expressed in terms of compounds. Let denote the "sign matrix":
+ and let denote the "exchange matrix":
+ Then Jacobi's theorem states that the th higher adjugate matrix is:
+ It follows immediately from Jacobi's theorem that
+ Taking adjugates and compounds does not commute. However, compounds of adjugates can be expressed using adjugates of compounds, and vice versa. From the identities
+ and the Sylvester-Franke theorem, we deduce
+ The same technique leads to an additional identity,
+ The computation of compound matrices appears in a wide array of problems.
+ Compound and adjugate matrices appear when computing determinants of linear combinations of matrices. It is elementary to check that, if and are matrices, then
+ It is also true that:
+ This has the immediate consequence
+ In general, the computation of compound matrices is non effective due to its high complexity. Nonetheless, there is some efficient algorithms available for real matrices with special structures.
+
+= = = Sir Kaneh = = =
+
+ Sir Kaneh or Sirkaneh () may refer to:
+
+= = = Omega Draconis = = =
+
+ Omega Draconis, Latinized from ω Draconis and also known as 28 Draconis, is a binary star in the constellation of Draco. The system is fairly close, and is located about 76 light-years (23 parsecs) away, based on its parallax.
+ Omega Draconis is a spectroscopic binary, which means the two stellar components are too close to be resolved but periodic Doppler shifts in their spectra indicate orbital motion. In this case, light from both stars can be detected, and it is a double-lined spectroscopic binary. The orbital period of the system is 5.28 days, and the eccentricity of the system is 0.00220, implying a nearly circular orbit. The primary has a mass of , and is an F-type main-sequence star. The secondary is less massive, at .
+ With 27 Draconis, it composed the Arabs' الأظفار الذئب "al-ʼaẓfār al-dhiʼb", "the wolf's claws" in the asterism of the Mother Camels. The two stars have been distinguished as "Adfar Aldib I" (ω) and "Adfar Aldib II" (27 Draconis).
+ In Chinese, (), meaning "Royal Secretary", refers to an asterism consisting of ω Draconis, 15 Draconis, 18 Draconis and 19 Draconis. Consequently, ω Draconis itself is known as (, .).
+
+= = = Meydar = = =
+
+ Meydar () may refer to:
+
+= = = Patakht = = =
+
+ Patakht (, also Romanized as Pātakht) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 176, in 36 families.
+
+= = = Piamen-e Olya = = =
+
+ Piamen-e Olya (, also Romanized as Pīāmen-e ‘Olyā; also known as Pīāmen, Pīyāmen, and Sūlāvī) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 137, in 28 families.
+
+= = = Prue-Anne Reynalds = = =
+
+ Prue-Anne Reynalds is a Paralympic athletics and cycling competitor from Australia. She competed in the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Paralympics in athletics events as a classified "B1" athlete where she won a bronze in the Women's 3000 m B1 event. She also competed in the mixed tandem open cycling road event at the 1992 Summer Paralympics but did not win a medal.
+
+= = = Piamen-e Sofla = = =
+
+ Piamen-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Pīāmen-e Soflá) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 93, in 22 families.
+
+= = = Piamen = = =
+
+ Piamen or Piyamen () may refer to:
+
+= = = Linda Holeman = = =
+
+ Linda Holeman (née Freeman) is a Canadian author of fiction. Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, she earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Winnipeg, and a Bachelor and Master of Education from the University of Manitoba. She currently lives and writes in Toronto, Ontario.
+ Holeman is the author of fourteen books of fiction, which have sold millions of copies worldwide. Her work has been translated into twenty languages, and includes two adult collections of literary short stories, "Flying to Yellow" and "Devil’s Darning Needle", as well as the historical novels "The Linnet Bird", "The Moonlit Cage", "In A Far Country", "The Saffron Gate", "The Lost Souls of Angelkov", and "The Devil On Her Tongue". Her particular interest in writing historical fiction is demonstrating the plight of women in the 18th and 19th centuries, from the point of view of strongly drawn female protagonists. She travels widely to research her novels in great depth, and her ability to capture place and era has consistently met with positive critical review. Amnesty International UK has chosen "The Moonlit Cage" as one of the "Ten Great Books on Human Rights", along with "To Kill a Mockingbird", "1984", "The Help", and "Mosquito".
+ Her young adult body of work consists of a collection of short stories, "Saying Good-Bye", which was re-released as "Toxic Love", and four novels: "Promise Song", "Mercy’s Birds", "Raspberry House Blues", and "Search of the Moon King’s Daughter". She has also written a first-chapter book for younger readers, "Frankie on the Run". Linda has been the recipient of numerous awards, honours and nominations for her young adult work.
+ As well as being published in many journals and periodicals, Holeman's short stories have been widely anthologized in Canada – most noticeably in "The Journey Prize Anthology" – and abroad. She was twice short-listed for the CBC Literary Competition, and won the Larry Turner Award for Non-Fiction, the Canadian Author/Winnipeg Free Press Non-Fiction Competition, and the "Canadian Living" Magazine National Writing Competition.
+ Linda acted as guest editor for a young adult issue of "Prairie Fire Magazine", for which she was awarded the Vicky Metcalf Short Story Editor Award. She has been a member of the Manitoba Artists in the Schools Program and CANSCAIP, toured with the Canadian Children's Book Centre, acted as a mentor in the Manitoba Writers' Guild Mentor Program, and taught creative writing through the University of Winnipeg's Continuing Education Programme. She has served on a number of juries across Canada, including the Governor-General's Award for Children's Literature, and created and facilitated writing workshops on many aspects of the writing process to both students and adults nationally and internationally. She held a nine-month term as Writer-in-Residence at the Millennium Library in Winnipeg, and served on the editorial advisory board for Turnstone Press and on the board of the Manitoba Writers' Guild. She is a member of the Writers' Union of Canada.
+ Holeman, Linda. "Saying Good-Bye." Toronto, ON: Lester Publishing (1995).
+ Republished as "Toxic Love." Toronto, ON: Tundra Books (2003).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Frankie on the Run." Toronto, ON: Boardwalk Books (1995).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Flying to Yellow." Winnipeg, MB: Turnstone Press (1996).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Promise Song." Toronto, ON: Tundra Books (1997).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Mercy’s Birds." Toronto, ON: Tundra Books (1998).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Devil’s Darning Needle." Erin, ON: The Porcupine's Quill (1999).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Raspberry House Blues." Toronto, ON: Tundra Books (2000).
+ Holeman, Linda. "Search of the Moon King’s Daughter." Toronto, ON: Tundra Books (2002).
+ Holeman, Linda. "The Linnet Bird." London, England: Headline Publishers (2004).
+ Holeman, Linda. "The Moonlit Cage." London, England: Headline Publishers (2006).
+ Holeman, Linda. "In a Far Country." London, England: Headline Publishers (2008).
+ Holeman, Linda. "The Saffron Gate." London, England: Headline Publishers (2009).
+ Holeman, Linda. "The Lost Souls of Angelkov." Toronto, ON: Random House Canada (2012).
+ Holeman, Linda. "The Devil On Her Tongue." Toronto, ON: Random House Canada (2014).
+
+= = = 41 Cygni = = =
+
+ 41 Cygni is a single star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located near the southern border with Vulpecula. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.02. The star lies at a distance of around 770 light years from the Sun, based on parallax, and is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −18 km/s.
+ This is a sharp-lined supergiant star with a stellar classification of F5Ib-II. It is 85 million years old with 5.3 times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 9.5 km/s. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 27 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating about 1,200 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,533 K.
+
+= = = Piazabad, Ilam = = =
+
+ Piazabad (, also Romanized as Pīāzābād, Pīyāzābād, and Pīyāz Ābād) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 443, in 87 families.
+
+= = = Piazabad = = =
+
+ Piazabad or Piyazabad or Piyaz Abad or Peyazabad () may refer to:
+
+= = = Rubareh = = =
+
+ Rubareh (, also Romanized as Rūbareh and Rūberah) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
+
+= = = Shehmiar = = =
+
+ Shehmiar (, also Romanized as Shehmīār; also known as Shemīār) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 6 families.
+
+= = = 33 Cygni = = =
+
+ 33 Cygni is a single star located 159 light years away in the northern constellation Cygnus. Its is visible to the naked eye as a white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.28. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −16 km/s. Eggen (1995) listed it as a proper motion candidate for membership in the IC 2391 supercluster.
+ This star has a stellar classification of A3 IV–Vn, showing a spectrum with traits intermediate between an A-type main-sequence star and an evolving subgiant star. The 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It is about 400 million years old with a high projected rotational velocity of 243 km/s. This rate of spin is giving the star an oblate shape with a pronounced equatorial bulge that is an estimated 28% wider than the polar radius.
+ 33 Cyg has 2.33 times the mass of the Sun and 2.76 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 44 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,395 K. It displays an infrared excess that suggests an orbiting debris disk with a temperature of 500 K at a mean distance of from the host star.
+
+= = = The Lady of the Wheel = = =
+
+ The Lady of the Wheel (La Ruotaia) is a 2012 historical fiction novel by Sicilian American author Angelo F. Coniglio. The book follows the life of a girl who was abandoned as an infant, with the major themes of the book including poverty, exploitation and family values. Coniglio's work has been compared to the verismo (realism) of Sicilian author Giovanni Verga.
+ A mother abandons an infant girl, placing her inside a 'foundling wheel' to be cared for in a foundling home, and the woman's husband gives up a young son as a carusu, a virtual slave in a sulfur mine; both actions intended to help the remaining family to survive in poverty-stricken Racalmuto, in late-1800s Sicily. It was common for families to give up their boys at the age of five as carusi, selling them to the mining company for life for a small price, and the parents treat it matter-of-factly as a regrettable but unavoidable decision. The plot follows the girl's life as a foundling, and her brother's labors in the mine, working ten-hour days in hellish conditions, and their interactions with family and co-workers. As plot devices, the author includes examples of Napoleon-inspired recording of civil documents, and describes the Sicilian conventions for selecting the given names of a family's children.
+
+= = = Arkansas City High School = = =
+
+ Arkansas City High School may refer to:
+
+= = = Louisiana iris = = =
+
+ Louisiana iris is a taxonomic group (Iris" ser. "Hexagonae) of five iris species native to Louisiana and surrounding regions of the southeastern United States: "Iris fulva", "Iris hexagona", "Iris brevicaulis", "Iris giganticaerulea", and "Iris nelsonii".
+ Each recognized species has noticeable phenotypic and habitat differences, yet similarities between their phenotypes and habitats can be drawn. These similarities are partially a result of their similar phylogenies. Many of the species are closely related, some a result of interbreeding, as in the most recent discovery of the Abbeville Red Iris, "Iris nelsonii". The five Louisiana irises are often categorized as "The Reds" or "The Blues" according to their corolla color. "The Blues", species "Iris brevicaulis", "Iris hexagona", and "Iris giganticaerulea", typically have blue-purple corollas, with rare white forms. "The Reds", species "Iris fulva" and "Iris nelsonii", typically have red-orange corollas, with rare yellow forms. Between 1920s and 1930s, Dr. John K. Small extensively studied irises in both Florida and Louisiana and named over 80 new species, including "Iris savannarum", Iris kimballiae, Iris albispiritus and Iris rivularis. Subsequent research has determined that only "Iris savannarum" is a true species and the others are synonyms of it.
+ In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower of Louisiana. The state flower is the magnolia blossom.
+ The "Hexagonae" series name is derived from the first Louisiana iris species to inhabit the series, "Iris hexagona". The name "Louisiana iris" comes from the naturalist and artist John James Audubon. In the 1821, a Louisiana flag ("Iris fulva") was painted by his assistant Joseph Mason, then Audubon added his pair of parula warblers. He then used the term 'Louisiana Flag' to describe the painting.
+ "Iris fulva", common name "copper iris", is noted by its fulva color of rusty red to brownish orange or rare yellow forms. In 1812, this species was named by J.B. Ker-Gawler from a specimen found in the surrounding New Orleans area. The red color of the fulva contributes to the red modern hybrids found in the surrounding habitats that the iris thrives. It is found in Louisiana, along with other Mississippi Valley habaitats in Illinois, Kentucky, and Ohio. Other notable physiological characteristics of the species are its big size (3-4 inches in diameter) and drooping petals.
+ "Iris hexagona" is the oldest discovered Louisiana iris species. In 1788, the species was named in South Carolina. Confusion in recognizing the iris is often intertwined with "Iris giganticaerula". "Iris hexagona" can also be found in South Carolina and Florida. In Louisiana, the species "Iris hexagona" is debated to derive from "Iris giganticaerula" or of the same plant species habitating in its other natural states. There are noticeable differences in blooms, color, and shape when comparing the Florida species and South Carolina species and taxonomists are still determining the difference in classification. "Iris hexagona" located in Louisiana dwell in wet areas of full or half shade, more specifically ditches, canals, swamps, and slow flowing streams.
+ "Iris bevicaulis", common name "ZigZag iris" and "Lamance iris", is the most petite Louisiana iris. It is recognized by its zigzag stalk and prominent, numerous flower parts, that open widely. The species does not require as much water to survive, like other Louisiana irises. Due to its minimalist aquatic requirement, habitats can be in the mud, instead of water bodies, or other surroundings to aqueous habitats. One distinguishable feature that separates it from the other blue irises, is its late blooming season. Furthermore, the iris's importance lies in its hardiness; it provides support to many cultivar plants and was pronounced the "show horse" for the Louisiana iris species. Locations of the iris are upland Louisiana and along the Gulf Coast. The irises' pattern of growth up the state of Louisiana, ventures north into the Mississippi Valley of Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, and Ohio.
+ "Iris giganticaerulea" is the most recognizable Louisiana iris species. This Gulf Coast species is an extremely large blue native plant, found commonly in the City of New Orleans. In the state of Louisiana, the iris grows natively in freshwater marshes, swamps, and woody wetlands. Yet only a few remaining native, wild-growing irises can be found in Louisiana wetlands, located 20 to 30 miles north of New Orleans. Some of the species can be found growing natively along the coasts of Texas and Mississippi.
+ "Iris nelsonii", common name "Abbeville Red" or "Super Fulva", was the most recently discovered and named Louisiana iris. In 1938, W. B. MacMillan discovered the plant species; in 1966 Randolph named the iris. The common name derives from its native habitat that is located in an exclusive area in Southeast Abbeville, Louisiana. They grow in cypress swamps surrounded by shallow water, or other aquatic habitats with shallow water and full shade. The species is hypothesized to originate as a result of a span of several years of closed-off habitats, and interbreeding of other Louisiana iris species ("I. fulva", "I. giganticaerulea", and "I. brevicaulis"), causing the species hybrid to gain stability as its own species. The iris's more recent discovery allows for increasing popularity by birthing many current Louisiana iris cultivars. Their physiological properties are similar to the "Iris fulva", but they grow taller and have larger corollas. However, they stay true to the red iris family with either red or yellow fulvas. The blooms of the iris can be found from the middle to late month of April.
+ "Iris savannarum", common name: prairie iris or savanna iris, it was published by Dr. John K. Small in 1925. It was once thought to be a variety of "Iris hexagona", but then various botanists made the case it was different enough in form and flower to be treated as a separate species.
+ The iris species in Southeast Abbeville, Louisiana can reportedly be traced back to its original heritage or origin of descent with the use of pedigree. Some of these pedigrees have been put together with the help of Charles Arny in 1958. Ongoing research of "Iris nelsonii" can be found in a few university labs, testing for the genetics of the species. The origin of the species, by decoding DNA sequences, may help explain the process of hybridization of new species by introgression. Michael L. Arnold, Ph. D., working in the University of Georgia Department of Genetics, is currently studying this model by observing the genotype of several "Iris nelsonii" and other iris from the "Hexagonae" series.
+ The unique "Iris nelsonii" species can only be found in the Turkey Island Swamp in Vermillion Parish, Louisiana—property that is privately owned. Amity Bass and Chris Reid are two botanists that are currently involved in the protection and conservation of the species in Louisiana. They have been involved in surveying the privately owned property where the endemic plant resides, and are currently in the process of transplanting some of the rhizomes to replant in a neighboring state park. It is this park, Palmetto Island State Park, and others that Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries are teaming with to bring public awareness to the conservation issue of "Iris nelsonii". By replanting the species and opening educational exhibits, the relatively new hot topic of this endemic plant is now gaining more public awareness. This awareness helped gain the approval for legislative funding by Representative Simone Champagne of Jeanerette in 2011. The state funding provided the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries with the means to build the exhibit in the Palmetto Island State Park. The remaining conservation concern is centered on the privately owned Turkey Island Swamp, and the importance of conserving and maintaining "Iris nelsonii" 's natural habitat. With the permission of the land owners, surveys of the swamp are ongoing, with the understanding that, if the swamp habitat is compromised, the endemic Louisiana species will be wiped away. A prominent threat to the swamp resides in the comparing the present-day hydrology to the hydrology of the swamp the year the Abbeville red was discovered. The swamp is not only drier than in 1939, but also more salt concentrated. Changes are a result of the seasonal occurrence of hurricanes in Louisiana and coastal wetland erosion, that sequentially drains into the nearby swamp. Additionally, agricultural influence and man-made alterations to waterways have led to the drier swamp habitat. Overall, the continued reproduction of the iris in the swamp habitat, and the noteworthy isolation of the swamp, are two factors scientist reason are key to the iris's survival, and if compromised, may cause the integrity of the Abbeville Red to be in danger.
+
+= = = Dundee United F.C. in European football = = =
+
+ Dundee United Football Club is a Scottish association football club based in the city of Dundee. The club's first ever tie in European competition was in the 1966–67 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup where they knocked out holders Barcelona in the Second round winning both legs in the process before losing in the following round to Italian giants Juventus despite winning the home leg 1-0. They had their best spell in the 1980s, reaching the Semi-Final of the European Cup in 1984 and Final of the UEFA Cup in 1987, they also reached the Quarter-Final stage of the latter in both 1982 & 1983. In total they have won 46 games in European competition, currently more than any Scottish club outwith the Old Firm and Aberdeen.
+
+= = = John P. Erickson = = =
+
+ John P. Erickson (June 30, 1825 – August 2, 1907) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions during the Wilmington Campaign.
+ Born in 1825 in Sweden, Erickson immigrated to the U.S. and was living in Brooklyn when he joined the Navy. He served as a captain of the forecastle on the in the Wilmington Campaign, from the First Battle of Fort Fisher on December 24, 1864, through the campaign's end on February 22, 1865. He was severely wounded and received treatment at a hospital in Portsmouth, Virginia. For his actions during the campaign, he was awarded the Medal of Honor months later on June 22, 1865.
+ Erickson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
+ Served on board the U.S.S. "Pontoosuc" during the capture of Fort Fisher and Wilmington, 24 December 1864, to 22 February 1865. Carrying out his duties faithfully throughout this period, Erickson was so severely wounded in the assault upon Fort Fisher that he was sent to the hospital at Portsmouth, Va. Erickson was recommended for his gallantry, skill, and coolness in action while under the fire of the enemy.
+ Erickson died on August 2, 1907, at age 82 and was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
+
+= = = Acrolepia tharsalea = = =
+
+ Acrolepia tharsalea is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Walsingham in 1914. It is found in Guatemala.
+
+= = = Justin Pemberton = = =
+
+ Justin Pemberton is a documentary filmmaker based in Auckland, New Zealand.
+ Pemberton's adaptation of economist Thomas Piketty’s NY Times bestseller Capital in the Twenty-First Century premièred at Sydney Film Festival in June 2019.
+ In 2016 Pemberton co-wrote and directed a film about rugby player Richie McCaw called "Chasing Great". The film topped the New Zealand box office with a record-breaking opening weekend and became the highest grossing New Zealand documentary of all time.
+ His 2016 interactive documentary I Spy (with My 5 Eyes) investigated the Five Eyes Intelligence sharing network. The documentary was produced by Carthew Neal and was a co-production with Canadian digital media company Jam3. Pemberton was also Executive Producer on the David Farrier documentary Tickled.
+ Pemberton wrote and directed the feature docudrama "The Golden Hour", based on the story of New Zealand athletes Peter Snell and Murray Halberg at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. "The Golden Hour" was nominated for a 2013 International Emmy Award for best documentary.
+ His film "The Nuclear Comeback" investigated the nuclear power industry’s claim that, as a low carbon emitter, nuclear power is climate-friendly source of energy. The documentary won Best Documentary at Italy’s CinemAmbiente Film Festival in 2008 and Best New Zealand Feature Documentary at the DocNZ Film Festival. Pemberton was also awarded Achievement in Directing (Documentary) at the 2008 Qantas Film and Television Awards for "The Nuclear Comeback".
+ Pemberton’s film "Love, Speed and Loss", about Grand Prix road-racer Kim Newcombe, won Best Documentary, Best Editing and Best Directing at the 2007 New Zealand Screen Awards and was awarded Best Arts/Festival Documentary at the 2007 Qantas Television Awards.
+ He has frequently collaborated with New Zealand musician Anika Moa, directing two documentaries following the singer as well as music videos and photo shoots, including the cover of her 2010 album Love In Motion. Moa has also composed the soundtracks for five of Pemberton’s films.
+ "Capital In The Twenty-First Century"
+ "I Spy (With My 5 Eyes)"
+ "Chasing Great"
+ "The Golden Hour"
+ "The Nuclear Comeback"
+ "Love Speed and Loss"
+
+= = = Acrolepia xiphias = = =
+
+ Acrolepia xiphias is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Chile.
+
+= = = Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 10) = = =
+
+ Deutschland sucht den Superstar (season 10) was the tenth season of Deutschland sucht den Superstar. The winner gets a recording contract with Universal Music Group and €500 000. There were new features in season 10. Participants had to be between 16 and 30 years old and could audition in 30 cities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Bill and Tom Kaulitz from Tokio Hotel and Mateo from Culcha Candela became judges. Bruce Darnell and Natalie Horler both left after the completion of season 9. There was a trip to Curaçao during the recall. This is the first season in which three women reached the final four and the second season with a female final 2. After nine years, the show produced a female winner, since Elli Erl in Season 2. Beatrice Egli won the show as the second female winner.
+ Production of season 10 started on 24 August 2012. There was a trip to Curaçao. Participants had to be between 16 and 30 years. They had the opportunity to stop by without an appointment to audition. RTL promised "many new features and a few surprises." Auditions were held in 30 cities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The 30 cities are Bern, Zurich, Freiburg, Friedrichshafen, Stuttgart, Mannheim, Saarbrücken, Munich, Vienna, Vösendorf, Salzburg, Regensburg, Erlangen, Freiberg, Hamburg, Hanover, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Fehmarn, Rostock, Cologne, Dortmund, Koblenz, Göttingen, Paderborn, Berlin, Frankfurt, Jena, Magdeburg and Mönchengladbach.
+ Bruce Darnell and Natalie Horler both left the show after season 9 and were replaced by Bill and Tom Kaulitz and Culcha Candela.
+ Dieter Bohlen was born on 7 February 1954 in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. Bohlen has been a judge on DSDS since season 1. Bohlen got his first job as a composer and producer in 1979. Bohlen is now the most successful German composer and producer. Bohlen and Thomas Anders, as members of Modern Talking, is the only German act, with five titles in a row at No. 1 on the singles chart.
+ Bill Kaulitz was born on 1 September 1989 in Leipzig, East Germany. Bill Kaulitz is a member of Tokio Hotel. Season 10 was his first season as a jury member.
+ Tom Kaulitz is a member of Tokio Hotel. Season 10 was his first season as a jury member.
+ Mateo from Culcha Candela is one of the new jury members for season 10.
+ Auditions were held in 30 cities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 32 078 people participated in the auditions. This is down from 35 401 participants from season 9.
+ The jury chose 36 participants to go to Curaçao. The jury selected the 20 participants for the liveshows. The jury selected eight participants who go directly to the mottoshows and six participants were chosen by the viewers in the first liveshow.
+ Beatrice Egli was born on 21 June 1988 in Pfäffikon, Switzerland. She actually just sings the German Schlager. She reached the final and making her the first schlager singer in the DSDS final. She won the show as the second female contestant. She's the second winner from Switzerland. Her victory is the second Swiss victory in a row after Luca Hänni in 2012. As the winner, she received a recording contract with Universal Music Group and €500,000.
+ Lisa Wohlgemuth was born on 11 March 1992 in Annaberg-Buchholz. She was voted in the top 10 by the public as the first place. She reached the final with Beatrice. She was beaten by Egli and became the runner-up.
+ Ricardo Bielecki was born on 11 November 1992 in Bochum. He was the male favorite but he was unexpectedly eliminated in the semi-final, finishing in third place. He was the last male contestant.
+ Susan Albers was born on 29 December 1983 in Rhede. She was stated as the best singer in the competition but sometime as too perfect. She was eliminated at 27 April and finished at the fourth place.
+ was born on 28 September 1995 in Rastatt. He was eliminated at 20 April and became the fifth place.
+ Tim David Weller was born on 15 July 1992 in Dillenburg. He was eliminated at 13 April and finished as the sixth place.
+ Simone Magiapane was born on 25 April 1985 in Rottenburg. He was voted in the top 10 by the public as the second place. He was eliminated on 6 April and finished at seventh place.
+ Timo Tiggler was born on 16 April 1992 in Nettetal. He became the eighth place on 30 March.
+ Maurice Glover was born on 6 October 1986 in Frankenthal. He often was in disput with Nora Ferjani. He was eliminated at 23 March and ended up as the ninth place.
+ Nora Ferjani was born on 2 June 1988 in Iserlohn. She was in disput with Maurice Glover. She was eliminated in the first live show on 16 March and finished at the tenth place.
+ The winner will get a recording contract with Universal Music Group and €500,000.
+
+= = = Team composition and cohesion in spaceflight missions = = =
+
+ Selection, training, cohesion and psychosocial adaptation influence performance and, as such, are relevant factors to consider while preparing for costly, long-duration spaceflight missions in which the performance objectives will be demanding, endurance will be tested and success will be critical.
+ During the selection of crew members, throughout their training and during their psychosocial adaptation to the mission environment, there are several opportunities to encourage optimal performance and, in turn, minimize the risk of failure.
+ Evidence linking crew selection, composition, training, cohesion or psychosocial adaptation to performance errors is uncertain. Many NASA-backed studies regarding spaceflight, as well as space analogs, emphasize the need to consider these factors. The research on performance errors caused by team factors is ambiguous and currently, no systematic attempt has been undertaken to measure performance errors due to psychosocial team factors during space flight.
+ As a result, evidence does not help identify what is needed to reduce the risk of performance errors in space. Ground-based evidence demonstrates that decrements in individual and team performance are related to the psychosocial characteristics of teamwork. Also, there are reasons to believe that ground support personnel and crew members experience many of the same basic issues regarding teamwork and performance.
+ The study of performance errors implies that human actions may be simplified into a dichotomy of "correct" or "incorrect" responses. It has been argued that this dichotomy is a harmful oversimplification, and that it would be more productive to focus on the variability of human performance and how organizations can manage that variability.
+ There are two particular problems that occur when focusing on performance errors:
+ Research shows that humans are fairly adept at correcting or compensating for performance errors before such errors result in recognizable or recordable failures. Most failures are recorded only when multiple errors occur and are not preventable.
+ For NASA's purposes, a team is commonly understood to be a collection of individuals that is assigned to support and achieve a particular mission. One way of selecting for teams is to identify those individuals who are best suited to work in teams, ensuring that each individual team member possesses the qualities and skills that lend themselves to optimal teamwork. Many organizations use competency frameworks to select individuals utilizing a "team-working" competency that measures how an individual works with other team members (support, knowledge sharing, etc.). These "teamwork" competencies have been shown to help predict individual performance in teams.
+ Efforts have been made within spaceflight operations to identify factors that are important for selecting individual crew members for long duration spaceflight. There has also been an analytical study to identify the skills necessary for long and short duration missions to inform the initial astronaut candidate selection process. In this study, twenty experts (including astronauts) rated 47 relevant skills on criticality and another 42 environmental and work demands on their probability of occurrence.
+ This resulted in 10 broad factors that were deemed important for long-duration missions:
+ These factors somewhat overlap with those identified in previous peer-rating studies which suggest both a job competence and an interpersonal dimension for astronaut performance.
+ There is a lack of data that related performance to team composition and cohesion due to the evolution of job duties and selection practices over the history of manned spaceflight as well as the limited number of astronauts actually selected (340 U.S. astronauts to date). These issues are relevant to other space agencies as well. In 1990, a European astronaut working group reevaluated selection criteria for the selection of European astronauts as Russian researchers have collected personality data on cosmonauts for a number of years. The empirical linking of personality factors to specific performance levels still eludes researchers.
+ Long-duration space flights are so physically, mentally and emotionally demanding that simply selecting individual crew members who have the "right stuff" is insufficient. Training and supporting optimal performance is more effective than simply selecting high performers. Training team skills and supporting optimal performance entails more than educating astronauts about the technical aspects of the job, it also requires equipping those astronauts with the resources that are needed to maintain psychological and physical health during long-duration spaceflight missions.
+ Developing the right kind of training for team skills is further complicated by operational issues. Not all tasks that will or may be encountered can be anticipated. Unexpected tasks can, and have, arise suddenly. Team training needs to be broad and flexible enough to support these unexpected performance requirements.
+ Group cohesiveness has been defined as the strength of members' motivations to stay in the group. Leon Festinger cited three primary characteristics that define team cohesion: interpersonal attraction, task commitment and group pride. Studies to determine the strength or willingness of individuals to stick together and act as a unit have most consistently assessed the level of conflict, degree of interpersonal tensions, facility and quality of communications, collective perceptions of team health and performance of the group, and the extent to which team members share perceptions or understandings concerning their operational context.
+ Researchers at the U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) noted in their recent review of cohesion as a construct, that the definitions of cohesion is ambiguous; therefore, the means of measuring cohesion is complex. The ARI authors concluded that "cohesion can best be conceptualized as a multidimensional construct consisting of numerous factors representing interpersonal and task dynamics.
+ There is a large body of ground-based evidence showing cohesion influences levels of performance, but this evidence is primarily correlational rather than causal.
+ Cohesive teams are more productive than less cohesive teams. This situation could be because
+ or
+ Teams preserve their cohesion when they succeed rather than fail. Therefore, applied scientists advise it is important to promote three essential conditions for team performance:
+ These kinds of problems undermine team performance and can have detrimental effects on team cohesion (Thompson, 2002).
+ Research shows that cohesive teams tend to sit closer to each other, focus more attention on each other, show signs of mutual affection, display coordinated patterns of behavior as well as give due credit to their partners. Non-cohesive teams are more likely to take credit for successes and blame others for mistakes and failures. It is important to differentiate between team cohesiveness and individual morale. An individual who has low morale can influence team cohesion, but it may be possible for a team to remain cohesive even with low-morale members.
+ Psychosocial experts within the spaceflight community have articulated their concern that interpersonal conflicts and lack of cohesion will impede the abilities of crews to perform tasks accurately, efficiently, or in a coordinated manner during long-duration missions.
+ From the evidence, it cannot be said that lack of team cohesion is statistically likely to result in numerous performance errors or an observable failure, but it does seem likely that ignoring the relationship between cohesion and performance will result in sub-optimal performance. We know that many factors contribute to how cohesion is built and encouraged within a team, and we know that cohesion is positively related to better performance. Research cannot effectively determine in a reasonable amount of time what minimum level of cohesion is required to avoid catastrophic failure. Instead of investing research and time in such an endeavor, funding would be better used to test and identify effective means of building cohesion and promoting optimal performance in a long-duration mission context.
+ Although the astronaut candidate selection process screens for individuals with personality or mood disorders, certain disorders (i.e. poor psychosocial adaptation) may develop due to poor cohesion and/or support is a concern that could ultimately decrease performance in space flight crews.
+ Although spaceflight evidence regarding cohesion and performance is limited by the scarcity of objective team performance data, case studies, interviews and surveys have been conducted within the spaceflight community that have provided evidence that issues pertaining to cohesion exist and are perceived as threats to effective operations. For example, breakdowns in team coordination, resource and informational exchanges, and role conflicts (all common indicators of poor team cohesion) were mentioned as contributors to both the "Challenger" and the "Columbia" space shuttle accidents. Likewise, interviews and surveys of flight controllers indicate that mission teams are commonly concerned with team member coordination and communications, and that interpersonal conflicts and tensions do exist.
+ Because of a lack of empirical evidence from spaceflight research, much of the evidence surrounding cohesion and performance comes from non-space domains such as aviation, medicine, the military, and space analogs. Some reports have estimated that "crew error" in aviation contributes 65% to 70% of all serious accidents. The resulting accident investigations and mishap reports note poor teamwork, communication, coordination, and tactical decision-making as significant causal factors in mishap samples and team breakdowns are repeatedly implicated in accidents. Interpersonal conflicts, miscommunications, failures to communicate, and poor teamwork skills have been shown to contribute significantly to the rate of errors in the medical field.
+ Meta-analyses conducted in various industries and types of performance teams (work, military, sport, educational, etc.) provide additional ground-based evidence that cohesion is related to performance. The authors of these meta-analyses (Evans and Dion found a positive correlation between cohesion and individual performance, but did not include group performance criterion measures. Mullen and Copper found that cohesion positively affects performance. They also found that this relationship was stronger in real teams verses ad hoc teams, in small teams verses large teams as well as in field studies. Mullen and Copper also noted that successful performance also promotes cohesion and numerous performance outcomes including individual and group performance, behavioral health, job satisfaction, readiness to perform, and absence of discipline problems.
+ In the later meta-analyses, it was found that as work required more collaboration, the cohesion-performance relationship became stronger and highly cohesive teams became more likely to perform better than less-cohesive teams. This conclusion coincides with Thompson's cumulated field study finding that cohesion facilitates team processes and team coordination among work teams in various industrial settings.
+ A significant positive relationship between performance and the generalized beliefs of team members concerning the capabilities of their team across different situations. Although most research on team cohesion and performance concentrate on the positive aspects of team attitudes, some have investigated the level of conflict and negative attitudes concerning the team as indicators of cohesion. De Dreu and Weingart noted an important distinction between interpersonal conflict and task conflict (defined, interpersonal conflicts are about relationship issues, whereas task conflicts are about how to handle tasks).
+ Interpersonal conflict is generally detrimental to team cohesion, and, in turn, is destructive to team performance. While team members may correct each other, offer alternatives and argue about how to solve a problem, some level of task-related conflict can promote optimal performance. In contrast, interpersonal and task-related aspects of cohesion are generally found to influence performance positively. A study conducted with Canadian military groups showed that task-related cohesion was positively related to individual job satisfaction, interpersonal cohesion was negatively related to reports of psychological distress, and both types of cohesion were positively related to job performance.
+ Research conducted on Antarctic space analogs investigated conflict, cohesion and performance. It was found that:
+ This last point was studied over a ten-year period, modeling individual and group effects on adaptation to life in an extreme environment using multilevel analysis ().
+ The military and aviation industries have focused more on task cohesion and shared mental models (SMMs) in their cohesion studies. SMMs refer to implicit agreements in team member expectations concerning how things work and what behaviors will result in various conditions and were proposed to characterize cohesive work teams. Studies that compare performance during simulated operations and training note that
+ Leadership, or the ability to influence others toward achieving group goals, may also play a role in team cohesion. Although there is an abundance of research that exists for this topic, much of it is complex and conflicting and the findings are often mixed. Many studies are at the individual level and may not generalize to the spaceflight setting. Studies have shown a supporting relationship between different types of leadership styles, individual performance and morale.
+
+= = = DOM (album) = = =
+
+ DOM is the thirteenth studio album by German singer Joachim Witt. It was released on 28 September 2012. There are several different versions including a standard version, a limited deluxe edition double album that contains an autobiography, a limited digital edition and vinyl records. This includes the sampled "Retromania" songs on the deluxe edition. The track "Gloria" was released as a single.
+ "DOM" received mixed echoes in Germany. "Rolling Stone" delivered a negative review that criticised the electronic parts as being reminiscent of a Leni Riefenstahl film and called the album "kitsch". The "Orkus" magazine's reviewer noted some kitsch too but praised the theatrical lyrics in an overall very favourable review. He wrote that compared to the previous "Bayreuth" cycle that featured pain and anger, Witt had become more settled now. Also the "Sonic Seducer's" review was very positive while noting the quality of the songwriting and the instrumentation.
+ The album peaked at position 6 in the German Media Control Charts while the single "Gloria" reached number 74.
+
+= = = Acrolepiopsis nagaimo = = =
+
+ Acrolepiopsis nagaimo is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Yasuda in 2000. It is found in Japan.
+ The larvae feed on "Dioscorea oposita". They mine the leaves of their host plant.
+
+= = = St Mary the Virgin Church, Thurnham = = =
+
+ St Mary the Virgin is a small parish church in Thurnham, Kent. Begun in the 12th century, it is a Grade I listed building.
+ The church was begun in the 12th century with alterations made up to the early 17th century. The church comprises a continuous nave and chancel with a chapel at the east end of the north side of the nave. Porches on the north and south side abut the west tower. Apart from the porches and the chapel, the church is constructed of random flint and has a plain tiled roof. The porches are of uneven stone blocks and the chapel is of galleted stone.
+ The west tower is in two stages with a battlemented parapet with buttresses at the four corners. A small window is above the west door and the belfry stage has single-lighted openings. Edward Hasted describe the church in 1798 as having a pointed steeple, but this is no longer present. The west end of the nave and chancel is 12th or 13th century and the east end 14th century. The south wall contains two restored perpendicular gothic windows at the west. The north wall has a single restored perpendicular window. The east end of the chancel has a large restored window. The porches are early 15th century with gabled roofs and the chapel was added circa 1603 with a hipped roof behind a battlemented parapet. Each has a plinth and the chapel has a large window on its east side.
+ Internally, the nave is separated from the chapel with a 15th-century arch. The nave roof has crown posts; the chancel roof has collar purlins, but no crown posts. The Reredos is heavily carved and was made in Oberammergau. It is dedicated to Mrs Julia Jane Hampson ("d". 1904, wife of the vicar, Rev. William Hampson). The font is octagonal and possibly 14th century. The pews are late 18th or early 19th century. The chapel is dedicated to Sir Henry Cutt and was paid for by his wife Lady Barbara Cutt. The church contains memorials to Lady Barbara ("d". 1618), her second husband William Covert, Richard Sheldon ("d". 1736), Mariae Dering ("d". 1725), Thomas Burwash ("d". 1791) and Thomas Wise ("d". 1790) and family.
+ The churchyard contains a number of Grade II listed monuments.
+
+= = = Acrolepiopsis peterseni = = =
+
+ Acrolepiopsis peterseni is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Reinhard Gaedike in 1994. It is found in Russia (it was described from the area of Ussuriysk in Primorsky Krai).
+
+= = = Acrolepiopsis sinjovi = = =
+
+ Acrolepiopsis sinjovi is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Reinhard Gaedike in 1994. It is found in Russia (it was described from the area of Ussuriysk in Primorsky Krai).
+
+= = = Anita Leslie = = =
+
+ Anita Theodosia Moira King (née Leslie; first married name Rodzianko; 21 November 1914 – 5 November 1985), generally known as Anita Leslie, was an Irish-born biographer and writer. She was a first cousin once removed of the British wartime Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.
+ The eldest of three children born in New York City, to a wealthy Anglo-Irish landowning family (49,968 acres). Anita Theodosia Moira Leslie, alongside her brothers (Sir John Leslie, 4th Baronet and Desmond Leslie) were born to Sir John Randolph Leslie, 3rd Baronet (a.k.a. Shane Leslie) and his wife, Majorie Ide, the Vermont-born daughter of General Henry Clay Ide the US ambassador to Spain.
+ Anita's schooling was abysmal. She spent her childhood partly on a feudal estate in a country torn by conflict, partly in a London town-house where everyone in the 1920s seemed obsessed by cocktails, short skits, bobbed hair and Eton crops, and partly in strange schools and convents in various parts of Europe. But she always felt at home at Castle Leslie and her 1981 autobiography, "The Gilt and the gingerbread", details her early childhood and eventual decision to leave the home of her grandparents and play her part in the Second World War.
+ During the war Anita Leslie joined the Mechanised Transport Corps, as a fully trained mechanic and ambulance driver. Anita was stationed in Cairo, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan during the intervening years. In 1944 she drove ambulances with the Free French army through northern France and liberated a V2 Rocket factory in Germany. She wrote letters home from Hitler's office in the Reich Chancellery and took part in the Victory parade in Berlin.
+ Anita met future husband Bill King in Lebanon in 1943, where King served for 5 months as executive officer of the submarine base at Beirut.
+ She was on a skiing trip after doing duty in Africa in the Motor Transport Corps in 1940–42, although a letter mentions her being in Beirut in 1941–42.
+ She served as an ambulance driver in the French Army from 1944-45. For the latter, she was awarded the "Croix de Guerre" in 1945 by General Charles de Gaulle.
+ On 1 January 1949, Leslie married King. After the war, Anita took up farming and was an avid fox hunter, as was her husband Bill. In 1946, the Kings bought Oranmore Castle, a 15th-century Norman keep built on Galway Bay in county Galway, Ireland for £200-.
+ Other sources report that Anita Leslie-King was given the castle by her mother, who had bought it in 1946. For a while, the Kings lived in a hunting lodge outside Oranmore village, designed by Bill, and built while he and Anita went on a "world sailing cruise." To help combat his wife's asthma, King developed an organic farm and garden to feed his family. Both Anita Leslie's mother and grandmother had suffered from asthma.
+ She married, firstly, (a nephew of Mikhail Rodzianko) and secondly, Commander Bill King in 1947 who during World War II served as a submarine commander and later a transatlantic and circumnaviator yachtsman. The Kings had two children:
+
+= = = Kortes Dam = = =
+
+ Kortes Dam (National ID # WY01294) is a dam in Carbon County, Wyoming.
+ The concrete gravity dam was constructed between 1946 and 1951 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, with a height of 244 feet, and a length of 440 feet at its crest. It impounds the North Platte River for hydroelectric power. Owned and operated by the Bureau, it stands as part of the Kortes Unit of the vast Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program less than two miles downstream from the Bureau's larger Seminoe Dam.
+ The riverine reservoir it creates, Kortes Reservoir, has a water surface of 83 acres and a volume of 4,765 acre-feet confined to the narrow Black Canyon, which is not stocked with fish and has no boat ramp facilities. However, the five and a half river miles from the base of Kortes Dam downstream to the Pathfinder Reservoir, the Miracle Mile Area, has eleven primitive camping areas and fishing for brown trout, cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, and walleye.
+
+= = = List of County Highways in Douglas County, Kansas = = =
+
+ Douglas County, Kansas, maintains an extensive network of county highways to serve the rural areas and state parks of the county. It is one of a handful of Kansas counties to do so.
+ The major county highways are set up on a grid. East–west-oriented roads have a three-digit number beginning with the numeral "4" and ending in an even digit. The further north the road, the lower the number; the further south, the higher the number. North–south-oriented roads have a four-digit number beginning with "10" and ending in an odd digit. The further west the road, the lower the number; the further east, the higher the number.
+ There are also minor county roads with one or two digits that travel a short distance or serve a state park.
+ None of the county highways enters Lawrence, the county seat.
+ The maximum speed limit on all county highways in Douglas County is .
+
+= = = Fuchsia (film) = = =
+
+ Fuchsia is a 2009 Filipino drama-comedy film directed by Joel Lamangan. It stars Gloria Romero, Eddie Garcia, and Robert Arevalo.
+
+= = = Performance-based contracting = = =
+
+ Performance based contracting (PBC), also known as performance-based logistics (PBL) or performance-based acquisition, is a product support strategy used to achieve measurable supplier performance. A PBC approach focuses on developing strategic performance metrics and directly relating contracting payment to performance against these metrics. Common metrics include availability, reliability, maintainability, supportability and total cost of ownership. The primary means of accomplishing this are through incentivized, long-term contracts with specific and measurable levels of operational performance defined by the customer and agreed on by contracting parties. The incentivized performance measures aim to motivate the supplier to implement enhanced practices that offer improved performance and cost effective. This stands in contrast to the conventional transaction-based, or waterfall approach, where payment is related to completion of milestones and project deliverables. In PBC, since a part or the whole payment is tied to the performance of the provider and the purchaser does not get involved in the details of the process, it becomes crucial to define a clear set of requirements to the provider . Occasionally governments fail to define the requirements clearly. This leaves room for providers to, either intentionally or unintentionally, misinterpret the requirements, which creates a game like situation . Recent studies highlighted that the shift from transaction-based to outcome-based relationship requires a business model innovation .
+ Performance-Based approaches are most widely used the defense industry, but can be applied across any spend category.
+ PBC is about buying performance, not transactional goods and services, through an integrated acquisition and logistics process delivering improved capability to a range of products and services. PBC is a support strategy that places primary emphasis on optimising system support to meet the needs of the user. PBCs delineate outcome performance goals, ensure that responsibilities are assigned, provide incentives for attaining these goals, and facilitate the overall life-cycle management of system reliability, supportability, and total ownership costs.
+ A PBC in practice involves a contracting agency (who are contracting the work to an external provider) and a contractor (who are responsible for completing the work set out in the contract). Several other parties are often involved, including subcontractors, a legal team and consultants. These parties work for both contracting agency and contractor completing various elements of work associated with contract development, contracted work completion or performance management / measurement.
+ United States federal law defines performance-based acquisition and treats it as "the preferred method for acquiring services".
+ A typical process for implementing a PBC is as follows:
+ PBC is the name used in Australia, New Zealand and Canada to describe the practice of attaching contract payment to a set of performance metrics. It is commonly known as performance-based logistics in the US and Contracting for Availability or Contractor Logistics Support in the UK. Although it was developed in the US for defence applications, and is most actively applied there, PBC strategies are growing in popularity around the world and in industry sectors other than defence. In particular, PBC frameworks are becoming popular in shipping, transport, health services and the energy sector.
+ Alternative terms include:
+ PBC is widely applied in the Australian defence sector, primarily by the major acquisition and support organisation, the Defence Material Organisation (DMO). It is particularly useful in the defence environment because of the inherent complexity and large scale of the projects. Recently, Australian Defence has initiated an escalation of the use of PBCs with the strategic aims of improving capability outcomes and reducing total cost of ownership. In Australia and the US, PBC frameworks are most commonly applied in Defence situations.
+ PBC frameworks are currently being used in numerous Defence related projects, including:
+ Although it is applied primarily in the defence environment, PBC is becoming more popular in a broader range of private and public sector organisations as they seek to reduce costs and create a closer link between expenditure and performance goals.
+ Areas outside defence where PBC is applied include:
+ Some examples:
+ Procurement/Sourcing Business Models
+ A performance-based model is one of seven Sourcing Business Models.
+ Sourcing Business Models theory is a systems-based approach to structuring supplier relationships. A sourcing business model is a type of business model that is applied to business relationships where more than one party needs to work with another party to be successful. There are seven sourcing business models that range from the transactional to investment-based. The seven models are: Basic Provider, Approved Provider, Preferred Provider, Performance-Based/Managed Services Model, Vested Business Model, Shared Services Model, and Equity Partnership Model. Sourcing business models are targeted for procurement professionals seeking a modern approach for achieving the best fit between buyers and suppliers. Sourcing business model theory is based on a collaborative research effort by the University of Tennessee (UT), the Sourcing Industry Group (SIG) the Center for Outsourcing Research and Education (CORE), and the International Association for Contracts and Commercial Management (IACCM). Their initial research formed the basis for the 2015 book, "Strategic Sourcing in the New Economy: Harnessing the Potential of Sourcing Business Models in Modern Procurement."
+ There is discussion about the efficacy of PBC as a product support measure. However, there is significant research to suggest that PBC can reduce costs and result in better supplier outputs/performance against metrics than traditional contracting approaches, such as transaction-based contracts.
+ The U.S. Department of Defense/Air Force/Defense Acquisition University sponsored a research project conducted by the University of Tennessee study An American study into the effectiveness of PBC frameworks in Defence projects. The study found that projects employing a true PBC framework resulted in substantially lower costs and improved system readiness / capability when compared to non-PBC arrangements. The U.S. Department of Defense has many documented case studies from award-winning PBL contracts.
+ In addition, a study by Booz Allen Hamilton found that even incorporating a small amount of a PBC framework into weapons system support will create positive results.
+ In a more general sense, implementing a PBC framework has a broad range of benefits for organisations, contractors and contracting agencies, including:
+
+= = = Festuca filiformis = = =
+
+ Festuca filiformis, known by the common names fine-leaf sheep fescue, fine-leaved sheep's-fescue, hair fescue, and slender fescue, is a species of grass. It is native to Europe and it is widespread elsewhere as an introduced species and often a weed.
+
+= = = Acrolophus abdita = = =
+
+ Acrolophus abdita is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in South America.
+
+= = = Harper–Chesser House = = =
+
+ Harper–Chesser House is a historic house listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgetown, Texas, United States. The house was built in 1890 by County Judge D.S. Chesser. It is located at 1309 College Street.
+
+= = = Frances (ship) = = =
+
+ A number of sailing ships have been named "Frances":
+
+= = = The Timber = = =
+
+ The Timber is a 2015 American Western thriller film directed by Anthony O'Brien and produced by Scott Einbinder and Patrick Newall. It stars James Ransone, Elisa Lasowski, Mark Caven, William Gaunt, David Bailie, and Josh Peck. The screenplay concerns two brothers who set out to capture or kill their estranged father, who has become violent after his fortunes crashed in the Yukon Gold Rush.
+ During the Yukon Gold Rush, brothers Wyatt and Samuel set off to take in their estranged father, Jebediah, who is rumored to have turned violent after the gold mine he was working dried up. Samuel and his family are about to be evicted from their land, and Sheriff Snow suspects Wyatt of a recent murder. Wyatt desires to kill their father, but Samuel insists they take him in alive. Before they can leave, banker Mr. Howell alters the agreement he made with the brothers and insists they take Colonel Rupert Thomas and his cargo with them. The brothers have no choice and reluctantly accept.
+ They meet a witness, Percival Hawkins, who has had his tongue cut out. The boys theorize their father did this to keep him quiet. Before they can reach the mine, their cart breaks down, and they lose two horses. Left with a single horse, they press forward without the cargo. The mine supervisor turns out to have gone mad, and Thomas assaults him when he finds the expected ore to instead be worthless. Tensions rise as Wyatt accuses Thomas of being sent to kill them.
+ As they discus religion, Wyatt says he believes himself destined for hell. Samuel suddenly steps in a rope trap, and bandits attack them; Thomas is killed before they drive off the bandits. Overwhelmed, Samuel turns back, though Wyatt says he will not give up. Eventually, Wyatt turns back to find Samuel, only to run into Hawkins, who indicates he knows Samuel's location. Hawkins leads him to a bear cave inhabited by a cannibal. Hawkins dies as he helps the brothers defeat the cannibal.
+ Out of bullets and armed only with a single knife, the brothers grimly push forward. When they reach Jebediah's camp, they are allowed entrance when they identify themselves. However, they are taken prisoner and pressed into slave labor. A revolt ends in many deaths, and the brothers take Jebediah's lieutenant prisoner in the melee. He leads them to Jebediah, only to be shot and killed by Jebediah's bow. Jebediah takes them prisoner. As Wyatt pleads for Samuel's life, Jebediah says he and Wyatt are the same. Jebediah challenges Wyatt to a knife fight and kills him. Samuel, realizing he can not take in his father, kills him.
+ Meanwhile, Samuel's wife, with the help of Sheriff Snow, kills several goons led by Howell, who claims to now own her land due to foreclosure. After killing Howell himself, Snow's deputy discovers oil on Samuel's land while digging a grave. Samuel returns home and embraces his wife.
+ Filming took place in the Carpathian Mountains in Romania and at the Media Pro Studios in Bucharest. Peck said the weather reached extreme temperatures, but he and Ransone still volunteered to do additional takes.
+ "The Timber" was released in Germany on February 27, 2015, Well Go USA Entertainment released it in North America on October 6, 2015.
+ Andy Crump of "Paste" called the film "a slog lacking in both tempo and urgency".
+
+= = = Arabis procurrens = = =
+
+ Arabis procurrens (syn. "A. ferdinandi-coburgi"), the spreading rock cress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a spreading evergreen or semi-evergreen perennial, forming a dense mat of foliage, with loose racemes of white flowers in spring, suitable for cultivation in the alpine garden.
+ The specific epithet "procurrens" means "spreading underground".
+ The variety "A. procurrens" 'Variegata', with white-edged leaves, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
+
+= = = Don't Eat the Yellow Snow = = =
+
+ "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow" is a suite by the American musician Frank Zappa, made up of the first four tracks of his 1974 album "Apostrophe (')": "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow", "Nanook Rubs It", "St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast", and "Father O'Blivion". Each song in the suite is loosely connected, although the songs are not all connected by one overall story/theme. The suite was only played in full from 1973 to 1974 and 1978 to 1980. "Saint Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast" contains Zappa's percussionist Ruth Underwood on marimba who added a very distinct sound to many of his songs in the early 1970s.
+ "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow" is a song about a man who dreams that he was an Eskimo named Nanook. His mother warns him "Watch out where the huskies go, and don't you eat that yellow snow." The song directly transitions into "Nanook Rubs It." The song is about Nanook encountering a fur trapper "strictly from commercial" who is whipping Nanook's "favorite baby seal" with a "lead-filled snow shoe." Eventually Nanook gets so mad he rubs husky "wee wee" into the fur trapper's eyes, blinding him. According to the lyrics, this scene is destined to take the place of "The Mud Shark" (a song from the live album "Fillmore East – June 1971") in Zappa mythology. Zappa then sings in the fur trapper's perspective. The fur trapper then makes his way to the parish of St. Alfonzo, introducing the next song "St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast."
+ From this point forward, the suite almost completely abandons the previous storyline (the fur trapper's blindness is never explicitly healed). In this song a man attending St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast engages in such appalling deportment as stealing margarine pats from the tables, urinating on the bingo cards, and instigating an affair with an attractive married female churchgoer whose husband is in the Marine Corps and who is into sadomasochism. The final song in the suite, "Father O'Blivion", is about a priest, Father Vivian O'Blivion, who makes the pancakes for the St. Alfonzo fund-raiser. The lyrics somewhat ambiguously describe his recent sexual encounter involving a leprechaun and a sock, after which the Father proclaims that St. Alfonzo would be proud of his achievement. Then he utters the Latin phrase "Dominus vobiscum, Et cum spiritu tuo (meaning "The Lord be with you, and with your spirit."). Won't you eat my sleazy pancakes just for Saintly Alfonzo." There are many possible reasons why the pancakes are "sleazy"; Zappa leaves them to the listener's interpretation. The suite can only loosely be said to follow a story and is treated as one piece only because of the musical transitions, the way each song introduces the next, and how later songs reference previous songs.
+ "Rollo" was a piece of music that went along with the original suite, but Zappa decided against putting the whole piece in the album. Instead, he decided to add the main theme of "Rollo" as the instrumental second half of "St. Alphonzo's Pancake Breakfast". The entire suite appears in full on the live album "You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1", recorded at Hammersmith Apollo (Hammersmith Odeon), in London, on February 18–19, 1979. The piece by itself also appears on his posthumous album QuAUDIOPHILIAc, and his posthumous live album Imaginary Diseases. The piece itself was written during Zappa's recovery from injuries suffered in December 1971, when he was pushed from the stage at London's Rainbow Theatre by a deranged fan. The original piece had lyrics detailing the adventures of a "Man and a dog" (the dog being named, "Rollo") who encounter a couple in some sort of act of lovemaking. The piece was performed with the vocals during much of Zappa's Grand Wazoo Orchestra tour in September 1972. Sometime after that tour, Zappa decided to drop the lyrics and play it strictly as an instrumental; eventually finding its way into the Yellow Snow suite. In 1978, Zappa resurrected and revised the lyrics (sung by keyboardist Tommy Mars) into the suite. Rollo was performed on October 21, 1978 during Zappa's appearance as host of "Saturday Night Live". For the broadcast, Tommy Mars' vocals were modulated via a vocoder to avoid issues with network censors concerning the song's lyrical content.
+ A disc jockey in Pittsburgh edited the album versions of "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow" and "Nanook Rubs It" to play on his radio show. While Zappa toured Europe, he learned of this version's success, and decided to create his own edited version once he returned to the United States, and released it as a single. The version released as a single contains some of the album version of "Don't Eat the Yellow Snow", most of "Nanook Rubs It", and the intro to "St. Alfonzo's Pancake Breakfast." The single also appears on Frank Zappa's best-of, "Strictly Commercial", which title is taken from the lyrics of the song "Nanook Rubs It".
+ The single was Zappa's first chart entry on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #86 in November 1974.
+ A."Don't Eat The Yellow Snow" – 3:26
+ B."Cosmik Debris" – 4:10
+ On April 14, 2014, Zappa Records released a special limited edition re-issue of the single edit originally released in 1974. This edition contains an alternative version of the piece "Down In De Dew" (from Zappa's 1996 posthumous release "Läther") as the B-Side. The record sleeve uses a previously rejected cover photo for "Apostrophe (')".
+
+= = = Mbeya Range = = =
+
+ Mbeya Range is a volcanic mountain range in Mbeya Region, in southwestern Tanzania, East Africa. It forms an arc just north of the town of Mbeya and includes Loleza Peak (2656 m.), Mbeya Peak (2565 m.), Nyanuwa Peak (2332 m.), and Pungulumo (1909 m.). The range is at the junction of the eastern Gregory Rift and western Albertine Rift valleys. and is in Rungwe volcanic province. The Songwe Scarp terminates the Rukwa Trough at its southeast end and forms the northwestern side of the Mbeya Range.
+ The Poroto Mountains and Mount Rungwe lie to the south, and the Kipengere Range to the southeast.
+ Overgrazing and extensive wood cutting have in the mountains resulted in unstable slopes which has caused increased surface runoff, soil erosion, and land degradation.
+
+= = = Joseph Mullaly = = =
+
+ Joseph Mullaly (died 1906) was a 19th-century brickmaker in Los Angeles, California, and a member of the Los Angeles Common Council, the city's governing body.
+ Mullaly came to California in 1852 and to Los Angeles in 1854, where he began brickmaking along with partners Samuel Ayers and David Porter. Their best year was 1858, when they sold two million bricks for improvements proposed in 1859.
+ Two of the historic buildings for which he made bricks from the clay found on the site or nearby were the John Rains House in today's Rancho Cucamonga, in 1860, and the A.T. Currier House in the Pomona Valley, in 1875.
+ The residence of Mr. Mullally is situated on the corner of Buena Vista [today's North Broadway] and College streets, ... one of the finest residences in the city of Los Angeles. The grounds have a frontage of one hundred and eighty-five feet on Buena Vista street and two hundred and eighty-five feet on College, and contain a fine bearing orchard, consisting of orange, lemon, pear, apple trees, etc.
+ A Democrat, Mullaly was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council in 1857–58, 1872–73, 1874–78 and 1881–83. In 1896 he owned a rooming house called "The Wellington."
+ At the time of his death in December 1906, he was noted as "one of the oldest residents of Los Angeles and a member of the Society of Pioneers."
+
+= = = Waffle Shop: A Reality Show = = =
+
+ Waffle Shop: A Reality Show was a performance art project and restaurant in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The restaurant was operated by Carnegie Mellon University students. The Waffle Shop was part of a trend in Pittsburgh to support performance art within the urban core. In addition to serving food, students operate a talk show live-streamed online, featuring restaurant patrons as guests.
+ It opened in 2008 by Carnegie Mellon University art professor Jon Rubin as a 2-semester student art project. The project/restaurant was so successful during that initial run that it was continued for several more years.
+ Some special talk shop themes have included ringtones as "art."
+ The related sign atop the building was also used for public art purposes, and later became known as The Last Billboard. The billboard is still in place and continues to be changed periodically.
+ Local food critics reviewed it relatively favorably, noting the unique talk show situation.
+ It closed in 2012.
+
+= = = Pilularia globulifera = = =
+
+ Pilularia globulifera, or pillwort, is an unusual species of fern native to western Europe, where it grows at edges of lakes, ponds, ditches and marshes, on wet clay or clay-sand soil, sometimes in water up to deep.
+ It has a pea-shaped 4-chambered sporocarp, each chamber formed from a modified leaf and containing several sori bearing both macrosporangia and microsporangia. The species is thus heterosporous.
+ Pillwort grows on silt and mud at the margins of lakes, ponds and other watercourses that are submerged for at least part of the year. Some of the plants growing in association with this species in the UK include water celery ("Apium inundatum"), marsh pennywort ("Hydrocotyle vulgaris") and lesser spearwort ("Ranunculus flammula").
+ This is a rare species, declining as its wetland habitats are reduced by eutrophication and drainage, but is regarded as of least concern by the IUCN Red List. It is listed on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985, but it has not been seen there since 1970 and may now be extinct in the province. It is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the rest of the UK, where it is now classified as Vulnerable.
+ Pillwort can be grown in a "bog garden" or as a marginal aquatic in a garden pond.
+
+= = = Nina van Koeckhoven = = =
+
+ Nina van Koeckhoven (born 6 October 1983) is a Belgian freestyle swimmer and triathlete. She won two medals at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships and participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics in four events, but did not reach the finals.
+ Van Koeckhoven was born in Ghent but later moved to Zelzate. In 1991, she started swimming in a club. Her first international success was a bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle at the 1997 European Youth Olympic Festival in Lisbon. Next year she won two more bronze medals, in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle at the European Junior Swimming Championships. From 1999 she competed in regular competitions and reached the finals at the 1999 European Aquatics Championships, again in the 200 m freestyle. Her best results came in 2000 when she won two European medals and passed the Olympic selection.
+ In 2001, she won one more bronze medal, at the FINA Swimming World Cup in Paris, and set a national record in the 200 m freestyle (2'00"90) that stood for at least 10 years. However, the same year she had serious food poisoning from which she could not fully recover. In January 2012, having won 10 national titles she retired from competitive swimming. She works as criminologist with the Belgian police and competes in triathlon (since 2010).
+
+= = = 63 Cygni = = =
+
+ 63 Cygni is a single star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located around 1,030 light years away from Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as an orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.56. 63 Cyg is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −26 km/s.
+ This is an evolved star showing a stellar spectrum with mixed traits between a bright giant and supergiant. It has been chosen as a spectral standard for the class of K4 Ib–IIa.
+ For reasons that are not yet clear, 63 Cygni is displaying very long period (982 days) and low-amplitude (742 m/s) variations in radial velocity. The star has expanded to 35 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 4,397 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,204 K.
+
+= = = Stateline Dam = = =
+
+ Stateline Dam (National ID # UT82904) is a dam in Summit County, Utah, less than a half-mile south of the Utah-Wyoming state line.
+ The earthen rockfill dam was constructed between 1977 and 1979 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation with a height of 143 feet and 2900 feet long at its crest. It impounds East Fork of Smiths Fork for flood control and irrigation storage, part of the Lyman Project, along with the nearby Meeks Cabin Dam. The dam is owned by the Bureau and is operated by the local Bridger Valley Water Conservancy District.
+ The reservoir it creates, Stateline Reservoir, has a water surface of 304 acres and has a maximum capacity of 12,000 acre-feet. Recreation includes fishing (for rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout), boating, and camping at 41 Forest Service campsites. Although public access is unrestricted and the water quality is excellent, the water is too cold for most swimmers.
+
+= = = 47 Cygni = = =
+
+ 47 Cygni is a triple star system in the northern constellation of Cygnus, and is located around 4,000 light years from the Earth. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.61. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −4.6 km/s.
+ The dual nature of this system was recognized by Annie Cannon in 1912, and she assigned the pair separate Henry Draper Catalogue identifiers. They orbit each other with a period of around . The primary component is itself a spectroscopic binary in a near circular orbit with a period of around . The "a" sin "i" value for the primary is , where "a" is the semimajor axis and "i" is the orbital inclination. It has been repeatedly resolved by speckle interferometery since 1973. Radio emission was detected from this system in 1985/86.
+ The supergiant primary is a slow irregular variable with an amplitude of about 0.1 magnitudes. Its close companion has 57% of the mass of the Sun. The secondary is a hot B-type main-sequence star, but still 2.5 magnitudes fainter than the primary.
+
+= = = Sebastian Ross = = =
+
+ Sebastian Ross (born 7 May 1993) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
+ He is the cousin of Jobe Watson and nephew of Tim Watson.
+ Ross was recruited by the club with draft pick 25 in the 2011 National Draft. He made his debut in Round 22, 2012, against at Docklands Stadium.
+ On August 20, 2016 he received the Ian Stewart Medal for best on ground in the Saint's Round 22 victory over Richmond. In 2017 and 2019 he won the Trevor Barker Award for St Kilda's best and fairest.
+
+= = = 59 Cygni = = =
+
+ 59 Cygni is a multiple star system in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located roughly 1,300 light years away from Earth. It is visible to the naked eye as a blue-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.74.
+ The primary component and brightest member of this system, designated 59 Cyg Aa, is a rapidly rotating Be star with a stellar classification of B1.5 Vnne. This is a well-studied star thanks to pronounced spectral variations that have been observed since 1916, and two short-term shell star phases that were observed in 1973 and 1974–5. It is actually a confirmed spectroscopic binary system with a high temperature subdwarf O-type companion in a 28-day orbital period. The latter is heating the nearest side of the circumstellar gaseous disk that surrounds the primary.
+ Orbiting the primary pair is 59 Cyg Ab, a magnitude 7.64 A-type main-sequence star of class A3V, located at an angular separation of . A fourth component is a magnitude 9.8 A-type giant star of class A8III at a separation of along a position angle (PA) of 352°, as of 2008. The fifth companion is magnitude 11.7 at a separation of and a PA of 141°. Gaia Data Release 2 suggests that the companions at and are respectively and away and moving in approximately the same direction as the primary triple.
+
+= = = 30 Cygni = = =
+
+ 30 Cygni is a class A5III (white giant) star in the constellation Cygnus. Its apparent magnitude is 4.83 and it is approximately 610 light years away based on parallax.
+ The Bayer letter ο (omicron) has been variously applied to two or three of the stars 30, 31, and 32 Cygni. 30 Cygni has sometimes been designated as ο Cygni with the other two stars being ο and ο respectively. For clarity, it is preferred to use the Flamsteed designation 30 Cygni rather than one of the Bayer designations.
+ 30 Cygni is about six arc-minutes from 31 Cygni A and seven arc-minutes from 31 Cygni B. That pair is known as ο Cygni, while ο Cygni is a degree away. Both ο and ο are 4th magnitude stars.
+
+= = = Carex humilis = = =
+
+ Carex humilis (also known as dwarf sedge) is a species of sedge that can be found in Western Europe.
+
+= = = 57 Cygni = = =
+
+ 57 Cygni is a close binary star system in the constellation Cygnus, located about 530 light years from Earth. It is visible to the naked eye as a blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.80. The pair have a magnitude difference of 0.34. This system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −21 km/s.
+ This is a double-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 2.85 days and an eccentricity of 0.15. They show a steady change in their longitude of periastron, showing an apsidal period of . The system does not form an eclipsing binary, having the orbital inclination of around 48°. Both components are B-type main-sequence stars with a stellar classification of B5 V.
+
+= = = The Voice of Marty Bell – The Quartet of Don Elliott = = =
+
+ The Voice of Marty Bell – The Quartet of Don Elliott is an album by American jazz trumpeter Don Elliott's Quartet with vocalist Marty Bell which was recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label.
+ Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars.
+
+= = = 55 Cygni = = =
+
+ 55 Cygni (55 Cyg) is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Cygnus. It is thought to be a member of the Cygnus OB7 stellar association at about 2,700 light years.
+ Its apparent magnitude is 4.86, but this is slightly variable and the star is also called V1661 Cyg. When first analysed, it was classified as an irregular supergiant variable, but subsequent studies have treated it as an Alpha Cygni variable. It shows pulsations with multiple periods from a few hours to 22 days, and both p- and g-modes. Apart from p- and g-modes, strange mode and associated instabilities have also been found in models of this star. The spectrum also shows variation, leading to different classifications being given for the star.
+ The exact properties of 55 Cygni are not known precisely and are also variable. It is a hot luminous supergiant several hundred thousand times as luminous as the sun. This star was originally a standard for the B3 Ia spectral type.
+ The type of pulsations that 55 Cyg exhibits suggest that it was previously a red supergiant that has shed its outer layers. The most massive red supergiants are expected to pass through a blue supergiant phase before becoming a Wolf-Rayet star and eventually exploding as a type Ib or Ic supernova.
+
+= = = Tradegood = = =
+
+ Tradegood, formerly known as iSupplier Intelligence (ISI), is a global sourcing platform that connects buyers and suppliers across more than 100 countries. It specializes in matching business counterparts in sourcing and aims to bridge the gap between buyers and suppliers.
+ Tradegood provides supplier evaluation services using more than 50 different criteria, including operational history, regulatory compliance, the number of employees, environmental sustainability as well as security measurement. Tradegood is working with worldwide buyer and supplier groups, including Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP), Fibre2Fashion, and Trendstop, to provide one-stop sourcing solution to its members.
+ Headquartered in New York City, USA, Tradegood also has offices across Hong Kong, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Qingdao and Shenzhen in China.
+ The new brand Tradegood was officially launched in August 2012 in the SOURCING at MAGIC at Las Vegas, USA, the largest apparel and textile expo in North America. It was then brought to the China market with a series of large scale launch events spanning across 6 major cities with the participation of some 1,000 buyers, suppliers, industry associations and media.
+ Prior to these events, Tradegood has landed in various locations where traders and manufacturers cluster with the name of ISI.
+
+= = = 72 Cygni = = =
+
+ 72 Cygni is a star in the northern constellation of Cygnus, located 299 light years from the Sun and a member of the Hercules stream. It is visible to the naked eye as a fain, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.87. 72 Cyg is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −68 km/s. It has a relatively high proper motion, traversing the celestial sphere at the rate of per year.
+ This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of , where the suffix notation indicates a mild underabundance of iron in the spectrum. It has 1.7 times the mass of the Sun but has expanded to 14 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 69 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,640 K.
+ 72 Cygni has a wide companion at an angular separation of , corresponding to a projected separation of . This star has a J band (infrared) magnitude of and a class of M5.
+
+= = = 2011 Palanca Awards = = =
+
+ The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners for 2011 received their medals (for first Prize winners only), certificates (for all winners) and cash prizes during awarding ceremonies held on September 1, 2011, at the Peninsula Hotel Manila in Makati City. Guest of honor and speaker was National Artist for Literature Francisco Sionil Jose, who was conferred the Gawad Dangal ng Lahi by awards director, Sylvia Palanca - Quirino. Victor Emmanuel Carmelo 'Vim' Nadera served as Master of Ceremonies.
+ Novel
+ "Judges: J. Neil Garcia (Chairman), Benjamin S. Bautista, Criselda Yabes"
+ Short Story
+ "Judges: Dean Francis Alfar (Chairman), Shirley O. Lua, Esther M. Pacheco"
+ Short Story for Children
+ "Judges: Beaulah Pedregosa - Taguiwalo (Chairman), Feny Delos Angeles - Bautista, Luis Joaquin M. Katigbak"
+ Essay
+ "Judges: Federico M. Macaranas (Chairman), Katrina P. Tuvera - Quimbo, Thelma E. Arambulo"
+ Poetry
+ "Judges: Mariano 'Marne' L. Kilates (Chairman), Joel M. Toledo, Mikael De Lara Co
+ Poetry for Children
+ "Judges: Edgardo B. Maranan (Chairman), Maria Elena Paterno - Locsin, Lina B. Diaz de Rivera"
+ One-Act Play
+ "Judges: Glenn Sevilla Mas (Chairman), Ronan Capinding, Josefina Estrella
+ Full Length Play
+ "Judges: Miguel Faustmann (Chairman), Malou Jacob, Nestor O. Jardin"
+ Nobela (Novel)
+ "Judges: Reynaldo A. Duque (Chairman), Lilia F. Antonio, Fanny A. Garcia"
+ Maikling Kuwento (Short Story)
+ "Judges: Jimmuel C. Naval (Chairman), Fidel Rillo, Jr., Marco Aniano V. Lopez"
+ Maikling Kuwentong Pambata (Short Story for Children)
+ "Judges: Dina Ocampo - Cristobal (Chairman), Virgilio V. Vitug, Felicitas E. Pado"
+ Sanaysay (Essay)
+ "Judges: Pamela C. Constantino (Chairman), Vina P. Paz, Lourd de Veyra"
+ Tula (Poetry)
+ "Judges: Rebecca T. Añonuevo (Chairman), Rofel G. Brion, Alfonso S. Mendoza"
+ Tulang Pambata (Poetry for Children)
+ "Judges: Heidi Emily Eusebio - Abad (Chairman), German Villanueva Gervacio, Jesus Manuel Santiago"
+ Dulang May Isang Yugto (One-Act Play)
+ "Judges: Roy C. Iglesias (Chairman), Clodualdo del Mundo, Jr., Maribel Legarda"
+ Dulang May Ganap na Haba (Full-Length Play)
+ "Judges: Rosauro 'Uro' Q. Dela Cruz (Chairman), Chris B. Millado, Robert Seña"
+ Dulang Pampelikula (Screenplay)
+ "Judges: Ricky Davao (Chairman), Gil Portes, Joel Lamangan"
+ Short Story in Cebuano
+ "Judges: Edgar S. Godin (Chairman), Erlinda Kintanar Alburo, Jaime L. An Lim"
+ Short Story in Hiligaynon
+ "Judges: Nereo E. Jedeliz, Jr. (Chairman), Resurrección Hidalgo, Genevieve L. Asenjo"
+ Short Story in Iluko
+ "Judges: Honor Blanco Cabie (Chairman), Roy V. Aragon, Priscilla Supnet Macansantos"
+ English
+ Filipino
+ "Judges (both categories): Grace Dacanay Chong (Chairman), Perfecto T. Martin, Ruel S. De Vera"
+
+= = = 15 Cygni = = =
+
+ 15 Cygni is a single star in the northern constellation Cygnus. With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90, it is a faint star but visible to the naked eye. The distance to 15 Cygni can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of , which yields a separation of some 296 light years. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of −23.6 km/s.
+ This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8 III, having consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved off the main sequence. It is a red clump giant, which means it is generating energy via helium fusion at its core. The star is 1.50 billion years old with 2.3 times the mass of the Sun, and has expanded to 12 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 93 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,920 K.
+
+= = = Minimal surface of revolution = = =
+
+ In mathematics, a minimal surface of revolution or minimum surface of revolution is a surface of revolution defined from two points in a half-plane, whose boundary is the axis of revolution of the surface. It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that can be generated in this way, it is the one that minimizes the surface area. A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution.
+ A minimal surface of revolution is a subtype of minimal surface. A minimal surface is defined not as a surface of minimal area, but as a surface with a mean curvature of 0. Since a mean curvature of 0 is a necessary condition of a surface of minimal area, all minimal surfaces of revolution are minimal surfaces, but not all minimal surfaces are minimal surfaces of revolution. As a point forms a circle when rotated about an axis, finding the minimal surface of revolution is equivalent to finding the minimal surface passing through two circular wireframes. A physical realization of a minimal surface of revolution is soap film stretched between two parallel circular wires: the soap film naturally takes on the shape with least surface area.
+ If the half-plane containing the two points and the axis of revolution is given Cartesian coordinates, making the axis of revolution into the "x"-axis of the coordinate system, then the curve connecting the points may be interpreted as the graph of a function. If the Cartesian coordinates of the two given points are formula_1, formula_2, then the area of the surface generated by a continuous function formula_3 may be expressed mathematically as
+ and the problem of finding the minimal surface of revolution becomes one of finding the function that minimizes this integral, subject to the boundary conditions that formula_5 and formula_6. In this case, the optimal curve will necessarily be a catenary. The axis of revolution is the directrix of the catenary, and the minimal surface of revolution will thus be a catenoid.
+ Solutions based on discontinuous functions may also be defined. In particular, for some placements of the two points the optimal solution is generated by a discontinuous function that is nonzero at the two points and zero everywhere else. This function leads to a surface of revolution consisting of two circular disks, one for each point, connected by a degenerate line segment along the axis of revolution. This is known as a Goldschmidt solution after German mathematician Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, who announced his discovery of it in his 1831 paper "Determinatio superficiei minimae rotatione curvae data duo puncta jungentis circa datum axem ortae" ("Determination of the surface-minimal rotation curve given two joined points about a given axis of origin").
+ To continue the physical analogy of soap film given above, these Goldschmidt solutions can be visualized as instances in which the soap film breaks as the circular wires are stretched apart. However, in a physical soap film, the connecting line segment would not be present. Additionally, if a soap film is stretched in this way, there is a range of distances within which the catenoid solution is still feasible but has greater area than the Goldschmidt solution, so the soap film may stretch into a configuration in which the area is a local minimum but not a global minimum. For distances greater than this range, the catenary that defines the catenoid crosses the "x"-axis and leads to a self-intersecting surface, so only the Goldschmidt solution is feasible.
+
+= = = Bruce Sandilands = = =
+
+ Bruce Sandilands is a visually impaired Paralympic athletics competitor from Australia who competed in the 1980 Arnhem Paralympics as a classified "B" athlete in the Men's 400 m and 1500 m. He won a bronze medal in the 1500 m B event. He was also a member of the goalball team. He was from Victoria. He has played blind cricket in Victoria.
+
+= = = Juan Maria Sepulveda = = =
+
+ Juan Maria Sepulveda (1828, Los Angeles – 1868, Los Angeles) was the owner of a ranch in the South Bay area in 1858, located on Santa Monica Bay in Los Angeles County, California. The area, originally part of the Spanish land grant of Rancho Boca de Santa Monica, later became known as the Huntington Palisades. He is the son of Francisco Sepulveda and Maria Ramona Serrano.
+ He was named to the Los Angeles Common Council in a special election on August 9, 1853, serving until May 4, 1854.
+ A native of Los Angeles, he was married to Jesus Alvarado Sepulveda, and they had a son, Ildefonso A. Sepulveda, born about 1861.
+ He died on October 3, 1868.
+
+
+= = = The Dedication = = =
+
+ The Dedication is a mixtape by Lil Wayne, hosted by DJ Drama, released April 2005. It is the first mixtape in the Dedication/Gangsta Grillz series and it was produced and hosted by DJ Drama. The mixtape was given its name because as Wayne explains in the track "Intro", it is dedicated to everyone around the world and to the "fallen soldiers". The cover art shows a shirtless Wayne standing in the road with DJ Drama looking on in the back.
+ The mixtape currently holds a rating of 5 stars (based on over 500 ratings) on DatPiff and has generated over 200,000 downloads. The mixtape has been described as "Inspirational" and "A Classic" by rap critics. Paving the way for a world famous mixtape series.
+ In February 2005, prior to the release of The Dedication, Wayne and his group, Young Money released a mixtape, Young Money: The Mixtape. It was a double disc tape and featured every song on The Dedication (besides "Please Say The Baby") without DJ Drama and in their original form. When DJ Drama re-released it as "The Dedication", he added his tags and cut out the other members of Young Money. He also mashed up some of the songs with different instrumentals:
+
+= = = Rhys Cooyou = = =
+
+ Rhys Cooyou (born 22 March 1991) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Greater Western Sydney Giants in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was recruited by the club with the second pick in the 2011 rookie draft. He made his debut in round 22, 2012, against at Docklands Stadium.
+
+= = = Juan Francisco Hernández = = =
+
+ Juan Francisco "Manzanon" Hernández Díaz (born 24 June 1978) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a centre– back. He currently plays for Cobresol in the Torneo Descentralizado. He is the older brother of Luis Alberto Hernández.
+ Juan Francisco Hernández made his debut in Torneo Descentralizado in the 1998 season with Unión Minas.
+ Then in January 2000 he joined Juan Aurich.
+ Hernández made his debut for the Peru national team in 2001.
+
+= = = Ashley Field = = =
+
+ Ashley Ann Field (born August 10, 1989) is an American women's college basketball player at Baylor University. Field was born in Burnet, Texas. She graduated from Faith Academy. In 2011–12 Baylor Lady Bears season she won the NCAA championships.
+
+= = = College Hills Historic District = = =
+
+ The College Hills Historic District is a residential historic district in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. It includes architect-designed homes by Purcell and Elmslie and other architects among its 114 contributing buildings. Among them is the Prof. Philip M. and Marian Raup House.
+ Development of the neighborhood began in 1913 when John C. McKenna bought an extent of farmland with views of Lake Mendota and the UW campus and platted it into lots. He advertised his subdivision as "A Neighborhood of High Class Homes," hoping to appeal to the expanding university population. He named the development "College Hills" and named the streets after colleges. The first homes were built starting in 1914, in then-popular styles Prairie School and Craftsman. As styles shifted, later homes were built in various period revival styles.
+ Non-Madison architects whose work is represented in the district include:
+ Madison architects whose works are included in the district include:
+ Eight photos are included
+
+= = = Liesbet Dreesen = = =
+
+ Liesbet Dreesen (born 7 November 1976) is a retired Belgian freestyle swimmer. She won a bronze medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships and participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics in two events, but did not reach the finals.
+ Between 1996 and 2000, Dreesen won four national titles in the 50 m freestyle, and also competed in open water swimming. In 2000, she set a national records in the 50 m freestyle that stood until 2007. She retired from competitions in February 2001 to work as sportsteacher.
+
+= = = Exchange State Bank = = =
+
+ The Exchange State Bank at the corner of Main and 1st Sts. in Grand Meadow, Minnesota, United States, is a Prairie School style building that was built in 1910. It was designed by architects Purcell & Elmslie. It has also been known as the First American State Bank. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
+ It is significant as the first major joint project of Purcell and Elmslie, and one of few commercial buildings by them. William Gray Purcell designed the building and George Grant Elmslie created the ornamentation of terra cotta, glass mosaic and wood. The building has been regarded as an "excellent" example of Prairie School architecture, implemented in brick.
+
+= = = Michael B. Yaffe = = =
+
+ Michael B. Yaffe is the Chief Scientific Editor (Editor in Chief) of the peer reviewed science journal "Science Signaling" published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
+ He is currently a Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an attending trauma surgeon at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and a Colonel in the Army Reserves.
+ In 2016, the United States Army awarded him the Bronze Star Medal for his services as a trauma surgeon on active duty in Afghanistan.
+ He also treated many of the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing.
+ He received his Ph.D. in 1987 and his M.D. in 1989 from the Case Western Reserve University.
+ The main focus of Yaffe's research is decoding natural cell signaling pathway behavior using bioinformatics, combinatorial chemistry, cell biology, physical biochemistry, structural biology and molecular genetics.
+ The stated goal of his team's research is to "understand how signaling pathways are integrated at the molecular and systems level to control cellular responses."
+ Besides his professorship at MIT, Yaffe is also attending surgeon at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. He is also a founder of "Consensus Pharmaceuticals and Merrimack Pharmaceuticals". He also co-founded "The DNA Repair Company" in 2004 and serves as Chairman of Scientific Advisory Board at the company. He also serves as Member of Scientific Advisory Board of Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Inc
+ He currently has a number of highly cited articles. Two of Yaffe's papers have over 850 citations, and several others have over 400 citations.
+
+= = = BRP Dionisio Ojeda (PC-117) = = =
+
+ BRP "Dionisio Ojeda" (PC-117) was a "Tomas Batillo" class fast attack craft of the Philippine Navy. It was part of the second batch transferred by the South Korean government in 2006. It was formally commissioned with the Philippine Navy in 2007.
+ From 6 September 2009, the ship took part in rescue and search & rescue operations for survivors from the sinking of SuperFerry 9 off the coast of Zamboanga del Norte.
+ The ship took part in the Exercise SEACAT 2011 between Philippine and US navies as part of Naval Task Force 61 between 14 and 24 of June 2011.
+ In April 2016, in line with the Philippine Navy Standard Operating Procedures #08, the boat was reclassified as the patrol craft BRP "Dionisio Ojeda" (PC-117).
+ On the 21st of November 2018 the Ship was sunk as a target by the Philippine Navy's MPAC weapon system along with two target boxes as part of the Navy's weapon demonstration of SPIKE ER.
+
+= = = Tocumwal houses = = =
+
+ Tocumwal houses refers to a type of house in Canberra, the capital city of Australia. The houses, originally sited in the southern New South Wales town of Tocumwal were relocated to Canberra in the 1940s to address a housing shortage. The vast majority of the approximately 200 houses were relocated to a small precinct of the Canberra suburb of O'Connor. This area—covering 8 small cul-de-sacs,—is known as the Tocumwal Heritage Precinct.
+ The precinct was added to the Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register in 1998 and the ACT Heritage Register under the Heritage Act of 2004.
+
+= = = Tracy Spiridakos = = =
+
+ Tracy Spiridakos () is a Canadian actress. She starred as Becky Richards on the Teletoon children's comedy series "Majority Rules!" from 2009–2010. She then starred as Charlotte "Charlie" Matheson on the NBC post-apocalyptic science fiction series "Revolution" from 2012–2014, for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television. She played Annika Johnson on the A&E television drama "Bates Motel".
+ Spiridakos was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Greek-born parents, restaurant owners George and Anastasia Spiridakos. She has two brothers. The family moved to her father's hometown, Skala, Greece south of Sparta, a few years after she was born, and returned to Canada in 1992. She strongly identifies with her Greek heritage and speaks fluent Greek. Spiridakos began acting in junior high school, and studied at the Actors Training Centre of Manitoba. She graduated from Oak Park High School in Winnipeg.
+ Spiridakos moved to Vancouver in 2007 to pursue acting, and within weeks landed her first television role, a small part on "Supernatural". She continued working in television, with walk-on roles on "Bionic Woman", "The L Word", "Hellcats", and "Psych". Spiridakos appeared in the TV movie "Goblin", and the web series "". She also had a recurring role on "Being Human" as werewolf Brynn McLean.
+ In 2009, she won her first starring role in the Canadian Teletoon series "Majority Rules!", playing 15-year-old Becky Richards. She made her feature film debut in 2011 with "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", and filmed the low-budget Michael Greenspan-helmed thriller, "Kill for Me", starring across from Donal Logue and Katie Cassidy. Spiridakos appeared as Sammi in the 2012 Nickelodeon original movie, "Rags". She then landed a lead role on the NBC television series "Revolution" as Charlotte "Charlie" Matheson, a survivalist in a dystopian future civilization. She auditioned for the role while attending her first pilot season in Los Angeles. Spiridakos shot the pilot in Atlanta, and filmed the first season in Wilmington, North Carolina. She was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television for her performance in the first season, losing out to "Fringe's" Anna Torv. Production moved to Austin, Texas for the series' second season.
+ Spiridakos guest starred on season 3 of the Showtime sitcom, "Episodes", as Dawn, a daughter of character Morning Randolph (Mircea Monroe). In August 2014, Spiridakos helped to raise awareness of the disease ALS by participating in the Ice Bucket Challenge. Spiridakos began a recurring role on the A&E television drama, "Bates Motel" in 2015, playing Annika Johnson, a prostitute who arrives at the hotel at the start of the third season. She will also star opposite Jonathan Rhys Meyers in the romantic comedy "Byrd & the Bees", directed by Finola Hughes. Spiridakos filmed an untitled television pilot for CBS in 2015, directed by Pamela Fryman. She stars as Holly opposite Adam Brody, playing childhood friends who reconnect later in life.
+ In 2017 Spiridakos appeared in the three final episodes of the fourth season of the NBC police drama series "Chicago P.D.", as Detective Hailey Upton a former Robbery-Homicide detective that joins the Intelligence Unit, before being promoted to a series regular for the series' fifth season.
+
+= = = First National Bank (Rhinelander, Wisconsin) = = =
+
+ The First National Bank at 8 W. Davenport St. in Rhinelander, Wisconsin was built in 1911. It is a Sullivanesque building designed by architects Purcell & Elmslie. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
+
+= = = 2012–13 Southern Miss Golden Eagles basketball team = = =
+
+ The 2012–13 Southern Miss Golden Eagles men's basketball team represented the University of Southern Mississippi during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Golden Eagles, led by first year head coach Donnie Tyndall, played their home games at Reed Green Coliseum and were members of Conference USA. They finished the season 27–10, 12–4 in C-USA play to finish in second place. They advanced to the championship game of the Conference USA Tournament where they lost to Memphis in two overtimes. They received an invitation to the 2013 National Invitation Tournament where they Charleston Southern in the first round and Louisiana Tech in the second round before losing in the quarterfinals to BYU.
+ In 2016, the NCAA vacated all 27 wins (including 12 conference wins) due to participation of academically ineligible players.
+!colspan=9| Exhibition
+!colspan=9| Regular Season
+!colspan=9| 2013 Conference USA Tournament
+!colspan=9| 2013 NIT
+
+= = = Shigetaka Sasaki = = =
+
+ Shigetaka "Steve" Sasaki was a Canadian judoka and founder of the first Judo club in Canada. After establishing the Tai Iku Dojo in Vancouver in 1924, Sasaki and his students opened several branch schools in British Columbia. In 1940, however, all dojos were shut down by the government and their Japanese members forced into internment camps due to fears that Japanese-Canadians would act against Canada on behalf of Japan during the Second World War. After the War was over, the government encouraged internees to relocate, and many of Sasaski's students went on to establish their own dojos across Canada. Sasaki was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1986 as a 'builder'.
+
+= = = Spreewerk = = =
+
+ Metallwarenfabrik Spreewerk GmbH was a German weapons manufacturing company. Spreewerk produced a number of important weapons and components before and during World War II including 280,880 of the Walther P.38 pistol which was the standard service pistol of the German "Heer", and the famous 8.8 cm Flak anti-aircraft gun.
+ The Berlin-Karlsruher Industrie Werke (BERKA) was founded in 1920 as a successor to the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken AG, one of Germany's largest munitions firms of the prewar era. Under the regime of the Versailles treaty the firm was forced to give up the manufacture of armaments, which had been its core business. Most of the facilities that had grown up to meet the needs of war were reduced and BERKA carried on with factories in Berlin and Karlsruhe, manufacturing a variety of light metal goods.
+ In 1928 the firm passed under the control of Günther Quandt who moved the company into the production of business machines, acquiring typewriter manufacturer Olympia Schreibmaschinen in 1929, and opening a new factory in 1933 at Erfurt to manufacture cash registers and other business machines. Under Herr Quandt's leadership further acquisitions followed.
+ In 1938 the firm re-entered the field of munitions production, establishing Metallwarenfabrik Spreewerk to undertake the fabrication of munitions components at the former Berlin-Spandau factory of the defunct Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken. This was followed in 1939 by the establishment of a modern ammunition loading facility on a forty hectare site near the city of Lübeck by the newly established Maschinen für Massenverpackung GmbH. Early in 1940 the firm strengthened its role in the manufacture of industrial machinery through the acquisition of the Berlin-Anhaltische Maschinenbau of Dessau.
+ The factories of the firm include:
+ Subsidiaries of the firm include:
+ Spreewerk was formed in September 1935 in Spandau Germany as a subsidiary of "Deutschen Industrie-Werke A.G." (DIWAG). Spreewerk was involved in weapons production from its formation until April 1945 at the Spandau complex; and from June 1942 to April 1945 at the Grottau, Czechoslovakia factory named Werk Grottau.
+ WWII era weapons produced by Spreewerk include:
+ The "Waffenamt" inspector at Spreewerk Grottau was assigned code WaA88. The "Waffenamt" stamp applied to Spreewerk produced P.38 pistols was an Eagle over 88 (e/88). Spreewerk produced P.38 pistols were marked with the "cyq" and "cvq" manufacturer's code.
+
+= = = Elena Florea = = =
+
+ Elena Florea may refer to
+
+= = = First National Bank of Adams = = =
+
+ The First National Bank of Adams is a historic commercial building located on Main Street in Adams, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1924, it was designed by the noted Prairie School architects Purcell & Elmslie. The interior of the building includes a mural by John W. Norton. The building also housed the village council chambers and was later operated as a municipal liquor store and known as the Adams Municipal Liquor Store. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
+
+= = = Davidaster rubiginosus = = =
+
+ Davidaster rubiginosus or the orange sea lily is a species of crinoid in the family Comasteridae. At one time it was classified as "Nemaster rubiginosa" but the World Register of Marine Species has determined that the valid name is "Davidaster rubiginosus". It is found on reefs in the tropical western Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea.
+ The orange sea lily is a stalkless crinoid. It has twenty to thirty five arms long radiating from the calyx, a cup-like body with a lid, the tegmen. Each arm is feather-like and has many pinnules projecting alternately from one side and the other. These have an ambulacral groove on the oral surface which is continuous with the groove on the arm. The arms are usually orange with yellow curved up tips but there is some variation in colour and they are sometimes white with black tips. The grooves are black. The arms and pinnules are composed of a series of jointed plates and there are three tube feet at each junction. The tube feet produce strands of mucus which trap plankton. Food particles are passed along the grooves by cilia to the mouth which is at the centre of the tegmen.
+ The orange sea lily is found on reefs at depths of between . Its range includes Florida, the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Bahamas southwards to the coast of Brazil. In the daytime it usually keeps its body hidden in a crevice, under coral or inside a sponge, with several of its arms extended to filter feed. In strong currents or heavy seas, it stops feeding and retracts all its arms. At night it emerges from its hiding place and may be found poised on top of a coral or sea fan with its arms extended to feed.
+ In a study in Jamaica, it was found that, unlike many tropical crinoids, the orange sea lily has a regular annual breeding cycle involving the release into the sea of gametes in the late autumn and winter. After fertilisation the eggs hatch into barrel-shaped vitellaria larva with several rings of cilia. These do not feed and after a few days settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juvenile sea lilies.
+
+= = = Mirage I = = =
+
+ Mirage I (formerly "Magic I", "Seminole Empress", "Crucero Express", "Jupiter", "Bolero", "Scandinavica" and built as "Bolero") was a cruiseferry built in 1973 in France for Fred. Olsen & Co.. It was one of three sister ships, along with and .
+ In March 2004, it was bought by "Magic 1 Cruise Line Corp", a wholly owned subsidiary of Isramco, Inc. (Nasdaq: ISRL). It operated from the Port of Ashdod as "Magic 1" until 2010.
+ In March 2012, it arrived in Aliağa, Turkey for dismantling, after being listed for sale for .
+
+= = = Kevi Luper = = =
+
+ Kevi Lee Luper (born July 6, 1990) is an American women's college basketball player at Oral Roberts University. Luper was born in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. She graduated from Adair High School. She led the NCAA Division I in points and steals in season 2010–11.
+ She competed for the United States women's national basketball team at the 2011 Pan American Games.
+ Source
+
+= = = Summerhayes = = =
+
+ Summerhayes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
+
+= = = Ligia cajennensis = = =
+
+ Ligia cajennensis is a woodlouse in the family Ligiidae. It has a relatively narrow body with a rough, grainy texture. It's a dark yellow/rust color, with lighter antennae and legs. Its eyes are brownish black.
+ "L. cajennensis" is known from the coast of French Guyana.
+ Only one specimen has been found for this species, in 1847, and since then, other authors have considered it too insufficiently described to comment further on it.
+
+= = = Janey = = =
+
+ Janey is a diminutive form of the feminine given name Jane.
+
+= = = Mpanda = = =
+
+ Mpanda is a city in Katavi Region of Tanzania, East Africa with a postcode number 50100. It is the administrative centre of Katavi Region, Mpanda District and is itself one of the four districts of the region.
+ Mpanda is a "frontier town" in the far west of Tanzania, roughly 500 km north of Mbeya and 380 km south-west of Tabora. It is the administrative headquarters for the Katavi Region, (created by subdivision of the Rukwa Region in 2012), and for the Mpanda District. It is an important centre in the rural economy, especially for the marketing and transshipment of rice and maize. The Katavi region is increasingly of interest to mineral prospectors, especially for gold. It is also a staging point for visiting the beautiful Katavi National Park, with its headquarters just 35 km to the south at Sitalike. The Park has a good cross-section of East African wildlife but is perhaps best known for its populations of hippopotamus.
+ As yet all roads into Mpanda (from Sumbawanga, Tabora or Kigoma) remain unsealed and may for brief periods become impassable at the height of the wet season (particularly February–March). The Tanzanian government has in progress a project to seal a large part of the road north from Sumbawanga. Sumry operate two daily bus services to Sumbawanga (240 km 5hours), one of those going on to Mbeya. Several bus lines operate to Tabora (380 km, 9 hours). Local services include minibuses to Sitalike, and daily bus services to Usevya and to the fishing villages of Karema and Ikola on Lake Tanganyika. Mpanda is the endpoint of a rail line with passenger services from Tabora (approx 12-15hours). In 2012 the government completed an upgrade of Mpanda airport to a 2 km sealed runway and a commercial air service has commenced.
+ Mpanda was made the centre of a new Catholic Diocese in October 2000 and boasts a very fine cathedral with magnificent pictorial windows. The town is also the centre for the Anglican Diocese of Lake Rukwa created in June 2010. There is a fine Moravian church and other Christian services are provided by Lutheran, African Inland Church and Tanzania Assemblies of God. Moslem people are well served by several mosques spread through the urban area.
+ The city can be reached by flights operated by Auric Air
+
+= = = First State Bank of Le Roy = = =
+
+ The First State Bank of Le Roy at Main St. and Broadway in Le Roy, Minnesota, United States, is a small bank that was built in 1914. It was designed by architects Purcell & Elmslie in Prairie School architecture style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1986.
+ Its NRHP nomination describes it as "a small gem". It was the third small bank designed by Purcell and Elmslie, and was designed to cost just under $10,000 to meet objections of a dissenting bank director.
+
+= = = Dr. J. W. S. Gallagher House = = =
+
+ The Dr. J. W. S. Gallagher House is a 1913 Prairie School house in Winona, Minnesota, United States, designed by the architectural firm of Purcell & Elmslie. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the theme of architecture.
+ The Dr. J. W. S. Gallagher House is essentially rectangular, with a gabled porch on the side and another on the rear. It is two stories with side gables, a low-pitched roof, and wide eaves. The house has stucco walls with cypress trim. Architectural details include a five-sided bay window on the northeast corner, sawn wood decorations, and came glasswork windows. It was nominated for being a well-preserved example of the modest residential commissions that typified Purcell & Elmslie's work, despite their acclaim for more prominent projects such as Merchants National Bank in downtown Winona.
+
+= = = Vladimir Makhlai = = =
+
+ Vladimir N. Makhlai (born June 9, 1937) is a Russian engineer, economist and entrepreneur. He is the core shareholder in the world’s largest ammonia producer Togliattiazot, and managed the company in its various incarnations since 1985, as President and CEO for the final 15 years before retiring in May 2011 and stepping down to be replaced by his son, Sergei Makhlai.
+ He started his career in 1953 as a turner’s apprentice in his native town Gubakha, moving up to assistant machinist at Gubakhin Chemical Plant in 1961.
+ He studied for an undergraduate degree in Chemistry and Technology at Perm Polytechnic Institute from 1961 to 1965.
+ He moved up through the ranks at Gubakhin Chemical Plant between 1966 and 1973, working, in succession, as a machinist, foreman, mechanic, deputy head of production facility, head of compression facility, head of air separation facility. Makhlai became Deputy Director for capital asset construction in 1973.
+ He became Chief Executive of Gubakhin Chemical Plant in 1974. He was appointed Director General of Togliattiazot in April 1985. He has been living in London, since 2006. He is married, with two sons. The President’s position was abolished at Togliattiazot in May 2011.
+ His son, Sergei Makhlai, was elected Chairman of TogliattiAzot in 2011.
+ Makhlai graduated from Perm Polytechnic Institute in 1965. He graduated from Production Organizers’ Department at Urals Polytechnic Institute in 1975.
+ He authored 35 inventions and research articles in his industry, as well as one monograph.
+ Full Member of the Academy of Quality Control, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Science, Confirmed Member of the International Academy of Business, Doctor Honoris Causa at the Key Industrial Technology Processes and Methods Association.
+ Makhlai is the recipient of Soviet and Russian awards and honors.
+
+= = = Sofie Goffin = = =
+
+ Sofie Goffin (born 21 November 1979) is a retired Belgian freestyle swimmer. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships and participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics in three events, but did not reach the finals.
+ Goffin started her international career with the 1998 FINA World Championships in Australia. In 2000, she won a European bronze medal, and in 2001 set a national record in the 400 m freestyle. She retired in 2004 after failing to qualify for the European Championships.
+ Goffin has a diploma in communications and worked as a language teacher. After retirement she became involved in politics, and in March 2012 was elected as councillor to the city hall of Schoten, representing the CD&V party. She has a daughter, born in 2010.
+
+= = = Jump River Town Hall = = =
+
+ The Jump River Town Hall, also known as McKinley Town Hall, is a historic Prairie School building located in Jump River, Wisconsin. Built in 1915, it was designed by the noted Prairie School architects Purcell & Elmslie, and is significant as the smallest public building they designed. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
+ The building listed on the NRHP as the "Jump River Town Hall" is actually the town hall of the town of McKinley. The town hall of the town of Jump River is the larger stone building built by the WPA a few hundred yards to the east. Both lie in the hamlet of Jump River - hence the confusion.
+ In 1915, when the McKinley town hall was built, McKinley was a rather remote corner of northern Wisconsin. Pine/river logging was largely done. Hardwood/railroad logging was still going pretty well, and some of the land was being taken by farmers and settlers. The town of McKinley had been split from the town of Westboro in 1902 and included what is now McKinley and what is now the town of Jump River.
+ Purcell & Elmslie was a prominent architecture firm of the Prairie School, perhaps second only to Frank Lloyd Wright. Key ideas of this style were that the building should fit with the landscape, often by emphasizing horizontal lines to suggest the wide-open prairies, and that America should have an original style, not aping older styles from Europe.
+ William Gray Purcell designed the town hall with a trapezoidal facade at each end, rising up well above the roof-line. Between those ends runs a long gable roof with wide eaves and a band of windows down each side. At the north end is an entry porch and flagpole. The exterior walls are covered by horizontal board and batten, stained green. The interior is one long hall with two small offices. Today the town hall is little changed from the time it was built, and is still used for town meetings and voting.
+ Purcell wrote about his design of the building as follows: "I used the horizontal interlocking system of broad boards and fillets and gave the building something of the feeling of the old log lumber camp buildings. Whether the Jump River populace enjoyed having their town hall look like a wanigan instead of a little cracker box, I do not know, but it looked comfortable and practical."
+ Of particular note is the building's small size. One of the ideas of the Prairie School was that "serious architectural design can be applied to even the least-grand commissions." The only other public building designed by Purcell and Elmslie is the Kasson Municipal Building in Minnesota. The McKinley Town Hall is much smaller - basically a one-room building - but with a unique, attractive design that exemplifies the Prairie Style's progressive ideal.
+
+= = = Davidaster discoideus = = =
+
+ Davidaster discoideus or the beaded crinoid is a species of feather star in the family Comasteridae. It was previously known as "Nemaster discoidea" but the World Register of Marine Species has determined that the valid name is "Davidaster discoideus". It is found on reefs in the Caribbean Sea and northern coast of South America.
+ The beaded crinoid has a cup shaped body, usually hidden from sight, from which about twenty arms project. Only a few of these are usually visible at one time and each can be curled up in a coil. Short pinnules extend from either side of the arms like vanes on a feather. Both the arms and the pinnules are formed from a large number of jointed plates which gives them great overall flexibility. There is an ambulacral groove along the oral surface of each pinnule which is continuous with grooves on the arms. These are linked to grooves leading to the mouth forming feeding channels. The grooves have flap-like lappets overhanging them. At each plate junction on the pinnules there are three tube feet of different length used in food capture and manipulation. The arms can be long and are the only part of the crinoid normally visible as its body is generally concealed in a crevice or inside a sponge. At the base of the crinoid are several cirri, unbranched appendages with which it grips the rock or other substrate. The arms are orange or red and the pinnules are grey or banded in black and white and have a beaded appearance.
+ The beaded crinoid is found in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It is found at depths between and is generally uncommon. These crinoids often live in the same concealed spot for several years and should not be moved by divers as they are very sensitive to changes in water temperature and illumination.
+ The beaded crinoid extends its arms and pinnules in slow flowing water. The longest tube feet on the pinnules trap planktonic particles and push them into the ambulacral groove. They are prevented from leaving this by the remaining tube feet and the lappets. Cilia lining the groove form particles into boluses and move these along to the mouth. The beaded crinoid can sometimes be seen "walking" across the seabed on its arms.
+
+= = = Kasson Municipal Building = = =
+
+ The Kasson Municipal Building, also known as Old City Hall, is a historic building located on Main Street in Kasson, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1917, it was designed by Purcell & Elmslie in the Prairie School style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 2005, a printing and copying business began operating in the building.
+
+= = = Lalchand Hirachand = = =
+
+ Lalchand Hirachand Doshi (24 October 1904 – 1993) was a scion of Walchand group, noted industrialist, philanthropist and Jain social leader.
+ He was the youngest son of Hirachand Doshi from his second marriage and was step-brother of Walchand Hirachand, who was born from first marriage of his father. He was born in Solapur in Maharashtra in a Jain family of Gujarati origin. Name of his other brothers were Gulabchand Hirachand and Ratanchand Hirachand.
+ He completed his Bachelor of Arts Degree from Deccan College, Pune. He was admitted to the Middle Temple in London on 12 November 1926, but withdrew without being Called to the Bar on 8 November 1928. He married Lalitabai in June 1931, with whom he had three sons and a daughter.
+ When he grew up he joined his brother, Walchand and served its various group companies like The Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd., Walchandnagar Industries, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Ravalgaon Sugar, Hindustan Construction Company, Premier Automobiles, etc. He later served also as President of the Indian Merchants' Chamber and various other merchant bodies.
+ He also served as President of All India Digamber Jain Tirthakshetra Committee from 1972 to 1983, and was connected to a number of charitable institutions. He is also the author an acclaimed book on Ramayana named as "The Indian epic – Ramayana".
+ He was elected as an independent candidate as Member of the Bombay Legislative Council, in 1939. After independence, he also became a Member of the Rajya Sabha from 1952 to 1958.
+ He was elected as the President of the Mechanical Engineers Association (India), Bombay for 1964-65 Session.
+ A sports aficionado, he was a member of the Cricket Club of India, the Willingdon Sports Club and various similar institutions. In addition, he was an avid golfer. He won the Dunlop Trophy for Golf and enjoyed playing tennis, badminton and bridge. He held a commercial pilot’s license.
+ He died in October, 1993. and was survived by his sons. Walchandnagar Industries is now run his sons Vinod Doshi, Chakor L. Doshi and others, whereas other companies went to sons of Gulabchand Hirachand, after family division of businesses, as the founder of the group Walchand Hirachand died without any male heirs.
+ He was trustee of various schools, colleges and hospitals run by Walchand group.
+ He was awarded with Padmashree award by Government of India in 1992 for his contributions to trade and industry.
+
+= = = Mrs. Richard Polson House = = =
+
+ The Mrs. Richard Polson House located on Route 2 near Spooner, Wisconsin, United States, was built in 1917. It was designed by Prairie School architects Purcell & Elmslie in Beaux Arts style. It was built as a wedding gift from Mrs. Richard Polson for her son D. B. Brockett. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
+
+= = = Blackfoot Dam = = =
+
+ Blackfoot Dam (National ID # ID00204) is a dam in Caribou County, Idaho, in the eastern part of the state.
+ The earthen dam was completed in 1911 by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, with a height of 55 feet and 304 feet long at its crest. It impounds the Blackfoot River of Idaho for flood control and irrigation water storage primarily for the Fort Hall Indian Reservation. The dam is owned and operated by the Bureau. Its construction came eight years before the 1919 formation of Caribou County.
+ The reservoir it creates, Blackfoot Reservoir, has a water surface of 18,000 acres, and a maximum capacity of 413,000 acre-feet. Blackfoot Dam impounds the river at the northwestern end of the reservoir; the China Hat Dam towards the southwest of the reservoir was constructed in 1923 to resolve seepage problems. Recreation includes fishing for rainbow and cutthroat trout, as well as carp.
+
+= = = Joseph Danger = = =
+
+ Joseph Danger is a Loa reflecting either Papa Legba, or Papa Loko. Either one, he would be their Petro form. There is also a strong possibility that he is Loa from Louisiana Voodoo.
+ Papa Loko is a Rada loa syncretised with Catholic Saint Joseph and is strict with tradition and justice, making Joseph Danger his aggressive Petro form. Some have identified Joseph as a Petro form of Papa Legba, who is more over known as Kalfu/Mait' Carrefour.
+ It is more likely Joseph Danger is Papa Loko's Petro Loa form, hence his name being Joseph in relation to St. Joseph.
+
+= = = Binary matroid = = =
+
+ In matroid theory, a binary matroid is a matroid that can be represented over the finite field GF(2). That is, up to isomorphism, they are the matroids whose elements are the columns of a (0,1)-matrix and whose sets of elements are independent if and only if the corresponding columns are linearly independent in GF(2).
+ A matroid formula_1 is binary if and only if
+ Every regular matroid, and every graphic matroid, is binary. A binary matroid is regular if and only if it does not contain the Fano plane (a seven-element non-regular binary matroid) or its dual as a minor. A binary matroid is graphic if and only if its minors do not include the dual of the graphic matroid of formula_20 nor of formula_21. If every circuit of a binary matroid has odd cardinality, then its circuits must all be disjoint from each other; in this case, it may be represented as the graphic matroid of a cactus graph.
+ If formula_1 is a binary matroid, then so is its dual, and so is every minor of formula_1. Additionally, the direct sum of binary matroids is binary.
+ Any algorithm that tests whether a given matroid is binary, given access to the matroid via an independence oracle, must perform an exponential number of oracle queries, and therefore cannot take polynomial time.
+
+= = = Tine Bossuyt = = =
+
+ Tine Bossuyt (born 10 June 1980) is a retired Belgian swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships. She also competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 4×100 m freestyle events, but did not reach the finals.
+ After winning 33 national titles and setting 43 national records, Bossuyt retired from competitive swimming in May 2007.
+
+= = = List of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War = = =
+
+ This is a list of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War, which began in 1988 and is ongoing.
+ According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), an estimated 59 radio, print and television reporters operating within Somalia died in the period from the start of the civil war in 1992 to 2013. The CPJ estimated that the majority were locally based (73%), male (96%), broadcast journalists (45%), worked on the radio (65%), and were non-freelance (82%). Most were assassinated (65%), while covering primarily war (49%) and political stories (55%). A number also received threats prior to their deaths (22%). The sources of fire were largely political action groups (50%), mainly Al-Shabaab; the assailants' affiliations were unknown in only 22% of the cases. As a consequence, the country was described by Al-Jazeera as the most dangerous place in Africa for working journalists.
+ Early in the conflict, European journalists like Jean-Claude Jumel of France, Dan Eldon of the United Kingdom and Hansi Krauss of Germany were among those slain. The deadliest year for foreign correspondents in general was in 1993, according to the CPJ. The last foreign journalist to be killed in Somalia was Noramfaizul Mohd Nor of Malaysia, a cameraman with Bermana TV covering a relief operation.
+ Prior to the capital Mogadishu's pacification by the Somali National Army in mid-2011, the independent Radio Shabelle and HornAfrik Media Inc, among other Somali media outlets, were frequently targeted by Islamic militants. Among the casualties during this most volatile 2007-2011 period was Ali Iman Sharmarke, one of the founders of HornAfrik, who was killed in his role as director on 11 August 2007.
+ Since their ouster, the insurgents have resorted to issuing death threats and targeted assassinations in order to discourage reporting on their activities. Due to frustration at the increasing number of expatriate journalists returning to the capital after the relative improvement in security, the militants in 2012 intensified their anti-media campaign, killing a record 18 reporters during the year.
+ Jamal Osman, a journalist working for "The Guardian" (UK) and Channel 4, suggested in an October 2012 editorial that one of the factors behind the spate of killings of media workers in Somalia was graft amongst reporters. This was in sharp contrast to the widely held belief and CPJ data suggesting that the assassinations and death threats bore the hallmarks of the Islamist extremists. In a formal press statement, the National Union of Somali Journalists (NUSOJ) characterized Osman's editorial as "defamatory and libelous", and suggested that it represented a conscious effort to cast aspersions on the Somali media and was "an attempt to divert the public attention by aiding the real criminals, which could contribute the killing of Somali journalists to continue." The organization further indicated that "more than half of the cases took place in Mogadishu and all have been targeted in line with their profession and the majority of them have been claimed by the Shabab."
+ Despite the attempted intimidation, news outlets have continued to proliferate, with the number of radio and television stations in Mogadishu rising from 11 to 30 in less than five months. Journalists have also persisted in covering the war beat.
+ In early February 2013, the government launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights tasked with investigating allegations of journalist intimidation and violence. Featuring a media representative, the 13-member committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action at the end of its three-month mandate. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period.
+
+= = = Cotton Tree, Queensland = = =
+
+ Cotton Tree is a coastal neighbourhood within the suburb of Maroochydore in the Sunshine Coast Region, Queensland, Australia.
+ Although not officially bounded, Cotton Tree is generally recognised as being bounded by the Maroochy River and Cornmeal Creek to the north, and to the south and west by Aerodrome Road and by the Pacific Ocean to the east.
+ The area takes its name from the "Hibiscus tiliaceus" plant which is also known as Coastal Cotton tree or Cottonwood. Plenty of these are still visible near caravan park and the old creek near Fourth Avenue.
+ The first European 'holiday maker' to arrive was convict John Graham in 1827 who escaped from Moreton Bay and spent six years living with local aborigines belonging to the Gubbi Gubbi language group.
+ The whole (Maroochy Shire) area was protected by the Bunya proclamation 1842–1860. This was established after Andrew Petrie explored the area in 1838 and named the Maroochy River using the language of Brisbane aboriginals who accompanied him.
+ Timber getters arrived in the 1850s but the Maroochy River bar wasn't navigable so Mooloolah River bar was used instead with Cotton Tree used as a timber depot in 1856 by William Pettigrew and purchased 1864. He ran steamer ships in both rivers and to Brisbane and thus opened a post office receiving office in 1891 as the first shop in Cotton Tree. The headland at Alexandra Headland was used as a bullock paddock and for his own home which was also part of his 330-acre landholding.
+ The Cotton Tree area was first gazetted as a wharf and water reserve (215 acres) in 1873. By 1880 it was re-gazetted as a camping reserve and used by the Salvation Army amongst others.
+ The town of Maroochydore was subdivided from the Cotton Tree reserve in 1903 by Surveyor Thomas O'Connor. (Thomas & O'Connor streets both near Bradman Avenue bear his name).
+ Until the 1910s, Cotton Tree was accessible only by water. Then a road through what is now Maroochydore was planned to access the area. By 1927 it was a main road. By 1937 it was a bitumen road.
+ The fatal Maroochy air crash occurred on the beach on 30 December 1950.
+ Cotton Tree has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
+ A heritage application for Cotton Tree Bacpackers timber building was made but subsequently refused.
+ Cotton Tree has its own post office located in King Street since the 1930s.
+ The suburb consists of a beach, a river mouth, several restaurants and cafes, lawn bowls club, RSL club, surf club, Swan's rugby club, library, child care centre, resorts, homes, units, Weir's surf shop, olympic swimming pool and numerous other shops, offices and businesses. The Maroochydore Surf Life Saving Club is right on the beach. Pincushion Island currently sits just 100m off the sand to the north of river mouth. (The river mouth moves not the Island)
+ A large part of Cotton Tree is used for camping and is now known as the Cotton Tree Caravan Park. Today camping still takes place on 8.7ha of the total 90-110ha. The land size changes significantly based on the sand movement and development of river mouth. Cotton Tree includes 2 caravan parks which maybe heritage listed. Also includes 2 Rugby union fields, 6 tennis courts, 3 bowling greens, 50m swimming pool, 2x0.5 basketball courts, 2 ping pong tables and 2 waterfront parks, 1 on the river, 1 on the beach. Surf breaks include Pipes/Seabreeze, Poofters dunnies/Abdul's, Carpark, Pinnies, the Mouth and North Shore. (Pipes was named after the location of the old sewer effluent pipe, Poofters after a derelict toilet block, Abdul's after death of local surfer Ryan Abdy)
+ Although 'unbounded' as a suburb it's generally recognised as being east of Aerodrome Road and including all numbered avenues and esplanades. Sometimes known as Forgotten Tree.
+
+= = = Saproscincus spectabilis = = =
+
+ Saproscinus spectabilis known as the pale-lipped shade skink is a small lizard found in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. The habitat is cool, shaded gullies where it feeds on small insects. It may be seen on sunny rocky outcrops within gullies. Ground cover and rocky cracks are required to avoid predation from birds such as the kookaburra and pied currawong.
+
+= = = Macau at the 2012 Summer Paralympics = = =
+
+ Macau competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012.
+
+= = = Yseult Gervy = = =
+
+ Yseult Gervy (born 20 January 1979) is a retired Belgian swimmer who won the bronze medal in the 400 m medley at the 2000 European Aquatics Championships. She also competed in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m backstroke, 200 m and 400 m medley, and 4×200 m freestyle relay events. Her best Olympic achievement was 12th place in the relay.
+ Gervy had serious health problems in the early 2001 that forced her to retire in 2002. Before the retirement she was trained by her brother at the club Cercle de Natation Bruxelles Atalante. Between 1994 and 2000 she won 20 national titles and set 17 national records.
+
+= = = Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls = = =
+
+ Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls is a book was written by Lawrence Schiffman, published in 1994 by Doubleday, as part of the Anchor Research Library. The book's aim was to explain the true meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls for Judaism and Christianity. Previous to the publication of the book, many exaggerated and irresponsible claims about the scrolls were published. "Reclaiming the Dead Sea Scrolls" "sets before the public the real Dead Sea Scrolls."
+ The book also sets forth the author's theory that the Dead Sea Scrolls were gathered at Qumran by a sect which left Jerusalem in the aftermath of the Maccabean Revolt. When the Hasmonean rulers accepted the rulings of the Pharisees, these Sadducees took up residence in the Judean desert.
+ I. Discovery and Disclosure: Liberating the Scrolls
+ II. The Community at Qumran
+ III. Closing the Canon: Biblical Texts and Interpretations
+ IV. To Live as a Jew
+ V. Mysticism, Messianism, and the End of Days
+ VI. Sectarianism, Nationalism and Consensus
+ Lawrence H. Schiffman (b. 1948) was appointed as the Vice-Provost of Undergraduate Education at Yeshiva University and Professor of Jewish Studies in early 2011. He had been the Chair of New York University’s Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies and served as the Ethel and Irvin A. Edelman Professor in Hebrew and Judaic Studies at New York University (NYU). He is a specialist in the Dead Sea Scrolls, Judaism in Late Antiquity, the history of Jewish law, and Talmudic literature.
+
+= = = James Pallotta = = =
+
+ James Joseph Pallotta (born March 13, 1958) is an American billionaire businessman. In 2009, he founded Raptor Group, a private investment company. Prior to forming Raptor, Pallotta was vice chairman at Tudor Investment Corporation. He is co-owner and chairman of the Italian football club A.S. Roma; co-owner and executive board member of the National Basketball Association's Boston Celtics, and co-owner of esports franchise Fnatic.
+ Pallotta was born in 1958 in Boston to a mother from Canosa di Puglia, Apulia and a father from Calabria, Italy. Along with sisters Carla and Christine Pallotta, he was raised in Boston's Italian north end neighborhood. His sisters own and operate NEBO Cucina & Enoteca in Boston's financial district. Pallotta earned an BA at University of Massachusetts Amherst and an MBA at Northeastern University.
+ Pallotta founded Raptor Group, a private investment company with offices in Boston, New York City, Miami, London, and Abu Dhabi. Raptor focuses on various industries including sports, consumer, technology, media, entertainment, and financial services.
+ Pallotta, along with three other American investors (Thomas R. DiBenedetto, Michael Ruane and Richard D'Amore) acquired Serie A football club A.S. Roma in 2011.
+ In August 2012, Pallotta became the chairman of club, succeeding Thomas R. DiBenedetto, and becoming the 23rd in the club's history.
+ In December 2019, Pallotta was in final negotiations to sell the team for $872 million, to US businessman Dan Friedkin.
+ Prior to Raptor Group, Pallotta was a vice chairman and partner at Tudor Investment Corporation.
+ Pallotta is a member of the board of trustees for the Santa Fe Institute and the Board of Trustees for Northeastern University. Pallotta serves on the Board of Directors for New Profit Inc. as well as the Board of Advisors for Tulco, LLC. He is also a member of the Advisory Council for the MIT Media Lab and the External Advisory Committee for the Center for Brains, Minds and Machines (CBMM) at MIT.
+
+= = = Võ Thanh Tùng = = =
+
+ Võ Thanh Tùng (born 26 July 1985) is a Vietnamese Paralympic swimmer. He won gold in the men's 50m freestyle S5 at the 2010 Asian Para Games in China. He is seen as a possible medal contender for his nation. He lives in Cần Thơ and had poliomyelitis as a child.
+
+= = = Luis Alberto Hernández = = =
+
+ Luis Alberto "Manzanita" Hernández Díaz (born 15 February 1981) is a former professional Peruvian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently working as a coach for the youth team of Sport Boy. He is the younger brother of Juan Francisco Hernández.
+ Luis Alberto Hernández made his league debut in the Torneo Descentralizado in the 1998 season with Alianza Lima, making 8 appearances in that season. He played for Alianza until the end of the 2002 season.
+ Then for the 2003 season Luis Alberto joined Coronel Bolognesi.
+
+= = = José Julia = = =
+
+ José Cayetano Julia Cegarro (born 1 July 1979) is a retired Spanish cyclist. He rode in three Grand Tours in his career, and won stage 16 of the 2004 Vuelta a España to Cáceres, winning from a breakaway. His only other professional career win was the third stage in the 2004 Volta a Portugal.
+
+= = = List of Pororo the Little Penguin characters = = =
+
+ This is a list of characters from "Pororo the Little Penguin".
+ Voiced by: Lee Seon
+ The main protagonist of the series. He is a little penguin that wears blue dungarees and the titular character of the cast of friends. He wears orange goggles. In Seasons 1-2, Pororo wears a tan-colored aviator cap, parodying the fact that penguins cannot fly. He is 8 years old (9 in Season 3, 10 years old since Season 4) and the leader of the group. He often gets into various types of mischief with his friends, which includes trying to fly and playing practical jokes.
+ Pororo resides in a pine-tree house along with Crong, his dinosaur friend and roommate. In Seasons 3-6, he wears a blue aviator jumpsuit, a yellow racing helmet with a "P" on top, golden gloves and an orange bandana. He has a crush on Petty. Loopy admires him and tends to like him more than a 'friend'. Petty is his 'Dancing Partner' in the Dance Festival with the dance "Freeze in your Position"(Pororo Sing-Along). In Season 3, Loopy tells a tale hinting that Pororo will marry Loopy, but Pororo denies this by saying,"But I want to marry beautiful Princess Petty." He likes playing the electric guitar.
+ Voiced by: Lee Mi-ja
+ The secondary protagonist of the series. He is a little herrerasaurus that lives with Pororo. He is discovered one day as an egg, which hatches later and is adopted by Pororo as little brother. Crong is the youngest of the group. He is 3 years (4 in Season 3, 5 years old since Season 4). He is usually with Pororo and is constantly getting into trouble. Crong does not speak and he can only say his own name, "Crong!" to communicate, but is seen seen speaking in a time from the second season. From Seasons 3 until 6, he wears a light blue aviator jumpsuit, red bandana, and matching gloves. His instrumental is the cuica.
+ Voiced by: Ham Soo-jeong
+ A little orange fennec fox who is an intelligent, inventive genius. He is 10 years old (11 in Season 3 and 12 years old in Season 4). Sometimes, he can be a show-off. His inventions include robots, trains, cars, flying devices, ships and submersibles among other things. These inventions often go horribly wrong which causes problems for anyone who gets caught up in his antics. Eddy resides in a hollowed-out tree stump. In Seasons 3-6, he wears a white shirt and blue overalls. His instrument is the xylophone.
+ Voiced by: Kim Hwan-jin
+ A polar bear that lives out by a glacier. He is also the oldest resident of the Porong Porong Forest. He is 15 (16 in Season 3 and 17 years old in Season 4). Poby is the largest of all the characters and has a very gentle nature. He enjoys fishing and photography. Poby has a big black nose. In Season 2, he wears blue overalls. In Season 3-6, he wears a white and light blue shirt and navy blue pants. He likes playing the drums.
+ Voiced by: Hong So-yeong
+ A pink beaver who is often the voice of reason in the series. She is very shy and sensitive. She is 7 years (8 in Season 3 and 9 years old in Season 4). Loopy lives in a hollowed out log and often invites visitors over. She is fond of baking cakes and pies for everyone. In Season 2, she wears a simple hair clip. She wears a pink sailor dress and a flower barrette in the head in Seasons 3-6. In Season 3, she created made-up tale indicates that Pororo will marry her, but denies because he wants to marry Petty. Her instrumental is a white piano.
+ Voiced by: Chung Mi-sook
+ The other female character in the series who debuted in Season 2. She is a little penguin who wears a violet hood and cap. Petty is shown to be a little tomboyish. She is a bad cook but excels in sports, and afraid of spiders. Petty lives in a cabin which her friends tried to build it. In Seasons 3-6, she wears a purple winter dress and a matching circle-shaped hair-band. Her instrument is the classical guitar.
+ Voiced by: Kim Seo-yeong
+ A humming bird who lost his way from Summer Island and land into Porong Porong forest. He is 5 years old (6 in Season 3 and 7 years old since Season 4). He lives in a tiny cabin inside of Poby's house and wears a big purple bow tie. He is warm-hearted and likes to sing joyful, happy songs. Harry is sometimes very arrogant to the other friends and can't control his temper, otherwise he mingles a lot.
+ A yellow robot built by Eddy in the third season. He has cat-like ears and a permanent grin. He lives with Eddy for a time, but given his tremendous strength and lack of social skills, it becomes impractical for Rody to continue living there. As a result, Eddy later builds Rody's own house nearby; a large oval-shaped structure made of thick sheet metal. Loyal and obedient, he is often grateful for any kind gestures the gang bestows upon him.
+ Tong Tong is an orange tuxedo-wearing dragon that invites Pororo and friends in Season 3. When startled or frightened by someone or something, he rolls up into a ball. He lives far away inside a volcano located in a temperate climate. He has magical powers which are unleashed by chanting his own name many times, but often his magic backfires and cause problems for Pororo and his friends. but often has difficulty landing sensitive.
+ Two jellyfish-like twin aliens that are often seen together. Pipi is purple as Popo is blue. They live in a big flying saucer. They moved in from Planet Pipo.
+ Nyao is a stuffed cat who lives with Tong Tong in Season 3. He often causes trouble and is very naughty and turns into a large cat. When the gang comes to visit Tong Tong's House, he sees Petty and falls in love with her. He wears a red cap.
+ Voiced by: Jang Eun-sook
+ A red super car who can drive the friends around the village. He appears in some episodes. When Tu Tu gets no fuel, he stays in the sun to get more fuel. He can be playful sometimes. From the last episode of Season 4 onwards, Tu Tu starts to live with Tong Tong in his house. Therefore, he will be rarely seen in the upcoming episodes.
+ The Narrator is voiced by Goo Ja-hyeong (James Bondy in English). He tells the viewers what Pororo and his friends are up to today.
+
+= = = Kaspars Vecvagars = = =
+
+ Kaspars Vecvagars (born 3 August 1993) is a Latvian professional basketball player.
+ Vecvagars has represented the Latvian national youth team in several competitions, including 2011 FIBA Under-19 World Championship.
+
+= = = J.G. Melon = = =
+
+ J.G. Melon is an American restaurant established in 1972. It is located at 1291 Third Avenue (on the northeast corner of East 74th Street), on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It is known for its hamburgers.
+ J.G. Melon's building dates back to the 1920s, when a tavern was built by a local brewery to dispense its own products following Prohibition. The space was previously called Central Tavern.
+ J.G. Melon was established in 1972 by original owners Jack O'Neill and George Mourges, the "J" and "G" of J.G. Melon. Mourges died in 2000. The Mourges heirs are co-owners.
+ The restaurant's decor mostly consists of artwork depicting watermelons.
+ O'Neill and Mourges also operated a J.G. Melon restaurant in Bridgehampton, New York, in the 1970s and '80s and another J.G. Melon restaurant on Amsterdam Avenue which opened in 1977 and closed in January 1993. The West-side Melon's was larger than the East-side space and had a slightly larger menu with more entree selections. Like its East-side parent, it too had a large neighborhood following, and was a favorite haunt of actors and theatre patrons from the Promenade Theatre and the Second Stage Theatre.
+ A scene with Meryl Streep and Dustin Hoffman was filmed at the restaurant for the 1979 film "Kramer vs. Kramer". There's also a memorable scene in "Metropolitan" shot at J.G. Melon.
+ In July 2015 another satellite location was opened by Magnolia Bakery owner Steve Abrams, brother Danny, and 30-year Melon alum Shaun Young. Except for dessert, the menu is almost identical, including the guarded formula and source for the iconic hamburger. The restaurant is located at 89 MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village
+ In September 2017, a third location was opened at 480 Amsterdam Avenue on the Upper West Side.
+ In April 2019, a brief and largely non-cosmetic renovation of the original location was completed.
+
+= = = Krek (album) = = =
+
+ Krek is the fourth studio album by Norwegian black metal band Khold. It was released on 18 October 2005, through Tabu Recordings.
+
+= = = Jingaku Takashi = = =
+
+ Jingaku Takashi (born 24 December 1959 as Takashi Nakayama) is a former sumo wrestler from Shibushi, Kagoshima, Japan. He made his professional debut in May 1977, and reached the top division in January 1983. His highest rank was "komusubi" and he earned two "kinboshi". He retired in September 1991.
+ He came from the same area of Japan as future stable-mates Sakahoko and Terao. He was fond of kendo at school. He joined Izutsu stable in 1977, and first reached a "sekitori" rank in July 1982 when he was promoted to the "juryo" division. He first made the top "makuuchi" division in January 1983 but posted a losing record of 4–11 and so was immediately demoted. He won promotion back to the top division in January 1984, and remained there for virtually all of the rest of his career. In September 1984 he defeated a "yokozuna" for the first time when he upset Kitanoumi in one of the latter's final tournaments. He made the "sanyaku" ranks for the first time in November 1987 when he reached "komusubi," but he proved to be out of his depth and scored only two wins against thirteen losses. He made "komusubi" once more in September 1990 at the age of 30, but again struggled, winning only three bouts. He suffered from stage fright, losing weight during tournaments because of stomach upsets. This affected his performance against top ranked wrestlers – he stumbled out of the "dohyo" in a match against Hokutoumi in September 1990 with his opponent barely having to touch him. He was restricted by a foot problem as well as digestive illness towards the end of his career. After 46 consecutive tournaments in the top division he was demoted to "juryo" after scoring only 4-11 at "maegashira" 15 in the July 1991 tourney, and he pulled out of the following tournament with a knee injury after fighting only one match. This brought to an end his streak of 1036 consecutive matches from sumo entry. He announced his retirement shortly afterwards.
+ Jingaku was for one year an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Kasugayama Oyakata, but he was only borrowing the elder name from his stable-mate Sakahoko, and when Sakahoko retired in September 1992 Jingaku was unable to acquire stock elsewhere and had to leave the sumo world. He subsequently worked in a fish processing company.
+ Jingaku was an exponent of "tsuppari", a series of rapid thrusts to the opponent's chest, for which his Izutsu stable was famous, and often won by "tsuki-dashi" or thrust out. He used a "migi-yotsu", or left hand outside, right hand inside grip when fighting on his opponent's "mawashi" or belt, and "yori-kiri" (force out) was his most common winning "kimarite." He was also known for using "tsuri" (lifting) techniques, and "utchari", the ring edge pivot.
+ Since leaving sumo he has reverted to his birth name, Takashi Nakayama. He is married with two daughters and a son. In his free time he is a keen golfer.
+
+
+= = = Mārtiņš Laksa = = =
+
+ Mārtiņš Laksa (born 26 June 1990) is a professional Latvian basketball player, who plays as shooting guard for Start Lublin of the Polish Basketball League (PLK). Laksa is three-time Latvian champion (2011, 2014, 2016).
+ Laksa started his career with ASK Rīga junior squad. In August 2009 Laksa tried out for Spanish club Bilbao Basket. Starting from 2009-2010 season Laksa played for VEF Rīga, where he spent three years. After playing in Riga Laksa made a move to BK Ventspils. He also played for the Spanish club Monbus Obradoiro in Liga ACB.
+ Laksa has represented the Latvian national youth team in several competitions.
+ Mārtiņš Laksa is son of former Latvian NT player Jānis Laksa.
+
+= = = Johan Reekers = = =
+
+ Johan Reekers (born 28 December 1957, in Enschede) is a Dutch Paralympian who was born without legs. He was on the gold medal winning Dutch sitting volleyball teams of 1980 and 1984. At the 1992 Summer Paralympics the team won silver. In 2002 he began handbiking. He competed for the Netherlands at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in cycling. This was his eighth Paralympics.
+
+= = = Mørke gravers kammer = = =
+
+ Mørke gravers kammer is the third studio album by Norwegian black metal band Khold. It was released on 20 April 2004, through Candlelight Records.
+ "Mørke gravers kammer" was the band's first release on the Candlelight record label, after leaving Moonfog Productions.
+ A music video was released for the track "Død". It was directed by Marcel Lelienhof, and produced by Andreas Rønning. The video was included as enhanced content for the original CD release.
+ AllMusic's review was generally favorable, writing, "This CD isn't groundbreaking by 2004 standards [...] Nonetheless, "Mørke gravers kammer" is an appealing example of the more musical and intricate side of Nordic death metal/black metal."
+ "Mørke gravers kammer" was re-issued on 16 July 2012, by Peaceville Records, featuring a bonus, previously unreleased track from the band's 2000 demo.
+
+= = = Mehmet Kara = = =
+
+ Mehmet Kara (born 21 November 1983 in Werne, Germany) is a German professional footballer of Turkish descent. He currently plays as a midfielder for Preußen Münster II.
+
+= = = What Could Have Been Love = = =
+
+ "What Could Have Been Love" is a power ballad by American hard-rock band Aerosmith that was released on August 22, 2012. It is featured on their studio album, "Music from Another Dimension!" A video for the single was released on October 18, 2012 on Vevo.com. The song premiered live on November 8, 2012 at the Chesapeake Energy Arena in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
+ In November 2012, the song charted at number 7 on the Japan "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 chart.
+
+= = = Crime Watch (TV series) = = =
+
+ Crime Watch is a Trinidadian television program presented by host Ian Alleyne, to help profile and assist law enforcement in the apprehension of fugitives wanted for various crimes, including murder, rape, kidnapping, child molestation, white collar crime, organized crime, armed robbery and gang violence.
+ The show airs 6PM weekdays on Synergy TV with repeats on weeknights and weekends. It is currently one of the most popular programs in Trinidad and Tobago.
+ Crime Watch started on WIN TV in 2008 airing Thursdays at 6PM. The show gained initial fame until it was later dropped on 17 February 2011 due to complaints of its controversial nature. It was then picked up by CCN TV6 and began airing on 11 April 2011. Disagreements with management resulting from a lawsuit brought against the station after it showed a video clip depicting the rape of a minor, the show's contract was allowed to expire on 10 April 2013.
+ A new contract was secured with another media house, CNC3, and began airing on 23 April 2013 until the show was axed on 1 September 2016 due to controversial statements made about contracts awarded to complete the Brian Lara Stadium. During its time off air, Crime Watch streamed on Facebook Live until securing a television contract with Synergy TV and began airing on 15 November 2016.
+ In 2015, the show and its host were profiled by The American Scholar magazine.
+ Callers are able to dial into the program live and give thoughts and feedback.
+ Ian Alleyne is currently supported by the Police Commissioner Gary Griffith who has appeared via phone calls on the show multiple times to help resolve criminal occurrences.
+ There was controversy at a time that Alleyne use to avoid stories about long time friend Sheron Sukdeo. Sukdeo was a car dealer that was accused by many of being one of the biggest drug dealers in Trinidad but was gunned down in 2018. As a result, Alleyne condoned the shootings and stated than while he was friends with the deceased, he was not biased in any way.
+ Dana Alleyne is a producer of the show.
+
+= = = Ronald Hertog = = =
+
+ Ronald Hertog (born 13 January 1989 in Moordrecht, now merged into Zuidplas) is a Dutch amputee and Paralympic javelin thrower. He was selected to be his nation's flag-bearer at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
+
+= = = Krišjānis = = =
+
+ Krišjānis is a Latvian masculine given name and masculine surname. The feminine version of the surname is Krišjāne. It is the Latvian version of the name Christian and may refer to:
+
+= = = Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus = = =
+
+ Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus (ca. 137 AD – 197 AD) was a Roman statesman who served as Senator and Consul suffectus. He unsuccessfully attempted to succeed his son-in-law Pertinax as Emperor in 193.
+ Sulpicianus was probably born in the Cretan town of Hierapytna around the year 137. A senator, he was probably the son of Titus Flavius Titianus, who was the equestrian Prefect of Egypt under Hadrian.
+ Sulpicianus’ early career is unknown, but in around 170 he was appointed suffect consul. Sometime during the 170s he was made a member of the Arval Brethren, and he was appointed the Proconsular governor of Asia in 186. He may have had some involvement in the plot to murder the emperor Commodus at the end of 192, and by early 193 he was appointed "Praefectus urbi" of Rome as a result of his marital ties to the incoming emperor Pertinax, who was married to his daughter, Flavia Titiana, as part of the emperor’s attempt to shore up his support among the senatorial aristocracy.
+ The aftermath of Pertinax's murder saw Sulpicianus trying to quell a disturbance among the Praetorian Guard. Hearing of Pertinax’s death, he was offered the imperial title and he turned to the Praetorians to gain their approval. He proceeded to offer each soldier 20,000 sesterces, or eight years worth of wages, the same amount offered by Marcus Aurelius in 161. Unfortunately, a fellow senator, Didius Julianus, appeared and outbid Sulpicianus, thereby winning their support. Julianus was saluted as "imperator" by the Praetorians, and the new emperor proceeded to pardon his rival, retaining Sulpicianus as the urban prefect.
+ Sulpicianus survived Julianus’ death and the arrival of the new emperor Septimius Severus. However, possibly due to his having supported the rival imperial claimant Clodius Albinus, Sulpicianus was prosecuted and executed in 197.
+ Sulpicianus had at least two children; a son, Titus Flavius Titianus, who was suffect consul ca. 200 AD, and a daughter, Flavia Titiana, who was married to the emperor Pertinax. He also had a number of estates around Praeneste.
+
+= = = George Barrett (jockey) = = =
+
+ Colin George Barrett (29 May 1863 – 25 February 1898), was a leading jockey in the United Kingdom in the 1880s and 1890s. He was born on 29 May 1863 in Metfield, Suffolk. He was apprentice jockey to W. H. Manser at Newmarket. His first ride came in July 1877, with him riding his first winner. During his early career he could do weights as low at 5 st 7 lb (34.9 kg). He rode six winners in his first year. His first classic win came the 1885 1000 Guineas aboard Farewell. He rode the unbeaten Ormonde to victory in the 2000 Guineas in 1886 after regular jockey Fred Archer riding Saraband. In 1892 he rode Orme and La Fleche to a number of top class victories. Barrett was never champion jockey, but was second four times, including finished four winners behind Morny Cannon in 1891. He stopped riding after 1894, when his health began to fail, and died on 25 February 1898.
+
+= = = Kalingapatty = = =
+
+ Kalingapatty is a panchayat Village in Tenkasi district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This village is under the control of Kuruvikulam block,Sankarankoil taluk
+ Next athippatti village in Veeranapuram
+ Veeranapuram village
+ The member of VADA PATHIRA KALIYAMMAN KOVIL TRUSTEE AND MEMBER
+ THE FAMOUS TEMPLE OF VADA PATHIRA KALIYAMMAN KOVIL
+ THE FESTIVAL ON TIME TAMIL MONTH MAASI AROUND EIGHTEEN VILLAGES UNITY THE FESTIVAL
+ 1) VEERANAPURM VILLAGE IS OLD SCHOOL IN VASANTHA PRIMARY SCHOOL.
+ 2) TWO LICENCE TEXTILE UNIT IS THANGAPAZHAM TEX AND GURUSAMY TEX
+ 3) ONE LICENCE SHOP IS THANGAPAZHAM STORE
+
+= = = The Bob Corwin Quartet featuring the Trumpet of Don Elliott = = =
+
+ The Bob Corwin Quartet featuring the Trumpet of Don Elliott is an album by American jazz pianist Bob Corwin feating trumpeter Don Elliott which was recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label.
+
+= = = Aftermath of the Lowdown = = =
+
+ Aftermath of the Lowdown is the third solo studio album by Richie Sambora which was released in Japan on September 12 2012, in the United Kingdom on September 17, and in the United States on September 18, 2012 as digital download and on September 25, 2012 as physical CD (digisleeve format). For the first time in his 30-year career, Sambora signed with an independent label, Dangerbird.
+ To promote the album, Sambora and his band appeared as the house band on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" for the first week in December 2012.
+ The album charted at No. 10 on the Top Hard Rock Albums chart, No. 34 on the Top Independent Albums chart, No. 149 on the Billboard 200 and No. 35 on the UK Albums Chart.
+ The track "Every Road Leads Home to You" was released as a single for the album and features a music video. The song is also featured as one of the bonus tracks on Bon Jovi's 2013 album "What About Now". A special edition single, "I'll Always Walk Beside You'" featuring Alicia Keys was released as the second single of the album. All the profits from the sale of the special edition single goes to the ongoing recovery efforts of The Red Cross for the devastation from Hurricane Sandy. The track "Sugar Daddy" was released as a promo single and a music video was made for the song "Taking a Chance on the Wind".
+ A song named "Forgiveness Street" was thought to be planned as a bonus track on the Japan CD, but was later dropped.
+ The worldwide version of the album features 11 tracks and the Japanese version features 12 tracks including "Backseat Driver" as a bonus track. There are 6 special packages for sale on Richie's official website:
+ From Dangerbird records.
+
+= = = Kulak, Tarsus = = =
+
+ Kulak is a village in the Tarsus district of Mersin Province, Turkey. At in Çukurova (Cilicia of the antiquity) and to the south of Tarsus. It is situated to the north of Mediterranean Sea coast and west of Berdan River. Its distance to Tarsus is and to Mersin is . The population of Kulak was 918 as of 2011. Situated in the fertile plains, farming is the major economic activity. Cotton and green house vegetables are the main crops. But the frequent floods of Berdan River have reduced the agricultural income of the villagers. However, now State Hydraulic Works of Turkey has begun a project to control the river
+
+= = = Epinephelus analogus = = =
+
+ Epinephelus analogus is a grouper from the Eastern Pacific. It is the most abundant small grouper in the northern Gulf of California. It grows to a length of 114 cm.
+
+= = = Kelley Becherer = = =
+
+ Kelley Becherer (born July 3, 1990 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin), is a visually impaired Paralympic swimmer. At the 2008 Summer Paralympics she won a gold medal and two bronze medals. She also competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and won two gold medals for the United States at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
+
+= = = Jeremy Davidson = = =
+
+ Jeremy Davidson may refer to:
+
+= = = Kaspars = = =
+
+ Kaspars is a Latvian masculine given name. It is a cognate to the German name Kaspar and English name Casper and may refer to:
+
+= = = Iolaus creta = = =
+
+ Iolaus creta, the blotched sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria (the Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Tshopo and Kivu) and Uganda (western Bwamba). The habitat consists of forests.
+
+= = = Iolaus cytaeis = = =
+
+ Iolaus cytaeis, the cytaeis sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia.
+
+= = = Iolaus dubiosa = = =
+
+ Iolaus dubiosa is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Tanzania (the Usambara Mountains) and Zambia. The habitat consists of montane forest margins at altitudes between 1,900 and 2,000 metres.
+ The larvae feed on "Phragmanthera usuiensis sigensis", "Erianthemum schelei", "Oedina pendens" and "Englerina inaequilatera".
+
+= = = Iolaus farquharsoni = = =
+
+ Iolaus farquharsoni, the Farquharson's sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana, southern Nigeria, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, north-western Tanzania and north-western Zambia. The habitat consists of open forests and secondary growth.
+ The larvae feed on the flowers of "Loranthus incanus", "Globimetula braunii" and "Globimetula anguliflora". They are green with tiny brown or red dots and closely resemble the flowering cushions of their host plant.
+
+= = = Iolaus flavilinea = = =
+
+ Iolaus flavilinea is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon and Zambia.
+
+= = = Ulugöz, Silifke = = =
+
+ Ulugöz is a village in Silifke district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated on Turkish state highway which runs from west to east in south Turkey at . Distance to Silifke is and to Mersin is . The population of Ulugöz is 830 as of 2011. Major economic activity of the village is farming . Green house vegetables and strawberries are the main crops.
+
+= = = Lambda Pegasi = = =
+
+ Lambda Pegasi (λ Peg, λ Pegasi) is a fourth-magnitude star in the constellation Pegasus.
+λ Pegasi is a yellow giant with stellar classification G8II-III. With a mass of and radius that is , the star boasts a bolometric luminosity that is roughly . Its apparent magnitude was calibrated in 1983 at 3.96, yielding an intrinsic brightness of -1.45. Parallax calculations place the star at a distance of roughly 112 parsecs from Earth, or 365 ± 10 light years away, about three times the distance of its line-of-sight double μ Pegasi.
+ In the constellation, Lambda and Mu lie to the southwest of Beta Pegasi, the nearest bright star.
+
+= = = Jeff Fabry = = =
+
+ Jeff Fabry (born April 14, 1973 in Hanford, California) is an American amputee and Paralympic archer. He won bronze medals at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and a gold medal at the United States at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
+ He became disabled after he lost most of his right arm and right leg in a motorcycle accident when he was 15. He credits his wife, Crystal for getting him into the sport. He is also the father of two children: Rebecca & Joseph.
+
+= = = List of members of the Løgting, 2008–11 = = =
+
+ List of members of the Faroese Løgting in the period 2008 to 2011. The members were elected on 19 January 2008.
+
+= = = Opus Casino = = =
+
+ Opus Casino (formerly "Liquid Vegas", "Royal Star", "Liberty II", "Liberty I", "Royal Empress", "Punta Pedrera") is a cruiseferry built in 1985 in Valencia, Spain for Marítima de Formentera SA, to handle traffic between Ibiza and Formentera. In July 2012, the vessel was donated to The Seasteading Institute, and is currently available for bareboat charter or sale, preferably to businesses that could support experimentation with long-term ocean habitation.
+ A 1986 incident required expensive repairs. In 1993, the vessel was sold to Helton Limited. In 1995, she was sold to Adventure Holdings Corp. (Kingstown) and commenced duty as a casino ship near Florida under the name "Royal Empress". In 2004, she was sold to Royal Star.
+ In fall 2009, the vessel owner at the time, Las Vegas Casino Lines, LLC, declared bankruptcy and "Liquid Vegas" was sold at auction on October 29, 2009, by the Canaveral Port Authority. The winning bid was by The Mermaid I, LLC.
+ The ship is currently classified through Registro Italiano Navale.
+
+= = = Iolaus congdoni = = =
+
+ Iolaus congdoni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Tanzania, Malawi (the Nyika Plateau) and Zambia. The habitat consists of montane forests at altitudes of about 2,000 metres.
+ The larvae feed on "Tapinanthus sansibarensis", "Agelanthus zizyphifolius vittatus", "Agelanthus atrocoronatus", "Agelanthus uhehensis", "Agelanthus bipartitus", "Phragmanthera rufescens", "Oedina pendens" and "Helixanthera verruculosa".
+
+= = = Lito Álvarez = = =
+
+ Elio "Lito" Álvarez (born 5 December 1947) is a former professional tennis player from Argentina.
+Álvarez played collegiate tennis for the UCLA Bruins, on the same team as Jimmy Connors, in the early 1970s.
+ He appeared in eight Davis Cup ties for Argentina from 1970 to 1978. He played mainly in doubles rubbers but had two wins in the singles, against Carlos Kirmayr and Luis Felipe Tavares, both of Brazil. His doubles record was 4/4 and his partners included Guillermo Vilas and José Luis Clerc.
+Álvarez made the second round of the singles draw at a Grand Slam tournament five times, from 14 attempts, but was unable to progress any further.
+ As well as being runner-up at the Dutch Open in 1977, Álvarez made six Grand Prix/WCT doubles finals, for one win, at Sao Paulo in 1976.
+
+= = = 5th Ranger Company (United States) = = =
+
+ The 5th Ranger Infantry Company (Airborne) was an airborne trained light infantry unit of the United States Army during the Korean War. The 5th Rangers being trained by the 3rd Ranger Company as part of the second cycle of Ranger companies at Fort Benning, Georgia. Which also consist of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Ranger Companies. During training the 5th Rangers received winter training at Fort Carson, Colorado.
+ The 5th Rangers were assigned to the US Army's 25th Infantry Division from April 31, 1951, to its inactivation on August 1, 1951.
+
+= = = Presenting Ernie Henry = = =
+
+ Presenting Ernie Henry is the debut album by American jazz saxophonist Ernie Henry featuring tracks recorded in 1956 for the Riverside label.
+ Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars with Scott Yanow stating "Altoist Ernie Henry's first of three sessions as a leader, all of which were made within 16 months of his premature death, served as a strong debut... Throughout the date, Henry hints strongly at the great potential he had".
+ "All compositions by Ernie Henry except as indicated"
+
+= = = Fricis = = =
+
+ Fricis is a Latvian masculine give name. It is derived from the name Frīdrihs ("Frederick") and the associated name day is November 14.
+
+= = = Zaatari refugee camp = = =
+
+ Zaatari (Arabic: مخيم الزعتري) is a refugee camp in Jordan, located east of Mafraq, which has gradually evolved into a permanent settlement; it is the world’s largest camp for Syrian refugees. It was first opened on 28 July 2012 to host Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian Civil War that erupted in March 2011. It is connected to the road network by a short road which leads to Highway 10.
+ The main concerns in early days related to the lack of sufficient food supplies and better accommodation. In 2013 it was reported that the camp was experiencing an increasing number of reports of crime. Demonstrations were or are used as a forum to create awareness of the conflict and to express political views against the current government led by Bashar al-Assad and the violence inflicted by the Syrian Armed Forces. Due to the maximum capacity of 60,000 refugees in March 2013 a second camp was built 20 kilometres east of Zarqa in the Marjeeb Al Fahood plains. On 5 April 2014 a riot resulted in a number of injuries to both refugees and Jordanian police. One refugee was killed by gunshot.
+ In 2015, filmmakers Zach Ingrasci and Chris Temple lived in Zaatari for a month, resulting in the documentary "Salam Neighbor".
+ Accurate counting of the number of refugees in the camp stopped during March 2013 due to the high influx of refugees that skyrocketed that month. The figures during the initial days varied slightly from day to day due to people 'escaping' or leaving the camp back to Syria, and partly due to initial over-counting. Movement out of the camp is restricted, controlled by temporary and limited permits to leave, which does not comply with the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of states.
+ Since the opening of the refugee camp in July 2012, the camp saw a dramatic increase in its population, that made it the largest population center in Mafraq Governorate within a few months:
+ The largest solar plant ever built in a refugee camp went live on 13 November 2016, estimated to reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions from the camp by 13,000 metric tonnes per year, equivalent to 30,000 barrels of oil and saving US$5.5 million annually. The 12.9 megawatt peak solar photovoltaic plant was funded by the German government, through the KfW Development Bank at a cost of 15 million euros (US$17.5 million). It provides families with between 12 and 14 hours electricity each day - longer than previously.
+ As a host country, Jordan is estimated to spend $870 million a year supporting Syrian refugees; if treated as a traditional donor, it would have contributed 5,622% of its fair share. The camp is under joint administration of the Syrian Refugee Affairs Directorate and UNHCR. In March 2013 the UNHCR named Kilian Kleinschmidt Senior Field Coordinator of the camp; in late 2014, Hovig Etyemezian took over as camp manager. Other actors include:
+ Community mobilization:
+ Medical:
+ WASH (Water/Sanitation/Hygiene) coordination and overall responsibility:
+ Water and sanitation facilities:
+ Food:
+ Hygiene Promotion:
+ Education:
+ Women's and Children's Protection:
+ Others:
+ By 2016 Zaatari refugee camp was gradually moving away from a model of top-down service provision, as is usual with refugee camps administered by international humanitarian organisations. Instead, under the aegis of the UNHCR, the camp was transforming into a self-provisioning urban conglomeration, where refugees are provided with various forms of cash-based assistance and encouraged to address their own needs.
+ As at March 2018, Zaatari shelters and other structures had been mapped more than 25 times using satellite imagery by UNOSAT. Zaatari is one of the first camps to be mapped in detail through OpenStreetMap.
+
+= = = Ağaçyurdu, Karaman = = =
+
+ Ağaçyurdu is a village the central district (Karaman) of Karaman Province, Turkey. At it is situated to the east of Turkish state highway . Its distance to Karaman is . The population is of Ağaçyurdu is 128. as of 2011. Major economic activity of the village is agriculture. Main crops are citrus and apple. Dairying is a secondary activity.
+
+= = = Alex Krewanty = = =
+
+ Alex Krewanty is a Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer who represented Papua New Guinea in the 2000 World Cup.
+ He is the younger brother of former International, Arnold Krewanty.
+ Krewanty played five test matches for Papua New Guinea in 2000, including all four matches at the 2000 World Cup.
+ Krewanty played for the Port Moresby Vipers in the SP Cup.
+ Krewanty later worked as a school teacher.
+
+= = = Oskars = = =
+
+ Oskars is a Latvian masculine given name and may refer to:
+
+= = = UNIDO Institute for Capacity Development = = =
+
+ The UNIDO Institute for Capacity Development was established in 2011 to respond effectively to the industrial development challenges being faced by UNIDO Member States. The overall aim of the Institute is to strengthen UNIDO's academic partnership, networking efforts, capacity-building and training activities. It provides training on key issues pertaining to sustainable industrial development. It serves as a platform for knowledge creation, knowledge sharing and as a catalyst for innovative solutions and ideas for addressing specific policy challenges for achieving more inclusive and sustainable patterns of globalization.
+ The Institute's functions are related to the areas of:
+ The vision of the "UNIDO Institute for Capacity Development" is to become a global centre of excellence for learning, joint research and capacity building, and a ‘"virtual resource center"’ for the community of practice in industrial development issues. Its mission is to enhance the quality of industrial policy by generating, disseminating and sharing world-class knowledge resources and building capacities for sustainable industrial development, poverty reduction and accelerated economic growth.
+
+= = = Duvensee paddle = = =
+
+ The Duvensee paddle is the preserved part of a Mesolithic spade paddle, which was found during archaeological excavations of a Mesolithic dwelling area at Duvensee near Klinkrade (Herzogtum Lauenburg) Schleswig-Holstein, Germany in 1926. After a paddle from Star Carr in England, the Duvensee paddle is the second oldest known paddle and is considered among the earliest evidence for the use of water transport in the Mesolithic. The find is in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.
+ The former bog Duvenseer Moor was located west of the village Duvensee in a young drift landscape. The area, of from north to south and from east to west, originally was an open, shallow lake which gradually developed to a marsh. From the late 18th century, the marsh was drained by ditches to make usable for agriculture. The peat of the bog was cut for fuel. By the early 19th century only a small body of open water remained, which was eventually completely drained. In 1923 the geologist Karl Gripp discovered by chance a Mesolithic settlement site while mapping the Duvenseer Moor. In the following years, the site was archaeologically investigated. Archaeologists Gustav Schwantes (1924–1927), 1946 Hermann Schwabedissen (1946) and finally Klaus Bokelmann (1966–1967) excavated the bog and documented many dwelling places. Besides numerous stone artifacts, the excavations provided only very few wooden tools, including the paddle found by Schwantes in 1926, located in a former bank zone near a residential area. The Duvensee paddle, found at , is one of the most outstanding finds from the Duvenseer Moor.
+ The paddle was found broken into several pieces, but except for a few flaws was extremely well preserved. The excellent preservation status of the paddle's wood was caused by a very low level of oxygen in the lake's humid sediments that quickly covered the paddle, which subsequently kept the growth of micro organisms to a minimum. Under normal oxygen conditions, fungi, bacteria, and insects would have caused a biological degradation of the wood in short time. Only the end of the handle is missing and a corner of the paddle's leaf (blade) is broken off. The paddle has a length of , a width of and a thickness of . The leaf has a long rectangular shape with widely rounded corners, having a length of about and an asymmetric connection to the shaft. The weight of the paddle is . The paddle was carved from the stem of a pine tree, with knots smoothed to the shaft. After recovery, the paddle was treated with an unknown waxy substance for conservation. In the 1920s the paddle was typologically dated by palynological evidence to the Mesolithic period. Radiocarbon dating in the 1980s on several hazelnut shells and remaining wood from the find spot gave a more precise date of around 7390 ± 80 BC. An accelerator mass spectrometry ( C-AMS) carried out in 2008 on two samples from the paddle yielded calibrated dates to 6527 ± 49 years BC and 6311 ± 38 years BC. Of note are the distinctly different C-ages of samples from urban findings.
+ Before 1925, elementary school teacher Ernst Bornhöf, from nearby Schiphorst, found two paddles which he incorporated in his school's prehistoric collection. Both paddles were transferred to the Helms-Museum in 1925. One is a large-leafed paddle of oak, with a weight of . It was C-dated in 2008 to 1121 ± 22 Before Present (around 829 AD ± 22 years), the period of transition from the early- to high Middle Ages. The second paddle is now lost, and only a few written records and a photo of the object exist. It was probably made from pine wood having an incised decoration on the shaft, which is not recognizable in the photo. Both paddles were recovered by Bornhöft without documenting any further detail of the archaeological context.
+ The results of the excavation enabled a reassessment of Mesolithic cultures in Northern Germany. Schwantes coined the name Duvensee group for the cultural group that extends over Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg and parts of Brandenburg. After the excavation Schwantes published the Duvensee paddle as the oldest paddle known worldwide and simultaneously as the oldest, even if only indirect, evidence for the use of boats in the Mesolithic, which was widely viewed. This view has been tempered by the discovery of an older paddle from Star Carr.
+ The discovery of the Duvensee paddle aroused a huge interest in international archaeological communities, and the museum was asked for a copy of the paddle for the 1936 Summer Olympics. In the 1990s, the community of Duvensee thought about using the paddle in its new coat of arms, but after consultation with heralds, the idea was rejected. After the town won a "Most Beautiful Village In 2005" competition, a bronze replica of the paddle was cast and erected in front of the village hall.
+
+= = = Generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution = = =
+
+ In probability theory and statistics, the generalized multivariate log-gamma (G-MVLG) distribution is a multivariate distribution introduced by Demirhan and Hamurkaroglu in 2011. The G-MVLG is a flexible distribution. Skewness and kurtosis are well controlled by the parameters of the distribution. This enables one to control dispersion of the distribution. Because of this property, the distribution is effectively used as a joint prior distribution in Bayesian analysis, especially when the likelihood is not from the location-scale family of distributions such as normal distribution.
+ If formula_1, the joint probability density function (pdf) of formula_2 is given as the following:
+ where formula_4 for formula_5 and
+ formula_7 is the correlation between formula_8 and formula_9, formula_10 and formula_11 denote determinant and absolute value of inner expression, respectively, and formula_12 includes parameters of the distribution.
+ The joint moment generating function of G-MVLG distribution is as the following:
+ formula_14 marginal central moment of formula_8 is as the following:
+ Marginal expected value formula_8 is as the following:
+ where formula_20 and formula_21 are values of digamma and trigamma functions at formula_22, respectively.
+ Demirhan and Hamurkaroglu establish a relation between the G-MVLG distribution and the Gumbel distribution (type I extreme value distribution) and gives a multivariate form of the Gumbel distribution, namely the generalized multivariate Gumbel (G-MVGB) distribution. The joint probability density function of formula_23 is the following:
+ The Gumbel distribution has a broad range of applications in the field of risk analysis. Therefore, the G-MVGB distribution should be beneficial when it is applied to these types of problems..
+
+= = = Habitat I = = =
+
+ The term Habitat I refers to the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada, 31 May – 11 June 1976, which was convened by the United Nations as governments began to recognize the magnitude and consequences of rapid urbanization.
+ On 16 December 1976 the General Assembly adopted resolution 31/109. It took note of the conference report, the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements, which carried an action plan with 64 recommendations for National Action. As a further outcome of the conference, in 1977 a General Assembly resolution 36/162 established the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements – UNCHS (Habitat). It designated the Commission on Human Settlements, a functional commission of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), as the governing body.
+ Habitat II met in Istanbul, Turkey, 3–14 June 1996.
+ Habitat III met in Quito, Ecuador, from 17–20 October 2016.
+ The Vancouver Declaration starts with a preamble stating that "unacceptable human settlements circumstances are likely to be aggravated by inequitable economic growth and uncontrolled urbanization, unless positive and concrete action is taken at national and international levels".
+ The first action is "to adopt bold, meaningful and effective human settlement policies and spatial planning strategies (...) considering human settlements as an instrument and object of development".
+ Among the general Principles, the Conference advocated improving the quality of life through more equitable distribution of development benefits, planning and regulating land use, protecting the environment, integrating women and youth, and rehabilitating people displaced by natural and man-made catastrophes. In the Guidelines for action, various elements of a human settlements policy are defined. Focus is placed on harmonious integration, reduction of disparities between rural and urban areas, orderly urbanization, progressive minimum standards and community participation.
+ The Declaration states that "adequate shelter and services are a basic human right" and that "governments should assist local authorities to participate to a greater extent in national development". The Declaration strongly emphasizes that "the use and tenure of land should be subject to public control".
+ The substantive outcomes of the first Habitat Conference are a series of 64 recommendations for National Action and a 44-page "Action Plan". These recommendations are organized in six sections. Section A (Settlements policies and strategies), Section B (Settlement Planning), Section C (Shelter, infrastructure and services), Section D (Land) and Section E (Public Participation). "(See more at the UN-Habitat Feature/Backgrounder prepared by UN-Habitat in 2006").
+
+= = = Enn = = =
+
+ Enn is an Estonian masculine given name and may refer to:
+
+= = = Iolaus leonis = = =
+
+ Iolaus leonis, the Sierra Leone sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Ivory Coast. The habitat consists of gallery forests.
+
+= = = 2nd Super Robot Wars = = =
+
+ A remake of the "2nd Super Robot Wars" was ported to Game Boy on June 30, 1995, under . However, it was not part of the "Classic" canon to the timeline. "2nd Super Robot Wars" was ported to Sony PlayStation on June 10, 1999, as part of the Super Robot Wars Complete Box then separately on December 2, 1999; and to the Game Boy Advance as an exclusive "Famicom Mini" game, available only as a bonus with the purchase of Super Robot Taisen GC. The PS version was digitally released on January 26, 2011 on the PlayStation Network.
+ You must stop Bian Zoldark and the Divine Crusaders all while fighting the familiar foes from various robot anime that make up DC's ranks like Char Aznable from Mobile Suit Gundam and Baron Ashura from Mazinger Z.
+ On release, "Famicom Tsūshin" scored the Game Boy version of the game (entitled "2nd Super Robot Wars G") a 28 out of 40.
+
+= = = Mathieu Arzeno = = =
+
+ Mathieu Arzeno (born 18 August 1987 in Salon-de-Provence) is a French rally driver and former racing driver. He scored his first World Rally Championship point on 2012 Rallye Deutschland finishing tenth overall in a Peugeot 207 S2000.
+ Arzeno started off in karting, before stepping up to single-seaters 2005 when he finished second in Formula Renault Campus behind champion Jean-Karl Vernay. The following year he raced in French Formula Renault, finishing seventh overall before improving to the runner-up spot in 2007 behind Jules Bianchi. In 2008 he came tenth in the Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0, but skipped two of the seven meetings due to a lack of budget.
+ In 2009 Arzeno switched to rallying and promptly finished 12th overall and third in class on the iconic Monte Carlo Rally. In 2010 he contested the Junior World Rally Championship before focussing on the French tarmac championship in 2011.
+
+= = = Constantia (gastropod) = = =
+
+ Constantia is a genus of extremely small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Vanikoridae.
+ Species within the genus "Constantia" include:
+
+= = = Munavvar Lakhnavi = = =
+
+ Munavvar Lakhnavi (Urdu: منوّر لکھنوی ) was a Urdu poet who gained repute as a poet and also as a translator.
+ Munavvar Lakhnavi (1897-1970) was the takhallus of Bisheshwar Prasad who was born in Lucknow in 1897 in a family of Urdu, Sanskrit and Persian litterateurs. His father, Dwarkaprasad Ufuq (1864-1913) was a prolific writer of prose and poetry. He was educated in Lucknow and joined Railway Accounts office in 1913 at Lucknow. He was transferred to Lahore in 1927 and then to Delhi where he retired from service in 1957. After retirement, he decided to stay in Delhi where he purchased a house and founded a publishing house – Adarsh Kitab Ghar. He died in Delhi in the year 1970 aged 73 years.
+ Munavvar Lakhnavi was a Urdu Poet, and a translator, belonging to the old school. He wrote ghazals and nazmss. He gained renown as a translator with the publication in 1936 of a translation of Bhagvad Gita in Urdu verse titled- "Naseem e Irfaan". In 1952 his translation of Kalidasa’s Kumarasambhava and in 1956 his translation of "Durga Saptshati" i.e. Devi Mahatmya , both in Urdu verse, were published. He had also translated important aayats of Quran, select Persian sh’ers of Hafez Sherazi, and Gitanjali of Rabindra Nath Tagore. His translation of the teachings of Gautam Buddha in Urdu verse titled "Dhampad ya sachi raah" published by the Anjuman e Tarraqi (Hind), Aligarh in 1954 is considered a masterpiece. Earlier his two collections of rubais and nazms, Nazre Adab published in 1929 and Kainat e dil that was published in 1939 had already established him as a poet of note so much so that a selection of his poems was prominently included in the book titled "Teen Shair" published by Likhaani Book Depot, Amritsar, and in the April 1952 issue of Urdu Monthly "Seemab", Delhi.
+ An appraisal of his life and literary works titled "Munavvar Lakhnavi – ek mutala’ah" by Shabab Lalit was published in 1996 by Modern Publishing House, New Delhi. Yet another appraisal titled "Munavvar Lakhnavi – Shakhsiyat aur Shairi" by Raj Narain Raaz was published by Nusrat Publishers, Lucknow.
+ Urdu Poetry:
+ This is a stub.
+
+= = = 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification = = =
+
+ The qualification for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup determined which 23 teams joined Canada, the hosts of the 2015 tournament, to play for the Women's World Cup.
+ The field was expanded from 16 teams in the 2011 edition to 24 in the 2015 edition. As a result, a new distribution of slots to each confederation was announced by FIFA on 11 June 2012:
+ A record of 134 FIFA member nations (not counting Canada) entered the qualifying tournaments. Additionally two non-FIFA nations entered the CONCACAF qualifying. Four African teams withdrew before playing any match.
+ "(26 teams competing for 3 berths)"
+ As in the previous World Cup cycle, the 2014 African Women's Championship served as the qualification tournament for the Women's World Cup. The qualifying saw a record entry of 25 CAF teams (26 if including final tournament host Namibia). Four teams though withdrew before playing any matches.
+ A total of eight teams (the host nation and seven teams which came through the qualifying rounds) competed at the final tournament in Namibia from 11 to 25 October 2014. The top three teams of the final tournament qualified for the World Cup.
+ Nigeria, Cameroon and Ivory Coast qualified for the World Cup.
+ "(20 teams competing for 5 berths)"
+ As in the previous World Cup cycle, the 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup served as the qualifying tournament. A total of 20 AFC teams competed for five berths.
+ The final tournament, held in Vietnam from 14 to 25 May 2014, was competed by eight teams, four of which – Australia, China, Japan and South Korea – were automatically qualified though their 2010 placement, while the others were determined via a qualification tournament. North Korea was banned from the tournament due to the sanction on their doping cases in 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.
+ The top two teams from each group advanced to the semifinals of the tournament as well as qualifying for the World Cup. The third placed teams advanced to a playoff against each other to determine the fifth and final qualifying team from the AFC.
+ Japan, Australia, China and South Korea qualified for the World Cup. Vietnam and Thailand advanced to the fifth-place play-off.
+ Thailand qualified for the World Cup.
+ "(46 teams competing for 8 berths)"
+ A record 46 UEFA teams entered qualification. The eight lowest teams entered the tournament in the preliminary round and were drawn into two groups of four, played in single round-robin format from 4 to 9 April 2013 in Malta and Lithuania respectively. The winners and runners-up of each group advanced to the group stage.
+ The group stage was played in home-and-away round-robin format from 20 September 2013 to 17 September 2014. All seven group winners qualified directly to the final tournament, while the four runners-ups with the best record against the sides first, third, fourth, and fifth in their groups advanced to play-off matches for the remaining berth.
+ The play-off matches were played in home-and-away two-legged format on 25/26 and 29/30 October (semi-finals), and 22/23 and 26/27 November 2014 (finals).
+ Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, England and France qualified for the World Cup. Italy, Scotland, Netherlands and Ukraine advanced to the play-offs.
+ Netherlands qualified for the World Cup.
+ "(28 teams competing for 3 or 4 berths, host nation Canada also qualifies)"
+ As with the previous World Cups, the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship served as the region's qualification tournament. A total of 30 teams entered qualifying, with Martinique and Guadeloupe not eligible for World Cup qualification as they are only members of CONCACAF and not FIFA. Therefore, a total of 28 teams were in contention for the three direct places plus the play-off place against CONMEBOL's Ecuador. Canada did not participate as they already qualified to the World Cup as hosts.
+ The final tournament was held in the United States from 15 to 26 October 2014, and the final group draw took place on 5 September. The United States and Mexico received byes to the tournament's final round, where they were joined by Costa Rica and Guatemala from Central America and by Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, and Trinidad and Tobago from the Caribbean zone. Both finalists and the third placed team qualified automatically to the 2015 Women's World Cup. The fourth placed team advanced to play the third placed team from CONMEBOL for an additional World Cup berth. It was announced during the Final Draw on 5 September that Martinique was not able to advance beyond the group round, and that the next best team would have taken their place in the semifinals if they finished in the top two in their group.
+ United States, Costa Rica and Mexico qualified for the World Cup. Trinidad and Tobago advanced to the CONCACAF–CONMEBOL play-off.
+ "(4 teams competing for 1 berth)"
+ As in the previous World Cup cycle, the 2014 OFC Women's Nations Cup served as the qualifying tournament.
+ Only four OFC teams played in the tournament, held in Papua New Guinea from 25 to 29 October 2014. That was fewer than in the last four editions of the tournament. The winner qualified.
+ New Zealand qualified for the World Cup.
+ "(10 teams competing for 2 or 3 berths)"
+ As with previous World Cup qualifications, the 2014 Copa América Femenina served as the qualification tournament to the World Cup finals.
+ All 10 CONMEBOL teams competed in the tournament, held in Ecuador from 11 to 28 September 2014. The top two teams of the second stage qualified directly for the World Cup, while the third placed team advanced to play the fourth placed team from CONCACAF for an additional World Cup berth.
+ The play-off was contested between Trinidad and Tobago, CONCACAF's fourth-placed team, and Ecuador, CONMEBOL's third-placed team. The draw for the order of legs was held in Zürich on 22 July 2014. Ecuador hosted the first leg on 8 November 2014, and Trinidad and Tobago hosted the second leg on 2 December 2014.
+ Ecuador qualified for the World Cup.
+
+= = = Iolaus djaloni = = =
+
+ Iolaus djaloni, the Fouta Djalon sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Guinea. The habitat consists of dry forests.
+ Adults have been recorded on wing in October and December.
+
+= = = Ants (given name) = = =
+
+ Ants is an Estonian masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
+
+= = = Iolaus fontainei = = =
+
+ Iolaus fontainei, the Fontaine's sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ghana (the Volta Region), Nigeria (the Cross River loop), Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa and Uele), Uganda and north-western Tanzania.
+ The larvae feed on "Tapinanthus erectotruncatus" and "Tapinanthus dependens".
+
+= = = List of zombie short films and undead-related projects = = =
+
+ The following is a list of zombie short films and other zombie- and undead-related projects, such as television series.
+ Zombies are creatures usually portrayed as either reanimated corpses or mindless human beings, in both cases cannibalistic or more widely as undead bodies, ghouls, mummies, reanimated corpses, vampires and so on. While zombie films generally fall into the horror genre, some cross over into other genres, such as comedy, science fiction, thriller, or romance. Distinct subgenres have evolved, such as the "zombie comedy" or the "zombie apocalypse". Zombies in "this" article are not distinct from other types of undead like ghouls, ghosts, mummies, or vampires.
+ This list considers "quasi-zombie" films and films where zombies exist in the title only. The films in this category satisfy the following requirements:
+ This list considers an "announced zombie-ish" films. The films in this category satisfy the following requirement:
+
+= = = Fredrik Adam Smitt = = =
+
+ Fredrik Adam Smitt, (9 May 1839 in Halmstad – 19 February 1904 in Stockholm), was a Swedish zoologist.
+ Smitt studied in Lund and Uppsala where he received his doctorate in 1863. In 1861 and 1868 He participated in the Swedish expeditions to Svalbard. In 1871 he was appointed professor at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, where he was in charge of the Department of Vertebrates. From 1879 he also taught zoology at Stockholm University.
+ Smitt produced both popular works and many scientific papers. Besides his scientific work, Smitt also championed the modernization of the techniques herring fisheries.
+
+= = = Thailand at the 2012 Summer Paralympics = = =
+
+ Thailand competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom from August 29 to September 9, 2012.
+ Note: Ranks from qualification pools were given as an overall ranking against all other competitors.
+
+= = = Iolaus frater = = =
+
+ Iolaus frater, the brotherly sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania. The habitat consists of upland forests, just below the submontane level.
+ The larvae feed on "Tapinanthus erectotruncatus" and "Tapinanthus dependens".
+
+= = = 2002 Italian Formula Three Championship = = =
+
+ The 2002 Italian Formula Three Championship was the 38th Italian Formula Three Championship season. It began on 7 April at Vallelunga and ended on 20 October at Magione after nine races.
+ Miloš Pavlović of Target Racing won races at Vallelunga, Misano, Varano, Binetto, Mugello and had another three podiums and ultimately clinched the title. He finished 27 points clear of Azeta Racing driver Philip Cloostermans, who won races at Pergusa and Monza. Third place went to Pavlović's teammate Christiano Citron, who won the season-ending race at Magione.
+ All rounds were held in Italy.
+
+= = = Endel = = =
+
+ Endel is an Estonian masculine given name and may refer to:
+
+= = = Iolaus gemmarius = = =
+
+ Iolaus gemmarius, the small jewel sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. The species was first described by Hamilton Herbert Druce in 1910. It is found in Nigeria (south and the Cross River loop) and Cameroon. The habitat consists of forests.
+
+= = = Ivo Caput = = =
+
+ Ivo Caput (born 15 February 1993 in Dubrovnik) is a Croatian football forward, currently playing for NK GOŠK Dubrovnik 1919.
+ Born in Dubrovnik, Caput passed through the youth ranks of the local clubs HNK Dubrovnik 1919 and NK GOŠK Dubrovnik before debuting for the GOŠK senior team, aged 17. He subsequently became a permanent starter for his club, and his 13 goals in the 2012-2013 Treća HNL Jug season drew the attention of Hajduk Split. He was signed by Hajduk in August 2012, but sent back for the autumn period on a loan to his old club.
+ In June 2013 his contact with Hajduk was terminated
+ In September 2015 Caput moved from SVN Zweibrücken to NK Novigrad.
+
+= = = Iolaus glaucus = = =
+
+ Iolaus glaucus is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Israel, Jordan, western Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Ethiopia and Somalia.
+
+= = = Economy of Mizoram = = =
+
+ Mizoram is one of the fastest growing economies among the states of India with a per capital income of Rs 50,021. Mizoram had the second highest GSDP growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007–2012) in Northeast India at 11% exceeding the target of 7.8% which is also much higher than the national average of 7.9%. During the 10th Five Year Plan (2002–2007), the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) was expected to grow at around 5.3% but grew at 5.7%. The biggest contributors to GSDP growth are Agriculture, Public Administration and Construction work. Tertiary sector of service sector continued to have the contribution to the GSDP with its share hovering between 58% and 60% during the past half a decade.
+ The Mizo's had long been open to the outside world before the advent of the British in the 1870's. In former times the Mizo's used to collected rubber and barter that with salt. During the Lushai expedition of 1871, a rupee would have given a fowl. The initial traders after British invasion of 1872 were Bengali Traders in Bepari Bazar near Sairang. in 1922 there were only 91 shops in all of Mizoram. There were only 2 shops in Lunglei in 1914. The Colonial state encouraged people to stop barter and encouraged monetary exchange so that it would be easier to collect household tax. The cash economy encouraged the Mizo's to explore new trade routes in Kachin. The practisce of shifting cultivation or jhumming started in Mizoram after they learned that their crops could earn them money, earlier agriculture was practiced purely for sustenance. Wet rice cultivation was started only in 1809 at Champhai by the British Colonial rulers to boost agriculture so that they could supply rice to their soldiers without having to import them. Chief Khamliana was among the first to plan oranges, pineapples, rubber, jackfruit and guava in Mizoram.
+ Mizoram's cash economy also quickly expanded to labor. Mizo's have a practice of voluntary labor which they do to help those in distress and people in need, the British relied on forced labor and the missionaries on child labor. Later the authorities introduced labor from 1900's onward and wage was initially paid in the form of salt and later in terms of money. Wage labour catalyzed Mizoram's economy and encouraged many to join a career in the army.
+ Around 65% of the population of the state depended on agriculture, the sector's contribution to the GSDP was only 19.84% during the same period and that of the industry was 20.20%. The Economic Survey indicated that 32% of the cultivated area was under jhum and only 20%t of the demand for rice could be met within the state while a total of 1,428,600 tonnes of rice was lifted by the state government from outside. More than 70% of the total population is engaged in some form of agriculture. The age-old practice of "Jhum" is being discouraged by the state government with schemes like the New Land Use Policy a Policy to help farmers move away from the traditional slash-and-burn method of cultivation. Recently, Mizoram Government has entered into a new venture wherein Oil Palm and Jatropha cultivation, for biofuels is being promoted.
+ Education is an important industry for Mizoram. It boast of a large number of schools in the state which employ a number of people. Mizoram has one Central University, Mizoram University and NIT Mizoram which is still functioning out of a rented place. The investment in Education sector other than Government in the state are ICFAI University, Mizoram and Church institutions like St. Xavier's College, Lengpui, Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram, Helen Lowry College of Arts & Commerce. These quality Education investment not only help in producing quality education but also provide education and save tution fees which would otherwise be remitted outside the state.
+ Mizoram has 2 Hydr Power Plants, the 60 MW Tuirial Dam and 12 MW Serlui B Dam. Mizoram’s current power demand is now only 115 MW. With other power Projects like 24 MW Tuirini Hydel Project, 210 Tuivai Hydel Project in the pipeline, Mizoram is soon expected to be not only power surplus but exporter of power. There is also plan for a 20 MW solar park in Mizoram. It is estimated that Mizoram still spends 25–28 crores for buying power from outside the state every month
+ Mizoram is yet to establish itself as a tourist destination for both Indians and non-Indians alike. Tourists mostly visit such attractions as the hill stations of Lalsavunga Park, Reiek and Hmuifang. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries such as Phawngpui National Park, Murlen National Park and Dampa Tiger Reserve. Vantawng Falls and Tuirihiau falls in Thenzawl. Growth in tourism is abysmal due to lack of policy and incompetence of Government officials. The tourism industry is mainly concentrated in building tourist Lodges and highway restaurants without invitation of foreign or outside of the state investment in building up the Tourism infrastructure. During 2009–14 against only Rs 266.85 lakh was collected as revenue from these Lodges and highway restaurants.
+ The Mizoram Liquor (Prohibition and Control) or MLPC Act of 2014 allowed opening of liquor shops and bars in the State and replaced the Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition (MLTP) Act of 1995, As of March 2017, the State of 1.1 million people had 71,158 liquor card holders. A card holder is entitled to six 750ml bottles of IMFL and 10 bottles each of wine and beer a month from 51 operational outlets. Mizoram collected Rs 19.44 crore tax revenue from the sale of liquor in 8 months after the MLPC Act 2014 came into force in the state from January 16, 2015.
+ Mizoram is facing a number of difficulties in the advancement of industries. Lack of means of dependable surface transport and poor accessibility is one of the major drawbacks. Other problems faced by the state were the poor mineral resources, non-availability of good infrastructure and communication facilities, shortage of capital and lack of modern skills. A Software Technology Park is however being established in Mizoram University campus. A Steel Plant is also being established in Mizoram.
+ Below is not a chart of trends in gross state product of Mizoram at market prices estimated by "Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation" with figures in millions of Indian rupees.
+
+= = = 3rd Super Robot Wars = = =
+
+ The game take place after the "2nd Super Robot Wars", the Divine Crusaders reformed under the leadership of the Zabi family, led by Gihren Zabi, who plans to use the DC to create a dictatorship. However, as the Federation tries to deal with the resurgence of the DC, a new foe appears, the aliens which Bian Zoldark warned of.
+
+= = = Dead End Derby = = =
+
+ Dead End Derby (DED) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Christchurch, New Zealand. The league currently consists of two travel teams, the "All Stars" A team and "Living Dead Rollers" B team. At the end of 2016, the All Stars were runners up in the New Zealand Roller Derby Top 10 Champs competition and ranked #4 on Geex Quad's New Zealand roller derby strength rankings table. Dead End Derby is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).
+ The league was founded in November 2007 by Cherry Blunt and her sister Crass, along with MissChevusMynx, Mystique, Bitch n Famous, Stevie Nails, Blood Angel and Ur shadow.
+ The league played its first bout in September 2009, splitting the league into two demonstration teams "Hellbound Harlots" and "School Assassination Squad". The game brought in the country's largest roller derby crowd to that date of around 2000 people.
+ From 2010 to 2012 the league held an internal competition between three intraleague teams, the Filthy Habits, Cellblock Brawlers and Carnage Academy, for the Tequila Mockingbird Cup. Carnage Academy were undefeated. From 2013 the intraleague competition was abandoned in favour of themed demonstration bouts.
+ In 2012, Dead End Derby put on a major bootcamp for fifty skaters, coached by Bonnie D.Stroir, a coach of Team USA.
+ DED was accepted into the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) Apprentice Program in July 2016, and became a full WFTDA member in July 2017.
+ The league hosted its first interleague game in 2011, which was also New Zealand's first inter-island bout, against Richter City Roller Derby from Wellington.
+ In 2012 Dead End's All Stars entered New Zealand's first national roller derby tournament, "Derby Royale" in Palmerston North, hosted by Swamp City Roller Rats. The team emerged with a 2-win, 2-loss record, defeating Mount Militia Derby Crew and River City Rollers before being beaten by Hellmilton Roller Ghouls and hosts and finalists Swamp City.
+ At the second Derby Royale tournament the following year, they achieved a 4-win, 2-loss record, losing only to eventual champions Pirate City Rollers and finalists Auckland Roller Derby League.
+ There was no national tournament or structured ranking system in place in New Zealand for 2014. In 2015 the All Stars were ranked #3 on Geex Quad's New Zealand roller derby strength rankings table. In 2016 they were losing finalists in the New Zealand Roller Derby Top 10 Champs competition and finished the year ranked #4 on the rankings table.
+ The Living Dead Rollers had an undefeated 2016 season, placing first in the Mainland Mayhem: South Island Division 2 Tournament.
+ Four skaters from the league were selected to play for Roller Derby Team New Zealand in the 2011 Roller Derby World Cup. Hurricane Hori, MissChevusMynx, Black Panther and Evil K Knevil. The national team captain, Hurricane Hori, is a former Dead End Derby skater. The New Zealand team placed 8th out of 13 teams.
+ In 2015, Evil was again picked to represent New Zealand at the Roller Derby World Cup. New Zealand were placed sixth.
+ Also in 2015, the DED All Stars played their first international bouts, at the Royale Rumble tournament in Australia, losing both games
+ In 2016 they returned to the same tournament, returning with a 2-win, 1-loss record.
+
+= = = Mike Chase = = =
+
+ Mike Chase (born April 17, 1952) is a former American stock car racing driver. Winner of the 1994 series championship in the NASCAR Winston West Series, he has also competed in the Winston Cup, Busch and Craftsman Truck Series and currently works for Penske Racing as a crewman.
+ Born in Redding, California, Chase moved to the Charlotte, North Carolina area in 1993 to further his racing career.
+ Growing up competing at Shasta Speedway in his native California, Chase began competing in NASCAR touring series in the mid-1980s, winning the 1987 championship in the Featherlite Southwest Tour; Chase also made his debut in the Busch Series in 1986 at Darlington Raceway, finishing 32nd.
+ Chase moved up to the Winston West Series in 1990 where he won Rookie of the Year. In 1991 he made his debut in the Winston Cup Series, competing in a combination race at Sears Point Raceway; he finished 25th in the event. Chase would run selected races in Winston Cup over the next few years, in addition to selected Winston West events; his best finish in Cup came at Michigan International Speedway in 1990 where he finished 24th.
+ In addition to his racing career, in the early 1990s Chase worked as the head of stock car racing for A. J. Foyt Enterprises; he planned to attempt to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 on two occasions with the team, but was not approved by USAC for competition.
+ In 1994, Chase qualified for the 1994 Brickyard 400, the inaugural stock car race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. The event, although on the Winston Cup Series schedule, was a combination race between Cup and the Winston West Series; despite running too slow to make the field for the race on time, Chase started 43rd in the event due to being eligible for a provisional starting spot as the then-current Winston West Series points leader. He finished 42nd in the race, being involved in an accident after completing 91 of the race's 160 laps.
+ Chase would go on to win the 1994 Winston West series championship, winning five times over the course of the season. Chase moved to the Winston Cup Series in 1995, intending to run full-time for Rookie of the Year in the No. 32 Active Racing Chevrolet; however, after failing to qualify for the first race of the season, the Daytona 500, Chase was released by team owner Dean Myers and replaced by Jimmy Hensley.
+ Chase returned part-time to the West Series for the remainder of 1995, winning twice, as well as running eight races in the SuperTruck Series, making his first race in the series at Bristol Motor Speedway for Chesrown Racing, where he finished 27th; later that year he replaced P. J. Jones in the No. 1 DieHard Chevrolet for team owner Scoop Vessels, posting a best finish of 16th in seven races.
+ In 1996, Chase returned to the renamed Craftsman Truck Series, driving for Steve Sellers Racing; driving in seven events for the team, he posted a best finish of 13th at Portland Speedway. Chase would run selected races in the Winston West Series in 1998, before returning to the series for a full season in 1999 with Green Light Racing; he failed to win a race but finished seventh in points.
+ Chase would run three races in the Nationwide Series for ST Motorsports in 2001, with a best finish of 27th; these would be his final races in NASCAR competition.
+ After retiring from competition, Chase worked for several race teams, including Wood Brothers Racing; he currently works for Penske Racing as a fabricator. Chase has also worked as a crew chief in the Nationwide Series.
+ Chase was inducted into the West Coast Stock Car Hall of Fame in 2010.
+
+= = = Pedro Núñez del Valle = = =
+
+ Pedro Núñez del Valle (Madrid, c. 1597 – 1649) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque era.
+ According to Antonio Palomino he was born in Madrid where he lived and worked for the rest of his life after studying in Rome. He was one of the painters concerned in drawing the pictures of the Kings in the "Salon de la Comedias".
+
+= = = Long-Hawerter Mill = = =
+
+ Long-Hawerter Mill is a historic grist mill located on Little Lehigh Creek in Longswamp Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The mill was built about 1800, and is a 1 1/2-story banked stone building measuring 36 feet, 5 inches, wide by 26 feet, 1 inch, deep, with a slate roof. Attached to it is a one-story, frame cider mill and one-story, frame maple sugar house. Also on the property are the watercourses, consisting of the headrace, pond, and dam. The mill operated into the 1950s.
+ It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
+
+= = = Armenia–Cyprus relations = = =
+
+ Armenia–Cyprus relations have reportedly always been strong. Cyprus has been a supporter of Armenia in its struggle for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide, economic stability and the resolution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In return Armenia has been advocating a stable Cyprus after the Turkish invasion in 1974 and supporting a lasting solution to the Cyprus dispute.
+ Today relations between Armenia and Cyprus include cooperation in the areas of trade, military, intelligence services, foreign policy and arts.
+ Inter ethnic fighting between Armenia and neighbouring Azerbaijan broke out shortly after the parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh, an autonomous oblast in Azerbaijan, voted to unify the region with Armenia on February 20, 1988. The Armenian demand to unify Karabakh with Armenia, which proliferated in the late 1980s, began in a relatively peaceful manner; however, as the Soviet Union's disintegration neared, the dispute gradually grew into a violent conflict between the ethnic groups in Nagorno-Karabakh, resulting in ethnic cleansing by all sides.
+ The joint declaration between Cyprus and Armenia in January 2011 mentions that the Republic of Cyprus expresses its support to the constructive efforts of Armenia to resolve Nagorno-Karabakh conflict within the OSCE Minsk Group process through negotiations based on the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Helsinki Final act and the elements proposed by the Presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries, which include, inter alia, the determination of the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh through legally binding expression of will. In return Armenian President welcomed Cyprus position as a member of EU for its balanced stance on the Karabakh issue, drawing attention to determination of Nagorno-Karabakh’s final status in terms of legally binding free expression of will. .
+ Cyprus has been one of the pioneering countries in recognising the Armenian Genocide, when on 25 January 1965 Foreign Minister Spyros Kyprianou first raised the issue to the General Assembly of the United Nations. Prior to his powerful speech, a delegation comprising ARF Dashnaktsoutiun Bureau members Dr. Papken Papazian and Berj Missirlia, as well as Armenian National Committee of Cyprus members Anania Mahdessian and Vartkes Sinanian, handed him a memorandum urging Cyprus' support in raising the issue at the United Nations.
+ Cyprus was also the first European country (and the second world-wide, after Uruguay) to officially recognise the Armenian Genocide. On 24 April 1975, after the determined efforts and the submission by Representative Dr. Antranik L. Ashdjian, Resolution 36 was voted unanimously by the House of Representatives. Representative Aram Kalaydjian was instrumental in passing unanimously through the House of Representatives two more resolutions regarding the Armenian Genocide: Resolution 74/29–04–1982, submitted by the Foreign Relations' Parliamentary Committee, and Resolution 103/19–04–1990, submitted by all parliamentary parties. Resolution 103 declared 24 April as a National Remembrance Day of the Armenian Genocide in Cyprus.
+ Since 1965, when Cypriot government officials started participating in the annual Armenian Genocide functions, Cyprus' political leaders are often keynote speakers in those functions organised to commemorate the Armenian Genocide. During the last years, there is usually a march starting from the centre of Nicosia and ending at the Sourp Asdvadzadzin church in Strovolos, where a commemorative event takes place in front of the Armenian Genocide Monument; other events may also take place, such as blood donations.
+ As the second country in the world to recognize the Armenian Genocide, Cyprus has built two genocide memorials in respect to the victims. One of the memorials is located in Nicosia, and the other one is located in Larnaca
+ Cyprus Minister of Foreign Affairs Erato Kozakou-Marcoullis's statement said "we deeply regret and deplore this Presidential pardon and the damage inflicted by the actions that followed the release, aimed at glorifying this hideous crime, to the reconciliation efforts with Azerbaijan and we are also very concerned of its effects on regional stability." Following the release of Ramil Safarov immediate protests broke out in all cities of Cyprus with the biggest being in Nicosia taking place outside the Hungarian Embassy. Cypriot press expressed negatively on the role of the Hungarian government for the release of Ramil Safarov.
+ There are Armenian Elementary Schools in Cyprus in the cities of Larnaca, Limassol and Nicosia and a Gymnasium in Nicosia. The Melkonian Educational Institute was the most renowned co-educational institution of Armenian-Cypriots. Founded in 1926, the Melkonian Institute was open to Armenian students from all over the world and offered a comprehensive secondary school curriculum. All subjects, except for the Armenian language, were taught in English and foreign languages offered included Greek, French, Arabic, Persian, Russian and Bulgarian. A daily hourly radio programme by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation in Armenian includes extensive interviews, news coverage, cultural reports and music. Two Armenian monthly newspapers have been founded on the island, Artsankank (1995) and Azad Tsayn (founded 2003), which provide national and international news, primarily in Armenian and with certain columns printed in Greek and in English.
+ Every year, Cyprus-Armenian Business Forums are held either in Nicosia or in Yerevan, with an aim to further boost trade and investment between the two countries. Armenian companies will be able to expand more effectively into the European Union and Middle East markets in co-operation with Cypriot companies. This co-operation can and should be reciprocal, with Armenia serving as an access route to the Caucasian countries for the business world of Cyprus.
+ The Armenian community of Cyprus receives a generous funding from the Cypriot government, which enables the organisation of concerts, dance performances, art and photographic exhibitions, as well as literary events. The Armenian Prelature of Cyprus has allocated space within its premises (Utidjian Hall) to encourage cultural events, such as the annual Autumn Book Exhibition. The Middle/Near East Armenian Research Centre (established in 1996 by Vartan Malian) houses a reference library and archival material in its Nicosia premises.
+ Following the December 1988 earthquake in Armenia, the Republic of Cyprus was one of the first countries to send relief in the form of medicine, doctors and financial aid.
+ Cyprus is openly advocating the accession of Armenia in the European Union in the shortest period of time. Referring to the EU Armenia relations, President Demetris Christofias pledged that Nicosia will continue supporting actively the further enhancement of this relationship, indicating a full membership candidate status for Armenia in the nearest future.
+ Cyprus, he said, is the firmest supporter and friend of Armenia in the EU.
+
+= = = Hain Mill = = =
+
+ Hain Mill, also known as Wernersville Mill, is a historic grist mill complex located in Lower Heidelberg Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The merchant mill complex includes the 2 1/2-story stone mill building (1798); stone farmhouse / miller's house (1782); two-story, stone and frame barn; frame toolshed; frame woodshed; and frame outhouse. The mill ceased operation prior to 1961.
+ It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
+
+= = = List of butterflies of Jordan = = =
+
+ This is a list of butterflies of Jordan. About 81 species are known from Jordan.
+
+= = = Tainan TN-1 = = =
+
+ The Tainan TN-1, alternatively known by the manufacturer's name Tainan F-5, is a single seat glider built in Japan in the 1970s. There was no series production.
+ Though its construction began in 1974, the Tainan TN-1 is a conservative design both structurally, with little use of composite materials, and aerodynamically, employing well tested Göttingen airfoils from forty years before. Consequently, its performance is modest. It first flew in December 1976.
+ The TN-1 has high mounted wings of straight tapered, square tipped plan, forward swept by 2° 4' at one quarter-chord and with 3° of dihedral. They are built from spruce and plywood around a single spar, with fabric covering, though the ailerons are plywood skinned. Aluminium Schempp-Hirth airbrakes are fitted.
+ As with the wings, the construction methods used in the fuselage and empennage of the TN-1 are similar to those in the Tainan Mita 3 two-seater. The primary fuselage structure is formed from steel tubes, with wood stringers to shape the fabric covering. The nose-cone is shaped from glass reinforced plastic. The fin and tailplane, the latter mounted on top of the fuselage, are wooden framed with plywood skins but the control surfaces are fabric covered; the rudder extends down to the keel. All the tail surfaces are straight tapered; there is a trim tab on the starboard elevator. The TN-1 lands on a fixed, unsprung but braked monowheel undercarriage, assisted by a tailskid.
+ Some fifteen months after its first flight, the TN-1 was undergoing its certification trials but no further progress had been reported by 1980.
+
+= = = Auckland Roller Derby League = = =
+
+ The Auckland Roller Derby League (ARDL) is a women's flat track roller derby league based in Auckland, New Zealand. Founded in 2011, the league is made up of a range of dedicated skaters, officials and volunteers. The bolts team wear blue and white with lightning-patterned pants. ARDL play teams from other leagues and across the globe, and is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA).
+ The league was founded in 2011 by a group of skaters from the Pirate City Rollers. They planned to reduce their use of derby names, and to wear more traditional sporting uniforms. Described by the "Derby News Network" as "some of the most experienced derby skaters in the Southern Hemisphere", they were soon joined by Anna "Wonton Destruction" Wong, the founder of Bristol Roller Derby in England.
+ Auckland competed in the 2012 Great Southern Slam, losing 202-66 to the Victorian Roller Derby League, but beating the Newcastle Roller Derby League 107-89. They did not progress to the semi-finals. In August, Auckland played at the first national tournament in New Zealand, beating Richter City in the semi-final, and the Swamp City Roller Rats in the final, to take the trophy.
+ In October 2012, Auckland was accepted as a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Programme. In January 2016, ARDL was accepted as WFTDA full members.
+
+= = = Iolaus handmani = = =
+
+ Iolaus handmani is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Malawi.
+
+= = = 2012 Challengers Cup = = =
+
+ The 2012 Challengers Cup is South Korea's league cup competition for the Challengers League clubs. 2012 edition was second season of Challengers Cup. The competition was begun on 28 July 2012, and ended on 4 August 2012.
+
+= = = Kalindi Express = = =
+
+ Kalindi Express is a train by Indian Railway that connects Bhiwani (Haryana) to Kanpur Central (Uttar Pradesh). Train, running from Bhiwani to Kanpur Central is numbered 14724 while train from Kanpur Central to Bhiwani is numbered 14723.
+ Kalindi Express had rail accident on 20 August 1995 when it collided with Purushottam Express near Firozabad at 02:55 am on the Delhi-Kanpur section. This Firozabad rail disaster is considered as the second most deadly rail accident in Indian rail history with 358 people died (official list), however local people involved in rescue operation claim that the death toll is more than, Delhi. The first train, the "Kalindi Express" from Kanpur struck a cow but was unable to proceed as its brakes were damaged. It was then struck from behind at a speed of 100 kmph by the Purushottam Express from Puri. Three carriages of the Kalindi express were destroyed, the engine and front two carriages of the Puri train were derailed. Most of the 2200 passengers aboard the two trains were asleep at the time of the accident.
+ On 16 January 2010, three persons were killed along with 14 injured when Kalindi Express rammed into Kanpur Central-bound Shram Shakti Express near Tundla Junction due to dense fog in the morning.
+ Bhiwani, Rohtak Junction, Bahadurgarh, Old Delhi Junction, Ghaziabad Junction, Khurja Junction, Aligarh Junction, Tundla Junction, Firozabad, Shikohabad Junction, Mainpuri,
+ Farrukhabad, Fatehgarh, Kamalganj, Kannauj, and Kanpur Central.
+
+= = = Panini Keypad = = =
+
+ The Panini Keypad is a typing technology which has been developed by Luna Ergonomics, a subsidiary of Noida. It is an application that offers single key press input in Indian language on mobile. So far, it supports Hindi, Bengali, Assamese, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam and Punjabi.
+ The technology is based on CleverTexting; patented predictive texting software which creates an ergonomic dynamic virtual keypad using statistical predictions based on corpora linguistics. The software uses a form of compression to increase the number of characters in each text message to 210. The Panini keyboard can also be used on laptops, tablets and desktop computers.
+
+= = = Guldin Mill = = =
+
+ Guldin Mill, also known as Lauer's Mill, is a historic grist mill and national historic district located in Maidencreek Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses one contributing building and one contributing site. The combined house and mill was built in two sections. The house was built in 1781 and the mill in 1822. It is a 2 1/2-story, stone building measuring 42 feet by 80 feet. Also on the property are the watercourses, consisting of the headrace, two ponds, and tail race. The mill operated into the 1950s.
+ Local children believed this to be a nudist colony.
+ It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
+
+= = = Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Issa = = =
+
+ Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Issa (; born 9 June 1965) is a Saudi Arabian politician, Secretary General of the Muslim World League, President of the International Islamic Halal Organization, and former Minister of Justice.
+ Al-Issa is considered a leading global voice on moderate Islam as well as a key figure in the fight to combat extremist ideology. Religious leaders and government officials alike have commended Al-Issa for his efforts to promote moderation, and cooperation and coexistence among all people.
+ Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York and an influential member of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States, referred to Al-Issa as the "most eloquent spokesperson in the Islamic world for reconciliation and friendship among the religions of the world."
+ Al-Issa was born in Riyadh on 10 June 1965. He obtained a bachelor of arts degree in Comparative Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) at Imam Muhammad bin Saud University. He holds a master of arts degree and PhD in Comparative Judicial Studies as well as in Studies in General Law and Constitutional Law from Imam Muhammad bin Saud University.
+ After graduation, Al-Issa began to work at Imam Mohammed bin Saud Islamic University as a faculty member. He became vice president to the board of grievances (a legal body for arbitration) in 2007, and he served there until 2009. He was appointed Minister of Justice to the Saudi cabinet on 14 February 2009 in a major cabinet reshuffle, replacing Abdullah bin Muhammad Al Sheikh. Al Sheikh had been in office since 1992. The appointment of Al-Issa as Minister of Justice was part of King Abdullah's reform initiatives.
+ Since Al-issa left the Board of Grievance; the executions have increased in the kingdom, from 69 in 2010 to 158 in 2015 - Saudi courts are affiliated with the Board of Grievances (An independent body affiliated with the King) and do not belong to the Ministry of Justice [111].
+ Al-Issa was appointed Secretary General of the Muslim World League on 4 August 2016.
+ Notices and Facts: after Al-issa had left the board of grievances the number of human rights violations had increased; in 2011 was the beheading of Amina Nasser, a Saudi Arabian woman accused and convicted of "witchcraft and sorcery" , and the imprisonment of Raif Badawi, a Saudi Arabian activist sentenced to 10 years in prison and 1,000 lashes in 2014 for starting an online forum for social and political debate .
+ Issa argued in a lecture at Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh in 2012 that Salafism is only an approach and that it should not be viewed as Islam. He further emphasized that Salafi approach is moderate and that it means following and obeying the ancestors’ belief and values in regard to the understanding of Islam.
+ Issa acknowledges the horror of the Holocaust and denounced the efforts of Holocaust denial. He advocates for Muslim immigrants to Western countries to integrate socially, in contrast to Wahhabi ideology. In January 2020, Issa led a delegation of Islamic scholars to visit Srebrenica in Bosnia, and the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, during the 75th anniversary of its liberation.
+
+= = = Iolaus helenae = = =
+
+ Iolaus helenae is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in north-eastern Zambia.
+ The larvae feed on "Agelanthus zizyphifolius vittatus", "Agelanthus subulatus" and "Englerina inaequilatera".
+
+= = = 2012 Denmark Super Series Premier = = =
+
+ The 2012 Denmark Super Series was a top level badminton competition held from October 16, 2012 to October 21, 2012 in Odense, Denmark. It was the ninth BWF Super Series competition on the 2012 BWF Super Series schedule. The total purse for the event was $400,000.
+
+= = = Cybook Orizon = = =
+
+ Cybook Orizon is a 6-inch e-Reader, specially designed for reading e-Books. It is produced by the French company Bookeen.
+
+= = = Il profeta = = =
+
+ Il profeta (internationally released as "Mr. Kinky" and "The Prophet") is a 1968 Italian comedy film directed by Dino Risi.
+ Pietro Breccia (Vittorio Gassman) is a man who has long decided to abandon civilization, becoming a hermit, leaving behind the strain of modern life and the futility of consumer society, living for years in seclusion on Soratte, near Rome. One day he is discovered by a TV crew that, sniffing the scoop, film a report about him. From that moment, against his will, he gets sucked into civilization.
+ Helped by the accurate Ettore Scola, it's one of those movies from the master of Italian comedies to re-discover absolutely. Exquisite, swinging, smart, this film appeared to be an hilarious mirror of some of the most pregnant "clichés" of the occidental modernity. But it remains underrated and unknown, especially because there is no releases in DVD and Blu-ray.
+
+= = = Sherwin Petersen = = =
+
+ Sherwin Holger Petersen (born May 12, 1953) is a farmer and former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Kelvington-Wadena from 1982 to 1991 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative.
+ He was born in Rose Valley, Saskatchewan, the son of Orla Peterson and was educated at the Kelsey Institute in Saskatoon. Peterson operated a farm in the Rose Valley district. In 1973, he married Sharon Ann Wheeler. He served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Highways and Transportation. Peterson was defeated by Kenneth Kluz when he ran for reelection to the Saskatchewan assembly in 1991. After leaving politics, he returned to farming and also operated an air seeder business. In 1993, he ran unsuccessfully for the Mackenzie seat in the Canadian House of Commons.
+ Peterson was granted a conditional discharge and ordered to repay $9,285 in the aftermath of the Saskatchewan Progressive Conservative fraud scandal.
+
+= = = 2008 Danmark Rundt = = =
+
+ The 2008 Danmark Rundt was a men's road bicycle race held from 30 July to 3 August 2008. It was the 18th edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985. The race was won by Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang of Team Saxo Bank. Steve Cummings of Barloworld finished second by nine seconds with Tom Stamsnijder of Team Gerolsteiner third.
+ Fifteen teams took part in the 2008 race.
+ Danish rider Jakob Fuglsang won the race by nine seconds from Steve Cummings. Tom Stamsnijder was placed third.
+ The points winner was Matti Breschel with Kristoffer Gudmund Nielsen the winner of the mountains classification for best climber. Fuglsang also won the white jersey for the best young rider award and Martin Mortensen was awarded the fighters award for the race. Team CSC Saxo Bank won the overall team competition from Team Columbia with Team Gerolsteiner in third place.
+
+= = = Cape Mount = = =
+
+ Cape Mount may refer to:
+
+= = = German submarine U-360 = = =
+
+ German submarine "U-360" was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II.
+ She carried out five patrols before being sunk in the Norwegian Sea by a British warship in April 1944.
+ She was a member of five wolfpacks.
+ She damaged one ship and one warship.
+ German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-360" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
+ The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-360" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
+ The submarine was laid down on 9 August 1941 at the "Flensburger Schiffsbau" yard at Flensburg as yard number 479, launched on 28 July 1942 and commissioned on 12 November under the command of "Oberleutnant zur See" Hans-Jügen Bühring.
+ She served with the 5th U-boat Flotilla from 12 November 1942 and the 13th flotilla from 1 July 1943.
+ The boat's first patrol was preceded by trips from Kiel in Germany to Bergen and then Narvik in Norway, from where she departed on 16 August 1943. She sailed southwest of Svalbard and west of Bear Island. She docked in Hammerfest on 24 September.
+ Her second foray was a repeat of her first - finishing in Narvik on 19 November 1943.
+ The submarine's third patrol took her around Bear Island.
+ Sortie number four saw the boat damaging southeast of Bear Island on 25 January 1944. She also damaged the "Fort Bellingham" the next day. This ship was subsequently sunk by .
+ Having moved from Hammerfest to Trondheim, "U-360" started her fifth patrol on 29 March 1944. On 2 April, she was sunk southwest of Bear Island by depth charges from the British destroyer .
+ 51 men died in the U-boat; there were no survivors.
+ "U-360" took part in five wolfpacks, namely.
+
+= = = Iolaus hemicyanus = = =
+
+ Iolaus hemicyanus is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
+ The larvae feed on "Globimetula braunii" and "Phragmananthera usuiensis".
+
+= = = Tõnis Vint = = =
+
+ Tõnis Vint (22 April 1942 – 22 June 2019) was an Estonian graphic artist, considered by some to have been one of the most important artists of the 1960s to 1980s in Estonia.
+ Vint was born in Tallinn. His exhibition in the city's art museum, KUMU, continued to September 9, 2012. Alongside it, KUMU published a book, "Tõnis Vint and his aesthetic universe".
+ Vint was influenced by the art of China and Japan, by psychoanalysis, and by comparative analysis of ornaments from different cultures.
+
+= = = Scott Moorhouse = = =
+
+ Scott Moorhouse (born 24 May 1989) is a Paralympian track and field athlete from England competing mainly in category F42 javelin throw. He represented Great Britain at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.
+ Moorhouse was born, Scott Paul William Durst, in Ipswich in 1989. At the age of six weeks a severe burn resulted in the amputation of his left leg through the knee. In 2008, while working in telecommunications, Moorhouse's manager heard a radio promotion from Paralympic GB who were running a talent day in London. He gave Moorhouse the day off to attend, and Moorhouse showed promise in several different disciplines at the meet. He decided to follow athletics and began training in 2009 with Windsor, Hounslow and Eton Athletics Club, showing promise in both the sprint and throwing events.
+ In June 2010 he threw 41.25 to come fourth in a senior meet in Cardiff, and followed this with a second place in the World Junior Championship in the Czech Republic. In 2011 he was part of the Great Britain squad that travelled to Christchurch in New Zealand to take part in the IPC Athletic Championships, he finished 4th in the F42 javelin, throwing 38.31. In April he attended his second Junior World Championship, this time finishing third. Despite having to miss training to concentrate on his academic studies beforehand, his results in an IWAS Series meet in Stadskanaal in the Netherlands saw Moorhouse beat his personal best with three of his throws. His best of the three, 45.75m, was enough to give him first place. Then, two weeks later in Cardiff, he threw a 47.33 which pushed him up the global rankings.
+ In 2012, and now running with a Cheeteh Flex-Foot, Moorhouse was selected as part of the Great Britain team to compete in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the F42 javelin. He made the final, but despite a season's best of 45.30m he finished seventh.
+
+= = = LCP array = = =
+
+ In computer science, the longest common prefix array (LCP array) is an auxiliary data structure to the suffix array. It stores the lengths of the longest common prefixes (LCPs) between all pairs of consecutive suffixes in a sorted suffix array.
+ For example, if "A" := [aab, ab, abaab, b, baab] is a suffix array, the longest common prefix between "A"[1] = aab and "A"[2] = ab is a which has length 1, so "H"[2] = 1 in the LCP array "H". Likewise, the LCP of "A"[2] = ab and "A"[3] = abaab is ab, so "H"[3] = 2.
+ Augmenting the suffix array with the LCP array allows one to efficiently simulate top-down and bottom-up traversals of the suffix tree, speeds up pattern matching on the suffix array and is a prerequisite for compressed suffix trees.
+ The LCP array was introduced in 1993, by Udi Manber and Gene Myers alongside the suffix array in order to improve the running time of their string search algorithm. Gene Myers later became the vice president of Informatics Research at Celera Genomics, and Udi Manber the vice president of engineering at Google.
+ Let formula_1 be the suffix array of the string formula_2 and let formula_3 denote the length of the longest common prefix between two strings formula_4 and formula_5. Let further denote formula_6 the substring of formula_7 ranging from formula_8 to formula_9.
+ Then the LCP array formula_10 is an integer array of size formula_11 such that formula_12 is undefined and formula_13 for every formula_14 stores the length of longest common prefix of the lexicographically formula_8'th smallest suffix and its predecessor in the suffix array.
+ Consider the string formula_16:
+ and its corresponding sorted suffix array formula_1 :
+ Complete suffix array with sorted suffixes itself:
+ Then the LCP array formula_18 is constructed by comparing lexicographically consecutive suffixes to determine their longest common prefix:
+ So, for example, formula_19 is the length of the longest common prefix formula_20 shared by the suffixes formula_21 and formula_22. Note that formula_23, since there is no lexicographically smaller suffix.
+ Suffix array: Represents the lexicographic rank of each suffix of an array.
+ LCP array: Contains the maximum length prefix match between two consecutive suffixes, after they are sorted lexicographically.
+ In order to find the number of occurrences of a given string P (length m) in a text T (length N),
+ The issue with using standard binary search (without the LCP information) is that in each of the O(log N) comparisons needed to be made, we compare P to the current entry of the suffix array, which means a full string comparison of up to m characters. So the complexity is O(m*log N).
+ The LCP-LR array helps improve this to O(m+log N), in the following way:
+ At any point during the binary search algorithm, we consider, as usual, a range (L...,R) of the suffix array and its central point M, and decide whether we continue our search in the left sub-range (L...,M) or in the right sub-range (M...,R). In order to make the decision, we compare P to the string at M. If P is identical to M, search is complete. But if not, we have already compared the first k characters of P and then decided whether P is lexicographically smaller or larger than M. Let's assume the outcome is that P is larger than M. So, in the next step, we consider (M...,R) and a new central point M' in the middle:
+ The trick now is that LCP-LR is precomputed such that an O(1)-lookup tells us the longest common prefix of M and M', lcp(M,M').
+ We already know (from the previous step) that M itself has a prefix of k characters in common with P: lcp(P,M)=k. Now there are three possibilities:
+ The overall effect is that no character of P is compared to any character of the text more than once. The total number of character comparisons is bounded by m, so the total complexity is indeed O(m+log N).
+ We still need to precompute LCP-LR so it is able to tell us in O(1) time the lcp between any two entries of the suffix array. We know the standard LCP array gives us the lcp of consecutive entries only, i.e. lcp(i-1,i) for any i. However, M and M' in the description above are not necessarily consecutive entries.
+ The key to this is to realize that only certain ranges (L...,R) will ever occur during the binary search: It always starts with (0...,N) and divides that at the center, and then continues either left or right and divide that half again and so forth. Another way of looking at it is : every entry of the suffix array occurs as central point of exactly one possible range during binary search. So there are exactly N distinct ranges (L...M...R) that can possibly play a role during binary search, and it suffices to precompute lcp(L,M) and lcp(M,R) for those N possible ranges. So that is 2*N distinct precomputed values, hence LCP-LR is O(N) in size.
+ Moreover, there is a straightforward recursive algorithm to compute the 2*N values of LCP-LR in O(N) time from the standard LCP array.
+ To sum up:
+ LCP array construction algorithms can be divided into two different categories: algorithms that compute the LCP array as a byproduct to the suffix array and algorithms that use an already constructed suffix array in order to compute the LCP values.
+ Assuming that each text symbol takes one byte and each entry of the suffix or LCP array takes 4 bytes, the major drawback of their algorithm is a large space occupancy of formula_27 bytes, while the original output (text, suffix array, LCP array) only occupies formula_28 bytes. Therefore, created a refined version of the algorithm of (lcp9) and reduced the space occupancy to formula_28 bytes. provide another refinement of Kasai's algorithm (formula_30-algorithm) that improves the running time. Rather than the actual LCP array, this algorithm builds the "permuted" LCP (PLCP) array, in which the values appear in text order rather than lexicographical order.
+, the currently fastest linear-time LCP array construction algorithm is due to , which in turn is based on one of the fastest suffix array construction algorithms by .
+ As noted by several string processing problems can be solved by the following kinds of tree traversals:
+ Deciding if a pattern formula_32 of length formula_33 is a substring of a string formula_7 of length formula_11 takes formula_36 time if only the suffix array is used. By additionally using the LCP information, this bound can be improved to formula_37 time. show how to improve this running time even further to achieve optimal formula_38 time. Thus, using suffix array and LCP array information, the decision query can be answered as fast as using the suffix tree.
+ The LCP array is also an essential part of compressed suffix trees which provide full suffix tree functionality like suffix links and lowest common ancestor queries. Furthermore, it can be used together with the suffix array to compute the Lempel-Ziv LZ77 factorization in formula_25 time.
+ The longest repeated substring problem for a string formula_7 of length formula_11 can be solved in formula_42 time using both the suffix array formula_1 and the LCP array. It is sufficient to perform a linear scan through the LCP array in order to find its maximum value formula_44 and the corresponding index formula_8 where formula_44 is stored. The longest substring that occurs at least twice is then given by formula_47.
+ The remainder of this section explains two applications of the LCP array in more detail: How the suffix array and the LCP array of a string can be used to construct the corresponding suffix tree and how it is possible to answer LCP queries for arbitrary suffixes using range minimum queries on the LCP array.
+ Given the suffix array formula_1 and the LCP array formula_18 of a string formula_2 of length formula_51, its suffix tree formula_52 can be constructed in formula_25 time based on the following idea: Start with the partial suffix tree for the lexicographically smallest suffix and repeatedly insert the other suffixes in the order given by the suffix array.
+ Let formula_54 be the partial suffix tree for formula_55. Further let formula_56 be the length of the concatenation of all path labels from the root of formula_57 to node formula_4.
+ Start with formula_59, the tree consisting only of the root. To insert formula_60 into formula_57, walk up the "rightmost" path beginning at the recently inserted leaf formula_62 to the root, until the deepest node formula_4 with formula_64 is reached.
+ We need to distinguish two cases:
+ A simple amortization argument shows that the running time of this algorithm is bounded by formula_25:
+ The nodes that are traversed in step formula_8 by walking up the "rightmost" path of formula_57 (apart from the last node formula_4) are removed from the "rightmost" path, when formula_60 is added to the tree as a new leaf. These nodes will never be traversed again for all subsequent steps formula_113. Therefore, at most formula_114 nodes will be traversed in total.
+ The LCP array formula_18 only contains the length of the longest common prefix of every pair of consecutive suffixes in the suffix array formula_1. However, with the help of the inverse suffix array formula_117 (formula_118, i.e. the suffix formula_119 that starts at position formula_9 in formula_7 is stored in position formula_122 in formula_1) and constant-time range minimum queries on formula_18, it is possible to determine the length of the longest common prefix of arbitrary suffixes in formula_125 time.
+ Because of the lexicographic order of the suffix array, every common prefix of the suffixes formula_126 and formula_119 has to be a common prefix of all suffixes between formula_8's position in the suffix array formula_129 and formula_9's position in the suffix array formula_131. Therefore, the length of the longest prefix that is shared by "all" of these suffixes is the minimum value in the interval formula_132. This value can be found in constant time if formula_18 is preprocessed for range minimum queries.
+ Thus given a string formula_7 of length formula_11 and two arbitrary positions formula_136 in the string formula_7 with formula_138, the length of the longest common prefix of the suffixes formula_126 and formula_119 can be computed as follows: formula_141.
+
+= = = John Wingfield (priest) = = =
+
+ The Ven. John William Wingfield was an Anglican priest: the Archdeacon of Bodmin from 1979 to 1981.
+ Born on 19 December 1915, he was educated at the Sheffield Pupil Teacher Centre; and served in the Royal Army Service Corps during World War II. When peace returned he studied at St Aidan’s Theological College and was ordained in 1947. After a curacy at Madron with Morvah he held incumbencies at Perranuthnoe, Budock, St Michael Caerhays, Redruth and St Clement before his Archdeacon’s appointment.
+ He died on 23 December 1983.
+
+= = = Elections in Uttarakhand = = =
+
+ Elections for the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly in Uttarakhand state, India are conducted in accordance with the Constitution of India. The Assembly of Uttarakhand creates laws regarding the conduct of local body elections unilaterally while any changes by the state legislature to the conduct of state level elections need to be approved by the Parliament of India. In addition, the state legislature may be dismissed by the Parliament according to Article 356 of the Indian Constitution and President's rule may be imposed.
+ The Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress have been the most popular parties in the state since its inception. Other influential parties include Samajwadi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party and Uttarakhand Kranti Dal.
+ It is worth noting that till the year 2000, Uttarakhand was a part of undivided Uttar Pradesh state.
+ Keys:
+ 2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly elections were the first Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections held in the state. The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party with 36 seats in the 70-seat legislature whereas the Bharatiya Janata Party secured the second place with 19 seats. Veteran Congress leader N. D. Tiwari was chosen as the new Chief minister.
+ 2007 Uttarakhand state assembly elections were the second Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections held in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest party with 34 seats in the 70-seat legislature. One seat short of forming a majority, the BJP had to rely on the support of the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal and three independents to form the government. Former Union minister B. C. Khanduri became the new Chief minister. The Indian National Congress was the official opposition, holding 21 seats.
+ 2012 Uttarakhand state assembly elections were the third Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections held in the state.
+ Uttarakhand had turned out incumbent governments in the first two elections held in the state since its formation. The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party fought the election under the leadership of its Chief Minister B. C. Khanduri. The main opposition Indian National Congress was led in the assembly by Harak Singh Rawat, but no Chief Ministerial candidate was named before the elections. The interim tenure of former Chief Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal, which was marked by large-scale corruption accusations, was likely to be the main election issue.
+ The elections took place on 30 January, with the results being announced on 6 March. In a closely contested election, the Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party with 32 seats followed by the Bharatiya Janata Party with 31 seats. Notably the incumbent Chief minister B. C. Khanduri lost from his seat. Vijay Bahuguna was appointed as Chief minister despite him not being a member of the legislative assembly. He later on won the byelections held to the seats of Sitarganj. The detailed result is given below:
+ 2017 Uttarakhand state assembly elections were the fourth Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) elections held in the state. The Bharatiya Janata Party riding on the popularity of Prime minister Narendra Modi, secured a landslide victory, winning 57 of the total 70 seats. The ruling Indian National Congress was reduced to a low of 11 seats, with the incumbent Chief minister Harish Rawat himself losing from both the seats that he had contested from. Although the BJP had not projected anyone as its Chief ministerial candidate, Trivendra Singh Rawat was chosen as the new Chief minister after the elections.
+
+= = = List of international organizations based in Istanbul = = =
+
+ This is a list of international organizations based in Istanbul, Turkey.
+
+= = = Abdulaziz bin Mohieddin Khoja = = =
+
+ Abdulaziz bin Mohieddin Khoja (born 1940) is the former Saudi ambassador and he served as the minister of culture and information between 2009 and 2014.
+ Khoja was born in Mecca in 1940. He obtained bachelor of science degree from King Saud University. Then he earned a master of science degree in organic chemistry in Birmingham University in 1967. He also holds a PhD in organic chemistry at Birmingham University in 1969.
+ Khoja was appointed dean of the faculty of education in Mecca in 1979 and his term lasted until 1984. Then he served as the undersecretary for information affairs at the ministry of information from 1984 to 1991. Later, he served as a Saudi Ambassador to various countries, including Turkey (1991), Russia and Morocco. He was also Saudi ambassador to Lebanon and was in office from 2004 to 2009. During this period of time, King Abdullah's foreign policy towards Lebanon was highly intense and also seen as an interventionist approach. On 14 February 2009, Khoja appointed minister of culture and information, replacing Iyad bin Amin Madani who had been in office since February 2005. Khoja's appointment was regarded as part of King Abdullah's reform initiatives.
+ His term as the minister of culture and information ended in November 2014 when he was fired from the office. Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al Khudairi replaced him in the post on 8 December 2014.
+ Khoja is considered to be a relative liberal and close to the King Abdullah. Khoja is also a poet. However, some of his works are banned in Saudi Arabia, although he himself is the minister of culture and information.
+ Khoja is the chairman of the General Assembly of Makkah Establishment for Publishing and Printing, publisher of "Al Nadwa". He is also the chairman of the International Islamic News Agency (IINA) Executive Council.
+
+= = = Acrolophus plumifrontella = = =
+
+ The Eastern Grass-tubeworm Moth ("Acrolophus plumifrontella") is a moth of the family Acrolophidae. It is found in North America, including Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia.
+ The wingspan is about 28 mm. Adults are on wing from April to October.
+
+= = = Grant Hodgins = = =
+
+ Grant Milton Hodgins (b. July 22, 1955) is a former political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Melfort from 1982 to 1991 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Progressive Conservative and then independent member.
+ He was born in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and was educated in Melfort and at the University of Saskatchewan, where he received a commerce degree. Hodgins served in the Saskatchewan cabinet as Minister of Highways and Transportation, as Minister of Indian and Native Affairs and as Minister of Environment. He also served as government house leader in the assembly. In 1991, he resigned from the Progressive Conservative caucus to protest government policies, particularly "Fair Share Saskatchewan". After retiring from politics, he took over the operation of his family's auctioneering business.
+ Hodgins received a conditional discharge in the Progressive Conservative fraud scandal.
+
+= = = Novo Progresso Airport = = =
+
+ Novo Progresso Airport is the airport serving Novo Progresso, Brazil.
+ No scheduled flights operate at this airport.
+ The airport is located from downtown Novo Progresso.
+
+= = = Manuel Riemann = = =
+
+ Manuel Riemann (born 9 September 1988) is a German footballer who plays for VfL Bochum. He is the brother of fellow footballer Alexander Riemann.
+
+
+= = = ARDL = = =
+
+ ARDL may stand for:
+
+= = = Hananoumi Ken = = =
+
+ Hananoumi Ken (born 6 December 1960 as Ken Sawaishi) is a former sumo wrestler from Ikawa, Akita, Japan. He made his professional debut in May 1976, and reached the top division in March 1985. His highest rank was "komusubi". He retired in July 1989.
+ He was persuaded by his father, a rice farmer, to be a sumo wrestler, although he really wanted to play baseball. He joined the original Hanakago stable in May 1976, and for five years he was a "tsukebito" or personal attendant to "yokozuna" Wajima Hiroshi, until the latter′s retirement in 1981. The two spent much of their spare time tinkering with Wajima′s luxury American automobile, a Lincoln Continental. Sawaishi began competing under his own surname, although he went through a number of different "shikona", including Otowadake, Sawakaze and Onoumi, before finally settling on Hananoumi, meaning ′lake or sea of flowers.′
+ In July 1983 he took the "makushita" division championship with a perfect 7–0 record and was promoted to the "juryo" division, becoming a fully fledged "sekitori" for the first time. He reached the top "makuuchi" division in March 1985 and just one tournament later won his first "sansho" or special prize, for Technique. In November 1985 he had his first victory over a "yokozuna", earning a "kinboshi" for defeating tournament winner Chiyonofuji. In March 1987 he beat Chiyonofuji again, scored ten wins at "maegashira" 1 and won his second Technique Award, and with it promotion to what was to be his highest rank of "komusubi". In September 1987 he achieved the feat of winning a majority of wins against losses ("kachi-koshi") despite missing four days and having to return for the last seven – the first time this had been done in the top division for 22 years. On the seventh day of the May 1988 tournament he was defeated by Chiyonofuji, the first bout in Chiyonofuji's post-war record winning streak of 53 consecutive matches.
+ In March 1989 Hananoumi returned to the "komusubi" rank but had a disastrous tournament, losing his first nine bouts before withdrawing injured on Day 10. In May he defaulted on Day 5 after losing his first four matches due to a herniated disk and was never to appear on the "dohyo" again, retiring after missing the July 1989 tournament altogether. He remained in sumo for a short time as an elder under the name Hanakago Oyakata (formerly used by his old boss Wajima), but left the Sumo Association in June 1990. He ran a chanko restaurant in Akita and after it closed ran a hotel in Nanporo, Hokkaido.
+ Hananoumi had an unusual fighting style, preferring to come in low at the "tachi-ai" and push up against the opponent′s armpits, known as "hazu–oshi". He also liked the throat thrust, or "nodowa". When fighting on the "mawashi" he used a double inside grip, or "morozashi". His two most common winning "kimarite" were "yorikiri" (force out) and "oshidashi" (push out).
+
+
+= = = Daniel von der Bracke = = =
+
+ Daniel von der Bracke (born 28 January 1992) is a German footballer who plays for TuS Koblenz.
+ Von der Bracke began his career with Bayer Leverkusen, and made a couple of appearances for the reserve team in the 2010–11 season. In July 2011 he signed for VfL Osnabrück of the 3. Liga, and made his debut at this level in February 2012, as a substitute for Rouwen Hennings in a 2–0 win over 1. FC Saarbrücken. In July 2013 he signed for TSV Havelse.
+ Von der Bracke joined Goslarer Goslarer SC in July 2014.
+
+= = = Junior Dala = = =
+
+ Carl Junior Dala (born 29 December 1989) is a South African cricketer who plays for The Unlimited Titans in South African domestic cricket. In the 2018 South African Cricket Annual, he was named as one of the five Cricketers of the Year.
+ He was included in the Easterns cricket team squad for the 2015 Africa T20 Cup. In August 2017, he was named in Durban Qalandars' squad for the first season of the T20 Global League. However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being cancelled soon after.
+ On 26 April 2018, he was called upon to replace the injured fellow South African seamer, Chris Morris for the Delhi Daredevils team for the rest of the 2018 IPL season.
+ In June 2018, he was named in the squad for the Titans team for the 2018���19 season. In October 2018, he was named in Nelson Mandela Bay Giants' squad for the first edition of the Mzansi Super League T20 tournament. In March 2019, in the semi-finals of the 2018–19 Momentum One Day Cup, he took career best figures of 6/19 against Cape Cobras, to help Titans progress to the final of the tournament.
+ In August 2019, he was named the Momentum One-Day Cup Cricketer of the Season at Cricket South Africa's annual award ceremony. In September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Nelson Mandela Bay Giants team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament.
+ In February 2018, he was named in South Africa's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their series against India. He made his T20I debut for South Africa against India on 18 February 2018. In June 2018, he was named in South Africa's One Day International (ODI) squad for their series against Sri Lanka. He made his ODI debut for South Africa against Sri Lanka on 8 August 2018.
+
+= = = List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam = = =
+
+ List of important leaders of the Communist Party of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
+ Communist Party of Vietnam:
+ South Vietnam since 1961
+ Truong Chinh is charge of National Uprising Committee
+ Hoang Cam - Campaign: Hoang Minh Thao - commander, Dang Vu Hiep - commissioner
+ Hue–Da Nang Campaign: Lê Trọng Tấn - commander, Chu Huy Mân -commissioner
+ Xuan Loc - Phan Rang: Le Trong Tan, Tran Van Tra, Hoang Cam (Battle Xuan Loc: Hoang commander, Hoang The Thien commissioner)
+ Ho Chi Minh Campaign:
+ Commander: Van Tien Dung
+ Political Commissar: Pham Hung
+ Deputy Commander: Tran Van Tra, Le Duc Anh, Dinh Duc Thien
+ Acting Chief on Staff: Le Ngoc Hien
+ after Additional: Le Trong Tan as Deputy Commander and Le Quang Hoa Deputy Political Commissar and Chairman the Political.
+ Nguyễn Văn Linh, Võ Văn Kiệt (in Ministry commander)1st Corps: Commander Nguyễn Hòa, Commissioner Hoàng Minh Thi
+ 2nd Corps: Commander Nguyễn Hữu An, Commissioner Lê Linh
+ 3rd Corps: Commander Vũ Lăng, Commissioner Đặng Vũ Hiệp
+ 4th Corps: Commander Hoàng Cầm, Commissioner Hoàng Thế Thiện
+ 232 Group: Commander Lê Đức Anh, Commissioner Lê Văn Tưởng
+ Southwest border): Commander: Lê Trọng Tấn
+
+= = = Andrea De Cruz = = =
+
+ Andrea Heidi De Cruz (; born June 24, 1974) is a Singaporean actress of Eurasian descent.
+ De Cruz was a psychologist before going into showbiz. Although not from a Chinese-speaking background, she speaks Mandarin and has acted in Channel 8 dramas.
+ De Cruz was educated at CHIJ Katong Convent and studied psychology at San Francisco State University. She is married to fellow MediaCorp actor Pierre Png in 2003.
+ In 2002, De Cruz was a victim of the Slim 10 pills scandal and suffered from liver failure as a result. Png, who was her boyfriend at that time, donated part of his liver. She filed a lawsuit against various distributors of Slim 10 pills and fellow actor Rayson Tan. De Cruz began her court battle against the importers and distributors of diet pills that she says nearly caused her to die of liver failure.
+ Lawyers for Singapore television star Andrea De Cruz began arguments in the High Court seeking unspecified damages in a civil suit against Health Biz, the importer and distributor of “Slim 10" diet pills.
+ The case asw expected to last three weeks. De Cruz sought damages for injuries she alleged were caused by the drug and to cover the cost of her liver transplant surgery and treatment, court documents said. She also sued the pills' distributor, TV Media, and actor Rayson Tan Tai Ming who sold the pills to her. Tan was later cleared while the distributors were forced to compensate her. De Cruz took a 5-year break from acting and later stated that she has moved on from the incident.
+
+= = = Louis Ncamiso Ndlovu = = =
+
+ Louis Ncamiso Ndlovu (March 15, 1945 – August 27, 2012) was the Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manzini, Swaziland.
+ Ordained to the priesthood in 1975, Ndlovu was named a bishop in 1985; he died in office.
+
+= = = Digitivalva seligeri = = =
+
+ Digitivalva seligeri is a moth of the family Acrolepiidae. It was described by Reinhard Gaedike in 1975. It is found in Greece (including the Peloponnese, the type location).
+
+= = = Linda de Boer = = =
+
+ Linda de Boer (born 1954) is a retired Dutch swimmer who won the silver medal in the 800 m freestyle at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. In June 1971 she set a European record of 18 minutes and 3 seconds in the 1500 m freestyle. Between 1969 and 1971 she won two national titles and set 14 national records in the 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m freestyle events.
+ Her daughter, Daniëlle uit den Boogaard (b. 1983), and possibly son, David uit den Boogaard (b. 1983), also became competitive swimmers and national champions.
+
+= = = Serbian Water Polo Cup = = =
+
+ The Serbian Water polo Cup (Serbian: Куп Србије у ватерполу, Kup Srbije u vaterpolu) is the national water polo cup of Serbia. It is run by the Water polo Federation of Serbia.
+
+= = = 2013 GP3 Series = = =
+
+ The 2013 GP3 Series was the fourth season of the third-tier of Formula One feeder championship and also fourth season under the moniker of GP3 Series, a motor racing feeder series for Formula One and sister series GP2.
+ Following a three-year cycle, the previous GP3 chassis was replaced by a brand new car, the GP3/13, built by Italian racing car manufacturer Dallara. The 280 bhp turbo-charged engine used from 2010 to 2012 was upgraded to a 400 bhp naturally-aspirated V6 unit, which will be used until end of 2015. Series organisers have anticipated that the new cars became up to three seconds per lap faster than the GP3/10 chassis; these estimations proved to be accurate during pre-season testing at the Autódromo do Estoril. The re-structuring of the category coincides with the series' organisers' desire to ease the transition between the GP3 Series and parent series GP2, thereby allowing rookie drivers more opportunities to succeed in GP2.
+ AER was selected as official engine supplier of GP3 Series began in 2013 until 2015 season.
+ The championship title was secured by Daniil Kvyat with a race to spare after three consecutive feature race wins in Spa, Monza and Abu Dhabi. He had a thirty-point advantage on ART Grand Prix's Facu Regalia, who finished as runner-up. His teammate Conor Daly, who was the feature race winner at Valencia. Tio Ellinas, who led the drivers' standings until the first race at Spa, bookended the season with victories in both the first race and the final race of the season. Jack Harvey completed the top five, helping ART Grand Prix to claim the teams' championship.
+ The following teams and drivers competed in the 2013 season:
+ The official calendar for the 2013 series was unveiled on 19 December 2012. The format remains largely unchanged from 2012, with seven rounds of the championship in support of the 2013 Formula One season and sister series GP2, plus the addition of a stand-alone round at Circuit Ricardo Tormo.
+ Points were awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in the race 1, and to the top 8 classified finishers in the race 2. The pole-sitter in the race 1 also received four points, and two points were given to the driver who set the fastest lap inside the top ten in both the race 1 and race 2. No extra points were awarded to the pole-sitter in the race 2.
+ Points were awarded to the top 8 classified finishers.
+ Notes:
+ Notes:
+
+= = = Tamaryū Daizō = = =
+
+ Tamaryū Daizō (born 22 July 1954 as Daizō Nagata) is a former sumo wrestler from Nagasaki, Japan. He made his professional debut in January 1970, and reached the top division in May, 1982. He was the last man to fight Takamiyama, the first foreigner to win a top division tournament, in May 1984. He won the "jūryō" division championship in March 1985. In November 1986 he defeated Chiyonofuji to earn his first "kinboshi" for a win over a "yokozuna," in his 102nd career tournament, which is the slowest ever. His highest rank was "komusubi" which he held for one tournament in November 1987 at the age of 33. It had taken him 108 tournaments from his professional debut to reach the rank, which is also the slowest ever. Following the retirement of Kurama in September 1989 he became the oldest man in any of the professional sumo divisions. He retired in January, 1992 after a 22 year career, having fallen into the "makushita" division for the first time in seven years. As he had been unable to purchase or borrow elder stock in the Japan Sumo Association he had to leave the sumo world. He managed a sumo tea house in Utsunomiya, Tochigi Prefecture, until it closed in 2013.
+
+
+= = = Celebrity Wedding Planner = = =
+
+ Celebrity Wedding Planner is a British reality television series that premiered on Channel 5 on 6 January 2012. The series revolves around brides-to-be handing over the planning of their wedding to a surprise celebrity or celebrity pairing.
+ The series proved successful and was commissioned for third and fourth series in November 2012.
+ One or two celebrities are given the task of organising a couple's wedding day. All they are given is a 60-second message from the couple, a tour of the couple's house and two sidekicks from either partner to help them with the process. They have a set budget to spend on everything (including the stag and hen nights) and only have three weeks to arrange the wedding. They are allowed no contact with the couple until a few days before the wedding and nothing is allowed to be revealed to the couple beforehand.
+
+= = = Brenthis = = =
+
+ Brenthis is a butterfly genus of the family Nymphalidae.
+
+= = = Scarborough—Ellesmere = = =
+
+ Scarborough—Ellesmere was a provincial riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created prior to the 1975 provincial election and eliminated in 1996, when its territory was incorporated into the riding of Scarborough Centre. Scarborough—Ellesmere riding was created from parts of the former ridings of Scarborough North, Scarborough West and Scarborough Centre. It was in the former borough of Scarborough.
+ Four Members of Provincial Parliament represented the riding during its history. The most notable was David Warner who served as Speaker of the Legislature from 1990 to 1995.
+ Scarborough—Ellesmere occupied the west central part of Scarborough. From its southwest corner it went north along Victoria Park Avenue to Lawrence Avenue East. East to Birchmount Road and then north to Highway 401. It turned east and followed the 401 to Markham Road. South from this point along Markham to Ellesmere Road and then east to Scarborough Golf Club Road. It went south to Lawrence Avenue East and then turned back west along Lawrence to Midland Avenue where it jogged south to Eglinton Avenue East. It then followed Eglinton west to back to Victoria Park Avenue.
+
+= = = List of social gaming networks = = =
+
+ This is a list of major social gaming networks.
+ The list is not exhaustive and is limited to notable, well-known services.
+
+= = = Amadou Ly = = =
+
+ Amadou Ly is a Senegalese-born actor, writer, producer known for his role in "", "The Tested" and "L'embrasement". In 2006, Amadou's life story made front page of "The New York Times" and received other national attention.
+ Amadou Ly was born in the country of Senegal. On 10 September 2001, at the age of 13, Amadou and his mother arrived in America to live in Harlem. In 2002 his mother moved back to Senegal, leaving him at the age of 14. He shuttled between New York City and a family friend in Indiana.
+ In 2004 he returned to New York as a high school junior and struggled to put down roots for himself. Friends in his after-school technology club became his family, and he excelled in robotics. In 2006, during his senior year of high school, his East Harlem team won a regional robot-building competition. Ly, who had no government-issued identification, was unable to fly with his teammates to the national finals in Atlanta, Georgia. More importantly, he faced a bigger problem that the publicity forced him to reveal: he had no legal status to remain in the United States. The staff supervising the technology club rallied to send him by train, and contacted the media for help on his immigration status. Public officials and others called on the Department of Homeland Security to allow him to stay in the country. A long immigration battle ensued, and he was granted citizenship to live in the United States, which enabled him to go on to college.
+ Amadou took an acting class to improve his public speaking skills, and ended up finding a new talent. He started his training in New York with William Esper, and on graduation moved to Hollywood. He took to the stage at the Actors Playpen Theatre in "Sex, Relationships and Sometimes Love", and it didn't take long for an agent to see his potential. Amadou played the role of Henri in "Twilight Breaking Dawn Part 2". .
+ On 27 August 2014, Amadou became a U.S. citizen, reciting the Oath of Allegiance at a judicial naturalization ceremony in Los Angeles. Residing in Los Angeles, he is still acting.
+
+= = = The Day After: Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria = = =
+
+ The Day After project was a cooperative movement by members of the Syrian opposition to outline a plan to rebuild the country and end the Syrian Civil War once Bashar al-Assad is ousted from power. The 45 members of the group held covert meetings in Berlin to determine the set of principles that should be used to construct a democracy in Syria. Members came from both official bodies such as the Syrian National Council and the Local Coordination Committees in Syria, as well as members who belonged to neither of these groups. On August 28, 2012, the group published its plan in a paper titled "The Day After Project: Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria.
+ The Day After Association is an independent, Syrian-led civil society organization working to support a democratic transition in Syria. In August 2012, TDA completed work on a comprehensive approach to managing the challenges of a post-Assad transition in Syria. The Day After Project brought together a group of Syrians representing a large spectrum of the Syrian opposition—including senior representatives of the Syrian National Council (SNC), members of the Local Coordination Committees in Syria (LCC), and unaffiliated opposition figures from inside Syria and the Diaspora representing all major political trends and components of Syrian society—to participate in an independent transition planning process.
+ The TDA report, "The Day After: Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria", provides a detailed framework of principles, goals and recommendations from within the Syrian opposition for addressing challenges in six key fields: rule of law; transitional justice; security sector reform; constitutional design; electoral system design; and post-conflict social and economic reconstruction. TDA has since shifted its focus from transition planning efforts to implementation of recommendations presented in the TDA report, opening its office in Istanbul to support this mission.".
+ Between January and June 2012, members of the Day After project worked on a report that would attempt to address the major aspects of the future transition. They were aided by experts in international planning and diplomacy. The purpose of the report was not to be a rigid directive for restructuring the Syrian government but rather to spark further conversation about the transition.
+ Six working groups each focused on an individual aspect of the new government that is to be set up, from restructuring the legal and justice system, to reforming the Syrian military, to writing a new constitution and setting up the system for electing a new Syrian legislature.
+ The project was jointly overseen and supported by the United States Institute for Peace and the German Institute for International and Security Affairs in Berlin.
+
+= = = Constantino Romero = = =
+
+ Constantino Romero García (29 May 1947 – 12 May 2013) was a Spanish actor, voice actor and presenter. Due to his deep voice, he was most known for dubbing into Spanish and Catalan other actors like Clint Eastwood, James Earl Jones and Arnold Schwarzenegger in the "Terminator" or "The Expendables" films.
+ Romero was born in Alcalá de Henares and grew up in Chinchilla de Monte-Aragón (Albacete) where his mother lives. All his family are from Chinchilla and Almansa. His professional career began as an announcer at Radio Barcelona and RNE until 1985 when he made his first appearance in television as the host of the program "Ya sé que tienes novio". From 1987 to 1992 he presented the game show "El tiempo es oro" on TVE. Later he moved to Antena 3 where he was very popular.
+ Later he appeared in the regional TVs with the game show "La Silla" and replaced Silvia Jato in "Pasapalabra" in Antena 3 when she became a mother. He worked at CMT since 2002 to 2010. In 1984 he made his first stage appearance with "L'Ópera de tres rals" directed by Mario Gas. Both worked together in the musicals "" in 1995 and "A Little Night Music" by Stephen Sondheim. Another play in which he appeared was "Little Shop of Horrors", giving voice to the carnivorous plant.
+ Romero was known as a voice over actor for some famous actors. Among his notable appearances in Castilian Spanish versions of foreign-language films, he was the voice of William Shatner as James T. Kirk in "Star Trek", Arnold Schwarzenegger as the title character in "The Terminator" film series, Sean Connery as William T. O'Niel in "Outland," Roger Moore as the title character in the "James Bond" franchise and James Earl Jones' role as Darth Vader in the "Star Wars" franchise.
+ His voice also appears in the Spanish dubs of several Disney films, including "The Lion King" as Mufasa, "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame" as Frollo, "Mulan" as the Supreme Ancestor"," and in "The Jungle Book 2" as Shere Khan.
+ In 1999 he won an Antena de Oro Award and two TP de Oro awards.
+ Romero retired on 12 December 2012, after his last job as a voice actor: "Trouble with the Curve". He announced it through his Twitter account: "Thanks for the affection. It's been 47 years of work. And a whole life. Radio, TV, theatre, dubbing. It's been worth it. A hug. "That's all folks!" " (in English in the original). He showed his thankfulness to his fans with the words "I've always known that the best part of my job were people".
+ Romero died from complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on 12 May 2013 in Barcelona just two and a half weeks shy of his 66th birthday. He was laid to rest at the Cemetery of Montjuïc.
+ Clint Eastwood voice in:
+ James Earl Jones voice in:
+ Rutger Hauer voice in:
+ Tony Jay voice in:
+ Roger Moore voice in:
+ Arnold Schwarzenegger voice in:
+ William Shatner voice in:
+ Louis Gossett Jr. voice in:
+
+= = = Iolaus iasis = = =
+
+ Iolaus iasis, the iasis sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya. The habitat consists of forests and savanna. The species has also been recorded in cocoa plantations.
+ The larvae feed on the flowers of "Loranthus incanus" and "Tapinanthus bangwensis". Young larvae are pink or red. Later, they may become yellow or yellow orange.
+
+= = = Neisseria flava = = =
+
+ Neisseria flava (Latin: "flava", yellow, golden) is a bacterium belonging to a group of species under the genus "Neisseria" that is considered non-pathogenic. Along with its other members of the non-pathogenic group, Neisseria flava is often found in the upper respiratory tract surface in humans. On rare occasions, it can cause rheumatic heart disease and ventricular septal defect aortic insufficiency.
+ Steps
+ Alternative test is Oxidative/fermentation glucose test(O/F test). If found to be oxidative, it is Neisseria spp.
+
+= = = Ambrosio Echemendia = = =
+
+ Ambrosio Echemendia was a Cuban negro slave and poet. He authored poems such as "Al Damují" and "Un incrédulo de mis versos" in 1843. Accused of being involved in slave rebellions on the island, Cuba's white literary elite were so impressed by his verses that they raised $1000 to set him free in 1865.
+
+= = = Honnasandra = = =
+
+ Honnasandra is a beutifull village a few km away from Bangalore.It is quite place away from busy dusty traffic It has a population of 1000 plus people
+ Attraction
+ Anjaneya temple
+ lakshmi temple
+ honnasandra lake
+ tumkur railway track
+
+= = = Jørgen Wilhelm Rudolph = = =
+
+ Jørgen Wilhelm Thrue Rudolph III (11 December 1881 – 11 February 1968) was a Norwegian businessperson.
+ He was born in Drammen and took commercial training for three years in Germany, England in France. He had a dry goods wholesaling company in Drammen of which he became sole owner in 1919.
+ He was a board member of the employers' association "Manufakturgrossistenes landsforening" and Den Norske Kalosje- & Gummivarefabrik, supervisory council member of Drammens og Oplands nye Privatbank and Forsikringsselskapet Norge and control committee member of Drammens Sparebank.
+
+= = = Federation Day = = =
+
+ Federation Day is a day in the Welsh school week when all the primary and secondary children come together in one unit experiencing interaction with children of all ages. It is a solution for rural small schools in Wales.
+
+= = = Iolaus jacksoni = = =
+
+ Iolaus jacksoni, the Jackson's sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, central and western Kenya and central Tanzania. The habitat consists of arid savanna.
+ The larvae feed on "Plicosepalus" species including "P. kalachariensis", "P. meridianus", "P. curviflorus" and "P. sagittifolius".
+
+= = = Seeyamangalam = = =
+
+ Seeyamangalam is a small village in Vandavasi taluk in Tiruvannamalai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The major occupation of the people living at this place is agriculture. , it had a population of 1665. The place is known for the Avanibhajana Pallaveshwaram temple.
+ The name "Seeyamangalam" might have evolved from the older name of this village "Simhavishnu Chathurvedhi mangalam" () named after the Pallava king, Simhavishnu, father of Mahendravarman. Another possibility is that it might have derived from the name "Simhamangalam" () named after Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.
+ Seeyamangalam is located southwest of Vandavasi, southeast of Chettupattu and northeast of district headquarters Tiruvannamalai.
+ From Vandavasi, town buses No:144, to Gingee and No: W2 to Magamaai Thirumeni go through Seeyamangalam. One private bus named V.M. from Desur to Gingee also go through Seeyamangalam. However, frequency of buses to this village is less. Hiring auto from Desur is a good option to reach.
+ Seeyamangalam village has more than 1500 years old heritage. It has two historically important rock cut cave temples, 7th century C.E. Rock cut Shiva Temple and 9th century C.E. rock cut Jain temple. Famous Buddhist Acharya and Philosopher Dignagar (6th century C.E.) was believed to be born in Seeyamangalam.
+ This rock cut Shiva temple was built by Mahendravarman I in 7th century C.E. The main deity Shiva, is called here as Thoon Andar in Tamil () and Stambeshwara in Sanskrit. "Thoon" means pillar and "Andar" refers Lord and hence thoon andar means Lord of Pillars. This name is because of the presence of two pillars in front of this cave temple. Two dvarapalas are located on the either side of the entrance of Sanctum sanctorum of the shrine. The interesting feature of these dvarapalas is the presence of trisula prongs in them. Unlike other temples, here the main deity Thun Andar is facing the west direction. Lord Shiva was carved in the temple pillars as Natarajar and Vrishbhantika. This is the first temple in Tamil Nadu having the image of Lord Natarajar. Also, the dwarf Muyalaka is missing from the Natarajar image.
+ This temple was renovated and extended by various kings as it is evident from the presence of various inscriptions in Tamil and Grantha characters by Pallavas, Chola and Vijayanagara empires.
+ This rock cut Jain temple was built by Western Ganga King Rajamalla II during the end of 9th century. This temple is seen in a hillock named Vijayadri (as per inscription of Rajamalla II) located northern side of Thun Andar Shiva temple. Inside the rock cut, recently a new Mahaveerar statue is kept and worshipped by nearby Tamil Jains. On the top of the rock facing east, relief sculptures of Mahaveerar, Parshavanthar and Bahubali are seen.
+ On the either side of Bahubali, his sisters Brahmi and Saundari are seen. On the top, left side of Bahubali, Indra sitting on elephant and right side, two Gandharvas are seen. The left hand of the Bahubali was damaged. The head of Parshavanathar is surrounded by five headed snake. The left and right side of Parshavanathar, his attendants Padmavathi and Daranendran can be seen. Both the images of Bahubali and Parshavanathar were carved in standing posture. The image of Mahaveerar, sitting in Sukhasana position on a Simhasana with his attendants on either side is seen at the extreme southern direction.
+ Though many people visit Rock Cut Shiva temple, they are often unaware of this rock cut jain temple.
+ There are two inscriptions found in this hillock. First one is seen near to relif sculptures (right side of Mahaveerar) and it was engraved in Grantha script and Sanskrit language. It is a mixture of prose and poetry. It explains that Rajamalla established two temples for "Jinaraja" in Vidyadri (hillock) in Saka 815 (892-93 A.D). It also explains "Arunkal-anvaya" (school of Jain Monks), which was adorned by illustrious pontiffs, who had successfully crossed the vast expanse of the sea of knowledge of all the sciences, belonged to "Nandi Sanga" of "Jinendra Sanga". Though the inscription mentions two temples, the second one is not yet found.
+ The second inscription which was engraved in Tamil (Tamil portion, prose) and Grantha (Sanskrit portion, poetry) characters, located at the foot of the hillock in the northern side of the temple. The Sanskrit portion explains the exaltation to the "Arunkal-anvaya" belonging to the "Nandi Sanga" of "Dravida Sanga". The Tamil portion records that Vajranandhi-Yogindrar, the disciple of Gunaviradevar who was the "Mandalacharya" of "Arunkal-anvaya" caused to be constructed a flight of steps. These steps (see the picture gallery) are still in good condition.
+ Rajamalla II had built another jain rock cut temple in Vallimalai in Vellore district during the same 9th century C.E. This leads to the conclusion that some parts of northern Tamil Nadu was under the rule of this Western Ganga King Rajamalla II.
+
+= = = ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra = = =
+
+ The ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra is a Filipino radio orchestra based in Manila. It was founded in 2012 with financial support from ABS-CBN and First Philippine Holdings. It is composed of 40 instrumentalists. The orchestra's musical director and conductor is Gerard Salonga.
+ The official debut of ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra was on July 20, 2012 in a concert held at the Dolphy theater. The orchestra played some classical pieces and some musical scores of Filipino films. Its first major public debut was on the "Icons at the Arena” concert at the SM Mall of Asia Arena on July 16, 2012. The orchestra played some of the most recognized film scores of the American composer John Williams in its first solo concert, "The Magic of John Williams" on September 2, 2012 at the Meralco Theater. In 2013, due to public demand, the orchestra repeated their concert "The Magic of John Williams" on February 23 held also at the Meralco Theatre. The orchestra has played alongside Andrea Bocelli, Idina Menzel, Lea Salonga, Lisa Macuja, Ballet Philippines, Ballet Manila, Joanna Ampil, Jose Mari Chan, Ogie Alcasid, Martin Nievera, Pilita Corrales, Louie Ocampo, Ryan Cayabyab, Basil Valdez, Rey Valera, Christian Bautista, Janella Salvador, Jona, and Xian Lim among many others.
+ ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra has scored several films including "Debosyon" (2013), "Ignacio de Loyola" (2016), and "Ang Larawan" (2017). The orchestra also provided the musical score for the attraction of Enchanted Kingdom.
+
+= = = Carol Young (swimmer) = = =
+
+ Carol Young is a Paralympic swimmer from Australia. She was a classified "A2" competitor at the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Paralympics representing Australia in backstroke, freestyle, individual medley, butterfly and breaststroke events. She won a silver medal in the 100 m breaststroke A2 event and a bronze medal in the 100 m butterfly A2 event.
+
+= = = Lala Mnatsakanyan = = =
+
+ Lala Mnatsakanyan (, born 8 October 1957) is an Armenian actress and Honoured Artist of Armenia.
+ Born in Yerevan, Armenia, Lala Mnatsakanyan is the third and youngest daughter in the family. Her mother Elza Gyuleseryan was an associate professor of scenic word at Yerevan Institute of Theater and Fine Arts. Her father Babken Mnatsakanyan was a mathematician and a candidate of physico-mathematical science.
+ After graduating from school N78, Lala Mnatsakanyan entered the Yerevan Institute of Theater and Fine Arts. In 1978, she graduated from the Faculty of Acting, receiving a diploma with honors.
+ She has played many diverse roles in theatre, film, and television, and has performed many roles in various theatres of the country–The Yerevan Youth Experimental Theatre, The Vanadzor State Drama Theatre (named after Hovhannes Abelyan), The Sundukyan State Academic Theatre of Yerevan, The “Metro” Theatre, and The “Mher Mkrtchyan” Artistic Theatre. She is a scriptwriter and performer of 140 miniatures. She has been a professor of scenic word at Yerevan State Institute of Theatre and Cinematography from 1991 to the present. Mnatsakanyan is a co-author of the first and to-date only tutorial “The Art of Teaching Scenic Word” written in Armenian.
+ 1975 – "Smeraldina" “Servant of Two Masters” Carlo Goldoni
+ 1976 – "Augustina" “Eight Women” Robert Thomas
+ 1978 – "Giza" “King Arlequin” Rudolf Lothar
+ 1979–80 – "Rosalia Pavlovna" “The Bedbug” Vladimir Mayakovsky
+ 1979–80 – "Mezalyapsova" “The Bathhouse” Vladimir Mayakovsky
+ 1979–80 – "Gertrude" “William Tell Has Sad Eyes” Alfonso Sastre
+ 1979 – "Polly" “The Threepenny Opera” Bertolt Brecht
+ 1979–80 – "Sonya" “Uncle Vanya” Anton Chekhov
+ 1980 – "Lika" “Two sisters” Armen Zurabov
+ 1984 – "Vera" “The bench” Alexander Gelman
+ 1982– "Armine" “Beroyan family” Zhora Sarksyan
+ 1982 – "Anahit" “Horovel” Gevorg Sarksyan
+ 1983 – "Marina" "Finding Joy" Viktor Rozov
+ 1983 – "Princess" “The Twelve months” Samuil Marshak
+ 1986 – "Presenter" “Blue Horses on Red Grass” Mikhail Shatrov
+ 1987 – "Ninuccia" “Christmas at the Cupiello's” Eduardo De Filippo
+ 1989 – "Lisa" “Save our souls” Anahit Aghasaryan
+ 1991 – "Sorrentino" “Widows’ Comforter” G. Marotta and B. Randone
+ 1995 – Eva “Ungrateful men” ("Love till death") Aldo Nicolaj
+ 1995–96 – Mary “Willy, Titi, Jig” Anahit Aghasaryan
+ 2004 – "Graciela" “Love rebuff to the man sitting in armchair” Gabriel García Márquez
+ 2009 – "Filumena" “Filumena Marturano” Eduardo De Filippo
+ 2012 – "Mother" “The Mother” Karel Čapek
+ 1982–83 – "Lusik" “Barsegh aga and others” Hagop Baronian
+ 1983 – "Policeman" “Brave Nazar” L. Miridzhanyan
+ 1984 – "Janet" “In the name of land and sun” Ion Druţă
+ 1984 – "Mary" “God help us” Jackson
+ 1984 – "Masha" "Look, who's come!" Vladimir Arro
+ 1984 – "Varya" “Anton and Others” Aleksei Kazantsev
+ 1986 – "Hasmik" “Aralez” Aghasi Ayvazyan
+ 1989 – "Nargiz" “Leaven” Avetis Aharonyan
+ 1994 – "Vera" “The bench” Alexander Gelman
+ 1983 – "Hasmik" “Peak of courage” Lalayants
+ 1983 – "Anna" “Groom from forest” Hrachya Kochar
+ 1983 – "Nene" “The Memoir of A Cross-Stealer” Raffi
+ 1984 – "Gladiator" “Stranger” Chalikyan
+ 1984 – Dulcinea del Toboso “Don Quixote” Miguel de Cervantes
+ 1986–87 – "Prince" “The Prince and the Pauper” Mark Twain
+ 1991 – "Swan" “The Laughing Matter” William Saroyan
+ 1992–97 – Comic miniatures
+ 1992–97 – “Voice of the Greats”
+ 1996 – "Lala" “Our yard 1”
+ 1997 – "Seller at flower store" “Favourite songs 1”
+ 1998 – "Café owner" “Favourite songs 2”
+ 2005 – "Lala" “Our yard 3”
+ 2000 – “Fairy tales” Hovhannes Tumanyan
+ 2001 – “Prometheus Bound” Aeschylus
+ 2002 – “Musical Farce” Lala Mnatsakanyan
+ 2007 – “Funny miniatures” Hagop Baronian
+ 2012 – “The Mother” Karel Čapek
+ 1997 – “You bet” Comedy program
+ 1998–2001 – “What’s new?” Comedy musical program
+ 2002–2003 – “Lala & Harut” Comedy program
+ 2004–2007 – “To be continued” TV serials-miniatures
+ 2008 – “No lie, No truth”
+ 2008 – “The Master and Margarita”
+ 2009 – “Hidden talent”
+ 2010 – “Football”
+ 2011 – “The Present”
+ National Cinema Center of Armenia
+ 1977 – First award for the republican competition of readers
+ 1978 – All-union competition of masters of artistic word named after Yakhontov
+ 2004 – International festival of mono-performances “Armmono2” – award in nomination “Artistic skills” for Gabriel Garcia Marques play “Love reproof to the man sitting in armchair” or “Happy marriage like hell…”
+ 2004 – Given an academic rank of associate professor in the specialty “dramatic art” and “cinematography”
+ 2005 – Kiev International festival of mono-performances “Vidlunnya” – awards in nominations “Best actress” and “Audience sympathy” for Gabriel Garcia Marques play “Love reproof to the man sitting in armchair” or “Happy marriage like hell…”
+ 2006 – Honored Artist of Armenia
+ 2008 – Given an academic rank of “professor” in the specialty “dramatic art” and “cinematography”
+ 2012 – "Belaya Vezha" International Theatre festival in Brest – “Audience sympathy” for Karel Chapek play "The Mother"
+
+= = = Lagerstroemia microcarpa = = =
+
+ Lagerstroemia microcarpa is a flowering tree that is endemic to India.
+ It is native to the Western Ghats mountain range, located in southwestern India.
+ The tree grows to tall.
+ It is known as "Nude Lady of the Forest" for its soft and smooth bark resembling the "thigh of woman."
+
+= = = 40th Quebec Legislature = = =
+
+ The 40th National Assembly of Quebec consisted of those elected in the 2012 general election and two by-elections in December 2013. Pauline Marois (PQ) was the premier. The leader of the opposition changed twice. Jean-Marc Fournier (Liberal) started as leader of the opposition after the resignation of former Liberal Premier Jean Charest who lost his seat in the last provincial election. Philippe Couillard was elected Liberal leader and won election to the assembly in a by-election on December 9, 2013. The assembly was dissolved on March 5, 2014.
+ Cabinet ministers are in bold, party leaders are in italic and the president of the National Assembly is marked with a †.
+
+= = = Baggrave Hall = = =
+
+ Baggrave Hall is an 18th-century Grade II* listed country house in the parish of Hungarton, Leicestershire, England. It is a two and three-storey Palladian-style building constructed during the 1750s in ashlar, with a Swithland slate hipped roof and brick ridge chimney stacks. An additional wing in red brick can be dated to 1776. The current grounds of the hall cover 220 acres (0.89 km2). The hall was listed Grade II* in 1951, but suffered serious damage in 1988–1990.
+ Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the site belonged to Leicester Abbey. It was then sold by the Crown to Francis Cave, whose grandson, Sir Alexander Cave, sold it on before 1625 to Edward Villiers, half-brother of the Duke of Buckingham.
+ The hall belonged in the later 17th century to John Edwyn, whose grandson, also John, rebuilt it, but incorporated some parts of the 16th-century manor house. In 1770, his daughter Anna Edwyn married Andrew Burnaby, archdeacon of Leicester, and so ownership of the estate passed to the Burnaby family. Later owners included Edwyn Burnaby, high sheriff of Leicestershire, his son Edwyn Burnaby, and his grandson Algernon Edwyn Burnaby. Baggrave Hall was the childhood-home of Louisa Burnaby, a great-grandmother of Elizabeth II. Soon after Algernon Burnaby's death in 1938, his son and heir Hugh Edwyn Burnaby sold the estate. It became the home of the Earle family, which sold it about 1975.
+ The fabric of the building was severely damaged in 1988–90 whilst in the ownership of an overseas company controlled by Asil Nadir, who had bought the estate for £3 million. Stonework was removed, walls undermined, and interior walls, floors and ceilings ruined. The current owner has undertaken to rectify the damage as far as possible. The exterior of the house can be viewed close at hand from a public footpath that runs between South Croxton and Lowesby.
+ According to legend, the hall was named after an incident involving a maidservant. She is said to have let a beggar woman take refuge at the hall, but later noticed by the boots that this was a man in disguise. Fearing he was a robber, she murdered him and wrapped his body in a potato bag, in which he was buried.
+
+= = = The Health Museum = = =
+
+ The John P. McGovern Museum of Health and Medical Science, or The Health Museum in short, is a museum in the Museum District of Houston, Texas. The museum is a member institution of the Texas Medical Center. As of 2012 the museum gets over 180,000 annual visitors, including 22,000 schoolchildren who visit the facility during organized field trips.
+ The Museum of Medical Science opened in the Houston Museum of Natural Science opened on November 16, 1969, and it remained there for 21 years. The current museum facility opened on March 16, 1996 as The Museum of Health & Medical Science. The building housing the museum, the John P. McGovern Building, was funded with a $9.5 million capital campaign. Since the opening, the museum has processed over two million visitors. In late 2001 the museum's board of trustees unanimously voted to rename the museum after John P. McGovern. The museum revamped its brand in 2006, as part of the 10th anniversary in the standalone facility. The new branding included a shortened name ("The Health Museum") and a new logo. As of 2006 the museum received 175,000 annual visitors.
+ A 2011 renovation included the addition of 3,300 SF of exhibition space to the southwest side of the museum with a metal-panel facade and 1,500 SF of additional interior renovations.
+ Permanent exhibit space for the DeBakey Cell Lab opened in 2015. The DeBakey Cell Lab is a unique science-focused experience and the only bilingual science lab museum exhibit in the country. Honorably named after the respected and accomplished medical pioneer, Michael E. DeBakey, M.D., this 2,000 sq. ft. exhibit features seven authentic biology-based science experiments developed for visitors ages 7 to adult.
+
+= = = Roslyn Oxley = = =
+
+ Roslyn Oxley is an Australian gallerist and art dealer. With her husband Tony Oxley, she owns and operates Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery, which opened in March 1982 with an exhibition by Gareth Sansom. In January 2013, Roslyn Oxley, together with Tony Oxley was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her services to the visual arts and the community. Roslyn Oxley is considered one of the most influential gallerists in Australia, supporting the cause of contemporary art, ‘including that which is non-commercial and otherwise challenging’.
+ Roslyn Oxley was born in Sydney as Roslyn Walton and is the daughter of John Robert Walton, founder of the Australian department store Waltons. From 1957 to 1960, Oxley studied art and design at East Sydney Technical College, now the National Art School. For the next two decades she worked as an interior designer in Sydney, Melbourne and New York City for firms and designers including Peddle Thorp & Walker (now PTW Architects and Raymond Loewy). In 1970 she married Anthony Oxley and together they co-founded Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery in 1982.
+ In January 2013, Roslyn and Tony Oxley were also awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for their services to the visual arts and the community.
+
+= = = Mjøndalen Gummivarefabrikk = = =
+
+ Mjøndalen Gummivarefabrikk was a rubber factory in Mjøndalen, Norway.
+ It was formerly named Den Norske Kalosje- og Gummivarefabrik, and changed its name to Viking Mjøndalen when acquired by Askim-based company Viking Gummivarefabrikk. The person behind this 1932 acquisition was Viking founder P. M. Røwde, who also brought Vestlandske Gummivarefabrik into the corporation in 1938. Viking Mjøndalen was later acquired by the Trelleborg Group, changing its name to Viking Trelleborg.
+
+= = = 1969 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum = = =
+
+ A referendum on the islands' status was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 9 November 1969. For the fourth time since 1958 a majority of voters supported integration with Guam. However, a referendum held in Guam on 4 November on integration with the Northern Mariana Islands had been rejected by 58% of Guamanian voters.
+ Previous referendums on either integration with Guam or the islands' status had been held in 1958, 1961 and 1963. On each occasion a majority had been in favor of integration. However, the proposal remained unfulfilled.
+ The 1969 referendum was organized by the local Parliament, and was held prior to a visit by a United Nations commission in early 1970.
+
+= = = Keith Zotti = = =
+
+ Keith Zotti is a Paralympic lawn bowler from Australia. He competed at the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Paralympics winning a bronze medal in the Men's Pairs A2/4 event.
+
+= = = Daensen folding chair = = =
+
+ The Daensen folding chair consists of the metallic remains of a folding chair which were discovered in 1899 in sand from a Bronze Age tumulus near Daensen, a part of Buxtehude, Lower Saxony, Germany. The chair is the southernmost and most richly decorated example of the eighteen known folding chairs of the Nordic Bronze Age in Northern Europe. The fittings, along with a reconstruction, are in the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg.
+ The tumulus is located in a prominent location about 300 meters northwest of the village Daensen, at in open countryside owned by former farmer and municipal mayor Eickhoff. The Bronze Age tumulus is known as or and according to local legend, contains the remains of a Chauci prince called Baak. or Back Before 1897, half of the northern mound was removed for sand extraction. In the centre of the mound Eickhoff's workers discovered a rectangular stone packing of boulders. Inside they found bones and a complete human skull. The workers gave the bones to a dog. Their work was witnessed by the Moisburg pastor Wittkopf who noted his observations in his Parishs book of accounts:
+ In 1899 sand was again removed from the mound again, and this time the workers discovered a second stone circle. In its interior they found several bronze fitting and partially gold decorated fittings, including two long stripes with gold inlays, which they broke into several pieces. In November 1899 Eickhoff forwarded a part of the fitting along with a ribbed armring of bronze to the museum. In 1934 the museum's director Willi Wegewitz acquired the remaining fittings from Eickhoff's sons, for the museum.
+ The remains of the folding chair consist of four bronze knobs with diameters of with long spouts and a total length of . The end caps are ribbed and their faces decorated with a pattern of four concentric circles. A cast loop with a diameter of supports a ring of diameter with four rattle long plates. These components were attached to the frame of the seat. Two small knobs with diameters and lengths of were found among the baseboards of the stool. Most likely the stool had originally four of these knobs, the other two being presumed lost. There were also four bronze studs with gold plated heads. The nail heads are in diameter and have a pin length of . Three figure-eight shaped bronze fittings of length, width and thicknesses of with line ornaments wearing a gold metal insert at the waist. The gold plate was fixed by two fine incisions in the bronze fitting and then folded on the reverse. Two rectangular bronze plates of in length, in width and about thickness are entirely covered with gold foil and bent around the edges for fixation. Furthermore, there are five rectangular fitting plates whose broken edges were put together. It is most likely that some of their fragments are still missing. Only a few organic components were preserved, one is a piece of leather, and there were seven or eight pieces of wood, one of ash, the other of maple. Among the pieces of wood, there is a corner piece and one with the mounting of the seat's leather. The remains of the chair have been typologically dated to 1400 BC.
+ Compared to earlier previous finds from grave mounds and tree coffin burials in Denmark, Sweden, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg the present metal objects were identified as fitting parts of a folding chair typically for the Nordic Bronze Age. These numerous comparative findings in connection with the survived wooden structures of the Vamdrup folding chair found at Guldhøj in the Danish municipality of Ribe in 1891 allowed a precise reconstruction of the Daensen folding chair.
+ Due to the improper excavation and documentation of the find, precise statements about the archaeological context are not possible. The chair is the most magnificent decorated folding chair of the Nordic Bronze Age. This type of chair, or their fittings is present in 17 comparable finds. The remains of two folding chair fittings originate from hoards, all the rest were grave goods from tree coffin or grave mound burials. Given the role of the stool in placing the sitter above others who are seated on the floor, it is possible that the individual buried in Daensen was a high-ranking person, a chieftain or religious official. The absence of further grave goods may indicate that the grave had been raided by antique grave robbers. Comparably equipped graves with folding chairs typically included additional offerings such as weapons, jewellery, and household items, which are absent in Daensen. The ribbed bronze arm bracelet provided by farmer Eickhoff to the museum must come from a female burial, supporting the interpretation of the burial of a religious leader. Similar folding chairs originate from Ancient Egypt, whose most famous specimen comes from Tutankhamun's tomb of 1330 BC, demonstrating the extensive international connections of the later Bronze Age.
+
+= = = Dicke Tannen = = =
+
+ Dicke Tannen is a protected landscape, around in area, near the Harz village of Hohegeiß, which lies in the borough of Braunlage. It is the site of the mightiest spruce trees in North Germany; the individual trees reaching heights of 50 metres and trunk diameters of 100 to 180 centimetres. The landscape has been specially protected since 1989 as a natural monument.
+ The trees, which are up to 350 years old and known colloquially as "Rottannen" ("Red Firs") were first mentioned in the 18th century in forestry documents. They owe their survival, firstly, to their location on the steep, wind-sheltered slopes of the narrow Wolfsbach valley; secondly, the fact that they were almost too difficult to fell with the axes and saws of the time on account of their huge size and the transportation of their timber would have proven almost impossible. As a result the area has not been used for forestry for over 200 years and thus gives the impression of almost being a virgin forest.
+ Whilst around 1900, just under 120 trees were counted; around 1960 there were 85, in 1980, just 58, and currently there are only 23 healthy and 2 dead trees left. Apart from those reaching their natural age limit, changing environmental conditions may also have affected them. Dicke Tannen is No. 45 in the system of checkpoints forming the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.
+
+= = = 1975 Northern Mariana Islands status referendum = = =
+
+ A referendum on becoming a US commonwealth was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 17 June 1975. The proposal was approved by 79% of voters. As a result, the United States Congress approved the change of status on 24 March 1976.
+ Four previous referendums on either integration with Guam or the islands' status had been held in 1958, 1961, 1963 and 1969. On each occasion a majority had been in favor of integration with Guam. However, the proposal remained unfulfilled, as Guam had rejected integration in a 1969 referendum.
+ On 20 February 1975 the Northern Marianas' District Legislature put forward proposals to become a US commonwealth. A threshold of 55% in favor was set in order for the referendum to pass.
+
+= = = Romanticism and Bacon = = =
+
+ The Romantics, in seeking to understand Nature in her living essence, studied the 'Father of Science', Sir Francis Bacon. The view of Bacon and the 'inductive method' that emerges is quite a different one from that that tended to prevail both before and then after, here mainly due to John Stuart Mill's interpretation later in the 1800s. For the Romantics, induction as generally interpreted 'was not enough to produce correct understanding in Bacon's terms.' They saw another side of Bacon, generally not developed, one in which nature was a labyrinth not open to "excellence of wit" nor "chance experiments": "Our steps must be guided by a clue, and see what way from the first perception of the sense must be laid out upon a sure plan."
+ The chief spokesman for Romantic philosophy and the 'science of science' or epistemology, was Samuel Taylor Coleridge. An anonymous article (written by John Stuart Mill) published in the Westminster Review of 1840 noted that "the Romantic philosophy of Coleridge pervaded the minds and hearts of a significant portion of British intellectuals." Coleridge held that Bacon's view was that the secrets of nature, the inner essence that Bacon termed "natura naturans", required a different "mode of knowing" from the intellect, but required a knowing that was "participative in its essence" and "above the ordinary human consciousness, a super-conscious mind." Here Coleridge refers to Bacon's idea of the 'Lumen siccum' - dry light or Platonic Idea that exists before and above any observation of nature, indeed directs and influences it - an organizing idea.
+ A good example of what Coleridge is talking about would be the shift from the Ptolemaic, earth-centred universe, which accords with man's immediate experience, to the Copernican, helio-centric one, which accords with reason. Without the benefit of the organizing idea involving a higher cognitive faculty, science will tend to deal with secondary aspects of nature instead of the primary, essential properties. As Richard Saumarez, a contemporary of Coleridge, and the creator of a dynamic understanding of physiology, wrote:
+ An example of this is the difference between Newton's approach to understanding color as seen via light bent through a prism (secondary event) and Goethe's approach which involved the direct observation (in the original sense of participation using that faculty of mind Coleridge called for) as set out in his Chromatology ("Farbenlehre").
+ For Coleridge, Bacon's emphasis on clearing the "idols' that refract and distort the intellect, and developing a higher cognitive capacity is an integral part of Bacon's method for science.
+ For Coleridge, Bacon is rightly seen as the 'father of science', but not for the right reasons. Coleridge set out to correct what he saw as a misunderstanding of Bacon's scientific method. First he deals with the “original Science of natura naturata methodology of Francis Bacon.” He notes with Saumarez that Bacon also calls for an 'organizing idea' in science which both frames and helps to realize the experiment.
+ While it is true that Bacon praises the experiment over sense perception, this is in the context of there being a valid organizing idea to begin with. Without it, sense perception will amount to pure empiricism, which may lead to a compass (technology), but no advance in science (Idea and Law), but also without it, experiment becomes arid and without foundation in reality.
+ While experiment is important to avoid subjective sense-impressions, as Bacon rightly says, what he says for Coleridge is that " our perception can apprehend through the organs of sense only the phenomena evoked by the experiment, but that same power of mind which out of its own laws has proposed the experiment, can judge whether in nature there is a law correspondent to the same."
+ The organizing idea for Bacon is something different from sense-experience.
+ So in summary, for Coleridge, Bacon's system is properly one that derives from and depends on the supersensible realm.
+ Thus, method involves the ordering of sense-data according to an idea which is not derived from the senses, but informs the data, such that their meaning is revealed when properly ordered - this order is not a matter of chance or random happenings out of the sense-data, but directed by the very nature of the idea being used, consciously or sub-consciously (as is most often the case in scientific genius).
+ From our innate experience of a connection with that which we experience as also separate, arises the necessary corollary that there is a dynamic relationship (because polar) between ourselves and nature.
+ Thus, the method of inquiry that Coleridge develops 'is a holistic, relational metaphysic that is perpetually self-correcting' and this ongoing metaphysical/scientific inquiry has two defining features: a leading thought and a progression or advancement, that it 'cannot...otherwise than by abuse, be applied to a mere dead arrangement, containing in itself a distinct science, the immediate offspring of philosophy, and the link or mordant by which philosophy becomes scientific and the sciences philosophical'.
+ Whewell's inductivism shares "numerous features with Bacon's method of interpreting nature" such as that induction must go beyond merely simple collation of instances and that inductive science can reach unobservables - "for Bacon, the “forms,” for Whewell, unobservable entities such as light waves or properties such as elliptical orbits or gravitational forces."
+ For Whewell as for Bacon the mind had to be engaged actively in what was selected for observation and then when it was observed, otherwise "the resulting theory is not an “induction,” but rather a “hasty and imperfect hypothesis.”
+ Whewell's is an inductive method "yet it clearly differs from the more narrow inductivism of Mill."
+ Charles Sanders Peirce pointed out why Bacon's approach, which involves what he calls abduction as well as induction, tended to become reduced to induction, and then collapsed by Popper into the hypothetico-deductive model, where the hypothesis, which contains both the abductive inference and the inductive reasoning, becomes just a guess rather than being seen as a result of careful thought - Bacon's 'lumens siccum'.
+
+= = = Maenoshin Yasuo = = =
+
+ Maenoshin Yasuo (born 17 April 1961 as Yasuo Sawabe) is a former sumo wrestler from Chikuho, Fukuoka, Japan. He made his professional debut in March 1977, and reached the top division in November 1985. His highest rank was "komusubi". He retired in March 1990. He became an elder of the Sumo Association under the name Yamahibiki, but was forced to leave his position for disciplinary reasons in January 1997.
+
+
+= = = Ray Barrett (athlete) = = =
+
+ Raymond Barrett (1952 – August 2000) was an Indigenous Australian Paralympic athlete left a paraplegic following a car accident. Prior to this he was a champion juvenile athlete in able bodied sports. A Bronze medalist at the 1972 Summer Paralympics Heidelberg Germany, a high achiever at the Stoke Mandeville Games England, Commonwealth Paraplegic Games, National Paraplegic and Quadriplegic Games, FESPIC Games and State selection trials. A sporting complex in the Sutherland Shire of Sydney is named in his honor. The people of this Shire were his 'significant others'.
+ Raymond Barrett was born in 1952. He attended the Woolloomooloo Day Nursery during his pre-school years. His mother Barbara Evans, grandfather Charles Merritt and great grandmother Emily Wedge were indigenous Australians of the Wiradjuri people, Aboriginal farming families at Blakney and Pudman Creeks, New South Wales.
+ In 1965, while riding his bicycle home from Heathcote High School in New South Wales (NSW), he was accidentally hit by a car and became a paraplegic wheelchair user at 13 years of age. After spending twelve months in hospital he returned home to be cared for by his mother, Barbara, and stepfather Robert (Bob) Evans. Prior to the accident he was a champion archer, and a member of the Sutherland Shire Athletic Club. He broke records that held for nine years in Shot Put and Discus as well as long distance running and sprints. Following his discharge from hospital, he joined the Paraplegic Association of NSW. Due to problems with the steps at primary school, Barrett completed his high school education at Lakemba School for the Handicapped in the suburbs of Sydney. Later he trained to be a printer under a scheme conducted by the New South Wales Disabled Workers' Organisation.
+ The New South Wales Association for training the Disabled in Office Work (NADOW), awarded Barrett the honour of "Trainee of the Year". He was one of the first NADOW trainees to operate an Offset Printing Press from a wheelchair during his rehabilitation in the spinal unit of Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney.
+ Barrett, an electrical technician at the poker machine company Nut and Muddle, Darlinghurst a suburb of Sydney, worked Monday to Friday for eight years and in the evenings he concentrated on his athletic training.
+ The sporting complex at Port Hacking High School, Miranda, a suburb of Sydney, is named 'The Ray Barrett Field' in recognition of Barrett's sportmanship. Built on an area of the school campus that was originally a wasteland, 200,000 cubic metres of fill, taken from local excavations, was used to fill the site.
+ Plans added in 1974, included a 6-metre running track around the perimeter of the complex. At the tree-planting ceremony in 1977, pupils planted 60 trees around the perimeter of The Ray Barrett Field that was made available for all community sports.
+ Barret, along with fellow Indigenous Australian Tracy Barrell OAM, was honoured in the 100 years centenary celebration book of the Sutherland Shire 1906-2006
+ Barrett's noted official duties in his sporting career included: An official of the Sutherland Athletic Club and timekeeper for the New South Wales Athletic Association, timekeeper at the 'able bodied' National Games Melbourne Australia, appointed an official for the British Commonwealth Games Selection Trials in October 1973.
+ Athletes competing at the 1972 Summer Paralympics Heidelberg, Germany required financial assistance of $1800 to be eligible to attend the Games. Barrett contacted the International Lions Club of Engadine, New South Wales, Australia, who held a fundraising event at the local Returned Servicemens League (RSL) Club and raised $1000 towards the targeted cost. Realizing that additional finance was needed, the club appealed to the Sutherland Shire Council and all local organisations and interested people in the Sutherland Shire, a Local Government area of Sydney, to support The Raymond Barrett Olympic Fund.
+ Barrett also wrote to fifty companies seeking sponsorship but without success. He contacted Jack Griffiths, the Promotion Manager of Westfield Shopping Town, Miranda Fair, Miranda, a suburb of Sydney, who held a competition in which the retail industry of the shopping centre provided the prize. Barrett sold raffle tickets throughout the competition and presented the prize of a gold Seiko watch. The generosity of this community in assisting Barrett with funds needed, was recognised at a community event in which the Governor General of Australia attended.
+ Major athletic events of Barrett's sporting career:
+ Barrett competed in other Games while travelling through Europe after the Stoke Mandeville Games of 1974, winning a Gold medal in Disabled Sports Competition in Holland. Both he and his friend Paralympian Hugh Patterson, who travelled with him, were invited to coach Wheelchair Basketball in Basle, Switzerland.
+ Following his return home from Europe, both he and Hugh Patterson were involved in a car accident. Barrett was left an incomplete quadriplegic with brain stem damage and after two years in hospital, returned to his home in Heathcote, NSW. Later he moved to the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, where he lived in the care of his parents. He died in August 2000, having lived thirty-five years after his first accident.
+
+= = = 1948 Salad Bowl = = =
+
+ The 1948 Salad Bowl was a postseason American college football bowl game between the Nevada Wolf Pack and the North Texas State Eagles at Montgomery Stadium in Phoenix, Arizona, on January 1, 1948. The game marked the first bowl game for each school.
+ It was the 1st edition of the annual Salad Bowl. North Texas represented the Lone Star Conference in the contest, while Nevada competed as an Independent. In a defensive struggle, Nevada would earn their first bowl win with a 13–6 victory.
+ The Salad Bowl began as the idea of Herb Askins, a prominent businessman in the Phoenix area and the president of the Phoenix Kiwanis Club. The game was intended to serve as a community-minded fund raiser with all proceeds going to local charities that helped handicapped children. Although the seeds for the Salad Bowl were planted in Askin's mind prior to World War II, the game would not come to fruition until 1948.
+ The site of the game was Montgomery Stadium at Phoenix Union High School. Arizona State College's Goodwin Stadium was entertained as a possible site of the game although it was ultimately rejected as Montgomery had a seating capacity of 23,000 as opposed to Goodwin's 15,000.
+ The Eagles entered its first bowl game with a 10-1 record and the Lone Star Conference championship in hand. The 1947 team was dominant, holding 5 opponents scoreless and 10 to a touchdown or less. The Eagles' lone loss was a 12-0 defeat against Arkansas in Little Rock which was followed by a victory in Gainesville against Florida.
+ The Nevada Wolfpack also entered its first bowl game with an 8-2 record. The Wolfpack was led by All-American and Heisman Finalist Stan Heath. Nevada originally accepted its invitation to the salad bowl however, weeks prior to the game, the team voted not to participate in the game. Nevada ultimately attended after the threat of lawsuit.
+ North Texas scored first before Nevada added a pair of touchdowns, with the second one coming late in the fourth quarter. A missed extra point kept North Texas within a touchdown, but a final drive stalled at the Nevada 28 when a likely game-winning score was dropped in the end zone. All players received a wristwatch after the game as a token of appreciation.
+
+= = = 1977 Northern Mariana Islands constitutional referendum = = =
+
+ A constitutional referendum was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 6 March 1977. The new constitution was approved by 93% of voters and came into force on 9 January 1978.
+ A Constitutional Assembly had been elected and drafted the new constitution between 18 October until 5 December 1976.
+
+= = = Julian Korb = = =
+
+ Julian Korb (born 21 March 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a right back for Hannover 96.
+ Korb played in TuS Preußen Vluyn, Hülser SV und DJK/VfL Tönisberg youth teams. In 2004, Korb joined MSV Duisburg youth academy, and two years afterwards, in 2006, Korb joined Borussia Mönchengladbach youth academy. He then spent the next five years developing in Gladbach's academy, before making his debut in a senior game in January 2010, with the B team of Gladbach.
+ On 5 May 2012, Korb was handed his first team debut by manager Lucien Favre in a 3-0 Bundesliga win over Mainz 05, coming off the bench in the 73rd minute to replace Tolga Cigerci. On 6 December 2012, he made his UEFA Europa League debut, in the 3-0 group stage win over Fenerbahçe.
+ In 2013/14 season, Korb made his breakthrough into the Bundesliga. He made 22 appearances in this season, helping Gladbach to qualify to UEFA Champions League group stage. He also helped the club to do so in the next two years afterwards.
+ Korb joined Hannover 96 in the summer 2017 for a transfer fee of 3,00 Mill. €.
+ Korb has 10 appearances in Germany under-21. He have previously represented the U15, U17 and U19 teams of Germany.
+
+= = = Karl Emil Tandberg = = =
+
+ Karl Emil Tandberg (11 December 1873 – 1942) was a Norwegian businessperson.
+ He was born in Hole. He was the manager and owner of Oslo Baand- og Lidsefabrikk, a band and lace factory at Rodeløkka. He was member of the Federation of Norwegian Industries board as a representative of the domestic industry group, a board member of "De Norske Bomuldsvarefabrikers Forening", Askim Gummivarefabrik, Den Norske Kalosje- og Gummivarefabrik, Den Norske Remfabrik, Hasle Brug, Grand Hotel and a supervisory council member of Hotel Bristol.
+
+= = = Akenohoshi Women's Junior College = = =
+
+
+= = = Tish-atal = = =
+
+ Tish-atal (Hurrian ) (fl. c. 21st century BC) was endan of Urkesh during the Third Dynasty of Ur. He was one of the earliest known Hurrian rulers, but the archaeological record is fragmentary for this period, and no precise date can be ascribed to his reign.
+ In older literature the name "Tishari" is sometimes used, but it has now been established that the correct rendering is Tish-atal. Two other rulers with a similar name are known from around the same period, Tish-atal of Nineveh and Dishatal, king of Karahar. These are thought to be distinct persons, so the name was probably common in the area where the Hurrians lived.
+ A cuneiform inscription about a temple of Nergal is the only source for Tish-atal. The text is found on two bronze lion statuettes, but there is a better preserved copy on a stone tablet, now in the Louvre Museum, along with one of the lions. This famous inscription is the earliest known writing in the Hurrian language. The following translation is given by Mirjo Salvini:
+ "Tish-atal, endan of Urkesh, has built a temple for Nergal. May the god Lubadag protect it. He who destroys this temple, may Lubadag destroy. May the god [...] not hear his prayers. May the lady of Nagar, Shimaga and the storm god curse ten thousand times he who destroys it."
+
+= = = Branimir Hrgota = = =
+
+ Branimir Hrgota (; born 12 January 1993) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a striker for Greuther Fürth in the 2. Bundesliga.
+ Hrgota started his career as a youth player in lower league side IK Tord which he combined with competing in karate. In 2008, he made the decision to give up martial arts and transferred to second division team Jönköpings Södra. He made his debut with the first team in 2011 and became the league top scorer that season, netting 18 goals in 25 games. After the season Hrgota received the Player of the Year award from the club supporters. Several clubs were interested in buying him after his successful debut year but Hrgota decided to stay with Jönköpings Södra so that he could finish school in the spring. He went on to score 10 goals in 14 games the following season before moving to Germany in the summer.
+ On 4 July 2012, he completed his move to the German club Borussia Mönchengladbach. He made his Bundesliga debut against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim as 74th-minute substitute, replacing Mike Hanke. On 11 May 2013, he made the first eleven for the first time against 1. FSV Mainz 05. He made a big impact on the game scoring a hat-trick. His first ever Bundesliga goal was a converted penalty five minutes before half-time. In the second half he scored two more goals, both with his left foot. After 85 minutes he was substituted for Lukas Rupp. On 15 June 2016, it was announced that Hrgota would join fellow Bundesliga team Eintracht Frankfurt on a three-year contract.
+ Hrgota scored in his first goal in the game in a 4–3 penalty shoot-out victory against 1. FC Magdeburg in the DFB-Pokal on 21 August 2016. On 20 December 2016, before the winter break, he scored a brace in a 3–0 win over 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga. Despite failing to score in the semi-final cup tie away from home against his former club Borussia Mönchengladbach on 25 April 2017, Hrgota slotted home the winning penalty in the shoot-out which Eintracht Frankfurt won 7–6, having drawn the game 1–1 in normal time.
+ On 7 August 2019, Hrgota joined Greuther Fürth on a two-year deal.
+ Hrgota was eligible to play national team football for Sweden, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Croatia U21 coach Ivo Šušak contacted him during the fall of 2012 in an attempt to bring Hrgota over to his team. However, in the summer of 2014, prior to Sweden's game against Austria in the UEFA European Championship qualifiers, Hrgota was called up to, and accepted to join, the Sweden national team.
+ Hrgota was born in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. His parents are ethnic Croats. The family moved to Sweden when Branimir was a child, settling in Jönköping.
+
+= = = List of members of the Løgting, 2004–08 = = =
+
+ A list of members of the Løgting from 2004 to 2008. The Løgting had 32 members this period. After 2008 the number of members was 33. The election for the Løgting was held on 20 January 2004. Tjóðveldi (Republic) got 8 members elected, Union Party, Social Democratic Party and People's Party got 7 members elected, Centre Party got 2 members and Self-Government Party got one member elected for the Løgting.
+
+= = = Bakoko people = = =
+
+ The Bakoko, also known as the Basoo, are an ethnic group in Cameroon. According to 2010 figures there are around 111,000 of them, mostly concentrated in the Littoral Region in the southwest of the country. They speak the Bakoko language, which is a Bantu language, and are related to the Bassa people. These people put up a resistance to the Germans when they invaded in 1889.
+
+= = = Giuseppe Pira = = =
+
+ Giuseppe Pira (born 1 January 1992) is an Italian footballer who played in the Bulgarian A PFG for Botev Vratsa.
+
+= = = Taisiya Osipova = = =
+
+ Taisiya Vital'evna Osipova (Russian: Таисия Витальевна Осипова, born 26 August 1984 in Smolensk) is a Russian opposition activist from the unregistered National Bolshevik Party and "The Other Russia" party. She is the wife of opposition activist Sergei Fomchenkov.
+ In 2011 Osipova was sentenced by the Russian courts to 10 years in prison for possession of heroin. In 2012 the sentence was reduced to 8 years in a retrial ordered by a higher court, after President Dmitry Medvedev had called her original sentence "too harsh". Osipova claims the heroin had been planted in a police raid. Mikhail Fedotov, head of Russia's council on human rights, has called the verdict a "legal mistake".
+ She was released in February 2017.
+
+= = = Sheila Gaff = = =
+
+ Sheila Gaff (December 29, 1989) is a German mixed martial artist, and was fighting in the bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship but was released on August 12, 2013. Since May 14, 2015 she has been under contract with XFC. She is known for her berserker fighting style, which has resulted in most of her wins coming via (T)KO stoppage within the first two minutes. Gaff has also worked a lot on her ground fighting, which led to successful participations in grappling tournaments. She is also known for being the first-ever woman released by UFC.
+ Gaff made her mixed martial arts debut on September 2, 2006. She won six of her first eight fights over the next three years.
+ On March 27, 2010, Gaff competed in a one-night tournament at Upcoming Glory 7. She defeated Lena Buytendijk in the first round and lost to Romy Ruyssen later in the night.
+ Gaff faced Cindy Dandois two months later at M-1 Selection 2010: Western Europe Round 3. She was disqualified after landing an illegal knee early in the third round.
+ On February 26, 2011, Gaff dropped down to 125 pounds to face Hanna Sillen at The Zone FC 8: Inferno. She defeated Sillen by knockout in eight seconds.
+ Gaff made her Cage Warriors debut when she fought Ireland's Aisling Daly at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 41 on April 24, 2011 in Kentish Town, London. She defeated Daly by TKO in the first round.
+ Gaff was then scheduled to face Angela Hayes at Cage Warriors: Fight Night 2, but had to pull out due to illness and was replaced by Aisling Daly.
+ Gaff next fought Jennifer Maia at Cage Warriors: Fight Night 4 as part of a four-woman flyweight tournament to crown the inaugural Cage Warriors women's flyweight champion. She defeated Maia via knockout in ten seconds due to cheap shots during what was supposed to be a glove touch.
+ Gaff was scheduled to face Rosi Sexton in the tournament final at Cage Warriors Fighting Championship 49 on October 27, 2012 in Cardiff, Wales. Voluntary Anti-Doping Association (VADA) drug testing was used in the weeks prior to the planned fight. However, the bout was cancelled on October 19 when Gaff withdrew due to illness.
+ On March 1, 2013, German website groundandpound.de reported that Gaff had signed a 4-fight contract with the UFC to join the UFC women's bantamweight division. She faced Sara McMann at UFC 159 on April 27. Gaff lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
+ In her second fight with the promotion, Gaff faced Amanda Nunes at UFC 163 on August 3, 2013. She lost the fight via TKO in the first round.
+ On August 12, 2013 German MMA magazine GroundandPound reported her release from the UFC. She was also the first-ever woman released by UFC.
+ On April 14, 2015 Gaff signed a 6-fight contract with XFC. She joins the Strawweight division of the organisation. Gaff debuted at XFCi 11 in Sao Paulo, Brazil on September 19, 2015 against Antonia Silvaneide. She won the fight via submission in Round 1.
+ After XFC closing operations for undetermined time, Gaff signed a 1-fight contract with Polish organization KSW. She faced Brazilian prospect Ariane Lipski at her debut in a flyweight contest. She lost via KO (punches) in Round 1.
+
+= = = Forsikringsselskapet Norge = = =
+
+ Forsikringsselskapet Norge ("Insurance Company Norway") was a general insurance company based in Drammen, Norway.
+ It was founded as Brandforsikringsselskabet Norge on 9 May 1857 as a fire insurance company. The founder and first chief executive was H. F. Bang.
+ In 1888 he was succeeded by Alb. Mohn. From 1899 to 1919 Aage Lammers was the chief executive, and from 1919 Johs. Thv. Thomassen. Nils J. Hagerup later took over. In 1988, the company was acquired by Forenede-Gruppen ("Forenede Forsikring"). In 1993, Forenede Forsikring was merged with Gjensidige Forsikring ASA.
+
+= = = Lancs/Cheshire Division 1 = = =
+
+ Lancs/Cheshire Division 1 (formerly South Lancs/Cheshire 1) is a regional English rugby union league at the seventh tier of club rugby union for teams from Cheshire, Merseyside, Lancashire and Greater Manchester. Promoted teams enter North 1 West while relegated teams typically drop down to Lancs/Cheshire Division 2. Each season two teams from Lancs/Cheshire 1 are picked to take part in the RFU Intermediate Cup (a national competition for clubs at level 7) - one affiliated with the Cheshire RFU, the other with the Lancashire RFU.
+ Up until the 2017-18 season the division was known as South Lancs/Cheshire 1 but the name changed for the 2018-19 season due to restructuring of the northern leagues by the RFU due to 19 Lancashire clubs withdrawing from RFU competitions across the leagues to form their own competitions. This would see the North Lancashire/Cumbria division abolished, with Lancashire-based sides from that league being transferred into Lancs/Cheshire 1, while the Cumbria sides were transferred into Cumbria 1. The cancellation of North Lancashire/Cumbria would also see an end to the playoff between the runners up of the two divisions for the final promotion place to North 1 West.
+ From the 2018-19 season onwards there will be a play-off between the runners-up of Cumbria 1 and Lancs/Cheshire 1 for the third and final promotion place to North 1 West. Previously Lancs/Cheshire sides had faced teams from North Lancashire/Cumbria (see following subsection). As of 2018–19 Lancs/Cheshire sides have one win to Cumbria's zero; and the home side has one win to the away side's zero.
+ Between the 2000–01 and 2017-18 seasons there was a play-off between the runners-up of North Lancashire/Cumbria and South Lancs/Cheshire 1 for the third and final promotion place to North 1 West. The team with the superior league record had home advantage in the tie. This continued until the North Lancashire/Cumbria division was abolished due to RFU restructuring of the leagues. At the end of the 2017–18 season the North Lancashire/Cumbria and South Lancs/Cheshire 1 team sides had nine wins apiece; and the home team had won promotion on thirteen occasions compared to the away teams five.
+
+= = = Yossi Aharon = = =
+
+ Yossi Aharon () is a musician and virtuoso Greek bouzouki player from Tiberias, Israel.
+ Yossi Aharon began his musical career at age 6 and learned to play mandolin, violin and piano. He showed talent and loved to play classical melodies of popular composers. He studied computing and successfully graduated.
+ During a visit to Greece, he started to learn to play bouzouki. He was influenced by Greek culture and developed a deep affinity for Greek music and Rebetiko. In Israel, He began teaching the instrument.
+ He built a new website called "The Greek world" (Hebrew: “Haolam Ha’yevani”) containing information on Greek music and culture. The website received thousands of unique users each month. He wrote the book “Kessem Ha’bouzouki” (“The Magic of Bouzouki”), a comprehensive Greek bouzouki method book in Hebrew include Greek musical scales. More than 1000 copies of the book were sold in Israel. His great passion for Greek music and constant visits to Greece caused him to abandon his profession to spend his time in music.
+ In August 2012, he released the album “Melodies From The Heart”, a Greek bouzouki instrumentals album.
+
+= = = Orwa Nyrabia = = =
+
+ Orwa Nyrabia (; born 16 December 1977) is an independent Syrian documentary film festival director, producer, filmmaker, trainer, human rights defender and co-founder of DOX BOX International Documentary Film Festival in Syria. Nyrabia is a resident of Berlin, Germany, since the end of 2013 In January 2018 Nyrabia became the director of International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam (IDFA).
+ Nyrabia graduated with a degree of acting from the Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts in Damascus, Syria. From 1997 to 2002, Nyrabia wrote regularly for Lebanese daily "As-Safir". In 2004, he starred in Yousry Nasrallah's ""The Gate of Sun"". The film, an adaptation of Elias Khoury's novel with the same name, was screened at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival. Nyrabia also worked on several feature films as a first assistant director.
+ Nyrabia trained as a film producer at the INA/Sorbonne in France. In 2002, he co-founded Proaction Films, the first independent film production and distribution company in Syria. He and his partner and wife, Diana El Jeiroudi, launched DOX BOX in early 2008. The international documentary film festival grew quickly into the most important documentary film gathering in the Arab World. The festival started with screenings in Damascus cinemas but from 2009 on screenings were expanded to other Syrian cities including Homs and Tartus. Along with the annual festival, many workshops and activities were offered to young Syrian filmmakers. The fifth edition of the festival, planned for March 2012, was cancelled in protest of the Syrian government's crackdown on protesters during the ongoing Syrian uprising. Instead, Nyrabia advocated for Syrian documentary films to be shown in festivals around the world in what was termed the "Dox Box Global Day." The aim, according to the DOX BOX website, was to show "how poverty, oppression and isolation do not prevent humans from being spectacularly brave, stubborn and dignified." His work with DOX BOX earned him and his partner, Diana El Jeiroudi, several awards including the Katrin Cartlidge Award and the European Documentary Award in 2012.
+ The most significant of the films Nyrabia produced was the 2008 documentary Dolls, A Woman from Damascus, by Diana El Jeiroudi, Syrian filmmaker and Nyrabia's partner; the film was screened in over 40 countries around the world, on Television, in festivals and Art exhibitions.
+ In 2013, while residing in Egypt., Nyrabia produced the documentary film Return to Homs, by Syrian filmmaker Talal Derki, and the film became the very first film from the Arab World to open the prestigious IDFA, in November 2013., Return To Homs won many awards including the Grand Jury Prize of 2014 Sundance Film Festival.
+ In 2014, he was one of the producers of the highly acclaimed film Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait, directed by seasoned Syrian filmmaker Ossama Mohammed in collaboration with Wiam Simav Bedirxan , premiered at the Cannes Film Festival Official Selection, and received highest critical claim by major outlets such as Le Monde and Variety. Nyrabia's success in 2014 was highlighted by CBS's show 60 Minutes on December 15, 2014.
+ Nyrabia served on the juries of many international film festivals and funds, including IDFA, Prince Claus Fund and Dok Leipzig, among others. He also worked as a documentary film tutor at various prestigious workshops, such as the IDFA Academy and the Encounters documentary workshop in Cape Town, South Africa. In June 2017, Nyrabia, together with his partner Diana El Jeiroudi, were the very first Syrians to be invited as members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
+ Nyrabia's role in the drafting of the Syrian filmmakers' international Call in late April 2011, which is the Syrian uprising's first public statement by a professional group, is known to be central. The call was signed by over 70 Syrian filmmakers, inviting filmmakers around the world to join in demanding democracy for Syria. Stars like Juliette Binoche, Mohsen Makhmalbaf. Mike Leigh were among more than one thousand international film professionals who joined the call.
+ Nyrabia has been one of the unnamed people behind Syria's most famous grassroots revolutionary organization, Local Coordination Committees in Syria, working on activists’ support and humanitarian aid to displaced citizens. Arabic media praised Nyrabia for his role in humanitarian work, mainly to displaced civilians from Homs.
+ It is known that Nyrabia worked closely with renowned Syrian opposition figures and activists, such as Riad Seif and Razan Zaitouneh.
+ Nyrabia's father, Mouaffaq Nyrabia, is also a known Leftist political dissident, previously detained by the Syrian authorities, and has been the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces's representative to the EU in the years 2013-2015 and then the Coalition's Vice President in 2016.
+ Since Razan Zaitouneh was abducted late 2013 in Douma, near Damascus, by an unknown group of extremists, Nyrabia became the temporary Acting Director of the organization she founded and directed, Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria (VDC).
+ Nyrabia was reportedly arrested at Damascus International Airport by Syrian authorities on 23 August 2012. His family lost contact with him shortly before he was supposed to board an EgyptAir flight to Cairo. The airline company confirmed that Nyrabia did not board their flight. He was reportedly released on 12 September.
+ Later on, Nyrabia announced on his personal Facebook page that the Syrian Military Intelligence was responsible for his detention. Nyrabia was released following an international filmmakers' campaign for his freedom, in which thousands of film professionals from around the world demanded his freedom in the media. These included Robert De Niro, Robert Redford, Charlotte Rampling, Kevin Spacey, Juliette Binoche and many others. The campaign was a rare example of successful pressure on the Syrian government, as it was the reason why he was released without charges. Following his release, Nyrabia published a letter of thanks to everybody who participated in the campaign
+
+= = = John Apacible = = =
+
+ Enrique Rustia Apacible III, popularly known as John Apacible (January 22, 1973 – March 20, 2011) was a Filipino television and movie actor who worked in Filipino productions.
+ He was born in Cainta, Rizal on January 22, 1973.
+ John Apacible's showbiz career took off in 1996 when he was launched as a leading man in Joey Gosiengfiao's film "Nights of Serafina". Among his showbiz contemporaries also launched in the movie were Georgia Ortega (in her first title role) and Angelika dela Cruz. His hunk image enabled him to land successive leading man roles in various sexy films. Eventually he moved on to playing character roles in both TV and film.
+ Apacible's last television appearance was on ABS-CBN's "Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin" where he played a commandant of lead star Coco Martin. He became popular in the 1990s.
+ John Apacible died on March 20, 2011, when his uncle shot him during a drinking session.
+
+= = = Emine Semiye Önasya = = =
+
+ Emine Semiye Önasya (28 March 1864 – 1944), mostly known as Emine Semiye and Emine Vahide, was a Turkish writer, activist, and early feminist.
+ Emine Semiye was born in Istanbul on 28 March 1866. She was the second daughter of Ahmed Cevdet Pasha and sister of Fatma Aliye. Her mother was Adviye Rabia Hanım. Emine Semiye studied psychology and sociology in France and Switzerland for seven years. She was one of the first Ottoman Muslim women educated in Europe.
+ Beginning in 1882, Emine Semiye worked as a Turkish and literature teacher in Istanbul and in other provinces. She served as an inspector at girls’ schools and an assistant nurse at Şişli Etfal Hospital. Her writings on politics and education were published in the newspapers such as "Mütalaa" (in Thessalonica) and "Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete" ("Newspaper for Women" in English) after the declaration of constitutional monarchy in 1908 (see Second Constitutional Era). She also wrote a math textbook entitled "Hulasa-i Ilm-i Hesap" in 1893. Her most-known novels are "Sefalet" (1908) ("Poverty") and "Gayya Kuyusu" ("The Pit of Hell").
+ Emine Semiye, together with her older sister Fatma Aliye, was a significant figure for the Ottoman women movement. She established several charity organizations to help women. She always struggled for women's rights. She became a member of the progressive Committee of Union and Progress and later, the Ottoman Democratic Party. In 1920, she was named a member of the governing board of the Turkish Press Association, which had been called the Ottoman Press Association until that year.
+ Emine Semiye lived for a long time in Paris. She married twice. Her first husband was Mustafa Bey. The second was Reşit Pasha. They divorced later. She had a two sons; one from each husband. Their names are Hasan Riza, son of Mustafa Bey and Cevdet Lagaş, son to Reşit Pasha. She died in Istanbul in 1944.
+
+= = = Lancs/Cheshire Division 2 = = =
+
+ Lancs/Cheshire Division 2 (formerly South Lancs/Cheshire 2) is a regional English Rugby Union league for teams from Cheshire, Merseyside, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, ranked at tier 8 of the English league system. The top two clubs are promoted to Lancs/Cheshire Division 1 and the bottom two clubs are relegated to Lancs/Cheshire Division 3. Each season two teams from Lancs/Cheshire Division 2 are picked to take part in the RFU Senior Vase (a national competition for clubs at level 8) - one affiliated with the Cheshire RFU, the other with the Lancashire RFU.
+ The division had a break for the 2015-16 season as the RFU decided to restructure the South Lancs/Cheshire league into three zones - Merseyside (West), Cheshire (South) and Lancashire (North). This was short-lived and the division returned to its original format for the 2016-17 season - with only Lancashire (North) remaining of the three zones. Up until the 2017-18 season the division was known as South Lancs/Cheshire 2 but the name changed for the 2018-19 season due to restructuring of the northern leagues by the RFU due to 19 Lancashire clubs withdrawing from RFU competitions across the leagues to form their own competitions. This would see the North Lancashire/Cumbria division abolished, with Lancashire-based sides from that league being transferred into Lancs/Cheshire 1, while the Cumbria sides were transferred into Cumbria 1.
+ For the 2015-16 season this league, and South Lancs/Cheshire 3, were replaced by three county-wide leagues - Cheshire (South), Merseyside (West) and Lancashire (North). However, with the exception of Lancashire North, the county leagues were axed after just one season and the South Lancs/Cheshire leagues were restored.
+
+= = = Thessaloniki Lions RFC = = =
+
+ Thessaloniki Lions RFC is a Greek rugby union club that was established in 2008 and since then participating in the Greek rugby union championship. It has more than 40 registered players. The club's best league position was second at the end of the 2012-2013 season. Since the 2013-2014 season, the club has joined the Unity Cup championship which brings together six other teams from the country. The club nowadays trains at Papafio pitch (Katsimidi street, Thessaloniki). The budget of the club is fueled solely by the contributions of the players since its creation.
+ Rugby was played in Thessaloniki since the early 2000s, before the establishment of the Hellenic Rugby Federation in 2004. Spartakos Rugby Club was the predecessor of Thessaloniki Lions Rugby Club. Spartakos participated at the first national championship that took place during the 2004-2005 season. Spartakos Rugby Club managed to participate several times in the semi-finals of the Greek championship, usually divided in two groups (North and South), while later a round-robin format was introduced. The players practicing rugby before the 2004-2005 season were making long trips to Athens or across the border in Bulgaria in order to play matches.
+ In the end of the 2007-2008 season, a handful of players from the Spartakos Rugby Club decided to leave the club establish their own. This resulted in the (unofficial) founding of Thessaloniki Lions Rugby Club in May, 2008.
+ On October 10, 2008, Lions' first game was held at Evosmos against the local club of Makedones, where they got their first victory. The final score was '20-24'.
+ From the very first year onward, the Lions Rugby club has entered the national championship where the team qualified for the semi-final play-offs. Later on, in May 2010, Thessaloniki Lions play their first international match against a Serbian club, Krusevac Wolves, at Krusevac. After a big fight and lot of sweat, the team wins the game very hard by 28-29 against a young and voluntary team. A year after (2011), the club managed to finish third at the national championship after two Athenian clubs: Athens RFC and Attica Springboks. During the 2012-2013 season, after a tough championship start and a defeat against Iraklis RFC, the team becomes better throughout the season managing their first ever victory over defending champions Athens RFC at homeground. Lions won the match 16-8 on January 26, 2013; enabling them to dream of the title in 2013. According to the ranking of the federation, Thessaloniki Lions finish second. However, the participating teams file a claim in court for various irregularities made by the federation and its board of directors. In October 2013, the club decides to leave the national championship in order to join a championship which was not recognized by the national federation, named as: Unity Cup. It consisted of seven teams: Attica Springboks, Panathinaïkos (ex-Athens RFC), Spartans, Aeolos Patras, Peristeri and the Titans of Kavala. On November 2, 2013, the Lions play their first Unity Cup match against the Titans Kavala. After five seasons, the club leaves the national championship like six other teams of the country. In September 2014 an administrative decision issued by the Ministry of Sports in Greece announced the dissolution of the national federation of rugby for false declarations of clubs having a rugby activity in previous years. Indeed, the Greek law provides that a federation can exist only according to a threshold of official clubs which was denounced in this announcement.
+ On October 2, 2014, Lions played their third international match against the Kosovo Roosters of Pristina, which takes place in Skopje. This is a test match before the beginning of the second edition of the Unity Cup. Lions were defeated by 62-18.
+ After the separation and disappearance of the club Spartakos Thermaïkos, the club of Thessaloniki Lions is established in May, 2008 by former its players. They decide to build a new team with new bases in order to be more efficient. Three objectives guide the new club: the national championship, recognition in northern Greece and presence of players in the national team.
+ With about 20 registered players in 2008, the club now has more than 40 club members. The team has been present since its inception at all national organizations and events: XV or 15 Championships, Seven's tournaments, beach rugby. In 2010 the Lions team helped with the creation of a rugby union club in Kavala, Kavala Titans, which later join the AO Kavala.
+ Thessaloniki Lions Rugby Club has participated in the Greek Championship since the club's establishment in 2008. The club also participates in the Greek Rugby 7's Championship on several occasions. During the 2009-2010 season, the club finished second, after losing in the final, on May 30, 2010 22-12 from Athens RFC. Thessaloniki Lions have also participated in every beach rugby tournament organised by Kavala Titans and AO Kavala.
+ When the club was founded in 2008, it was the Georgian coach, Zaza Navrozashvili, who led the team's training. His experience as a former player of the Rustavi club in Georgia and Spartakos Thermaikos made him the most experienced, ready to take charge of the team.
+ For eight consecutive seasons he trains the players of Thessaloniki Lions in order to place the club among the top tier Greek clubs.
+ The last seasons, he takes charge of the training and the physical condition of the players during the summer period. He is the head coach of the team and covers most of the training.
+ More specific, his experience as a third-row player, has helped Thessaloniki Lions forwards and backs improve their skills and tactical game, inspired by defense. This has led the team have a good general technical level by playing an effective game of solid defense. The first signs of this success are characterized by the semi-final match in Rhodes in 2010 by defeating them with a score of 57-14 in the championship in October 2009. Coach Zaza imposes his plan of play offering a solid response to the players of Rhodes six months later with another win by: 24-14.
+ As the seasons progresses, the team becomes increasingly competitive with strong opposition against Panathinaikos RFC for three seasons before beating them in April 2013. In September 2013, Zaza Navrozashvili left Thessaloniki and Greece for time, after having lived there for more than 18 years. Later on, he returned to his team (Lions RFC) and starting making new preparations since there were new arrivals who wanted to learn the sport and play for the team. In October 2015 the Coach of Lions started a Serious training with the new teammates and tried to make them play test matches. In 26 of March, 2016 the Lions RFC (consisted of both old teammates and new entrants) played against Panathinaikos RFC in their own pitch in Thessaloniki where the game was very competitive and unfortunately came with a late loss (19-22).
+ The rivalries of the Thessaloniki Lions are those against other clubs from the city of Thessaloniki: Iraklis Thessaloniki RFC. This is the classic derby of the city since the other club Makedones from the city of Evosmos no longer exists. The matches took place within the Greek rugby championship from the 2008-2009 season until the 2012-2013 season.
+ In the derby with Makedones Evosmos, the Lions record: 2 victories.
+ In the derby with Iraklis Thessaloniki, the Lions record: 1 victory, 1 draw, 3 defeats
+ The training of the team has taken place since the club's inception until March 2012, at the Environmental Park of Thermi, while official matches were played at Matta Sports Complex, at Néa Rédaisto. Since the spring of 2012, the team has also been training on a public field of Thermi's at Néa Rédaisto. Since 2014 Thessaloniki Lions were using as training ground the artificial pitch of Malakopi.
+ Starting from the 2015-2016 season, the team has a designated pitch at the center of Thessaloniki, the pitch is named PAPAFIO and its location is in Katsimidi street.
+ The team has been regularly feeding Greece's national rugby union team since its founding. The first selected players are present from the first team in Greece. Vaggelis Vassiliadis and Iannis Rizos then in Spartakos joined the team in 2005 and played against Azerbaijan in Baku. Then, several other players are called to strengthen the National: Stavros Bochoris and Georgios Gravalas. In 2008, the Greek team joined the top division and young players are called from the Lions, newly formed team: Thodoris Fotiou, Kostas Evaggelopoulos. At the same time, Greece's under-20 team is formed, also composed by many players of the Lions team: Larentzakis, Batianis, Terezakis, Evaggelopoulos. For some, the youth team will be the way to integrate the senior team such as Terezakis and Evaggelopoulos. Rizos and Bochoris continue to participate regularly in international FIRA-AER competitions.
+
+= = = Mitro – Mitro = = =
+
+ Mitro-Mitro is an upcoming Punjabi movie starring Gurdas Maan, Jimmy Shergill, Neeru Bajwa, Honey Singh, Gurpreet Ghuggi, Mangi Mahal (making his acting debut) and Deep Dhillon. Mitro-Mitro is directed by Gurdev Rehman and produced by Anup Kumar. It is expected to appear in early 2013.
+ The music is by Honey Singh, Gurmeet Singh, Dr Zeus and Sachin Ahuja.
+
+= = = Brayton railway station = = =
+
+ Brayton was a railway station which served as the interchange for the Solway Junction Railway (SJR) with the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR); it also served nearby Brayton Hall and district in Cumbria. The station was opened by the M&CR and became a junction station in 1870 on the 25 mile long SJR line.
+ Brayton station was opened by the Maryport & Carlisle Railway in 1844. Originally a private station it opened to the public on 1 March 1848. At grouping in 1923 the M&CR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. The main Carlisle-Maryport line (completed in 1845) remains open and forms part of the Cumbrian Coast Line between Carlisle and Barrow in Furness.
+ A shed opened to the east of Brayton at the 21 mile post on 13 September 1869 with two roads, sidings and a 42 ft turntable in the junction between the Solway Junction Railway and the Maryport and Carlisle Railway, used by both companies. On the north side of the station were extensive Solway Junction sidings and on the other side was a through loop that allowed shunting operations to be carried out.
+ The passenger service via the Solway Junction Railway was never very successful and declined to being just one carriage at the front of an occasional goods train and in September 1917 this was suspended, but was reinstated in 1920. One mid morning train used to run mixed between Kirtlebridge and Bowness, continuing as freight only to Brayton. Passenger services were finally withdrawn in 1921 and the line south of Annan over the Solway Viaduct was closed completely. The line remained open to through traffic until 14 February 1933 and the track was lifted on the S&JR in 1937. The station closed to passengers on the Carlisle route on 5 June 1950 and to all traffic in 1965.
+ The station had three platforms, two through and one bay, with substantial station buildings and a signal box.
+ The Brayton Dominion Colliery (Pit No. 4) was located nearby with an extensive railway network.
+
+= = = South Lancs/Cheshire 3 = = =
+
+ South Lancs/Cheshire 3 was an English rugby union league. Promoted teams entered South Lancs/Cheshire 2, ranked at tier 9 of the English league system. This was the basement level for club rugby union for teams in the South Lancashire, Manchester and Cheshire areas and any team from this area wanting to begin in club rugby union must join this league. Up until 2008-09 teams there was relegation with teams dropping down and coming up from South Lancs/Cheshire 4.
+ The division had a break for the 2015-16 season as the RFU decided to restructure the South Lancs/Cheshire league into three zones - Merseyside (West), Cheshire (South) and Lancashire (North). This was short-lived and the division returned to its original format for the 2016-17 season - with only Lancashire (North) remaining of the three zones.
+ At the end of the 2016-17 season the RFU decided to break this division up into two regional leagues known as Lancs/Cheshire 3 (North) and Lancs/Cheshire 3 (South), with teams transferred into each league depending on geographical location.
+ For the 2015-16 season this league, and South Lancs/Cheshire 3, were replaced by three county-wide leagues - Cheshire (South), Merseyside (West) and Lancashire (North). However, with the exception of Lancashire North, the county leagues were axed after just one season and the South Lancs/Cheshire leagues were restored.
+
+= = = Cobie Buter = = =
+
+ Jacobje Jantje "Cobie" Buter (also Coby; born 17 May 1946) is a retired Dutch swimmer who won the bronze medal in 100 m backstroke at the 1970 European Aquatics Championships. She also competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and finished seventh in the 4 × 100 m medley relay. She helped the Dutch team to set a new European record in the same event in 1968. Between 1965 and 1970 she won four national titles and set four records in the 100 m backstroke.
+
+= = = Louis-Ulysse Chopard = = =
+
+ Louis-Ulysse Chopard (May 4, 1836 – January 30, 1915) was a Swiss watchmaker and entrepreneur who was the founder of the luxury manufacturing and retail corporation Chopard.
+ Louis-Ulysse Chopard, was the second son of Félicien Chopard and his wife Henriette, who had four children. The father of Louis-Ulysse Chopard, Félicien, was an experienced farmer and a man of tradition who encouraged his sons to learn the watchmaking trade.
+ As a young man, Louis-Ulysse Chopard quickly grasped the fact that it was the comptoirs or watch dealerships that earned the greatest profit from the work of the framers. Each spring, the agents picked up the movements, fitted the dials and hands, cased up the finished movements and they marketed the finished watches. It was therefore better to work independently and Louis-Ulysse wanted his own brand. He created his L.U.C manufacturing company in Sonvilier, Switzerland at the age of 24, in 1860.
+ No watches were mass-produced but his clever blend of artistry and functionality soon won over a large number of customers. Having grasped that foreign markets represented the future of his timepieces, he set off to canvass customers in Eastern Europe, Russia and Scandinavia. In 1912, he visited Poland, Hungary and the Netherlands with his finest creations. Chopard chronometers and watches marked the passing of time at the court of Nicholas II of Russia. Louis-Ulysse Chopard had won himself an international clientele.
+ In 1859 and 1870 he had two children, Paul-Louis and Ida Hélène.
+
+= = = Fort Ramsay = = =
+
+ HMCS "Fort Ramsay" was a Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) base located at Sandy Beach on the southern shore of Gaspé Bay, several kilometres west of Gaspé, Quebec. Its construction was commissioned in 1940 and the base was inaugurated by the RCN on May 1, 1942. Several shore batteries were linked to this base, such as Fort Prével, Fort Haldimand, and Fort Péninsule. On March 31, 1946, the base was decommissioned, almost a year after the Second World War ended. Today the base property is operated as the Sandy Beach Terminal of the Port of Gaspé and is primarily used for industrial and commercial purposes.
+ The Gaspé area played a big role during the war. Gaspé Bay was strategically located near the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and was considered a very suitable place for harbouring merchant ships and allied warships, such as the British fleet in case Great Britain would be invaded. The depth and the shape of the bay allowed for maximum accessibility and defence. This mandate was given by the Department of National Defence in early 1940 and the RCN's High Command worked on top-secret plans for procedures to defend shipping by convoy escorts in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and St. Lawrence River. Throughout the year many army, navy and air force bases were constructed along the St. Lawrence River between Gaspé and Montreal. was the first navy vessel to operate from Gaspé, starting from October 1940, but returned to Sydney, Nova Scotia () later and was replaced by . Together with the armed yachts , and , these vessels formed the extent of the RCN's fleet based at HMCS "Fort Ramsay". The base also supported other RCN warships operating in the Gulf of St. Lawrence throughout the war.
+ After the first sightings of German U-boats in the waters near Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in 1941, facilities at HMCS "Fort Ramsay" were augmented. This included construction of the outlying batteries along the shore around the bay as well as a submarine net. The base's inauguration ceremony was held on May 1, 1942, witnessed by a crew of thirteen officers and nearly sixty men from the 1st Battalion of Les Fusiliers du S-Laurent. On December 14, 1942, Ottawa appointed the 3rd Battalion of Les Fusiliers du S-Laurent to HMCS "Fort Ramsay", which would grew to 34 officers and 291 men at the end of that year. Construction continued until 1943 which saw around 2000 soldiers, airmen and sailors fortifying the bay.
+ One week after the official opening, the first U-boats were observed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. This marked the beginning of the Battle of the St. Lawrence, which was fought intensely until the U-boats generally withdrew in late 1942, though some sinkings occurred in the area through late 1944.
+ By the end of 1944 the situation in Europe had evolved to the advantage of the allies and by October 1 of that year the first shore batteries at HMCS "Fort Ramsay" began to be dismantled. On March 31, 1946, the last remaining regiment, the Gaspé-Bonaventure Regiment (the 3rd Battalion of Les Fusiliers du S-Laurent having changed their name in August 1944) was officially disbanded. In total 26 ships were torpedoed by German submarines in the Battle of the St. Lawrence.
+ Fort Péninsule was a shore battery affiliated with HMCS "Fort Ramsay" that was located on the north shore of the bay, near the southern entrance to what is now Forillon National Park. It was equipped with four searchlights, two 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns and several storage rooms. Located along the main road passing nearby "Boulevard Forillon" (Route 132) were 15 buildings to house personnel. The site is now open to the public with no entry fee. Two QF 4.7-inch B Mark IV* guns are still displayed in their original casemated positions. According to information displayed on site this station was able to sink any ship or submarine in the bay within 15 seconds after it was spotted.
+ Fort Prével was on the south shore of the bay opposite Fort Péninsule, on what is now the Auberge et Golf Fort Prével. During World War II it was armed with two ex-US 10-inch (254 mm) guns, one on a disappearing carriage and one on a barbette carriage. One of two QF 4.7-inch B Mark IV* guns (120 mm), the same type as at Fort Péninsule, is displayed. It is mounted upside down on the carriage.
+
+= = = Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CSR Qingdao Sifang C151B = = =
+
+ The Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang C151B is the fifth generation Electric multiple unit rolling stock in operation on the North South and East West Lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. 45 trains were purchased and all of them have been delivered to Singapore as of 12 April 2017. SMRT took delivery of the first 2 train cars on 21 May 2015. These trains increased frequency for the two MRT lines, North South Line and East West Line.
+ These trains retain the same IGBT-VVVF found on C151A and it is the first train to have a white front with a smaller logo. These trains are the first to be fitted with STARiS 2.0, which is embedded in the door's overhead panels, as factory stock and also the first amongst the rolling stock used on the North South Line and East West Line to have electric door actuators rather than the traditional pneumatic door actuators on previous generations of rolling stock, allowing smoother and more reliable door operations, reducing delays. The first C151B train (Set 601/602) made its debut on the North South Line on 16 April 2017.
+ Although there were some C151Bs housed in Tuas Depot since the inception of the Tuas West Extension, C151Bs did not begin revenue service on the full-stretch of the East West Line only until on 27 May 2018, when the line switched to the new signalling system. C151Bs running on the EWL before that only ran on the Tuas West Extension, between Gul Circle and Tuas Link. Only that section had the new signalling system installed. On 27 May 2018, all 45 C151B trains have entered service on the North South Line and East West Line.
+ In the turnkey Contract C151B, 3 tenderers were shortlisted – Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd/Kawasaki Heavy Industries (Singapore) Pte Ltd Consortium, CRRC Zhuzhou/Siemens, and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. On 23 August 2012, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) awarded the tender to Kawasaki Heavy Industries at a price of S$281,508,884.00. Subsequently, the tender results were released to the public on 27 August 2012.
+ Kawasaki will be responsible for the overall project management, design, manufacturing of bogies and procurement of major components. CRRC Sifang will be in charge of manufacturing, final fitting and assembly of complete MRT trains and factory testing. Kawasaki (Singapore) will be responsible for the delivery of complete MRT trains to the depot, on-site testing and commissioning. The new MRT trains are scheduled to be delivered to Singapore from 2015 onwards.
+ The C151B trains is the fourth commuter type Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) made in Japan to feature electric systems fully manufactured by Fuji Electric. Propulsion is controlled by VVVF Inverter with 2-level IGBT semiconductor controller, rated at 415 kVA. Each inverter unit controls two motors on one bogie (1C2M), and one motor car features two of such units. Motors are three-phase AC induction type, model MLR109, with a maximum output of 140 kW.
+ Instead of other trains which use the older STARIS system, the C151B is the first train type equipped with STARIS 2.0 which consists of 2 LCD screens displaying the travel information, such as the upcoming stations the train will arrive at, door closing warnings and attractions nearby the station.
+ The configuration of a C151B in revenue service is DT-M1-M2-M2-M1-DT
+ The car numbers of the trains range from x601 to x690, where x depends on the carriage type. Individual cars are assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together.
+ For example, set 601/602 consists of carriages 3601, 1601, 2601, 2602, 1602 and 3602.
+ Currently, it is the second train with SMRT's new white pixelated livery with red, yellow and black colour scheme, which is similar to Bukit Panjang LRT's C801A, as compared to the older SMRT trains. The C151B trains are the first trains to have a full white front unlike the older batch of trains with a black front. The first eight trains manufactured from 2015 received the new livery with the older SMRT logos, while subsequent trains manufactured from 2016 were painted with new SMRT logos.
+
+= = = Tim Miller (poet) = = =
+
+ Tim Miller (born August 23, 1979) is an American poet and nonfiction writer of works that reflect ancient literature, world mythology, and religious scripture. In 2015 he published a narrative poem, "To the House of the Sun."
+ Along with Paul Jessup, Miller founded Six Gallery Press in 2000. In 2004 they handed ownership of the press off to a collective formed by some of its other authors. In 2006, he and his wife, novelist Jenny Miller, started S4N Books, a publisher of long poems and reprints of literary and religious nonfiction. Their authors include the British poet and scholar William Anderson and poet Adam Penna.
+
+= = = Jordanne Whiley = = =
+
+ Jordanne Joyce Whiley MBE (born 11 June 1992) is a British wheelchair tennis player. Aged 14 she became Britain's youngest ever national women's singles champion in wheelchair tennis. She has osteogenesis imperfecta as does her father, Keith, who was also a Paralympian and won a bronze medal in 1984 in New York. As well as the 2015 US Open in wheelchair singles, Whiley has won 9 Grand Slam doubles titles, and her & Japanese Yui Kamiji are the fourth team in women's wheelchair doubles (as well as the most recent players) to complete the Calendar Year Grand Slam.
+ Whiley was awarded the MBE in the 2015 Queens Birthday Honours list.
+ In 2006 at the age of 14 Whiley claimed her first senior main draw titles when she won the singles and doubles at the Cardiff Wheelchair Tennis tournament, also winning the girls title. At the end of 2006 Whiley had moved up from 112 to 48 in the rankings and had won junior titles in Poland and the Netherlands. Whiley won two awards at the British Wheelchair Tennis Association awards: Most improved female player and players' player of the year. Whiley created history in 2007 when she defeated Katharine Kruger in Tarbes. She became the first Briton to claim the Cruyff Foundation Wheelchair Juniors Masters title, Whiley also claimed the doubles title with Louise Hunt. Following on from the Masters success Whiley won her second senior title at the North West Challenge. Whiley followed this up by becoming the youngest national British Champion and winning the doubles title as well. Whiley then successfully defended her Cardiff wheelchair tennis tournament titles. In 2008 Whiley successfully defended her Masters titles; defeating Emmy Kaiser in the singles before partnering Hunt to back to back doubles titles. The following week Whiley claimed her first international title the Sion Indoor. Whiley then successfully defended both titles at the North West Challenge. She was named in the team for the 2008 Paralympic Games.
+ In 2012, she reached the finals of Women's wheelchair doubles at Wimbledon. She competed for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Paralympics where she shared a bronze with Lucy Shuker in women's doubles. Whiley and Shuker won another bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics, where Whiley was eliminated in the women's singles quarterfinals.
+ Whiley and her partner Yui Kamiji of Japan achieved a calendar Grand Slam by winning the wheelchair doubles at the Australian Open (beating the Dutch pair Marjolein Buis and Jiske Griffioen), the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open (overcoming Griffioen and fellow Dutchwoman Aniek van Koot in all three finals). They finished the year by adding the Masters crown after defeating Louise Hunt and Katharina Kruger in the final. However, despite the absence of van Koot and Griffioen the pair did not go undefeated throughout the tournament as they lost to Marjolein Buis and Michaela Spaanstra during the round robin group stage.
+ Whiley and Kamiji are four times doubles champions at Wimbledon, and Whiley was 11 weeks pregnant when they won their 4th title, in 2017. Whiley did not participate at the Championships in 2018, after giving birth to her son, earlier that year. She plans a comeback in late 2018.
+
+= = = Chinese art by medium and technique = = =
+
+ Much traditional Chinese art was made for the imperial court, often to be then redistributed as gifts. As well as Chinese painting, sculpture and Chinese calligraphy, there are a great range of what may be called decorative or applied arts. Chinese fine art is distinguished from Chinese folk art, which differs in its style and purpose. This article gives an overview of the many different applied arts of China.
+ The Chinese imperial court collected calligraphy pieces from the most skilled calligraphers in the country. The collection contains many masterpieces made by well-known calligraphers throughout Chinese art history. Furthermore, because of calligraphy's high artistic value, calligraphy collecting was popular among several Chinese emperors in multiple dynasties.
+ Chinese ceramics, whose history originates back to the pre-dynastic periods, has continuously improved since then, and it is one of the most significant forms of Chinese art.
+ After opium was introduced to China, snuff bottles became popular. The Chinese royalties were addicted to them, as they used opium as a long-life medicine. The design of the snuff bottles flourished because of the money that the rich poured into the industry. Many of these bottles were made by talented artisans using tiny paints brushes; they were painted from inside of the bottle, reaching down from the top of the narrow neck. They are still highly collectible up to this day.
+ It was during the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) when the sophisticated techniques used in the lacquer process were first developed, and it became a highly artistic craft. Various prehistoric lacquerware have been unearthed in China dating back to the Neolithic period. The earliest extant lacquer object, a red wooden bowl, was unearthed at a Hemudu culture (c. 5000–4500 BCE) site. By the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), many centers of lacquer production had become established. The knowledge of the Chinese methods focusing on the lacquer process spread from China during the Han, Tang, and Song dynasties. Later on, it was eventually introduced to the rest of the world—Korea, Japan, Southeast and South Asia.
+ After the invention of photography in 1839 and the arrival of European photographers in Macao, photography was soon introduced in several cities in China. At first, some people were reluctant because they thought that having the camera take a picture of them would result in their spirit being taken away. But, by the end of the nineteenth century, all major cities had photographic studios. Some affluent Chinese people even adopted photography as a hobby. Western and Chinese photographers documented ordinary street life, major wars, and prominent figures.
+ The Empress Dowager Cixi had her portrait taken repeatedly.
+ In the 18th Century, a Qing dynasty covered vase depicting a woman holding a lingzhi fungus and a peony branch was created. The woman was also accompanied by a boy, a crane, and a deer as shown below.
+ Ivory was not a prestigious material in the rather strict hierarchy of Chinese art, where jade had always been far more highly regarded, and rhinoceros horn (which was not ivory) had a special auspicious meaning. But ivory, as well as bone, had been used for various items since early times when China still had its own species of elephant. Demand for ivory seems to have played a large part in their extinction, which came before 100 BC. During the Ming dynasty, ivory began to be used for small statuettes of gods and others (see gallery). In the Qing dynasty, it suited the growing taste for intricate carving and became more prominently used for brush-holders, boxes, handles and similar pieces. Later on, Canton even developed large models of houses and other large and showy pieces, which remained popular. Enormous examples are still seen as decorative centrepieces at government receptions. Figures were typically uncoloured, or just with certain features coloured in ink which was often just black, but sometimes a few other colors.
+ Seal knob (紐刻) is an art that originated in ancient China and is mainly popular in East Asian countries. It focuses or decorates on the head-part or the top-side of a seal. It is a kind of sculpture or mini-sculpture. In China, the utmost important seal of all is the imperial seal carved from the Heshibi, a sacred ceremonial jade. It was said that the green jade took the form of a round shape with inscriptions that read "Having received the Mandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life." (受命於天,既壽永昌) This was said to be written by the Primer Li Si for Qin Shi Huang Zhao Zheng, the Augustus Emperor of The Chinese Empire.
+ Ruyi is a scepter that serves primarily as a decoration. Its history began in the Qing dynasty when Ruyi scepters were given to noted visitors of the emperor. Now, they're given as birthday presents. Ruyi is made of different materials, including porcelain and jade. The term Ruyi means "may your wish be granted" or "as you wish". The unusual shape is meant to imitate the shape of a stemmed lotus flower.
+ Chinese embroidery is one of the oldest extant needlework. The four major regional styles of Chinese embroidery are Suzhou (Su Xiu), Hunan (Xiang Xiu), Guangdong (Yue Xiu) and Sichuan (Shu Xiu). All of them are nominated as Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage.
+
+= = = Janez Bončina = = =
+
+ Janez Bončina, nicknamed Benč (born 3 December 1947) is a Slovenian composer, guitarist and singer. He is one of the leading authors and performers of Slovenian and Yugoslavian rock music. In the middle of the 1960s, Bončina with his friend Tomaž Domicelj from the group Helioni, showed his talent for music. Later with the group Mladi levi he founded the projects, which started the Slovenian pop rock scene.
+ In 1970–1972, he collaborated with the international group The Generals, and in 1972 he founded the rock group Srce. With selected Yugoslavian musicians, he founded the group September in 1975. Their music consisted of jazz rock, and was recognised domestically and internationally. September used to be the ambassador of Yugoslavian rock abroad; in the years 1976–1979 they were guests in the Soviet Union, Belgium, Italy, Cuba, Germany, France and finally United States, where they recorded their second album.
+ In 1983 Benč returned to music scene with the solo album "Ob Šanku", which was created with the arranger Gregor Forjanič. With the group Karamela he was a guest in Italy, Germany and the Soviet Union, recordings from the tour were, later published on a live album. At this time, Pepsi Cola chose him as a Yugoslavian representative of international propaganda action, where he played along with Tina Turner in a propaganda video.
+ In 1988, he created a group called Yunk – Junaki nočne kronike, which with direct and critical lyrics and acclaimed performances got recognised by larger audience. After 2 successful albums he left the group.
+ The year 1992 was the beginning of his acoustical period and musical collaboration with Tomo Jurak and Janez Zmazek – Žan. In a short period, they had numerous concerts and received several prizes. In 1994 Benč collaborated in the group of a "magnificent 7", together with Janez Zmazek, Vlado Kreslin, Zoran Predin, Peter Lovšin, Aleksander Mežek, Tomaž Domicelj and Jani Kovačič. The acoustic period ended with "golden note" for best Slovenian rock singer in the year 1995.
+ In 1996 and 1997, Benč returned to his musical roots and collaborated with great instrumentalists, such as Marijan Maliković, Primož Grašič, Jadran Ogrin, Jani Hace, Blaž Jurjevčič, Ratko Divjak, Tulio Furlanič and others, with whom they had concerts in Yugoslavia and abroad.
+ In 1998 and 1999, he collaborated with Big Band RTV Slovenia as author and performer with their projects. After the release of the album "Bendologija" in 1999, which was awarded the Golden rooster prize, Benč and friends (including Grašič, Divjak, Rahimovski, Maliković, Ogrin) went on a concert tour, where they performed at Lent, Lignano Sabbiadoro, Pula at a bikers' festival, as well as in Ljubljana, as well as in Sarajevo at the event Live for Life, and at the new year 2000 celebration at the Zagreb club Tvornica, where they played along with Josipa Lisac, Dado Topić, Dino Dvornik and Nina Badrič.
+ In 2003, a new album "The Best of September" was released. For this purpose, Benč reunited the group again, along with Doblekar, Asanović, Ogrin, Maliković, Divjak and Tulio Furlanič. Concerts in Pula, Portorose and Lent reached their top in Ljubljana's Hala Tivoli together with the legendary group Deep Purple.
+ In 2005, Benč and arranger Braco J. Doblekar reunited together in author project "Janezz" together with young musicians, students of musical universities from home and abroad (Berklee, Linz, Graz, Rotterdam, Ljubljana, Klagenfurt) reunited for this occasion in the Big band maintained by Braco J. Doblekar.
+ Benč is not only famous as a musician, but also as a painter and sportsman, and occasional actor. In the season of 1976–1977 he performed in J. Arden's show "Živite kot svinje", directed by Zvone Šedlbauer at the theatre in Ljubljana. He later starred in a movie "Eva", directed by Franci Slak. He also wrote the music for some other movies and television projects.
+
+= = = New Cliff House = = =
+
+ New Cliff House, also formerly known as the Hotel Gilmore and now known as the Sylvia Beach Hotel, is a historic hotel building in Newport, Oregon.
+ The hotel was built in 1913 for W. D. Wheeler and was promoted by the Southern Pacific Railroad in its literature advertising the connection of Yaquina Bay to the mail rail line at Corvallis. The New Cliff House replaced an earlier boarding house (the "Cliff House") at the same location. The popularity of the new resort at Newport was enhanced by the availability of alcohol, something unusual in the mostly "dry" area. The hotel overlooks Nye Beach, and is the only remnant of the tourist accommodations of that era in the Nye Beach section of Newport.
+ As built, the New Cliff House had its kitchen and service areas in the basement, with a dining room at the end of that level overlooking the ocean. The lobby is on the main level, with some sleeping rooms. Parlor rooms and sleeping rooms occupied the second and third floors.
+ The building is L-shaped with a gabled roof, measuring about by , with a by extension. It is built in wood frame and covered in wood shingles, set on a concrete and stone foundation. The elevations feature simple double-hung sash windows, regularly spaced.
+ The hotel is relatively unaltered, with most changes on the lower level. Individual room arrangements have been changed to provide private toilets for the rooms. A moderate proportion of the original trim remains.
+ New Cliff House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 6, 1986. It is operated as the Sylvia Beach Hotel, named for Sylvia Beach.
+
+= = = Osnago railway station = = =
+
+ Osnago railway station is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Lecco–Milan railway, it serves the municipality of Osnago.
+ Osnago is served by the line S8 of the Milan suburban railway service, operated by the Lombard railway company Trenord.
+
+= = = Airuno railway station = = =
+
+ Airuno is a railway station in Italy. Located on the Lecco–Milan railway, it serves the municipality of Airuno.
+ Airuno is served by the line S8 of the Milan suburban railway service, operated by the Lombard railway company Trenord.
+
+= = = Galal Amer = = =
+
+ Galal Amer (; 23 July 1952 – 12 February 2012) was an Egyptian journalist, well known for his sarcasm and sense of humor. He graduated from Egyptian Military Academy, and fought in several wars, such as War of Attrition and October War. He is an inspiration for many Arabian sarcastic journalists. After his death, a street was named after him in Alexandria, where he was born.
+ Galal Amer studied law and philosophy, and used to write short stories and poems, and some of them got published. He started as a journalist in "Al-Kahera" newspaper, and then his articles were published by several newspapers, and he wrote a daily article in "Al-masry Al-youm" newspaper called "Takhareef", then he started to use the social networks to publish his articles and views, and got followed by hundred of thousands of admirers.
+ He wrote "Masr Ala Kaf Afreet", which got published in 2009; it discusses Egypt's biggest problems in a humorous way, and the average Egyptian's troubled life. Another of his well-known books is "Estkalet Raees Araby", which got published in 2010.
+ After the start of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Galal Amer was one of the people that opposed Hosni Mubarak and Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, and participated in the demonstration protests that demanded the end of military rule.
+ On 12 February 2012, Galal Amer had a heart attack while he was in a protest. Newspapers published that the heart attack was caused by the scene of Egyptian protesters getting attacked by thugs.
+ Galal Amer was married and had four children: Ramy, Rania, Ragy, and Reham.
+
+= = = Denis Cheryshev = = =
+
+ Denis Dmitriyevich Cheryshev (; born 26 December 1990) is a Russian professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Spanish club Valencia CF and the Russian national team.
+ A youth product of Real Madrid, he made his senior debut for the reserves in 2009 and with the first team in 2012. He then had loan spells at Sevilla, Villarreal and Valencia before joining Villarreal permanently in 2016, and returned to Valencia on loan two years later.
+ Having earned 45 caps and scored 23 goals in its youth categories, Cheryshev made his debut for Russia in 2012. He was a participant at the 2018 World Cup, scoring four goals as the team reached the quarter-finals.
+ Born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Union, Cheryshev started his career at Sporting de Gijón, where his father Dmitri was playing at the time. He soon followed him to his next club, Burgos, entering locals CD Burgos Promesas 2000 at the age of 9.
+ During his spell, Cheryshev was selected to play for the youth levels of the Castile and León regional team.
+ Cheryshev joined Real Madrid in 2002, and completed his formative years in their academy. Still a junior, he appeared in nine Segunda División games with Real Madrid Castilla during the 2008–09 season; it was also during this time he formed a long-lasting friendship with future Spanish national team player Nacho.
+ Over the next two years, Cheryshev played 61 matches and scored 11 goals for the reserve side. He was an important attacking unit as the latter campaign ended in promotion to Segunda División, after a five-year absence.
+ Cheryshev made his debut in division two on 17 August 2012, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–2 away loss against Villarreal. On 27 November, he made his official debut for the first team in a 3–0 home win (7–1 on aggregate) over Alcoyano in the season's Copa del Rey.
+ In September 2013, Cheryshev was loaned to fellow league club Sevilla for the remainder of the campaign with the possibility of a permanent deal. As a result of persistent injury concerns, he made only four league appearances and the Andalusians opted not to exercise the option, with the player joining Villarreal on loan for 2014–15 instead.
+ Cheryshev scored on his debut for Villarreal on 24 August 2014, netting the second goal in a 2–0 win at Levante. Having recovered from the injuries which plighted his time at his previous team, he thrived at El Madrigal and netted seven times in 40 appearances across all competitions.
+ Returned to the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Cheryshev made top flight debut for Real Madrid on 19 September 2015, playing 13 minutes in a 1–0 defeat of Granada. He scored his first competitive goal for them on 2 December, featuring 45 minutes in a 3–1 away victory over Cádiz in the Spanish Cup's round of 32. However, his appearance in the match drew controversy as he was ineligible for selection after having collected three yellow cards in the previous edition of the tournament, and resulted in Real Madrid being expelled from the tournament. President Florentino Pérez claimed that the Royal Spanish Football Federation had not informed the club that the player was suspended and challenged the action taken against the team, though he was unsuccessful.
+ On 1 February 2016, Cheryshev was loaned to Valencia until June. He made his debut two days later, coming on as a second-half substitute in 7–0 away loss against Barcelona in the semi-finals of the domestic cup. He scored his first and only goal on 13 February, when he headed home in a 2–1 win over Espanyol at the Mestalla Stadium.
+ On 15 June 2016, Cheryshev returned to Villarreal on a permanent deal where he signed a contract until 2021. On 14 August 2018 he returned to Valencia on loan, scoring twice during the season to help to a fourth-place finish.
+ On 29 June 2019, Cheryshev joined Valencia permanently for a fee of €6 million.
+ Prior to making his international debut with Russia, Cheryshev was also eligible to represent Spain as he held dual nationality. In a 2011 interview with "Marca" he indicated that he felt more Spanish than Russian, but accepted a call up to the Russian team in November 2012. He made his debut eight days later in a 2–2 friendly draw with the United States, the same opposition his father Dmitri had played against 20 years earlier.
+ Cheryshev played his first competitive game on 14 August 2013, when he came on as a half-time substitute in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Northern Ireland in Belfast. However, after just five minutes on the pitch, he had to be replaced due to injury, in an eventual 0–1 loss; he was called up to a provisional 25-man squad for the finals on 16 May 2014, being the only player present not playing his club football in Russia. He was, however, left out of Fabio Capello's final list and also later missed the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament due to injury.
+ After an absence of more than two years, Cheryshev appeared for the national team again on 27 March 2018 in a friendly with France. On 11 May, he was included in an extended squad for that year's World Cup, also being named as one of the final 23 players. He made his debut in the competition on 14 June, replacing the injured Alan Dzagoev midway through the first half of the group stage opener against Saudi Arabia in Moscow and scoring twice in a 5–0 win. He scored his third goal in the tournament against Egypt in a 3–1 victory, adding another in the quarter-finals when he curled a strike past Croatia's Danijel Subašić from just outside the 18-yard area to open the scoring, but in an eventual 3–4 penalty shoot-out loss.
+ (Russia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Cheryshev goal)
+ Real Madrid Castilla
+ Real Madrid
+ Sevilla
+ Valencia
+ Individual
+
+= = = Nyasa people = = =
+
+ The Nyasa are a people of southeastern Africa, concentrated mainly in Malawi, southwestern Tanzania and parts of northern Mozambique. The people are also known as the Kimanda, Kinyasa and Manda. Significant populations of Nyasa live along the shores of northeastern Lake Malawi.
+ Many Nyanja people of Malawi refers to themselves as Nyasa; as of 2010 roughly 500,000 claim to be Nyasa people.
+
+= = = Call of the Canyon = = =
+
+ Call of the Canyon is a 1942 American Western film directed by Joseph Santley and starring Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Ruth Terry. Based on a story by Maurice Rapf and Olive Cooper, the film is about a singing cowboy who leads a group of cattlemen against the corrupt agent of a large packing company looking to swindle them by undercutting the buying price for beef. The film features three songs by Autry and the Sons of the Pioneers, including the classic "Take Me Back to My Boots and Saddle".
+ Singing cowboy Gene Autry (Gene Autry) and his fellow ranchers in Whippasaw are outraged to learn that the purchasing agent for the Grantley B. Johnson Packing Co., Thomas McCoy (Edmund MacDonald), is only offering them $65 per head of cattle. Unknown to the ranchers, McCoy is a gambler in debt to a bookie who sent his henchmen Horace Dunston and the Pigeon to ensure that McCoy pays up. McCoy plans to raise the money by pocketing the difference between what he is offering the ranchers and what the packing company sent him. Gene encourages the ranchers to stick together and wait while he travels to the city to speak directly with the packing company owner, Grantley B. Johnson (Thurston Hall).
+ Arriving at Johnson's offices, Gene meets Katherine "Kit" Carson (Ruth Terry) and her friend, Jane Oakley (Dorothea Kent), who want Johnson to sponsor them on a radio show. Kit is unimpressed with Gene's Whippasaw origins, especially after he accidentally breaks her demo record. During her meeting with Johnson, Kit notices he is still a cowboy at heart, and lies to him, saying she intends to broadcast a western show from her ranch—in Whippasaw. Johnson agrees to visit her ranch, and then leaves before Gene has a chance to see him about the cattle prices. Returning to Whippasaw, Gene learns that his sidekick, Frog Millhouse (Smiley Burnette), rented their ranch to Kit and her fellow entertainers. Kit's feelings for Gene warm after he rescues her from a runaway carriage.
+ Gene convinces the ranchers to move their cattle out of McCoy's holding pens and back to grazing land until they can find a fair price. The conniving McCoy arranges to have a pilot fly over the herd and stampede the cattle. Just arriving in Whippasaw, Johnson attempts to help round up the herds, but falls from his horse and is saved by Gene from being trampled. Believing that McCoy is taking direct orders from Johnson, Gene blames G.B. Johnson for the stampede, not realizing that the stranger he just saved is in fact Johnson. Calling himself Grantley, Johnson persuades the ranchers to fight McCoy. When Kit arrives to bring Johnson back to the ranch, she agrees to pretend he's a radio promoter named "Grantley" while he gets to the bottom of the pricing scheme. Later, after hearing Gene and his friends singing, Johnson offers them a spot on his radio show, thinking they are part of Kit's troupe.
+ Johnson, Gene, and Frog confront McCoy one last time about the cattle pricing, but McCoy repeats his low offer, claiming that G.B. Johnson himself is setting the price. Deciding that he and the ranchers will sell to another packing company in Cloverdale, Gene tells the others, "We're not going to play into the hands of a profiteering crook." Johnson convinces Gene and the other ranchers to transport the herds the old fashioned way, by trail drive, and not rely on G.B. Johnson's railway lines. Meanwhile, Kit and her troupe are packing to leave, convinced that Johnson is only interested in Gene. When he finds out that she's leaving, Gene persuades Kit to stay in Whippasaw and put on the radio show. That night she performs at a party and later dances with Gene.
+ The next day, while Gene and the ranchers are moving their herds by trail to Cloverdale, McCoy sabotages their efforts by using explosives to stampede the cattle into a train tunnel and then sending a hijacked train in to kill them. As the train approaches the tunnel, Gene jumps aboard, runs to the locomotive, and stops the train in time. During the stampede, Frog's young brother Tadpole was hurt, and one of the ranchers, Dave Crosby, was killed. Upset at Crosby's death and believing that Johnson knew what was going to happen, Kit reveals his identity to Gene, but Johnson convinces Gene that he is innocent and McCoy is acting on his own. Using a microphone set up in McCoy's office, Gene obtains evidence of McCoy's guilt, then captures him, Dunston, and the Pigeon before they can escape. Afterwards, Gene and his friends join Kit Carson's Harmony Ranch radio show.
+ "Call of the Canyon" was the third and final Gene Autry film featuring the Sons of the Pioneers, preceded by "The Big Show" and "The Old Corral" (1936). The group had been making films at Columbia since 1935 and had just been signed to Republic Pictures in time for this film.
+ "Call of the Canyon" was filmed June 6–27, 1942. The film had an operating budget of $129,808 (equal to $ today), and a negative cost of $129,132.
+
+= = = Melisses = = =
+
+ Melisses (Greek; Μέλισσες, stylized as "ΜΕΛΙSSES") is a Greek pop-rock band that was formed in May 2008 with Christos Mastoras on lead vocals. The band has released three albums as of early 2015.
+ Melisses (literally The Bees in Greek) is made up of:
+ Melisses first became known in 2009 with their single "Krifa" (Secretly, Greek; Κρυφά) and its accompanying music video. They participated on the Greek final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 performing the song "Kinezos" (Chinese). Though they didn't win, the song became their second single and was a hit. After that came the release of their debut album "Mistiko" (Secret), which included "Krifa", "Kinezos" and 11 more songs. Three more singles were released from the album: "Epikindina Filia" (Dangerous Kisses), "Mistiko" and "Lonely Hearts". They also performed at the 2010 MAD Video Music Awards with Myronas Stratis, singing "Prin mas dei kaneis" and "Kryfa".
+ In 2011 Melisses appeared again at the MAD Video Music Awards 2011, this time joining the band Vegas to perform the song "Auto to kalokairi". That summer they also teamed with Ivi Adamou for the song "Krata Ta Matia Sou Klista" (Keep Your Eyes Closed), which was later included on their second album, "Akou" (Listen). The album was released on early 2012 achieving Gold status. It also featured the hit singles "San Skia" (Like a Shadow), "Oti Afines Miso" (Anything That You Left Half), "Piki Piki" and "More Than That". On the summer of 2012, they toured with Helena Paparizou. They also released a brand new single "Se Thimamai" (I Remember You) featuring DUOMO.
+
+= = = Pablo Alí = = =
+
+ Pablo Alí was a chief military commander of Haitian origin, who was in charge of the so-called Battalion 31 or "Batallon de Morenos" (Dark-skinned Battalion), freed slaves which joined the ranks of the Dominican army. Alí directed the battalion to participate in the Italian rebellion of 1810, during the government of Sánchez Ramírez. He was said to have been "most prominent, achieving great military distinction in Santo Domingo".
+
+= = = Cape Ryty = = =
+
+ Cape Ryty () is a cape on the northwest coast of Lake Baikal, in the Irkutsk Oblast of Russia. The cape was named Ryty ("dug" in Russian) because of dried river horns, which form a dug-out image of narrow twisting ravines, pointing to Baikal. The cape is considered sacred by local indigenous population and is revered by Buryats and Evenks.
+ Cape Ryty was in the top five most inaccessible and mysterious destinations, compiled by the Russian Tour Operators Association.
+
+= = = Quini (footballer, born 1989) = = =
+
+ Joaquín José Marín Ruiz (born 24 September 1989), commonly known as Quini (), is a Spanish footballer who plays for Granada CF as a right back or right winger.
+ Born in Fernán Núñez, Córdoba, Quini spent his first years as a senior competing in amateur football, as a striker. In the 2011–12 season he made his debut as a professional, appearing and scoring regularly for local Lucena CF in the third division, now playing as a winger.
+ On 12 June 2012, Quini joined Real Madrid Castilla in the second level, penning a two-year contract. He made his league debut on 25 August, playing ten minutes in a 3–2 home win against FC Barcelona B. He was also successfully reconverted as right back by manager Manolo Díaz, during the 2013–14 campaign.
+ On 11 June 2014, Quini signed a three-year deal with La Liga club Rayo Vallecano. He played his first match in the Spanish top flight on 25 August, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 home draw against Atlético Madrid.
+ On 28 June 2017, Quini joined Granada CF for three seasons after his contract expired.
+
+= = = Steve Wood (bishop) = = =
+
+ Stephen Dwain "Steve" Wood (born October 12, 1963 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American bishop. He is currently serving as the first bishop of the Diocese of the Carolinas, a diocese of the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA), as well as rector of St. Andrew's Anglican Church in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina.
+ Wood was born in Cleveland, Ohio and grew up in Wickliffe, Ohio. He received his B.A. from Cleveland State University in 1986 and his M.Div. from Virginia Theological Seminary in 1991, after which he was ordained to the priesthood of the Episcopal Church. Wood served at Episcopal churches in Ohio until being called in 2000 as rector of St. Andrew's, Mount Pleasant, which was then a parish of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina.
+ Under Wood's leadership, St. Andrews was described as "one of the Lowcountry’s biggest church success stories", growing to a membership of more than 3,000 and planting new churches in Goose Creek, downtown Charleston, and the Park Circle area of North Charleston. In 2006, Wood was one of three finalists in the election for Bishop of South Carolina; ultimately Mark Lawrence was elected. In 2010, St. Andrew's voted by a large margin to leave the Episcopal Church and affiliate with the Anglican Church in North America.
+ Shortly after joining ACNA, Wood became involved with efforts to create the Diocese of the Carolinas, which was formed with 14 congregations with an average Sunday attendance of over 2,700. He served as vicar general of the diocese while in formation and, in 2012, he was elected to serve as its first bishop. Wood was consecrated on August 25, 2012, at St. Andrew's by Archbishop Robert Duncan. Co-consecrators included Archbishop-elect Stanley Ntagali of Uganda and Bishops Roger Ames, John Guernsey, and Alphonza Gadsden.
+
+= = = List of accolades received by Evita (1996 film) = = =
+
+ "Evita" is a 1996 American musical drama film based on Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical of the same name about First Lady of Argentina, Eva Perón. Directed by Alan Parker and written by Parker and Oliver Stone, the film starred Madonna, Antonio Banderas, and Jonathan Pryce in the leading roles of Eva, Ché and Juan Perón respectively. Rice and Webber composed the film's musical score, while Darius Khondji was the cinematographer. Vincent Paterson created the choreography for the film and Gerry Hambling was responsible for editing. Penny Rose designed and created the period costumes for the film, and Brian Morris was the set designer.
+ Made on a budget of $56 million (equivalent to $ million in ), "Evita" was released on December 25, 1996, and grossed over $141 million (equivalent to $ million in ) worldwide. Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, surveyed 37 reviews and judged 62% to be positive. The film garnered awards and nominations in several categories and has won 19 awards from 40 nominations, with particular recognition for Madonna, Parker, Rice, Webber, and the song "You Must Love Me" from the film.
+ At the 69th ceremony of the Academy Awards, "Evita" was nominated in five categories, and went on to win Best Original Song for "You Must Love Me" (for Rice and Webber). The song won the same category at the 54th Golden Globe Awards and was nominated in four other categories, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, with the latter won by Madonna. She was also listed by the Guinness World Records under the category of Most Costume Changes in a Film—she had 85 costume changes in total, and wore 39 hats, 45 pairs of shoes, 56 pairs of earrings and 42 hair designs. "Evita" garnered eight nominations at the 50th British Academy Film Awards ceremony, but did not win any of them. For his direction, Parker earned the European Silver Ribbon award at the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists. The National Board of Review listed "Evita" as one of their for 1996 ranking it at number four. It won the Best Film trophy at the 1st Golden Satellite Awards.
+
+= = = 2012 Indian Federation Cup Qualifiers = = =
+
+ This article details the 2012 Indian Federation Cup Qualifiers.
+ The qualifiers will start from 11 September to 16 September 2012 and will consist of 6 teams, 5 of which played in the 2012 I-League 2nd Division Final Round and the other one being HAL Sporting Club who were relegated from the 2011–12 I-League season. All 6 teams are divided into two groups of 3. The top team from each group moves on to the Cup proper.
+
+= = = Titus Flavius Postumius Varus = = =
+
+ Titus Flavius Postumius Varus (fl. 3rd century) was a Roman senator who was appointed suffect consul around AD 250.
+ While Postumius Varus was a third-century member of the "gens Postumii", he was not descended from the Republican family of the same name. According to Anthony Birley, he was the great-grandson of the orator Marcus Postumius Festus, a friend of the orator Fronto as a well as a fellow African; however Postumius Festus' descendants appear to have made Italy their home. Birley notes Postumius Varus had a brother or cousin, Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus (consul "ordinarius" 301), whose name implies a link with the family of the emperor Pertinax's wife, Flavia Titiana, although Birley admits "these names were common."
+ Postumius Varus' first recorded posting was during the 240s as "Legatus legionis" of the Legio II Augusta, which was stationed in Britannia Inferior. During his time there, he restored a temple of Diana at Isca Augusta. This was followed by his appointment as suffect consul around AD 250.
+ In 271 the emperor Aurelian appointed Postumius Varus to the post of "Praefectus urbi" of Rome. He was put under pressure when riots erupted in the city, and had to rally the urban cohorts to defend Aurelian’s rule while the emperor was campaigning against the Iuthungi. His handling of the riots may have led to his dismissal from the post.
+ During his career, Postumius Varus held two priesthoods, the Augurship and membership in the "Quindecimviri sacris faciundis". He was also noted as an orator.
+
+= = = Timeline of Somerville, Massachusetts = = =
+
+ The following is a timeline of the history of Somerville, Massachusetts, USA.
+
+= = = Eloyi people = = =
+
+ The Eloyi (also called Afao, Afo, Afu, Aho, Epe, Keffi) are an ethnic group of central Nigeria.
+ About 100,000 people identify themselves as Eloyi. They are related to the Idoma ethnic group.
+ As of 2000, about 25,000 people in the Awe and Nasarawa Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Nasarawa State and the Otukpo LGA of Benue State were reported to speak the Eloyi language, in the Idomoid branch of the Benue-Congo group.
+ Many use Hausa as their second or primary language.
+ Traditionally, most of the Eloyi lived in a range of rocky hills in what today is Nasarawa State.
+ They revolted against the British in 1918 and were forced to leave their homeland.
+ Today they are scattered in different parts of Nasarawa and Benue states, although some have moved back to the original hills.
+ The British divided the Eloyi into ten village areas in 1932, appointing a head for each village, but these village heads were not recognized by the Eloyi.
+ The Eloyi are one of the more economically advanced of the Benue Valley tribes. In the hills they grow guinea corn, cotton, yams, and tobacco.
+ They practice in weaving and dying, producing cloth that is much in demand and can be traded.
+ The Eloyi villages in the hills are made up of round huts with conical thatched roofs grouped around a central courtyard.
+ In the plains the Eloyi are mostly farmers, selling dried fish and palm oil for cash.
+ The plains Eloyi build large houses within compounds and fortify their villages.
+ The village is the largest political unit, independent of its neighbors. A chief is assisted by a council of elders in administering the village and resolving disputes.
+ The "gado" is the father of the village, the authority on customs and law, in charge of planting and harvest rites.
+ Most Eloyi practice their traditional beliefs, which center on the god Owo, who is symbolized by a white silk cotton tree or a fig tree.
+ They worship their ancestors, whose spirits are thought to live on and to require food and care.
+ Religious rites include masked impersonation of ancestors, witchcraft, magic, and divination with strings.
+ A small number of Eloyi have adopted the Muslim religion.
+ Citations
+ Sources
+
+= = = Cavin Soh = = =
+
+ Cavin Soh () (苏志诚 Su Zhi Cheng previous name) is a Singaporean actor, host, watch dealer and singer
+ Cavin Soh used to be a lead singer in the band Dreamz FM (梦飞船) and a radio deejay on MediaCorp's Chinese language station Y.E.S. 93.3FM before switching to television and acting. In 2005, he won the Best Supporting Actor award for his portrayal of Zhou Daqiu, the antagonist, in "Portrait of Home". The character was also voted the Top 10 Most Memorable Villains at the Star Awards 2007 anniversary special.
+ Besides acting in dramas, he still juggles his musical interests with television commitments. He has written and performed the theme songs of a number of drama series and was a judge on "SuperBand" and "Campus SuperStar".
+ Cavin was schooled at Maris Stella High School (Primary and Secondary). Afterwards, he graduated with a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering at Ngee Ann Polytechnic. Thereafter, he was conferred with an honours degree from the University of Glasgow, Scotland. He married Serena Yeo in December 2009, and they have a son Kayden (2011) and a daughter Bethany (2013).
+
+= = = Panithuli = = =
+
+ Panithuli (English: "Dew Drops") is a 2012 Tamil-language action film directed by Natty Kumar and Dr. Jay, starring Ganesh Venkatraman, Kalpana Pandit and Shobana. The film was released on 10 August 2012. It received a lot of negative reviews. The film was shot in Hindi as Tum Ho Yaara which was released in 2014.
+ Soundtrack was composed by debutants Agnel Roman and Faisal and lyrics were written by Nawin Seetharaman, Thendral Ramkumar, Ashok Subramaniam and Dr. Jay.
+ "Behindwoods" wrote "On the whole, Panithuli is just a less impressive portfolio for Ganesh Venkatraman, who has tried to show us that he can carry the roles of an action hero, a lover boy and a mentally unstable man." "The Hindu" wrote "Panithuli is an example of how a simple story can be made complicated. To ensure that his film isn’t labelled run-of-the-mill, director Natty Kumar has added several episodes to a simple plot. But instead of making the film interesting, they have only turned it into a long and dreary affair." "Rediff" wrote "On the face of it, Panithuli, has the potential to be an edge-of-the-seat thriller. What it is, however, is a mishmash of terribly stereotyped characters trying in vain to mould themselves to suit a surreal landscape. The result leaves you laughing and yawning by turns". "Sify" wrote "The romantic thriller is supposed to be full of suspense and twists but at the end it leaves you totally confused and bewildered as the hero character in the film. Kumar and Jay embarked on making a typical M Night Shyamalan movie, but ends up with egg on their face".
+
+= = = Raúl de Tomás = = =
+
+ Raúl de Tomás Gómez (; born 17 October 1994) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for RCD Espanyol as a striker.
+ Formed at Real Madrid, he made only one substitute appearance for the first team but played and scored regularly on loans to Córdoba, Valladolid and Rayo Vallecano of Segunda División, winning promotion to La Liga with the last of those teams. In 2019 he joined Portugal's Benfica for a €20 million fee, returning to Spain's top flight with Espanyol six months later for the same price.
+ Born in Madrid to a Dominican mother, De Tomás joined Real Madrid's youth academy in 2004 after starting out at CD San Roque EFF. He played his first senior match on 8 April 2012, featuring the last 21 minutes for the C-team in a 2–0 home win against CF Pozuelo de Alarcón for the Tercera División championship.
+ De Tomás was promoted to the third team in the middle of 2012, with the side now in Segunda División B. On 17 August 2012 he appeared in his first game for the reserves, coming on as a late substitute for Juanfran in a 1–2 away loss to Villarreal CF for the Segunda División.
+ On 16 December, back with the C-side, De Tomás scored a hat-trick in a 5–2 home rout of CD Marino. He continued to represent both affiliates during the season, and was definitely promoted to Castilla in September 2013.
+ De Tomás scored his first professional goal on 4 December 2013, netting the first in a 3–2 home victory over Girona FC. He contributed with a further six in 27 appearances over the campaign, as the B-team suffered relegation.
+ In July 2014, De Tomás was included in the main squad for its pre-season trip to the United States. He made his competitive debut for them on 29 October of the same year, replacing Karim Benzema in a 4–1 away defeat of UE Cornellà in the Copa del Rey.
+ On 31 August 2015, De Tomás was loaned to Córdoba CF in a season-long move. Roughly one year later, he signed with Real Valladolid also in the second level and in a temporary deal.
+ De Tomás was loaned to Rayo Vallecano on 1 September 2017. He was the second-highest scorer of the season with 24 goals, including hat-tricks in victories over Lorca FC, Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa and CF Reus Deportiu, as the club from Vallecas won the league and were promoted back to the top flight; this haul was a season record for any player in its history, and he was also named Segunda División Player of the Month in February and April 2018.
+ On 17 June 2018, De Tomás signed a new contract with Real Madrid until 2023. Two months later, he was loaned to Rayo Vallecano for another campaign. He scored his first goal in the Spanish top tier on 22 September, but in a 1–5 home defeat against Deportivo Alavés. The following 11 January, also at the "Campo de Fútbol de Vallecas", his hat-trick helped the hosts down RC Celta de Vigo 4–2.
+ On 3 July 2019, De Tomás signed a five-year contract with Portuguese champions S.L. Benfica on a €20 million transfer fee. He debuted for the club as a starter in the 5–0 thrashing of crosstown rivals Sporting CP in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira on 4 August. He scored his first competitive goal for the side in a 1‒3 loss at FC Zenit Saint Petersburg in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, as a substitute; UEFA ordered his shirt to say his legal surname for that match, while he habitually wore his initials instead.
+ During his spell at the Estádio da Luz, De Tomás scored only three goals from 17 appearances.
+ On 9 January 2020, De Tomás returned to his country's top flight, signing for RCD Espanyol on a contract lasting until 2026. The transfer fee of €20 million was a new record for the club from Barcelona, nearly doubling the €10.5 million they paid for Matías Vargas; Benfica retained 20% of his future transfer fee. Three days after joining, he made his debut away to UD San Sebastián de los Reyes in the third round of the national cup, coming on in the 61st minute for Jonathan Calleri and wrapping up a 2–0 win. On 19 January, he started in his first league game and scored the decisive goal of a 2–1 victory at Villarreal CF.
+ De Tomás' father, also named Raúl (born 1967), was also a footballer and a forward. He spent most of his career in the Spanish third division. His younger brother, Rubén, came through the youth ranks of Rayo Vallecano.
+ Rayo Vallecano
+ Benfica
+ Individual
+
+= = = Centric heterochromatin = = =
+
+ Centric heterochromatin, a variety of heterochromatin, is a tightly packed form of DNA. Centric heterochromatin is a constituent in the formation of active centromeres in most higher-order organisms; the domain exists on both mitotic and interphase chromosomes.
+ Centric heterochromatin is usually formed on alpha satellite DNA in humans; however, there have been cases where centric heterochromatin and centromeres have formed on originally euchromatin domains lacking alpha satellite DNA; this usually happens as a result of a chromosome breakage event and the formed centromere is called a "neocentromere".
+ Centric heterochromatin domains are flanked by pericentric heterochromatin.
+
+= = = Goodyear Dunlop Sava Tires = = =
+
+ Sava Tires is a Slovenian tyre and other rubber related products manufacturer, it is now a subsidiary of the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company. It is located in Kranj, Slovenia. The company was formed in 1998 under the name "Sava Tyres" d.o.o., although tyre manufacturing had started in 1920.
+ It employs over 1,400 people. It is one of the biggest and most successful Slovenian companies. Since 2006, the company is part of Goodyear Dunlop Central & South-East Europe organisation, the headquarters of which is also located in Kranj. Tyres are produced in Slovenia (by Sava), Poland (by Dębica), France (by Goodyear and Dunlop), Turkey (by Goodyear) and Germany (by Fulda and Dunlop).
+
+= = = Zezé Motta = = =
+
+ Maria José Motta de Oliveira, known as Zezé Motta (born June 27, 1944) is a Brazilian actress and singer. She is considered one of the most important black actresses in Brazil.
+ Born in Campos dos Goytacazes, she moved with her family to Rio de Janeiro at the age of two. She attended the school of Tablado Theatre and began her acting career in 1966, starring in the play "Roda-viva", by Chico Buarque. Other plays she worked in include "Arena Conta Zumbi" (1969), "Orfeu Negro" (1972), and "Godspell" (1974) She began her singing career in 1971 in the nightclubs of São Paulo. Between 1975 and 1979, she released three LPs, and a further three albums in the 1980s. In 1976 she starred in the film "Xica da Silva". In (1994), Motta participated in the film "The Lion King", where she sang the opening song "Circle of Life" in the Brazilian version. Over the decades she has acted in some of the most popular television soap operas and series.
+
+= = = Jorge Casado = = =
+
+ Jorge Casado Rodríguez (born 26 June 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left back.
+ Born in Madrid, Casado joined local Rayo Vallecano's youth system at the age of 11, going on to appear for every youth squad at the club. He made his senior debut with the reserves, playing two full seasons in Tercera División.
+ In summer 2010, Casado signed with neighbouring Real Madrid, being assigned to the B-side in Segunda División B. He represented them in both that level and Segunda División – almost always as a starter – first appearing in the latter competition in 2012–13.
+ Casado made his official debut with the "Merengues"'s first team on 20 December 2011, playing 70 minutes in a 5–1 home win against SD Ponferradina for the campaign's Copa del Rey (7–1 on aggregate). He scored his first professional goal on 8 October of the following year, netting Castilla's second in a 4–2 success at Hércules CF.
+ On 4 July 2014, Casado agreed to a two-year deal with Real Betis, freshly relegated to division two. He terminated his contract on 15 July of the following year after appearing sparingly, and moved to fellow league team Ponferradina five days later.
+ On 8 July 2016, Casado signed for Real Zaragoza also in the second tier. On 6 July of the following year, he moved abroad for the first time in his career after agreeing to a contract with Superleague Greece club Xanthi FC. He made his debut for the latter in the season opener, a 0–0 home draw against PAS Lamia 1964; his first goal in the competition came on 29 April 2018, when he helped the hosts defeat Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. 1–0.
+
+= = = Doctor Browning = = =
+
+ Dr. Shirley Paul Browning (commonly known as Doctor Browning) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera "Hollyoaks", played by Joseph Thompson. He made his debut screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 23 January 2012 and was introduced by Emma Smithwick. Doctor Browning was introduced as part of a storyline featuring Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) in which he "shows her the benefits of 'selling her services'". Doctor Browning and Mercedes later begin a relationship, which Smithwick called a "union of the dark soul mates". Thompson said that Doctor Browning and Mercedes "are excited by how dangerous the other is" and are "kindred spirits" who have an "undeniable connection between them". When Lynsey Nolan (Karen Hassan) is murdered in a whodunnit plot Doctor Browning becomes a suspect before it is later revealed he had killed Lynsey. Doctor Browning is described as having an "incredible capacity for Sleaze" and as someone who "needs to be in control and is not afraid to use underhand tactics".
+ Thompson was nominated in the "Newcomer" category at the 2013 National Television Awards. Laura Morgan of "All About Soap" felt that Doctor Browning was an "obvious suspect" in the investigation for Lynsey's murder although "Inside Soap" journalist Sarah was shocked at the revelation of Doctor Browning as Lynsey's killer, saying she had overlooked him as a suspect. Anthony D. Langford from AfterElton hoped that the character would not be revealed to be Lynsey's killer due to his enjoyment of Doctor Browning's relationship with Mercedes and their "blistering chemistry". Thompson's departure was announced on 9 August 2013 and the character left on 16 October 2013 after killed by Mercedes following a showdown with Mercedes, Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) and Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin) at part of the show's 18th anniversary.
+ On 19 December 2011, Digital Spy announced the introduction of the character saying that a "charming doctor arrives on the scene" during a new storyline featuring Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe). It was later announced that Doctor Browning would return with Mercedes to be "heading back into the arms of sleazy Doctor Browning again".
+ The official "Hollyoaks" website describes Doctor Browning as being "affectionately known as 'Doctor Sleaze'", explaining that he has an "incredible capacity for Sleaze". They add that the character's "driving motivation is his obsession with Mercedes. He's a man who needs to be in control and is not afraid to use underhand tactics to assert his power over the situation". Jaci Stephen of the "Daily Mail" called him a "caring doctor" but later dubbed the character "Doctor Dubious". Doctor Browning has also been labelled a "grade A nutcase", a "slimy charmer", "devious", "shady" "creepy", "sleazy", "twisted", "scheming" and "hunky".
+ On 19 December 2011, Digital Spy announced that after a difficult year for Mercedes a "charming doctor" arrives and "shows her the benefits of 'selling her services'" which leads her down a "dark path". Metcalfe explained that when Mercedes learns that Silas Blissett (Jeff Rawle) will not face trial she goes into "self destruct mode" and contacts Doctor Browning for sex once again. Mercedes does not take money from Doctor Browning for sex this time although she "hates herself" for it. Metcalfe told Katy Moon from "Inside Soap" that their night together makes her character "feel awful but she's looking for any distraction, any way to escape her demons". Metcalfe told a journalist from The Sun's magazine "TV Buzz" that Mercedes believes Doctor Browning "will help her move on" from her ordeal. Hassan told Dominique Marjoram from "OK!" that she enjoyed the storyline in which Browning "took advantage" of Lynsey and Mercedes. Metcalfe said that she and Thompson "loved" the episodic block which established escorting because it was "brilliant to film". She branded Thompson a "really good addition" to the cast and revealed that he had returned for a longer second stint, which sees Doctor Browning "stir things up".
+ "Hollyoaks" producer Emma Smithwick said that she was initially nervous about the "union of the dark soul mates, Mercy and Browning, but their chemistry is so watchable - that story is pretty dark". Mercedes begins to "fall for the charms" of Doctor Browning, believing she has "landed on her feet" when he invites her to a charity ball. Metcalfe commented that Mercedes begins to think he could provide her with the WAG lifestyle she has always wanted. She added that Mercedes still wants Riley but she "craves a bit of danger". Thompson also commented on this, saying Doctor Browning offers an "exciting alternative" for Mercedes compared to Riley. On the relationship Thompson said: "He knows what makes her tick, and the two of them are excited by how dangerous the other is". He went on to explain that Doctor Browning initially agreed to pretend to be in a relationship with Mercedes to help make Riley jealous but "he's fallen for her and will do whatever it takes to be with her. He thinks if he spends enough time with Mercy, he'll win her around". When Doctor Browning sees Riley kiss Mercedes "it becomes a question of how much he can take" and he decides he must "make a quick move" to prevent them reuniting. He takes Mercedes to a shooting range, Thompson explained that there she "realises there's an undeniable connection between them". He added that the couple are "kindred spirits" and Mercedes spending time with him will make her rethink their relationship. To dissuade Riley from reuniting with Mercedes, Doctor Browning gets Riley intoxicated and then warns him off of Mercedes. Thompson said that "it seemed to be written in the stars that Mercedes and Riley will get back together - but Dr Browning won't let that happen". Thompson claimed that due to Doctor Browning having incriminating evidence on Mercedes he has "real power, she thinks she's in control, but she might just be underestimating Dr Browning..."
+ Lynsey is found dead by Brendan Brady (Emmett J. Scanlan). Her death sparks a "whodunit storyline" as a "number of suspects had a motive for wanting to get rid of her". A promotional image revealed six suspects for the murder which did not include Doctor Browning. Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy said that although Doctor Browning is not an official suspect fans of the serial had speculated that Doctor Browning could be Lynsey's murderer due to his issues with Lynsey. A series of interactive videos released by the official "Hollyoaks" website later listed Doctor Browning as one of seven "main suspects" for the murder, with viewers able to interrogate the suspects. On 17 August 2012 during E4's first look episode it was revealed Doctor Browning had killed Lynsey when Jacqui McQueen (Claire Cooper) finds the murder weapon, Lynsey's scarf, amongst Doctor Browning's possessions. "Hollyoaks" official website said Doctor Browning's motives in killing Lynsey were "presumably to protect Mercedes". The aftermath of Jacqui's discovery, including Doctor Browning's explanation of his motives and kidnapping of Mercedes, boosted "Hollyoaks" ratings.
+ Mercedes reunites with Riley who cheats on her with Mitzeee, leading to Mercedes kidnapping her and Riley's son in revenge. Mercedes is arrested and shortly after Riley is shot dead. At her trial, Doctor Browning is called forward as a witness when her lawyer Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell) blames Riley for Mercedes' actions, claiming he abused her so she prevented Riley from seeing their son to protect him. Doctor Browning arrives for the trial where he claims Riley was also responsible for killing Lynsey. Metcalfe revealed that Mercedes is shocked when she sees Doctor Browning again as she does not know how she will react until she sees him which takes both of them "back in that moment when he was dragged away from her. She really did fall for him hook, line and sinker". The actress opined that Doctor Browning is her character's soul mate as he "gives as good as he gets" which is "really good" for Mercedes.
+ On 9 August 2013, Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy confirmed that Thompson had left "Hollyoaks". The actor would soon film his final scenes and his character will make his on-screen departure in the Autumn. Kilkelly stated "Digital Spy understands that it was always the plan for Doctor Browning to bow out in the latter half of this year, as Thompson is keen to explore other acting opportunities." Doctor Browning's exit storyline is being kept secret.
+ Doctor Browning pays Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) for sex and asks to keep seeing her and gives her more money. When Lynsey Nolan (Karen Hassan) resuscitates a DNR patient; Doctor Browning tells her that the department are investigating the incident, he admits he forgot to write the patient's DNR request on their notes. He threatens to report Lynsey and Mercedes tries to convince him not to. Mercedes discovers Doctor Browning is married and threatens to tell his wife of their relationship if Doctor Browning reports Lynsey for resuscitating the DNR patient. He later promises not to report Lynsey who is later given her job back as a nurse. Mercedes later calls Doctor Browning and arranges a meeting. She sleeps with him again for money and the next day he goads Lynsey about it. She warns him to stay away from her because Mercedes is not well and accuses him of taking advantage. He later treats Carmel McQueen (Gemma Merna) for her burn injuries and catches Lynsey attempting to view Walker's (Neil Newbon) medical records.
+ After discharging Mercedes from hospital, Lynsey is found dead and Doctor Browning confirms her time of death. He forges Mercedes' discharge papers so it appears as though she left hospital after Lynsey's murder. He moves into the flat next door to Riley Costello (Rob Norbury) to be closer to Mercedes. He blackmails Mercedes with the papers and tells her that she can make Riley jealous if they pretend to be in a relationship. His wife, Helen Browning, visits Mercedes and warns her that Doctor Browning will ruin her life. She has a black eye and Mercedes uses this to give Riley the impression that Doctor Browning has been hitting her. He tells Riley that Mercedes is lying and she leaves him. Doctor Browning finds Mercedes and they share their secrets about bad deeds. He tells her that he loves her no matter what she has done and they become closer. Jacqui McQueen (Claire Cooper) discovers Lynsey's scarf in his office desk and assumes that he is the killer. It is later revealed that Doctor Browning went to threaten Lynsey into keeping quiet about Mercedes stalking Mitzeee. They argued and he strangled her, not knowing that Walker was watching. When Mercedes finds out the truth, Doctor Browning kidnaps her and drives off. He suggests that they go abroad and Mercedes agrees, but the police arrive and arrest him. At the trial for Lynsey's murder Doctor Browning pleads not guilty and is later acquitted when he blames Riley for Lynsey's murder, after Riley's death. Doctor Browning surprises Mercedes on Christmas Eve and spends Christmas with Mercedes' family. Mercedes is thrown out by her family and Doctor Browning proposes marriage to her which she accepts. When Mercedes' mother, Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane) begins feeling ill, Doctor Browning suggests she come and see him at the hospital as she may have a serious illness. He carries out some scans on her and switches her results with another patient so it appears as if she has cancer. Doctor Browning suggests that Myra may not have long to live so should remain close to her family and make up with Mercedes.
+ When he tells Myra that she's not going to die, Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell), a lawyer, suggests that Myra could sue and get a lot of money. When Doctor Browning hears this he asks his boss if he'd make sure he didn't get fired in exchange for anything. His boss, Davies, says that he'll make sure nothing happens to Doctor Browning in exchange for one night with Mercedes. Doctor Browning says that that was a ridiculous idea, but when Mercedes finds out, she tells Doctor Browning that she'll do it, but then stop dating Doctor Browning.
+ When Mercedes goes, she decides to video everything that happens, but Davies finds out and proceeds to try and rape her but Doctor Browning saves her. In 2013, When Clare Devine (Gemma Bissix) kidnaps Mercedes, Doctor Browning finds Clare and tries to strangle her in her hotel but Jim turns up and saves her. When finding out where Mercedes is, he tries to save her but gets knocked unconscious with a rock by Clare who locks him in the cage with her but when Clare is arrested they are saved by the police. He then proposes to Mercedes. After the events a new doctor appears called Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin) which infuriates him because he killed Lynsey and that reminded him of her name. He begins stalking her which makes Mercedes think that he is having an affair with her.
+ On their wedding day, Mercedes confronts Lindsey accusing her of having an affair with Doctor Browning, which leads to a catfight which has to be broken up by Doctor Browning. Doctor Browning grabs Lindsey off Mercedes so her husband Joe Roscoe (Ayden Callaghan) punches him after he thinks he is attacking Lindsey. After the events, Mercedes and Doctor Browning finally get married. Days after the wedding, Doctor Browning begins stalking Lindsey again and locks himself in a lift with her and tries to rape her but Lindsey scratches his face and runs away. He then has a one-night stand with Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) and after she threatens to tell Mercedes he tries to kill her in the Hollyoaks high school storeroom but she survives and recovers.
+ When Myra tries to split up Doctor Browning and Mercedes, he hires Trevor Royle (Greg Wood) to kill her but he fails and she survives which angers Doctor Browning. Myra suspects he is behind it and tells everyone that he is a murderer and puts up posters that he is a murderer so Doctor Browning and Trevor agree to kill her. However, when Jim finds out he plans to help her escape. Mercedes learns of the plan and goes along with it. Mercedes gets a gun and points it at Doctor Browning but he overpowers her and locks her in the bathroom and takes the gun. Trevor goes to kill Myra but Jim helps her escape so Doctor Browning goes to kill her. He finds her by a dock and shoots her into the water just before Jim comes to take her away. It is then revealed that she survived because Jim gave her a bullet proof vest then she decides to go live in Spain so Doctor Browning goes to prison. When he gets home he tells Mercedes he killed Myra so Mercedes reluctantly agrees that she deserved it until they get to the loft and Mercedes attacks Doctor Browning. Doctor Browning manages to overpower her and tries to kill her until Jim interrupts and he is arrested. He tells Trevor he killed Myra and he confesses to the murders of Lynsey and Myra and the attempted murder of Cindy and attempted rape of Lindsey.
+ In October, Doctor Browning escapes from prison and when Mercedes finds out she ignores the fact that he has and carries on with her life however when Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall) and Jim get Clare out of prison, Clare plants a bomb in the loft where Mercedes is having her party. On her birthday Trevor, who is carrying the bomb, puts money in an identical bag and Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) takes the bag with the bomb believing it was the bag with the money in to Doug Carter (PJ Brennan) and Ste Hay's (Kieron Richardson) leaving party. Trevor tries to stop Clare from detonating the bomb but fails and the council flats are blown up, killing Doug, Ash Kane (Holly Weston) and Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest). Mercedes finds out and fights with Clare and throws her in front of an oncoming car which kills her. The driver turns out to be Doctor Browning who kidnaps Mercedes.
+ Doctor Browning takes Mercedes back to the McQueen household and keeps her hostage in there. When she mocks him, he beats her up. He tries to kill her but gets hit with a shovel by Cindy, who is with Lindsey, and they believe he is dead until he wakes up and attacks Cindy as revenge, however Mercedes hits him with the shovel and hits him again killing him. They put him in the Price Slice freezer but when it breaks they hire Freddie Roscoe (Charlie Clapham) to get rid of the body. Freddie puts him in a car and throws it off a cliff and they all agree to keep quiet.
+ For his role as Doctor Browning, Joseph Thompson was nominated in the "Newcomer" category at the 2013 National Television Awards. Jaci Stephen of the "Daily Mail" pondered whether "Dr Browning ever do a full day’s work of, well, doctoring? While the rest of the NHS claims to be underpaid and overworked, Dr Browning is having a breeze. If ever he has the incentive to write a prescription, please put out the bunting". Stephen's colleague, Claudia Connel felt that soap operas could help give David Cameron ideas to improve the NHS, noting that "Dr Browning in Hollyoaks is even good enough to leave his office unlocked so patients can help themselves to whatever they fancy. Drugs? A butcher’s at someone else’s medical notes? Fill your boots".
+ Laura Morgan of "All About Soap" felt that Doctor Browning is "dodgy" and that he is a "fairly obvious suspect" in the investigation for Lynsey's murder. She added that Doctor Browning "might not be a murderer, but you can't deny there's something not right about the preying practitioner". Morgan explained that Doctor Browning has a hold over Mercedes due to him having proof that Mercedes was in the village when Lynsey was killed although she thought that Doctor Browning "could he be trying to cover his own tracks by shifting the blame onto someone else". Morgan went on to say that after Doctor Browning sees through Mercedes scheme to solve the problem, "the devilish doc advised Mercedes she was better to keep him on side [...] we’re going to see a lot more of Dr Browning in the next few weeks. There’s going to be some interesting clues about his past, but will any of these lead us to be convinced he’s a cold-blooded killer?" Morgan's "All About Soap" colleague Carena Crowford felt that was "something suspect" about Doctor Browning. She said Silas was left alone with "the dodgy doc, and the next thing they knew the old man had knocked Browning out, stolen his shoes and run away. Come on, are we really expected to believe Silas could take out young, strong Dr B alone? Or is this evidence they’re working together...?" After it was revealed Doctor Browning killed Lynsey, Morgan said she "had the dastardly doc's card marked from day one, but have to admit that tonight's big reveal has left us a bit cold". She said that the murder was "a crime of passion, but there’s no way Mercy is worth killing for. [...] Disappointingly, it also transpired that Dr Browning has zilch to do with Silas's epic return. It was a mere coincidence that the medical man was caught up in the serial killer’s escape from hospital. We think it could have made a brilliant twist if Silas had been schooling Dr B, and getting him to carry on his work while he was behind bars".
+ "Inside Soap" journalist Sarah commented Lynsey's killer is revealed to be "none other than dodgy Dr Browning! Who saw that one coming?" She went on to add that her colleague had guessed the "menacing medic" to be responsible for the "despicable act" but because Doctor Browning was not one of the original suspects listed she had overlooked him as a suspect. Anthony D. Langford from AfterElton praised Browning's relationship with Mercedes, saying he is "loving the dysfunctional affair between Mercedes and the bad Dr. Browning. Their scenes are hot and they are so suited for each other. The games they play with each other are a hoot. I pray he's not Lynsey's killer". Upon the reveal of Doctor Browning as Lynsey's killer, Langford said he had predicted Doctor Browning as the killer but that he "hated that it turned out I was right". He went on to comment that it had previously "mattered little" to him that Doctor Browning could be responsible for the murder "but over the past several weeks, much has changed. The more I got to see the good doctor and his blistering chemistry with Mercedes, the more I liked him. Yes, the doctor is a bit twisted and a bad boy, but he was perfect for a twisted girl like Mercedes. I loved their scenes — they were hot, hot, hot. I really thought they made a delicious and fun couple. But now it’s all ruined with Browning being a killer".
+
+= = = Cowboy Poems Free = = =
+
+ Cowboy Poems Free is an album by progressive rock band Echolyn.
+
+= = = Yamanlar, İzmir = = =
+
+ Yamanlar is a village in Karşıyaka district of İzmir Province, Turkey. (Karşıyaka is an intracity district of İzmir.) Yamanlar is situated to the north of İzmir and to the south of the mountain with the same name at . Distance to Karşıyaka is . The population of the village is 135 as of 2011.
+
+= = = 2012–13 RIT Tigers women's ice hockey season = = =
+
+ The RIT Tigers represented the Rochester Institute of Technology in CHA women's ice hockey. The Tigers are participating at the NCAA Division I level for the first time in school history. Their first two games as a Division I program will be contested against CHA opponent Mercyhurst. Ritter Arena will host the games on September 28 and 29.
+
+= = = Pedro de Peralta = = =
+
+ Pedro de Peralta (c. 1584 – 1666) was Governor of New Mexico between 1610 and 1613 at a time when it was a province of New Spain.
+ He formally founded the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1610. In August 1613 he was arrested and jailed for almost a year by the Franciscan friar Isidro Ordóñez. Later, he was vindicated by the Mexican Inquisition and held a number of other senior posts in the Spanish imperial administration.
+ The settlement of New Mexico began when Juan de Oñate led a group of colonizers into the territory in 1598, serving as governor from 1601 until 1609.
+ By 1608, there were only 200 Spanish people, almost all in the capital of San Gabriel on the west bank of the Rio Grande opposite San Juan Pueblo.
+ No gold or silver had been found and the viceroy was receiving reports of mistreatment of the Indians and of near-starvation of the settlers. Due to these problems, on 13 September 1608 the Council of the Indies made a formal recommendation that New Mexico be abandoned. However, soon afterwards, Fray Lázaro Jiménez brought news from New Mexico that 7,000 Indians had been converted and baptized. They could not be abandoned, so King Philip III of Spain suspended the order to evacuate the colony.
+ According to one source, Don Pedro de Peralta was a bachelor of canon law. A report of possessions found in his house after his arrest includes a law book.
+ Peralta was appointed governor of New Mexico by the Viceroy, Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas on 31 March 1609, shortly after Peralta had arrived from Spain.
+ Juan de Oñate had asked Velasco for compensation for his efforts in New Mexico, and asked that his son Christóbal be allowed to succeed him. Valasco replied that he had named Peralta as governor, and that Onate should hand over to him when he arrived at the Rio Grande and should then return with his son to Mexico City without delay.
+ An expedition with supplies and reinforcements left for the north late in 1609.
+ Peralta reached the capital, La Villa de San Gabriel, early in 1610.
+ He was met by Oñate, who left for the south in early February to face charges of maladministration.
+ Peralta brought twelve soldiers and eight Franciscan priests with him.
+ His instructions included searching for the Straits of Anián, on which he should establish a secure port.
+ San Gabriel was remote from the main Pueblo Indian population centers.
+ Juan de Oñate had planned to move the capital south to the Santa Fe River valley.
+ Peralta selected a defensible site with ample available land and a good water supply for the town, which he called Santa Fe.
+ He and his surveyor laid out the town, including the districts, house and garden plots and the Santa Fe Plaza for the government buildings.
+ These included the governor's headquarters, government offices, a jail, arsenal and a chapel.
+ On completion, the plaza could hold "1,000 people, 5000 head of sheep, 400 head of horses, and 300 head of cattle without crowding."
+ The palace was built for defense with three-foot-thick adobe walls.
+ The Palace of the Governors is now the oldest continuously occupied building in the United States, and as of 1999 housed the Museum of New Mexico.
+ The church assumed that the main objective in New Mexico was to convert the Indians, and the civil power existed only in order to provide protection and to support this goal. As chief magistrate and head of the army, the governor had equal powers but different objectives, so clashes were inevitable.
+ The church argued that the friars had a duty to protect the Indians from abuses by the military and civilians.
+ Perhaps to weaken the church position, Peralta issued strict regulations that imposed imprisonment for ten days by the civil authority for any Spaniard found guilty of abusing an Indian worker. A fine was also payable to the victim. This resulted in some incidents where Pueblos deliberately provoked violence in order to earn the fine.
+ Fray Isidro de Ordóñez, who had twice before been in New Mexico, arrived with the supply train in 1612 as the leader of nine Franciscan friars. When he reached the southernmost mission at Sandia Pueblo, he produced a document that apparently made him Father Commissary, or head of the church in New Mexico, although later the document was said to be a forgery. In Santa Fe, despite Peralta's protests, Ordóñez proclaimed that any soldier or colonist could leave if they wanted to. Ordóñez also accused Peralta of underfeeding the natives who were working on the construction of Santa Fe. The struggle for power intensified, and in May 1613 Ordonez excommunicated Peralta,
+ posting a notice announcing this on the doors of the Santa Fe church.
+ On 12 August 1613 Ordóñez and his followers arrested Peralta and had him chained and imprisoned in the mission of Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (Our Lady of Sorrows) at Sandia.
+ His jailer was Fray Esteban de Perea, who disapproved but obeyed.
+ Ordóñez assumed full civil as well as religious power in New Mexico until a new temporal governor, don Bernardino de Ceballos, arrived in New Mexico in the summer of 1614.
+ Peralta was not allowed to leave until November 1614, after Ordóñez and the new governor had taken most of his possessions.
+ This was the start of long-running disputes between the friars and the secular administration,
+ which later became so violent that in 1620 the King himself had to intervene, taking the side of his governors.
+ Peralta returned to Mexico City and told his version of the dispute with Ordóñez.
+ The Mexican Inquisition eventually ordered Ordóñez to return to Mexico City, and reprimanded him.
+ Peralta was vindicated.
+ Shortly afterwards, he was appointed "alcalde mayor" of the port of Acapulco.
+ Peralta moved to Caracas, in what is now Venezuela, where he served as an official in the royal treasury in the 1640s and early 1650s. He married in Caracas in 1637. Peralta later resigned his commission in 1654 and then lived in retirement in Madrid until his death. Pedro de Peralta died in 1666.
+ Most likely because of Pedro de Peralta's previous governorship his family name of "Peralta" was the inspiration for a number of legends in the Southwest region of the United States. It is unclear if any of the Peraltas who may have inhabited the area in the 1700s and later were any relation to Pedro de Peralta.
+ In the 1870s and 1880s James Reavis popularized the idea of a rich Peralta family who had lived and ruled over part of the American Southwest. He tried to assert a Peralta Spanish land grant and barony granted by the King of Spain, which included a huge swath of Arizona and New Mexico, including the Superstition Mountains. Dr. George M. Willing, a territorial delegate to Congress, claimed to have purchased the land grant from a man named Miguel Peralta (Reavis became Willing's partner to defend the claim and initially the US Government indicated Reavis' documents supported the legitimacy of the land grant). Reavis married a woman he claimed was the Peralta heiress to the "barony of Arizona" and he became known as "the Baron of Arizona." Reavis convinced some in the disputed land grant area to pay him for quitclaims on their existing properties and sold other areas to property investors. Reavis' forged Peralta genealogy and other documents were later exposed, and he served a prison sentence for fraud. His partner (Dr. Willing) died earlier in 1874.
+ According to legend, but not supported by historical records, the Peralta family owned land near the Superstition Mountains. The Peralta Massacre is a legend that Apaches supposedly ambushed a mining expedition the family sent into the mountains. Some carved stones in the area are referred to as "Peralta Stones" and Spanish text and crude maps on them are considered by some to be clues to the location of a Peralta family gold mine in the Superstition Mountains, although others believe the stones to be modern fakes. The last patriarch of the family was supposedly a large landowner named Don Miguel Peralta (who some claim was the one with the land grant (or perhaps sold a false land grant) that became part of the Reavis fraud). The Peralta mine in the Superstition Mountains is part of the legends about the origin of the Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine.
+ Notes
+ Citations
+ Sources
+
+= = = Harvest Time = = =
+
+ Harvest Time () is a 2004 Russian drama film directed by Marina Razbezhkina. It was entered into the 26th Moscow International Film Festival.
+ The film is set in a Chuvash village during the early 1950s. Antonina Guseva lives with her husband Gennadiy, a disabled war veteran, and two young sons, Vanya and Kolya. Narration (voice-over) is on behalf of Kolya. Antonina is the best combine operator of the district, and she is awarded with a transferable Red Banner (instead of the calico piece she desired). Mice spoil the banner, and Antonina has to not only continuously repair it, but also to win again in the Socialist emulation, so that the banner remains with her and the authorities do not notice the consequences of "diversionist activities" by the mice. Gennadiy becomes a drunkard and passes away.
+ The last scene is set in a city apartment of the times of perestroika. After the death of Antonina, who survived her sons, old furniture is taken out from the flat. On TV the film "Guest from Kuban" with a song about combine operators is transmitted. An unknown girl casually browses photos and things from the village house, which are about to go to the dump. She takes out a small piece of red velvet (everything that remains of the Red Banner), wraps her head with it and goes to the street.
+ Kolya's voice-over:
+
+= = = 1677 in Ireland = = =
+
+ Events from the year 1677 in Ireland.
+
+= = = New Brunswick Route 570 = = =
+
+ Route 570 is a long north-south secondary highway in the western portion of New Brunswick, Canada.
+ The route starts at Route 107 in Gordonsville. The road travels south through a mostly forested area through South Gordonsville and Mt Pleasant. It then briefly turns east and crosses the Cold Stream just before entering Jericho. The road then turns south again in Bannon before ending at Route 104 on the Becaguimec Stream east of Bubartown near Coldstream.
+
+= = = 1983 Northern Mariana Islands Constitutional Convention referendum = = =
+
+ A referendum on holding a Constitutional Convention was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 5 November 1983. The proposal was approved by voters. A subsequent 44-part referendum on constitutional amendments was held in 1985.
+ The referendum was held in accordance with Chapter XVIII, article 2 of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Constitution, which stated that there must be a referendum on calling a Constitutional Convention every ten years. Voters were asked the question "Shall there be a constitutional convention to propose amendments to the Constitution?"
+
+= = = 2012 Copa Euskal Herria (women's football) = = =
+
+ The 2012 Copa de Fútbol Femenino de Euskal Herria was the second edition of this competition organized by the Basque Country Football Federation, featuring eleven clubs from Euskadi and Navarra playing in Primera and Segunda plus a Northern Basque Country selection. It ran from May 2 to August 26, 2012.
+ Real Sociedad defeated defending champion Athletic Bilbao in the final, played in Beasain, to win the competition for the first time. Añorga KKE and SD Lagunak also reached the semifinals.
+ The matches were played on 2 May, 4 and 16 June 2012.
+ The matches were played on 15, 19 and 21 August 2012.
+ The matches were played on 22 and 23 August 2012.
+
+= = = Irish Medicines Formulary = = =
+
+ Irish Medicines Formulary (IMF) 26 has just been published!
+ Irish Medicines Formulary 26 (IMF 26) ensures doctors, dentists, pharmacists and nurses have accurate medicines information which is medico-legally appropriate and up-to-date for Ireland. The A-Z of medicines, it includes all original brands, branded generics and pure generics. Inclusion of nutritional supplements, herbal preparations, reimbursed medical devices and OTC products makes multidisciplinary team care a reality. IMF 26 also includes commonly prescribed Exempt Medicines i.e. medicines that are prescribed in Ireland but are not licensed in Ireland.
+ Together with essential prescribing information, IMF also includes Irish-specific practical information – pricing in Euro, reference pricing, reimbursement status, generic substitution, storage requirements and effects of medicines on ability to drive. For any doctor, pharmacist, nurse or dentist intending to practice in Ireland, having the latest IMF book is like having a valid visa for entry and a driver's license for progress.
+ Published by Meridian Ireland, IMF in paperback format is edited, designed and printed in Ireland. IMF-Online is also available. For more information visit www.imfmedia.ie.
+ The Irish-specific prescribing information provided for each drug is sourced solely from the product license or Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) specific for Ireland as published on the website of the Health Regulatory Authority (HPRA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
+ First published in February 2007, IMF 26 (September 2019) has just been published and IMF-Online updated with the latest content at the same time. IMF-Online reflects the contents of the hard copy, except, in specialised areas such as Oncology, Immunology, HIV antivirals, where more detailed information is included.
+ NEW: Antimicrobial Prescribing Guidelines for Primary Care in Ireland
+ IMF 26 now includes Antimicrobial prescribing Guidelines for EIGHT antibiotics with co-amoxiclav the most recent addition. Evidence-based antimicrobial guidelines are a key tool in efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing, reduce the progression of antibiotic resistance and optimise patient outcomes. The Community Antimicrobial Stewardship subcommittee of the SARI National Committee developed these guidelines from 2009-2011. Since 2011, they have been overseen by the RCSI/HSE Clinical Advisory Group on Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance (HCAI/AMR), chaired by Dr Nuala O’Connor, ICGP Lead.
+ NEW: Childhood Immunisation Schedule for Ireland
+ IMF 26 also includes the recently revised Childhood Immunisation Schedule for Ireland. This schedule includes vaccinations required for babies (2-13 months), children and adolescents (up to 13 years) as well as HPV vaccination for boys.
+ IN ADDITION
+ Prescribing Information: IMF provides prescribing information for medicines available to be prescribed for patients in Ireland. This affords prescribers an easy and quick double check e.g. dose (especially if different for Elderly or Adolescents/Children), suitable for use in certain special populations (a patient with renal or hepatic impairment or in pregnancy). Drug interactions (i.e. co-administered drugs if contraindicated or precautions are needed), special precautions (i.e. considerations before or while using the drug), as well as expected adverse events are also included.
+ Euro Price and Reimbursement: In addition to actual prescribing information, the doctor, nurse prescriber or pharmacist may also need to check administrative information which is specific for Ireland e.g. the Euro price or whether the medicine is reimbursed under the various Irish reimbursement schemes e.g. GMS Scheme (GMS) or High Tech Scheme (HT). Reimbursement falls under the remit of the Health Service Executive (HSE).
+ Drugs in Sport and Driving: Also included is top-line information on the use of drugs in Sport as sourced from the World Anti-Doping Agency and information on driving as sourced from the Summary of Product Characteristics for each drug and supplemented with information from the DRUID (Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines) Project. The ATC Code for each molecule is also included for accurate referencing of medicines prescribed when legally required.
+ HPRA Pharmacovigilance Information: Each edition also includes pharmacovigilance information supplied by the Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA).
+ Adverse Reaction, Quality Defect Report Forms: Copies of the official Health Products Regulatory Authority Adverse Reaction Report Form (yellow card) and Quality Defect Report Card (green card). can be found in IMF.
+ How to write a prescription in Ireland: IMF-Online includes information on Prescription Writing from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) i.e. rules and regulations pertaining to prescription writing according to Irish legislation, as well as the legal requirements for writing prescriptions for Controlled Drugs. The information pertaining to prescriptions for Controlled Drugs has been updated in accordance with the newly published 2016 legislation.
+ IMF is used by Irish General Practitioners (GPs), Hospital Doctors, Nurse Prescribers and Pharmacists in both community and hospital practice. Particularly useful is that under each molecule (INN), IMF lists the generic brands marketed in Ireland. With increasing use of generics through substitution, doctors and pharmacists can use IMF to show patients that the generic equivalent they have received is the same as the original brand. The website of the HPRA lists the interchangeable medicines that are licensed in Ireland but not all of them are necessarily marketed; however, IMF includes those that are both licensed and marketed i.e. available to prescribe.
+ IMF is also used by nursing professionals (especially nurse prescribers and public health nurses), academic institutions e.g. the Department of Family Medicine and General Practice, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), state health and regulatory agencies e.g. Primary Care Reimbursement Service (PCRS), the HSE, HPRA and professionals working in the pharmaceutical industry. IMF is also widely used to ensure effective medication management in Nursing Homes throughout Ireland.
+ The Medical Protection Society (Ireland) produces a number of guidelines addressing safety issues, including safe prescribing. Their guidelines "Avoiding Problems – Managing the Risks in Hospital Practice" and "Avoiding Problems – Managing the Risks in General Practice in Ireland" advise "adopting accepted practice", for example, "prescribing in accordance with the Irish Medicines Formulary".
+ IMF is a fully complete and independent medicines reference specific of Ireland and is published each February and August.
+
+= = = 2012–13 Luxembourg National Division = = =
+
+ The 2012–13 Luxembourg National Division was the 99th season of top-tier football in Luxembourg. It began on 5 August 2012 and ended on 25 May 2013. F91 Dudelange were the defending champions having won their tenth league championship in the previous season.
+ US Rumelange and US Hostert were relegated to the Division of Honour after finishing 13th and 14th in the previous season. Both clubs were relegated after one year in the top flight. They were replaced by 2011–12 Division of Honour champions Jeunesse Canach and runners-up Etzella Ettelbruck. Both clubs return to the top flight after a one-year absence.
+ Hesperange as 12th-placed team had to compete in a single play-off match against third-placed Division of Honour side Wiltz. Wiltz won the match by 6–2, and they returned to the top division after a one-year absence. Swift Hesperange were relegated to the Division of Honour after an eleven-year stay in the top division.
+ The 12th-placed club in the National Division will compete in a relegation play-off match against the third-placed team from the Division of Honour for one spot in the following season's competition. This will take place once both seasons have finished, usually around the middle of May.
+
+= = = 2012 Finn Gold Cup = = =
+
+ The 2012 Finn Gold Cup, and the official Finn World Championships, were held in Falmouth, United Kingdom, between 13 and 18 May 2012. The hosting yacht club was Royal Cornwall Yacht Club.
+
+= = = Zilpha Elaw = = =
+
+ Zilpha Elaw ( 1790 – 1873) was an African-American preacher and spiritual autobiographer. She has been cited as "one of the first outspoken black women in the United States." Mitzi Smith suggests that Elaw and other Black women of the time used Pauline biblical texts to develop their own "politics of origins".
+ Elaw was born in Pennsylvania, a free woman.
+ Brought up in Philadelphia, by a black and deeply religious family, after the death of her mother in 1802, she was sent to live with a Quaker family, Pierson and Rebecca Mitchell; her father died just two years later. After seeing a vision of Jesus, she joined a Methodist society in 1808, marrying Joseph Elaw and moving to Burlington, New Jersey, in 1811. The couple had a daughter, Rebecca, in 1812. In 1817, Elaw attended a revival camp for a week, and after falling into a trance, she gave her first ever public speech. She fell ill in 1819, and while remaining sick for two years, experienced an angelic visitation. After Joseph's death from consumption in 1823, Elaw opened a school for African-American children in Burlington, but increasingly believing she had been called upon as a minister, she departed in 1825 and went on a preaching mission among slaves in Maryland and Virginia. She became a traveling preacher, carrying her message and that of her Lord. During the period of 1827 to 1840, she ministered as an itinerant preacher in the United States, and was known to be in Nantucket in 1832.
+ Elaw moved to England, preaching in the summer of 1840. She lived there and preached at least into the 1860s, penning "Memoirs of the Life, Religious Experience, and Ministerial Travels and Labours of Mrs. Zilpha Elaw, an American Female of Colour" in 1846. According to her memoirs, she preached more than 1,000 sermons in Great Britain over these years, but often faced hostility and heavy criticism from the Victorian British clergy, who believed that it was inappropriate for a woman to preach. It is unclear if she returned to the US before her death.
+
+= = = 1987 Northern Mariana Islands local government reorganisation referendum = = =
+
+ A referendum on a reorganisation of local government was held in the Northern Mariana Islands on 7 November 1987. The proposal was approved by voters.
+ The proposed reorganisation of local government was a legislative initiative passed by a 75% majority in both houses of the Legislature. As a result, only a simply majority of votes was required for the proposals to pass.
+ The proposals involved a complete rewrite of Chapter VI of the constitution, which defined the rights, duties and electoral system for local government.
+
+= = = IntelliServ = = =
+
+ IntelliServ is a National Oilwell Varco brand that manufactures and sells a broadband networked drilling string system used to transmit downhole information to the surface in a drilling operation.
+ The IntelliServ network is a broadband telemetry system that allows instant transmission of data between the surface and the measurement tools positioned in the drill string bottomhole assembly near the drill bit. The invention of IntelliServ technology began in 1997 with a project on hydraulic mud hammers sponsored by the company Novatek and the United States Department of Energy. The project addressed the need for instant transmission of downhole data (data acquired within the wellhole) through drill pipe, leading to Novatek’s beginning on a networked drill pipe development project. In 2001, the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) began providing funding for the drill pipe project and an additional drill pipe data transmission project.
+ Five years of Department of Energy and NETL-funded research resulted in the IntelliServ network and Intellipipe, a drill pipe with an embedded data cable. In 2006, Grant Prideco bought the IntelliServ technology and launched the first IntelliServ network. Grant Prideco was purchased by National Oilwell Varco (NOV) in 2008, and the NOV-IntelliServ joint venture was formed in 2009 with 55% National Oilwell Varco and 45% Schlumberger ownership.
+ The first commercial deployment of a drill string telemetry network occurred using IntelliServ’s product in Myanmar in December 2006.
+ The IntelliServ network components are embedded in drill string components, known as IntelliPipe, which transmit subsurface data at 57,000 bits per second. The IntelliServ network upgrade can raise the speed to one million bits per second. The two-way data communication between downhole Measurement while drilling (MWD) and Logging while drilling (LWD) measurement tools and the operators at the surface allow the operators to command rotary-steering tools, or configure downhole tools such as the formation pressure testing tool or sonic tools.
+ The IntelliServ network includes measurement nodes along the full length of the drill string that allow operators to acquire data along the wellbore. The measurement nodes measure and transmit temperature and pressure data acquired along the drill string, which can improve well site efficiency and reduce risks associated with hole cleaning, such as pack offs. The transmission of information is not affected by the depth, formation resistivity, drilling fluid properties, or required flow of the well. Surface operating parameters can control items detected by the sensors, such as shock and vibration.
+ The networked drill pipe can transmit data acquired by most large service companies. As of March 2012, the system has been deployed on 90 wells totaling more than 1 million feet of drilling.
+ The IntelliServ networked drillstrings have been used in well construction projects in five continents for the following:
+ IntelliServ partners with the following companies and organizations:
+
+= = = United Arab Emirates at the 2012 Summer Paralympics = = =
+
+ The United Arab Emirates competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. The UAE was represented by 15 competitors.
+
+= = = Gretel II = = =
+
+ Gretel II (KA-3) is an International 12-metre class racing yacht built for the America's Cup challenge series in 1970. She was designed by Alan Payne and built by W.H. Barnett for Australian media tycoon Sir Frank Packer.
+ Packer had first challenged for the America's Cup in 1962 with the yacht "Gretel", which was named after his wife. "Gretel" was competitive but lost that challenge 4–1.
+ In 1970 Packer returned to Newport, Rhode Island to challenge again for the 'Auld Mug' with his new 12-metre yacht "Gretel II" representing the Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron. This yacht was the last of the wooden-hulled America's Cup yachts. "Gretel II" was skippered by Jim Hardy with Martin Visser as tactician and starting helmsman and Bill Fesq as navigator. The crew included future Olympic Star class gold medallists David Forbes and John Anderson and future America's Cup–winning skipper John Bertrand as port trimmer.
+ After defeating Baron Marcel Bich’s "France" in the challenger selection series 4–0, the Australian yacht took on the American defender "Intrepid", skippered by Bill Ficker in a best-of-seven race series.
+ "Intrepid" won the first race when "Gretel II"s David Forbes was swept overboard but managed to hang onto the sail and scramble back on board. Then in a controversial second race, "Gretel II" crossed the finish line 1 minute 7 seconds ahead, but due to a collision at the start the Australian challenger was disqualified. "Intrepid" won the third race but "Gretel II" recorded a win in the fourth race by a margin of 1 minute 2 seconds. "Intrepid" then took out the fifth race to win the America's Cup 4–1.
+ Many observers, such as 1977 America's Cup winning skipper Ted Turner, believed that "Gretel II" was a faster boat than "Intrepid" but that the tactical cunning of Bill Ficker and Steve Van Dyke and the performance of the American crew were the deciding factors in the Americans' victory.
+ "Gretel II" served as a trial horse for Alan Bond’s "Southern Cross" in the 1974 America's Cup. In the 1977 America's Cup "Gretel II", skippered by Gordon Ingate, was one of four yachts vying to challenge for the Cup. Her wooden decking was replaced with aluminium for the new campaign. Ingate had a veteran crew which earned them the nickname 'Dad's Navy'. The yacht was eliminated by their Swedish rival "Sverige" during the challenger selection trials. The new Alan Bond yacht "Australia" won the right to challenge but lost to the Americans.
+ Decades later, after falling into disrepair, "Gretel II" was restored by a group of yachting enthusiasts in 2009. She is currently in a private marina at Pyrmont, Sydney, Australia.
+
+= = = Iron Sky: Invasion = = =
+
+ Iron Sky: Invasion is an official video game expansion of the 2012 Finnish science fiction comedy "Iron Sky". The game is developed by Reality Pump Studios, and is published by TopWare Interactive.
+ "Iron Sky: Invasion" is a space fighter simulator, enhanced with strategic and RPG elements, set in the universe of "Iron Sky" and expanding upon its foundations. The core of the gameplay is based on ship-to-ship dogfights, combined with assaults on giant spaceships (such as the space Zeppelins, portrayed in the film), as well as tactical thinking and resource management.
+ The game was first announced on August 19, 2012, by the video game publisher TopWare Interactive, during the Gamescom trade fair in Cologne, Germany. It was released in Europe on December 12, 2012, for the Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, iOS, Android and Mac OS platforms. It has received mixed or negative reviews from critics.
+ The game takes place in outer space, where the players must defend the Earth from the invasion of the Moon Nazis, as depicted in the 2012 film. The players can control most of the spaceships from the movie, to freely roam the space and attack Nazi vessels. There are weapons and equipment at their disposal, from offensive systems to defensive drones and satellites. The vessels are also equipped with military countermeasures which protect them from enemy fire, and can be recharged, upgraded or traded for other models. Upgrades require special resources, which can be scavenged from destroyed enemy units or found in outer space. A tactical space map can be used to spot the positions of Nazi forces or ongoing battles, with the destruction of the secret Nazi base hidden on the Dark Side of the Moon set as the ultimate goal.
+
+= = = Erich Hampe = = =
+
+ Erich Hampe (17 December 1889 – 28 June 1978) was a German Army officer with the rank of Generalmajor, who served as Chief of the Department for Technical Troops in OKH during World War II. Previously he was Vice Chief of the Technische Nothilfe as well as an editor and the author of the official history of German civil defense during the second World War. During the postwar years, he served as the first president of the Federal Agency for Civil Defense ("Bundesanstalt für zivilen Luftschutz").
+ Born in 1889, Hampe entered army service within the German Army on in 1908 as an Officer candidate. In 1912, when he was discharged to the Army Reserve. Hampe began subsequently work as Chief Editor of the "Die Post" newspaper, which closely cooperates with Free Conservative Party.
+ With the outbreak of the World War I, Hampe was called up in August 1914 and assigned to a machine gun-detachment; he was posted to the Guard Corps and ordered to the Western front. He participated in the First Battle of Ypres, the First Battle of Champagne, the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive, and the Battle of Verdun. His military service ended on November 30, 1919, when he retired from the Army. During his service in the Army, Hampe was awarded with the both classes of Iron Cross and Hesse Medal for Bravery.
+ In the beginning of 1920 in the Weimar Republic, he worked as Vice Chief of the Technische Nothilfe (TN). In 1941 he was transferred the Wehrmacht and served as inspector general of the Technical Troops (that originated in TN units transferred to the army). In the public service of West Germany in 1950, he started with the reconstruction of the Technisches Hilfswerk, continued as head of division in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior and finally as first President of the Federal Agency for Civil Defense (Bundesanstalt für zivilen Luftschutz). Hampe died in 1978 in Hangelar near Bonn.
+
+= = = John Faircloth = = =
+
+ Joseph A. (John) Faircloth (born February 19, 1939) is a Republican member of the North Carolina General Assembly who represents part of Guilford County, North Carolina.
+ Faircloth has a bachelor's degree from Guilford College a master's degree from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and has also studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Louisville. Faircloth spent his career as a police officer. He was police chief of Salisbury, North Carolina from 1975 to 1976 and of High Point, North Carolina from 1976 to 1992. Since 1992 he has worked as a real estate agent. Faircloth was first elected to the General Assembly in 2010.
+ Faircloth has represented HD61 for four terms and filed for 2018 elections in HD62.
+ In 2010 “Faircloth’s top three issues are protecting a free-market economy from excessive government control and influence, providing good public safety, and strengthening public education.”
+ Faircloth did not face a challenger in the general election that year.
+ The 2014 race was a rematch of the 2012 race.
+ Faircloth won 67 percent of the vote in 2014.
+ Faircloth's opponent for the 2020 election is Democrat Brandon Gray.
+ Faircloth was a primary sponsor of H937, which allowed permit holders to carry concealed firearms inside bars and restaurants that serve alcohol and to keep firearms locked in their car when parked on college or public school campuses. H937 allowed concealed handgun permit holders to keep their “firearms locked in their car when parked on college or public school campuses.” Faircloth said the college provision “merely makes legal something that already happens” and "let's don't fool ourselves, there are guns on our campuses." Faircloth on concealed carry holders consuming alcohol at a bar or restaurant: “It’s a very overblown concern.” Faircloth was also a sponsor of H405, which “would allow prosecutors and judges with concealed-carry permits to bring handguns into courthouses.”
+ In 2013, Faircloth sponsored a bill that would have allowed juveniles 15 years of age or older who committed high level felonies to be tried in superior court. The age was originally set at 13, but Faircloth raised it after stakeholder input.
+
+= = = Daitetsu Tadamitsu = = =
+
+ Daitetsu Tadamitsu (born 29 October 1956 as Tadamitsu Minami) is a former sumo wrestler from Ōno, Fukui, Japan. He made his professional debut in July 1971, and reached the top division in November, 1983. His highest rank was "komusubi". He retired in September 1990, and as of 2016 he is a coach at Nishonoseki stable, under the elder name Minatogawa.
+
+
+= = = Seven45 Studios = = =
+
+ Seven45 Studios is the video game publishing & development division of First Act. The company's titles fuse innovative and entertaining gameplay with the world of music.
+ Seven45 Studios was founded in 2007 as the video game division for First Act. Seven45 is perhaps best known as the developer and publisher of the critically panned 2010 title , a note-matching game that shipped with a unique guitar game controller that acts as both a standalone six-stringed guitar and game controller for this and other note-matching games. In late 2010 Seven45 Studios laid-off a large part of their staff "as a part of the natural cycle of game development and to focus on the development needs of its upcoming games projects". In 2011 Seven45 Studios changed focus to developing and producing iOS apps.
+, released in October 2010, is a video game console game for simulating gameplay with a real guitar. It was released simultaneously on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
+ BeatPop, released in April 2011, in an iOS app, designed to be played on the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch. The player pops bubbles (via tapping the touch screen) to the beat of a variety of interesting and catchy original soundtracks.
+ Soulo, released in late 2011, is an iOS app for Karaoke designed to be played on the Apple iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch. The songs that can be downloaded directly to the app include a dynamic interactive display of the lyrics. These songs are all cover versions of original songs. Soulo also enables the user to sing along with existing songs in the iTunes library. The original vocals from these songs are suppressed via vocal remover technologies. Additional voice enhancements such as pitch correction are also included in the game play. These technologies were supplied by the audio technology company iZotope. The app is designed to work with a line of microphones and other peripherals made by Seven45 Studios' sister company, First Act.
+
+= = = 2011 Soling World Championship = = =
+
+ The 2011 Soling World Championships were held in Prien am Chiemsee, Germany between April 22 and 30, 2011. The hosting yacht club was Chiemsee Yacht Club.
+
+= = = Hackney Flashers = = =
+
+ The Hackney Flashers were a collective of broadly socialist-feminist women who produced notable agitprop exhibitions in the 1970s and early 1980s. Working in the United Kingdom during second wave feminism (1960s–1980s), the Hackney Flashers are an example of collectives prevalent in the latter half of the 20th century that worked to raise consciousness of social or political issues relevant to the times. This group's original aim was to make visible the invisible and document women's work in the home and outside of it, helping to make the case for childcare and show the complex social and economic issues of women and childcare.
+ The group's origins go back to 1974 when photographers Jo Spence and Neil Martinson were searching for women photographers to produce an exhibition on Women and Work for Hackney Trades Council. A woman designer and an illustrator, a writer and an editor also joined the group. Members were engaged in a variety of occupations at a professional level: university teaching, community photography, freelance photojournalism and publishing; some were active trade unionists. In 1975 the collective was consolidated when it adopted the name Hackney Flashers.
+ From the start the Flashers’ output was distributed as the work of a collective. It was a political decision that individual names were never listed, specific images or writing never credited. This may have led to later confusion about who was in the Hackney Flashers and who worked on the different projects.
+ Members were An Dekker, Sally Greenhill, Gerda Jager, Liz Heron, Michael Ann Mullen, Maggie Murray, Christine Roche, Jo Spence and Julia Vellacott. In her history of women photographers in Britain, Val Williams recounts that "the group's nine women members began to study the use of photography within the capitalist system and to present alternatives. They played a decisive part in establishing a context within which women workers from different cultural fields could work together in pursuit of a collective political aim".
+ Others associated with the group were Helen Grace, Maggie Millman, Jini Rawlings, Ruth Barrenbaum, Nanette Salomon, Arlene Strasberg and Chris Treweek. Neil Martinson was a founding member and the main point of contact between the group and Hackney Trades Council. He left the group in November 1975. Terry Dennett did not join the group, but came to one or two meetings as an observer.
+ The group’s purpose and politics grew and developed over time – not without internal conflict and dissent. Members came from differing class backgrounds and political stances. Some were of the left, others emerging feminists. The group's feminist practice was reflected in their tactics of working as a small group outside of institutions like academia. They worked on bringing personal and domestic issues into the public sphere. They would meet in each other's homes. The dynamic of the group is documented in Liz Heron’s article, "Who’s still holding the camera?" in "Photography Politics:One". One of the aims of the group was to uncover what was hidden (hence ‘Flashers’). This was true of the many images of women at work (rarely recorded at the time) in the first exhibition and the complications of juggling childcare and work in the second. The works were conceived as campaigning and educational.
+ The second exhibition also engaged with issues of representation, of subverting imagery and the difficulty of visually showing a lack. Val Williams notes that "The eclectic use of graphics, of cartooning and of advertisements began a process which took photography out of its traditional limits and re-established it as a medium of cohesive political propaganda." Both exhibitions were intended for use in community centres, schools, trades union gatherings and every sort of alternative venue. The panels appeared in town halls, health centres, at conferences, in libraries and at the Hayward Gallery when it was selected by curator John Tagg to be included in the 'Three Perspectives of Photography' in 1979.
+ The collective also functioned as a co-operative, skill-sharing experience for women working in the media, who at that time had a very low profile and were often isolated.
+ The Hackney Flashers Collective produced three main pieces of work, although there were other experimental pieces, including montages, which were made in the group’s occasional creative workshops
+ The collective split up in the early 80s citing political differences and the wish to work on other projects. Members of the Collective continued to develop their own careers or engage in new fields. Sally Greenhill worked as a photojournalist, Liz Heron worked as a journalist and literary translator and is the author of fiction and non-fiction books; Michael Ann Mullen became Photography Officer at the GLC and later lectured in history of photography at Middlesex University; Maggie Murray (with Val Wilmer) set up Format Photographers – a women's photo agency; Christine Roche continued as a cartoonist/illustrator and taught at the London College of Printing; Jo Spence produced books and exhibitions on health and representation. She died in 1992. Julia Vellacott was an editor at Penguin Books.
+ Informal contact and collaboration between many of the Flashers went on for many years and continues.
+ The work of the Hackney Flashers has been noted in histories of photography and of the art practices of collage and montage.
+ Beyond the initial showing of the work, the projects by the Hackney Flashers have been included in several major exhibitions in recent years. These have included but are not limited to:
+ 2000: "Protest and Survive" at the Whitechapel Gallery, curated by artists Matthew Higgs and Paul Noble
+ 2005–2006: "Jo Spence: Beyond the Perfect Image, Photography, Subjectivity, Antagonism" at Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona 27 October 2005 – 15 January 2006, Curators Jorge Ribalta and Terry Dennett.
+ 2012: "Who's Still Holding the Baby? Hackney Flashers 1978" Exhibition at The Women's Art Library, Goldsmiths University of London, 1–30 June 2012, curated by Dr Hazel Frizell.
+ 2012: "Jo Spence: Work I", SPACE, London, 1 June – 15 July 2012.
+ 2012–2013: "Transmitter Receiver: The Persistence of Collage", An Arts Council Touring Exhibition, Middlesbrough, Woking, Walsall, Lincoln, Aberystwyth, Carlisle,
+ In 2014, former members of the group launched a Hackney Flashers website and organized a 40th anniversary event.
+
+= = = Jordan Winston Early = = =
+
+ The Reverend Jordan Winston Early (June 17, 1814 – November 19, 1903) was an American Methodist african american preacher, considered to have been one of the pioneers of African Methodism in the West and South of the United States. In 1868, he married Sarah Jane Woodson Early, and the couple were prominent in spreading Methodism and black nationalism, and his wife taught wherever he preached.
+ Early, a former slave, was born on June 17, 1814, in Franklin County, Virginia. After his mother's death, when Early was three, he and his siblings were cared for by a maternal aunt, an uncle who taught him astronomy, and an older woman on the plantation, known as "Aunt Milly". Sold separately from his parents, he became a minister at the age of 12.
+ Early and his family were taken by their masters to Missouri in 1826, where Early joined the Methodist Church, and was emancipated in the same year. While working on a riverboat that plied between St. Louis and New Orleans, he learned how to read and write, taught by a Presbyterian minister and a shipmate. Joining the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1832, Early worked to build more local congregations. In 1836, he was licensed as an AME preacher. He helped expand the church in St. Louis, New Orleans, Illinois, Indiana, and Tennessee. By 1838, he was ordained a deacon. In 1840, Early and other supporters built the first AME Church in St. Louis.
+ In 1843, he married Louisa Carter, and they had eight children, four of whom survived to adulthood. The Earlys sent their children to Wilberforce University. He became licensed as an exhorter in 1853. In the late 1850s, Early evangelized in Tennessee and founded AME missions in Missouri (Kirkwood, Saint Charles, Roche Port, Washington, Jefferson City, Louisiana, Booneville, Saint Joseph, and Weston).
+ After Louisa died in 1862, Early married Sarah Jane Woodson Early on September 24, 1868. The couple were prominent in spreading Methodism and black nationalism; his wife taught wherever he preached, serving as a principal in four cities. Jordan Early and his wife Sarah retired to Nashville from active minister appointments in 1888. His wife wrote a biography of her husband and his rise from slavery that is included among postwar slave narratives.
+
+= = = PBA Bowling Tour: 1980 Season = = =
+
+ This is a recap of the 1980 season for the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour. It was the tour's 22nd season, and consisted of 34 events. Wayne Webb broke the six-season Earl Anthony-Mark Roth stranglehold on PBA Player of the Year awards, as he achieved the honor on the strength of three titles, including the Firestone Tournament of Champions major. Webb was also the Tour's leading money winner on the season.
+ Steve Martin won his second career PBA title and first major at the BPAA U.S. Open. The following week, Johnny Petraglia captured the title at the PBA National Championship to give him his third career major and all three jewels of the PBA's "triple crown." Only Billy Hardwick had achieved this same feat to date.
+ Mark Roth made PBA Tour history in the finals of the season-opening event in Alameda, California, when he became the first player to convert the 7-10 split on national television.
+
+= = = Asia Pacific Internet Exchange Association = = =
+
+ APIX is an association of Internet exchange points in the Asia Pacific region. APIX is also part of the global IX-F Internet eXchange Federation.
+
+= = = Individual Electoral Registration = = =
+
+ Individual Electoral Registration (IER) is the voter registration system which took effect from 10 June 2014 in England and Wales and from 19 September 2014 in Scotland. Under the previous system, the "head of the household" was required to register all residents of the household who are eligible. Under the new system individuals are required to register themselves, as well as provide their National Insurance number and date of birth on the application form so that their identity can be verified.
+ The Westminster government had introduced IER to Northern Ireland in 2002 in the Electoral Fraud (Northern Ireland) Act 2002, but England, Wales and Scotland continued to use a system of householder registration.
+ The UK's politically independent Electoral Commission had been pushing for such a reform for some time. In September 2010, Mark Harper, the government's Minister for Constitutional Reform, announced the plan. A spokesman for the Electoral Reform Society, an independent NGO, expressed some reservations: "You're potentially looking at registration rates in the 50% region. It will make some problems worse.". One recent study has also suggested that it will lead to a decline in electoral registration, unless other measures are put in place to offset these reductions.
+ The Government has stated that 35 million voters will be transferred to the new system automatically as their identity can be verified using the Department of Work and Pensions database. The remainder will be required to prove their identity in order to remain on the electoral register.
+ Those who were added to the register under the previous system were not removed until after the general election in May 2015.
+ The Cameron government introduced the Electoral Registration and Administration Bill 2012 in the Queen's Speech in May, 2012 in order to provide for the introduction of compulsory IER for those wishing to vote by post or by proxy in 2014, and compulsory IER for all registrations by 2015. The Bill passed swiftly through the House of Commons and saw its second reading in the House of Lords on 24 July 2012, having been introduced for the Coalition by the Liberal Democrat peer, Lord Wallace of Saltaire. It passed committee stage on 14 January 2013, and received Royal Assent on 31 January 2013 thereby passing into law as the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013.
+
+= = = 21–22 High Street, Coventry = = =
+
+ The cellars of 21 and 22 High Street are listed buildings in the centre of Coventry, in the West Midlands of England. The cellar of No 21 is a Grade II listed building, while that of No 22 is Grade I listed, meaning that they are sites of "special architectural or historic interest". The cellars were formerly a single crypt, built in the 15th century (CE). They are constructed from sandstone, and measure approximately 17 x 20 feet (No 21) and 56 x 27 feet (No 22). Both are supported by large octagonal columns and ribbed vaulting. They were listed in 1955 (No 22) and 1975 (No 21). The cellars may be some of the oldest remaining traces of domestic building work in Coventry, and several similar cellars exist elsewhere on High Street and other nearby streets, some dating back to the 14th century. The cellars are divided into two aisles, each containing four bays, which are divided by the octagonal columns.
+ No 22 is one of only 21 Grade I listed buildings in Coventry, while No 21 is one of approximately 350 Grade II listed buildings in the city. The status gives them legal protection against demolition or modifications which would destroy historic features or damage the buildings' character.
+
+= = = THC (band) = = =
+
+ T.H.C. was a trip hop band from Los Angeles, California, formed by producer/composer/keyboardist/bassist George Sarah in 1992. Vocalist and lyricist Sarah Folkman joined the band official in 1997 though she was a guest collaborator since 1995.
+ From 1992 to 1999 the band released two full-length albums, one E.P. and two 12 inch records. George disbanded the band to work on solo projects.
+ In 1995 George Sarah as T.H.C. signed with Fifth Colvmn records and released Death By Design in January 1996. The album consisted of hard techno and ambient electronic music. Half the album was co-produced by Q A.K.A. Uberzone. Later that year an EP was released titled 'Consenting Guinea Pig'. In 1996 George Sarah toured the eastern USA on a three-week tour to perform both releases. In September of that year as T.H.C. George joined fellow Fifth Colvmn label mates 'Death Ride 69' performing bass on a 6-week tour supporting My Life With The Thrill Kill Kult across the U.S.A.
+ In 1997 San Diego base Intelligent Records released two T.H.C. 12inch instrumentals produced and performed by George Sarah.
+ In 1998 Nettwerk Records flew both George and Sarah Folkman to Canada to record demo's for the label. The sessions were engineered by KMFDM Gunter Schultz. Later that year T.H.C. performed a two-week residency in Paris, France accompanied by a string trio (cello, viola, violin) which had become the live presentation of the band.
+ In 1999, the band released one full-length album together called "Adagio". It consisted of a somber beauty of melancholic charged electronica.
+ T.H.C. gained some recognition after their music appeared in a couple of episodes of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" (as well as its spin-off, "Angel"), playing the part of the fictional band Shy, of whom Veruca was the vocalist. George Sarah also appeared on the show as Shy's keyboard player. George Sarah returned to "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" on season six in the episode "Hells Bells" along with his string section during the wedding ceremony. T.H.C also had their music appear in several films including "The Curve" directed by Dan Rosen and starring Matthew Lillard, Michael Vartan, and Keri Russell, "Mascara" directed by Linda Kandel and starring Ione Skye, "Cleopatra’s second husband" directed by Jon Reiss.
+
+= = = Municipality of Gorišnica = = =
+
+ The Municipality of Gorišnica (, ) is a municipality in Slovenia. The area traditionally belonged to the region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.
+
+= = = Machiara National Park = = =
+
+ It was notified in 1996 as a National Park.
+
+= = = Leegate railway station = = =
+
+ Leegate was a railway station on the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR) and served this rural district in Cumbria. The station was opened by the M&CR in 1848 and lay in the Parish of Bromfield.
+ Leegate station was opened by the Maryport & Carlisle Railway in 1848. At grouping in 1923 the M&CR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. It was one of a number of lightly-used intermediate stations on the M&C line closed to passenger traffic by the British Transport Commission in the years immediately after nationalisation of the British Railways network in 1948. Services ceased on 5 June 1950, though goods traffic continued to be handled here until 1964.
+ The main Carlisle-Maryport line (completed in 1845) remains open and forms part of the Cumbrian Coast Line between Carlisle and Barrow in Furness.
+ The station had two through platforms, with substantial station buildings and a signal box. No trace however remains of the station today.
+
+= = = John Brickels = = =
+
+ John Lewis "Stub" Brickels ( – ) was a high school, college and professional football coach who served as a backfield coach for the Cleveland Browns between 1946 and 1948. Brickels began his coaching career in 1930, after graduating from Wittenberg University in Ohio, where he was a standout as a halfback on the school's football team. He coached high school football and basketball teams in Ohio and West Virginia in the 1930s and early 1940s before becoming the head basketball coach at the West Virginia University in 1944. He held that post until 1945, when Cleveland Browns coach Paul Brown hired him to recruit players for the Browns, a team under formation in the All-America Football Conference, while Brown served in the U.S. Navy during
+ When the Browns began play in 1946, Brickels became the team's backfield coach, holding the post until he was named an assistant football coach at Miami University after the 1948 season. He was promoted to head basketball coach and athletic director the following year, and remained in that position until his death of a heart attack in 1964.
+ Brickels attended Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio, where he played four sports and was a star halfback on the school's football team. He graduated from Wittenberg in 1930 and was a member of Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI).
+ After graduating from college, Brickels, nicknamed "Stub", was hired as an assistant football and basketball coach at New Philadelphia High School in New Philadelphia, Ohio. He was promoted to head coach of both teams in 1932. During one successful run, his football team won 36 of 40 games. The team played numerous times against dominant Massillon Washington High School squads coached by Paul Brown in the 1930s, although New Philadelphia lost all of the matchups. Brickels went on to become head basketball coach and assistant football coach at Huntington High School in West Virginia in 1938. In 1944, he was named the head basketball coach at the West Virginia University, and led the team to the National Invitation Tournament in 1945.
+ Paul Brown, who was serving in the U.S. Navy during World War II and coaching a service football team at a base outside Chicago, hired Brickels in 1945 to help him organize the Cleveland Browns, a new team in the All-America Football Conference. Arthur B. McBride, the team's owner, had hired Brown as head coach and general manager, but Brown was hamstrung by his military service and needed Brickels to help recruit players. Brown chose him because of his easygoing and glib manner and familiarity with the Ohio sports scene. Brickels set up an office in downtown Cleveland and visited with players Brown was interested in signing.
+ Brickels mostly did Brown's bidding and signed numerous players on his behalf, but he also brought two men to Brown's attention who later joined the Browns and had long careers with the team. Center Frank Gatski and guard Ed Ulinski both played at Marshall University in Huntington when Brickels was coaching high school there. Gatski had a Hall of Fame career in 11 seasons for the Browns, and Ulinski played four years for the team before becoming a long-time Browns offensive line coach.
+ When the Browns started play, Brickels became a backfield coach. He stayed with the Browns for three seasons, after each of which the team won the AAFC championship. Brickels left the Browns in 1949 to take a job as an assistant to football coach Woody Hayes at Miami University. The following year, he was named the school's athletic director and head basketball coach.
+ Brickels died in 1964 of a heart attack while still the athletic director at Miami. He was inducted into Miami's athletics hall of fame in 1971 and into Wittenberg's hall of honor in 1986.
+
+= = = List of Little League World Series appearances by U.S. state = = =
+
+ This is the list of U.S. states that have participated in the Little League World Series.
+ "As of the 2019 Little League World Series"
+ Since 1976, a U.S. final is played. The winner plays versus the International Champion for the LLWS.
+ "As the 2018 Little League World Series"
+ As of the 2018 LLWS, eight states, including Washington D.C., have only ever appeared in regional tournaments and never advanced to the LLWS.
+
+= = = 2011 Dragon World Championship = = =
+
+ The 2011 Dragon World Championships were held in Melbourne, Australia between 9 and 15 January 2011. The hosting yacht club was Royal Brighton Yacht Club.
+
+= = = Feeserpeton = = =
+
+ Feeserpeton is an extinct genus of parareptile from the Early Permian of Richard's Spur, Oklahoma. It is known from a single species, Feeserpeton oklahomensis, which was named in 2012 on the basis of a nearly complete skull. "Feeserpeton" is a member of the clade Lanthanosuchoidea and is one of the earliest parareptiles.
+ The only known skull of "Feeserpeton" is small, but well-fused bones, deep pitting, and worn teeth indicate that the individual was close to maturity when it died. Large eye sockets may indicate that "Feeserpeton" was nocturnal. The skull is nearly complete, missing parts of the premaxilla (a bone at the tip of the snout) and the jugal (a bone making up the "cheek" region). A combination of features distinguish "Feeserpeton" from other related parareptiles, including a triangular skull, large caniniform teeth in the upper and lower jaws, and postorbital bones behind the eye sockets that are much larger than the nearby squamosal bones. Part of the palate is exposed on the right side of the skull, revealing many worn palatal teeth. The teeth in the mandible or lower jaw are hidden beneath the bones of the upper jaw, but CT scanning has revealed that there is a single tooth row on each side with mostly small teeth. Two teeth are much larger than the rest, similar in size to the enlarged caniniforms of the upper jaw. The braincase is preserved at the back of the skull and includes the stapes, a bone rarely preserved in parareptile fossils. "Feeserpeton" has a large opisthotic bone in its braincase, similar in size to that of another Early Permian parareptile called "Acleistorhinus".
+ The holotype skull of "Feeserpeton", cataloged as OMNH 73541, was found in the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry near the town of Richard's Spur, Oklahoma. Several other parareptiles have also been found from Richard's Spur, including "Bolosaurus", "Colobomycter", "Delorhynchus", "Microleter", and an acleistorhinid. OMNH 73541 was preserved in a clay-rich nodule of calcite which was removed during preparation. CT scans of the skull revealed many internal details. The specimen was described as a new genus and species in 2012. The genus name "Feeserpeton" honors Mike Feese, a manager of the Dolese Brothers quarry who was also a fossil collector, and the species name "oklahomensis" refers to Oklahoma, the state in which it was found.
+ "Feeserpeton" was included in a phylogenetic analysis when it was first named in 2012. It nested within the clade Lanthanosuchoidea, a poorly known group that includes the parareptiles "Acleistorhinus" and "Lanthanosuchus". "Feeserpeton" was found to be a basal member of this group, the sister taxon of a clade including "Acleistorhinus" and "Lanthanosuchus". Features that place "Feeserpeton" within Lanthanosuchoidea include a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket, a plate-like supraoccipital bone with a sagittal crest on the braincase, and a notch midway along the margin of the back of the skull. "Feeserpeton" is the oldest member of the clade. Below is a cladogram from the analysis showing the position of "Feeserpeton":
+
+= = = Mudhar Club (handball) = = =
+
+ Mudhar H.C (Arabic: نادي مضر السعودي لكرة اليد, English: Mudhar Handball Club) is a Saudi Arabian handball team based in Al-Qudaih, that plays in Prince Faisal bin Fahad Saudi Handball League.
+
+= = = Diandongosuchus = = =
+
+ Diandongosuchus is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptile, possibly a member of the Phytosauria, known from the Middle Triassic of China. The type species Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis was named in 2012 from the Falang Formation of Yunnan Province. It is a marine species that shows similarities with another Chinese Triassic species called "Qianosuchus mixtus", although it has fewer adaptations toward marine life. It was originally classified as the basal-most member of the pseudosuchian clade Poposauroidea. However, a subsequent study conducted by Stocker "et al." (2016, 2017) indicated it to be the basalmost known phytosaur instead.
+ "Diandongosuchus" is known from a nearly complete articulated skeleton (ZMNH M8770) missing most of the tail. The total length of ZMNH M8770 is and the estimated body length of the animal in life is around . The specimen is preserved on its right side, with the underside of the lower jaws and the trunk showing. It was prepared out of a limestone slab to reveal details on the left side of the skeleton, many of which are better preserved. The skull of "Diandongosuchus" is pointed, with oval-shaped eye sockets, antorbital and temporal openings. Distinctive features include a long premaxilla bone at the tip of the snout that extends backward past the nostril openings, a large ridge on the jugal bone that runs beneath the eye socket, and two supratemporal openings on the skull table that have prominent ridges surrounding them. The skull has similar proportions to that of "Qianosuchus", and has the same number of teeth in the premaxilla. Like the terrestrial poposauroid "Poposaurus", "Diandongosuchus" has a maxilla (upper jaw) bone that does not reach the border of the nostril opening.
+ ZMNH M8770 has 25 vertebrae in the back and neck, two sacral vertebrae (as in most Triassic pseudosuchians), and seven of the forward-most tail vertebrae. The neck vertebrae are taller and narrower than they are in "Qianosuchus". Most of the back vertebrae are obscured by overlying ribs. At the back of the trunk near the hips are bones belonging to small vertebrates such as fish - likely the stomach contents of the individual. Small overlapping osteoderms (bony scutes) overlay many of the vertebrae. Two rows run along the neck, back, and tail with about two osteoderms overlaying each vertebra. Small osteoderms also cover the limb bones.
+ Some features of the limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles are also diagnostic in "Diandongosuchus", including a thick ischium bone in the hip, an opening of the coracoid bone in the pectoral girdle that is much larger than those of other archosaurs and is closed by the end of the scapula, and a fourth metatarsal bone in the foot that is longer than the other metatarsals. The scapula of "Diandongosuchus" is longer and narrower than that of "Qianosuchus". The iliac blade of the hip is unusual in that it is narrow and projects far back from the rest of the hip. As in "Qianosuchus", the femur of "Diandongosuchus" is slightly twisted, but the fibula is thinner and more curved. The astragalus and calcaneum bones of the ankle fit together like a ball-and-socket, a feature that confirms "Diandongosuchus" as a pseudosuchian. Some of the phalanges or toe bones are missing in ZMNH M8770, but the metatarsals are present and have unique proportions among Triassic archosaurs in which the fourth is longer than the third.
+ A phylogenetic analysis conducted by Li "et al." (2012) in the original description of "Diandongosuchus" showed that it was the most basal member of a clade called Poposauroidea, which includes mostly terrestrial pseudosuchians such as the bipedal "Poposaurus" and the sail-backed "Arizonasaurus". It was found to be closely related to "Qianosuchus", an aquatic pseudosuchian that was the second most basal member of Poposauroidea. The data matrix of Li "et al.", a list of characteristics that was used in the analysis, was based on that of Nesbitt (2011), one of the most extensive on archosaurs. Because of this, many of the relationships found by Li "et al." are the same as those found by Nesbitt. Below is a cladogram from the analysis:
+ However, more recent studies have found it to be a basal phytosaur.
+ "Diandongosuchus" was found in a Ladinian-age marine limestone formation that has preserved many marine reptiles including thallatosaurs, nothosaurs, pistosaurs, and some protorosaurs. The closely related pseudosuchian "Qianosuchus" was found in a marine deposit about northwest of the "Diandongosuchus" locality that is slightly older (Anisian in age) and possesses many features consistent with a marine lifestyle. However, "Diandongosuchus" shows no features that are clear adaptations to a marine lifestyle. Possible adaptations include nostrils that are positioned slightly farther back on the skull than most terrestrial pseudosuchians and a greater number of premaxillary teeth (a feature seen in possible semiaquatic archosaurs such as "Chanaresuchus" and spinosaurids). Fish bones within its stomach contents are additional evidence that it was a marine archosaur. "Diandongosuchus" may have had a similar lifestyle to modern marine crocodylians like the saltwater crocodile that live along coastlines yet are not fully marine.
+ The fossil assemblage in which "Diandongosuchus" was found bears many similarities to that of European fossil localities such as Monte San Giorgio. Both include marine reptiles like thallatosaurs and nothosaurs and probably represented environments along the northern shorelines of the Tethys Ocean. No marine archosaurs like "Diandongosuchus" and "Qianosuchus" are known from Europe, although the pseudosuchian "Ticinosuchus" from Monte San Giorgio was probably adapted to life along the shorelines of the Tethys. In the analyses of Li "et al." (2012) and Nesbitt (2011), "Ticinosuchus" is either the most basal member of a clade called Loricata which is the sister taxon of Poposauroidea, or the sister taxon of Paracrocodylomorpha which includes both Loricata and Poposauroidea. Although "Ticinosuchus" and "Diandongosuchus" were initially believed to have been very closely related basal paracrocodylomorphs, this hypothesis is invalidated if "Diandongosuchus" is a phytosaur as other studies have shown.
+
+= = = Anningasaura = = =
+
+ Anningasaura is an extinct genus of basal plesiosaur. It is known from a single type species, A. lymense, discovered in Early Jurassic rocks of Lyme Regis in the United Kingdom.
+ "Anningasaura" is known only from the holotype specimen NHMUK 49202, which consists of a complete skull, palate, and mandible, with eight associated cervical vertebrae, including the atlas-axis complex. The partial skeleton came from a juvenile plesiosaur. It was originally referred to ""Plesiosaurus" macrocephalus" by Charles William Andrews in 1896, which is otherwise known only from the very young type specimen NHMUK OR1336. NHMUK 49202 was collected at Lyme Regis, of Dorset, from the Hettangian to early Sinemurian-aged beds of the Lower Lias Group.
+ NHMUK 49202 possesses plesiomorphic characters, including premaxillae that do not separate the frontals on the midline, narrow cranioquadrate passages and the lack of a constricting groove around the occipital condyle. It also shows several autapomorphies not observed in other plesiosaurians. Its posteromedial processes of the premaxillae (or possible anterior portion of the frontal) forming a dorsoventrally thick, mediolaterally expanded platform and its cultriform process of the parasphenoid is wider mediolaterally than the combined posterior interpterygoid vacuities. It also has two closely spaced foramina in the lateral surface of the exoccipital. Additional autapomorphies are the presence of supplementary foramen penetrating the parietal sagittal crest, the absence of a pterygoid-vomerine contact and the absence of a contact between the pterygoids in palatal aspect. A phylogenetic analysis performed by Benson "et al." (2012) found it to be a basal, non-neoplesiosaurian, plesiosaur. The cladogram below shows "Anningasaura" phylogenetic position among other plesiosaurs following Benson "et al." (2012).
+ "Anningasaura" was first described and named by Peggy Vincent and Roger B. J. Benson in 2012 and the type species is "Anningasaura lymense". The generic name honors Mary Anning, a British fossil collector who became known around the world for finds she made in the Jurassic marine fossil beds at Lyme Regis in Dorset. The specific name is derived from the name of the Lyme Regis locality where the only known specimen was collected.
+
+= = = Charles Fairlie Dobbs = = =
+
+ Colonel Charles Fairlie Dobbs CIE CBE DSO (1 July 1872 – 27 December 1936) was a British Indian Army officer.
+ Dobbs was the son of Colonel A. F. Dobbs, also of the Indian Army. He was educated at Bedford School and then obtained a commission in a militia battalion, the 4th Battalion, Royal Irish Rifles, in January 1891. He resigned his commission in March 1891 to attend the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned second lieutenant into the Lancashire Fusiliers in June 1892. In October 1894 he transferred to the Indian Army and joined the 95th Russell's Infantry (later 94th Russell's Infantry). He was promoted captain in July 1901. He served in Aden from 1903 to 1904 and graduated from the Indian Staff College at Quetta in 1908. He was appointed brigade major in May 1909, actually promoted major in June 1910, and from July 1911 to June 1913 served as a brigade staff officer.
+ During the First World War, Dobbs served in the East Africa Campaign as assistant quartermaster-general, for which he was mentioned in despatches three times, promoted temporary lieutenant-colonel in November 1915 and brevet lieutenant-colonel in January 1916, and awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in February 1917 and the Russian Order of St Anna 3rd Class. Promoted substantive lieutenant-colonel in 1917, he took command of his regiment until 1921, commanding it with the Bushire Field Force in Persia in 1918–1919, for which he was again mentioned in despatches and appointed Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in January 1920, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, for which he was mentioned for the fifth time and appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in August 1920, and in Mesopotamia in 1920. In October 1919 he was given the temporary rank of brigadier-general. He retired with the rank of colonel in October 1921.
+ Dobbs married Margaret Eleanor Jopp. They had one son and two daughters.
+
+= = = Ruut Veenhoven = = =
+
+ Ruut Veenhoven (born 1942) is a Dutch sociologist and a pioneer and world authority on the scientific study of happiness, in the sense of subjective enjoyment of life. His work on the social conditions for human happiness at Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands, has contributed to a renewed interest in happiness as an aim for public policy. He has shown that happiness can be used a reliable measure to assess progress in societies which was one of the sources of inspiration for the United Nations to adopt happiness measures as a holistic approach to development.
+ Veenhoven is the founding director of the World Database of Happiness and a founding editor of the "Journal of Happiness Studies". He has been described as "the godfather of happiness studies", and "a leading authority on worldwide levels of happiness from country to country", whose work "earned him international acclaim".
+ Veenhoven was born in The Hague in the Netherlands in 1942. He graduated in 1962 from the Nederlands Lyceum in The Hague and received a master's degree in sociology (specializing in public management) from Erasmus University in Rotterdam (1969). Subsequently, he completed a PhD in the Social Sciences also at Erasmus, with a dissertation on "The Condition of Happiness". He was also registered as a social-sexologist (1994–2000).
+ Between 1970 and 1990 Veenhoven was a leading advocate of abortion law reform and in promoting acceptance of voluntary childlessness in The Netherlands.
+ From 2001 until his retirement in 2007 he taught in Rotterdam as professor of 'Social conditions for human happiness', where he currently works in the Erasmus Happiness Economics Research Organization (Ehero). Since 1985 he has been director of the World Database of Happiness at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
+ From 1995 until 2002 he was extraordinary professor of Humanism at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands (Piet Thoenes chair).
+ In 1984 Veenhoven earned his doctorate on the dissertation ‘Conditions of Happiness’ that synthesized the results of 245 empirical studies on happiness. On that basis he developed the World Database of Happiness, which now covers 20,000 research findings taken from 3500 empirical investigations. Veenhoven is mentioned in the top 5% of authors in his field (December 2012).
+ The International Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQOLS) has awarded Veenhoven several times:
+ His main research subject is happiness in the sense of subjective enjoyment of life. Worldwide he is seen as a pioneer in that field.
+
+= = = Neisseria subflava = = =
+
+ Neisseria subflava is a common inhabitant found in the human upper respiratory tract. It is a gram-negative diplococcus. It produces a positive result of blue when put through the oxidase test. It is considered non-pathogenic, although in rare case it can be the causative agent of postoperative meningitis (after a neurological surgery), which is called surgical site infection (SSI).
+
+= = = Margit Nünke = = =
+
+ Margit Nünke (15 November 1930, in Stettin – 10 January 2015, in Munich) was a German beauty pageant winner, model and actress.
+ Nünke became Miss Germany on 11 June 1955 after previously being Miss North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1956, she won the election for Miss Europe. When Miss Universe contest in 1955 in Long Beach, California, they reached the final and 4th place.
+ She appeared from 1957-65 in nine feature films and two television movies, and from 1984-85 in the TV series A class apart with. Margit Nünke was the female lead in several films and was a partner of Peter Alexander, Gerhard Riedmann, and Toni Sailer, among others. As a singer, she recorded several singles, including a duet with Peter Garden.
+ Nünke lived in Munich with her husband of more than 40 years, actor Peter Garden. Garden died on 7 January 2015; Margit Nünke died three days later.
+
+= = = Wentang = = =
+
+ Wentang may refer to the following locations in China:
+
+= = = Roy Ho Ten Soeng = = =
+
+ Kiem Ling Roy Ho Ten Soeng 何天送 (born June 16, 1945) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was seen as the first immigrant mayor in the Netherlands, but that is not true because Dzsingisz Gabor was mayor of Haaksbergen in 1983 till 1990. Roy is the first mayor of Chinese descent in the Netherlands and in Europe.
+ Roy Ho Ten Soeng, who is of Chinese Surinamese descent, is originally a teacher and has worked in Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands. First as a teacher and later as a history teacher in secondary schools in Zaanstad and Haarlem.
+ In 1990, Ho Ten Soeng became an alderman in Alkmaar and on 1 January 2000 he became mayor of Venhuizen. His congregation became involved in a merger process with the municipality of Drechterland. He is very active in the field of volunteering. In this context, he also founded the Chinese Consultative Body, he is chairman of the Network Chinese Volunteers and is requested regularly in churches of the Moravians (EBG) as active pastor. Currently he is a "VNG Ambassador Safety" for North Holland.
+ Roy was from 1 December 2005 acting mayor of Medemblik. He held that position until the merger with Noorder-Koggenland and Wognum on 1 January 2007.
+ In 2008, Ho Ten Soeng was involved with the scouting of immigrant and female mayor candidates for the Dutch Ministry of the Interior.
+ In early 2011 he was on the 12th place on the list of candidates of 50PLUS for the Senate. For the 2012 general election he stands in sixth place on the list of candidates.
+
+= = = Drury Wray = = =
+
+ Sir Drury Wray (1633–1710), was the 9th Wray Baronet, and third son of Sir Christopher Wray (1601–1646), by his wife Albinia Cecil, born on 29 July 1633.
+ Wray obtained in 1674 grants of land in the counties of Limerick and Tipperary, which he forfeited by his loyalty to James II, on whose side he fought at the Battle of the Boyne. He succeeded his nephew, Sir Baptist Edward Wray, as ninth baronet of Glentworth about 1689, and died on 30 Oct. 1710, leaving, with female issue by his wife Anne, daughter of Thomas Casey of Rathcannon, co. Limerick, two sons, both of whom died without issue after succeeding to the baronetcy, the younger, Sir Cecil Wray, the eleventh baronet, on 9 May 1736, having acquired by entail the Glentworth and other estates. The title and estates thus passed to Sir Drury Wray's grand-nephew, Sir John Wray, bart., of Sleningford, Yorkshire, father of Sir Cecil Wray.
+
+= = = List of places of worship in Calgary = = =
+
+ There are many places of worship in Calgary.
+
+= = = Watershed district (Russia) = = =
+
+ A watershed district in Russia is any of twenty groups of water bodies listed in the Water Code of Russian Federation.
+ According to chapter 4, article 28 of the Russian Water Code, those are: Baltic Watershed District, Barents–Belomor Watershed District, Dvina–Pechora Watershed District, Dnepr Watershed District, Don Watershed District, Kuban Watershed District, Western Caspian Watershed District, Upper Volga Watershed District, Oka Watershed District, Kama Watershed District, Lower Volga Watershed District, Ural Watershed District, Upper Ob Watershed District, Irtysh Watershed District, Lower Ob Watershed District, Angara–Baikal Watershed District, Yenisey Watershed District, Lena Watershed District, Anadyr–Kolyma Watershed District and Amur Watershed District.
+
+= = = 1978 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix = = =
+
+ The 1978 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the second round of the 1978 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on the weekend of 14–16 April 1978 at the Circuito Permanente del Jarama.
+
+= = = Geri Hoo = = =
+
+ Geraldine "Geri" Hoo Dwellers (1939 - Dec. 29, 2007) was an American actress and beauty pageant contestant who was second runner up in the 1958 Miss Universe contest as a representative of Hawaii.
+ Hoo had a minor part in the 1962 film "Confessions of an Opium Eater".
+
+= = = Vincenzo Baviera = = =
+
+ Vincenzo Baviera (born 28 July 1945) is a Swiss sculptor. He started his architectural studies at ETH Zurich, and he later studied social psychology and ethnology at the University of Zürich. He became the professor of sculpture at the Art School of Offenbach am Main in 1984. Four years later, he was awarded with the Kainz Prize Medals. He was the lecturer of the ETH Zürich from 1991 to 1995 and he had an artistic living room in Guernsey.
+ He showed work at the 2010 Stuelingen Street Art exhibition.
+
+= = = Ferrari Virtual Academy = = =
+
+ Ferrari Virtual Academy (or FVA) is a sim racing video game for Microsoft Windows developed by Kunos Simulazioni and released in September 2010. The simulation allows the player to drive a Ferrari against the clock at a race track. There are no other vehicles to race against in real time.
+ In January 2015, the servers (needed even for single player gaming) were down for some time, with Ferrari ending its support for the game. As of February 2015, the simulation can be used, however it can no longer be purchased.
+ The game offers two modes: Free Practice in which driving aids such as traction control, assisted braking, visible driving line and automatic transmission are permitted and the player can decide how much fuel should be in the car; and Hot Lap mode in which no driving aids are allowed, the fuel amount is fixed and reset each lap. Times set in Hot Lap mode are entered into an online leaderboard.
+ The initial release offered only the Fiorano test track and the Ferrari F10 Formula One car. Purchase of the "Adrenaline Pack" upgrade released in November 2011 added the Mugello and Nürburgring race circuits as well as the Ferrari 150° Italia Formula One car of the 2011 season and the Ferrari 458 sports car.
+
+= = = Rebecca Evans (politician) = = =
+
+ Rebecca Mary Evans (born 1976) is a Welsh Labour Co-operative politician serving as Minister for Finance and Trefnydd since 2018, and has served as Member of the National Assembly (AM) for Gower since 2016. She was the AM for Mid and West Wales in the National Assembly for Wales from 2011 to 2016.
+ In 2014 she was appointed as the Deputy Minister for Farming and Food in the Welsh Government. Following the 2016 election she became Minister for Social Care and Public Health and was moved to become Minister for Housing and Regeneration in November 2017.
+ Evans obtained a BA degree in History at the University of Leeds. She then attended Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge where she received an MPhil degree in Historical Studies.
+ Evans worked as Policy and Public Affairs Officer for a national charity representing disabled people and their families. She is also a former Welsh Labour Organiser for Mid and West Wales, and a former Senior Researcher and Communications Officer for an Assembly Member.
+ Evans was elected in 2011, as one of the four regional Assembly Members representing Mid and West Wales in the National Assembly for Wales. At the National Assembly for Wales election in 2016 she was elected as the member for the Gower Constituency.
+ Between her election in 2011 and her promotion to ministerial office Evans has served on the National Assembly for Wales’ Environment and Sustainable Development Committee and its Common Agricultural Policy Task and Finish Group, the Heath and Social Care Committee, and the Children, Young People and Education Committee. She has also served as chair of the Cross party group on Nursing and midwifery, the cross party group on mental health and was the co-chair of the cross party group on disability.
+ On 8 July 2014 she was appointed as the Deputy Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries in the Welsh Government, in a minor reshuffle following the sacking of Alun Davies. By September 2014 her role was renamed Deputy Minister for Farming and Food. After the 2016 election, she was appointed Minister for Social Care and Public Health. She was further reshuffled in November 2017 to the new role of Minister for Housing and Regeneration.
+
+= = = Land of Hope = = =
+
+
+= = = 126th Aviation Regiment (United States) = = =
+
+ The 126th Aviation Regiment is a unit of the U.S. Army National Guard.
+ From 1963 the 26th Aviation Battalion had been associated with the 26th Infantry Division. A company of the battalion was established in Florida as part of the Florida Army National Guard. Changes to the regimental system in the late 1980s led to the superseding of the battalion by a regiment, itself part of the Aviation Brigade, 26th Infantry Division.
+ The 126th's lineage includes that of the 122d Aviation Battalion due to consolidation. The battalion was originally organized and Federally recognized on 18 November 1946 in the Rhode Island National Guard at Providence as the Medical Detachment, 43d Division Artillery. It was ordered into active Federal service on 5 September 1950 at Providence during the Korean War. With the division, the detachment was deployed to Germany to defend against a possible Soviet attack. To replace the detachment at home stations, a National Guard of the United States (NGUS) unit with the same designation was organized and Federally recognized on 2 December 1952. On 15 June 1954, the Medical Detachment was released from active Federal service and reverted to state control, and Federal recognition was withdrawn from the NGUS unit.
+ On 1 April 1959, it was converted and redesignated as the 43d Aviation Company, still part of the 43d Division, and relocated to Warwick. It was relieved from its assignment to the 43d Division on 18 March 1963, just before the division was inactivated on 1 May. On 1 January 1965, the company became Battery F of the 103d Artillery, and was further redesignated as the 43d Medical Company on 1 March 1966. On 22 December 1967, the 43d Cavalry, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, was constituted in the Rhode Island Army National Guard. Troop E was organized at Warwick from the 43d Medical Company and Federally recognized on 1 January 1968. Troop E became Troop D of the 26th Cavalry's 1st Squadron in the 26th Infantry Division on 1 May 1971. It was relocated to North Kingstown on 1 June 1974. On 1 October 1986, it was expanded into the 122d Aviation Battalion and relieved from its assignment to the 26th Division.
+ The 126th Aviation was constituted 1 October 1987 in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island Army National Guard as a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System; concurrently organized from the 164th and 963rd Aviation Companies, the 1220th Transportation Company, and the 122d Aviation Battalion to consist of the 1st Battalion and Companies D, E, and F, elements of the 26th Infantry Division, and Company G.
+ In the mid-late 1980s the Aviation Brigade, 26th Infantry Division was reported to consist of:
+ The 126th Aviation Regiment was reorganized 1 September 1990 in the Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Vermont Army National Guard to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and Company F, elements of the 26th Infantry Division, and Company G. Reorganized 1 September 1993 to consist of the 1st Battalion, Company F, and the 2d Battalion, an element of the 42d Infantry Division.
+ The 1st Battalion, 126th Aviation, is now part of the 56th Troop Command, Rhode Island Army National Guard.
+ The 3d Battalion is part of the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Its Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment is located on Camp Edwards, which is part of the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Bourne, Massachusetts.
+
+= = = Dinacharya = = =
+
+ Dinacharya (Sanskrit: दिनचर्या "daily-routine") is a concept in Ayurvedic medicine that looks at the cycles of nature and bases daily activities around these cycles. Ayurveda contends that routines help establish balance and that understanding daily cycles are useful for promoting health. Dinacharya says that each day two cycles of change occur, that correlate with the Ayurvedic concept of dosha. Routines covered by dinacharya include: waking time, elimination, hygiene, massage, exercise, bathing, meditation and prayer, meals, study, work, relaxation and sleeping.
+
+= = = Alrutheus Ambush Taylor = = =
+
+ Alrutheus Ambush Taylor (1893–1954) was an African-American historian from Washington D.C..
+ He was a specialist in the history of blacks and segregation, especially during the Reconstruction Era. "The Crisis" cited him as a "painstaking scholar and authority on Negro history". A teacher at Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama and at the West Virginia Collegiate Institute in West Virginia, following a grant from the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Fund, Taylor began heavily researching the role of African Americans in the South during Reconstruction. He authored "The Negro in South Carolina During the Reconstruction", "The Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia" and "The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880" in 1941.
+
+= = = Korean idol = = =
+
+ An idol (), in fandom culture in South Korea, refers to a celebrity working in the field of K-pop, either as a member of a group or as a solo act. K-pop idols are characterized by the highly manufactured star system that they are produced by and debuted under, as well as their tendency to represent a hybridized convergence of visuals, music, fashion, dance, and music influenced by Western culture. They usually work for a mainstream entertainment agency and have undergone extensive training in dance, vocals, and foreign language. Idols maintain a carefully curated public image and social media presence, and dedicate significant time and resources to building relationships with fans through concerts and meetups.
+ Hundreds of candidates each day attend the global auditions held by Korean entertainment agencies to perform for the chance of becoming a trainee. Auditions include public auditions and closed auditions. Others are street-cast or scouted without auditioning, based on looks or potential talent. Those who successfully pass this audition stage are offered long-term contracts with the entertainment company. There are no age limits to becoming a trainee; thus is not uncommon for trainees, and even debuted idols, to be very young.
+ The trainee process lasts for an indefinite period of time, ranging from months to years, and usually involves vocal, dance, and language classes taken while living together with other trainees, who sometimes attend school at the same time, although some trainees drop out of school to focus on their careers. The process may include "scouting, auditioning, training, styling, producing, and managing", and was developed around the creation of "H.O.T", a boyband of S.M. Entertainment in late 1990s. Trainees in the same company compete with each other, with some being eliminated from the coveted chance of settling in "the company-owned dormitories", and continue fighting for the chance to debut in new idol groups, while those who cannot show their company the potential to become an eligible idol artist are weeded out of the company.
+ Once a trainee enters the system, they are regulated in multiple aspects including personal life (for example, dating) to body conditions and visual appearances. The survival, and training and regulation take precedence over natural talent in the production of Korean idols.
+ The investment on a potential trainee could be expensive. In 2012, "The Wall Street Journal" reported that the cost of training one member of Girls' Generation under S.M. Entertainment was US$3 million.
+ The K-pop trainee system was popularised by Lee Soo-man, the founder of S.M. Entertainment, as part of a concept labelled cultural technology. As a unique process, the Korean idol trainee system has been criticised by Western media outlets. There are also negative connotations of idols within independent and underground Korean music scenes.
+ When trainees are finally chosen to debut in new groups, they will face a new setting of personalities created by the company to cater the entertainment market. Each member of an idol group has his or her own character to play and therefore an important part of their job duties is to maintain that temperament in any kind of exposure they may get. One way to build personal image of idol groups is through social media services with contents taken care by the company to make sure the consistency of these personal characteristics.
+ The relationship between Korean idols and their fans can be characterized as "parasocial kin", which means to rather than simply admire or perfect Korean idols, fans more often at the same time create a familial connection with their idols, in some cases even between fans themselves. The one who facilitate this kind of relationship could be production companies or community of fans through various ways such as social networks services, fan sites, offline meetings in occasions like concerts or fan meetings etc.. The nature of this "parasocial kin" relationship can be seen in the proactive participation of Korean idol fans in production of idol groups. Fans have their own unique ways to show their attitude and opinion on issues concerning "unfair" actions of management companies, and under this situation they more often appear to be protecting idols from exploitation of companies due to the familial connection built between both sides.
+ Several Korean idol groups and solo artists have resented the contracts issued to them by their management companies, claiming that the decade-long contracts are "too long, too restrictive, and gave them almost none of the profits from their success". A director of South Korean entertainment agency DSP Media stated that the company does share profit with the performers, but often little is left over after paying costs. Korean entertainment companies such as S.M Entertainment have been called "factories" for their unique method of mass-producing stars. Members of groups are frequently retired and replaced with fresh trainees when their age or musical inclinations begin to pose a problem. TVXQ charged S.M. Entertainment for unreasonable terms in their contracts with the company in 2009.
+ Entertainment companies in Korea use a boot-camp system in grooming their idols. In the case of S.M. Entertainment, the company receives 300,000 applicants in nine countries every year. They possess training facilities in the Gangnam district of Seoul, where recruits then train for years in anticipation of their debut. SM was called the first company to market "bands as brands", and commodify not just the artists' product, but the artist(s) themselves. Such techniques have resulted in mass recognition abroad and helped to spark the Korean Wave, which benefits entertainment companies by broadening their audience. As domestic fandom is not generally enough to produce the profits that these corporations and their players require, branding and marketing of the artist/group has become central to industry profits and thus a defining feature of the genre today.
+ According to the South Korean National Tax Service, the average annual earnings for a Korean idol in 2013 were KR₩46.74 million (US$42,000). This was almost double the 2010 figure of KR₩26.97 million (US$25,275), a rise attributable to the global spread of "Hallyu" in recent years.
+ Some of the highest-earning Korean idols, for example G-Dragon, receive multimillion-dollar annual incomes in album and concert sales. On June 25, 2015, SBS's "Midnight TV Entertainment" revealed that G-Dragon earned an annual KR₩790 million (US$710,000) from songwriting royalties alone. Idols can also earn revenues from endorsements, merchandise, corporate sponsorship deals and commercials. According to "The Korea Herald", once a K-pop music video attracts more than a million views, it will "generate a meaningful revenue big enough to dole out profits to members of a K-pop group."
+ The Korean Wave has led to a global rise in interest in Korean idols, along with other aspects of Korean culture including Korean films and K-dramas being exported to other parts of the globe.
+ Some idols have experienced extreme invasions of privacy from obsessive "fans" as a result of their career in the public eye. Alleged invasions of idols' private lives include stalking, hidden cameras in idols' dorms, fans attending personal events such as relatives' weddings, and physical assault.
+ There have been criticisms on the sexual objectification of female and male idols across the industry. The problem is exacerbated due to the higher rigidity of gender norms in contemporary Korean society. Korean idols are frequently depicted in music videos wearing revealing clothes and dancing provocatively, as part of the companies' effort to market idols in multiple ways.
+
+= = = Erotokritos Damarlis = = =
+
+ Erotokritos Damarlis (; born on 13 May 1992 in Thessaloniki, Greece), is a midfielder currently playing in the Football League for Agrotikos Asteras.
+ He started his career in youth teams of Aris Thessaloniki. In 2012, new head coach Makis Katsavakis promoted him to the first team, and he made his professional debut on 26 August 2012, in a Supeleague game against Panionios.
+
+= = = Pratesh Shirodkar = = =
+
+ Pratesh Shirodkar (born 19 February 1989 in Calangute, Goa) is an Indian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Dempo S.C. in the I-League as of January 2020.
+ After spending his youth career with SESA Football Academy in Goa Pratesh signed for Sporting Clube de Goa of the I-League on 29 June 2012. Pratesh scored his first goal for the club on 28 August 2012 against ONGC in the 2012 Durand Cup.
+ In July 2015 Shirodkar was drafted to play for Mumbai City FC in the 2015 Indian Super League.
+ After playing the 2015 Indian Super League season with Mumbai City, Shirodkar signed with his home state side, Goa, for the 2016 season.
+
+= = = Iolaus kelle = = =
+
+ Iolaus kelle is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Republic of the Congo.
+
+= = = Iolaus laon = = =
+
+ Iolaus laon, the fine sapphire, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo and western Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests and disturbed areas such as cocoa plantations.
+ The larvae feed on the flowers of "Loranthus incanus". They are mole coloured.
+
+= = = Ljubljana Marshes = = =
+
+ The Ljubljana Marshes (), located south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, is the largest marsh in the country. It covers or 0.8% of the Slovene territory. It is administered by the municipalities of Borovnica, Brezovica, Ljubljana, Ig, Log-Dragomer, Škofljica and Vrhnika.
+ The Ljubljana Marshes is a place of great biodiversity. Since 2008, the major part of the Ljubljana Marshes, covering an area of , has been protected as a landscape park. The most preserved parts had been already before protected as nature reserves and as natural monuments.
+ The Ljubljana Marsh was inhabited in prehistoric times, when it was a shallow lake. Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among the most notable archeological findings from the marshland. Since 2011, the area of pile dwellings near Ig has been protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+ The first road through the marsh, connecting Ljubljana to Studenec (now Ig), was begun in 1825 and completed in 1827. The work was carried out under Mayor Johann Nepomuk Hradeczky (1775–1846) and the provincial governor, Baron Joseph Camillo von Schmidburg (1779–1846). Emperor Francis I of Austria and Empress Caroline Augusta of Bavaria inspected the road in 1830, and a monument was erected to the achievement in 1833.
+ The marshland includes a number of hamlets that belong to the city of Ljubljana: Ilovica, Volar, Pri Strahu, Pri Maranzu, Kožuh, and Havptmance (from north to south). Ilovica was settled relatively late, starting in 1838, and had only six farms by 1860. Volar lies between the Iščica and Ljubljanica rivers and was settled after 1830, when it was also officially designated "Karolinska zemlja" (), literally 'Caroline's land', in honor of Caroline Augusta of Bavaria. Kožuh lies further south, and Havptmance east of Kožuh. Havptmance was already mentioned as a place in the 18th century and was settled in the 1870s, when peat extraction was a major economic activity. The name "Havptmance" probably refers to the fact that the provincial governor () had his hunting grounds in the area.
+ The Ljubljana Marshes is very popular among balloonists.
+ On 23 August 2012, a pilot without a valid pilot certificate caused the 2012 balloon crash which occurred on the Ljubljana Marshes, with several people dead and a number of passengers severely burned and injured. New, stricter protocol for pilots was introduced by the authorities to make balloon trips safe.
+
+= = = Blas Jiménez = = =
+
+ Blas R. Jiménez (Aug 2, 1949 - Nov 13, 2009) was a Dominican black nationalist, poet and essayist of African descent. His poetry and essays appeared in specialized journals in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the United States of America, Costa Rica, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. He is considered to have been "foremost among those poets claiming an African identity contrary to ethnic classification norms in the Dominican Republic."
+ Blas married Dulce María Guzmán in the late seventies with whom he had three children: Iván, Isis and Alan. He was survived also by his brothers, Rafael and Jose, his sisters Eulalia, Dulce, and Nancy, and his father Blas Rafael Jiménez Sr.
+ Blas Jiménez was dedicated to increasing the value of historic, cultural, and ecological tourism in the Dominican Republic and is considered an Afro-Dominican cultural icon in his nation. He dedicated his life to promoting the value of African Heritage in Dominican culture, and published multiple poetry compilations including "Versos del Negro Blas". He spent a number of years in the United States and was once involved in a dispute with a passport official at customs and immigrations in Santo Domingo who told him to write "Dark Indian" as his race and Blas refused and insisted that he was black.
+ Blas R. Jiménez struck a mayor blow against invisibility by asking questions about black and national identity. He did not hesitate to proclaim his own Black identity, and took as his mission the task of forcing others to do the same.
+ He was probably one of the first writers to utilize his lyrical literary voice to proclaim and African identity and to expose the polemics of ethnic classification in the Dominican Republic.
+ Professor Jiménez was the 1998 winner of the Ethel L. Payne International award for excellence in journalism - Individual Journalist - The African Diaspora. In 2004 he was awarded the title of Professor Emeritus by the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra, where he lectured in Caribbean Literature and African Heritage.
+ From 2000 to 2003 Professor Jiménez served as Secretary General of the Dominican Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
+ Aquí Otro Español 1980 1st édition / 2000 2nd edition.
+ Caribe Africano en Despertar 1984
+ Caribe Africano en Despertar (bilingual edition) 2006
+ Exigencias de un Cimarrón (En Sueños) 1987
+ Afrodominicano por elección, negro por nacimiento (pseudoessays) 2008
+ Desde la Orilla hacia una nacionalidad sin desalojos. Collective composition of essays. Silvio Torres Saillant, Ramona Hernandez, and Blas Jiménez. 2004
+
+= = = Bhanjpur = = =
+
+ Bhanjpur is a place where in Baripada city situated in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa, India.
+ It is named after Dynasty, who ruled here at Mayurbhanj for a long period.
+ After Ratha Yatra, Jagadhatri Mela at Bhanjpur is the biggest mela of Baripada. It is the festival of Maa Jagadhatri, Goddess of the whole World. There is a 7–10 days mela (carnival) known as mini Bali Yatra called after Cuttack's Bali Yatra (due to simultaneous observation during Ras Purnima) takes place at Jagadhatri Mela Podia, Bhanjpur near Bhanjpur Railway Station during October–November. It is celebrated on Gosthastami. Bhanjpur Jagadhatri mela is famous for its decoration.
+
+= = = Terras do Desembargador = = =
+
+ Terras do Desembargador was a football dirt field in Lisbon, Portugal. It hosted football matches of Sport Lisboa.
+ In 1903, football was a growing sport, and Terras do Desembargador was Lisbon's main field for playing football.
+ It had no fences and bystanders can freely enter the field and disrupt match. When a ball was lost to outside the field it was difficult to recover it because of the open spaces. Inconveniently it was also shared with the Portuguese Army who used it as an exercise field, so it would often be completely destroyed after a set of exercises.
+ It was in this field that a group a friends after a match decided to create Sport Lisboa. 6 friendlies were played, Sport Lisboa won 5, lost 1, scored 13 goals and conceded 2.
+ Benfica left in 1907 for Campo da Feiteira, seeking more privacy and exclusively of their own field.
+
+= = = 2006 Arizona Wildcats football team = = =
+
+ The 2006 Arizona Wildcats football team represented the University of Arizona during the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were coached by Mike Stoops.
+
+
+
+= = = AFC DWS = = =
+
+ Amsterdamsche Football Club Door Wilskracht Sterk (), also referred to as AFC DWS, Door Wilskracht Sterk or simply DWS, is a Dutch football club from Amsterdam, currently competing in the Vierde Klasse (), the sixth tier of amateur football in the Netherlands.
+ AFC DWS was founded on 11 October 1907, by the trio of Robert Beijerbacht, Theo Beijerbacht and Jan van Galen under the name of Fortuna which was soon changed to Hercules. The team played in a blue and white striped shirt and white shorts. On 22 March 1909 the name was changed to DWS and the shirt colours became blue and black vertical stripes.
+ In 1954 the club entered professional football, playing its home matches in the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam. It merged in 1958 with BVC Amsterdam into DWS/A. That name was dropped again in 1962.
+ DWS became champions of the Eredivisie in 1964, the same year they were promoted from the Eerste Divisie, which is a feat that has never been repeated since from any team after being promoted to the Eredivisie. DWS then reached the quarter finals of the 1964–65 European Cup, in the next season. Their 1964 triumph is the most recent occasion of a club without a predominantly red and white home strip (unlike recent contenders Ajax, AZ, Feyenoord, PSV and Twente) winning the Eredivisie title, a drought of 55 years.
+ In 1972 the club merged with Blauw-Wit Amsterdam and Volewijckers to form FC Amsterdam. DWS continued as an amateur club, which still exists today. They celebrated their 100 year Jubilee in 2007.
+
+= = = Wang Chen (Three Kingdoms) = = =
+
+ Wang Chen (died 266 CE), courtesy name Chudao, was an official and historian of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. After the Wei regime ended in 265, he continued serving in the government of the Jin dynasty (265–420). He wrote a five-volume text known as the "Wang Chudao Collection" (王處道集) or "Wang Chen Collection" (王沈集), which is already lost over the course of history. He also wrote 14 chapters of the "Quan Jin Wen" (全晉文).
+ Wang Chen was from Jinyang County (晉陽縣), Taiyuan Commandery (太原郡), which is located southwest of present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi. His father Wang Ji (王機) died early so he was raised by his uncle, Wang Chang, who served as the Minister of Works (司空) in the Wei government. He was known for his literary talent and was employed by the regent Cao Shuang as a secretary. He was promoted to the position of a Gentleman Attendant (侍郎) later.
+ In 249, after Cao Shuang was ousted from power by Sima Yi, his co-regent, Wang Chen initially lost his appointment but was later restored to the civil service as a Palace Attendant (侍中). He co-wrote the 44-volume historical text "Book of Wei" (魏書) with Xun Yi and Ruan Ji. The Wei emperor Cao Mao, who was fond of reading, called Wang Chen a "Master of Literature" (文籍先生). In 260, when Cao Mao planned to launch a coup to seize back power from the regent Sima Zhao, he summoned Wang Chen, Wang Ye and Wang Jing to meet him in private and discuss their plans. However, Wang Chen and Wang Ye reported the plot to Sima Zhao instead, and Cao Mao ended up being assassinated by Sima Zhao's men. After Cao Mao's death, Sima Zhao awarded Wang Chen the title "Marquis of Anping" (安平侯) and 2,000 taxable households in his marquisate.
+ In 266, after Sima Yan (Emperor Wu), Sima Zhao's son, ended the state of Wei and established the Jin dynasty, Wang Chen continued to serve in the Jin government and held the appointments of a Master of Writing (尚書) and a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍). He died later that year and was posthumously awarded the title of a commandery duke (郡公).
+
+= = = Juan Flores (disambiguation) = = =
+
+ Juan Flores (c. 1834–1857) was a Californio bandit.
+ Juan Flores may also refer to:
+
+= = = Christopher Wren Jr. = = =
+
+ Christopher Wren (1675–1747), of Wroxall Abbey, Warwickshire was a Member of Parliament and the son of the architect Sir Christopher Wren.
+ Wren was the second but first surviving son of Sir Christopher Wren and his first wife, Faith Coghill, daughter of Sir John Coghill of Bletchingdon. He was educated at Eton and Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, which he entered in 1691, but left without a degree. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1693. He entered the Middle Temple in 1694 after which he travelled in Europe.
+ On his return, Wren worked for his father as a clerk-of-works. He became Chief Clerk of Works in 1702 (to 1716). In 1708, he laid the last stone of the lantern which surmounts the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in the presence of his father. In 1711 he was appointed a Commissioner to organise the building of 50 new churches.
+ He represented Windsor in Parliament from 1713 to 1715. Re-elected in 1715 he lost his seat on petition. He also lost his post as Clerk of Works in 1716 and thereafter retired to live as a country squire at the Wroxall Abbey estate in Warwickshire that had been acquired by his father in 1713.
+ Wren collected documents about the life of his father, which were later published after his own death as the "Parentalia" by his son Stephen in 1750. His portrait, engraved by Faber, forms the frontispiece of the "Parentalia". Two letters written to him by Sir Christopher while he was quite a youth, were printed in Miss Phillimore's "Life" (pp. 282, 302), that show their relationship was of an affectionate character. The younger Christopher was also a numismatist of some repute (Hearne, Collections, ed. Doble, ii. 264), and he published "Numismatum Antiquorum Sylloge" (London, 4to) in 1708.
+ Wren died in London on 24 August 1747. His first wife was Mary, daughter of Philip Musard, jeweler of Queen Anne. His second wife, Constance, daughter of Sir Thomas Middleton, and widow of Sir Roger Burgoyne, Bt., died on 23 May 1734. He left two surviving sons, Christopher (born 1710), who inherited Wroxall Abbey, and Stephen (born 1722).
+
+= = = 1994 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1994 Star World Championships were held in San Diego, United States between September 7 and 18, 1994. The hosting yacht club was San Diego Yacht Club.
+
+= = = John M. Drew = = =
+
+ John M. Drew (born May 31, 1973) is the Tax Collector of Nassau County, Florida. Drew was first appointed Tax Collector by Governor Jeb Bush in May 2006. He was elected to the office later that year and ran unopposed in 2008 and 2012.
+ Drew worked to help found Micah's place, a facility in Nassau County for families who are victims of domestic violence, and until the establishment of Micah's place, had nowhere to go. He went on to serve seven years on their Board. In 2011, Drew was elected to serve as President of the Florida Tax Collectors Association, a statewide organization that collectively collects and distributes approximately 30 billion dollars annually. For the State of Florida, Drew has served as chairman of the Driver License Coalition, the Hunting & Fishing Coalition, the Education Committee as well as chaired the Long Range and Strategic Planning Committee. On a national level, Drew is a member of the Legislative Committee of the National Association of County Treasurers, an affiliate of the only national organization that represents county governments in the United States. He served as the campaign manager for Florida State Senator Aaron Bean.
+ A lifelong resident of Nassau County, Drew earned his Bachelors and MBA degrees from Jacksonville University, where he was recognized as a Distinguished Alumnus. He is the only Honorary Member of both the Fraternal Order of Police and the International Association of Fire Fighters in Nassau County.
+
+= = = Lippmaa = = =
+
+ Lippmaa is a surname of Estonian origin and may refer to:
+
+= = = CBH class = = =
+
+ The CBH class is a class of diesel-electric freight locomotives designed and manufactured in the United States by MotivePower in Boise, Idaho, for Western Australian grain growers' co-operative CBH Group.
+ The CBH class was ordered to haul grain trains on the open access rail network in the south of Western Australia. The trains, operated for CBH by Watco WA Rail under a long-term contract, link various CBH grain collection points in the wheatbelt with CBH terminal and port facilities in Albany, Geraldton and Kwinana.
+ The 25 members of the CBH class are divided into three sub-classes, based on differences in power output, traction motors and rail gauge.
+ In early 2010, CBH Group called tenders for the first time for the transport of grain by rail. CBH's decision to go to tender was influenced by greater competition. An aim of the tender process was the development of a new and long-term arrangement for above-rail operations that would deliver a more efficient, effective grain transport and logistics service to CBH's grower members and their customers.
+ Prior to releasing the tender documents, CBH carried out extensive preliminary work to identify potential rail providers around the world, and to ensure the terms of its proposed new long term partnership would provide all parties with both the flexibility and certainty to make the necessary investment.
+ Tenders closed in June 2010 with bids lodged by rail operators from Australia and around the world including Asciano and the incumbent Australian Railroad Group. In December 2010 CBH awarded a long-term grain rail contract to Watco WA Rail. CBH also announced that it planned to invest up to $175 million in rolling stock as part of its decision to enter into the contract.
+ The 10-year agreement between CBH and Watco commenced in March 2012, and involves Watco's providing a comprehensive rail logistics planning service including train planning and scheduling, tracking, maintenance, inventory control and crew management. Watco operate and maintain the 22 locomotives and 574 wagons acquired by CBH.
+ In April 2011, CBH contracted MotivePower to build 22 CBH class locomotives, with the first to be delivered in March 2012. According to CBH Operations General Manager, Colin Tutt, ""Having new equipment with more horsepower [would] enable [CBH] to optimise train lengths and journey times, and transport more grain to port by rail.""
+ Six companies from around the world lodged bids to manufacture the CBH class. CBH concluded that MotivePower's proposed locomotives would be the best option for the task of moving grain on Western Australian rail lines, as well as having good fuel economy. As Australia's railways have different regulations from those of the USA, the CBH class locomotives would be of an entirely new design. MotivePower's contract with CBH for the supply of those locomotives was the first of what MotivePower hoped would be many international contracts.
+ As compensation for late delivery of the original locomotives, CBH received a further three narrow gauge locomotives in early 2015.
+ All members of the CBH class are hood unit locomotives with a single cab at one end, and ride on three axle bogies (trucks) of C-C (C'C') wheel arrangement. Each is equipped with a Cummins QSK series prime mover.
+ The engine blocks for the prime movers were cast in Germany and sent to the Cummins engine plant in Daventry, England, for final machining and assembly. At the end of the manufacturing process, the prime movers were hot tested before being fitted to the locomotives in Boise. The engines meet US tier three emission standards.
+ CBH class locomotives also have dynamic brakes and the control equipment necessary for "top and tail" distributed power operation. Trains with a CBH class locomotive at each end are easier to load and unload than a conventionally hauled train, and thus more time efficient.
+ The first eleven CBH class locomotives from batch 1 and the three locomotives from batch 2, road numbers CBH001 to CBH011 and CBH023 to CBH025, are designated as type MP27CN (27 means 2,700 hp, C means three driven axles per bogie, and N means narrow gauge). These units are equipped with a Cummins V-16 QSK60 prime mover rated at , and ride on narrow gauge bogies fitted with six GE 761 traction motors.
+ The next six units in the CBH class are designated as type MP33CN, with road numbers CBH012 to CBH017. They have a more powerful Cummins V-18 QSK78 prime mover rated at , but are otherwise identical to the MP27CNs.
+ The final five CBH class units are designated as type MP33C, and have road numbers CBH118 to CBH122. They are equipped with the same Cummins V-18 QSK78 prime mover as the MP33CN, but ride on (standard gauge) bogies fitted with EMD D78 traction motors.
+ All members of the CBH class are liveried in a CBH Group two-tone mid blue / light blue design. Numbering is in mid blue, striping and lettering is in white, and the solebars and handrails are picked out in white. Underframes are painted black, with black and white safety stripes on the headstocks and access steps picked out in yellow.
+ In June/July 2011, CBH held a competition for grain growers to nominate ""Iconic Western Australian"" names for the CBH class locomotives. According to the media release announcing the competition, the locomotives would be growers' locomotives, and CBH wanted to give them the opportunity of being a part of what CBH described as an historic moment. Around 350 entries were submitted; more than CBH ever expected.
+ The entries covered a broad spectrum of topics, including political figures, sporting legends, CBH and the grains industry history, flora, fauna, tourist locations and indigenous culture. However, a central theme was names taken from old rail sidings from around Western Australia. The winning names were "Yilliminning" entered by Andrew Borthwick; "Mooterdine" entered by Kelvin Price; and "Baandee" entered by Mark Smith.
+ Announcing the winning names, CBH Operations General Manager, Colin Tutt, said, ""We selected three grower entries and two CBH staff member entries from the submissions, the remainder of the fleet were named to fit the theme. Many of these old rail sidings are now abandoned; nevertheless they are an important part of the early rail expansion in WA.""
+ The first two members of the CBH class, CBH001 "Yilliminning" and CBH002 "Mooterdine", entered service in mid-June 2012, shortly after arriving separately at Fremantle on their seven-week delivery journeys from the east coast of the USA. Their initial task was to take a 60 wagon train to Hyden for loading.
+ The class was officially launched at a ceremony at the CBH Metro Grain Centre in Forrestfield on 24 August 2012.
+ By January 2013, all of the initial order of 22 CBH class locomotives had entered service, as follows:
+
+= = = Cannock Chase Coalfield = = =
+
+ Cannock Chase Coalfield is a coalfield in Staffordshire, England, lying directly under Cannock Chase. It forms a rough triangle between Brereton, Essington and Pelsall.
+ The Cannock Chase Coalfield lies just to the north of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, from which it is separated by the Bentley Fault. The seams under Cannock Chase are much deeper than those in South Staffordshire, being around near Rugeley, compared to around in South Staffordshire.
+ By 1890, the coalfield was producing 3 million tons of coal per year, and by 1933 this had risen to over 5 million tons.
+ The last working coal mine beneath Cannock Chase, Littleton Colliery, was situated two miles north of Cannock in the village of Huntington on the A34 and closed on 3 December 1993. Some of the coal from the mine was taken to power the nearby Rugeley Power Station.
+
+= = = Uskali Mäki = = =
+
+ Ismo Uskali Mäki (born 8 February 1951 Helsinki) is a Finnish professor in the Department of Political and Economic Studies (Philosophy) at the University of Helsinki. He is also director of the "Trends and tensions in Intellectual Integration" centre, which was recently nominated "Finnish Centre of Excellence" in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Previous posts and roles have included his being a professor of Philosophy at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam where he directed the Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics and his being the editor of the "Journal of Economic Methodology". His main research interests lie in the methodology of economics and the philosophy of the sciences including social sciences with his approach typically being described as a "realist philosophy of economics". Mäki is currently serving as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland.
+ Mäki, U., Gustafsson, B., & Knudsen, C. (1993). Rationality, institutions, and economic methodology. London: Routledge.
+
+= = = 1995 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1995 Star World Championships were held in Laredo, Spain between September 10 and 16, 1995.
+
+= = = O Fósforo Eleitoral = = =
+
+ O Fósforo Eleitoral ("The Election Match") is an early silent Brazilian film, released in 1909. A short comedy film, it was directed by Antonio Serra and released on November 2, 1909. It was shot in Rio de Janeiro, and produced by the company Labanca, Leal e Cia., in partnership with the Photo-Cinematographia Brasileira.
+ According to a review published by the "Jornal do Brasil" at the time of release, the film offered a witty but severe criticism of elections in Rio de Janeiro.
+
+= = = SKIP Peru = = =
+
+ SKIP is a UK founded NGO that has been active since 2003. The organization works in the city of Trujillo which is located on the north coast of Peru. Most of the work that the organization carries out is done in El Porvenir, an impoverished district of Trujillo. SKIP states that their vision is “A Peru where each child realizes his/her full potential through quality education, economically stable families and healthy home environments.” The organization promotes quality education and fosters the capacity of children and families to be the principal agents of change in their own lives. The organization works with families through programs focusing on the educational, economic, emotional and social development of each child and the parents. In 2016 the annual income for SKIP was 118,266 British pounds. See the SKIP Annual Report for 2016.
+ SKIP is made up of a team of volunteers from all over the world who work in departments focusing on education and on family welfare. SKIP believes in the global community's responsibility to promote universal quality education and eradicate poverty. SKIP's international volunteer program forges links between El Porvenir and other countries, providing opportunities for international volunteers to see and understand the effects of poverty, while at the same time opening 'windows to the world' for Peruvians and fostering a sense of community and responsibility among all.
+ According to the authors of the article “Strategies to avoid the loss of developmental potential in more than 200 million children in the developing world”, "The most effective early child development programs provide direct learning experiences to children and families, are targeted toward younger and disadvantaged children, are of longer duration, high quality, and high intensity, and are integrated with family support, health, nutrition, or educational systems and services." SKIP's educational and family support programs fit directly within this framework and SKIP's continually improving results can be attributed to the organization's commitment to working within this framework of a development program of long duration and high intensity.
+ Children of low income families are a particularly vulnerable population in Peru. 27% of all school age children in Peru are not enrolled in school. Additionally, Peru spends only 3.3% of its GDP on education compared to the Latin American average of 4.5%. SKIP's education program aims to fill the gaps that exist in the public education system for students beginning at an early age. The World Bank recognizes that “One of the principal challenges in reducing poverty and accelerating development in Peru is improving the quality of education.”
+ SKIP understands the complex factors and consequences of poverty, and has therefore developed a range of programs employing a holistic approach. These focus on four pillars of family development: education, economic stability, emotional well-being, and healthy and safe home environments. SKIP has also worked towards the achievement of the 2nd and 3rd millennium goals proposed by the UN, that by 2015, children everywhere would be able to complete a full course of primary schooling, and to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education no later than 2015.
+ SKIP places a high importance on participation of families and children in their programs and views high rates of participation as key to their holistic approach. Their rates of attendance increased from around 15 percent in 2008 to 83 percent in 2011.
+ SKIP's education program focuses on primary and secondary students and provides academic support in the form of Maths, Communication and English classes as well as workshops in other areas such as art and sport. There are about 300 students between the ages of four and eighteen currently enrolled in SKIP's education program. SKIP states that their approach involves a kinesthetic and dynamic teaching style to help relate concepts to their everyday lives, as well as a social and emotional learning program to help children have the skills and confidence to work through difficulties.
+ SKIP's focus on education is fostered by the holistic work within the welfare programs, which include the whole family unit. The parents are the ones ultimately responsible for the upbringing of the children, and so SKIP recognizes the importance of working with them in the areas of economic development, social work, and psychology. “Poverty and associated health, nutrition, and social factors prevent at least 200 million children in developing countries from attaining their developmental potential." SKIP's family welfare programs have the overarching goal of avoiding these risk factors that are directly related to poverty. The economic development team works with families in the form of microcredit loans and production workshops that serve as a form of secondary income for the families. In 2011, the microcredit program has seen a repayment rate of 99%. SKIP social workers provide workshops aimed at improving the social abilities of the parents and the psychology departments work with both children and parents in order to improve the families' emotional well-being.
+
+= = = Carmen Elena Figueroa = = =
+
+ Carmen Elena Figueroa Rodríguez is a Salvadoran beauty pageant winner and politician.
+ Figueroa was El Salvador's representative to the Miss Universe Pageant in 1975 and placed in the top 12, the first time a Salvadoran was placed in the semifinals since Maribel Arrieta did it in 1955.
+ She was elected to the El Salvador National Assembly in 2006 where she is currently the Deputy for the party ARENA. Figueroa is married and has two sons. Her father, Carlos Humberto Figueroa, was a colonel in the Salvadoran military. Through him, Figueroa is of [Spanish] descent.
+
+= = = Molly Maid = = =
+
+ Molly Maid is an international franchise with over 400 individual franchisees throughout the world. They are listed on the Franchise 500 List and one of America’s Top Global Franchises by Entrepreneur Magazine.
+ Molly Maid was founded in Canada in 1979 by Adrienne and Chris Stringer The company was named after the character Molly Brown from the 1964 film The Unsinkable Molly Brown.
+ Today the company has over 400 active Franchises across the globe. Molly Maid expanded into the United States in 1984.
+ Molly Maid has expanded across Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Portugal, and the United States. The company performs more than two million home cleanings per year.
+ Headquartered in Oakville, Ontario, the Chairman and CEO of Molly Maid is Jim MacKenzie.
+ Ms. Molly Foundation, an anti-domestic violence foundation, began in 1996, collects money and goods for safe houses and shelters for victims of domestic violence.
+ Donation totals by year:
+
+= = = Lewis Ossie Swingler = = =
+
+ Lewis Ossie Swingler (c. 1905 – September 25, 1962) was a pioneering African-American journalist, editor, and newspaper publisher from Crittenden County, Arkansas. He was editor of the "Memphis World" and editor in chief and copublisher of the "Tri-State Defender".
+ Swingler was born in Crittenden County in 1905. He was raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, where he attended Booker T. Washington High School. Swingler went on to attend the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL), where he graduated with a degree in journalism. While in college, Swingler helped organize the first chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha at UNL and edited the "Sphinx", a publication of that fraternity.
+ Directly after graduating, Swingler moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he was a pivotal figure in the establishment of the "Memphis World". He served as its editor from its founding in 1931 until he left in 1951 to start the "Tri-State Defender" with John H. Sengstacke. During this period Swingler also taught journalism at LeMoyne College.
+ Swingler used his position in Memphis's black community to advocate for civil rights. For instance, in 1948 Swingler and a number of other prominent black citizens of Memphis pressed the police department to hire African American officers as a way of reducing police brutality. This effort was ultimately successful. Swingler also joined an early voter registration group, Joseph Edison Walker's "Non-Partisan Voters Committee", in 1951.
+ In 1956, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Swingler was the southern vice president of Alpha Phi Alpha. After fellow Alpha Martin Luther King was indicted in Montgomery, Swingler was among a delegation which travelled there to support King.
+ Swingler died on September 25, 1962, in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, of a heart attack.
+
+= = = Jelly Taylor = = =
+
+ Olan "Jelly" Taylor (July 7, 1910 – October, 1976) was an African-American baseball first baseman in the Negro Leagues. He played for the Cincinnati Tigers in 1934 and 1937 and the Memphis Red Sox from 1938 to 1942, and again in 1946. Taylor was selected to three East-West All-Star Games. He served in the United States Army during World War II.
+
+= = = 1996 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1996 Star World Championships were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil between January 9 and 21, 1996. The hosting yacht club was Iate Clube do Rio de Janeiro.
+
+= = = Scarred by Beauty = = =
+
+ Scarred by Beauty was a Danish hardcore band from Copenhagen, Denmark, formed in 2006.
+ The band released their first Demo in 2008 and in 2009 they released their "We Swim" EP, which propelled the band forward. Scarred by Beauty won an award for Talent of the Year at Danish Metal Awards 2009 and released their self-financed debut album "Sutra" in June 2011.
+ The band has toured Europe several times, UK and China. The band has supported many internationally artists counting The Black Dahlia Murder, I Killed The Prom Queen, Gojira and Meshuggah. In 2011 alone the band completed three European tours and one Danish tour and in 2012 Scarred by Beauty, besides touring Europe and UK, made it all the way to China. The band toured in China with Danish band The Kandidate, and the tour included shows at the Shanghai MIDI Festival.
+ Scarred by Beauty signed a single album deal with Mighty Music/Target Distribution for the release of their album debut "Sutra" in 2011. In 2012 the band signed a management contract for Scandinavia with Danish 3rd Tsunami Agency.
+ Scarred by Beauty’s latest album "Cape Zero" (red. Released September 2013) is their second full-length..
+ 2013 "Cape Zero" - Release worldwide on Screaming Records & Redfield Records
+ 2011 "Sutra" (self financed studio album) – Release in EU and UK on Mighty Music
+
+ 2009 "We Swim" EP (self financed)
+
+ 2008 "The Heritage of Ash" (Demo)
+ 2006 - 2014
+ Daniel Leszkowicz – guitar (since 2006)
+
+ Dennis Leszkowicz - drums (since 2006)
+
+ Jonathan “Joller” Albrechtsen – lead vocals (since 2006)
+
+ Asser Topp-Mortensen – guitar (since 2007)
+
+ Chris Kreutzfeldt – bass (since 2010)
+ Simon Guldbrandsen – bass (2006 - 2008)
+
+ Martin Hasseldam – bass (2009 - 2010)
+
+ Mathias Winther Johannsen – bass (2008 - 2009)
+ We are Reflections (2013)
+
+ Lighthouse (2013)
+
+ Egypt, I am Dying (2013)
+
+ Indika (2011)
+
+= = = Chen Chieh-ju (born 1937) = = =
+
+ Chen Chieh-ju (; born 25 November 1937) is a Taiwanese politician.
+ Chen attended primary and secondary school in his native Taichung and later studied at National Cheng Kung University.
+ Chen served three terms on the Taichung County Council before running for a seat on the Legislative Yuan in 1992. He won reelection in 1995 and 1998. He joined the Non-Partisan Solidarity Union in 2004 as the newly founded political party's secretary-general. Chen supported Ma Ying-jeou in the 2012 presidential election.
+
+= = = Hyrax Hill Prehistoric Site and Museum = = =
+
+ The Hyrax Hill site was proclaimed a national monument in 1945 and opened to the public in 1965. This was as a result of startling discoveries of relics by Mrs. Selfe and subsequent archaeological excavations that were carried out by Dr. Mary Leakey in 1938 that revealed substantial findings in different areas of the site and levels of occupations. The late Mrs. Selfe was the owner of the property. The renovation of archaeology exhibit was made possible through the kind sponsorship of Kenya Museum Society and consultation of British Institute in Eastern Africa in collaboration with the National Museums of Kenya.
+ The hill comprises particular importance due to the fact that it encompasses several phases of occupation; it also has a long history of archaeological investigation, which began in 1937 with Mary Leakey.
+ In 1937 Dr. Mary Leakey excavated Site I, and she discovered evidence of late Iron Age habitation consisting of a series of rough stone enclosures, and a number of burials. This material according to Sutton belongs to the late Iron Age and is probably around 200 yrs old (Sutton, 1987). During the 1937 excavation, Leakey also discovered a much older occupation layer, dating to the Late Stone Age. Several burials were uncovered; this area is today referred to as the "Neolithic mass grave" on signage at the Museum.
+ Dr. Mary Leakey in 1938 excavated Site II and erroneously associated the Sirikwa occupation layers with the pre-Iron Age material on Site I and at the Nakuru burial site.
+ In 1943 the unexcavated portions of the site were recognised as important archaeological resources, and the site was gazetted as a national monument on 26 November 1945.
+ In 1965 more excavations were carried by Ron Clarke on Site II, and the southern burial Site I. After these excavations, a small museum was established in the farm house which was previously owned by Mrs. A. Selfe.
+ Dr. Onyango Abunje in 1973–74 excavated the area adjacent to Site I, and he discovered mainly late Iron Age materials, which included two Iron Age pits and burial mounded.
+ In 1986, Dr. John Sutton re-investigated Site II and during this time, the investigation revealed three Sirikwa houses. Dr. Sutton concluded by proposing that Site II is indeed not related to Site II and is Iron Age dating to middle centuries of the second millennium.
+ Hyrax Hill is a regional museum under the management of National Museums of Kenya headed by Dr Mzalendo as its Director General. Hyrax Hill is currently run by 12 members of staff and headed by the curator as the chief accounting officer. Ms. Lilian Amwanda is the Curator Hyrax Hill Museum.
+ The building was formerly a farm house constructed in about 1900–1910 and ceded to the National Museum of Kenya in 1965 by the owner, the late Mrs. Selfe. The building is rectangular in plan with a veranda along the south façade. It is entered through a 4.8 m wide straight stairway of 5 steps onto a veranda, and then into the main gallery through a protruding porch that forms part of the central space of the building. Inside, this building is divided into three chambers/galleries, the central being the largest. At the back, the building is abutted by two chambers which are used as the Curator's and Education offices respectively.
+ The museum has one gallery divided into three chambers; West, East and the central being the largest. The West chamber displays ethnographic materials. The Central chamber displays archaeology of the site; at the center of the gallery there is a model showing the entire site. The East chamber displays natural history objects.
+ Hyrax Hill is small but a prominent rocky lava ridge measuring about 500 meters in length and rising to 50 meters above the surrounding plain. The hill owes its name to the numerous hyraxes that used to live in the rock openings.
+ A number of archaeological features ranging in date from possibly 5000 years ago to only 200 years ago have been found on this hill. The oldest is the area of Neolithic occupation with burials on Site I. There is also recent Iron Age activity on Site I and earlier Iron Age activity on Site II.
+ Interest in the archaeology of this area began in the 1920s with the discovery by a farmer of ancient burials with stone bowls hidden under rocks on the side of small hill to the north east. Louis Leakey investigated these ancient burials and reported that they belong to an early pastoralist community which he called 'Neolithic '. At the same time he noticed other archaeological features on both sides of hyrax hill, and in 1937 encouraged his wife, Mary, to investigate these.
+ Hyrax Hill has been central to the development of archaeological research in Kenya for over seventy years. Together with other sites in the region, it has helped our understanding of the transition from a hunting and gathering way of life to greater dependence on food production, especially pastoral activities in these high grasslands.
+ Among the 400 objects and works of art exhibited, visitors can admire carved masks, wood statues and other objects made by the Musas between 1970 and 2000. There are other objects collected from the grass-fields, such as traditional musical instruments, hunting gadgets, metal works, bamboo objects and pottery. Temporary exhibitions are also sometimes proposed.
+
+= = = 1997 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1997 Star World Championships were held in Marblehead, United States between September 3 and 14, 1997.
+
+= = = Dabiq, Syria = = =
+
+ Dabiq ( ) is a town in northern Syria, about northeast of Aleppo and around south of Syria's border with Turkey. It is administratively part of the Akhtarin "nahiyah" (subdistrict) of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate. Nearby localities include Mare' to the southwest, Sawran to the northwest, and Akhtarin town to the southeast. In the 2004 census, Dabiq had a population of 3,364.
+ The town was the site of the battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, in which the Ottoman Empire decisively defeated the Mamluk Sultanate.
+ In Islamic eschatology, it is believed that Dabiq is one of two possible locations (the other is Amaq) for an epic battle between invading Christians and the defending Muslims which will result in a Muslim victory and mark the beginning of the end of times. The Islamic State believes Dabiq is where an epic and decisive battle will take place with Christian forces of the West, and have named their online magazine after the village. After being driven out of the town of Dabiq by the Turkish Military and Syrian Rebels in October 2016, ISIL/IS/Daesh replaced this publication with a new one named "Rumiyah".
+ During Caliph Sulayman's reign (715–717), Dabiq, near the Arab–Byzantine frontier, succeeded Jabiyah's role as the main military camp in Syria.
+ Dabiq was visited by Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi in the early 13th-century, during Ayyubid rule. He noted that it was "a village of the 'Azaz District lying 4 leagues from Halab (Aleppo). Near it is a green and pleasant meadow, where the Omayyad troops encamped, when they made the celebrated expedition against Al Massissah, which was to have been continued even to the walls of Constantinople. The tomb of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, who led the expedition, lies here."
+ In August 2014 the Islamic State (ISIL) conquered the town, destroying the Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik shrine. On 16 October 2016, Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army rebels captured the town from ISIL.
+ In Islamic eschatology as found in the Hadith, the area of Dabiq is mentioned as a place of some of the events of the Muslim Malahim (which would equate to the Christian apocalypse, or Armageddon). Abu Hurayrah, companion to Muhammad, reported in his Hadith that Muhammad said:
+ Scholars and hadith commentators suggest that the word "Romans" refers to Christians. The hadith further relates the subsequent Muslim victory, followed by the peaceful takeover of Constantinople with invocations of takbir and tasbih, and finally the defeat of the Masih ad-Dajjal following the return and descent of Jesus Christ.
+
+= = = Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai = = =
+
+ Eppadi Manasukkul Vanthai (English: "How did you come in my mind?") is a 2012 Tamil romantic thriller film directed by P. V. Prasath, starring Vishva, Irfaan, Tanvi Vyas. The film released on 10 August 2012 with mixed reviews.
+ Soundtrack was composed by A. J. Daniel.
+ In the review of the film for "New Indian Express", Malini Mannath wrote: "With a taut screenplay and well fleshed out characters, director Prasad (of Kadhalil Vizhundhen) has managed to keep his narrative engaging and fast paced. He has co-ordinated the work of his technical crew ably. It’s an impressive cast of actors who lend credibility and conviction to their characters." "Nowrunning" wrote "Eppadi Manasukkul Vandhai has an average masala story that is given superior treatment by an above-average Kollywood director. It then becomes a gripping crime thriller that is steered into the masala format, from time to time, for purposes of accessibility." The reviewer also noted similarities between the film and "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (1999). "Sify" wrote "The films packaging is what catches our eye with great camera work, rich locations and hummable tunes but sadly lacks a cohesive script and drags big time especially the long drawn out climax." "Behindwoods" wrote "Eppadi Manasukkul Vandhai has traces of Kadhalil Vizhundhen but it’s not the same love story. It has its heart in its place and the fact that Prasad has peppered it with enough plot twists and turns makes it worth a watch. It’s an engagingly shot, albeit not brilliantly performed, movie that might provide good time pass." "The Hindu" wrote "EMV doesn’t hold the viewer’s attention completely, mainly because Prasath has allowed ample space for avoidable elements."
+
+= = = Tarantinaea = = =
+
+ Tarantinaea is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
+ Species within the genus "Tarantinaea" include:
+
+= = = James Billmyer = = =
+
+ James Irwin Billmyer (born 1897) was an American modern painter and illustrator.
+ James Billmyer was born in Union Bridge, Maryland and received his BA from Western Maryland College. He continued his studies at the National Academy of Design, Beaux Arts, the Art Students’ League, Cooper Union, Maryland Institute, Baltimore Charcoal Club, and Baltimore Grand Central School of Art.
+ Some of his influential teachers included John Sloan, George Luks, Frank Vincent Dumond, George Bridgeman, William De Leftwüch Dodge, Dean Cornwell, and Harvey Dunn.
+ Billnyer was involved with the commercial art of periodicals and advertising, working as an illustrator for magazines such as “Cosmopolitan”, “Family Circle”, “House and Garden”, “Ladies Home Journal”, “Parents Magazine”, and Collier’s "Good Housekeeping”. In 1931, he became a member of the American Society of Illustrators.
+ Billmyer travelled extensively in Latin and Central America, Canada, the Near East, and Europe, exploring the history and cultures of these locations, which ultimately impacts his work. In the 1950s and 1960s, he was a part of the 10th Street galleries scene. For twelve years, he studied plastics under the tutelage of Hans Hofmann in New York and Provincetown. Hofmann showed him the importance of objects moved out from the canvas and resolved back into it. This type of painting that deals with multiple rhythms, colors, and angles, offers viewers a higher-dimensional experience. Billmyer has created patterns in and out of divided planes that go in independent directions before receding back into the canvas, which is his unique adaption of Hofmann’s methods. Many of his patterns and forms appear in the film “The Hypercube: Projections and Slicing.” Billmyer has taught and lectured at the New York School of Interior Design, The Hudson River School, Spellman College, Miami Art Center, the Naskeay School, Maine, and his own New York School.
+
+= = = Sirel = = =
+
+ Sirel is an Estonian language surname meaning "lilac" and may refer to:
+
+= = = Townsendia rothrockii = = =
+
+ Townsendia rothrockii is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name Rothrock's Townsend daisy. It is endemic to Colorado in the United States, where there are 35 occurrences across thirteen counties. Reports of the plant from New Mexico are false.
+ This plant is a small perennial herb forming a dense rosette of thick leaves up to 3.5 centimeters long. It grows from a taproot and caudex. The flower heads are cup-shaped and up to 2.8 centimeters wide. The ray florets are blue to lilac in color and measure up to 1.6 centimeters in length. The center of the head contains yellow disc florets.
+ This plant grows in high-elevation habitat in the mountains of southwestern Colorado. It can be found in a number of habitat types in montane, subalpine and alpine climates, including fellfields, talus, meadows, ridges, passes, rock outcrops, and disturbed areas. Species associated with the plant include "Abies lasiocarpa", "Agrostis thurberiana", "Anemone multifida", "Draba nivalis" var. "exigua", "Eritrichium aretioides", "Festuca thurberi", "Oreoxis alpina", "Pinus ponderosa", "Polemonium viscosum", "Rydbergia grandiflora", "Trifolium dasyphyllum", "Trifolium nanum", and "Valeriana capitata".
+
+= = = Cinemateca Brasileira = = =
+
+ Cinemateca Brasileira is an institution located in Vila Mariana, São Paulo, responsible for the preservation of Brazilian audiovisual production. Centered on activities involving the storing, diffusion, and the restoration of its collection, it is one of the largest film libraries in Latin America and also one of its oldest, established in 1949 in the Film Department of the Modern Art Museum of São Paulo. It became a government institution in 1984 when it was incorporated into the Ministry of Culture. There are about 200,000 rolls of film, long, short and newsreels; 120,000 were reported in 1996 but it has since grown markedly. It also has a large collection of documents, books, journals, original scripts, photographs and posters. The website of Cinemateca Brasileira is one of the most authoritative sources on Brazilian cinema.
+
+= = = 1998 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1994 Star World Championships were held in Portorož, Slovenia between September 13 and 18, 1998.
+
+= = = Sireh Kaneh = = =
+
+ Sireh Kaneh (, also Romanized as Sīreh Kāneh) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, in 12 families.
+
+= = = Porsgrunn Upper Secondary School = = =
+
+ Porsgrunn videregående skole is an upper secondary school located in the town of Porsgrunn, in the county Telemark, in Norway. The school is Telemark county's biggest school together with Skien videregående skole, and has a total of 1150 students and about 170 employees. It is one of 24 schools in Norway to offer a IB Diploma Programme.
+
+= = = Sar Choluskan-e Olya = = =
+
+ Sar Choluskan-e Olya (, also Romanized as Sar Cholūskān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Sar Chekān and Sar Chūnos Khān) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
+
+= = = Wagluhe = = =
+
+ The Wágluȟe Band is one of the seven bands of the Oglala Lakota. The Wágluȟe Band is also known as the Loafer Band. The Lakota word Wágluȟe means "One who lives with his relatives (as a hanger-on)" and was used to refer to those who stayed near military forts, their daughters having married soldiers.
+ The seven Bands of the Oglala Lakota are the Wágluȟe (Loafers), Ite Sica (Bad Face), Oyukpe (Broken Off), Wazaza (Shred Into Strips), Tapisleca (Split Liver), Payabaya (Shove Aside) and Kiyaksa (Little Wound).
+ Old Chief Smoke was an Oglala Lakota head chief and one of the last great Shirt Wearers, a highly prestigious Lakota warrior society. The Smoke people were one of the most prominent Lakota families of the 18th and 19th centuries. Old Chief Smoke was one of the first Lakota chiefs to appreciate the power of the whites and the need for association. In 1849, Old Chief Smoke moved his Wágluȟe camp to Ft. Laramie, Wyoming when the U.S. Army first garrisoned the old trading post to protect and supply wagon trains of white migrants along the Oregon Trail. Lakota families from other camps who preferred the safety of Ft. Laramie joined Smoke's camp. Old Chief Smoke was aware of the power of the whites, their overwhelming numbers and the futility of war. Old Chief Smoke observed and learned the customs of the whites. By the late 1850s, some Lakota from the wild buffalo-hunting camps began to disparage Old Chief Smoke's camp at Ft. Laramie and call Old Chief Smoke's community Wágluȟe (Loafers), meaning they were like men who lived with their wives' relatives, that is, hangers-on, loafers. On the other hand, some Wagluhe thought of the wild Lakota as county bumpkins. During the increasing strife of the 1860s, the Ft. Laramie took on a military posture and was the primary staging ground for the U.S. Army during Red Cloud's War. In 1864, Old Chief Smoke died and was placed on a scaffold near sight of his beloved Ft. Laramie and replaced by Chief Big Mouth.
+ The Wágluȟe were aware of the power of the whites, their overwhelming numbers and the futility of war. Traditionally, in intertribal warfare, a fight among fifty warriors in which two men were killed was considered a big fight. The Wágluȟe at Ft. Laramie, Wyoming, heard of the 50,000 casualties of the three-day Battle at Gettysburg in July 1863, and knew what white men meant when they spoke of battle. The Wágluȟe observed and learned the customs of the whites. Wágluȟe were considered by the U.S. Army and Indian agents to be the most progressive band of Lakota and many became Indian Police, U.S. Army Indian Scouts with the U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiment from Ft. Laramie, Wyoming and intermediaries with other bands of Lakotas. The Wágluȟe formed a civil administration at Ft. Laramie, and Old Chief Smoke appointed Chief Blue Horse and Chief Big Mouth the first Indian Police officers. The Wágluȟe were the first Oglala Lakota to send their children to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, for a formal education. Wágluȟe U.S. Army Indian Scouts were a "Band of Brothers" with U.S. Army Cavalry Scouts and later were the first Oglala Lakota to travel with Col. William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody and his Wild West throughout the U.S. and Europe. Wágluȟe from the Great Plains Wars chose to offer their services to Colonel "Buffalo Bill" Cody and appreciated that Wild West shows preserved Oglala Lakota heritage during a time when the Bureau of Indian Affairs was intent on promoting Native assimilation.
+ Chief Big Mouth was the elder son and became head chief in 1864 upon the death of Old Chief Smoke. Big Mouth opposed Chief Spotted Tail's leadership and criticized his negotiations with Washington politicians. On October 29, 1869, Spotted Tail called at the door of Big Mouth's lodge, and asked to speak with him. On his appearance, he was seized by two warriors, who held him fast, while Spotted Tail drew a pistol, placed it against his body, and shot Chief Big Mouth dead.
+ Captain DeWitt C. Poole at the Whetstone Indian Agency reported Chief Blue Horse's shock and anger to Chief Big Mouth's murder. "Blue Horse started a violent harangue in the Sioux language. He had a rifle in one hand and a strung bow and a bunch of arrows in the other, and when he dropped his blanket, two navy Colts and a big scalping knife could be seen in their sheaths at his belt. He was in a raving fury, leaping and bounding about the room as he hurled accusations and threats at Chief Spotted Tail. Chief Big Mouth died toward dawn. Some hours later, Blue Horse came to agent Poole's office and told he that he felt so sad over the death of his great and good brother that he would have to wash off the paint he had put on his face for the feast the day before and begin mourning. The interpreter warned Poole that if this Indian washed his face and started mourning, it would mean the reopening of the feud and more shootings. The agent would give Blue Horse two blankets, that would comfort him, and he would refrain from washing his face and going gunning for Spotted Tail. The blankets were handed over, and the grieving brother went quietly away." Poole later reported that Chief Spotted Tail made a prompt payment of a stipulated number of ponies to Blue Horse and that aboriginal law had been vindicated.
+ Chief Blue Horse was pressed to avenge the murder of Chief Big Mouth, but chose the path of non-violence and instead moved with his Wágluȟe Band to another locality. Chief Red Cloud was also aggrieved by his brother's murder. Nonetheless, Chief Red Cloud continued to work with Chief Spotted Tail in delegations to Washington, D.C. to protect tribal lands, enforce broken treaties and preserve Lakota heritage.
+ Some Wágluȟe went north to the Powder River country fight in Red Cloud's War and became closely tied to militant Minneconjou, Sans Arc and Hunkpappa. Other Wágluȟe supplied food and munitions to Chief Red Cloud. All Wágluȟe respected Chief Red Cloud. The U.S. Army concluded that, even if there were doubts about their reliability, the Wágluȟe's role as scouts, civil administrators and mediators was absolutely essential.
+ After the Battle of Little Big Horn and the arrest of Chief Blue Horse in 1876, the Wágluȟe split into three bands. Blue Horse remained head chief of one band, and rising young leaders American Horse and Three Bears led the other two. Red Shirt was also a popular leader and served as Three Bears' lieutenant. These leaders had much in common. Blue Horse, American Horse, Three Bears and Red Shirt all served as U.S. Army Indian Scouts with the U.S. 4th Cavalry Regiment from Ft. Laramie, Wyoming, led Lakota delegations to Washington, D.C., their children attended the first class at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania and all joined with Buffalo Bill's Wild West.
+ Red Cloud was recognized as a leader of the Wágluȟe and the Ite Sica. In 1860, Lieutenant Henry E. Maynadier, who later became the commandant at Fort Laramie, recognized Red Cloud as one of Old Chief Smoke's sons, a Wagluhe. Yet, in reality, whenever the Oglalas were seriously threatened, Red Cloud would become the "de facto" chief of the Ite Sica (Bad Faces).
+ In 1890, Native American historian Charles Alexander Eastman recorded his first meeting with Chief Blue Horse at Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota. Eastman reported Chief Blue Horse was his "first caller" at the Pine Ridge Agency and Chief "Emeritus" of the Wágluȟe Band. "He softly opened the door and stepped in without knocking, in characteristic Indian fashion. After greeting me in Sioux, he promptly produced his credentials, which consisted of well-worn papers that had been given him by various high military officers, from General William Selby Harney to General George Crook, and were dated 1854 to 1877. The old man wanted nothing so much as an audience, and the tales of his exploits served to pass the evening." Eastman recorded that "Blue Horse had been, as he claimed, a friend to the white man, for he was one of the first Sioux U.S. Army Indian Scouts, and also one of the first to cross the ocean with Buffalo Bill."
+ Wágluȟe U.S. Army Indian Scouts from the Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota, were the first Oglala Lakota to travel with Col. William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody and his Wild West throughout the U.S. and Europe. Veterans from the Great Plains Wars chose to offer their services to Colonel "Buffalo Bill" Cody and appreciated that Wild Westing preserved Oglala Lakota heritage during a time when the Bureau of Indian Affairs was intent on promoting Native assimilation.
+
+= = = Sar Choluskan-e Sofla = = =
+
+ Sar Choluskan-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Sar Cholūskān-e Soflá) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 7 families.
+
+= = = Lycideopidae = = =
+
+ Lycideopidae is an extinct family of therocephalians from the Late Permian and Early Triassic of South Africa.
+ Below is a cladogram from Sigurdsen "et al." (2012):
+
+= = = 1999 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 1999 Star World Championships were held in Punta Ala, Italy between September 1 and 12, 1999.
+
+= = = Porzhenka River = = =
+
+ Porzhenka () is a river, long, within the Dvina–Pechora Watershed District in Russia. The river originates in the Bolshoye Porzhenskoye Lake and flows into Kenozero Lake. The Porzhensky Pogost is nearby.
+
+= = = Tief = = =
+
+ Tief is a surname of German origin, meaning "deep" or "low" and may refer to:
+
+= = = 2000 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 2000 Star World Championships were held in Annapolis, United States between May 14 and 20, 2000.
+
+= = = Poska = = =
+
+ Poska is an Estonian surname and may refer to:
+
+= = = Kafr Naya = = =
+
+ Kefer Neye (, ) or Kafr Naya () is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. Located north of Aleppo, the town is administratively part of Nahiya Tell Rifaat in A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Mayer to the southwest. In the 2004 census, Kafr Naya had a population of 5,647.
+ Kafr Naya was captured by Syrian Democratic Forces on 15 February 2016.
+
+= = = Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan = = =
+
+ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (; died 705) was the Umayyad governor and "de facto" viceroy of Egypt between 685 and his death. He was appointed by his father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685). Abd al-Aziz's reign was marked by stability and prosperity, partly due to his close relations and reliance on the Arab military settlers of Fustat. Under his direction and supervision, an army led by Musa ibn Nusayr completed the Muslim conquest of North Africa. He was removed from the line of succession to the caliphal throne and, in any case, died before his brother, Caliph Abd al-Malik. However, one of Abd al-Aziz's sons, Umar II, would become caliph in 717–720.
+ Abd al-Aziz was the son of a senior member of the Umayyad clan, Marwan ibn al-Hakam, and one of the latter's wives, Layla bint Zabban ibn al-Asbagh of the Banu Kalb tribe. He may have visited Egypt when the province was governed by Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari (667–682), the appointee of Mu'awiya I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 682, Abd al-Aziz was part of an embassy alongside his elder half-brother Abd al-Malik sent by Marwan to the anti-Umayyad rebel Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. When the inhabitants of Medina, the home of much of the Umayyad clan, rebelled against Mu'awiya's successor, Caliph Yazid I (), and besieged the Umayyad family in Marwan's neighborhood in 683, Abd al-Aziz is not mentioned as being present. The historian Wilhelm Barthold speculates he could have been in Egypt at the time.
+ In any case, in the summer of 684, when Marwan was elected caliph by pro-Umayyad loyalist tribes, chief among them the Banu Kalb, Abd al-Aziz was in his father's company. He fought alongside his father and the Banu Kalb against al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri and the Qaysi tribes, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, who had declared himself caliph in 683 and gained widespread recognition in the Caliphate, at the Battle of Marj Rahit near Damascus in August. Abd al-Aziz was thrown off his horse during the battle, which ended in a crushing Umayyad–Kalbite victory. Afterward, he played a leading role in Marwan's conquest of Egypt from its Zubayrid governor Ibn Jahdam al-Fihri, serving as the commander of a contingent which crossed into the province through the Sinai Peninsula, via the Red Sea port town of Ayla. There he confronted Ibn Jahdam and his deputy Zuhayr ibn Qays al-Balawi, the latter of whom ultimately defected to Abd al-Aziz. After Marwan returned to Syria, he designated Abd al-Malik as his successor, to be followed by Abd al-Aziz; the former acceded as caliph upon Marwan's death in April 685.
+ Abd al-Aziz is most notable for his twenty-year-long tenure as governor ("āmīr") of Egypt, from AH 65 (685 CE) until his death in AH 86 (705 CE). He was placed in the post by Marwan after the latter departed Egypt for Syria in February 685. He enjoyed wide autonomy in the governance of Egypt, and functioned as a "de facto" viceroy of the country. Abd al-Aziz also supervised the completion of the Muslim conquest of North Africa; it was he who appointed Musa ibn Nusayr in his post as governor of Ifriqiya.
+ During the early years of his reign, Abd al-Aziz resided chiefly at Fustat, leaving it only for two visits to the caliphal court at Damascus and four more to Alexandria. Fustat was the capital of the province, established in the 640s by the Arab conqueror and first governor of Islamic Egypt, Amr ibn al-As. Abd al-Aziz was a major patron of architecture and his rule marked the heyday of Umayyad-era building works in the city. Several houses, palaces, roofed markets and fountains were built under his direction.
+ Abd al-Aziz completely rebuilt and expanded the Mosque of Amr, Fustat's congregational mosque. To its west, in 686/87, he erected the "Dar al-Mudhahabba" (the Gilded Palace). The residential complex was also known in the contemporary Arabic sources as "al-Madina" (the City), giving an indication of its size, which may have been including gardens and at least two stories. It overlooked the Nile and likely included the house and lot of the high-ranking official Kharija ibn Hudhafa (d. 661), which Marwan purchased from Kharija's son for 10,000 gold dinars. According to the historian Wladyslaw Kubiak, the "Dar al-Bayda" (the White Palace) built by Marwan in Fustat may have been viewed by Abd al-Aziz as below his stature and the new palace became the official residence of Egypt's Marwanids (descendants of Caliph Marwan). At least four roofed markets, each specializing in a type of merchandise, were built during his reign. In August/September 688, Abd al-Aziz also built the Qantara bridge over the "Khalij Amir al-Mu'minin" (Canal of the Commander of the Faithful), which passed through Fustat and connected Heliopolis (Ayn Shams) to the Nile. The bridge, located in the Hamra al-Quswa neighborhood, was likely meant to serve a major circulatory road in Fustat and its remains were still visible in the 12th century or later. It was one of a number of bridges constructed in the city by Abd al-Aziz.
+ When the plague struck Fustat in 689 or 690, Abd al-Aziz moved his residence and seat of government about south of the city and founded Hulwan. According to the 15th-century Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi, Abd al-Aziz had relocated due to flooding in Fustat in 690 and chose the site of Hulwan for his new capital because its elevation, above the banks of the Nile, was higher than the river's flood line. The foundation of Hulwan began a custom of establishing "satellite residence town[s]", which was "repeated countless times by later rulers in various regions of the Islamic world", according to Kubiak.
+ Abd al-Aziz constructed in Hulwan a mosque, a number of churches (see below) and palaces, and planted there vineyards and palm trees. He erected a nilometer in the new city, although it was replaced by the nilometer built on the Nile river island of al-Rawda in 715. Hulwan was well known for the glass pavilions patronized by the governor and an artificial lake fed by an aqueduct. The city's prosperity under Abd al-Aziz was praised by the poet Ubayd Allah ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat.
+ Abd al-Aziz proved a capable governor, and his rule was a period of peace and prosperity, marked by his conciliatory and co-operative attitude towards the leaders of the local Arab settlers (the "jund"): throughout his tenure, Abd al-Aziz relied on them rather than the Syrians, who elsewhere were the main pillar of the Umayyad regime.
+ Abd al-Aziz was known for his generosity. The 10th-century Egyptian historian al-Kindi quotes a report that he arranged for one thousand bowls of food to be set up around his palace and had another one hundred bowls supplied to the tribal settlers of Fustat, both on a daily basis. These bowls are also mentioned in a well-known eulogy by Ibn Qays al-Ruqayyat:
+ That is Laylā's son, Abd al-'Azīz: at Bābilyūn [Babylon Fortress]
+ his food bowls are full to overflowing.
+ According to al-Kindi, Abd al-Aziz introduced an Islamic ritual in Egypt consisting of a sitting held in the mosques during afternoon prayers on the ninth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the Day of Arafa. Abd al-Aziz opposed a higher tax burden on indigenous Muslim converts. He had been called on by Abd al-Malik to follow the example of the caliph's governor of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who imposed the poll tax ("jizya") on the inhabitants of his province even after their conversion to Islam. Instead, Abd al-Aziz took the advice of the "qadi" (chief Islamic judge) and treasurer of Egypt, Abd al-Rahman ibn Hubayra, and did not implement the measure.
+ The medieval Egyptian historian Ibn Abd al-Hakam (d. 971) relates that Abd al-Aziz had a different copy of the Qur'an produced from the version of al-Hajjaj which was sent to him. The Baghdad-based writer Abu Ubayd Allah al-Marzubani (d. 995) praised Abd al-Aziz for promoting the Arabic language; having caused misunderstandings by his own erroneous pronunciation of Arabic, Abd al-Aziz endeavored to learn the correct pronunciation and later made gifts to his petitioners dependent on their mastery of the Arabic language.
+ According to the 10th-century Melkite Christian patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria, Abd al-Aziz permitted his Melkite servants to establish a small church in Hulwan dedicated to Saint George. One of the governor's Jacobite secretaries, Athanasios, was also allowed the construction of a church in close proximity to the Babylon Fortress (Qasr al-Sham) in the vicinity of Fustat.
+ Apart from personal favors to the Christians in his circle, Abd al-Aziz pursued a restrictive policy towards Egypt's indigenous Christian population. In 693/94, on one of his visits to Alexandria, he arrested the Christian leaders of the city and dispersed them across the country's villages and rural districts. He then obliged each district to pay taxes according to the yield of its fields and gardens. Abd al-Aziz had his son al-Asbagh take a census of all the monks of the province, imposed on each of them a poll tax—from which they had previously been exempted—of one gold dinar, and forbade the recruitment of new monks. He also closely monitored the elections of the Coptic patriarchs and obliged the patriarchs to take their seat in Hulwan. The public display of Christian symbols was banned, and a Christian source reports that Abd al-Aziz had all the crosses in Egypt destroyed.
+ Marwan had named Abd al-Aziz his second heir after Abd al-Malik. The latter, however, wanted his son al-Walid I () to succeed him, and Abd al-Aziz was persuaded not to object to this change. In the event, Abd al-Aziz died on 13 Jumada I AH 86/12 May 705 CE, four months before Abd al-Malik. Abd al-Aziz was succeeded as governor by Abd al-Malik's son Abdallah, whose aim was to restore caliphal control over the province and, in the words of the historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "remove all traces of Abd al-Aziz's administration".
+ By dint of his major architectural works in Fustat and Hulwan, roughly coinciding with the period of monumental Islamic architecture's earliest stages under the caliphs Abd al-Malik and al-Walid I, Kubiak calls Abd al-Aziz perhaps "the true father of Islamic architecture". His patronage activities initiated a trend continued by later governors and caliphs. Though he spent large sums in the course of his rule, Abd al-Aziz's personal lifestyle was austere. At his death, he left the relatively small fortune of 7,000 gold dinars, according to his treasurer, and tattered clothing. In an indication of his piety, he stated on his deathbed his wish to have been a mere cameleer roaming the Hejaz (western Arabia), a man of no consequence or a collection of dust.
+ According to the historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), Abd al-Aziz had children from three wives and two slave women. He married Umm Asim Layla bint Asim, a granddaughter of Caliph Umar (), while they were both residing in Damascus in . Abd al-Aziz highly valued this marital link with the family of the former caliph and spent 400 gold dinars for the wedding. While Ibn Sa'd counts four sons from Umm Asim—Asim, Umar II, Abu Bakr and Muhammad—al-Baladhuri and Ibn Abd al-Hakam count two: Abu Bakr Asim and Umar II. From another wife, Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah, a granddaughter of Amr ibn al-As, Abd al-Aziz had his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. From a third wife, Layla bint Suhayl, he had his daughter Umm al-Banin. Abd al-Aziz was also married to Hafsa, a daughter of Asma bint Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Harith of the prominent Qurayshite clan of Banu Makhzum.
+ Five of his children, including his eldest son al-Asbagh, were bore by slave women. According to the Egyptian historian al-Kindi (d. 961), Abd al-Aziz appointed al-Asbagh as a temporary governor of Alexandria and, during his visit to Syria in 695, as his placeholder over the whole of Egypt. Other sons of Abd al-Aziz from his slave women included Zabban and Juzayya. Ibn Abd al-Hakam notes a third slave woman, of Greek or Coptic origin, named Maria, with whom Abd al-Aziz had a son named Muhammad. In honor of Maria, Abd al-Aziz built a palace in Fustat called Qasr Mariya (Maria's Palace).
+ Abd al-Aziz intended that al-Asbagh—for whom he also nurtured hopes in the caliphal succession—would succeed him as governor of Egypt, making the province into a hereditary appendage for his household, but al-Asbagh died a few months before Abd al-Aziz. Twelve years after Abd al-Aziz's death, his son Umar II was appointed caliph and ruled until 720. Abd al-Aziz's descendants remained influential in Egyptian affairs until the early Abbasid period. Abd al-Aziz's grandsons Muhammad and Amr, both sons of Sahl, are mentioned several times in the traditional Islamic sources, and Amr was counted among the supporters of the Alid rebel Abdallah ibn Muawiya when he fled Merv for Egypt in 747. Another descendant of Abd al-Aziz, his great-grandson al-Asbagh ibn Sufyan ibn Asim, upheld support for the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur () in Egypt.
+
+= = = Kotoura-san = = =
+
+ An anime television adaptation was made from the manga by AIC Classic that aired from January 11 to March 29, 2013. Twelve episodes aired in all and included the addition of five bonus shorts called . Outside of Japan only the anime adaptation was brought over and released in North America. The series was licensed under the name The Troubled Life of Miss Kotoura by NIS America, they released a Blu-ray subtitled collection on August 4, 2015. The English subtitled release received mixed to mostly positive reviews from critics.
+ Haruka Kotoura is a 15-year-old girl who was born with the psychic ability to read minds. As a child she blurts out what people around her are thinking, not yet knowing that these thoughts were connected to the person's true feelings. She soon gets ridiculed by her classmates at school and loses all of her friends. The strain gets to be too much on her parents as well which results in her mom abandoning her after she inadvertently exposes an affair between them. Haruka becomes a recluse when she distances herself from everyone, concluding that she only brings people bad luck.
+ Things start to change when she starts high school and meets a guy named Yoshihisa Manabe. He is shown to be unfazed by Haruka's mind-reading ability but has a perverted imagination. Yoshihisa offers her his friendship and vows to stand by her side regardless of the circumstances. He helps her make new friends and together they form the school's ESP Research Club. Haruka's life begins to change completely for the better which gives her new found strength she never had. She is eventually able to overcome the teasing she has endured, and face her mother regarding her past. The series concludes with her confessing her love to Yoshihisa with support from her friends.
+ The original manga by Enokizu began serialization in Micro Magazine's "Manga Goccha" magazine from October 14, 2011. Seven tankōbon volumes were released between 2012 and 2015.
+ An anime adaptation by AIC Classic aired in Japan between January 11 and March 29, 2013 and was simulcast by Crunchyroll. The opening theme is by Megumi Nakajima and the main ending theme is by Haruka Chisuga. The ending theme for episode five is by Kana Hanazawa, Hisako Kanemoto, Jun Fukushima, Hiro Shimono and Yurika Kubo, whilst the ending theme for episode six is by Kanemoto. There is an insert song in episode 11 titled sung by Megumi Nakajima. NIS America has licensed the series in North America under the title "The Troubled Life of Miss Kotoura" and released a subtitled Blu-ray collection on August 4, 2015.
+ is a series of introductory web episodes that were streamed online between December 7, 2012 and January 11, 2013.
+ The English subtitled release of Kotoura-san (aka: "The Troubled Life of Miss Kotoura") received various reviews from sources that do reviews for anime. Theron Martin from Anime News Network gave the series a B+ rating saying that while some may find the opening 10 minutes "overkill", the series is a great mix of "effectively funny, sincere, and heartfelt content". Martin also praised the musical score, but called the artwork mediocre. Chris Beveridge from "The Fandom Post" also gave the series a B+ rating saying that it has "a lot going for it". Beveridge points out that it is engaging to watch how Haruka comes out of her indescribable childhood with a largely positive attitude. While she doesn't do it alone, he says that there are lots of moments where she "stands for herself" in order to do things she wouldn't normally do. Tim Jones from THEM anime reviews gave the series a "very low" 2/5 star rating calling it rushed with no pacing at all. In his review he criticized the usual high school troupes such as "festivals, beaches, fights, perverted male fantasy sequences, and parent troubles", and goes on to say that many of the characters' arcs are left "unfinished or just brushed off".
+ Some reviewers did not review the entire series; Matthew Lee from Screen Anarchy reviewed the first four episodes. He called the opening to the series the "best ever" saying that it does more storytelling in those ten minutes than other shows may do in an entire season. Lee goes on to say that the odd genre mix of 1950s science fiction, and oversexed high-school comedy are used to make the series worth watching. Andy Hanley from "UK Anime Network" gave the first three episodes a 4 out of 10 rating calling them "relentlessly depressing". To the converse of the previous review, Hanley said that the first twenty minutes were "genuinely horrible to watch", he goes on to say that the "half baked" comedy doesn't make up for the depression.
+
+= = = 2001 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 2001 Star World Championships were held in Medemblik, Netherlands between August 2 and 12, 2001.
+
+= = = Schlüsselfelder Ship = = =
+
+ The Schlüsselfelder Ship () is a nef or table centrepiece in the form of a model ship, in this case a work of the German Renaissance about 1503. The carrack was made of silver-gilt in Nuremberg, Germany, possibly by Albrecht Dürer the Elder, at the request of the patrician Wilhelm Schlüsselfelder. It is displayed in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.
+
+= = = Wanchai SF = = =
+
+ Wanchai Sports Federation () is a football club which currently plays in the Hong Kong Second Division. The club is operated by the Wan Chai District Council.
+ The club plays its home matches at Happy Valley Recreation Ground.
+ In 2002, the Hong Kong Football Association introduced the Hong Kong Third District Division League, which was formed by teams operating by each District Council of Hong Kong. Wanchai was one of 11 clubs to join the league in the first season.
+ The club did not perform well since they were formed as they were usually placing at the bottom half of league table. In the 2008–09 season, the club were placed at the bottom of the table among 15 teams, only had won one match (vs Wong Tai Sin, originally lost 0–6. However, a suspended player played for Wong Tai Sin in the match. Therefore, Wong Tai Sin was given a 0–3 loss.) in 14 matches.
+ In 2009, Wanchai SF became the affiliated club of South China. The two teams formed a youth team system, named Wan Chai South China, to compete in the Youth League. The first team did not perform well in the first season of affiliation. They got 4 points in 13 games only, again were the bottom of the league.
+ Starting from 2010–11 season, South China appointed first team assistant coaches Ku Kam Fai and Chan Chi Hong as the coaches of Wanchai SF. On the other hand, Wanchai signed numerous of ex-First Division player, such as Shum Kwok Pui, Wong Chi Keung. South China Reserves goalkeeper Tin Man Ho also joined the club. These changes had strengthened the team and the team had become a title challenger. After finishing all the 18 league matches they got 43 points, which helped them claim the Third District Division title. In the Third Division Final Round, Wanchai defeated Eastern, Kwun Tong and KCDRSC to get promoted to the Second Division for the first team in club history.
+ The 2011–12 season was the best ever season in the club history. Being the newly promoted team with any experiences in Hong Kong Second Division, the club had not only kept the players, but also signed more ex-First Division such as Lo Chun Kit and Colly Barnes Ezeh. As an underdog at the beginning of the season, they performed unexpectedly well, having chance to win promotioni to the Hong Kong First Division. Although they could not get promoted, they still placed in the fourth place, only 7 points behind Southern, the runner-up of the league which get promoted. They performed well in cup competition too. They defeated Hong Kong Football Club, Fire Services, Shatin and Wing Yee to reach the final of the 2011—12 Hong Kong Junior Shield. Their season culminated in victory over Happy Valley 3–0 to claim the Hong Kong Junior Shield at Hong Kong Stadium on 18 February 2012.
+
+= = = 2009 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 2009 Star World Championships were held in Varberg, Sweden between August 2 and 7, 2009.
+
+= = = Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure = = =
+
+ The WLTP procedure (world harmonized light-duty vehicles test procedure) is a global, harmonized standard for determining the levels of pollutants, CO emissions and fuel consumption of traditional and hybrid cars, as well as the range of fully electric vehicles. This new protocol was developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) to replace the new european driving cycle (NEDC) as the European vehicle homologation procedure. Its final version was released in 2015. One of the main goals of the WLTP is to better match the laboratory estimates of fuel consumption and emissions with the measures of an on-road driving condition.
+ Since CO targets are becoming more and more important for the economic performance of vehicle manufacturers all over the world, WLTP also aims to harmonize test procedures on an international level, and set up an equal playing field in the global market. Besides EU countries, WLTP is the standard fuel economy and emission test also for India, South Korea and Japan. In addition, the WLTP ties in with Regulation (EC) 2009/443 to verify that a manufacturer’s new sales-weighted fleet does not emit more CO on average than the target set by the European Union, which is currently set at 95gr of CO per kilometer for 2021.
+ From the 1st of September 2019 all the light duty vehicles that are to be registered in the EU countries (but also in Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Turkey) must comply with the WLTP standards. The WLTP replaces the old NEDC as European homologation lab-bench procedure, which was established in the '80s to simulate urban driving condition of a passenger car. In 1992 the NEDC was updated to include also a non-urban path (characterized by medium to high speeds), and finally in 1997 the CO emission figure have been added, too. Nowadays, the NEDC cycle has become outdated, since it is not representative of the modern driving styles, since nowadays the distances and road variety a mean car has to face have changed. The structure of the NEDC is characterized by an average speed of 34 km/h, the accelerations are smooth, stops are few and prolonged and top speed is 120 km/h.
+ The new standard has been designed to be more representative of the real and modern driving conditions. To pursue this goal, the WLTP is 10 minutes longer than the NEDC (30 instead of 20 minutes), its velocity profile is more dynamic, consisting in quicker accelerations followed by short brakes. Moreover, the average and the maximum velocities have been increased to 46,5 km/h and 131,3 km/h respectively. The distance covered is 23,25 km (more than double than the 11 kilometers of the NEDC).
+ The key differences between the old NEDC and new WLTP test are that WLTP:
+ The test procedure provides a strict guidance regarding conditions of dynamometer tests and road load (motion resistance), gear shifting, total car weight (by including optional equipment, cargo and passengers), fuel quality, ambient temperature, and tyre selection and pressure.
+ Three different WLTC test cycles are applied, depending on vehicle class defined by power/weight ratio PWr in W/kg (rated engine power / kerb weight):
+ Most common cars have nowadays power-weight ratios of 40–100 W/kg, so belong to class 3. Vans and buses can also belong to class 2.
+ In each class, there are several driving tests designed to represent real world vehicle operation on urban and extra-urban roads, motorways, and freeways. The duration of each part is fixed between classes, however the acceleration and speed curves are shaped differently. The sequence of tests is further restricted by maximum vehicle speed V.
+ To ensure the comparability for all vehicles, thus guaranteeing a fair comparison between different car manufacturers, the WLTP tests are performed in laboratory under clear and repeatable conditions. The protocol states:
+ The last two are stricter than in the NEDC protocol, since they were used by car manufacturers to their advantage to keep CO values (legally) as low as possible.
+ The procedure doesn’t indicate fixed gear shift point, as it was in the NEDC, letting each vehicle use its optimal shift points. In fact, these points depend on vehicle unique parameters as weight, torque map, specific power and engine speed.
+ During the WLTP the impact of the model’s optional equipment is also considered. In this way the tests reflect better the emissions of individual cars, and not just the one with the standard equipment (as it was for the NEDC cycle). In fact, for a same car, the homologation procedure needs two measures: one for the standard equipment and the other one for the fully equipped model. This takes into account the effect on vehicle’s aerodynamics, rolling resistance and change in mass due to the additional features.
+ The new WLTP procedure relies on the new driving cycles (WLTC – Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycles) to measure the mean fuel consumption, the CO emissions as well as the emissions of pollutants by passenger cars and light commercial vehicles.
+ The WLTP is divided into 4 different sub-parts, each one with a different maximum speed:
+ These driving phases simulate urban, suburban, rural and highway scenarios respectively, with an equal division between urban and non-urban paths (52% and 48%).
+ Class 2 test cycle has three parts for low, medium, and high speed; if V < 90 km/h, the high-speed part is replaced with low-speed part.
+ Class 1 test cycle has low and medium-speed parts, performed in a sequence low–medium–low; if V < 70 km/h, the medium-speed part is replaced with low-speed part.
+ The period of transition from NEDC to WLTP has started in 2017 and will end in September 2019. Car manufacturers were required to obtain approval under both WLTP and NEDC for any new vehicle from 1st of September 2017, while WLTP superseded NEDC from September 2018. From that date, measures of fuel consumption and CO emissions obtained under WLTP are the only one with legal validity and are to be inserted in official documentations (the Certificate of Conformity).
+ Since the structures of NEDC and WLTP are different, the values obtained can differ one from the other even if a same is car being tested. As WLTP reflects more closely on-road going conditions, its laboratory measures of CO emissions are usually higher than the NEDC. A vehicle’s performance does not change from one test from the other, simply the WLTP simulates a different, more dynamic path, reflecting in a higher mean value of pollutants. This fact is important, because the CO figure is used in many countries to determine the cost of Vehicle Excise Duty for new cars. Given the discrepancies in between the two procedures the UNECE suggested the policymakers to consider this asymmetry during the transition process. For example in the UK, during the period of transition from NEDC to WLTP, if the CO value was obtained under the latter, it must be converted to a ‘NEDC equivalent’.
+ Along with the lab-based procedure, the UNECE introduced a test in real driving conditions for NOx and other particulate emissions, which are a major cause of air pollution. This procedure is called Real Drive Emissions test (RDE) and verifies that legislative caps for pollutants are not exceeded under real use. RDE does not substitute the laboratory test (the only one that holds a legal value), but they complement it. During RDE the vehicle is being tested under various driving and external conditions, that include different heights, temperatures, extra payload, uphill and downhill driving, slow roads, fast roads, etc.
+ To measure the emissions during the on-road test, vehicles are equipped with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) that monitors pollutants and CO values in real time. The PEMS consists in a complex instrumentation that includes: advanced gas analyzers, exhaust gas flowmeters, an integrated weather station, a Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as a connection to the network. The protocol does not indicate a single PEMS as reference, but indicates the set of parameters that its equipment has to satisfy. The collected data are analyzed to verify that the external conditions under which the measures are taken satisfy the tolerances and guarantee a legal validity.
+ The limits on the harmful emissions are the same as the WLTP, multiplied by a conformity factor. The conformity factors consider the error of the instrumentation, that can not guarantee the same level of accuracy and repeatability of the laboratory test, as well as the influence of the PEMS itself on the vehicle that is being tested. For example, during the validation of the NOx emissions, a conformity factor of 2.1 (110% tolerance) is used.
+
+= = = Algeria at the Mediterranean Games = = =
+
+ Algeria has competed at every celebration of the Mediterranean Games. Its athletes have won a total of 240 medals.
+ Below the table representing all Algerian medals around the games. Till now, Algeria win 227 medals and 65 gold medals.
+ The Algerian athlete who won the most medals in the history of the Mediterranean Games, by swimmer Salim Iles.
+
+= = = Denia Nixon = = =
+
+ Denia Nixon (born 1986) is a Bahaman beauty pageant winner. She was the representative from The Bahamas to the 2005 Miss Universe Pageant.
+
+= = = Sar Choluskan = = =
+
+ Sar Choluskan () may refer to:
+
+= = = 1986–87 Northampton Town F.C. season = = =
+
+
+= = = Sareh Vian = = =
+
+ Sareh Vian (, also Romanized as Sareh Vīān) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 13 families.
+
+= = = Sulabad = = =
+
+ Sulabad (, also Romanized as Sūlābād) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 70, in 12 families.
+
+= = = Tell Qarah = = =
+
+ Tell Qarah (), also spelled Tal Qarah or Tel Qarah, is a village in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. Administratively part of Nahiya Mare' in A'zaz District, it had a population of 2,477 as per the 2004 census. Nearby localities include Ihras to the northwest, Herbel to the north, Maarat Umm Hawsh to the northeast, and Tell Jabin to the southwest.
+ On 30 August 2016, SDF took over the village from ISIL.
+
+= = = 2012–13 Hong Kong Third Division League = = =
+
+ 2012–13 Hong Kong Third Division League is the 62nd season of Hong Kong Third Division League, a football league in Hong Kong.
+ The 2012–13 season of the Hong Kong Third Division League consists of 14 clubs, including the 2 teams relegated from 2011–12 Second Division, 3rd placed to 10th placed team of 2011–12 Third 'A' Division and the top 4 teams of 2011–12 Third 'District' Division.
+ The detail of the clubs is as follows.
+
+
+= = = Turem = = =
+
+ Turem (, also Romanized as Tūrem) is a village in Zardalan Rural District, Helilan District, Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 5 families.
+
+= = = Ordynsky = = =
+
+ Ordynsky (masculine), Ordynskaya (feminine), or Ordynskoye (neuter) may refer to:
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Chai-ye Olya = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Chai-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Chāī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Cheshmeh Chāhī-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15, in 4 families.
+
+= = = 2012 Star World Championships = = =
+
+ The 2012 Star World Championships were held in Hyères, France between May 5 and 11, 2012. The hosting yacht club was COYCH.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Chai-ye Sofla = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Chai-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Chāī-ye Soflá; also known as Cheshmeh Chāhī-ye Soflá) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 20 families.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Chai-ye Vosta = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Chai-ye Vosta (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Chāī-ye Vosţá; also known as Cheshmeh Chāhī-ye Vosţá) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 17 families.
+
+= = = Fiona Hefti = = =
+
+ Fiona Hefti (born 4 May 1980 in Zurich, Switzerland) was Miss Switzerland 2004 and a contestant in the Miss World 2004 and Miss Universe 2005 pageants.
+ In 2007, she married Christian Wolfensberger. They are now the parents of two children.
+
+= = = H2NO = = =
+
+ HNO refers to an upselling campaign by Coca-Cola to dissuade consumers from ordering tap water drinks at restaurants, and to instead order more profitable soft drinks, non-carbonated beverages, or bottled water. The campaign's title, HNO, reflects the program's purpose, which is to have customers say "No" to "HO", the chemical formula for water. The program taught waiters how to use "suggestive selling techniques" to offer a variety of alternative beverages when diners asked for water.
+ In July 2001, a link to a story about the program's success at Olive Garden was posted to Cockeyed.com. The link was reposted around the internet, until the story was taken down by Coca-Cola on August 2, 2001, for fears it might be misinterpreted. On August 20, 2001, the story was covered by "The New York Times", and subsequently by a number of news providers.
+ The campaign ran only in the United States.
+ The HNO campaign had been conducted through an Internet memo to distributors and restaurants. In July 2001, Rob Cockerham, a graphic designer in Sacramento, came across the Olive Garden success story following an online search, and posted a link to the story on his website, Cockeyed.com. In an interview with "The New York Times", Cockerham noted how "I had to assure more than one person that this was not a prank, and that it was a real article from Coca-Cola."
+ On August 2, 2001, about a week after the success story link was posted to Cockeyed.com, the Coca-Cola portal was closed. Polly Howes, a spokeswoman for Coca-Cola, stated that the story might be misinterpreted by "folks who aren't in a sales-related business" and that the site was due to be dismantled.
+ Following the "New York Times" article, the story was covered by major news providers, including "Daily Mail", "Sunday Herald Sun", "Evening Standard" and was featured on "The Glass House."
+ In a success story on Coca-Cola's online public relations portal, entitled "The Olive Targets Tap Water & WINS", Coca-Cola described the purpose, implementation, and success in reducing "tap water incidence".
+ Coca-Cola stated that customers chose tap water out of habit, and that selling alternative beverages would increase guest satisfaction:
+ Water. It's necessary to sustain life, but to many Casual Dining restaurant chains it contributes to a dull dining experience for the customer. Many customers choose tap water not because they enjoy it, but because it is what they always have drunk in the past. In response, some restaurant chains are implementing programs to help train crews to sell alternative choices to tap water, like soft drinks and non-carbonated beverages, with the goal of increasing overall guest satisfaction.
+ Olive Garden's stated goal was "to influence customers to abandon their default choice of tap water and experience other beverage choices to improve their dining experience".
+ The Olive Garden suffered from a "high water incidence rate" and "wanted their restaurant crews to emphasize the broad array of alternative beverage selections available" so as "to influence customers to abandon their default choice of tap water and experience other beverage choices to improve their dining experience." In response, the Coca-Cola USA-Fountain offered the tap water reduction program H2NO. The H2NO program featured "beverage suggestive selling techniques (a technique used when a server suggests a profitable beverage in place of water to the customer during the ordering process)." Alternative beverages including soft drinks, non-carbonated beverages and alcohol would be offered which would lead to higher "overall check averages" and greater profits. To further improve the effectiveness of the program, the "Olive Garden developed an employee incentive contest linked to H2NO with CCUSA-Fountain called 'Just Say No to HO.'"
+ The success story noted how "because of its own successful campaign against water, The Olive Garden has recently sent a powerful message to the entire restaurant industry - less water and more beverage choices mean happier customers" stating how:
+ When the contest was completed, almost all participating restaurants realized significant increases in beverage sales and reduced levels of tap water incidence - a strong indication that Olive Garden restaurants succeeded in enhancing the customer's dining experience. And perhaps most importantly, Olive Garden expects to see this trend continue as the skills learned become part of the crew's everyday interaction with restaurant customers.
+ The program and Olive Garden success story were widely ridiculed.
+ On August 22, 2001, Peter Gleick, the director of the Pacific Institute, wrote a letter to the editor of "The New York Times", criticizing the campaign, noting how "both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola use perfectly potable tap water as the source of their bottled waters, Aquafina and Dasani. I guess tap water is O.K., if we can be made to pay for it."
+ In a report by Corporate Accountability International, "Tapping Congress to Get Off the Bottle", the report criticized the campaign as part of how "bottlers have employed a range of marketing tactics that have overtly disparaged the tap." The Olive Garden success story and the H2NO program have been cited in literature as examples of the bottled water industry's aggressive advertising campaigns which views tap water as an impediment to increased profits.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Chai = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Chai (), also rendered as Cheshmeh Chahi, may refer to:
+
+= = = Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics = = =
+
+ Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Gangneung Oval in Gangneung, South Korea between 10 and 24 February 2018.
+ A total quota of 180 athletes were allowed to compete at the Games (maximum 100 men and 80 women). Countries were assigned quotas based on the results of the entire 2017–18 ISU Speed Skating World Cup in the autumn of 2017. Each nation was permitted to enter a maximum of three athletes per gender for all events apart from the 5000m, 10,000m and mass start events, for which they could enter a maximum of two athletes per event.
+ The following was the competition schedule for all speed skating events. With the exception of the Team pursuit events, all rounds of each event were concluded within a single session.
+ Skaters who did not participate in the final of the team pursuit event, but received medals as part of the team, having taken part in an earlier round.
+ Eight Olympic records (OR) and five Sea level world bests (WB) were set during the competition.
+ The Netherlands won the gold, silver and bronze medals in the women's 3000m event, making it a Dutch podium sweep.
+ A total of 184 athletes from 29 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia) were scheduled to participate (the numbers of athletes are shown in parentheses). Colombia was scheduled to make its debut in the sport. A record number of nations qualified to compete in these games, with the previous high being 25 at the 1998 Winter Olympics.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Chahi = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Chahi (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Chahī and Cheshmehchahī) is a village in Rostam-e Do Rural District, in the Central District of Rostam County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 6 families.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Khazaneh = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Khazaneh (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Khazāneh; also known as Cheshmeh Kamūl Kharzān) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 808, in 145 families.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Pahn, Ilam = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Pahn () is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 313, in 66 families.
+
+= = = Cheshmeh Rashid = = =
+
+ Cheshmeh Rashid (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh Rashīd) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, its population was 274, in 58 families.
+
+= = = Mayer, Syria = = =
+
+ Mayer () is a town in northern Syria, administratively part of the A'zaz District of Aleppo Governorate, located northwest of Aleppo. Nearby localities include Kafr Naya to the northeast and Nubl to the west. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Mayer had a population of 4,772 in the 2004 census.
+
+= = = 461st Light Combat Aviation Squadron = = =
+
+ The 461st Light Combat Aviation Squadron ("Serbo-Croatian: 461. eskadrila lake borbene avijacije / 461. ескадрила лаке борбене авијације") was an aviation squadron of Yugoslav Air Force formed in 1953 at Niš airfield as Training Squadron of 29th Aviation Division ("Serbo-Croatian: Trenažna eskadrila 29. vazduhoplovne divizije / Тренажна ескадрила 29. ваздухопловне дивизије").
+ Squadron was part of 29th Aviation Division. It was equipped with US-made F-47D Thunderbolt fighter-bombers and Yugoslav-made Ikarus Aero 2 trainers.
+ In 1959 due the Drvar reorganization this squadron has become Light Combat Aviation Squadron of 3rd Air Command ("Serbo-Croatian: Vazduhoplovna eskadrila lake borbene avijacije 3. vazduhoplovne komande / Ваздухопловна ескадрила лаке борбене авијације 3. ваздухопловне команде").
+ Squadron was again renamed and renumbered in April 1961 as 461st Light Combat Aviation Squadron. In same year new Soko 522 trainer aircraft have been introduced replacing older Thunderbolts and Aero 2 aircraft. By order from June 8, 1968, it has been disbanded. It was reestablished by order from March 7, 1973, at Pančevo airfield as part of 98th Aviation Brigade. Soko 522 trainers were replaced with Utva 66 liaison aircraft and Soko J-20 Kraguj counter-insurgency aircraft during the 1976 and 1977. Squadron has become independent under 1st Air Corps in 1978 by order from November 1976.
+ 461st Squadron has been disbanded by order from November 16, 1981. Its personnel and equipment were attached to the 525th Training Aviation Squadron.
+
+= = = Jurab Deraz Mirza Beygi = = =
+
+ Jurab Deraz Mirza Beygi (, also Romanized as Jūrāb Derāz Mīrzā Beygī; also known as Chūbderāz-e Mīrzābeygī, Jūb Derāz-e Mīrzā Beygī, and Jūrāb Derāz va Mīrzā Beygī) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 666, in 133 families.
+
+= = = Benjamin Wrench = = =
+
+ Benjamin Wrench (1778–1843), was an actor, born in 1778 in London, where his father occupied ‘a lucrative appointment in the Exchequer.’ He seems to have been grandson of Sir Benjamin Wrench, M.D., of Norwich (d. 1747, aged 82) (see Notes and Queries, 5th ser. v. 48). His father died before he reached his seventh year, and having declined a proffered living and a commission in the army offered by General Tryon, a relative, Wrench adopted the stage as a profession, making his first appearance at Stamford.
+ Whatever ability he had was slow in ripening, and he had to rehearse for fourteen days the part of Francis in the ‘Stranger’ before he could be allowed to essay it. Mrs. Robinson Taylor, the manager of the Nottingham circuit, whom he married, coached him carefully and brought out such ability as he possessed. He then joined in York the company of Tate Wilkinson, whose praise he obtained, and proceeded to Edinburgh, where with complete success he played Othello, Gossamer, Job Thornberry, and Jeremy Diddler.
+ When Robert William Elliston in 1804 quit Bath, he was replaced by Wrench, who made his appearance on 5 January 1805 as Gossamer in ‘Laugh when you can,’ and Walter in ‘Children in the Wood.’ In the new Bath house Wrench opened on 26 October 1805 as Percy in the ‘Castle Spectre.’ He played during the season Archer in ‘Beaux' Stratagem,’ Orlando, Belcour in ‘West Indian,’ and Pedro in the ‘Pilgrim.’ He then returned to York, and while there received an offer from Drury Lane, where he appeared, with the company then temporarily occupying the Lyceum, as ‘Wrench from Bath and York,’ playing on 7 October 1809 Belcour in ‘West Indian’ and Tristram Fickle in the ‘Weathercock.’
+ At Drury Lane Wrench remained until 1815. He left Drury Lane that year, and divided his time between the Lyceum and the country—Birmingham, Bristol, Dublin, and other large towns. At the Lyceum he was on 29 Aug. 1818 the first Wing in Peake's ‘Amateurs and Actors,’ the first Jenkins in ‘Gretna Green,’ and the first Sir John Freeman in ‘Free and Easy.’ In 1820, as Captain Somerville in ‘Capers at Canterbury,’ he made his first appearance at the Adelphi, where he made perhaps his greatest success on 26 November 1821 as Corinthian Tom in Moncrieff's ‘Tom and Jerry, or Life in London.’
+ On 4 October 1826 Wrench appeared for the first time at Covent Garden, enacting Rover in ‘Wild Oats.’ He had made a great success at the Lyceum in ‘He lies like Truth,’ and was at that house when (16 Feb. 1830) it was burnt to the ground. In 1834, in the rebuilt house, Wrench and Keeley made a great hit in Oxenford's ‘I and my Double.’ On 30 Oct. at the Haymarket he was the first Caleb Chizzler in ‘But however’ by Henry Mayhew and Henry Baylis. In 1840 Wrench was at the Olympic. His last engagement was at the Haymarket.
+ In the country Wrench played a large round of comic characters, including Charles Surface, Dr. Pangloss, Captain Absolute, and many others. Wrench was a good comedian, but never reached the first rank. Oxberry, who often played with him, speaks of him as knock-kneed, and says that, adopting Robert William Elliston as model, he copied his nasal twang and drawling doubtful delivery, mistook abruptness for humour, and was less a gentleman on the stage than a "blood" (rake).
+ On 24 Oct. 1843 he died at his lodgings in Pickett Place, London, in his sixty-sixth year. Wrench and Manly, an actor, were engaged respectively to Miss and Mrs. Taylor of Nottingham, but ultimately changed partners, Wrench marrying Mrs. Taylor and Manly her daughter. Wrench's marriage was not happy. He was charged with leaving his wife necessitous while he indulged in tavern dissipations. His wife had formerly, as Mrs. Taylor, been an actress of some ability (see Thespian Dictionary, under Taylor [Mrs. Robinson]).
+ Wrench was medium height, light complexioned, with high shoulders and flat features. A portrait of him, by Sharpe, as Wing in ‘Amateurs and Actors,’ and one by De Wilde as Sir Freeman in ‘Free and Easy,’ are in the Mathews collection in the Garrick. His portrait as Belmour is in Oxberry's ‘Dramatic Biography,’ and as Benedick in the ‘Theatrical Inquisitor’ for January 1814.
+
+= = = Ilam Cement Plant = = =
+
+ Ilam Cement Plant ( – "Kārkhāneh-ye Sīmān Īlām") is a village and company town in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8, in 4 families.
+
+= = = Kolahjub, Sirvan = = =
+
+ Kolahjub (, also Romanized as Kolahjūb and Kolah Jūb) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 39 families.
+
+= = = Bayil Arena = = =
+
+ Bayil Arena () is a stadium in Bayil, Baku, Azerbaijan. It was opened in 2012 and has a capacity of 3,200 spectators.
+ The stadium was one of the venues for the group stages of the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. Three Group matches were played there.
+
+= = = Bernard IV, Lord of Lippe = = =
+
+ Bernhard IV, Lord of Lippe ( in Brake – June 1275) was a ruling Lord of Lippe.
+ He was the eldest son of Bernard III and his wife, Sofie of Cuijck-Arnsberg.
+ In 1254, he took up grovenment of Rheda and in 1265, he succeeded his father as ruler of Lippe. His brother Herman III inherited the city of Lippstadt.
+ With his uncle, Bishop Simon I of Paderborn, he fought in the Battle of Zülpich of 1267 against the Duchy of Jülich. Simon was captured. In 1269, Bernard IV paid a large ransom to secure Simon's release. He had to borrow the money, causing the House of Lippe to be burdened by debt.
+ At different times during his reign, he was regent of Ravensberg, had a dispute with the city of Lippstadt, which had joined the Rhenish League of Cities, and was liege lord of Vehmic court in Wesenfort.
+ He died in 1275, and was buried in Marienfeld Abbey.
+ In 1260, Bernard married Agnes ( – ), a daughter of Count Dietrich V of Cleves and Hedwig of Meißen. Agnes and Bernard had the following children:
+
+= = = Johanna Fernández = = =
+
+ Johanna Fernández (born 1982) was the Costa Rican contestant at the Miss Universe 2005 pageant. At the time she was a student at San Judas University.
+
+= = = Pistol Carpați Md. 1974 = = =
+
+ Pistolul calibrul 7,65mm Model 1974, also known as "Pistolul Carpați", is a series of light semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Fabrica de Arme Cugir of Romania. It was initially introduced as a side-arm for submachine gun equipped units of the Romanian Army and is currently issued as a self-defence weapon in the Romanian Police.
+ "Pistolul Carpați Md. 1974" was designed by Întreprinderea Mecanică Cugir, currently Fabrica de Arme Cugir. Its construction is similar to that of the Walther PP/PPK semi-automatic pistol, but it is not a direct copy of it.
+ The body is made of duraluminium. It works as a double-action weapon on the first shot and as a single-action weapon for subsequent shots. Rounds are automatically fed from the 8-round magazine and the weapon is self-arming. The barrel has four rifling grooves and is coated with a thin layer of chrome.
+ Once the standard side-arm of the Romanian Police, "Pistolul Carpați Md. 1974" is currently being replaced in service by the Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol and serves only as a self-defence weapon. The Romanian Army still has stocks of this weapon, but it is no longer issued to servicemen. It is, however, still issued to some of the police departments.
+
+= = = Bicycle safety wing = = =
+
+ A bicycle safety wing is an arm attached to the side of a bicycle. Its purpose is to keep other vehicles from passing too closely.
+ It is usually made of bright plastic, and ends with a reflector.
+ French law allows for bicycle safety wings up to 40 centimetres.
+
+= = = Hanna Poulsen = = =
+
+ Hanna Poulsen ("née" Ek; born 9 February 1984 in Porvoo) is a Finnish model who was Miss Finland 2005 and a contestant in the Miss Universe 2005 pageant.
+ She married Henrik Poulsen in 2012. They have two children.
+
+= = = Kali Kali = = =
+
+ Kali Kali (, also Romanized as Kalī Kalī) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 524, in 101 families.
+
+= = = Aliabad-e Olya, Ilam = = =
+
+ Aliabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as ‘Ālīābād-e ‘Olyā; also known as Sar Koleh-ye ‘Alīābād) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 292, in 58 families.
+
+= = = Aliabad-e Sofla, Ilam = = =
+
+ Aliabad-e Sofla (, also Romanized as ‘Ālīābād-e Soflá) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 24 families.
+
+= = = Aliabad-e Vosta = = =
+
+ Aliabad-e Vosta (, also Romanized as ‘Ālīābād-e Vosţá) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 68, in 15 families.
+
+= = = Levine scale = = =
+
+ In cardiac physiology, the Levine grading scale is a numeric scoring system to characterize the intensity or the loudness of a heart murmur. The eponym is from researcher Samuel A. Levine who studied the significance of systolic heart murmurs. The grading gives a number to the intensity from 1 to 6: The palpable murmur is known as thrill, which can be felt on grade 4 or higher.
+ The Levine scaling system persists as the gold standard for grading heart murmur intensity. It provides accuracy, consistency, and interrater agreement which are essential for diagnostic purposes, particularly to distinguish innocent from pathological murmurs. Louder murmurs (grade ≥3) are more likely believed to represent cardiac defects that tend to have hemodynamic consequences.
+ The Levine scale is usually written down as a fraction of 6 and in Roman numerals, as in a scale of II/VI.
+
+= = = Qanatabad, Ilam = = =
+
+ Qanatabad (, also Romanized as Qanātābād) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 432, in 93 families.
+
+= = = Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri = = =
+
+ Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, also known as Ibn Jahdam, was the governor of Egypt for the rival caliph Ibn al-Zubayr in 684, during the Second Fitna.
+ Egypt's Kharijites proclaimed themselves for Ibn al-Zubayr when the latter proclaimed himself Caliph at Mecca, and Ibn al-Zubayr dispatched Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri to become the province's governor. Although the incumbent governor, Sa'id ibn Yazid, gave way, the resident Arab elites of the province barely tolerated his presence, and began contacts with the Umayyad caliph Marwan I in Damascus. These contacts encouraged Marwan to march against Egypt, where Abd al-Rahman vainly tried to muster a defence: although he fortified the capital, Fustat, an army he sent to stop the Umayyad advance at Ayla, melted away, and his fleet was wrecked by storms. Marwan entered Egypt unopposed, and after a couple of days of clashes before Fustat, the city's nobles surrendered it to him. Abd al-Rahman was allowed to leave Egypt with his possessions.
+
+= = = Degenerate Art Exhibition = = =
+
+ The Degenerate Art Exhibition () was an art exhibition organized by Adolf Ziegler and the Nazi Party in Munich from 19 July to 30 November 1937. The exhibition presented 650 works of art, confiscated from German museums, and was staged in counterpoint to the concurrent Great German Art Exhibition. The day before the exhibition started, Hitler delivered a speech declaring "merciless war" on cultural disintegration, attacking "chatterboxes, dilettantes and art swindlers". Degenerate art was defined as works that "insult German feeling, or destroy or confuse natural form or simply reveal an absence of adequate manual and artistic skill". One million people attended the exhibition in its first six weeks. A U.S. critic commented "there are probably plenty of people—art lovers—in Boston, who will side with Hitler in this particular purge".
+ Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of so-called degeneracy: book burnings were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and museum curators were replaced by Party members. In September 1933 the "Reichskulturkammer" (Reich Culture Chamber) was established, administered by Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's "Reichminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda" (Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda).
+ The arbiter of what was unacceptably "modern" was Hitler. Although Goebbels and some others admired the Expressionist works of artists such as Emil Nolde, Ernst Barlach, and Erich Heckel, a faction led by Alfred Rosenberg despised the Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler—who denounced modern art and its practitioners as "incompetents, cheats and madmen"— declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich.
+ In the first half of 1937, preparations were underway for the "Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung" ("Great German Art Exhibition"), which was to showcase art approved by the Nazis. An open invitation to German artists resulted in 15,000 works being submitted to the exhibition jury, which included allies of Goebbels. When the works they selected for the exhibition were shown to Hitler for his approval, he became enraged. Hitler dismissed the jury and appointed his personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann to make a new selection.
+ In a diary entry of 4 June 1937, Goebbels conceived the idea of a separate exhibition of works from the Weimar era, which he called "the era of decay. So the people can see and understand." The art historian Olaf Peters says Goebbels' motivation in proposing the exhibition was partly to obscure the weakness of the works in the Great German Art Exhibition, and partly to regain Hitler's trust after the dictator's replacement of Goebbel's jurors with Hoffmann, who Goebbels feared as a rival. On 30 June, Hitler signed an order authorizing the Degenerate Art Exhibition. Goebbels put Adolf Ziegler, the head of the Reichskammer der Bildenden Künste (Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a five-man commission that toured state collections in numerous cities, in two weeks seizing 5,238 works they deemed degenerate (showing qualities such as "decadence", "weakness of character","mental disease", and "racial impurity"). This collection would be boosted by subsequent raids on museums, for future exhibitions. The commission focused on works by artists mentioned in avant-garde publications, and was aided by some vehement opponents of modern art, such as Wolfgang Willrich.
+ The exhibition was prepared in haste, to be presented concurrently with the "Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung" ("Great German Art Exhibition") scheduled to open on 18 July 1937. Imitating Hitler, Ziegler delivered a mordant critique of modern art at the opening of the Degenerate Art Exhibition on 19 July 1937.
+ The exhibition was hosted in the Institute of Archeology in the Hofgarten. The venue was chosen for its particular qualities (dark, narrow rooms). Many works were displayed without frames and partially covered by derogatory slogans. Photographs of the exhibitions had been made, as well as a catalogue, produced for the Berlin show, which accompanied the exhibition as it travelled. A film of sections of the exhibition had also been produced. The Degenerate Art Exhibition included 650 paintings, sculptures and prints by 112 artists, primarily German: Georg Grosz, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Paul Klee, Georg Kolbe, Wilhelm Lehmbruck, Franz Marc, Emil Nolde, Otto Dix, Willi Baumeister, Kurt Schwitters and others. Ziegler also confiscated and exhibited works of foreign artists, such as Pablo Picasso, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Piet Mondrian, Marc Chagall and Wassily Kandinsky. A large number of works were not displayed, as the exhibition focused on German works. The exhibition lasted until 30 November 1937, and 2,009,899 visitors attended it, an average of 20,000 people per day.
+ The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no particular theme.
+ There were slogans painted on the walls. For example:
+ Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist manifestos from various art movements, such as Dada and Surrealism. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war Weimar hyperinflation of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilo loaf of bread reached 233 billion German marks, the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a conspiracy by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only six of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were Jewish.
+ The concurrent "Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung" ("Great German Art Exhibition") was intended to show the more classical and "racially pure" type of art advocated by the Nazi regime. That exhibition was hosted near Hofgarten, in the Haus der Deutschen Kunst. It was described as mediocre by modern sources, and attracted only about half the numbers of the Degenerate Art one.
+ Another Degenerate Art Exhibition was hosted a few months later in Berlin, and later in Leipzig, Düsseldorf, Weimar, Halle, Vienna and Salzburg, to be seen by another million or so people. Many works were later sold off, although interested buyers were scarce and prices dropped drastically with the addition of such a large quantity of works to the art market: Goebbels wrote of them changing hands between U.S. collectors for "ten cents a kilo", although some "foreign exchange ... will go into the pot for war expenses, and after the war will be devoted to the purchase of art." Almost 5,000 were burned on 20 March 1939.
+ In 1991, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art staged a forensic reproduction of the exhibition.
+ 300 of the exhibited works were apparently purchased or otherwise appropriated by art dealer Hildebrand Gurlitt who had reported them destroyed by bombardments, however they resurfaced when details of the Gurlitt Collection which had been inherited by his son Cornelius were made known in 2013. Cornelius Gurlitt left the collection to the Museum of Fine Arts Bern in Switzerland which in November 2017 exhibited a number of them in an exhibition entitled "Gurlitt: Status Report: Degenerate Art - Confiscated and Sold".
+ In 2014, the Neue Galerie New York staged "Degenerate Art: The Attack on Modern Art in Nazi Germany", an exhibition bringing together paintings and sculptures from the 1937 exhibition along with films and photos of the original installations, promotional and propaganda materials and some surviving Nazi-approved art from the official exhibition set up to contrast with the modernist and avant-garde works the Nazis considered "degenerate".
+
+= = = Sarab-e Karzan = = =
+
+ Sarab-e Karzan (, also Romanized as Sarāb-e Kārzān and Sarāb-e Kārāzān) is a village in Karezan Rural District, Karezan District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 746, in 151 families.
+
+= = = Abzar = = =
+
+ Abzar (, also Romanized as Ābzār) is a village in Rudar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 16 families.
+ Sirvan County geography stubs
+
+= = = Curthwaite railway station = = =
+
+ Curthwaite was a railway station on the Maryport and Carlisle Railway (M&CR) serving West Curthwaite and Thursby in Cumbria. The station was opened by the M&CR in 1843 and lay in the Parish of Westward.
+ Curthwaite station was opened by the Maryport & Carlisle Railway in 1843. At grouping in 1923 the M&CR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. It was closed by the British Transport Commission in 1950 (as an economy measure), two years after the railway system was nationalised.
+ The main Carlisle-Maryport line (completed in 1845) remains open and forms part of the Cumbrian Coast Line between Carlisle and Barrow in Furness.
+ The station had two through platforms, with a station building that survives as a private house and also a water tower that survives and is now a listed building. The platforms have been demolished.
+
+= = = Eslamiyeh, Ilam = = =
+
+ Eslamiyeh (, also Romanized as Eslāmīyeh; also known as Shāh Eyvān Cheshmeh-ye Chāhī, Shāhīvānd, and Shāhīvān-e Cheshmeh Shāhī) is a village in Lumar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 364, in 81 families.
+
+= = = Lalmai Chandi Temple = = =
+
+ Lalmai Chandi Temple, also called Chandimata Mandir, is an ancient Hindu temple located on the summit of the Lalmai hill in Barura Upazila of Comilla District, Bangladesh. The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Kali. There is a temple dedicated to the God Shiva nearby.
+
+= = = Aida Karina Estrada = = =
+
+ Aida Karina Estrada Abril de Jaén (born 1986) is a Guatemalan beauty pageant winner.
+ Estrada was Miss Teen Guatemala in 2004, Miss Guatemala Universe in 2005 and International Coffee Queen in 2006 and was contestant in the Miss Universe, too, in 2006.
+ She married Juan Pablo Toledo in 2009.
+ And then and late she married Leonardo Jaén in 2013.
+
+= = = Baghleh = = =
+
+ Baghleh (, also Romanized as Bāghleh; also known as Bāqleh) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 36 families.
+
+= = = Shah Mansur, Iran = = =
+
+ Shah Mansur () may refer to:
+
+= = = Konrad Hubert = = =
+
+ Konrad Hubert, also Konrad Huber, Konrad Huober, or Konrad Humbert (13 April 1507 – 13 April 1577), was a German Reformed theologian, hymn writer and reformer. He was for 18 years the assistant of Martin Bucer at St. Thomas, Strasbourg.
+ Hubert was born in Bergzabern. He attended a school in Heidelberg from 1519. From 1526, he studied in Basel. He stayed with Johannes Oecolampadius who influenced him. He had the chance to meet numerous people with whom he corresponded later, including Johannes Oporinus, Thomas Plater and Johann Gast.
+ After the battle at Kappel am Albis, Oecolampadius recommended him to his friend Martin Bucer who accepted him as his assistant (diaconus) in Strasbourg at St. Thomas. When Bucer was on his frequent travels, Hubert stepped in for him. Hubert worked for Bucer dutifully for 18 years. It was part of his job to make Bucer's ideas and concepts readable, because Bucer's handwriting was difficult to read. When Bucer left his post in 1549 and fled to England, Johann Marbach introduced Lutheranism. Hubert did not agree, he was expelled from the "Kirchenkonvent" in 1562 and was dismissed from St. Thomas in 1563. After that he worked as a free-lance preacher.
+ After Bucer's death in 1551, Hubert planned to publish Bucer's works which were extant in prints and manuscripts. He faced opposition and withdrew from church life more and more. In 1556 he seemed close to publishing the works with the help of Johannes Sturm at Oporinus in Basel. However, only the first volume appeared, titled "Martini Buceri scripta Anglicana fere omnia" in 1577. Hubert edited the Strasbourg hymnals of 1560 and 1572. He died in Strasbourg.
+ He is remembered for his hymns. He wrote the hymn "Allein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ", published in 1540, used by Johann Sebastian Bach as the base for his chorale cantata "Allein zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ", BWV 33 in 1724. Hubert's hymn "O Gott, du höchster Gnadenhort" is part of the hymnal of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EG 194).
+
+= = = Shah Mansuri = = =
+
+ Shah Mansuri () may refer to:
+
+= = = Mumbai 125 KM = = =
+
+ Mumbai 125 KM is a 2014 Indian horror film directed by Hemant Madhukar and produced by Nishant Pitti from EaseMyTrip and starring Karanvir Bohra, Vedita Pratap Singh, Joey Debroy, Vije Bhatia in leads whilst Veena Malik played the main antagonist.
+ Aashika (Singh) wakes up frightened in a hospital and goes into a flashback. A group of friends Prem (Bohra), Jacks (Debroy), Diya (Bajpai) and Vivek (Bhatia) decides to travel to Mumbai to celebrate New Year's Day. While travelling, a patrolling cop halts the car and interrogates them on the account of driving under the influence of alcohol, to which Prem bribes him into letting them go. That night, they encounter weird situations and a baby cradle, which they avoid. Prem accidentally hits a car; while figuring out who they hit, they come across a man who warns them to back off or else they will all be killed. The friends try to take the man to the same cop they met before but find the cop brutally murdered. The man suddenly disappears.
+ The friends sense danger and find a way to get back off the road but the road seems to be endless. They encounter a girl (Malik) and offer her a lift. The friends assume that she's a mental patient and try to take her to a hospital. Leaving to find the asylum in the jungle, they leave Jacks in the car with the girl. Jacks is murdered as well. Prem and Vivek later come out of their car and have an argument. Splitting ways, Vivek discovers an abandoned house where he gets brutally killed by the mysterious girl. Prem, Aashika and Diya are now the only survivors. Prem orders the girls to stick together but a scared Diya runs away and gets killed too. Scared, Prem and Aashika run and Prem ends up in a graveyard. He witnesses his deceased friends' souls and gets killed by the girl.
+ In the present, Aashika in the hospital finds out about the girl by a nurse. The girl's name is Poonam. She visits Poonam's house and witnesses Poonam's husband's and mother-in-law's souls. The mother in law explains that Poonam was eccentric and wanted a child. She argued with her now-dead husband (Rajiv Anand) for a child and her mental condition worsened after her delivery. The doctor advises Poonam's husband that she needs counselling. It is also revealed that the accident by Prem and his friends actually crashed Poonam's car and killed her, her husband and child. Poonam returns as a ghost and swears vengeance upon the friends for murdering her child. Aashika was only saved because she was pregnant with Prem's child so Poonam didn't hurt her. Aashika's parents calls her and reveal that her child is aborted. This angers Poonam and Poonam kills Aashika.
+ The film was shot in 82 nights.
+ The film is shot entirely on Stereoscopic 3D cameras and released in 2D and 3D formats.
+ The film grossed ₹1.65 crores in India.
+ Rahul Desai from "Mumbai Mirror "gave 0.5 out of 5 claiming that film has been made with incompetent direction.
+ Bryan Durham from "Daily News and Analysis" gave 1 star rating out of 5 and stated "Mumbai 125 KM is a fine example why Indian filmmakers should keep away from thrashing the holy house of horror which is adorned by classics like "The Excorcist, The Omen, The Conjuring" and many more."
+ Shubha Shetty-Saha from "Mid Day" gave 0.5 stars out of 5 stating film has unnecessary content and themes.
+ Radio Jockey Jeeturaj from Radio Mirchi gave 3 stars out of 5. In a review written for "The Times of India", Renuka Vyavahare deemed Veena Malik's "show-stealer" character the biggest detriment to a film that "as a slasher, gets too monotonous and repetitive... old wine in an old bottle."
+ The music is composed by Mani Sharma and performed by multiple singers including Zubeen Garg, Chitra Sivaraman, Shalmali Kholgade and others and lyrics were penned by Kumaar and Sravana Bhargavi.
+
+= = = Ziadiyah = = =
+
+ Ziadiyah () is a town in northern Aleppo Governorate, northwestern Syria. It is located on the Queiq Plain, between Akhtarin and al-Rai, about northeast of the city of Aleppo, and south of the border to the Turkish province of Kilis.
+ Administratively the town belongs to Nahiya Akhtarin in A'zaz District. Nearby localities include Ghurur to the east, and Turkman Bareh to the southwest. In the 2004 census, Ziadiyah had a population of 3,576.
+
+= = = Lunacloud = = =
+
+ Lunacloud is a cloud computing Infrastructure as a Service provider, based in Lisbon.
+ Lunacloud was founded in 2011 by António Miguel Ferreira and Charles Nasser and launched its services to the general public on . It provides cloud computing infrastructure as a service, such as cloud servers and cloud storage, and Cloud Jelastic hosting.
+ The performance and cost of Lunacloud's offerings have been favourably rated in TechWeekEurope TechRepublic and CloudSpectator when compared to Rackspace and Amazon EC2.
+ Lunacloud has three base products — Cloud Servers, Cloud Storage and Cloud Jelastic. Lunacloud helps design, build, and operate workloads across both environments depending on the individual needs of the customer.
+ Cloud Servers provides scalable virtual servers using Parallels and VMware . The clouds servers can be deployed by using the control panel or API.
+ The API is also compatible with the Amazon S3 API.
+ Cloud Jelastic (acronym for Java Elastic) is an unlimited PaaS and Container based IaaS within a single platform that provides high availability of applications, automatic vertical and horizontal scaling via containerization to software development clients, enterprise businesses, DevOps, System Admins, Developers
+ Lunacloud headquarters are in Lisbon.
+ Lunacloud localized storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code:
+
+= = = Buzhan, Ilam = = =
+
+ Buzhan (, also Romanized as Būzhān) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 249, in 47 families.
+
+= = = Hawaii Center for Volcanology = = =
+
+ The Hawaii Center for Volcanology was a cooperative effort between the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the United States Geological Survey, and the Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. The loosely organized cooperative was created in 1992 to "bring together experts from around the state of Hawaii so that we might better understand these magical mountains of fire", and consists of approximately 80 scientists. Its site is maintained by members of the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology staff, even though it is no longer in operation.
+
+= = = Chegeni, Ilam = = =
+
+ Chegeni (, also Romanized as Chegenī; also known as Chegīnī) is a village in Lumar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 35 families.
+
+= = = Peter J. Countryman = = =
+
+ Peter J. Countryman (April 13, 1942 – October 15, 1992) was an American social activist and civil rights leader. He founded the Northern Student Movement at Yale University in 1961 and served as its executive director until 1963. Born in Chicago, Countryman directed a tutorial project in Philadelphia aimed at helping minority teenagers. He was one of the founders in 1967 of People for Human Rights, an interracial Philadelphia-area group. In 1970, he visited Cuba with the Venceremos Brigade. He contracted HIV/AIDS through IV drug use and died in West Lafayette, Indiana.
+
+= = = Cham Jangal, Ilam = = =
+
+ Cham Jangal () is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 49 families.
+
+= = = Campo da Feiteira = = =
+
+ Campo da Feiteira was a football dirt field in Lisbon, Portugal. It started as field for Grupo Sport de Benfica to organize Sports Festivals. On 26 May 1907, Grupo Sport de Benfica officially taken over of Quinta da Feiteira, next to Estrada de Benfica, having from now on, a 120 meters per 79 metres field, for $20 a semester. On 14 July 1907 it celebrated here, the first anniversary of Grupo Sport de Benfica.
+ Grupo Sport Lisboa (GSL) did not have a field in his originating area (Belém) but since some of its members were also members of GSB, they knew about Campo da Feiteira, and despite their quality, it was not used for football. So on 24 November 1907, Grupo Sport Lisboa played for the first time in Campo da Feiteira, even thought as neutral field, counting to the Lisbon Football Championship, Grupo Sport Lisboa beat Internacional (CIF).
+ In March 1908, Grupo Sport Benfica changes its name to Sport Clube de Benfica. On 13 September 1908, after absorbing its members and the playing field of Grupo Sport Benfica, Grupo Sport Lisboa adds Benfica to its name, becoming then Sport Lisboa e Benfica (SLB) and playing in Campo da Quinta da Feiteira.
+ Sport Lisboa e Benfica left after excessive rent, $400 for semester. They moved to Campo de Sete Rios.
+ Campo da Feiteira was converted into houses.
+
+= = = Última Hora (Brazil) = = =
+
+Última Hora was a left-orientated tabloid-style newspaper published in Brazil, established in 1951 by the journalist Samuel Wainer. Initially the paper was published in Rio de Janeiro, later also in São Paulo. It was followed by a national edition, based in São Paulo with local supplements in Niterói, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Curitiba, Campinas, Santos, Bauru and the ABC Region surrounding São Paulo.
+ In 1971 the paper was taken over by the Folha Group, owners of the Folha de S. Paulo and other publications.
+
+= = = Cham Jangal = = =
+
+ Cham Jangal or Cham-e Jangal () may refer to:
+
+= = = Cham Ruteh = = =
+
+ Cham Ruteh (, also Romanized as Cham Rūteh) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 481, in 101 families.
+
+= = = Cham-e Shir, Ilam = = =
+
+ Cham-e Shir (, also Romanized as Cham-e Shīr and Cham Shīr; also known as Cham-e Zavīyeh) is a village in Rudbar Rural District, Central District, Sirvan County, Ilam Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 520, in 109 families.
+ In 1977, Weerasinghe married to Leela Beatrice De Silva, a Dancing teacher in profession. They had two sons, Kalindu Gajaba and Chirath Kanishka.
+ Weerasinghe learnt the basics of music from K.V.S Perera Kithsiri Aluthge. He was able to enter the Government Music School of Sri Lanka for further studies in Oriental Music by mastering Sitar. Later he joined maestro Premasiri Khemadasa as a Sitar player in his Orchestra. Weerasinghe became a key Sitar player for music concerts of prominent Singers in Sri Lanka such as Victor Ratnayake's "Sa", Nanda Malini's "Shrawana Aradhana" and Sanath Nandasiri's "Swarna Kundala".
+ Weerasinghe taught music in D. S. Senanayake College, Senananda Maha Vidyalaya Meepilimanna and Ananda Sastralaya, Kotte as a government music teacher. In 1982, he joined "Sing Lanka" studios as a Sound Engineer. At that time, he composed T. M. Jayaratne's "Ekasitha dethanaka", "Hiruta Horen" and Neela Wickramasinghe's "Punchi Sithe Punchi Sina" which became popular songs in Sri Lanka.
+ So far he has created melodies for over 4000 songs, which includes films, teledramas, stage plays.
+ Weerasinghe has been the Advisor to the President of Sri Lanka in Cultural and Aesthetic Affairs since 2006.
+
+= = = Bahmanshir-e Shomali Rural District = = =
+
+ Bahmanshir-e Shomali Rural District () is a rural district ("dehestan") in the Central District of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 4,017, in 695 families. The rural district has 5 villages.
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's 66 kg = = =
+
+ The men's 66 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 30 August at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Randall Wiebe = = =
+
+ Randall G. Wiebe is a playwright, stage actor, voice actor, artistic director, creative director, chaplain, art instructor, and artist living in Rosebud, Alberta, Canada. He was born in Morden, Manitoba, and was the artistic director for the Canadian Badlands Passion Play, a production that he says includes "professionals and people that have never been on stage before." He has also acted in the play, portraying characters as diverse as Jairus, Barrabas, Bartimaeus, Judas and Jesus. Originally the playwright for the Passion Play, he has since been variously the play's artistic director, creative director and chaplain from 2006 to 2012. Wiebe also wrote his own 55-minute, one-man Passion play called "Thomas: Confessions of a Doubter" and has performed this play more than 350 times, mostly in Western Canada, but also in Malaysia, Guam, Hawaii and Venezuela from 2002 to 2012. As a voice actor, he has acted in "Hunter × Hunter", "Mega Man Powered Up", "Mega Man X8", and "", portraying such characters as Dr. Light. Wiebe is an art instructor at the Rosebud School of the Arts.
+
+= = = Hans Ludwig Engel = = =
+
+ Hans Ludwig Engel (1630–22 April 1674) was a Roman Catholic canon lawyer, best known as the author of "Collegium Universi Juris Canonici". Engel studied at the Austrian Benedictine monastery, Melk Abbey, and also studied law at the University of Salzburg, which he became vice chancellor of in 1669.
+
+= = = Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health = = =
+
+ The Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (German: "Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin", BAuA) is a German federal agency within the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, with responsibility for occupational safety and health throughout Germany. It has its headquarters in Dortmund, and has locations in Berlin and Dresden, as well as an office in Chemnitz. Isabel Rothe has been the president of BAuA since November 2007.
+
+= = = Martin Daunton = = =
+
+ Martin James Daunton (born 14 February 1949) is a British academic and historian. He was Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, between 2004 and 2014.
+ Daunton is the son of Ronald James Daunton and Dorothy "née" Bellett. He was educated at Barry Grammar School before going to the University of Nottingham where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1970. He studied further at the University of Kent PhD 1974 and received the degree of LittD from the University of Cambridge in 2005.
+ In 1984, he married Claire Gobbi.
+
+= = = New Sweden School = = =
+
+ The New Sweden School is a school located in the town of New Sweden, Idaho (part of Idaho Falls). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The school was built in 1927 and is historically significant due to its association with the Swedish American immigrant communities of New Sweden and Riverview.
+ The school's period of significance was from 1925 to 1949, and the building had been used by the community until 1980. Since then, the property has been the target of significant vandalism. The Idaho Falls School District #91 declared the school as surplus property, and in 2012, accepted a bid for its sale to VanderSloot Farms for $121,000.
+ The New Sweden School building has been restored with attention to preserving the history of the building. It is now a fully functioning charter school called American Heritage Charter School. Another school building has been added on to the original property.
+
+= = = James Heartfield (cricketer) = = =
+
+ James Henry Heartfield (19 January 1823 – 28 November 1891) was an English cricketer. Heartfield was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm roundarm fast. He was born at Mitcham, Surrey.
+ Heartfield made his first-class debut for Surrey against Sussex at The Oval in 1860. He made nine further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Yorkshire. A bowler, he took 21 wickets at an average of 16.09, with best figures of 6/28. One of two five wicket hauls he took during his career, his best figures came against Sussex in 1860 at the Royal Brunswick Ground, Hove. He also made a single first-class appearance for a New All England Eleven against a New England Eleven in 1862.
+ He later stood as an umpire in three first-class matches in 1875. He died at Greenwich, London, on 28 November 1891.
+
+= = = Come Home Love = = =
+
+ Come Home Love (; literally "Love, Return Home") is a 2012 till 2015 Hong Kong modern sitcom created and produced by TVB. Originally intended for 180 episodes the series was extended multiple times, finally concluding in July 2015 with 804 episodes total. The series began broadcast on TVB Jade and HD Jade May 14, 2012 every Monday through Friday during its 8:00-8:30 pm timeslot.
+ In February 2015, TVB announced plans to end the series so the cast and production team can move on to other projects. However, due to good ratings the series was continued with a spin-off series with a whole new cast and production team.
+ Series 2 started broadcast on July 6, 2015. the only returning cast resuming their roles are Chris Lai, , Griselda Yeung and , who play minor roles in the second series.
+ The series revolves around the Ma family, an extended Chinese family living together in modern Hong Kong. The story also extends to the law firm youngest son John (Ma Chaung) works at.
+ Ma Fu (Lau Dan), is a retired officer of the Hong Kong Correctional Services. He is the patriarch of the Ma family and his traditional and disciplinarian approach to life creates both friction and solutions. The other members of the family are his much younger sister Ma Yau (Florence Kwok); second son and daughter-in-law, Ma Keung (Tsui Wing) and Lo Lai Sheung (); the deceased eldest son´s Ma Gin's, children Ma Tse Yan (Joey Law) and Ma Tse Nei (Angel Chiang); and youngest son Ma Chuang (Lai Lok-yi).
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's 73 kg = = =
+
+ The men's 73 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 31 August at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Sergei Ovchinnikov = = =
+
+
+= = = New London Raiders = = =
+
+ The New London Raiders were a minor league baseball team based in New London, Connecticut that played in the Colonial League. Brothers Theodore Laviano and Dr. Gerald Laviano owned and operated the team. The Raiders were the first professional baseball team in southeastern Connecticut since the New London Planters had dropped out of the Eastern League in 1928.
+ In their one season of existence in 1947, the Raiders finished the regular season in fourth place with a 50-67 record and 31 games behind regular season champion Waterbury Timers. That was enough to make the playoffs. They then beat #2 seed Poughkeepsie Giants 4 games to 3 in the first round of the playoffs but lost the championship series to #3 seed Stamford Bombers 4 games to 1.
+ They played their home games on Mercer Field. Paid attendance in 1947 was about 30,000. Admission for adults was $0.90 for grandstand seats and $0.65 for bleacher seats. Admission for children was $0.35 for grandstand seats and $0.25 for bleacher seats.
+ Their roster feature some local players, Ray Smith, Charlie (Bucky) Yauilla, Dan Czekala and Mike Petrosky, all of whom started in the season opener, as well as Jim McKenna, Tony Osinski and Mahlon (Red) Turner. Ed Bedell, Max Goldsmith, Ed Zarolds and Preston Gómez were all selected to the All-Star team. Danny Rourke had the team's best pitching record 8-2 and Max Goldberg led the team that year with a .297 batting average. Mike Petrosky, who had been baseball and basketball captain at Georgetown University, batted .343 in 105 at bats, not enough to qualify for the batting title.
+ Only two players on the roster ever saw any time in the major leagues and in both cases it was before they joined the Raiders. Player/manager Ed Butka had previously played 18 games for the Washington Senators in 1943 and 1944. Preston Gómez had played 8 games for the Washington Senators in 1944 and after he retired as a player he managed in the minors leagues for 10 years before becoming 3rd base coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1965. He then became the first manager for the San Diego Padres from 1969–1972, managed the Houston Astros from 1974–75, and spent part of the 1980 season as the Chicago Cubs manager. He spent the last 27 years of his career in various capacities for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.
+ Shortly before the start of the 1948 season, league president John Scalzi announced that the franchise was moving to New Brunswick, New Jersey. The reason given was the $15,000 that the club lost in the 1947. The club also experienced bad luck with weather all season, starting with the home opener having to be pushed back 4 days due to rain. This also led to the cancellation of the planned opening day festivities, which were to include NFL star Ken Strong who had been the league president in 1946. Of the Raiders 40 home games, 6 were interrupted or called off due to rain.
+ The New Brunswick Hubs moved to Kingston, New York for the second half of the 1948 season and changed their name to the Kingston Colonials for the 1949 season. After the Colonial League folded midway through the 1950 season they played the 1951 season in the Canadian–American League which folded at the end of that season.
+
+= = = Kometa-Standard = = =
+
+ The Kometa-Standard was a Standard Class glider, designed and built in Bulgaria in the early 1960s. Thirty were flown by local gliding clubs.
+ The Kometa-Standard was the second glider designed by Pavlov and Panchovsky, a fully aerobatic Standard Class aircraft of almost entirely wooden construction, though with fabric covered control surfaces. The wings, straight tapered in plan and set at mid-wing position, were single spar structures with leading edge plywood covered D-boxes. They had 4° of dihedral. There were salmon type fairings, tapering, slender, streamlined bodies, at the tips. The Kometa-Standard had mass-balanced, slotted ailerons and spoilers at 60% chord which opened above and below the wing.
+ The fuselage of the Kometa-Standard was a plywood covered monocoque with the cockpit extending close to the metal nose cone. The canopy of the prototype was of long bubble form, proud of the rear fuselage line, but this was lowered and reshaped on the production Kometa-Standard II, merging into the rear fuselage from which it was hinged. The cockpit was changed again in the Kometa-Standard III which had a sliding canopy over a reclining seat, making this variant 30 km/h (19 mph) faster than the Kometa-Standard II. Overall, the fuselage tapered uniformly from the cockpit to the tail. The Kometa-Standard had a 110° butterfly tail, its plywood and fabric covered surfaces terminating, like the wings, in little salmon fairings. Its undercarriage was a fixed monowheel, fitted with a brake and assisted by a forward, rubber sprung skid.
+ The prototype was flown for the first time on 5 August 1960 and an initial batch of 10 Kometa-Standard IIs was built, followed by two batches, each of 10, of Kometa-Standard IIIs. Flown by Bulgarian clubs, they were fully aerobatic, though not cleared for cloud flying.
+ "Data from" reference. "Numbers from, CD version."
+
+= = = Medical scribe = = =
+
+ A medical scribe is a person, or paraprofessional, who specializes in charting physician-patient encounters in real time, such as during medical examinations. They also locate information and patients for physicians and complete forms needed for patient care. Depending on which area of practice the scribe works in, the position may also be called clinical scribe, ER scribe or ED scribe (in the emergency department), or just scribe (when the context is implicit). A scribe is trained in health information management and the use of health information technology to support it. A scribe can work on-site (at a hospital or clinic) or remotely from a HIPAA-secure facility. Medical scribes who work at an off-site location are known as virtual medical scribes.
+ A medical scribe's primary duties are to follow a physician through his or her work day and chart patient encounters in real-time using a medical office's electronic health record (EHR) and existing templates. Responsibilities will vary with the scribe’s department rules. Medical scribes generate referral letters for physicians, book appointments and manage and sort medical documents within the EHR system. Some scribes assist with e-prescribing (this is prohibited in some jurisdictions and allowed in others). Scribes also find information and people (such as medical records from other hospitals, test results or on-call consultants). Medical scribes can be thought of as data care managers and clerical personal assistants, enabling physicians, medical assistants, and nurses to focus on patient in-take and care during clinic hours. Medical scribes, by handling data management tasks for physicians in real-time, free the physician to increase patient contact time, give more thought to complex cases, better manage patient flow through the department, and increase productivity to see more patients.
+ The introduction of electronic health records has revolutionized the practice of medicine. However, the complexity of some systems has resulted in providers spending more time documenting the encounter instead of speaking with and examining the patient. A tool which was intended to alleviate some problems of clinical documentation has caused many problems for the very people who were supposed to benefit from the technology - the providers. As a result, providers are experiencing burnout and dissatisfaction. An increasing body of research has shown the use of medical scribes is usually, but not always, associated with improved overall physician productivity, cost- and time-savings. Patients tolerate scribes well and no differences in patient satisfaction can be found when scribes are present. An in-depth study conducted by The Vancouver Clinic in Vancouver, WA from 2011-2012 found that medical scribes improved the quality of clinical documentation and allowed doctors to see extra patients, while noting the risks associated with scribe turnover and doctors' unfamiliarity with the scribe concept. Most physicians like working with scribes and many authors recommend that healthcare providers employ medical scribes to reduce time spent performing data entry and other administrative tasks, which can increase physician fatigue and dissatisfaction.
+ With the use of a scribe, physicians are able to see more patients without the hindrance of typing the patient’s chart. Further, because a scribe’s responsibility is focused on charting, the chart is likely to be more thorough and results in more accurate billing to insurance.
+ An ER scribe works in the emergency department (ED) of a hospital. Their duties may include overseeing the documentation of each patient's visit to the ED and acting as the physician's personal assistant. A scribe might work with one physician per shift or might be shared between multiple providers, depending on the agency.
+ A prospective scribe is required to learn a large and extensive amount of medical terminology, as well as become familiar with human anatomy. They are also required to learn about health systems and healthcare worker roles, patient privacy, professionalism, communication, information technology, healthcare worker safety and infection control. Each program has their own training regimen and some are more structured than others. For example, some programs require that all new scribes take an official graded course prior to working. Other programs allow the scribe to start in the ED immediately, but only under supervision that is sometimes referred to as bedside training.
+ The first scribe programs were based in Reno, Nevada. Subsequently, in 1995, Dr. Elliott Trotter, M.D., a physician practicing in Fort Worth, Texas, discovered the Nevada program and decided to start a program at Harris Methodist Hospital. Dr. John Geesbreght, an ER physician at Harris Methodist Hospital, with approval from Texas Christian University (TCU) administration, recruited four pre-med TCU students to establish what is now ScribeAmerica ScribeAmerica bought PhysAssist Scribes, which was previously the oldest medical scribe company in The United States, in 2019.
+ Medical scribe programs quickly expanded to other cities. Some of these programs have retained the original program paradigm; others have elected to create their own from scratch. Technology advances have seen the introduction of "portable tablets" within some hospitals, reducing the risk of transcription errors.
+ There are some programs that have expanded beyond the original model and its core subjects considerably, including more pertinent and up-to-date information. A few programs have included more advanced training topics and utilize standardized tests to certify preparedness to work in a particular clinical environment.
+ For each patient seen in the ED, a scribe will:
+ Scribe positions are often filled by college students pursuing careers in medicine, with some organizations providing assistance with college fees. Many of those college undergraduates plan to apply to programs in healthcare, such as medical school, PA school, and nursing programs. Pre-health students who work as scribes gain practical experience as well as networking connections from working alongside a healthcare team. These students are able to build relationships with medical practitioners who are usually willing to write letters of recommendation for professional school applications on the students' behalf. Some scribe organizations have opted to not hire college students pursuing healthcare careers, due to the subsequent high rate of attrition, while others give preference to students who are on healthcare career tracks. Also, due to this relationship between the doctor, scribe and professional school applications, some scribe programs limit the positions to seniors of undergraduate programs.
+ The Joint Commission released guidelines for the use of medical scribes in July 2012. The Joint Commission's guidelines explained: "A scribe is an unlicensed person hired to enter information into the EHR or chart at the direction of a physician or practitioner (Licensed Independent Practitioner, Advanced Practice Registered Nurse or Physician Assistant). It is the Joint Commission’s stand that the scribe does not and may not act independently but can document the previously determined physician’s or practitioner’s dictation and/or activities. Scribes also assist the practitioners listed above in navigating the EMR and in locating information such as test results and lab results. They can support work flow and documentation for medical record coding. Scribes are used most frequently, but not exclusively, in emergency departments where they accompany the physician or practitioner and record information into the medical record, with the goal of allowing the physician or practitioner to spend more time with the patient and have accurate documentation. Scribes are sometimes used in other areas of the hospital or ambulatory facility. They can be employed by the healthcare organization, the physician or practitioner or be a contracted service." The American Health Information Management Association also published guidance in its November 2012 edition of "Journal of AHIMA" for physicians on the use of medical scribes, echoing and elaborating on The Joint Commission's guidance by explaining that "a scribe can be found in multiple settings including physician practices, hospitals, emergency departments, long-term care facilities, long-term acute care hospitals, public health clinics, and ambulatory care centers. They can be employed by a healthcare organization, physician, licensed independent practitioner, or work as a contracted service."
+ Hospitals are adding scribe programs to their campuses all over the world. There are three types of programs. Some smaller programs are in-house in the facility (run by the health system or office, scribes are direct employees of the facility). Other programs are in-house at a medical group that contracts with the facility (scribes are direct employees of the medical group), such as at EMA, Vituity (formerly CEP America), and CityMD. Aside from these, there are also independent medical scribe companies that contract with a hospital or doctor's group to provide services. Some major independent medical scribe companies include Precision Scribes, ScribeAmerica, Scribe Connect, Scrivas, Physicians Angels, and Elite Medical Scribes.
+ While most scribe companies provide their own individualized training to assure quality and consistency, there are also training programs that exist outside the curriculum provided by each company.
+ The American Healthcare Documentation Professionals Group, Inc. (AHDPG) launched the industry's first online medical scribe training program in 2011. The Medical Scribe Professional Training Program is designed for individuals new to healthcare or those looking to augment their knowledge in the areas of Medical Terminology and Anatomy & Physiology. In 2016, the AHDPG launched the Medical Scribe Certification Exam. The American Healthcare Documentation Professionals Group certifies medical scribes using the Certified Medical Scribe Professional (CMSP) and Apprentice Medical Scribe Professional (AMSP) designation.
+ The American College of Medical Scribe Specialists (ACMSS) is the nation’s only nonprofit professional society representing more than 18,000 Medical Scribes in over 1,800 medical institutions. ACMSS certifies medical scribes as either a Certified Medical Scribe Specialist or a Certified Medical Scribe Apprentice.
+ In India, CPMS (Certificate Program in Medical Scribing) by New Generation Jobs is the one and only industry integrated job oriented Scribe Certification Program. As per client feedback, CPMS graduates are equivalent or better than the American scribes.
+ The decision about whether to commence a scribe program at a clinic, practice or facility, is usually either decided based on economic information, the impact on physicians or a combination of both. Gains for the facility can be realised by increasing physician productivity (patients per doctor per unit of time), increasing patient throughput (cost of opening treatment spaces and staffing them, compared to the number of patients that occupy that space per unit of time) and the per-patient revenue (which varies markedly depending on the health system and facility). Costs for the facility include start-up (implementation), training scribes (if undertaken in-house) and operational costs (scribe labor, support/management staff labor and equipment updates/replacement). Economic information regarding the impact of a scribe program has been summarised in a systematic review undertaken by Heaton et al. The cost of training program and training scribes in-house has been reported and there is a multicentre randomised study evaluating the impact of scribes on emergency physician productivity and patient throughput which demonstrates increased physician productivity and reduced patient length of stay in emergency rooms.
+ As of May 7, 2017, the above links are inactive.
+
+= = = Deerfield (CDP), Massachusetts = = =
+
+ Deerfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Deerfield in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 643 at the 2010 census. It corresponds roughly to the area of Historic Deerfield, a historic district comprising the original town center of Deerfield. It is the home of Deerfield Academy, a college-preparatory school.
+ According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.71%, is water.
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Men's 81 kg = = =
+
+ The men's 81 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 31 August at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Osaka 10th district = = =
+
+Ōsaka 10th district (大阪府第10区, "Ōsaka-fu daijikku" or 大阪10区, "Ōsaka-jikku") is a single-member electoral district of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the national Diet of Japan. It is located in northeastern Osaka and consists of Takatsuki city and Shimamoto town, the only remaining municipality of Mishima county. As of 2016, 321,805 eligible voters were registered in the district.
+ The current representative for the district is Kiyomi Tsujimoto, policy chief of the Constitutional Democratic Party. Tsujimoto had originally been elected in 2000 and 2009 for the Social Democratic Party. She left in 2010 after disagreeing with her party's departure from the Democrat-led ruling coalition. Kenta Matsunami is the previous member of the district. In 2012, he ran for the Japan Restoration Party of former Osaka governor and mayor Tōru Hashimoto that won twelve district seats in the prefecture.
+ Before the electoral reform of the 1990s, the area had been part of the five-member Osaka 3rd district.
+
+
+= = = National Socialist Kindred = = =
+
+ The National Socialist Kindred was a group that sought to combine National Socialism, Odinism and Esoteric Hitlerism with a plan to create a White separatist "Folk Community" in Northern California called Volksberg.
+ The group was founded by Joseph Turner (1946-1996), also known as Jost. Turner was a Vietnam War veteran who was disillusioned when he returned to California in the late 1960s. While contemptuous of much of the 1960s counterculture, racial integration, drug use and civil disobedience he found, Turner also sympathized with the hippies rejection of selfishness and materialism, which he believed was characteristic of the White majority of the time, and like their idea of "destroying the system by non-participation". Taking inspiration from the back-to-the-land and communalist movements of the decade, Turner and his family left the "urban social and economic system"—which Jost felt was characterized by the growing power of non-whites and "indifference and growing materialism of whites -- and began homesteading in the isolated mountains of Northern California. There were a number of other communalists in the area whose ideology Jost describes as a mix of "left-wing politics, oriental religion, Robin Hood and brotherhood" that was "permeated with anti-establishment idealism". Turner appreciated the amount of research and effort that the communalists had put into their projects of simple living and self-sufficiency, and praised their development of organic farming, animal husbandry, herbal medicine weaving, spinning, leather craft and success in living outside the mainstream economy. He and his family spent several years learning these skills from their neighbors and living in "crude octagon cabins, barns and even tepees."
+ However, this peaceful coexistence did not last. Jost attributes the decline to the other communalists' lack of discipline and embrace of "Jewish permissiveness", as well as their failure to pass their ideas down to their children. The cultivation of marijuana led to conflicts among the communalists and with law enforcement and the idealism and live and let live atmosphere that Jost saw in the experiment shattered. Jost then decided to form the National Socialist Kindred, with the aim of bringing together like minded racialists into a new self-seficient community, to be called Volksberg. To that end he formed the National Socialist Kindred.
+ For the next fifteen years or so, the NSK distributed pamphlets and exhorted like minded people to pull up stakes and join the community at Volksberg. However, Jost grew impatient with the quality of people who came to live in the commune. In a letter to Tommy Ryden in Sweden he stated that there were few people who were willing to forsake jobs, home, family, and friends to move to the Folk-community. More often than not, they were willing to pull up stakes because they did not have any of those things and wished for somebody to take care of them. He continued "Most were psychopaths and dangerous." Jost disbanded the NSK in 1995, feeling that it was counter-productive to keep an organization apparatus. Moreover, Josts ideas had evolved, and he was concentrating on developing a system of yoga called Arya Kriya that concentrated on developing a more personal relationship than was possible in an organizational setting. He still distributed literature and correspondence under the imprimatur Jost. However Jost died of a heart attack in 1996.
+
+= = = Gülümser Öney = = =
+
+ Gülümser Öney, originally Yılmaz (born 1956) is a Bulgarian born Turkish female chess player. She is Turkey's most successful chess player being the eleven times national champion, including seven times consecutively from 1973.
+ Gülümser was born in Pleven, Bulgaria to Turkish parents. Her father, Lütfi Yılmaz, was a teacher and chess player from whom she learned to play chess. She became Bulgarian youth champion and captain of her high school's chess club. Gülümser taught her brother Turhan and sister Gülsevil chess while they were still in primary school.
+ The family moved Turkey in 1972. With five years of chess experience, she took part the next year at a tournament for high school students organized by the Turkish daily "Cunhuriyet" in Istanbul. She completed the tournament unbeaten, which was attended by 186 youths including only six girls.
+ Following her graduation from high school, she attended Istanbul Technical University, where she earned a degree in chemical engineering.
+ Gülümser Yılmaz became engaged to chess player Sait Rıza Öney on September 8, 1984, and the couple later married.
+ Her brother Turhan later became Turkish Youth champion and then five times national champion between 1978 and 2004. Her sister Gülsevil also became Turkish Women's champion, in 1983.
+
+= = = Illegal Pete's = = =
+
+ Illegal Pete's is a Colorado-based group of quick-service "Mission Style" burrito restaurants that takes inspiration from burritos popularized in San Francisco in the 1960s and 1970s.
+ Illegal Pete's "Mission-style" Mexican food is served in a steam table assembly line with fresh grilled chicken, pork, and beef; pinto or black beans; white or Spanish-style brown rice; and toppings such as House Hot salsa, green chile (pork or vegetarian), guacamole, sour cream, and cheese. Illegal Pete's also serves fish tacos, nachos, and all Colorado draft beer.
+ Illegal Pete's serves local ingredients, such as all natural preservative-free tortillas from Colorado Tortilla Company; all natural meats from Niman Ranch, which are humanely-raised without antibiotics or hormones and fed all vegetarian feeds; and other health-oriented options for vegetarians and gluten-free diets.
+ The first Illegal Pete's location was opened up by Pete Turner on August 15, 1995, on The Hill in Boulder; Turner said that starting the business nearly killed him. Since then, the business has grown to include six locations in Denver and Boulder, and there are plans to open seven, eight, and nine in Fort Collins, on Colfax, and in Tucson, AZ. The corporate headquarters of Illegal Pete's was in the historic Denver landmark, the Daniels & Fisher Tower in downtown Denver and now is on Broadway.
+ The combination of quick, filling burritos and an alternative, relaxed environment has become popular with hipsters, college students, athletes, and musicians nationwide: in fact, international pop songwriter Jack Johnson first received the call saying Universal Records wanted to sign him while he was eating a burrito at Illegal Pete's.
+ Illegal Pete's is involved in several facets of community involvement, including charity fund raisers like the "Smother Autism" campaign in April 2012, which raised money for The Joshua School, "a Colorado-based, non-profit educational therapeutic day treatment center for children with an autism spectrum disorder and related developmental disabilities," or the award-winning Pete's Pints campaigns, which raise money for local bands.
+ In September 2010, Illegal Pete's started the Starving Artist program, which feeds out-of-town musicians for free at Illegal Pete's when they come through Denver or Boulder to play a show. Illegal Pete's was voted as the Best Place to Eat and Hang Out with Rock Stars by the annual Best of Westword of 2011. Illegal Pete's began throwing Starving Artist SXSW showcases in Austin in March 2011. Pete Turner was featured in a front-page article of the Denver Post on businesses spending marketing money on representing Denver at SXSW.
+ In July 2011, Illegal Pete's launched "Greater Than" artist collective, a non-traditional record label that works with Colorado bands. The label was the brain child of Pete Turner and Suburban Home Records owner for 17 years, Virgil Dickerson. Currently signed to the label are Denver darkwave band Snake Rattle Rattle Snake, cello prog pop songwriter Ian Cooke, active rock Denver darlings The Epilogues, the belovedly crass comedian Ben Roy, and most recently the solo work of Paper Bird songstress Esmé Patterson.
+ In 2014, Illegal Pete's attracted controversy from proponents of Race Forward's "Drop the I-Word" campaign, which seeks to eliminate the word "illegal" from American vernacular because of possible racial connotations. Two small groups of Latino activists demanded that the word "illegal" be dropped from the name of the restaurant, first in Fort Collins and again upon the opening of the Tucson location. Founder Pete Turner has refuted any possible racial connotations of his business name in the media and in a public statement defending the use of the word.
+ Travel Channel's Food Paradise aired a segment August 26, 2014
+ Thrillist - Denver's best burritos, ranked by dispensary employees
+ The Rooster - How Illegal Pete's Pete Turner combined his love music, food and beer
+ New York Times - In Colorado, Calls to Change a Restaurant's Name From ‘Illegal Pete’s’
+
+= = = Juan Valdez (activist) = = =
+
+ Juan Valdez (1938 - August 25, 2012 in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico) was a land grant activist who fired the first shot during a 1967 New Mexico courthouse raid that grabbed international attention & helped spark the Chicano Movement. He died peacefully at his Canjilon ranch after recently suffering two heart attacks according to his daughter Juanita Montoya.
+ Heir to a northern New Mexico land grant, Valdez was 29 years old when he and a group of land grant advocates, led by Reies Lopez Tijerina, raided a Rio Arriba County courthouse in Tierra Amarilla. Their goal was to attempt a citizens' arrest of then-District Attorney Alfonso Sanchez over Hispanic land rights issues.
+ Valdez had gotten involved with Tijerina's group, known as Alianza Federal de Mercedes — an organization founded to help Mexican-American heirs to old Spanish land grants reclaim land that was illegally taken by white settlers and the U.S. government.
+ "Tijerina impressed me when he and most of the people who had walked from Albuquerque set up a camp and refused to leave," Valdez told retired lawyer Mike Scarborough in the book "Trespassers On Our Own Land," an oral history of the Valdez family.
+ During the raid, it was Valdez who shot and wounded state police officer Nick Saiz after the officer went for his pistol and refused commands by Valdez to put his hands up.
+ "It came down to, I shoot him or he was going to shoot me — so I pulled the trigger," Valdez said in the book. "Lucky for both of us, he didn't die."
+ The raiders also beat a deputy and took a sheriff and reporter hostage. After holding the courthouse for a couple of hours, the armed group fled to the mountains as the National Guard and armored tanks chased them.
+ Valdez was convicted of assault but was later pardoned by Gov. Bruce King. The episode cemented Valdez & Tijerina's legacy among activists from the Chicano Movement of the 1970s who favored more radical methods of fighting discrimination over those of the moderate Mexican American civil rights leaders a generation before.
+ "He loved the attention," said Montoya, 48. "He wanted people to know our history and what happened to our land."
+
+= = = Martin Vasilev = = =
+
+ Martin Vasilev (Bulgarian: Мартин Василев; born 2 January 1992) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a defender for Lokomotiv Sofia.
+ On 19 June 2017, Vasilev was released by Pomorie and returned to his former club Oborishte Panagyurishte a few weeks later.
+ On 2 July 2018, Vasilev joined Minyor Pernik.
+
+= = = What Did You Expect? (Michael Cohen album) = = =
+
+ What Did You Expect? is an album by the American singer-songwriter Michael Cohen which was released on Folkways Records (FS 8582 Folkways Records,
+ 1973). The album was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways Records as a compact disc (FW0852 Smithsonian Folkways Records).
+ It is Cohen's second album, following his self released debut "Mike Cohen" (1972). The original LP carried a sticker on the front cover which stated, "Songs sensitively and honestly dealing with the experiences of being gay, written and sung by this brilliant young artist Solos and group. "This album, along with Steven Grossman (musician)'s "Caravan Tonight" (1974) and Chris Robison's "Chris Robison and His Many Hand Band" (1973), is one of the first to deal with openly gay themes and issues within the song lyrics. The style of the album is very much within the folk-rock genre and it includes the song "Bitterfeast" which adapts a poem by Cohen's namesake and fellow singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen.
+ Musicians who played on the album include the drummer Kevin Kelley.
+
+= = = Nzega = = =
+
+ Nzega is a town in central Tanzania. It is the district headquarter of Nzega District.
+ Paved Trunk roads T3 from Morogoro to the Rwanda border and T8 from Tabora to Mwanza meet in Nzega town.
+ According to the 2012 national census the population of Nzega town (Nzega Mjini Ward) is 34,744.
+
+= = = 2012 TEAN International = = =
+
+ The 2012 TEAN International was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 17th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour and the 12th edition of the tournament for the 2012 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands between 3 and 9 September 2011.
+ The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
+ The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
+
+= = = Gerard Vroomen = = =
+
+ Gérard Vroomen (born 20 July 1971, Nijmegen) is a Dutch-born mechanical engineer and the owner of Open Cycle. He was previously the co-founder of Cervélo & the now-defunct Cervélo TestTeam. He left the operational side of Cervelo in May 2011. Since February 2012, he has been the part-time business development advisor for Cervelo's new owner, the Pon Bicycle Group.
+ Phil White and Gérard Vroomen founded Cervélo in 1995 when their design for a new time trial bicycle failed to garner interest from traditional bicycle manufacturers. Today, Cervélo is the largest triathlon bike manufacturer in the world and partnered with the triathlon team, Team TBB, and the road cycling team, Garmin–Cervélo.
+ Readers of VeloNews, CycleSport, Inside Triathlon and Slowtwitch voted Cervélo as the #1 brand they intended to purchase in 2011.
+ A book titled "To Make Riders Faster" was released in April 2018 telling the story of Gerard Vroomen and Phil White, co-founders of Cervélo Cycles, meeting at McGill University and taking their company from a school basement project in Montreal, Canada, to their bikes winning in the Tour de France, the Olympics and Ironman.
+ Gerard Vroomen (Co-founder of Cervélo) and Andy Kessler (Former CEO of BMC), have partnered together in a business called Open. They claim the O-1.0 to be the lightest 29-inch production hardtail on the market.
+ In March 2015, three years after selling his stake in Cervélo, Vroomen announced to have teamed up with 3T CEO René Wiertz to acquire all shares in 3T. Under Vroomen and Wiertz, 3T presented their first complete bicycle; the 3T Exploro gravel racer.
+
+= = = Anna George = = =
+
+ Anna George is an Indian born American actress. Before her acting took off, she earned an undergraduate degree from Wellesley College, and an MBA from Columbia Business School, and worked as a Wall Street investment banker, including launching a private investment fund to invest in equities in India.
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 57 kg = = =
+
+ The women's 57 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 31 August at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = John Leezer = = =
+
+ John W. Leezer (c. 1873 – August 8, 1938) was an American cinematographer active during the silent era. He is credited with shooting at least thirty-three films for Paramount Pictures, Fine Arts, the Brentwood Film Corporation, and Robertson-Cole Pictures, among others.
+
+= = = Wiebe (surname) = = =
+
+ Wiebe is a Friesien surname with its origin in Friesland. It is from a short form of any various Friesian personal names beginning with wig, "battle", "war". There are no non-Dutch Wiebe surnames in Karl Stumpp's work which seems unlikely if the top explanation were viable.
+
+= = = 2012 Shanghai Challenger = = =
+
+ The 2012 Shanghai Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Shanghai, China between 3 and 9 September 2012.
+ The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry as a special exempt into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
+
+= = = Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid = = =
+
+ Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid (; died 728/9) was a member of the Umayyad dynasty and a military leader in the wars against the Byzantine Empire during the reign of his father, Caliph al-Walid I (reigned 705–715). The latter also appointed Abd al-Aziz governor of Jund Dimashq (District of Damascus). Abd al-Aziz's mother was Umm al-Banin, a daughter of al-Walid's paternal uncle, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan. He was regarded by his father as "the "sayyid", the most forceful personality, amongst his sons".
+ Abd al-Aziz led his first campaign against the Byzantines in Asia Minor in 709, when he captured a fortress, although his uncle Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik led the main raid of the year afterwards. In 710 he led the main Umayyad attack, although under the auspices of Maslama as commander-in-chief for the Byzantine front, and in 713 he led an attack against the frontier fortress of Gazelon.
+ In 714/15, his father attempted to reverse the succession arrangement, by which the throne would pass to his brother Sulayman, in favour of Abd al-Aziz. In addition to various officials and poets in al-Walid's court, Abd al-Aziz gained the support of the powerful viceroy of the eastern half of the Caliphate, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who died in 714, the governor of Khurasan, Qutayba ibn Muslim, and a prominent Alid of Medina, Zayd, the son of Hasan ibn Ali. Nonetheless, he was unable to impose his will. When Sulayman in turn died in northern Syria in 717, Abd al-Aziz intended to claim the throne in Damascus, but upon learning that his maternal uncle Umar II had been chosen as caliph, he presented himself before him and acknowledged his rule. According to the account of al-Waqidi, during their encounter, Umar informed Abd al-Aziz that he would not have disputed his accession, to which Abd al-Aziz replied: "I would not like anyone else but you to have taken over the office". Abd al-Aziz died in Anno Hegirae 110 (728/729 CE).
+
+= = = Oil-based mud = = =
+
+ Oil-based mud is a drilling fluid used in drilling engineering. It is composed of oil as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase in conjunction with emulsifiers, wetting agents and gellants. The oil base can be diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, selected crude oil or mineral oil.
+ The requirements are a gravity of 36–37 API, a flash point of , fire point of and an aniline point of .
+ Emulsifiers are important to oil-based mud due to the likelihood of contamination. The water phase of oil-based mud can be freshwater, or a solution of sodium or calcium chloride. The external phase is oil and does not allow the water to contact the formation. The shales don't become water wet.
+ Poor stability of the emulsion results in the two layers separating into two distinct layers.
+ The advantages are:
+ Oil-based muds are expensive, but are worth the cost when drilling through:
+ The disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in wildcat wells are:
+ This mud type can be used as a completion and workover fluid, a spotting fluid to relieve a stuck pipe and as packer or casing fluid. They are very good for "Gumbo" shales. The mud weight can be controlled from 7–22 lbs/gal. It is sensitive to temperature but does not dehydrate as in the case of water based mud as mentioned before. It has no limit on the drilled solids concentration. The water phase should be maintained above a pH of 7. Stability of the emulsion depends on the alkaline value.
+
+= = = Wiebe (given name) = = =
+
+ Wiebe is a masculine given name of West Frisian origin, and may refer to:
+ However, in one of two occasions, Wiebe is used as a given name for females:
+
+= = = Minubar Rural District = = =
+
+ Minubar Rural District () is a rural district ("dehestan") in Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,800, in 1,927 families. The rural district has 12 villages.
+
+= = = Melissa Perello = = =
+
+ Melissa Perello is an American chef best known for holding a Michelin star at her restaurant Frances. She had previously won a star at restaurant Fifth Floor, and has won awards from both "Chronicles" and "Food & Wine" magazines.
+ While still in high school, she gained her first kitchen based job at a local country club, where she worked 40 hours a week. She dined at Aqua, and was invited into the kitchen. She subsequently impressed the chefs and was offered an apprenticeship at the restaurant. She attended Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, NY from 1994-1996 and, following her passion for food, moved to San Francisco to work under the tutelage of Michael Mina at Aqua. After working with Mina, whom she cites as a major influence, Perello transferred to Aqua’s sister restaurant, Charles Nob Hill, where she worked alongside mentor, Chef Ron Siegel. She quickly became executive chef and earned accolades for her California-inspired French cuisine. While at Charles Nob Hill, Perello was awarded the San Francisco Chronicle’s Rising Star Chef honor in 2002, one of Food & Wine’s Best New Chefs in 2004, and James Beard Foundation Rising Star Chef nominations in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Perello then took the helm at Fifth Floor and led the restaurant to a Michelin star in 2006.
+ In 2009, Perello opened her first restaurant, Frances, named after her greatest culinary influence, her grandmother. Located in San Francisco, Frances quickly gained a Michelin star. Perello raised $400,000 for the restaurant through investors and had repaid them in full within eighteen months. Offering modern California cuisine in a relaxed neighborhood setting, Frances garnered glowing reviews and earned a James Beard Foundation Award nomination for Best New Restaurant in 2010. Additionally, Frances was named an Esquire magazine Best New Restaurant by John Mariani and one of Bon Appétit magazine’s “Ten Best New Restaurants in America” in 2010.
+ In 2015, Perello opened her second restaurant venture, Octavia. Named for its location
+, Octavia is an ode to refined yet comfortable sensibilities in both food and decor. A seamless blend of original history and modern elegance, Octavia's natural light-soaked, open floor plan evokes a refined dining experience with a unique sense of home comfort. Octavia earned a Michelin Star in its first year with Perello being lauded as a 2016 James Beard Semifinalist for 'Best Chef West.'
+ She has appeared on Food Network's "Chefs vs. City" as a contestant during season one. As of the 2012 Michelin Guide, she is one of ten female chefs in the United States to hold a Michelin star.
+
+= = = List of PEN literary awards = = =
+
+ This is a list of awards sponsored by International PEN centres. There are over 145 PEN centres on the world, some of which hold annual literary awards. The PEN American Center awards have been characterized as being among the "major" literary awards in America.
+ Norwegian PEN
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 63 kg = = =
+
+ The women's 63 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 31 August at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Nasar Rural District = = =
+
+ Nasar Rural District () is a rural district ("dehestan") in Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,275, in 1,067 families. The rural district has 28 villages.
+
+= = = Yael Cohen = = =
+
+ Yael Cohen Braun (born November 5, 1986) is a South African businesswoman, and a co-founder of Fuck Cancer, a health organization working for early detection and prevention of cancer. Yael launched Fuck Cancer in 2009 after her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. Fuck Cancer aims to engage millennials through social media to have a conversation about early detection and acute awareness of cancer.
+ Cohen was born to a South African Jewish family in South Africa and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia. She attended the University of British Columbia where she received a B.A. in Political Science in 2008. After graduation, she went on to work in finance.
+ Cohen married American music manager Scooter Braun on July 6, 2014, in Whistler, British Columbia. On August 27, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child together and she gave birth to a boy, Jagger Joseph Braun, on February 6, 2015 in Los Angeles. She gave birth to their second child, Levi Magnus Braun, on November 29, 2016. Their daughter, Hart Violet Braun, was born on December 1, 2018.
+
+= = = Noabad Rural District = = =
+
+ Noabad Rural District () is a rural district ("dehestan") in Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 174, in 39 families. The rural district has 5 villages.
+
+= = = Roland Aircraft = = =
+
+ Roland Aircraft is a German aircraft manufacturer based in Mendig. The company is owned by Roland Hauke and specializes in the manufacture of all-metal aircraft, made from aluminium sheet.
+ While known for its Roland Me 109 Replica, the company also builds the Roland S-STOL two seat STOL design and the Roland Z-120 Relax, a single-seat high-wing design for the German 120 kg class.
+
+= = = 2012 Trophée des Alpilles = = =
+
+ The 2012 Trophée des Alpilles was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France between 3 and 9 September 2012.
+ The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
+
+= = = Abu Direh = = =
+
+ Abu Direh (, also Romanized as Abū Dīreh; also known as ‘Ali Dāhir and ‘Alī Z̧āher) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,626, in 294 families.
+
+= = = Aleksei Kapoura = = =
+
+ Aleksei Kapoura is a paralympic swimmer from Russia competing mainly in category S9 events.
+ Aleksei competed in the 1992 Summer Paralympics for the Unified team, there he won silver medals in both the 100m butterfly and 200m medley, having set games records in the heats of both events. He also competed in the 50m freestyle finishing fifth, the 100m freestyle finishing fourth and was part of the 4 × 100 m freestyle team that finished seventh and 4 × 100 m medley team that finished sixth. At the 1996 Summer Paralympics Aleksei competed for Russia where he again won the silver medal in the 100m butterfly and finished sixth in the 50m freestyle, eighth in the 100m freestyle and failed to make the final of the 100m backstroke. In 2000 Aleksei failed to match his earlier performances only finishing eighth in the 100m butterfly, he failed to make the final of the 50m freestyle, 100m freestyle or 200m medley and was part of the Russian team that finished eighth in the 4 × 100 m medley.
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's 70 kg = = =
+
+ The women's 70 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 1 September at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Abu Ghizlan = = =
+
+ Abu Ghizlan (, also Romanized as Abū Ghizlān) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 475, in 82 families.
+
+= = = Abu Khazravi = = =
+
+ Abu Khazravi (, also Romanized as Abū Khaẕrāvī; also known as Abū Khaẕrārī, Sabzān, and Shelīshāt) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 594, in 116 families.
+
+= = = Rina Akiyama (swimmer) = = =
+
+ Rina competed as part of the Japanese Paralympic swimming team at two Paralympics, firstly in 2004 and then again in 2008. In 2004, she finished sixth in the 200m individual medley, sixth in her heat in the 50m freestyle, fifth in the 100m freestyle heat, eighth in the final of the 100m breaststroke. At the 2004 games she improved to finish second behind Qimeng Dong of China who swam a 100m backstroke world record she also finished eighth in the 50m freestyle and finished fifth in her heat of the 100m freestyle.
+
+= = = Régis Jolivet = = =
+
+ Régis Jolivet (8 November 1891, Lyon – 4 August 1966, Lyon) was a French philosopher and Roman Catholic priest. In 1932, he founded the school of philosophy at the Catholic University of Lyon, and was made a knight (Chevalier) of the Legion of Honour in 1961.
+
+= = = 2012 BRD Brașov Challenger = = =
+
+ The 2012 BRD Brașov Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on Clay courts. It was the 17th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Brașov, Romania between 3 and 9 September 2012.
+ The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
+ The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
+
+= = = Ángel Marín = = =
+
+Ángel Marín is a paralympic athlete from Spain competing mainly in category TS4 distance events.
+ Angel competed in three events at the 1988 Summer Paralympics: the men's 800m, 1500m, and 5000m, winning gold in all three events and setting new world records in the 1500m and 5000m. Unfortunately at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in his home country, he did not do as well. He finished sixth in the 800m, fifth in the 1500m, and third in the 5000m, he also won a silver in the 10,000m. All four of these races were won by compatriot Javier Conde, who broke the world record in the 1500m, 5000m, and 10,000m.
+
+= = = Jigonhsasee = = =
+
+ Jikonhsaseh, also spelled as Jigonhsasee, or Jikonsase () was an Iroquoian woman considered to be a co-founder, along with The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha, of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy sometime between AD 1142 and 1450; others place it closer to 1570–1600. Jigonhsasee became known as the Mother of Nations among the Iroquois.
+ According to a short version of the Haudenosaunee oral tradition, an Iroquoian woman lived along the warriors' path. In some accounts she was referred to as Jigonhsasee; in others, she was given that name as a new one by the Great Peacemaker after he recognized her as an ally in making peace. She was known for her hospitality to warriors as they traveled to and from battlegrounds and their homes. At her hearth, warriors of the various factions could come in peace. While they ate her food, she acted as counsel and learned their hearts.
+ It is in this context that the Great Peacemaker (sometimes referred to by his name Deganawidah, but out of respect this was not generally used) came to her and described his vision for a peace to be built upon a confederacy of the warring nations. She said this sounded good but asked what form it would take. He replied, "It will take the form of the longhouse in which there are many hearths, one for each family, yet all live as one household under one chief mother. They shall have one mind and live under one law. Thinking will replace killing, and there shall be one commonwealth."
+ The woman recognized the power in peace. The Great Peacemaker gave her the task of assigning the men to different positions at the peace gathering, and to women in the future the power to choose the chiefs of the longhouse. He called her Mother of Nations, as she was the first ally of his peace movement.
+ Jacob Needleman, a contemporary American writer on religion, notes that in Iroquoian history, "through the mediation of a woman"..., "the mission of peace takes form in the world." In addition, "it is women's power of judgement that will ultimately determine the leadership of the Iroquois Confederacy." because the Great Peacemaker gave women the power to choose the chiefs who would represent their people at council. According to oral tradition, the Great Peacemaker, who brought Hiawatha and this woman together to create the Iroquois Confederacy, gave her a new name of Jigonhsaseh, saying that it meant New Face: "It is in your countenance that a New Mind is manifest." Needleman writes further that "Out of the womb of the New Mind the nations will be born anew."
+ According to John Brown Childs, an American sociologist of Oneida, Massachusaug, and African-American ancestry, Jigonhsaseh means "she who lives on the road to war", as this important woman lived next to the warriors' path that ran from east to west.
+ Some scholars have suggested that the constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy influenced colonists who drafted the U.S. Constitution but there is not consensus on this. Many of the colonists who worked on the constitution were from regions that were not familiar with the Iroquois Confederacy. Other scholars note that the US Constitution, as shown in drafts and writings about it that preceded its ratification, clearly reflects the historic British political and philosophical influence in which most of its framers were educated.
+
+= = = Durie = = =
+
+ Durie may refer to:
+
+= = = EDZ Irigary Bridge = = =
+
+ The EDZ Irigary Bridge is a historic Pennsylvania truss bridge in southeastern Johnson County, Wyoming. The bridge was built in 1913 at Sussex, Wyoming, and moved in 1963 to Irigary Road. The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as part of a Multiple Property Submission devoted to historic bridges in Wyoming.
+ The Pratt truss was invented in 1844 by Thomas and Caleb Pratt. A Pratt truss has vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the center. The interior diagonals are under tension, and the vertical elements are under compression. The Pennsylvania truss is a variation on the Pratt truss. While the Pratt truss has braced diagonal members in all panels, the Pennsylvania truss has half-length struts or ties in the top, bottom, or both parts of the panels. The Pennsylvania truss is named after the Pennsylvania Railroad, which pioneered this design. The Pennsylvania truss was once used for hundreds of bridges in the United States but the design fell out of favor in the 1930s and only a few such bridges remain. The EDZ Irigary Bridge, with a span of , has the longest clear span of any county bridge still in use in Wyoming, and is one of the most important historic bridges in Wyoming.
+ On February 4, 1913, Johnson County awarded the contract for this bridge over the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming, about east of Kaycee. The parts for the new bridge were fabricated by the Canton Bridge Company of Canton, Ohio. The bridge at Sussex replaced two earlier bridges at Powder River Crossing, located about to the north.
+ The small community of Sussex, Wyoming grew up around the bridge, and the Sussex Post Office and Store was built the following year in 1914. The Black and Yellow Trail was established in 1915, and it crossed the Powder River using the new bridge, until the trail was rerouted through Arvada, Wyoming to the north a few years later. The road at Sussex eventually became Wyoming Highway 192.
+ In 1963, a new concrete bridge was built about upstream from the EDZ Irigary Bridge. The old steel bridge was moved by the Etlin Construction Company of Casper, Wyoming. The bridge now crosses the Powder River downstream from Sussex on Johnson County Road 172 (Irigary Road).
+
+= = = David M. Blitzer = = =
+
+ David M. Blitzer is the former chairman of S&P Dow Jones Indices, where he was head of the index committee that determines which stocks are added to the S&P 500 Index, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and all other stock market indices calculated by the company. He held overall responsibility for index security selection, as well as index analysis and management.
+ Blitzer retired in August 2019.
+ Blitzer received a B.S. in engineering from Cornell University, an M.A. in economics from George Washington University, and a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University.
+ Blitzer served as chief economist at The McGraw-Hill Companies and equity analyst at S&P Capital IQ Equity Research and S&P Credit Research. Prior to that, he was a senior economic analyst with National Economic Research Associates, Inc. and did consulting work for various government and private sector agencies, including the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, the National Commission on Materials Policy, and Natural Resources Defense Council.
+ In 1989, he joined the index committee and he became its chairman in 1995.
+ In 1998, he received the Blue Chip Economic Forecasting Award for predicting the leading economic indicators four years in a row.
+ In 2000, Blitzer was ranked 7th on "SmartMoney"’s list of the 30 most influential people in the world of investing.
+ In 2012, he received the William F. Sharpe Indexing Lifetime Achievement Award.
+ Blitzer retired in August 2019.
+ In 1997, Blitzer wrote "What’s the Economy Trying to Tell You? Everyone’s Guide to Understanding and Profiting from the Economy".
+ In 2001, Blitzer wrote "Outpacing the Pros: Using Indices to Beat Wall Street’s Savviest Money Managers".
+
+= = = Judo at the 2012 Summer Paralympics – Women's +70 kg = = =
+
+ The women's +70 kg judo competition at the 2012 Summer Paralympics was held on 1 September at ExCeL London.
+
+= = = Abu Oqab = = =
+
+ Abu Oqab (, also Romanized as Abū ‘Oqāb; also known as Bāgābb) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 704, in 160 families.
+
+= = = Abu Shakar = = =
+
+ Abu Shakar (, also Romanized as Abū Shakar) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 872, in 183 families.
+
+= = = Sadanoumi Kōji = = =
+
+ Sadanoumi Kōji (born 19 July 1956 as Hiroshi Matsumara) is a former sumo wrestler from Sakai, Osaka, Japan. He made his professional debut in March 1972, and reached the top division in November 1980. His highest rank was "komusubi". He retired in July 1988 and became an elder in the Japan Sumo Association under the name Tagonoura. He left the Sumo Association in August 1999. He is the father of the current "sekitori" wrestler of the same name, Sadanoumi Takashi.
+
+
+= = = Albu Hamid = = =
+
+ Albu Hamid (, also Romanized as Ālbū Ḩamīd and Ālbū Hamīd) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,623, in 307 families.
+
+= = = Hell-to-Pay Austin = = =
+
+ Hell-to-Pay Austin (also known, without hyphens, as Hell to Pay Austin) is a 1916 American silent comedy-drama film directed by Paul Powell and starring Wilfred Lucas in the title role, with Bessie Love, Eugene Pallette, and Mary Alden in supporting roles. Written by Mary H. O'Connor, the film was produced by D. W. Griffith's Fine Arts Film Company and distributed by Triangle Film Corporation. It is presumed lost.
+ Locations were filmed in San Diego, San Francisco, Bear Valley, Fresno, and Huntington Lake.
+ When a minister dies from alcoholism, his daughter Briar Rose (Love), also called "Nettles", is unofficially adopted by a team of lumberjacks, including the rough-and-tumble 'Hell-to-Pay' Austin (Lucas). Nettles is so touched by the logging camp's tribute to her father, organized by Austin, that she chooses him to be her foster father. Her innocence and purity eventually transform Austin into an upstanding Christian.
+ One day, an elegant woman (Alden) stumbles into the logging camp. The lumberjacks and Nettles help her, and she invites Briar Rose to visit her in New York someday. Years later, Nettles goes away to boarding school in New York. When taunted by her fellow students, Nettles leaves the school to stay with the woman she had met previously. Austin comes to New York to rescue Nettles, and, reunited, they discover that their guardian/ward relationship has evolved into one of true love and they marry.
+ It was accompanied by the Charles Chaplin short comedy "One A.M." in some theaters during its initial theatrical release and by the Fay Tincher short "Skirts" in some others.
+
+= = = Khazalabad = = =
+
+ Khazalabad (, also Romanized as Khaz‘alābād; also known as Bahmanbār) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 612, in 128 families.
+
+= = = Kut-e Shannuf = = =
+
+ Kut-e Shannuf (, also Romanized as Kūt-e Shannūf, Kūt-e-Shanūf, and Kūt Shanūf; also known as Del Āvīz) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,425, in 241 families.
+
+= = = Nahr-e Afadeleh = = =
+
+ Nahr-e Afadeleh (, also Romanized as Nahr-e ʿAfādeleh) is a village in Minubar Rural District, Arvandkenar District, Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 375, in 64 families.
+
+= = = Lionel March = = =
+
+ Lionel John March (26 January 1934 20 February 2018) was a British mathematician, architect and digital artist, perhaps best known for his early pioneering of computer-aided architecture and art.
+ March was born in Hove, England on 26 January 1934. As a teenager, his interests included mathematics, theatre and design. At the age of 17 he wrote an original mathematical paper generalizing the theory of complex numbers to n-dimensions, for which the computer pioneer Alan Turing wrote, "You have done this research with imagination and competence".
+ For this, March was awarded a state scholarship to read mathematics at Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1954, with a personal recommendation from Alan Turing, where he earned a B.A. and Doctor of Science. During his studies, March was the President of the Cambridge University Opera Group, for which he designed stage sets. Early work also included illustrations, and book cover designs for Cambridge University Press.
+ March was the first director of the Centre for Land Use and Built Form Studies, now the Martin Centre for Architectural and Urban Studies, Cambridge University. He held professorships in systems engineering at the University of Waterloo, Ontario; in design technology at the Open University, Milton Keynes; and from 1984 in the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, UCLA, where he was the chair in the period 1985–1991 and was professor emeritus in design and computation until his death.
+ March also experimented in serial art since the 1960s and became one of the world's first digital artists. In 1962 he held an exhibition titled "Experiments in serial art" in the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, and since then he completed 50 years of art production working with the golden ratio, the Platonic solids, and geometric and mathematical principles in design.
+ March's biggest contribution is in architecture and computation. In 1965 he worked as an assistant of Leslie Martin for the project "Whitehall: a Plan for a National and Government Centre", and as such he made one of the first computer-aided architectural investigations. After that, he devoted himself in research, writing and editing numerous books. He was the founding editor of the international research journal "Planning and Design", now known as "Urban Analytics and City Science", which is one of the four Environment and Planning journals. He was general editor of the 12-volume "Cambridge Architectural and Urban Studies"..
+ In some publications, he has also wrote brilliantly in defense of the authorship of Leon Battista Alberti for the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, regarded as the most enigmatic book in history.
+ Among the books March published as editor are "The Geometry of Environment", "Urban Space and Structures", "The Architecture of Form", "R. M. Schindler: Composition and Construction"; and as author "The Architectonics of Humanism: Essays on Number in Architecture", and with Kim Williams and Stephen Wassell "The Mathematical Works of Leon Battista Alberti"; and as guest editor "Shape and Shape Grammars".
+ March died on 20 February 2018 at the age of 84.